Formula Systems (1985) Ltd.
Annual Report 2015

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 20-F (cid:133) REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR (cid:95) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 OR (cid:133) (cid:133) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from __________ to ___________ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Date of event requiring this shell company report ______________ OR Commission File Number: 000-29442 FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter and translation of Registrant’s name into English) Israel (Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 5 Haplada Street, Or Yehuda 60218, Israel (Address of Principal Executive Offices) Asaf Berenstin; 5 Haplada Street, Or Yehuda 60218, Israel Tel: 972 3 5389487, Fax: 972 3 5389645 (Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile Number and Address of Company Contact Person) Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class American Depositary Shares, each representing one Ordinary Share, NIS 1 par value Name of Each Exchange On Which Registered NASDAQ Global Select Market Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: As of December 31, 2015, the registrant had 14,728,782 outstanding ordinary shares, NIS 1 par value, of which 210,791 were represented by American Depositary Shares. Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. (cid:130) If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes (cid:133) No (cid:95) Yes (cid:133) No (cid:95) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes (cid:95) No (cid:133) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Yes (cid:95) No (cid:133) Large accelerated filer (cid:133) Accelerated filer (cid:95) Non-accelerated filer (cid:133) Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing: U.S. GAAP (cid:95) International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (cid:133) Other (cid:133) If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Item 17 (cid:133) Item 18 (cid:133) Yes (cid:133) No (cid:95) TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I PART I ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT None. ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ITEM 19. EXHIBITS Name of Subsidiary 2 4 4 4 4 28 53 53 85 99 103 105 107 122 123 124 124 124 125 125 125 126 126 126 126 126 127 127 128 INTRODUCTION This annual report on Form 20-F contains various "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended, with respect to our business, financial condition and results of operations. Such forward-looking statements reflect our current view with respect to future events and financial results. Statements which use the terms “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward looking statements. We remind readers that forward-looking statements are merely predictions and therefore inherently subject to uncertainties and other factors and involve known and unknown risks that could cause the actual results, performance, levels of activity, or our achievements, or industry results, to be materially different from any future results, performance, levels of activity, or our achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. Except as required by applicable law, including the securities laws of the United States, we undertake no obligation to publicly release any update or revision to any forward looking statements to reflect new information, future events or circumstances, or otherwise after the date hereof. We have attempted to identify significant uncertainties and other factors affecting forward-looking statements in the Risk Factors section that appears in Item 3D. “Key Information - Risk Factors.” Our consolidated financial statements appearing in this annual report are prepared in U.S. dollars and in accordance with Untied States generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. All references in this annual report to “dollars” or “$” are to U.S. dollars and all references in this annual report to “NIS” are to New Israeli Shekels. References to the Israeli CPI refer to the Israeli consumer price index. Statements made in this annual report concerning the contents of any contract, agreement or other document are summaries of such contracts, agreements or documents and are not complete descriptions of all of their terms. If we filed any of these documents as an exhibit to this annual report or to any previous filling with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, you may read the document itself for a complete recitation of its terms. As used in this annual report, references to “we,” “our,” “ours” and “us” refer to Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. and its subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated. References to “Formula” refer to Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. alone. Our operations are currently conducted through our subsidiaries –, Matrix IT Ltd., or Matrix, and, InSync Staffing Solutions, Inc., or InSync, and our affiliated companies Sapiens International Corporation N.V., or Sapiens, Magic Software Enterprises Ltd., or Magic Software and TSG Advanced IT Systems, Ltd., or TSG. following our acquisition of a 50% share interest in TSG on May 9, 2016). From January 28, 2012 through November 18, 2013, when we lost control of Sapiens for accounting purposes (under U.S. GAAP) following Formula’s direct interest in Sapiens outstanding common shares decreasing from 56.8% to 48.8% and from December 23, 2014, when we regained control of Sapiens, through September 30, 2015, when we lost control of Sapiens for accounting purposes (under U.S. GAAP) following Formula’s direct interest in Sapiens outstanding common shares decreasing from 50% to 49.1%, Sapiens was our subsidiary. Through March 5, 2014, when we lost control of Magic Software for accounting purposes (under U.S. GAAP) following Formula’s direct interest in Magic outstanding ordinary shares decreasing from 51.4% to 45.1%, Magic Software was our subsidiary. All trademarks appearing in this annual report are the property of their respective holders. 3 ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS Not applicable. ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE PART I Not applicable. ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION A. Selected Financial Data The following tables present selected consolidated financial data as of the dates and for each of the periods indicated. The selected consolidated financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with and are qualified entirely by reference to Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this annual report. We have derived the following consolidated income statement data for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 from our audited consolidated financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this annual report. We have derived the consolidated income statement data for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this annual report. Our historical consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP and presented in U.S. dollars. During 2014, certain insignificant irregularities were discovered in one of our subsidiaries which affected certain income statement line items for the year’s 2009 through-2013. These irregularities were corrected retroactively and such corrections are reflected in the Income Statement Data presented below. You should read the selected consolidated financial data together with our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report and with “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.” Income Statement Data: 2011 Year ended December 31, 2013 (U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) 2012 2014 Revenues Cost of revenues Gross profit Research and development costs, net Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses Other expenses (income), net Operating income Financial expenses, net Income before taxes on income Taxes on income Equity in gains of affiliated companies, net Net income Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests Net income attributable to non-controlling interests Net income attributable to Formula’s shareholders $ $ $ 638,899 492,886 146,013 5,148 93,340 (207) 47,732 (6,500) 41,232 5,276 25,870 61,826 - 19,517 42,309 $ 4 $ 742,981 564,803 178,178 12,349 110,758 (174) 55,245 (6,672) 48,573 6,145 3,744 46,172 795,881 603,080 192,801 14,168 117,877 14 60,742 (6,236) 54,506 8,728 60,683 106,461 (967) 23,766 23,373 $ 1,735 24,039 80,687 $ $ $ 636,417 530,083 106,334 787 70,517 (5) 35,035 (4,866) 30,169 10,074 74,590 94,685 154 13,698 80,833 $ 2015 750,555 601,749 148,806 7,488 94,722 2 46,594 (8,254) 38,340 10,988 65,096 92,488 255 18,488 73,705 Net earnings per share Basic Diluted Weighted average number of shares outstanding (in Thousands): Basic Diluted Balance Sheet Data: Total assets Total liabilities Equity 2011 3.12 3.06 13,514 13,669 Year ended December 31, 2013 (U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) 2012 2014 1.73 1.67 13,596 13,790 5.88 5.68 13,725 14,123 5.80 5.59 13,929 14,408 2015 5.24 5.00 14,071 14,744 2011 2012 $ $ 667,861 318,949 348,912 876,928 412,974 463,954 December 31, 2013 (U.S. dollars in thousands) $ $ 871,795 395,640 476,155 2014(1) 2015 $ 1,125,124 468,460 656,664 1,066,949 524,683 542,266 1) As indicated above, the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2014 and the statement of income data for the year ended December 31, 2015 reflect the carrying amounts combination between Sapiens and Insseco as of December 31, 2014 and as of January 1, 2015, respectively, consistent with the pooling of interest accounting method that we applied to the acquisition of Insseco. Dividends In January 2016, Formula declared a cash dividend to its shareholders, to be paid in February 2016, of $0.34 per share. The aggregate amount distributed by Formula was approximately $5.0 million. In June 2015, Formula declared a cash dividend to its shareholders, to be paid in August 2015, of $0.34 per share. The aggregate amount distributed by Formula was approximately $5.0 million. In December 2014, Formula declared a cash dividend to its shareholders, to be paid in February 2015, of $0.535 per share. The aggregate amount distributed by Formula was approximately $7.9 million. In July 2014, Formula distributed to its shareholders a cash dividend of $0.48 per share. The aggregate amount distributed by Formula was approximately $7.1 million. In December 2013, Formula declared a cash dividend to its shareholders, to be paid on February 2014, of $0.31 per share. The aggregate amount distributed by Formula was approximately $4.6 million. In July 2013, Formula distributed to its shareholders a cash dividend of $0.37 per share. The aggregate amount distributed by Formula was approximately $5.4 million. In June 2011, Formula distributed to its shareholders a cash dividend of $0.71 per share. The aggregate amount distributed by Formula was approximately $10 million. 5 In April 2010, Formula distributed to its shareholders a cash dividend of $1.47 per share, previously announced in March 2010. The aggregate amount distributed by Formula was approximately $20 million. Under Formula’s dividend policy adopted by its board of directors, sums that are not planned to be used for investments in the near future may be distributed to the shareholders as a cash dividend, to the extent that our performance allows for such distribution and subject to applicable Israeli law. Cash dividends may be declared and paid in NIS or dollars. Dividends to the holders of Formula’s American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, are paid by the depositary of the ADSs, for the benefit of owners of ADSs. If a dividend is declared and paid in NIS in Israel, the NIS amount is converted into, and paid out in, dollars by the depositary of the ADSs. B. Capitalization and Indebtedness Not applicable. C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds Not applicable. D. Risk Factors Our business prospects, operating results and financial condition could be seriously harmed due to any of the following risks. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are not aware of or that we currently believe are immaterial may also adversely affect our business prospects, financial condition, and results of operations. The trading prices of our ordinary shares and ADSs could decline due to any of these risks, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry Rapid technological changes may adversely affect the market acceptance of our products and services, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected; adapting to evolving technologies can require substantial financial investments, distract management and adversely affect the demand for our existing products or services. We compete in markets that are characterized by rapid technological changes. Other companies are also seeking to offer software solutions and other products and services in our markets, including enterprise mobility solutions, internet-related solutions, such as cloud computing and business solutions for the insurance and financial services industry, all to generate growth. These companies may develop technological or business model innovations in the markets that we seek to address that are, or are perceived to be, equivalent or superior to our products. Furthermore, many of our smaller competitors have been acquired by larger competitors, which provides such smaller competitors with greater resources and potentially a larger client base for which they can develop solutions. Our customers or potential customers may prefer suppliers that are larger than us, are better known in the market or that have a greater global reach. In addition, our customers’ business models may change in ways that we do not anticipate and these changes could reduce or eliminate our customers’ needs for our products and services. Our operating results depend on our ability to adapt to market changes and develop and introduce new products and services into existing and emerging markets. The introduction of new technologies and devices could render existing products and services obsolete and unmarketable and could exert price pressures on our products and services. Our future success will depend upon our ability to address the increasingly sophisticated needs of our customers by: 6 (cid:120) Supporting existing and emerging hardware, software, databases and networking platforms; and (cid:120) Developing and introducing new and enhanced software development technology and applications that keep pace with such technological developments, emerging new product markets and changing customer requirements. Adapting to evolving technologies can require substantial financial investments, distract management and adversely affect the demand for our existing products and services. Adapting to evolving technologies may require us to invest a significant amount of resources into the development, integration, support and marketing of products and services that work with or utilize those technologies. For example, the acceptance and growth of cloud computing, enterprise mobility, security and cyber and digital are examples of rapid technological changes for which we have adapted our products and software services offerings. Developing and implementing cloud computing, enterprise mobility, security and cyber and digital into certain of our software solution models and software services offerings required us to make a substantial financial investment and required significant attention from our management to refine our business strategies to include the delivery of these solutions. As the market continues to adopt new technologies, we expect to continue to make substantial investments in our service solutions and system integrations related to these changing technologies. Even if we succeed in adapting to a new technology by developing attractive products and services and successfully bringing them to market, there is no assurance that the new product or service will have a positive impact on our financial performance and could even result in lower revenue, lower margins and higher costs and therefore could negatively impact our financial performance. Unfavorable national and global economic conditions could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. During periods of slowing economic activity our customers may reduce their demand for our products, technology and software services, which would reduce our sales, and our business, operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected. Economies throughout the world currently face a number of challenges, including threatened sovereign defaults, credit downgrades, restricted credit for businesses and consumers and potentially falling demand for a variety of products and services. Notwithstanding the improving economic conditions in some of our markets, many companies are still cutting back expenditures or delaying plans to add additional personnel or systems. Any further worsening of global economic conditions could result in longer sales cycles, slower adoption of new technologies and increased price competition for our products and services. We could also be exposed to credit risk and payment delinquencies on our accounts receivable, which are not covered by collateral. Any of these events would likely harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our development cycles are lengthy, we may not have the resources available to complete development of new, enhanced or modified, solutions and we may incur significant expenses before we generate revenues, if any, from our solutions. Because development of a significant portion of our solutions is complex and requires rigorous testing, development cycles can be lengthy, taking us up to two years to develop and introduce new, enhanced or modified solutions. Moreover, development projects can be technically challenging and expensive. The nature of these development cycles may cause us to experience delays between the time we incur expenses associated with research and development and the time we generate revenues, if any, from such expenses. Furthermore, we may invest substantial resources in the development of solutions that do not achieve market acceptance or commercial success. We may also not have sufficient funds or other resources to make the required investments in product development. Even where we succeed in our sales efforts and obtain new orders from customers, the complexity involved in delivering certain of our solutions to such customers makes it more difficult for us to consummate delivery in a timely manner and to recognize revenue and maximize profitability. Failure to deliver our solutions in a timely manner could result in order cancellations, damage our reputation and require us to indemnify our customers. Any of these risks relating to our lengthy and expensive development cycle could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions and results of operations. 7 Our sales cycle is variable, depends upon many factors outside our control, and could cause us to expend significant time and resources prior to earning associated revenues. The typical sales cycle for certain of our solutions and services is lengthy and unpredictable, requires pre-purchase evaluation by a significant number of persons in our customers’ organizations, and often involves a significant operational decision by our customers. Our sales efforts involve educating our customers and industry analysts about the use and benefits of our products and services, including the technical capabilities of our products and the potential cost savings achievable by organizations deploying our solutions or utilize our services. Customers typically undertake a significant evaluation process, which frequently involves not only our products, but also those of our competitors and can result in a lengthy sales cycle with little or no control over any delays encountered by us. We spend substantial time, effort and money in our sales efforts without any assurance that such efforts will produce any sales. If our products and software services fail to compete successfully with those of our competitors, we may have to reduce the prices of our products, which, in turn, may adversely affect our business. We face competition, both in Israel and internationally, from a variety of companies, including companies with significantly greater resources than ours who are likely to enjoy substantial competitive advantages, including: (cid:120) longer operating histories; (cid:120) closer proximity to future markets; greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources; cheaper costs, including labor cost; political leverage; (cid:120) greater name recognition; (cid:120) well-established relationships with our current and potential clients; and (cid:120) a broader range of products and services. Magic Software competes with other companies in the areas of application platforms, business integration and business process management, or BPM, tools, and in the applications, mobile solutions, vertical solutions and services markets in which it operates. Magic Software competes for potential customers with providers of outsourcing services, systems integrators, computer systems consultants, other providers of technical IT consulting services and, to a lesser extent, temporary personnel agencies. Sapiens’ competitors in the insurance software solutions market differ from it in size, geography and lines of business. Some of its competitors offer a full suite, while others offer only one module; some operate in specific (domestic) geographies, while others operate on a global basis. Delivery models vary, with some competitors keeping delivery in-house, using IT outsourcing (ITO) or business process outsourcing (BPO). These competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies or changes in customer requirements. They may also benefit from greater purchasing economies, offer more aggressive product and service pricing or devote greater resources to the promotion of their products and services. Current and potential competitors have established or may establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties to increase such competitors’ ability to successfully market their tools and services. We also expect that competition will increase as a result of continued consolidation within the industry. Our further penetration of international markets may likewise cause us to face additional competition. As a result, we cannot assure you that the products and solutions that we offer will compete successfully with those of our competitors. We may be unable to differentiate our tools and services from those of our competitors or successfully develop and introduce new tools and services that are less costly than, or superior to, those of our competitors. This could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete. Furthermore, several software development centers in Israel and worldwide offer software development services at lower prices than we do. Due to the intense competition in the markets in which we operate, software products and services prices may fluctuate significantly. As a result, we may have to reduce the prices of our products, which in turn, may adversely affect our revenues and the gross margins for our products. 8 As some of our revenues are derived from the Israeli government sector, including defense, healthcare, education and finance, a reduction of government spending in Israel on IT services may reduce our revenues and profitability; and any delay in the annual budget approval process may negatively impact our cash flows. We perform work for a wide range of Israeli governmental agencies and related subcontractors. Any reduction in total Israeli government spending for political or economic reasons, such as what occurred during the Israeli recession that ended in 2004 or the recent worldwide recession may reduce our revenues and profitability. In addition, the government of Israel has experienced significant delays in the approval of its annual budget in recent years. Such delays in the future could negatively affect our cash flows by delaying the receipt of payments from the government of Israel for services performed. TSG, our latest acquisition, derives most of its revenues directly or indirectly from government agencies, mainly the Israeli Ministry of Defense (IMOD) and authorities of various countries, pursuant to contracts awarded to it under defense and homeland security-related programs. The funding of these programs could be reduced or eliminated due to numerous factors, including geo-political events and macro-economic conditions that are beyond our control. Reduction or elimination of government spending under our contracts would cause a negative effect on TSG’s revenues, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition. Furthermore, the Israeli government may reduce its expenditures for defense items or change its defense priorities in the coming years. In addition, the Israeli defense budget may be adversely affected if there is a reduction in U.S. foreign military assistance. Our clients’ complex regulatory requirements may increase our costs, which could negatively impact our profits. Some of our clients, particularly those in the financial services, life sciences, healthcare and defense verticals, are subject to complex and constantly changing regulatory requirements. On occasion, these regulatory requirements change unpredictably. These regulations may increase our potential liabilities if our services are found to contribute to a failure by our clients to comply with the requirements applicable to them and may increase compliance costs as regulatory requirements increase or change. These increased costs could negatively impact our profits. With respect to certain of our defense sector command and control software solutions which are developed and offered by our affiliate, TSG, we depend on governmental approval of our exports. Our international sales, as well as our international procurement of skilled human resources, technology and components, related to our command and control software solutions, depends largely on export license approvals from the governments of Israel, the U.S. and other countries. If we fail to obtain material approvals in the future, or if material approvals previously obtained are revoked or expire and are not renewed, our ability to sell our products and services to overseas customers and our ability to obtain goods and services essential to TSG’s business could be interrupted, resulting in a material adverse effect on TSG’s business, revenues, assets, liabilities and results of operations. Investment in highly skilled research and development and customer support personnel is critical to our ability to develop and enhance our solutions and support our customers, but an increase in such investment may reduce our profitability. As providers of software solutions that rely upon technological advancements, we rely heavily on our research and development activities to remain competitive. We consequently are highly dependent on the ability to attract, train, motivate and retain highly skilled information technology professionals for our research and development team, particularly individuals with knowledge and experience in the insurance and defense industries. Because our software solutions are highly complex and are generally used by our customers to perform critical business functions, we also depend heavily on other skilled technology professionals to provide ongoing support to our customers. Skilled technology professionals are often in high demand and short supply. If we are unable to hire or retain qualified research and development personnel and other technology professionals to develop, implement and modify our solutions, we may be unable to meet the needs of our customers. Even if we succeed in retaining the necessary skilled personnel in our research and development and customer support efforts, our investment in our personnel and product development might increase our costs of operations and thereby reduce our profitability, unless compensated through increased revenues. Given the highly competitive industry in which we operate, we may not succeed in increasing our revenues in line with our increasing investments in our personnel and research and development efforts. 9 Furthermore, if we seek to expand the marketing and offering of our products into new territories, it would require the retention of new, additional skilled personnel with knowledge of the particular market and applicable regulatory regime. Such skilled personnel may not be available at a reasonable cost relative to the additional revenues that we expect to generate in those territories, or may not be available at all. Our business involves long-term, large projects, some of which are fixed-price projects that involve uncertainties, such as estimated project costs and profit margins, and which can therefore adversely affect our results of operations. Our business is characterized by certain relatively large projects or engagements that can have a significant impact on our total revenue and cost of revenue from quarter to quarter. A high percentage of our expenses, particularly employee compensation, are relatively fixed. Therefore, a variation in the timing of the initiation, progress or completion of projects or engagements can cause significant variations in operating results from quarter to quarter. This is particularly the case on fixed-price contracts. Some of our solutions and services are sold as fixed-price projects with delivery requirements spanning more than one year. As certain of our projects can be highly complex, we may not be able to accurately estimate our actual costs of completing a fixed- price project. If our actual cost-to-completion of these projects exceeds significantly the estimated costs, we could experience a loss on the related contracts, which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position and cash flow. Similarly, delays in executing client contracts (whether fixed price or not) may affect our revenue and cause our operating results to vary widely. Certain of our solutions are delivered over periods of time ranging from several months to a few years. Payment terms are generally based on periodic payments or on the achievement of milestones. Any delays in payment or in the achievement of milestones may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. Certain of our contracts may be terminated for convenience of the customer. Our contracts with governments often contain provisions permitting termination for convenience of the customer. Our subcontracts with non- governmental prime contractors sometimes contain similar provisions permitting termination for the convenience of the prime contractors. In a minority of contracts with such customers, an early termination for convenience would not entitle us to reimbursement for a proportionate share of our fee or profit for work still in progress. We may be liable to our clients for damages caused by a violation of intellectual property rights, the disclosure of other confidential information, including personally identifiable information, system failures, errors or unsatisfactory performance of services, and our insurance policies may not be sufficient to cover these damages. We often have access to, and are required to collect and store, sensitive or confidential client information, including personally identifiable information. Some of our client agreements do not limit our potential liability for breaches of confidentiality, infringement indemnity and certain other matters. Furthermore, breaches of confidentiality may entitle the aggrieved party to equitable remedies, including injunctive relief. If any person, including any of our employees and subcontractors, penetrates our network security or misappropriates sensitive or confidential client information, including personally identifiable information, we could be subject to significant liability from our clients or from our clients’ customers for breaching contractual confidentiality provisions or privacy laws. Despite measures we take to protect the intellectual property and other confidential information or personally identifiable information of our clients, unauthorized parties, including our employees and subcontractors, may attempt to misappropriate certain intellectual property rights that are proprietary to our clients or otherwise breach our clients’ confidences. Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client information, including personally identifiable information, or a violation of intellectual property rights, whether through employee misconduct, breach of our computer systems, systems failure or otherwise, may subject us to liabilities, damage our reputation and cause us to lose clients. 10 Many of our contracts involve projects that are critical to the operations of our clients’ businesses and provide benefits to our clients that may be difficult to quantify. Any failure in a client’s system or any breach of security could result in a claim for substantial damages against us, regardless of our responsibility for such failure. Furthermore, any errors by our employees in the performance of services for a client, or poor execution of such services, could result in a client terminating our engagement and seeking damages from us. In addition, while we have taken steps to protect the confidential information that we have access to, including confidential information we may obtain through usage of our cloud-based services, our security measures may be breached. If a cyber-attack or other security incident were to result in unauthorized access to or modification of our customers’ data or our own data or our IT systems or in disruption of the services we provide to our customers, or if our products or services are perceived as having security vulnerabilities, we could suffer significant damage to our business and reputation. Although we attempt to limit our contractual liability for consequential damages in rendering our services, these limitations on liability may not apply in all circumstances, may be unenforceable in some cases, or may be insufficient to protect us from liability for damages. There may be instances when liabilities for damages are greater than the insurance coverage we hold and we will have to internalize those losses, damages and liabilities not covered by our insurance. Changes in privacy regulations may impose additional costs and liabilities on us, limit our use of information, and adversely affect our business. Personal privacy has become a significant issue in the United States, Europe, and many other countries where we operate. Many government agencies and industry regulators continue to impose new restrictions and modify existing requirements about the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information. Changes to laws or regulations affecting privacy and security may impose additional liability and costs on us and may limit our use of such information in providing our services to customers. If we were required to change our business activities, revise or eliminate services or products, or implement burdensome compliance measures, our business and results of operations may be harmed. Additionally, we may be subject to regulatory enforcement actions resulting in fines, penalties, and potential litigation if we fail to comply with applicable privacy laws and regulations. If we fail to locate, successfully compete for and consummate suitable acquisitions and investments, we may be unable to grow or maintain our market share. As part of our strategy, we intend to pursue acquisitions of, and investments in, other businesses, particularly businesses offering products, technologies and services that are complementary to ours and are suitable for integration into our business. We cannot assure you that we will be able to locate suitable potential acquisition or investment opportunities in Israel or internationally, or if we do identify suitable candidates, that at the conclusion of related discussions and negotiations, we will be able to consummate the acquisitions or investments on terms which are favorable to us. If and when acquisition or investment opportunities arise, we expect to compete for these opportunities with other established and well-capitalized entities and we cannot guarantee that we will succeed in such competition on terms which remain favorable to us. If we fail to consummate further acquisitions or investments in the future, our ability to grow or to even maintain our market share may be harmed. Any future acquisitions of, or investments in, companies or technologies, especially those located outside of Israel, may distract our management, disrupt our business and may be difficult to finance on favorable terms. As described above, it is part of our strategy to pursue acquisitions of, and investments in, companies offering products, technologies and services in order to expand our product offerings or services or otherwise enhance our market position and strategic strengths. In the past three years we made a number of acquisitions, including: 11 In April 2014, Formula acquired InSync Staffing Solutions, Inc., a U.S. based full-service provider of consulting and staffing solutions for IT, engineering and other professional staff (i.e. accounting and finance, administrative, customer service, healthcare, human resources, manufacturing, marketing/sales, and operations). The total consideration paid by Formula was $4.0 million. In May 2016, Formula and Israel Aerospace Industries (“IAI”) each acquired 50% of TSG, a subsidiary and the military arm of Ness Technologies, which is engaged in the fields of command and control systems, intelligence, homeland security and cybersecurity. Each of Formula and IAI acquired and each paid a purchase price of $25.8 million (subject to certain adjustments). In August 2014, our affiliated company Sapiens acquired Knowledge Partners International LLC, or KPI and the assets of The Decision Model Licensing LLC, or TDML. KPI is a leader in decision management consultancy, services and training and through TDML owns certain patents used as part of Sapiens’ Decision solution. The total consideration was $2.1 million in cash and 57,000 ordinary shares of Sapiens Software Solutions (Decision) Ltd., or Sapiens Decision, the subsidiary of Sapiens which holds all of the interests in KPI. In addition, one of the shareholders of KPI received 88,500 restricted shares of Sapiens Decision plus $450,000 in cash, subject to certain performance criteria. In May 2015, Sapiens acquired IBEXI Solutions Private Limited (“IBEXI”), an India-based provider of insurance solutions and services, which services 18 insurers in both the P&C and L&P markets throughout Southeast Asia. The total purchase price in this acquisition was approximately $4.8 million, which was paid in cash by Sapiens at the closing, and which is subject to adjustment based on certain future criteria. In August 2015, Sapiens acquired Insseco, a Poland-based software and services provider for the insurance market, from Asseco, the controlling shareholder of Formula, which helped Sapiens to establish a strong presence in the Polish insurance market. Sapiens paid approximately $9.1 million in cash for Insseco, subject to upwards adjustment based on its achieving future revenue goals. In November 2013, Magic Software acquired the operations of Allstates Technical Services, LLC, a U.S. based full-service provider of consulting and staffing solutions for IT, Engineering and Telecom personnel, for a total consideration of $11.0 million. In April 2015 Magic acquired a 70% interest in Comblack IT Ltd., an Israeli-based company that specializes in software professional and outsource management services for mainframes and complex large-scale environments, for a total consideration of $1.8 million, of which $ 1.5 million was paid upon closing and $ 0.3 million was contingent upon the acquired business meeting certain operational targets in 2015. Magic and the seller hold mutual Call and Put options respectively for the remaining 30% interest in the company. In March 2016, Magic paid the seller the remaining contingent payments for meeting 2015 operational targets. In June 2015 Magic acquired a 70% interest in Infinigy Solutions LLC, a US-based services company focused on expanding the development and implementation of technical solutions throughout the telecommunications industry with offices over the US, providing nationwide coverage and support for wireless engineering, deployment services, surveying, environmental service and project management, for a total consideration of $6.4 million, of which $ 5.6 was paid upon closing and $ 0.8 million is contingent upon the acquired business meeting certain operational targets in 2016 and 2017. Magic and the seller hold mutual Call and Put options respectively for the remaining 30% interest in the company. During the year ended December 31, 2014, Matrix completed three acquisitions for a total cash consideration of up to approximately $4.7 million, of which $ 3.1 million was attributed to goodwill and $ 1.3 million to other identifiable intangible assets. These acquisitions generally enhance our group's technologies, product and services offerings. 12 In April 2015 Xtivia Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Matrix) completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Hydus Inc. in total consideration of $ 2.5 million. Hydus Inc. is a U.S based consulting firm specializing in software services in the field of EIM (Enterprise Information Management). In addition, the sellers may be eligible for future consideration, valued at $ 1.6 million as of December 31, 2015, subject to obtaining accumulated operating income targets during three years (not exceeding Hydus operating income). In May 2015, Matrix completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Ono Apps Ltd., an Israeli based service provider specializing in mobile applications development services, for total consideration of NIS 4.6 million (approximately $ 1.2 million). In addition, the sellers may be eligible for future consideration, valued at $ 0.3 million as of December 31, 2015, subject to obtaining accumulated operating income targets during three years commencing on January 1, 2016, not exceeding NIS 5.0 million (approximately $ 1.3 million). During the year ended December 31, 2015, Formula and its subsidiaries and affiliates completed an additional five other acquisitions for a total cash consideration of approximately $3.8, million and increased their share interest in two existing subsidiaries for total consideration of $ 1.7 million. These acquisitions generally enhance our technologies, product and services offerings. Pro forma results of operations for these acquisitions have not been presented because they are not material to the consolidated results of operations, either individually or in the aggregate. Mergers and acquisitions of companies are inherently risky and subject to many factors outside of our control and no assurance can be given that our future acquisitions will be successful and will not adversely affect our business, operating results, or financial condition. Failure to manage and successfully integrate acquisitions could materially harm our business and operating results. Prior acquisitions have resulted in a wide range of outcomes, from successful introduction of new products and technologies to a failure to do so. Even when an acquired company has previously developed and marketed products, there can be no assurance that new product enhancements will be made in a timely manner or that pre-acquisition due diligence will have identified all possible issues that might arise with respect to such products. If we acquire other businesses, we may face difficulties, including: (cid:120) Difficulties in integrating the operations, systems, technologies, products, and personnel of the acquired businesses or enterprises; (cid:120) Diversion of management’s attention from normal daily operations of the business and the challenges of managing larger and more widespread operations resulting from acquisitions; Potential difficulties in completing projects associated with in-process research and development; (cid:120) (cid:120) Difficulties in entering markets in which we have no or limited direct prior experience and where competitors in such markets have stronger market (cid:120) (cid:120) positions; Insufficient revenue to offset increased expenses associated with acquisitions; and The potential loss of key employees, customers, distributors, vendors and other business partners of the companies we acquire following and continuing after announcement of acquisition plans. Furthermore, we may not be able to retain the key employees that may be necessary to operate the businesses we acquired and may acquire and we may not be able to timely attract new skilled employees and management to replace them. An acquisition may also involve accounting charges and/or amortization of significant amounts of intangible assets, which would adversely affect our ability to achieve and maintain profitability. These difficulties could disrupt our ongoing business, distract our management and employees, increase our expenses and adversely affect our results of operations. Any acquisition or investment in a company located outside of Israel poses additional risks, including risks related to the monitoring of a management team from a great distance and the need to integrate a potentially different business culture. Our failure to successfully integrate such a newly acquired business or such an investment could harm our business. 13 We may furthermore need to raise capital in connection with any such acquisition or investment, which we would likely seek via public or private equity or debt offerings. For example, we issued $58.3 million (net of issuance expenses) of secured debentures, or Series A Secured Debentures, and convertible debentures, or Series B Convertible Debentures as part of a public offering in Israel in September 2015. The issuance of equity securities pursuant to any such financing could be dilutive to our existing shareholders. The issuance of equity securities by any of our significant subsidiaries and affiliates pursuant to any such financing could be dilutive to our existing interest in these subsidiaries and affiliates. If we raise funds through debt offerings, we may be pressured in serving such debt. If we use cash or debt financing, our financial liquidity will be reduced, the holders of our debt may have claims on our assets ahead of holders of our ordinary shares and our business operations may be restricted by the terms of any debt. Our ability to raise capital in this manner also depends upon market and other conditions, many of which are beyond our control. Due to unfavorable conditions, we could be required to seek alternative financing methods, such as bank financings, which involve borrowing money on terms that are not favorable to us. Difficulties in raising equity capital or obtaining debt financing on favorable terms, or the unavailability of financing, including bank borrowings, may hinder our ability to implement our strategy for selective acquisitions and investments. If we fail to manage our growth, our business could be disrupted and our profitability will likely decline. We have experienced rapid growth during the last five years, through acquisitions and organic growth. The number of our employees increased from approximately 5,339 as of December 31, 2010 to approximately 10,981 as of December 31, 2015 (including our affiliated companies Sapiens and Magic Software) and may increase further as we aim to enhance our businesses. This increase may significantly strain our management and other operational and financial resources. In particular, continued headcount growth increases the integration challenges involved in: recruiting, training and retaining skilled technical, marketing and management personnel; (cid:120) (cid:120) maintaining high quality standards; (cid:120) (cid:120) preserving our corporate culture, values and entrepreneurial environment; developing and improving our internal administrative infrastructure, particularly our financial, operational, communications and other internal controls; and (cid:120) maintaining high levels of client satisfaction. The rapid execution necessary to exploit the market for our business model requires an effective planning and management process. Our systems, procedures or controls may not be adequate to support the growth in our operations, and our management may not be able to achieve the rapid execution necessary to exploit the market for our business model. Our future operating results will also depend on our ability to expand our development, sales and marketing organizations. If we are unable to manage growth effectively, our profitability will likely decline. The increasing amount of intangible assets and goodwill recorded on our balance sheet may lead to significant impairment charges in the future. We regularly review our long-lived assets, including identifiable intangible assets and goodwill, for impairment. Goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets are subject to impairment review at least annually. Other long-lived assets are reviewed when there is an indication that impairment may have occurred. The amount of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets on our consolidated balance sheet has increased significantly from $199.6 million as of December 31, 2010 to $449.3 million and $167.1 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively, as a result of our acquisitions, and may increase further following future acquisitions. Impairment testing under U.S. GAAP may lead to further impairment charges in the future. Any significant impairment charges could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. The decrease in the amount of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets on our consolidated balance sheet from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015 is solely due to the deconsolidation of Sapiens as of September 30, 2015. 14 During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, no impairment was required for any of our reporting units and no impairment losses were identified for these intangible assets and software products. Our credit facility agreements with banks and other financial institutions contain and our Series A Secured Debentures and Series B Convertible Debentures are subject to a number of restrictive covenants which, if breached, could result in acceleration of our obligation to repay our debt. In the context of our engagements with banks and other financial institutions for receiving various credit facilities and under the terms governing our Series A Secured Debentures and Series B Convertible Debentures, we have undertaken to maintain a number of conditions and limitations on the manner in which we can operate our business, including limitations on our ability to distribute dividends, incur debt and sell or acquire assets. These credit facilities agreements also contain various covenants which require us to maintain certain financial ratios related to shareholders’ equity, total rate of debt and liabilities, minimum outstanding balance of total cash and short-term investments and operating results that are customary for companies of comparable size and the risk that we may not be able to maintain in the future the rating level assigned to the Notes. These limitations and covenants may force us to pursue less than optimal business strategies or forego business arrangements which could have been financially advantageous to us and, by extension, to our shareholders. In addition, we have secured a credit facility and our Series A Secured Debentures with certain of the shares of Formula’s publicly held subsidiary Matrix and our affiliated companies Sapiens and Magic Software. A breach of the restrictive covenants could result in the acceleration of our obligations to repay our debt. Marketing our products and services in international markets may require increased expenses and greater exposure to risks that we may not be able to successfully address. We intend to continue to focus our efforts on selling proprietary software solutions and services in international markets and to devote significant resources to these efforts to expand our international operations as part of our growth strategy. If we are unable to continue achieving market acceptance for our solutions or continue to successfully penetrate international markets, our business will be harmed. In 2014 and 2015, we received approximately 16.5% and 30.0% of our consolidated revenues, respectively, from customers located outside of Israel (including but not limited to the United States, Europe, Japan, Asia- Pacific, India and South Africa). The expansion of our existing operations and entry into additional international markets will require significant management attention and financial resources which could adversely affect our business. If we had continued to consolidate Magic’s and Sapiens’ revenues in all of 2015, 42% of our revenues would have been generated from customers located outside of Israel. Our international operation subjects us to many risks inherent to international business activities, including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) limitations and disruptions resulting from the imposition of government controls; changes in regulatory requirements; export license requirements; economic or political instability; trade restrictions; changes in tariffs; currency fluctuations; difficulties in the collection of receivables; foreign tax consequences; compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or FCPA, particularly in emerging market countries; increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities; 15 (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) greater difficulty in localizing certain of our products and licensing programs for international customers greater difficulty in safeguarding intellectual property; and difficulties in managing overseas subsidiaries and international operations. As we continue to expand our business globally, our success will depend, in large part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other risks associated with our international operations. Any of these risks could harm our international operations and reduce our international sales, adversely affecting our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects. Errors or defects in our software solutions could inevitably arise and would harm our profitability and our reputation with customers, and could even give rise to liability claims against us. The quality of our solutions, including new, modified or enhanced versions thereof, is critical to our success. Since certain of our software solutions are complex, they may contain errors that cannot be detected at any point in their testing phase. While we continually test all our software solutions for errors or defects and work with customers our partners and end-users (who occasionally participate in our beta-testing of certain programs) to identify and correct them, errors in our technology may be found in the future. Testing for errors or defects is complicated because it is difficult to simulate the breadth of operating systems, user applications and computing environments that our customers use or in the applications developed with our technology. Errors or defects in our technology have resulted in terminated work orders and could result in delayed or lost revenue, diversion of development resources and increased services, termination of work orders, damage to our brand and warranty and insurance costs in the future. In addition, time-consuming implementations may also increase the number of services personnel we must allocate to each customer, thereby increasing our costs and adversely affecting our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, since our customers rely on our solutions to operate, monitor and improve the performance of their business processes or to develop or integrate their business applications, they are sensitive to potential disruptions that may be caused by the use of, or any defects in, our software. As a result, we may be subject to claims for damages related to software errors in the future. Liability claims could require us to spend significant time and money in litigation or to pay significant damages. Regardless of whether we prevail, diversion of key employees’ time and attention from our business, the incurrence of substantial expenses and potential damage to our reputation might result. While the terms of our standard sales contracts typically limit our exposure to potential liability claims and we carry errors and omissions insurance against such claims, there can be no assurance that such insurance will continue to be available on acceptable terms, if at all, or that such insurance will provide us with adequate protection against any such claims. A significant liability claim against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. Accordingly, the adverse consequences of, and expenses related to, failures, errors and defects could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. Failure to meet customer expectations with respect to the implementation and use of our solutions or damage caused by our solutions to our customers’ information systems could result in negative publicity, reduced sales and diversion of resources, may cause the cancellation of our contracts and may subject us to liability claims, all of which would harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects. We generally provide our customers with upfront estimates regarding the duration, budget and costs associated with the implementation of our products. Implementation of some of our solutions is complex and meeting the anticipated duration, budget and costs often depends on factors relating to our customers or their other vendors. We may not meet the upfront estimates and expectations of our customers for the implementation of products as a result of our products’ capabilities or service engagements by us, our system integrator partners or our customers' IT employees. Consequently, if we fail to meet upfront estimates and the expectations of our customers for the implementation of our products, our reputation could be harmed, which could adversely affect our ability to attract new customers and sell additional products and services to existing customers. 16 In addition, some of the products and software services that we provide involve key aspects of customers’ information systems and may be considered critical to the operations of our clients’ businesses. As a result, our customers have a greater sensitivity to failures in these systems than do customers of other software products generally. In addition, our exposure to legal liability may be increased in the case of outsourcing contracts in which we become more involved in our clients’ operations. If a customer’s system fails during or following the provision of products or services by us, or if we fail to provide customers with proper support for our software products or do so in an untimely manner, we are exposed to the risks of cancellation of our contract with the customer and a legal claim for substantial damages being filed against us, regardless of whether or not we are responsible for the failure. While we typically strive to include provisions designed to limit our exposure to legal claims relating to our services and the solutions we develop, these provisions may not adequately protect us or may not be enforceable in all cases. The general liability insurance coverage that we maintain, including coverage for errors and omissions, is subject to important exclusions and limitations. We cannot be certain that this coverage will continue to be available on reasonable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover one or more large claims, or that the insurer will not disclaim coverage as to any future claim. A successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceeds our available insurance coverage or changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co- insurance requirements, could adversely affect our profitability. Incorrect or improper use of our products or our failure to properly train customers on how to implement or utilize our products could result in customer dissatisfaction and negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects. Certain of our software solutions are complex and are deployed in a wide variety of network environments. The proper use of these solutions requires training of the customer. If these solutions are not used correctly or as intended, inadequate performance may result. Additionally, our customers or third-party partners may incorrectly implement or use our solutions. Our solutions may also be intentionally misused or abused by customers or their employees or third parties who are able to access or use our solutions. Similarly, our solutions are sometimes installed or maintained by customers or third parties with smaller or less qualified IT departments, potentially resulting in sub-optimal installation and, consequently, performance that is less than the level anticipated by the customer. Because our customers rely on our software, services and maintenance support to manage a wide range of operations, the incorrect or improper use of our solutions, our failure to properly train customers on how to efficiently and effectively use our solutions, or our failure to properly provide implementation or maintenance services to our customers has resulted in terminated work orders and may result in termination of work orders, negative publicity or legal claims against us in the future. Also, as we continue to expand our customer base, any failure by us to properly provide these services will likely result in lost opportunities for follow-on sales of our software and services. In addition, if there is substantial turnover of customer personnel responsible for implementation and use of our products, or if customer personnel are not well trained in the use of our products, customers may defer the deployment of our products, may deploy them in a more limited manner than originally anticipated or may not deploy them at all. Further, if there is substantial turnover of the customer personnel responsible for implementation and use of our products, our ability to make additional sales may be substantially limited. Any unauthorized, and potentially improper, actions of our personnel could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. The recognition of our revenue depends on, among other things, the terms negotiated in our contracts with our customers. Our personnel may act outside of their authority and negotiate additional terms without our knowledge. We have implemented policies to help prevent and discourage such conduct, but there can be no assurance that such policies will be followed. For instance, in the event that our sales personnel negotiate terms that do not appear in the contract and of which we are unaware, whether such additional terms are written or verbal, we could be prevented from recognizing revenue in accordance with our plans. Furthermore, depending on when we learn of unauthorized actions and the size of the transactions involved, we may have to restate revenue for a previously reported period, which would seriously harm our business, operating results and financial condition. 17 If existing customers do not make subsequent purchases from us and continue using our solutions and services or if our relationships with our largest customers are impaired, our revenue and profitability could be negatively affected The loss of any of our major customers or a decrease or delay in orders or anticipated spending by such customers could reduce our revenues and profitability, due to our reliance on such customers. Our customers could also engage in business combinations, which could increase their size, reduce their demand for our products and solutions as they recognize synergies or rationalize assets, and increase or decrease the portion of our total sales concentration with respect to any single customer. For example, five customers of one of our five directly held subsidiaries and affiliated companies and during 2014 and 2015— Sapiens— and its subsidiaries accounted for 31% and 32% of Sapiens’ consolidated revenues in 2014 and 2015, respectively (or 8% of our consolidated revenues, in each of the respective years). two significant customers of an affiliate—Magic Software— accounted for 10% and 3% and 7% and 11% of its consolidated revenues in 2014 and 2015, respectively . One significant customer of TSG (the Israeli Ministry of Defense, IMOD) accounted for approximately 40% of its revenues in 2014 and 2015. There can be no assurance that the existing customers of our significant subsidiaries and affiliates will enter into new project contracts with us or that they will continue using our technologies and IT services. A significant decline in our revenue stream from existing customers would have an adverse effect on our operating results. There may be consolidation in the markets and industries in which we operate, which could reduce the use of our products and services and adversely affect our revenues. Mergers or consolidations among our customers could reduce the number of our customers and potential customers. This could adversely affect our revenues even if these events do not reduce the aggregate number of customers or the activities of the consolidated entities. If our customers merge with or are acquired by other entities that are not our customers, or that use fewer of our products and services, they may discontinue or reduce their use of our products and services. Any of these developments could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows. Furthermore, as the number of companies in the defense industry has decreased in recent years, the market share of some prime contractors has increased. Some of these companies are vertically integrated with in-house capabilities similar to ours in certain areas. Thus, at times we could be seeking business from certain of these prime contractors, while at other times we could be in competition with some of them. Failure to maintain good business relations with these major contractors could negatively impact TSG’s business. If our interest in our subsidiaries’ outstanding equity interests becomes diluted below 50% or if we are unable to retain effective control over our subsidiaries and affiliated companies, we would cease to consolidate them and our operating results may fluctuate significantly. We currently hold a controlling interest in Matrix and InSync under U.S. GAAP through our direct equity holdings. As a result of our controlling interests in those subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015, we consolidated their balance sheets with ours and with respect to InSync, beginning from April 1, 2014, following our consummation of the acquisition of InSync. As of January 1, 2013, Formula’s interest in Sapiens common shares was 56.6%. On November 19, 2013, Sapiens completed a follow-on public offering of its ordinary shares on the NASDAQ. Sapiens issued 6,497,400 shares at a price of $ 6.25 per share before issuance expenses. Total net proceeds from the issuance amounted to approximately $37.8 million. As a result of the offering, Formula’s interest in Sapiens' outstanding common shares was diluted below 50% (from 56.8% to 48.6%). Our investment in Sapiens following the dilution was measured under the equity method of accounting. The gain, net, recognized in relation to Formula’s loss of control in Sapiens amounted to $61.2 million and is presented in the income statement as equity in gains of affiliated companies, net. During the period following the offering through December 23, 2014, Formula purchased additional Sapiens common shares, bringing its interest in Sapiens common shares to 50.2% of Sapiens common shares on December 23, 2014. As a result, Formula regained control, for accounting purposes, over Sapiens as of such date. As of September 30, 2015, due to exercises of options by employees of Sapiens, Formula’s interest in Sapiens outstanding common shares decreased to 49.13% and we lost control of Sapiens for accounting purposes (under U.S. GAAP). Formula’s interest in Sapiens common shares is currently 49%, although Formula has received a proxy from the CEO of Sapiens with respect to his common shares of Sapiens, which results in Formula having voting control over 50.6% of Sapiens common shares. Under U.S. GAAP, such proxy does not result in Formula controlling Sapiens for accounting purposes and our investment in Sapiens following the decrease is measured under the equity method of accounting. 18 From November 19, 2013 until December 23, 2014 and from October 2, 2015, Sapiens' results of operations were reflected in our results of operations using the equity method of accounting. On March 5, 2014, following Magic Software’s public offering of additional 6,900,000 of its ordinary shares our percentage interest in Magic Software outstanding ordinary shares decreased from 51.6% to 45.0% and Magic Software was no longer our subsidiary as of such date and thereafter its results of operations were reflected in our results of operations using the equity method of accounting. Although it is our board of directors’ investment strategy to maintain effective control over our directly held subsidiaries, if we are unable to continue maintaining a controlling interest in Matrix, as a result of equity issuances to third parties that are unaffiliated with us or otherwise or we are unable to regain control over Sapiens or Magic Software, we would cease to consolidate the operating results of Matrix and not reconsolidate Sapiens or Magic Software, based on relevant accounting guidelines. This, in turn, could result in significant fluctuations of our consolidated operating results. Risks Related to our Intellectual Property Assertions by third parties of infringement or other violation by us of their intellectual property rights could result in significant costs and substantially harm our business and results of operations. The software industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. In particular, leading companies in the software industry own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets, which they may use to assert claims against us. From time to time, third parties, including certain of these leading companies, may assert patent, copyright, trademark or other intellectual property claims against us, our customers and partners, and those from whom we license technology and intellectual property. Although we believe that our products and services do not infringe upon the intellectual property rights of third parties, we cannot assure you that third parties will not assert infringement or misappropriation claims against us with respect to current or future products or services, or that any such assertions will not require us to enter into royalty arrangements or result in costly litigation, or result in us being unable to use certain intellectual property. We cannot assure you that we are not infringing or otherwise violating any third party intellectual property rights. Infringement assertions from third parties may involve patent holding companies or other patent owners who have no relevant product revenues, and therefore our own issued and pending patents may provide little or no deterrence to these patent owners in bringing intellectual property rights claims against us. Any intellectual property infringement or misappropriation claim or assertion against us, our customers or partners, and those from whom we license technology and intellectual property could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, reputation and competitive position regardless of the validity or outcome. If we are forced to defend against any infringement or misappropriation claims, whether they are with or without merit, are settled out of court, or are determined in our favor, we may be required to expend significant time and financial resources on the defense of such claims. Furthermore, an adverse outcome of a dispute may require us to pay damages, potentially including treble damages and attorneys’ fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed on a party’s intellectual property; cease making, licensing or using our products or services that are alleged to infringe or misappropriate the intellectual property of others; expend additional development resources to redesign our products or services; enter into potentially unfavorable royalty or license agreements in order to obtain the right to use necessary technologies or works; and to indemnify our partners, customers, and other third parties. Royalty or licensing agreements, if required or desirable, may be unavailable on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and may require significant royalty payments and other expenditures. Any of these events could seriously harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, any lawsuits regarding intellectual property rights, regardless of their success, could be expensive to resolve and divert the time and attention of our management and technical personnel. 19 Although we apply measures to protect our intellectual property rights and our source code, there can be no assurance that the measures that we employ to do so will be successful. Our success and ability to compete depend in large part upon our ability to protect our proprietary technology. Since we have no registered patents, we rely on a combination of trade secret and copyright laws and confidentiality, non-disclosure and assignment-of-inventions agreements to protect our proprietary technology. We believe that due to the dynamic nature of the computer and software industries, copyright protection is less significant than factors such as the knowledge and experience of our management and personnel, the frequency of product enhancements and the timeliness and quality of our support services. We seek to protect the source code of our products as trade secret information and as unpublished copyright works. We also rely on security and copy protection features in our proprietary software. We distribute our products under software license agreements that grant customers a personal, non-transferable license to use our products and contain terms and conditions prohibiting the unauthorized reproduction or transfer of our products. In addition, while we attempt to protect trade secrets and other proprietary information through non-disclosure agreements with employees, consultants and distributors, not all of our employees have signed invention assignment agreements. Although we intend to protect our rights vigorously, there can be no assurance that these measures will be successful. Our failure to protect our rights, or the improper use of our products by others without licensing them from us could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We and our customers rely on technology and intellectual property of third parties, the loss of which could limit the functionality of our products and disrupt our business. We use technology and intellectual property licensed from unaffiliated third parties in certain of our products, and we may license additional third-party technology and intellectual property in the future. Any errors or defects in this third-party technology and intellectual property could result in errors that could harm our brand and business. In addition, licensed technology and intellectual property may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. The loss of the right to license and distribute this third party technology could limit the functionality of our products and might require us to redesign our products. Further, although we believe that there are currently adequate replacements for the third-party technology and intellectual property we presently use and distribute, the loss of our right to use any of this technology and intellectual property could result in delays in producing or delivering affected products until equivalent technology or intellectual property is identified, licensed or otherwise procured, and integrated. Our business would be disrupted if any technology and intellectual property we license from others or functional equivalents of this software were either no longer available to us or no longer offered to us on commercially reasonable terms. In either case, we would be required either to attempt to redesign our products to function with technology and intellectual property available from other parties or to develop these components ourselves, which would result in increased costs and could result in delays in product sales and the release of new product offerings. Alternatively, we might be forced to limit the features available in affected products. Any of these results could harm our business and impact our results of operations. Some of our software services and technologies may use “open source” software, which may restrict how we use or distribute our services or require that we release the source code of certain products subject to those licenses. Some of our services and technologies may incorporate software licensed under so-called “open source” licenses, including, but not limited to, the GNU General Public License and the GNU Lesser General Public License. In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on origin of the software. Additionally, open source licenses typically require that source code subject to the license be made available to the public and that any modifications or derivative works to open source software continue to be licensed under open source licenses. These open source licenses typically mandate that proprietary software, when combined in specific ways with open source software, become subject to the open source license. If we combine our proprietary software with open source software, we could be required to release the source code of our proprietary software. 20 We take steps to ensure that our proprietary software is not combined with, and does not incorporate, open source software in ways that would require our proprietary software to be subject to an open source license. However, few courts have interpreted open source licenses, and the manner in which these licenses may be interpreted and enforced is therefore subject to some uncertainty. Additionally, we rely on multiple software programmers to design our proprietary technologies, and although we take steps to prevent our programmers from including open source software in the technologies and software code that they design, write and modify, we do not exercise complete control over the development efforts of our programmers and we cannot be certain that our programmers have not incorporated open source software into our proprietary products and technologies or that they will not do so in the future. In the event that portions of our proprietary technology are determined to be subject to an open source license, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code, re-engineer all or a portion of our technologies, or otherwise be limited in the licensing of our technologies, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our services and technologies and materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and prospects. We could be required to provide the source code of our products to our customers. Some of our customers have the right to require the source code of certain of our products to be deposited into a source code escrow. Under certain circumstances, our source code could be released to our customers. The conditions triggering the release of our source code vary by customer. A release of our source code would give our customers access to our trade secrets and other proprietary and confidential information which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Breaches of network or information technology security, natural disasters or terrorist attacks could have an adverse effect on our business. Cyber attacks or other breaches of network or IT security, natural disasters, terrorist acts or acts of war may cause equipment failures or disrupt our systems and operations. We may be subject to attempts to breach the security of our networks and IT infrastructure through cyber attacks, malware, computer viruses and other means of unauthorized access. While we maintain insurance coverage for some of these events, the potential liabilities associated with these events could exceed the insurance coverage we maintain. Our inability to operate our facilities as a result of such events, even for a limited period of time, may result in significant expenses or loss of market share to other competitors for our application platforms as well as in the process and business integration technologies and IT services market. In addition, a failure to protect the privacy of customer and employee confidential data against breaches of network or IT security could result in damage to our reputation. A failure to protect the privacy of customer and employee confidential data against breaches of network or IT security could result in damage to our reputation. To date, we have not been subject to cyber attacks or other cyber incidents which, individually or in the aggregate, resulted in a material impact to our operations or financial condition. Maintaining the security of our products, computers and networks is a critical issue for us and our customers. Security researchers, criminal hackers and other third parties regularly develop new techniques to penetrate computer and network security measures. In addition, hackers also develop and deploy viruses, worms and other malicious software programs, some of which may be specifically designed to attack our products, systems, computers or networks. Additionally, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce our employees or users of our products to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our data or our customers’ data. These potential breaches of our security measures and the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure or unauthorized dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive, personal or confidential data about us, our employees or our customers, including the potential loss or disclosure of such information or data as a result of hacking, fraud, trickery or other forms of deception, could expose us, our employees, our customers or the individuals affected to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, result in litigation and potential liability or fines for us, damage our brand and reputation or otherwise harm our business. 21 Risks Related to our Traded Securities There is limited trading volume for our ADSs and ordinary shares, which reduces liquidity for our shareholders, and may furthermore cause the stock price to be volatile, all of which may lead to losses by investors. There has historically been limited trading volume for our ADSs and ordinary shares, respectively, both on the NASDAQ Global Select Market and the TASE, such that still not reached the level that enables shareholders to freely sell their shares in substantial quantities on an ongoing basis and thereby readily achieve liquidity for their investment. As a further result of the limited volume, our ordinary shares have experienced significant market price volatility in the past and may experience significant market price and volume fluctuations in the future, in response to factors such as announcements of developments related to our subsidiaries’ and affiliates’ business, announcements by competitors of our subsidiaries and affiliates, quarterly fluctuations in our financial results and general conditions in the industry in which we through our subsidiaries and affiliates compete. The market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be volatile and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the price you paid, or at all. The stock market in general has experienced during recent years extreme price and volume fluctuations. The market prices of securities of technology companies have been extremely volatile, and have experienced fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market fluctuations have affected and are expected to continue to affect the market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs. The high and low closing market price of our ordinary shares traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, or the TASE, under the symbol “FORT,” and the high and low closing market price of our ADSs traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (for periods from January 3, 2011) or the NASDAQ Global Market (for periods prior to January 3, 2011) under the symbol “FORTY,” during each of the last five years, are summarized in the table below: Year 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 NASDAQ In US$ Tel Aviv Stock Exchange* In NIS In US$ High Low High Low High Low 35.00 33.79 26.64 17.88 20.49 20.52 21.02 16.22 13.55 11.14 135.20 114.10 94.99 69.21 75.57 82.36 83.70 57.89 54.41 43.94 35.31 32.83 26.96 17.83 20.55 20.98 21.52 15.51 13.59 11.81 * The U.S. dollar price of our ordinary shares on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange was determined by dividing the price of an ordinary share in NIS by the representative exchange rate of the NIS against the U.S. dollar as reported by the Bank of Israel on the same date. The market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs may fluctuate substantially due to a variety of factors, including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) any actual or anticipated fluctuations in our or our competitors’ quarterly revenues and operating results; industry trends and changes; changes in expectations as to our future financial performance, including financial estimates by securities analysts and investors; public announcements concerning us or our competitors; results of integrating investments and acquisitions; the introduction or market acceptance of new service offerings by us or our competitors; changes in product pricing policies by us or our competitors; public announcements concerning distribution of dividends and payment of dividends; 22 (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) the public’s response to our press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Israeli Securities Authority; changes in accounting principles; sales of our shares by existing shareholders; the loss of any of our key personnel; other events or factors in any of the markets in which we operate, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism, natural disasters or responses to such events; and general trends of the stock markets. In addition, global and local economic, political, market and industry conditions and military conflicts and in particular, those specifically related to the State of Israel, may affect the market price of our shares and ADSs. Significant fluctuations in our annual and quarterly results, which make it difficult for investors to make reliable period-to-period comparisons, may also contribute to volatility in the market price of our ordinary shares and American Depositary Shares. Our quarterly and annual revenues, gross profit, net income and results of operations have fluctuated significantly in the past, and we expect them to continue to fluctuate significantly in the future. The following events may cause fluctuations: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) general global economic conditions; acquisitions and dispositions of, and consolidation of, our subsidiaries; the size, time and recognition of revenue from significant contracts; timing of product releases or enhancements; timing of contracts; timing of completion of specified milestones and delays in implementation; changes in the proportion of service and license revenues; price and product competition; (cid:120) market acceptance of our new products, applications and services; (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) increases in selling and marketing expenses, as well as other operating expenses; currency fluctuations; and consolidation of our customers. A substantial portion of our expenses, including most product development and selling and marketing expenses must be incurred in advance of when revenue is generated. If our projected revenue does not meet our expectations, we are likely to experience an even larger shortfall in our operating profit relative to our expectations. The gross margins of our individual subsidiaries vary both among themselves and over time. As a result, changes in the revenue mix from these subsidiaries may affect our quarterly operating results. In addition, we may derive a significant portion of our net income from the sale of our investments or the sale of our proprietary software technology. These events do not occur on a regular basis and their timing is difficult to predict. As a result, we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our historical results of operations are not necessarily meaningful and that you should not rely on them as an indication for future performance. Also, it is possible that our quarterly and annual results of operations may be below the expectations of public market analysts and investors. If this happens, the prices of our ordinary shares and ADSs will likely decrease. 23 The market prices of our ordinary share and ADSs may be adversely affected if the market prices of our publicly traded subsidiaries or affiliated company decrease. A significant portion of our assets is comprised of equity securities of directly held publicly traded companies. Our publicly traded subsidiary and affiliates are, as of the current time, Matrix, Sapiens and Magic Software. The share prices of these publicly traded companies have been extremely volatile, and have been subject to fluctuations due to market conditions and other factors which are often unrelated to operating results and which are beyond our control. Fluctuations in the market price and valuations of our holdings in these companies may affect the market’s valuation of the price of our ordinary shares and ADSs and may also thereby impact our results of operations. If the value of our assets decreases significantly as a result of a decrease in the value of our interest in our publicly traded subsidiary and affiliates, our business, operating results and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected and the market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs may also fall as a result. Our securities are traded on more than one market and this may result in price variations. Our ordinary shares are traded on the TASE and our ADSs were traded on the NASDAQ Global Market until January 3, 2011, at which date the listing of our ADSs was transferred to the NASDAQ Global Select Market. Trading in our ordinary shares and ADSs on these markets takes place in different currencies (dollars on the NASDAQ Global Select Market and NIS on the TASE), and at different times (resulting from different time zones, different weekly trading days and different public holidays in the United States and Israel). The trading prices of our ordinary shares and ADSs on these two markets may differ due to these and other factors (see the risk factor titled “The market price of our ordinary shares and American Depositary Shares may be volatile and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the price you paid, or at all” above for an example thereof). On the other hand, any decrease in the trading price of our ordinary shares or ADSs, as applicable, on one of these markets could likely affect— and cause a decrease in— the trading price on the other market. Our largest shareholder, Asseco Poland S.A., can significantly influence the outcome of matters that require shareholder approval. Asseco Poland S.A., or Asseco, owns approximately 46.3% of our outstanding ordinary shares (which excludes shares that we have repurchased that lack voting rights and shares subject to restrictions that are voted in proportion to the votes of our other shares). Therefore, Asseco can significantly influence the outcome of those matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. This voting power may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control which may otherwise be favorable to our minority shareholders. In addition, potential conflicts of interest may arise in the event that we or any of our subsidiaries or other affiliates enter into agreements or transactions with affiliates of Asseco. Although Israeli law imposes certain procedures (including shareholder approval) for approval of certain related party transactions, we cannot assure you that these procedures will eliminate the possible detrimental effects of these conflicts of interest. If certain transactions are not approved in accordance with required procedures under applicable Israeli law, these transactions may be void or voidable. If we are unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the reliability of our financial statements may be questioned and our share price may suffer. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 imposes certain duties on us and on our executives and directors. To comply with this statute, we are required to document and test our internal control over financial reporting, and our independent registered public accounting firm must issue an attestation report on our internal control procedures, and our management is required to assess and issue a report concerning our internal control over financial reporting. Our efforts to comply with these requirements have resulted in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention, and we expect these efforts to require the continued commitment of significant resources. We may identify material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our assessments of our internal controls over financial reporting. Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in investigation or sanctions by regulatory authorities, and could adversely affect our operating results, investor confidence in our reported financial information and the market price of our ordinary shares. 24 Risks Relating to Operations in Israel Political, economic, and military conditions in Israel could negatively impact our business. We are incorporated under the laws of, and our headquarters and principal research and development facilities are located in, the State of Israel, and approximately 83.5% and 70.0% of our consolidated revenues in 2014 and 2015, respectively were generated from the Israeli market (had we consolidated Magic Software’s revenues and Sapiens revenues for all of 2014 and 2015, 63% and 58% of our revenues would have been generated from the Israeli market). As a result, we are directly influenced by the political, economic and military conditions affecting Israel. In addition, several countries still restrict business with Israel and with companies doing business in Israel. These political, economic and military conditions in Israel, and business restrictions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth. In recent years, there have been hostilities between Israel and Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in the Gaza strip, both of which resulted in rockets being fired into Israel causing casualties and disruption of economic activities. Most recently, in July 2014, an armed conflict commenced between Israel and Hamas. In addition, Israel faces threats from more distant neighbors, in particular, Iran. Also, since 2011, riots and uprisings in several countries in the Middle East and neighboring regions have led to severe political instability in several neighboring states and to a decline in the regional security situation. Such instability may affect the local and global economy, could negatively affect business conditions and, therefore, could adversely affect our operations. To date, these matters have not had any material effect on our business and results of operations; however, the regional security situation and worldwide perceptions of it are outside our control and there can be no assurance that these matters will not negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations in the future. Some of our employees in Israel are obligated to perform military reserve duty, currently consisting of approximately 30 days of service annually (or more for reserves officers or non-officers with certain expertise). Additionally, they are subject to being called to active duty at any time upon the outbreak of hostilities. While we have operated effectively under these requirements, no assessment can be made as to the full impact of such requirements on our business or work force and no prediction can be made as to the effect on us of any expansion of such obligations. The tax benefits that will be available to certain of our Israeli subsidiaries and affiliates will require us to continue to meet various conditions and may be terminated or reduced in the future, which could increase our costs and taxes. Some of our Israeli subsidiaries and affiliates have been granted “Approved Enterprise” and “Beneficiary Enterprise” status, which provide certain benefits, including tax exemptions and reduced tax rates under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959, referred to as the Investment Law. Income not eligible for Approved Enterprise and Beneficiary Enterprise benefits is taxed at the regular corporate tax rate (26.5% for 2015 and 25% for 2016 and thereafter). In the event of distribution of dividends in these subsidiaries from said tax-exempt income, the amount distributed will be subject to corporate tax in respect of the amount of the distributed dividend (grossed-up to reflect the pre-tax income that it would have had to earn in order to distribute the dividend) at the corporate tax rate which would have been applicable if such income had not been tax-exempted. Tax-exempt income generated under the Approved/Beneficiary Enterprise program will be subject to taxes upon dividend distribution (which includes the repurchase of the Company's shares) or liquidation. The entitlement to the above benefits is conditional upon the continuous fulfillment of the conditions stipulated by the Investment Law and applicable regulations. Should the Israeli subsidiaries and affiliates fail to meet such requirements in the future, income attributable to the Approved Enterprise and Beneficiary Enterprise programs would be subject to the statutory Israeli corporate tax rate and they will be required to refund a portion of the tax benefits already received, including interest and CPI linkage or other monetary penalty, with respect to such programs. As of December 31, 2015, we believe that our Israeli subsidiaries and affiliates are in compliance with all of the conditions required by the Investment Law. 25 Fluctuations in foreign currency values may affect our business and results of operations. Due to our extensive operations and sales in Israel, most of our revenues and expenses from our IT services are denominated in NIS. For financial reporting purposes, we translate all non-U.S. dollar denominated transactions into dollars in accordance with ASC 830. Therefore, we are exposed to the risk that a devaluation of the NIS relative to the dollar will reduce our revenue growth rate in dollar terms. On the other hand, a significant portion of our revenues from proprietary software products and related services is currently denominated in other currencies, particularly the Euro, Japanese Yen, British Pound and South African Rand, while a substantial portion of our expenses relating to the proprietary software products and related services, principally salaries and related personnel expenses, is denominated in NIS. As a result, the depreciation of the Euro, Japanese Yen, British Pound or South African Rand relative to the U.S. dollar reduces our dollar recorded revenues from sales of our proprietary software products and related services that are denominated in those currencies and thereby harms our results of operations. In addition, the appreciation of the NIS relative to the dollar increases the dollar recorded value of expenses that we incur in NIS in respect of such proprietary software products sales, and, therefore, could adversely affect our results of operations and harm our competitive position in the markets. The depreciation (appreciation) of the dollar in relation to the NIS (based on the change in the exchange rate reported by the Bank of Israel from the start to the conclusion of each year) amounted to 7.0%, (12.0)% and (0.3)% for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Rises in the inflationary rate in Israel further increase the dollar cost of our NIS-based operating expenses and adversely impact the profits that we realize from our proprietary software products sales. The Israeli rate of inflation amounted to 1.8%, (0.2)% and (1)% for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. We have engaged and may continue in the future to engage in certain hedging transactions, to decrease the risk of financial exposure from fluctuations in the exchange rate of the non-dollar currency forecasted cash flows. However, we cannot assure you that these measures will adequately protect us from the material adverse effects described above. For additional information relating to the exchange rates between different relevant currencies, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Overview—Our Functional and Reporting Currency.” It may be difficult to serve process and enforce judgments against our directors and officers in the United States or in Israel. We are organized under the laws of the State of Israel. All of our executive officers and directors are nonresidents of the United States, and a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of these persons are located outside of the United States. Therefore, it may be difficult to: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) effect service of process within the United States on us or any of our executive officers or directors; enforce court judgments obtained in the United States including those predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the United States federal securities laws, against us or against any of our executive officers or directors, in the United States or Israel; and bring an original action in an Israeli court against us or against any of our executive officers or directors to enforce liabilities based upon the United States federal securities laws. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of U.S. securities laws reasoning that Israel is not the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proven as a fact by expert witnesses, which can be a time consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel that addresses the matters described above. As a result of the difficulty associated with enforcing a judgment against us in Israel, an investor may not be able to collect any damages awarded by either a U.S. or foreign court. 26 Provisions of Israeli law may delay, prevent or make more difficult an acquisition of our company. The Israeli Companies Law, 1999, referred to as the Companies Law, generally requires that a merger be approved by the board of directors and a majority of the shares voting on the proposed merger, of each of the merging companies. For purposes of the shareholder vote, unless a court rules otherwise, the merger will not be deemed approved if shares representing a majority of the voting power present at the shareholders meeting, and which are not held by the other party to the merger (or by any person who holds 25% or more of the shares or the right to appoint 25% or more of the directors of the other party or its general manager, or any of their relatives or corporations controlled by them) have voted against the merger. Upon the request of any creditor of a party to the proposed merger, a court may delay or prevent the merger if it concludes that there is a reasonable concern that, as a result of the merger, the surviving company will be unable to satisfy the obligations of the surviving company. In addition, the court may give instructions to secure creditors’ rights. Finally, a merger may generally not be completed unless at least (i) 50 days have passed since the filing of a merger proposal signed by both parties with the Israeli Registrar of Companies; and (ii) 30 days have passed since the merger was approved by the shareholders of each of the parties to the merger. Also, in certain circumstances an acquisition of shares in a public company must be made by means of a tender offer. Lastly, Israeli tax law treats some acquisitions, such as stock-for-stock exchanges between an Israeli company and a foreign company, less favorably than U.S. tax laws. These provisions of Israeli corporate and tax law may have the effect of delaying, preventing or make more difficult an acquisition of or merger with us, which may adversely affect our ability to engage in a business combination and may also depress the price of our ordinary shares and ADSs. Your rights and responsibilities as a shareholder will be governed by Israeli law and differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders under U.S. law. We are incorporated under Israeli law. The rights and responsibilities of holders of our ordinary shares are governed by our memorandum of association, amended and restated articles of association, which we sometimes refer to as our articles, and Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in typical U.S. corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has a duty to act in good faith in exercising the rights thereof and fulfilling the obligations thereof toward the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing the power thereof in the company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on certain matters. Israeli law provides that these duties are applicable in shareholder votes at the general meeting with respect to, among other things, amendments to a company’s articles of association, increases in a company’s authorized share capital, mergers and acquisitions and transactions involving interests of officers, directors or other interested parties which require the shareholders’ approval. In addition, a controlling shareholder of an Israeli company or a shareholder who knows that he or she possesses the power to determine the outcome of a vote at a meeting of our shareholders, or who has, by virtue of the company’s articles of association, the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder in the company, or any other power with respect to the company, has a duty of fairness toward the company. The Companies Law does not establish criteria for determining whether or not a shareholder has acted in good faith. As a foreign private issuer whose ADSs are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, we may follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of certain NASDAQ requirements. As a foreign private issuer whose ADSs are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of certain requirements of the Listing Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market. A foreign private issuer that elects to follow a home country practice instead of such requirements must submit to NASDAQ in advance a written statement from independent counsel in such issuer’s home country certifying that the issuer’s practices are not prohibited by the home country’s laws. In addition, a foreign private issuer must disclose in its annual reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, or on its website, each such requirement that it does not follow and describe the home country practice followed by the issuer in lieu of any such requirement. In keeping with these leniencies, we have elected to follow home country practice with regard to, among other things, composition of our board of directors, director nomination procedure, compensation of officers, quorum at shareholders’ meetings and timing of our annual shareholders’ meetings. We have furthermore elected to follow our home country law, in lieu of those rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market that require that we obtain shareholder approval for certain dilutive events, such as for the establishment or amendment of certain equity based compensation plans, an issuance that will result in a change of control of the company, certain transactions other than a public offering involving issuances of a 20% or more interest in the company and certain acquisitions of the stock or assets of another company. Accordingly, our shareholders and ADS holders may not be afforded the same protection as provided under NASDAQ’s corporate governance rules. 27 Our United States investors could suffer adverse tax consequences if we are characterized as a passive foreign investment company. Generally, if for any taxable year, after applying certain look-through rules, 75% or more of our gross income is passive income, or at least 50% of the value of our assets are held for the production of, or produce, passive income, we may be characterized as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Passive income for these purposes generally includes, among other things, certain dividends, interest, royalties, rental and gains from commodities and securities transactions and from the sale or exchange of property that gives rise to passive income. This characterization could result in adverse U.S. tax consequences to our shareholders who are U.S. taxpayers, including having gain realized on the sale of our ordinary shares or ADSs being treated as ordinary income rather than capital gain income, and could result in punitive interest charges being applied to such sales proceeds. Rules similar to those applicable to dispositions apply to amounts treated as “excess distributions.” We believe that we were not a PFIC in 2015 but may be classified as such in 2016. Since a PFIC status is only determined as of the end of the taxable year and is dependent on a number of factors, therefore, there can be no assurance that we will not become a PFIC for the year ending December 31, 2016 or in a future taxable year. Rules similar to those applicable to gains derived from the disposition of our ordinary shares or ADSs also apply to certain “excess distributions.” A decline in the value of our ordinary shares or ADSs could result in our company being classified as a PFIC. U.S .investors should consult with their own tax advisors with respect to the U.S. tax consequences of investing in our ordinary shares or ADSs. For a discussion of how we might be characterized as a PFIC and related tax consequences, see “Item 10. Additional Information—Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations.” ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY A. History and Development of the Company Both our legal name and our commercial name is Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. We were incorporated in Israel on April 2, 1985. We maintain our principal executive offices at 5 Haplada Street, Or Yehuda 60218, Israel and our telephone number is 011-972-3-5389487. Our agent in the United States is Corporation Service Company and its address is 2711 Centerville Road, Suite 400, Wilmington, DE 19808. In 1991, we completed the initial public offering of our ordinary shares on the TASE. In October 1997, we completed the listing of our ADSs on the NASDAQ Global Market. As of January 3, 2011 our ADSs have been listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. Since our inception, we have acquired effective controlling interests, and have invested, in companies which are engaged in the IT solutions and services business. We, together with our subsidiaries and affiliates, are known as the Formula Group. In November 2010, Emblaze Ltd., our former controlling shareholder, sold its controlling stake in us to Asseco Poland SA, a Polish IT company listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Asseco currently beneficially owns 46.3% of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares (which excludes shares that we have repurchased that lack voting rights and shares subject to restrictions that are voted in proportion to the votes of our other shares). We have adopted a strategy of seeking opportunities to realize gains through the selective sale of investments and interests in our subsidiaries and affiliates to outside investors. We believe that this strategy provides us with capital to support the growth of our interest in our remaining subsidiaries, as well as provide us the opportunity to pursue new acquisitions of, and investments in, other businesses, particularly businesses offering products, technologies and services that are complementary to ours and are suitable for integration into our business therefore increasing value for our shareholders (and ADS holders). We expect to continue to develop and enhance the products, services and solutions of our subsidiaries and affiliates, and to continue to pursue additional acquisitions of, or investments in, companies that provide IT services and proprietary software solutions. 28 Capital Expenditures and Divestitures Our principal investment and divestiture activities and related financing activities since the start of our 2013 fiscal year are described below. For additional information relating to our investment, divestiture and financing activities during 2014 and 2015, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects— Liquidity and Capital Resources.” Changes in our percentage ownership of Sapiens. As of January 1, 2013, our percentage interest in our subsidiary Sapiens was 56.6%. We purchased additional shares in 2013 which resulted in our percentage interest increasing to 57.2% as of May 2013. In November 2013, Sapiens issued 6,497,400 of its common shares in a follow-on public offering, As a result, as of December 31, 2013, our percentage interest in Sapiens decreased to 48.6%. We purchased additional shares in 2014 which resulted in our percentage interest increasing to 50.2% as of December 31, 2014. We purchased additional shares in 2014 which resulted in our percentage interest increasing to 50.2% as of December 31, 2014. As of September 30, 2015, due to exercises of options by employees of Sapiens, Formula’s direct interest in Sapiens outstanding common shares again was diluted below 50%. Formula’s interest in Sapiens common shares is currently 49%, however, Formula holds a voting proxy with respect to an additional 1,024,781 of Sapiens common shares (includes options to purchase 308,932 Sapiens’ Common Shares under Sapiens 2011 Incentive Plan). Pursuant to our acquisitions of Sapiens common shares, we have invested an aggregate of $2.7 million, $11.9 million and $0.4 million in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The sources of such funds have been our working capital and loans from financial institutions. Changes in our percentage ownership of Magic Software. During 2012 and 2013, we increased our investment in Magic Software, acquiring additional ordinary shares of Magic Software in private transactions that have raised our beneficial ownership to 52.3% and 51.6% of Magic Software’s outstanding share capital as of December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively. In March 2014, Magic Software issued 6,900,000 of its ordinary shares in a follow-on public offering, of which we purchased 700,000 ordinary shares. As a result, our beneficial ownership percentage in Magic Software decreased to 45.0%. We purchased additional shares in 2015 and 2016, which resulted in our current percentage interest increasing to 47.3%. Pursuant to our acquisitions of Magic Software’s ordinary shares, we have invested an aggregate of $ 0 million, $6.6 million and $3.7 million in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The sources of such funds have been our working capital and a bank loan. Changes in our percentage ownership of Matrix. During 2013, 2014 and 2015, we have increased our investment in Matrix, acquiring additional ordinary shares of Matrix in private transactions that have raised our beneficial ownership to 50.11%, 50.2% and 50% of Matrix outstanding share capital as of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Pursuant to our acquisitions of Matrix ordinary shares, we have invested an aggregate of $0.1 million, $1.3 million and $0 million in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The source of such funds has been our working capital and a bank loan. Acquisition of TSG. In May 2016, Formula and IAI each acquired 50% of TSG, a subsidiary and the military arm of Ness Technologies, which is engaged in the fields of command and control systems, intelligence, homeland security and cybersecurity. Each of Formula and IAI paid a purchase price of $25.8 million (subject to certain adjustments). Acquisition of Ibexi by Sapiens. In May 2015, Sapiens acquired IBEXI Solutions Private Limited or IBEXI, an India-based provider of insurance solutions and services, which services 18 insurers in both the P&C and L&P markets throughout Southeast Asia. The total purchase price in this acquisition was approximately $4.8 million, which was paid in cash by Sapiens at the closing, and which is subject to adjustment based on certain future criteria. Acquisition of Insseco by Sapiens. In August 2015, Sapiens acquired Insseco, a Poland-based software and services provider for the insurance market, from Asseco, the controlling shareholder of Formula, which helped Sapiens to establish a strong presence in the Polish insurance market. Sapiens paid approximately $9.1 million in cash for Insseco, subject to upwards adjustment based on its achieving future revenue goals. 29 Acquisition of Comblack IT by Magic. In April 2015, Magic acquired a 70% interest in Comblack IT Ltd., an Israeli-based company that specializes in software professional and outsource management services for mainframes and complex large-scale environments, for a total consideration of $1.8 million, of which $ 1.5 million was paid upon closing and $ 0.3 million was contingent upon the acquired business meeting certain operational targets in 2015. Magic and the seller hold mutual Call and Put options respectively for the remaining 30% interest in the company. In March 2016, Magic paid the seller the remaining contingent payments for meeting 2015 operational targets. Acquisition of Infingy Solutions by Magic .In June 2015, Magic acquired a 70% interest in Infinigy Solutions LLC, a US-based services company focused on expanding the development and implementation of technical solutions throughout the telecommunications industry with offices over the US, providing nationwide coverage and support for wireless engineering, deployment services, surveying, environmental service and project management, for a total consideration of $6.4 million, of which $ 5.6 was paid upon closing and $ 0.8 million is contingent upon the acquired business meeting certain operational targets in 2016 and 2017. Magic and the seller hold mutual Call and Put options respectively for the remaining 30% interest in the company. Acquisition of Hydus Solutions by Matrix. In April 2015, Xtivia Inc (a wholly owned subsidiary of Matrix) completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Hydus Inc in total consideration of $ 2.5 million. Hydus Inc. is a U.S based consulting firm specializing in software services in the field of EIM (Enterprise Information Management). In addition, the sellers may be eligible for future consideration, valued at $ 1.6 million as of December 31, 2015, subject to obtaining accumulated operating income targets during three years (such additional consideration will not exceed Hydus accumulated operating income during the measurement period). Acquisition of InOnno Apps by Matrix. In May 2015, Matrix completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Ono Apps Ltd., an Israeli based service provider specializing in mobile applications development services, in total consideration of NIS 4.6 million (approximately $ 1.2 million). In addition, the sellers may be eligible for future consideration, valued at $ 0.3 million as of December 31, 2015, subject to obtaining accumulated operating income targets during three years commencing on January 1, 2016 which shall not exceed NIS 5.0 million (approximately $ 1.3 million). During the year ended December 31, 2015, Formula and its subsidiaries and affiliates completed five other acquisitions for a total cash consideration of approximately $3.8, million and increased their share interest in two existing subsidiaries in a total consideration of $ 1.7 million. These acquisitions generally enhance the group's technologies, product and services offerings. Pro forma results of operations for these acquisitions have not been presented because they are not material to the consolidated results of operations, either individually or in the aggregate. Acquisition of InSync Staffing Solutions Inc. In April 2014, Formula acquired all of the interests in InSync Staffing LLC, a U.S.-based full service provider of staffing solutions for IT, engineering and other professional staff. We recorded a capital expenditure of $4.0 million in respect of this acquisition. Acquisition of a software vendor by Magic Software. In October 2014, Magic Software acquired 100% of Formula Telecom Solutions Ltd., or FTS, an Israeli based software vendor. FTS specializes in the development, sale, service and support of business support systems, or BSS, including convergent charging, billing, customer management, policy control and payment software solutions for the telecommunications, content, Machine to Machine/Internet of Things or M2M/IoT, payment and other industries. FTS has a track record of successful implementation of many projects in Western and Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa. Acquisition of Knowledge Partners International LLC. On August 1, 2014, Sapiens acquired Knowledge Partners International LLC, or KPI, and the assets of The Decision Model Licensing LLC, or TDML, for total consideration of $2.1 million in cash and 57,000 ordinary shares of Sapiens Decision, Sapiens’ subsidiary which holds all of the interests in KPI (representing 3% of Sapiens Decision’s issued and outstanding ordinary shares immediately prior to closing). In addition, one of the shareholders of KPI received 88,500 restricted shares of Sapiens Decision plus $450,000 in cash, subject to certain performance criteria. The agreements for the foregoing acquisitions included, among other things, certain put and call options relating to the Sapiens Decision shares issued upon consummation of the transaction and certain other benefits payable upon the occurrence of certain conditions. 30 Acquisition of Hoshen Eliav Ltd. During January 2014, Matrix purchased 100% of the share capital of Hoshen Eliav Ltd. from its former shareholders in consideration of approximately $1.3 million in cash and contingent consideration estimated at approximately $0.2 million subject to the achievement of the gross profit goals in the next three years. The company focuses on providing consulting to security companies. Acquisition of Top Q (Aqua) Software Ltd. During March 2014, Matrix purchased 100% of the share capital of Top Q (Aqua) Software Ltd. from its former shareholders in consideration of approximately $1.2 million in cash and contingent consideration based on the achievement of a gross profit goal. The company is engaged in software testing and specializes in automated testing. Acquisition of Managware Ltd. On October 2, 2014, Matrix purchased 100% of the share capital of Managware Ltd. from its former shareholders in consideration of approximately $1.5 million in cash, contingent consideration of $0.7 million paid at the closing and contingent consideration payable in the future subject to the Managware’s results for the years 2015 to 2017 and contingent upon the continued employment of the former shareholder of Managware. Managware is engaged in the marketing of software and provides other services. Acquisition of Enterprise Division of U.S. IT, engineering and telecom consulting company by Magic Software. In November 2013, Magic Software acquired the enterprise division of Allstates Technical Services, LLC, a U.S.-based full-service provider of consulting and outsourcing solutions for IT, Engineering and Telecom personnel from KBR, Inc. (NYSE: KBR). This division, now known as Allstates Consulting Services LLC brings a strong reputation and an experienced growth-focused management team serving some of the world’s leading telecom and technology companies. Additional Acquisitions by Matrix and Magic Software. In 2013, Matrix and Magic Software completed the acquisition of four other activities for an aggregate total consideration of up to $8.5 million, of which $3.8 million is contingent upon the acquired activities achieve certain targets over time. B. Business Overview General We are a global IT solutions and services holdings company that is principally engaged through our directly held subsidiaries and affiliates in providing proprietary and non-proprietary software solutions and services, software product marketing and support, computer infrastructure and integration solutions and learning and integration. We deliver our solutions in over 50 countries worldwide to customers with complex IT services needs, including a number of “Fortune 1000” companies. Except for providing our subsidiaries and our affiliated companies with our management, technical expertise and marketing experience to help them to penetrate their respective markets, direct the overall strategy of our subsidiaries and affiliated companies and monitor the growth of our subsidiaries and affiliated company through our active involvement, we do not conduct independent operations at our parent company level. Our operating results are, and have been, directly influenced by the consolidation and cessation of consolidation of our subsidiaries, which could cause significant fluctuations in our consolidated operating results. Consequently, we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations are not necessarily meaningful and you should not rely on these comparisons as indications of our future performance. We operate through our subsidiaries: Matrix and InSync and through our affiliated companies Sapiens, Magic Software and TSG. From January 28, 2012 through November 18, 2013, when we lost control of Sapiens for accounting purposes (under U.S. GAAP) following our direct interest in Sapiens outstanding common shares diluting from 56.8% to 48.8% and from December 23, 2014, when we regained control of Sapiens, through September 30, 2015, when we lost control of Sapiens for accounting purposes (under U.S. GAAP) following our direct interest in Sapiens outstanding common shares diluting from 50% to 49.1%, Sapiens was our subsidiary. Between November 18, 2013 and December 23, 2014, Sapiens was an affiliated company for accounting purposes and again became an affiliated company for accounting purposes on October 1, 2015. Until March 4, 2014, Magic Software was our subsidiary. As of March 5, 2014, as a result of the dilution caused by the public offering of Magic Software, we lost the controlling interest for accounting purposes (under U.S GAAP) following our direct interest in Magic outstanding ordinary shares diluting from 51.4% to 45.1%, and Magic Software became an affiliated company. The following is a description of the areas of our business activity: 31 IT Services We design and implement IT solutions and software systems which improve the productivity of our customers’ existing IT assets. In delivering our IT services, we at times use proprietary software developed by members of the Formula Group. We provide our IT services across the full system development life cycle, including definition of business requirements, developing customized software, implementing software and modifying it based on the customer's needs, system analysis, technical specifications, coding, testing, training, implementation and maintenance. We perform our projects on-site or at our own facilities. Proprietary Software Solutions We design, develop and market proprietary software solutions for sale in selected niche markets worldwide. We regularly seek opportunities to invest in or acquire companies with attractive proprietary software solutions under development which we believe to have market potential. The majority of our investments and acquisitions in this area have been in companies with products beyond the prototype stage. In addition, from time to time, we selectively invest in companies with proven technology where we believe we can leverage our experience to enhance product positioning and increase market penetration. We provide our management and technical expertise, marketing experience and financial resources to help bring these products to market. We also assist the members of our group to form teaming agreements with strategic partners to develop a presence in international markets. The Formula Group Formula is the parent company of subsidiaries and affiliates, which, as noted above, we refer to collectively (together with Formula) as the Formula Group. As of December 31, 2015, we held 90% of the shares of InSync, 50. 0% controlling interest Matrix, a 49.1% interest in Sapiens and a 46.4% interest in Magic Software through our equity holdings. As of December 31, 2015, we had the right to appoint a majority of the board of directors of Matrix through our equity holdings. In May 2016, we acquired a 50% interest in TSG. We provide our subsidiaries and our affiliated companies with our management, technical expertise and marketing experience to help them to penetrate their respective markets. We direct the overall strategy of our subsidiaries and affiliated companies. While our subsidiaries and affiliated companies each have independent management, we monitor the growth of our subsidiaries and affiliated companies through our active involvement in the following matters: (cid:120) strategic planning; (cid:120) marketing policies; (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) senior management recruitment; investment and budget policy; financing policies; and overall ongoing monitoring of our subsidiaries’ and affiliated company’s performance. We promote the synergy and cooperation among our subsidiaries and affiliated companies by encouraging the following: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) transfer of technology and expertise; leveling of human resources demand; combining skills for specific projects; formation of critical mass for large projects; and 32 (cid:120) marketing and selling the Formula Group’s products and services to its collective customer base. We, through our subsidiaries and affiliated companies, offer a wide range of integrated IT software solutions and services, including the implementation and integration projects of computing and software, outsourcing, project management software, software development, outsourcing, IT managed services, software testing and QA, and software services, depending on specific needs of the customer and depending on the subject expertise necessary professional all case by case basis, and design, develop and market proprietary software solutions for sale in selected niche markets, both in Israel and worldwide. Our Subsidiaries Matrix Matrix IT Ltd. is one of Israel’s leading integration and information technology services companies. Matrix employs approximately 7,650 software, hardware, integration and training personnel, which provide advanced IT services to hundreds of customers in the Israeli market. Matrix also markets in Israel software and hardware products manufactured by a broad range of international manufacturers. The solutions, services and products supplied by Matrix are designed to improve Matrix’s customers’ competitive capabilities, by providing a response to their unique IT needs in all levels of their operations. Areas of Operation As of April 30, 2016, Matrix reported on four principal areas of operations, reporting its U.S and Israeli Software solutions and services under one operating segment. Following Matrix management decision to target the U.S market for expanding Matrix operations separately from its operations in the Israeli market, it was management decision to split this activity to a separate operating segment and as of the date of this report Matrix operates through its directly and indirectly held subsidiaries in the following principal areas - - - - - Software solutions and services - Israel. Software solutions and services – United States. Software product marketing and support. Computer infrastructure and integration solutions. Learning and integration. Software solutions and services - Israel: Matrix’s primary activities in this area include development of software systems and service, including integration projects of systems and software, outsourcing, management of software projects, testing of developed technology, quality assurance and software services. The scope of work invested in each element varies from one customer to the other. Software solutions and services – United States: Matrix provides solutions and expert services in the area of governance risk and compliance (“GRC”), including activities in the following areas: risk management, fraud management, anti-money laundering, and regulatory compliance security in these areas. Matrix also provides solutions and technological services in the areas of portals, BI, DBA, CRM and EIM. Software product marketing and support: Matrix activities in this area include marketing and support for various software products (mainly originated outside of Israel) and providing professional support for these products to customers, including marketing and support of products. Computer infrastructure and integration solutions: Matrix activities in this area consist of: (1) providing computer and telecommunication infrastructure solutions; (2) selling and marketing personal computers, portable computers, Intel servers, peripheral equipment, operating systems, servers and workstations to business customers; and (3) selling and marketing cloud based solutions (under the “CloudZone” division). 33 Learning and integration: Matrix’s activities in this area consist of operating a network of training centers which provide advances courses for high-tech professionals, courses for developers and professional training, and soft skills and management training, and providing training and instructions with respect to computer systems. Matrix provides solutions, services and products primarily to the following market sectors (or verticals): banking, finance and insurance, commerce, manufacturing and high-tech, government, defense telecommunications, healthcare and the public and security forces sector. Matrix offers to each market sector a broad range of solutions and services, customized for the specific needs of that sector. Matrix operates dedicated departments, each of which specializes in a particular sector. Each such department supplies customers in that sector with a products and services offering providing a response to most of its IT requirements, based on an in-depth business understanding of the challenges which are typical to that sector. Matrix established a separate division for each particular market sector, which manages the operations relating to that sector. Specialization in the various sectors is reflected in the applications, professional and marketing aspects of each sector. Accordingly, the professional and marketing infrastructure required to support each market sector is developed to address such sector’s specific needs. In addition to the five sector-based areas of operations, Matrix operates three horizontal divisions providing specialist services for all of the different sectors of operations as follows: (cid:120) Expertise centers – Matrix operates about 20 “expertise centers” (“Centers of Excellence”), in areas such as: Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), Mobility (Mobile Technology), Customer Relations Management (CRM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), eXtended Relationship Management (XRM), Cloud Computing, Digital, User Experience, Open Source, Security & Cyber, Big data, Analytical BI, and DevOps. These expertise centers are based on business vertical concept, which is targeted to yield significant added value to the company’s customers, including: group of professionals that are focused and have expertise in the related technologies, hands-on experience and expertise in the related technologies, methodologies, and best practices; and (cid:120) A strategic consulting center that provides customers with diverse consultation services on topics such as organization, strategy, business development and technological development. (cid:120) Quality assurance and related professional services under an offshore/”nearshore” model- In the context of its offshore/”nearshore” activities, Matrix conducts IT-related activities, including content development, quality assurance, maintenance, customer call center services indexing and related activities that are performed in a specific region or country where such activities can be conducted most inexpensively. Matrix offers its customers these types of solutions, whether via its “nearshore” Talpiot project and Babcom Centers Ltd. (the latter, a company located near large Arab population centers in the Galilee, housing thousands of educated and skillful men and women interested in developing a career near their homes) or via its offshore solutions that are based on its development centers in Bulgaria and Macedonia. Periods of economic cautiousness (such as the present time) provide an added incentive for these types of inexpensive economic solutions. This trend is likely to expand Matrix’s operations in these areas in the context of its “Matrix Global” activities. Matrix’s customers include large and medium size enterprises in Israel, including commercial banks, loan and mortgage banks, telecommunications services providers, cellular operators, credit card companies, leasing companies, insurance companies, security agencies, hi-tech companies and startups, the Israeli Defense Forces and government ministries and public agencies and media and publishing entities. Approximately 60% of Matrix customers in the software solutions and services business segment are in business relations with it for more than ten years and 25% of them are between five to ten years. InSync InSync is a US based national supplier of employees to Vendor Management Systems (VMS) Workforce Management Program accounts. InSync specializes in providing professionals in the following areas; Accounting and Finance, Administrative, Customer Service, Clinical, Scientific and Healthcare, Engineering, Manufacturing and Operations, Human Resources, IT Technology, LI/MFG, and Marketing and Sales. With an experienced team of IT recruiters, InSync can rapidly respond to a wide range of requirements with well qualified candidates. InSync currently supports more than 30 VMS program customers with employees in over 40 states. 34 Our Affiliated Companies Sapiens Sapiens International Corporation N.V. is a leading global provider of software solutions for the insurance industry, with emerging growing presence in the financial services sector. Sapiens’ robust expertise in the insurance industry is reflected in its innovative software solutions for providers of Property & Casualty/General Insurance, or P&C, and Life, Annuities & Pensions, & Annuities, enabling our customers to manage their core business functions, including policy administration, claims management and billing. Sapiens also supply core record-keeping software solutions for providers of Retirement Services and Reinsurance. Additionally, Sapiens offers a platform that enables its customers to quickly deploy business logic and comply with policies and regulations across their organizations. . Sapiens’ solutions enable customers to respond to the rapidly-evolving market needs and regulatory changes, while improving the efficiency of their core operations, thereby increasing revenues and reducing costs. Sapiens also offers services to insurance providers and financial institutions around the globe, including consulting, migration, project delivery and implementation of our solutions. Sapiens operates in the traditional core insurance and financial services markets. Its history of working closely with insurance and financial services providers results in a deep understanding of these markets and their needs. Its target market includes both insurance carriers using legacy systems and those using new technologies and financial services providers. Sapiens offering is comprised primarily of (1) software solutions for the insurance industry with a growing presence in the financial services sector and (2) global services including project delivery and implementation of its solutions. Sapiens offers its insurance customers a range of packaged software solutions that are: (cid:120) Comprehensive and function-rich, supporting generic insurance standards, regulations and processes by providing field-proven functionality and best practices. (cid:120) Customizable to easily match our customers’ specific business requirements. Sapiens’ flexible architecture and configurable structure allows quick functionality augmentation that permits its platform to be used across different markets, unique business requirements and regulatory regimes, utilizing its knowledge and extensive insurance best practices. Service-oriented architecture (“SOA”)-based to provide easy integration to any external application under any technology, allowing streamlined connectivity to all satellite applications and enhancing the digital experience and omni-channel distribution (while maintaining total platform independence and system reliability). (cid:120) (cid:120) Component-based and scalable, allowing customers to deploy the solutions in a phased and modular approach, reducing risk and destruction to the business, while supporting the growth plans and cost efficiency of the organization. Sapiens’ packaged software solutions enable: (cid:120) Rapid deployment of new insurance products, via configurable software, which creates a competitive advantage in all of the insurance markets served by Sapiens. Improvement of operational efficiency and reduction of risk, by providing full insurance process automation, with configurable workflows, audit and control, streamlined insurance practices and simple integration and maintenance. (cid:120) (cid:120) Reduction of overhead for IT maintenance through easy-to-integrate solutions with flexible and modern architecture, resulting in lower costs for ongoing maintenance, modifications, additions and integration. 35 (cid:120) Enhanced omni-channel distribution and focus on the customers, through event-driven architecture, proactive client management approach, rapid access to all levels of data and a holistic view of clients and distributors. (cid:120) Various deployment models – from an on-premise deployment approach to cloud and hosted solutions. (cid:120) Support of digitalization – digitalization holds massive potential for financial services institutions and insurers, but only if they manage to efficiently digitalize their operations, support omni-channel distribution and ensure that agents and customers are able to access real-time, accurate data at any time and from anywhere – including tablets and mobile devices. Sapiens’ technology-based solutions include application development and business decision management platforms. Sapiens’ application development platforms allow for the deployment of tailor-made solutions that address unique business needs for which pre-packaged software solutions may not be available. Sapiens’ business decision management platform, Sapiens DECISION, allows business professionals to design, simulate, implement, change and analyze the business logic that drives financial operations and compliance in a business-friendly format and environment. Sapiens’ platform facilitates the swift deployment of new or changed business logic that originates from regulatory updates or market changes, reduces costs and improves efficiency by shortening the software development lifecycle. This platform empowers the organization’s business users as they manage their business strategy, rules and logic by using business terms rather than programming language Sapiens Solution Offerings Sapiens Life, Pension & Annuity Solutions Sapiens ALIS for Life, Pension and Annuities: Sapiens ALIS is a comprehensive software solution for individual, group and worksite insurance products. ALIS provides comprehensive support for the complete policy lifecycle of all life insurance products from quotation and illustrations, through underwriting, insurance billing and servicing up to the claims management and exit processing. Sapiens ALIS is a modular system and its functional components include all the components necessary for L&P insurers to manage their business. Sapiens ALIS allows insurance carriers to manage their entire core business on a single platform and to integrate Sapiens ALIS with other systems for the completion of a specific activity or domain. Sapiens Retirement Services: Leveraging on Sapiens ALIS, Sapiens has also developed Sapiens Retirement: a modern, end-to-end packaged software solution for record-keeping management for defined contribution record-keeping providers. Sapiens Retirement Services Platform is a next-generation, defined contribution, retirement services platform that enables record-keepers to secure and retain profitable plans by offering the efficiency, flexibility and end-to-end governance required for success in today’s market. Designed by leading industry experts, Sapiens Retirement Services supports a wide range of plan types – 401 (k), 403(b) and 457 – from micro to mega plans, and the associated plan variations, including ERISA, Non-ERISA, Safe Harbor, Taft Hartley and others. Sapiens Closed Books: Sapiens Closed Books is a solution for life and pension insurance companies that enables them to efficiently and more effectively administer policies and claims relating to closed books of business (products that are no longer open to new business, but must still be administered). Sapiens TOPAZ: Sapiens TOPAZ is offered uniquely in the Israeli market, enabling life and pension carriers in Israel to handle a wide range of activities and regulations that are unique to the Israeli market. Sapiens Property & Casualty/General Insurance Solutions Sapiens IDIT: Sapiens IDIT is a component-based software solution, addressing the specific needs of general insurance carriers for traditional insurance, direct insurance, bancassurance and brokers markets, primarily in Europe and Asia-Pacific. 36 Sapiens IDIT integrates multiple front office and back office processes, including insurance product design, policy administration, underwriting, call center and remote users and partners, backed by fully secured internet-based capabilities. Sapiens IDIT provides a full set of components to support insurance carriers’ core operations lifecycle – from inception, to renewal and claims. The solution includes modular software components that can be customized to match specific insurance business requirements, while providing pre-configured functionality Sapiens Insight. Insight for P&C is a software solution used by carriers that works on IBM System z (mainframe) and System i platforms. Insight for P&C has been customized to meet specific business demands at the insurer level and regulatory needs at the state level. Sapiens Reinsurance is a comprehensive business and accounting solution designed to support the entire range of reinsurance contracts and activities, both ceded and assumed, for all lines of business. This software product provides both insurers and reinsurers superior handling of all reinsurance activities and in-depth accounting functionality on a single platform. By incorporating fully automated functions adapted conveniently for its customers’ business procedures, Sapiens Reinsurance provides flexible and full financial control of its customers’ reinsurance processes, including full support for all auditing requirements and statutory compliance.. Sapiens Business Decision Management Solutions Sapiens DECISION is a business decision management solution that consistently enforces business logic across all enterprise applications. Organizations use it to track, verify and ensure that every decision is based on the most up-to-date rules and policies. The solution is powered by The Decision Model®, a widely adopted decision management methodology, for which Sapiens owns a number of patents. Organizations are undergoing a paradigm shift in the way they approach change, by replacing conventional policy and process management with an emerging discipline called decision management. Decision management bridges the gap between business and IT, by enabling business users to rapidly frame requirements in formal business models that can be easily understood by all stakeholders. This ensures that the business logic is complete, internally consistent and accurate, and doesn’t replicate existing logic. Sapiens DECISION allows the reusability and governance of business logic across all business divisions and software applications, using any rules engine or business process management system, and integrating seamlessly with the BRM or BPM system that the organization has in place. Sapiens is currently focusing on the development and marketing of Sapiens DECISION in the financial services market in North America and Western Europe, and is in the process of building best practices to be used mostly by mortgage banking, retail banking and investment banking. Sapiens also intends to develop and market Sapiens DECISION for the insurance industry and leverage its industry knowledge and close relationships with its existing customers and partners. Technology Based Solutions Sapiens eMerge: Sapiens eMerge is a rules-based, model-driven architecture that enables the creation of tailor-made, mission-critical core enterprise applications with little or no coding. Sapiens’ technology is intended to allow customers to meet complex and unique requirements using a robust development platform. Sapiens' Global Services Sapiens’ services modernize and automate processes for insurance providers and financial institutions around the globe, helping to create greater organizational efficiencies, reduce costs and provide a better end user experience. Built on a solid foundation of insurance domain expertise, proven technology and a heritage of successful deployments, Sapiens assists clients in identifying and eliminating IT barriers to achieve business objectives. Benefits include: (cid:120) Project Delivery Experience. More than 30 years of field-proven project delivery of core system solutions, based on best practices and accumulated experience. 37 (cid:120) Customer Integration: Sapiens helps its customers deploy modern solutions, while expertly integrating these solutions with their legacy environments that must be supported. (cid:120) Global Presence: Insurance and technology domain experts are available worldwide to provide professional services. Sapiens’ service teams possess strong technology skills and industry expertise. The level of service and business understanding they provide contributes to the long term success of its customers. This helps Sapiens develop strategic relationships with its customers, enhances information exchange and deepens its understanding of the needs of companies within the industry. Through its service teams, Sapiens provides a wide scope of services and consultancy around its core solutions, both in the stage of the initial project implementation stage, as well as ongoing additional services. Many of its customers also use its services and expertise on an ongoing basis to assist them with various aspects of daily maintenance, ongoing system administration and the addition of new solution enhancements. In addition, most of Sapiens’ clients elect to enter into an ongoing maintenance and support contract with Sapiens. The terms of such a contract are usually twelve months and are renewed every year. A maintenance contract entitles the customer to technology upgrades (when made generally available) and technical support. Sapiens also offers introductory and advanced classes and training programs available at its offices and customer sites. Sapiens also partners with several system integration consulting firms to achieve scalable, cost-effective implementations for our customers. Sapiens has developed an efficient, repeatable methodology that is closely aligned with the unique capabilities of its solutions. Sales and Marketing Sapiens sales channel is direct sales, with a small portion of partner sales. Sapiens sales team is located at its regional offices in North America, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Israel, Australia, India, Poland and Japan. The direct sales force is geared to large organizations within the insurance and financial services industry. In 2015, we continued to significantly invest in Sapiens target regions – North America, UK and Europe – and our sales, presales, domain experts and marketing personnel. We anticipate that our sales team will leverage their proximity to customers and prospective clients to drive more business, and offer our services across our target markets. Sapiens account managers have been focused on building ongoing relationships with existing customers, to maintain a high level of customer satisfaction and identify up-selling opportunities within these organizations. We believe that a high level of post-contract customer support is important to Sapiens continued success. In addition, Sapiens employs a team of technical specialists who provide a full range of maintenance and support services to Sapiens customers to help them fully exploit the capabilities of its solutions. As part of Sapiens sales process, Sapiens typically sells a package that includes license, implementation, customization and integration services, and training services. All of Sapiens clients for whom it has deployed its solutions elect to enter into an ongoing maintenance and support contract with us. We aim to expand our distribution model to include more channel partners and system integrators, but we intend to maintain the direct sales model as our prime distribution channel. We attend major industry trade shows to improve Sapiens visibility and market recognition. Additionally, we host client conferences – such as our annual Sapiens Client Conference, which took place in Gouvieux, France in October 2015 – that are intended to strengthen our relationships with our existing customer base. 38 Sapiens also invests in its working relationships and advisory services within the global industry-analyst community. Sapiens works together with standards providers – such as ACORD, MISMO and SPARK – to further enrich Sapiens’ offerings and provide its customers with comprehensive and innovative solutions that address the entire breadth of their business needs. Magic Software Magic Software Enterprises Ltd. is a global provider of proprietary application development and business process integration platforms, selected vertical software solutions and related professional services, as well as a vendor of IT professional and outsourcing services. Magic Software’s software technology is used by customers to develop, deploy and integrate on-premise, mobile and cloud-based business applications quickly and cost effectively. In addition, Magic Software’s technology enables enterprises to accelerate the process of delivering business solutions that meet current and future needs and allow customers to dramatically improve their business performance and return on investment. With respect to IT outsourcing services, Magic Software offers a complete portfolio of professional services in the areas of infrastructure design and delivery, application development, technology consulting, planning and implementation services, support services and supplemental outsourcing services. In addition, Magic Software offers a variety of proprietary comprehensive packaged software solutions through certain of its subsidiaries for (i) revenue management and monetization solutions in mobile, wireline, broadband and MVNO/E, (ii) management system of both hubs and traditional air cargo ground handling operations from physical handling and cargo documentation through customs, seamless EDI communications, dangerous goods, special handling, track and trace, security to billing; (iii) human capital management, or HCM, solutions, to facilitate the collection, analysis and interpretation of quality data about people, their jobs and their performance, to enhance HCM decision making and (iv) a comprehensive system for managing broadcast channels in the area of TV broadcast management through cloud-based on demand service or on premise solutions. Based on Magic Software’s technological capabilities, its software solutions enable customers to respond to the rapidly-evolving market needs and regulatory changes, while improving the efficiency of their core operations. Magic Software has approximately 1,200 employees and operates through a network of over 3,000 independent software vendors, who we refer to as Magic Software Providers, or MSPs, and hundreds of system integrators, distributors, resellers, and consulting and OEM partners. Thousands of enterprises in approximately 50 countries use Magic Software’s products and services. Magic Software’s software platforms consist of: (cid:120) Magic xpa, an application platform for developing and deploying business applications, (cid:120) AppBuilder Application Platform, an application platform for building, deploying, and maintaining high-end, mainframe-grade business applications and; (cid:120) Magic xpi, a platform for application integration. These software solutions enable Magic Software customers to improve their business performance and return on investment by supporting the cost- effective and rapid delivery and integration of business applications, systems and databases. Using its products, enterprises and MSPs can achieve fast time-to- market by rapidly building integrated solutions and deploying them in multiple environments while leveraging existing IT resources. In addition, Magic Software’s software solutions are scalable and platform-agnostic, enabling its customers to build software applications by specifying their business logic requirements in a high-level language rather than in computer code, and to benefit from seamless platform upgrades and cross-platform functionality without the need to re-write their applications. Magic Software’s platforms also support the development of mobile applications that can be deployed on a variety of smartphones and tablets, and in a cloud environment. In addition, Magic Software continuously evolves its platforms to include the latest technologies to meet the demands of its customers and the markets in which they operate. Magic Software’s software solutions enable enterprises to accelerate the planning, development, deployment and integration of on-premise, mobile and cloud business applications that can be rapidly customized to meet current and future needs. Magic Software’s software solutions and professional services empower customers to dramatically improve their business performance and return on investment by enabling the cost-effective and rapid delivery, integration and mobilization of business applications, systems and databases. Magic Software’s technology and solutions are especially in demand when time-to-market considerations are critical, budgets are tight, and integration is required with multiple platforms or applications, databases or existing systems and business processes, as well as for the RIA and SaaS applications. Magic Software’s technology also provides the option to deploy its software capabilities in the cloud, hosted in a web services cloud computing environment. We believe these capabilities provide organizations with a faster deployment path and lower total cost of ownership. Magic Software’s technology also allows developers to stage multiple applications before going live in production. 39 Development communities are facing high complexity, cost and extended pay-back periods in order to deliver cloud, RIAs, mobile and SaaS applications. Magic xpa, AppBuilder and Magic xpi provide MSPs with the ability to rapidly build integrated applications in a more productive manner, deploy them in multiple modes and architectures as needed, lower IT maintenance costs and speed time-to-market. Our solutions are comprehensive and industry proven. These technologies can be applied to the entire software development market, from the implementation of micro-vertical solutions, through tactical application renovation and process automation solutions, to enterprise spanning SOA migrations and composite applications initiatives. Unlike most competing platforms, we offer a coherent and unified toolset based on the same proven metadata driven and rules-based declarative technology. Metadata platforms consist of pre- compiled and pre-written technical and administrative functions, which are essentially ready-made business application coding that enables developers to bypass the intensive technical code-writing stage of application development and integration, concentrate on building the correct logic for their apps and move quickly and efficiently to deployment. Through the use of metadata-driven platforms such as Magic xpa, AppBuilder and Magic xpi, software vendors and enterprise customers can experience unprecedented cost savings through fast and easy implementation and reduced project risk. Magic Software’s vertical software solutions include: (cid:120) Leap™, a proprietary comprehensive core software solution for BSS, including convergent charging, billing, customer management, policy control and payment software solutions for the telecommunications, content, and other industries; (cid:120) Hermes Solution, a proprietary comprehensive core software solution for both hubs and traditional air cargo ground handling operations; (cid:120) HR Pulse, a customizable single-tenant SaaS tool that helps organizations to monitor employee performance, progress and potential through a menu of templates that can create new HCM solutions, complement existing processes, and/or integrate with legacy HR systems already in use by organizations, and (cid:120) MBS Solution, a proprietary comprehensive core system for managing TV broadcast channels. Magic Software Platforms (cid:120) Magic xpa Application Platform, Magic Software’s metadata driven application platform, provides a simple, code-free and cost-effective development and deployment environment that lets organizations and MSPs quickly create user-friendly, enterprise-grade, multi-channel mobile and desktop business apps that employ the latest advanced functionalities and technologies. Magic Software has continually enhanced its xpa application platform to respond to major market trends such as the growing demand for cloud based offerings including RIAs, mobile applications and SaaS. Accordingly, Magic Software has added new functionalities and extensions to its application platform, with the objective of enabling the development of RIAs, SaaS, mobile and cloud enabled applications. SaaS is a relatively new business and technical model for delivering software applications, similar to a phone or cable TV model, in which the software applications are installed and hosted in dedicated data centers and users subscribe to these centers and use the applications over an internet connection. This model requires the ability to deliver RIAs. Magic xpa is a comprehensive RIA platform. It uses a single development paradigm that handles all ends of the application development and deployment process including client and server partitioning and the inter-communicating layers. 40 Magic xpa offers customers the power to choose how they deploy their applications, whether full client or web; on-premise or on-demand; in the cloud or behind the corporate firewall; software or mobile or SaaS; global or local. The Magic xpa Application Platform complies with event driven and service oriented architectural principles. By offering technology transparency, this product allows customers to focus on their business requirements rather than technological means. The Magic xpa single development paradigm significantly reduces the time and costs associated with the development and deployment of cloud-based applications, including RIAs, mobile and SaaS. In addition, application owners can leverage their initial investment when moving from full client mode to cloud mode, and modify these choices as the situation requires. Enterprises can use cloud based Magic xpa applications in a SaaS model and still maintain their databases in the privacy of their own data centers. It also supports most hardware and operating system environments such as Windows, Unix, Linux and AS/400, as well as multiple databases and is interoperable with .NET and Java technologies. Magic xpa can be applied to the full range of software development, from the implementation of micro-vertical solutions, through tactical application renovation and process automation solutions, to enterprise spanning SOA migrations and composite applications initiatives. Unlike most competing platforms, Magic Software offers a coherent and unified toolset based on the same proven metadata driven and rules based declarative technology, resulting in increased cost savings through fast and easy implementation and reduced project risk. The Magic xpa Application Platform was acknowledged in Gartner’s 2013 Magic Quadrant for On-Premise Application Platform as “gaining in popularity versus Java as enterprises seek to exploit new technologies to improve developer productivity.” Magic Software’s Enterprise Mobility Solution received the 2013 Shining Star Award for Enterprise Application Development from Mobile Village and also received Developer Week’s 2014 Top Innovator Award and a 2014 Mobile Village Superstar Award for Mobile Development. In July 2014, Magic Software released Magic xpa Application Platform 2.5, with new features and enhancements to allow for fast and easy enterprise mobility application creation and improved user experience along with the brand-new Magic Mobile Accelerator Framework, which includes a set of pre-built, reusable and customizable components for a wide variety of popular mobile application features, including user interface and display, navigation, graphs and charting, location services, synchronization, and device and application auditing. Designed to work together under the same framework, accelerator components enable Magic developers to create attractive, functional mobile applications, faster and with less effort than ever before. In May 2015, Magic Software released Magic xpa 3.0, an improved version of our application platform including high performance In-Memory Data Grid architecture, an enhanced Visual Studio-based development environment, powerful new mobile development capabilities and support for Big Data and Fast Data by enabling users to stream application data to an in-memory space. In March 2016, Magic Software released Magic xpa version 3.1, the latest version of its Magic xpa Application Platform, incorporating feedback from the field to bring its customers additional value in terms of simplifying app modernization, accelerating enterprise mobile app development and maximizing end user adoption, This latest release includes end user customization capabilities, an enhanced user interface, or UI, and a new Upgrade Manager. With enterprise apps increasingly critical to companies’ digital transformation success, Magic xpa’s powerful and highly productive environment can provide an important competitive edge. With its advanced personalization capabilities, improved usability and a new automated Upgrade Manager, Magic xpa 3.1 makes it easier than ever for Magic Software’s large customer base to modernize and extend capabilities of their existing apps with less effort and risk. 41 (cid:120) AppBuilder Application Platform is a development environment used for managing, maintaining and reusing complicated applications needed by large businesses. It provides the infrastructure for enterprises worldwide, across several industries, with applications running millions of transactions daily on legacy systems. Enterprises using AppBuilder can build, deploy and maintain large-scale custom-built business applications for years without being dependent on any particular technology. The AppBuilder deployment environments include IBM mainframe, Unix, Linux and Windows. AppBuilder is intended to increase productivity and agility in the creation and deployment of enterprise class computing. AppBuilder follows the 4GL development paradigm to help enterprises focus on the business needs and definition and overlook technical hurdles. AppBuilder developers define the business roles and prior to deployment the code is generated from the development environment to the required run time environment. Several large MSPs have utilized AppBuilder to build state of the art applications that are deployed through many large customers. AppBuilder implements a model driven architecture approach to application development. It provides the ability to design an application at the business modeling level and generate forward to an application. AppBuilder has a platform-independent, business-rules language that enables generation to multiple platforms. It is possible to generate the client part of an application as Java and the server part as COBOL. As businesses change, the server part can be generated as Java without changing the application logic. Only a simple configuration option needs to be changed. In April 2015, AppBuilder launched a next-generation HTML5 development tool. AppBuilderHTML5 enables AppBuilder’s enterprise customers to easily turn their large-scale client/server business applications into fully functional browser-based apps. (cid:120) Magic xpi Integration Platform is a graphical, wizard-based code-free solution delivering fast and simple integration and orchestration of business processes and applications. Magic xpi allows businesses to more easily view, access, and leverage their mission-critical information, delivering true enterprise application integration, or EAI, business process management, or BPM, and SOA infrastructure. Increasing the usability and life span of existing legacy and other IT systems, Magic xpi allows fast EAI, development and customization of diverse applications, systems and databases, assuring rapid return on invested capital and time-to-market, increased profitability and customer satisfaction. Magic xpi allows the integration and interoperability of diverse solutions, including legacy applications, in a quick and efficient manner. Magic Software has entered into agreements with additional system integrators, consultancies and service providers, who acquired Magic xpi skills and offer Magic xpi licenses and related services to their customers. Magic Software also offers special editions of Magic xpi targeted at specific enterprise application vendor ecosystems, such as SAP, Oracle JD Edwards, Microsoft Sharepoint and Salesforce.com. These special editions contain specific features and pricing tailored for these market sectors. In April 2013, Magic Software released Magic xpi 4.0, a significant major release that provides new capabilities in the areas of high availability, scalability and fault-tolerance for enterprise integration solutions. The architecture for Magic xpi 4.0 is based on IMDG technology, enabling very high-availability and performance, while preserving Magic Software’s easy-to-use and simplicity tradition and allowing existing integration projects to migrate seamlessly to the new release. In December 2014, Magic Software released Magic xpi 4.1 incorporating feedback from the field to bring its customers a lot of additional value in terms of redundancy, reliability, stability, performance, and monitoring. For example, users can now define an alternate host for the server to work with, if the main host is unavailable or if the startup procedure on the main host fails. Magic Software also added a new mechanism to rebalance the Space partitions so that the primary partition and its backup will not run on the same machine when they are deployed on a clustered environment. 42 Vertical-software solutions (cid:120) Leap. Magic Software markets Leap™ through its FTS subsidiary, which has over 18 years of BSS experience, based on dozens of projects delivered to customers in over 40 countries. Magic Software implements revenue management and monetization solutions in mobile, wireline, broadband, MVNO/E, payments, e-commerce, M2M / Internet of Things, mobile money, cable, cloud and content markets under the brand name of Leap™. FTS works with telecommunications, content and payment service providers globally to help them manage complex transactions and relationships with greater flexibility and independence. Analyzing transactions from a business standpoint, FTS offers end-to-end and add-on telecom billing, charging, policy control and payments solutions to customers worldwide, and services both growing and major providers. FTS targets mid to lower level tier service providers, supporting their BSS needs with end-to-end, turnkey billing and other BSS projects. In addition, FTS offers upper-tiers of service providers with BSS and monetization solutions for specific needs, including policy control and charging solutions, M2M billing, billing for content services, MVNE/MVNO billing, mobile money software solutions, payment and mobile payment solutions and others. FTS’s solutions are delivered via cloud, on-premises or in a fully managed-services mode and are backed by FTS’s Israel and Bulgaria-based experienced professional services support team. During 2015, FTS improved its position in Gartner’s Magic Quadrant for Integrated Revenue and Customer Management which assesses vendors on ‘Completeness of vision’ and ‘Ability to execute’. FTS’ position improved in the niche quadrant in both dimensions this year. To determine its positioning, Gartner evaluated FTS’ convergent billing, charging, policy control and partner management solutions for the telecom, IoT, MVNO, mobile money and payments industries. (cid:120) HR Pulse. HR Pulse, which is now in its 10th release, is a proprietary platform that creates and customizes software applications for HCM, with the goal to combine technology with effective processes, to facilitate the collection, analysis and interpretation of quality data about people, their jobs and their performance, to enhance HCM decision making, resulting in increased organizational efficiency and effectiveness. HR Pulse addresses four distinct functional areas with the ability to also work as one consolidated system: Performance and goal management (cid:131) (cid:131) Development management (cid:131) (cid:131) Talent management and succession planning Compensation and merit review Magic Software’s offering includes customizable HCM SaaS Solutions that provides a menu of templates that can be used to affordably and expeditiously create customized HCM solutions for companies. The HR Pulse platform promotes the building and implementation of solutions that address broader business challenges as well. Such offerings include 360 degree feedback, employee surveys, leadership and management development, coaching and job evaluation. (cid:120) Hermes. Hermes is a proprietary, state-of-the-art, packaged software solution for managing air cargo ground handling stations, or GHA, encompassing all aspects of cargo handling, from physical handling and cargo documentation through customs, seamless EDI communications, dangerous goods, special handling, track and trace, security to billing. Over the last 10 years the Hermes system has been implemented in over 70 terminals globally in all five continents, providing efficiency and accuracy in connection with the handling of more than 5 million tons of freight annually. Customers benefit through faster processing and more accurate billing, reporting and ultimately enhanced revenue. Customers include independent ground handlers, airlines with a cargo arm or hubs belonging to one airline or those catering to a number of airlines transiting cargo to additional destinations. The Hermes solution is delivered on a licensed or fully hosted basis. 43 Magic Software’s technology enables enterprises to accelerate the process of building and deploying business software applications that can be rapidly customized to meet current and future needs. Magic Software’s development and integration products empower customers to dramatically improve their business performance and return on investment by enabling the affordable and rapid integration of diverse applications, systems and databases to streamline business processes from within one comprehensive framework. Magic Software addresses the critical business needs of companies so that they are able to quickly respond to changing market forces and demands. Robust business solutions are created, deployed and maintained with unrivaled productivity and time-to-market results. Magic Software’s technologies are used by a wide variety of developers, integrators and solution providers, which can generally be divided into two sectors: (i) those performing in-house development (corporate IT departments) and (ii) MSPs, including large system integrators and smaller independent developers, and value added resellers that use Magic Software’s technology to develop or provide solutions to their customers. MSPs who are packaged software publishers use Magic Software’s technology to write standard packaged software products that are sold to multiple clients, typically within a vertical industry sector or a horizontal business function. Services/ Professional Services. IT Services. Magic Software’s IT services offerings consist of a variety of professional services that can be grouped into integration and other IT services. Magic Software’s integration services include: (cid:120) (cid:120) Infrastructure analysis, design and delivery - management of complex, tailor-made projects and telecom infrastructure projects in wireless and wire-line as well as IT consulting services, mainly for the defense and public sectors. Technology consulting and implementation services - planning and execution of end-to-end, large-scale, complex solutions in networking, cyber security, command & control and high performance transaction systems. (cid:120) Application development – Magic Software specializes in end-to-end projects that feature an array of technologies, from development and implementation of concepts for startups to overall responsibility for the development of systems for large enterprises. Magic Software’s development services include development of on-premise, mobile and cloud applications as well as Embedded and real time software development. Services are offered as separately purchased add-on packages or as part of an overall software development and deployment technology framework. Over the last several years, Magic Software has built upon its established global presence to form business alliances with MSPs who use Magic Software technology to develop solutions for their customers, and with distributors to deliver successful solutions in focused market sectors. Maintenance. Magic Software offers its customers annual maintenance contracts providing for unspecified upgrades and new versions and enhancements for its products on a when-and-if-available basis for an annual fee. Customer Support. Magic Software’s in-house technical support group provides training and post-sale support. Magic Software offers an online support system for the MSPs, providing them with the ability to instantaneously enter, confirm and track support requests via the Internet. This system supports MSPs and end-users worldwide. As part of this online support, Magic Software offers a Support Knowledge Base tool providing the full range of technical notes and other documentation including technical papers, product information, most answers to most common customer queries and known issues that have already been reported. Training. Magic Software conducts formal and organized training on its development tools. Magic Software develops courses, pertaining to its principal products, Magic xpa and Magic xpi, and provides trainer and student guidebooks. Course materials are available both in traditional, classroom courses and as web-based training modules, which can be downloaded and studied at a student’s own pace and location. The courses and course materials are designed to accelerate the learning process, using an intensive technical curriculum in an atmosphere conducive to productive training. 44 Magic Software IT Strategic Consulting and Staffing Services Magic Software also provides a broad range of IT consulting services in the areas of infrastructure design and delivery, application development, technology planning and implementation services, as well as supplemental staffing services. Magic Software’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Coretech Consulting Group LLC, Fusion Solutions LLC, Xsell Resources Inc., Allstates Consulting Services LLC, and the Comm-IT Group provide advanced IT consulting and staffing services to a wide variety of companies including Fortune 1000 companies. Magic Software’s technical personnel generally supplement the in-house capabilities of its clients. Magic Software’s approach is to make available a broad range of technical personnel to meet the requirements of its clients rather than focusing on specific specialized areas. Magic Software has extensive knowledge of and have worked with virtually all types of wireless and wireline telecom infrastructure technologies as well as in the areas of infrastructure design and delivery, application development, project management, technology planning and implementation services. Magic Software’s consulting partners come from a wide range of industries, including finance, insurance, government, health care, logistics, manufacturing, media, retail and telecommunications. With an experienced team of recruiters in the telecom and other IT areas and with a substantial and a growing database of telecom talent, Magic Software can rapidly respond to a wide range of requirements with well qualified candidates. Magic Software’s client list includes major global telecoms, OEMs and engineering, furnish and installation service companies. Magic Software has built long-term relationships with its clients by providing expert telecom talent. Magic Software provides individual consultants for contract and contract-to-hire assignments as well as candidates for full time placement. In addition, Magic Software configures teams of technical consultants for assigned projects at its clients’ sites. Sales and Marketing. Magic Software sells its solutions globally through its own direct sales representatives and offices and through a broad sales distribution network, including independent country distributors, independent service vendors that use our technology to develop and sell solutions to their customers, and system integrators. Magic Software also offers software maintenance, support, training, and consulting services in connection with its products and vertical software solutions, thus aiding the successful implementation of projects and assuring successful operation of the platforms once installed. Magic Software sells its integration solutions to customers using specific popular software applications, such as SAP, Salesforce.com, IBM i (AS/400), Oracle JD Edwards, Microsoft SharePoint, Microsoft Dynamics, SugarCRM or other eco-systems. As such, Magic Software enjoys a well-diversified client base across geographies and industries including oil & gas companies, telecommunications groups, financial institutions, industrial companies, public institutions and international agencies. TSG TSG is a global high technology company engaged in high-end technical solutions for protecting the safety of national borders, improving data gathering mechanisms, and enhancing communications channels for military, homeland security and civilian organizations. TSG operates primarily in the defense and homeland security arenas. The nature of military and homeland security actions in recent years, including low intensity conflicts and ongoing terrorist activities, as well as budgetary pressures to focus on leaner but more technically advanced forces, have caused a shift in the defense and homeland security priorities for many of TSG’s major customers. As a result TSG believes there is a continued demand in the areas of command, control, communications, computer and intelligence (C4I) systems, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) systems, intelligence gathering systems, border and perimeter security systems, cyber-defense systems. There is also a continuing demand for cost effective logistic support and training and simulation services. TSG believes that its synergistic approach of finding solutions that combine elements of its various activities positions it to meet evolving customer requirements in many of these areas. TSG tailors and adapts its technologies, integration skills, market knowledge and operationally-proven systems to each customer’s individual requirements in both existing and new platforms. By upgrading existing platforms with advanced technologies, TSG provides customers with cost-effective solutions, and its customers are able to improve their technological and operational capabilities within limited budgets. 45 TSG markets its systems and products either as a prime contractor or as a subcontractor to various governments and defense and homeland security contractors worldwide. In Israel, TSG sells its defense, intelligence and homeland security systems and products mainly to the IMOD, which procures all equipment for the Israeli Defense Force (IDF). TSG’s offerings include: Command & Control Solutions TSG offers sophisticated and innovative command and control solutions that support military and civilian sectors on land, air and sea. TSG provides a variety of Command & Control solutions ranging from strategic battlefield management to tactical and special operations forces. TSG systems cover all echelons of management, from national and regional levels down to the operational and tactical levels. Its systems are field proven and used by military forces, security services and public safety organizations worldwide. Intelligence, Surveillance and Knowledge Management Solutions TSG Intelligence solutions for security agencies and defense forces meet the demand for accurate and timely intelligence, based on multiple sources and sensors. TSG unique technologies cover the entire life-cycle of intelligence from acquisition to fusion, analysis, distribution, target management and more. TSG’s Knowledge Management solutions provide public sector bodies with the capacity to effectively manage their organizational data, support decision making and follow-up. Telecommunication & IT Management Solutions TSG has extensive experience in developing and integrating telecommunications and IT solutions and tools such as Operations Support Systems (OSS), Contact Centers, Back Office Optimization and Value-Added Services (VAS) that are tailored to meet the requirements of multiple applications. Leveraging deep know-how in telecommunications, TSG provides wide-ranging offering suitable for public and private sector organizations. Cyber Security Solutions & Services: TSG provides cutting-edge security services and solutions to government and private sectors including secure critical infrastructure and financial institutions in cyber space. TSG cyber solutions, Cyber Security Center (CSC), Security Training, Security Investigations and Security Engineering support the establishment of a safe, secure and reliable work environment and cover, among other things, Security Engineering, Digital Forensics, Computer emergency response teams (CERT), Mobile Security, and Training. Homeland Security Solutions (HLS) TSG's field proven homeland security solutions maximize safety and security while minimizing threats. TSG provide its clients with paramount technologies ranging from emergency management and Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defense (CBRN) systems, to rescue & special operations and smart and safe city solutions. Supporting Tools: TSG offers a variety of supporting system and solutions, providing dynamic and customizable field proven applications for in the following verticals: (cid:120) (cid:120) Facility Management Recording and Debriefing systems 46 Trainers and Simulators (cid:120) (cid:120) Mapping Engines Revenues Distribution Among Operating Segments The following table summarizes our consolidated revenues generated by each of our directly held subsidiaries. Sapiens revenues reflect for 2013, for the period ending on November 19, 2013, the date on which Formula’s percentage interest in Sapiens decreased to under 50%, resulting in the deconsolidation of Sapiens’ results, for 2014, the period starting on December 23, 2014, the date on which Formula regained its controlling interest in Sapiens and for 2015, the period beginning on January 1, 2015 and ending on September 30, 2015, the date on which Formula’s percentage interest in Sapiens again decreased to under 50%. Magic Software’s revenues reflect all of the revenues of Magic Software for 2013 and, for 2014, the period ending on March 5, 2014, the date on which Formula’s interest in Magic Software decreased to under 50%, resulting in the deconsolidation of Magic Software’s results. 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 (U.S. dollars in thousands) 2015 Matrix Sapiens Magic Software InSync Total Geographical Distribution of Revenues $ 533,922 $ 117,281 144,678 - 586,333 $ - 27,299 22,785 584,031 136,605 - 29,919 795,881 636,417 750,555 The following table summarizes our revenues classified by geographic regions of our customers, for the periods indicated: 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 (U.S. dollars in thousands) 2015 Israel International: United States Europe Other Total $ 526,179 $ 531,193 $ 527,628 155,002 84,864 29,836 87,270 14,576 3,378 144,489 63,347 15,091 795,881 636,417 750,555 47 Competition The markets for the IT products and services we offer are rapidly evolving, highly competitive and fragmented, and, in some cases, present only low barriers to entry, with frequent new product introductions, and mergers and acquisitions. Our ability to compete successfully in IT services markets depends on a number of factors, like breadth of service offerings, sales and marketing efforts, service, pricing, and quality and reliability of services. The principal competitive factors affecting the market for the proprietary software solutions include product performance and reliability, product functionality, availability of experienced personnel, price, ability to respond in a timely manner to changing customer needs, ease of use, training and quality of support. We face competition, both in Israel and internationally, from a variety of companies, including companies with significantly greater resources than us who are likely to enjoy substantial competitive advantages, including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) longer operating histories; greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources; greater name recognition; (cid:120) well-established relationships with our current and potential clients; and (cid:120) a broader range of products and services. As a result, our competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies or changes in customer requirements. They may also benefit from greater purchasing economies, offer more aggressive product and service pricing or devote greater resources to the promotion of their products and services. In addition, in the future, we may face further competition from new market entrants and possible alliances between existing competitors. We also face additional competition as we continue to penetrate international markets. As a result, we cannot assure you that the products and solutions we offer will compete successfully with those of our competitors. Furthermore, several software development centers worldwide offer software development services at much lower prices than we do. Due to the intense competition in the markets in which we operate, software products prices may fluctuate significantly. As a result, we may have to reduce the prices of our products. Matrix’s principal competitors in the domestic Israeli market are Israeli IT services companies and systems integrators, the largest of which are One-1, Taldor Computer Systems, Malam-Team, Hilan Ltd. (including its subsidiary Ness A.T Ltd.), IBM Israel, HP Israel, Aman, the Elad Group, Yael, SQLink, Emet, LogOn, HMS and OfficeSoft. Matrix’s competitors in the United States market include IBM, Accenture and the Big-4 accounting firms. Matrix’s international competitors in the Israeli marketplace include Microsoft, IBM, HP, Oracle and CA. These international competitors often use local subcontractors to provide personnel for contracts performed in Israel. Most of these international entities are also business partners of Matrix. Matrix competitors with respect to training are the training centers of Ness Technologies, IITC, HackerU and Sela. Sapiens’ competitors in the market for insurance solutions differ based on the size, geography and line of business in which it operates. Some of its competitors offer a full suite of services, while others only offer one module; some operate in specific (domestic) geographies, while others operate on a global basis. In addition, delivery models vary, with some competitors keeping delivery in-house, or using IT outsourcing (ITO) or business process outsourcing (BPO). Examples of Sapiens’ primary competitors are: (cid:120) Global software providers with their own IP; (cid:120) (cid:120) Local/domestic software vendors with their own IP, operating in a designated geographic market and/or within a designated segment of the insurance industry; BPO providers who offer end-to-end outsourcing of insurance carriers business, including core software administration (although BPO providers want to buy comprehensive software platforms to serve as part of the BPO proposition from vendors and may seek to purchase Sapiens’ solutions for this purpose); and 48 (cid:120) Internal IT departments, who often prefer to develop solutions in-house. With respect to Sapiens DECISION, we believe that Sapiens is a considered a pioneer in this innovative, disruptive market landscape. Since the introduction of Sapiens innovative approach to enterprise architecture to the market, Sapiens has identified only a small number of potential competitors. With respect to Magic xpa, Magic Software competes in the application platform, SOA architecture and enterprise mobility markets. Among its current competitors are Kony, IBM, Microsoft, Adobe, Oracle, SAP Sybase and Antenna Software/Pegasystems. With respect to Magic xpi, Magic Software competes in the integration platform market. Among its current competitors are IBM, Informatica, TIBCO, and Software AG. There are several similar products in the market utilizing the model driven architecture, or MDA, approach utilized by Magic Software’s AppBuilder. The market for this type of platform is highly competitive. Companies such as CA and IBM have tools that compete directly with AppBuilder. Furthermore, new development paradigms have become very popular in IT software development and developers today have many alternatives. The telecom BSS domain in which Magic Software operates through its wholly owned FTS subsidiary is a highly competitive market in which FTS competes based on product quality, service quality, timeliness in delivery and pricing. Within the global billing, charging and policy control market, FTS principally competes against global IT providers and the in-house IT departments of telecommunications operators. Among the competitors focused on this market are Amdocs, Ericsson, Comverse, NetCracker Technology, CSG Systems, Redknee Solutions and Oracle Communications. There are also a number of smaller or regional telecom BSS competitors who compete on a regional or domestic market level. These tend to be smaller players, and may include companies such as Comarch, Mind CTI, Tecnotree, Cerillion, Openet and Elitcore, among others. Seasonality Even though not reflected in our financial results, traditionally, the first and third quarters of the fiscal year have tended to be slower quarters for some of our subsidiaries and our affiliated companies and the industries in which they operate. The first quarter usually reflects a decline following a highly active fourth quarter during which companies seek to complete transactions and projects and utilize budgets before the end of the fiscal year. The relatively slower third quarter reflects reduced activities during the summer months in many of the regions where our customers are located. In addition, our quarterly results are also influenced by the number of working days in each period. In Israel, for example, during the Jewish holidays period (typically at the end of the third quarter and beginning of the fourth quarter or at the end of the first quarter and beginning of the second quarter), when the number of working days is lower, we tend to see a decrease in our revenues which may impact our quarterly results. In 2015, the second and third quarters were negatively impacted by the reduced billable hours as a result of the Jewish holiday periods while the fourth quarter was significantly stronger. In 2016, we expect seasonality due to the Jewish holiday periods to impact the second and fourth quarters. Raw Materials Generally we are not dependent on raw materials or on a single source of supply. We manage our inventory according to project requirements. In some projects, specific major subcontractors are designated by the customer. Raw materials used by us are generally available from a range of suppliers internationally, and the prices of such materials are generally not subject to significant volatility. 49 Software Development The software industry is generally characterized by rapid technological developments, evolving industry standards and customer requirements, and frequent innovations. In order to maintain technological leadership, we engage in ongoing software development activity through our subsidiaries and affiliated companies, aimed both at introducing new commercially viable products addressing the needs of our customers on a timely basis, as well as enhancing and customizing existing products and services. This effort includes introducing new supported programming languages and database management systems; improving functionality and flexibility; and enhancing ease of use. We work closely with current and potential end-users, our strategic partners and leaders in certain industry segments to identify market needs and define appropriate product enhancements and specifications. Intellectual Property Rights Sapiens holds one patent and one patent application relating to decision management technology used in the Sapiens Decision solution. We do not otherwise hold any patents and rely upon a combination of trade secret, copyright and trademark laws and non-disclosure agreements, to protect our proprietary know-how. Our proprietary technology incorporates processes, methods, algorithms and software that we believe are not easily copied. Despite these precautions, it may be possible for unauthorized third parties to copy aspects of our products or to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. We believe that, because of the rapid pace of technological change in the industry generally, patent and copyright protection are less significant to our competitive position than factors such as the knowledge, ability and experience of our personnel, new product development and ongoing product maintenance and support. With respect to our defense sector activities, The IMOD usually retains specific rights to technologies and inventions resulting from our performance under Israeli government contracts. This generally includes the right to disclose the information to third parties, including other defense contractors that may be our competitors. Consistent with common practice in the defense industry, a majority of TSG’s revenues in 2015 was dependent on products incorporating technology that a government customer may disclose to third parties. When the Israeli government funds research and development, it usually acquires rights to data and inventions. We often may retain a non-exclusive license for such inventions. The Israeli government usually is entitled to receive royalties on export sales in relation to sales resulting from government financed development. However, if only the product is purchased without development effort, we normally retain the principal rights to the technology. Subject to applicable law, regulations and contract requirements, TSG attempts to maintain its intellectual property rights and provide customers with the right to use the technology only for the specific project under contract. Regulatory Impact The global financial services industry served by both Sapiens and Matrix is heavily subject to government and market regulation, which is constantly changing. Financial services companies must comply with regulations such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Solvency II, Retail Distribution Review (known as RDR) in the United Kingdom, the Dodd-Frank Act and other directives regarding transparency. In addition, many individual countries have increased supervision over local financial services companies. For example, in Europe, regulators have been very active, motivated by past financial crises and the need for pension restructuring. Distribution of insurance policies is being optimized with the increasing use of Bank Assurance (selling of insurance through a bank’s established distribution channels), supermarkets and kiosks (insurance stands). Increased activity such as that in Europe would generally tend to have a positive impact on the demand for our software solutions and services; nevertheless, insurers are cautiously approaching spending increases, and while many companies have not taken proactive steps to replace their software solutions in recent years, many of them are now looking for innovative, modern replacements to meet the regulatory changes. Matrix’s IT business is generally positively affected by regulatory reform and other regulatory changes with respect to banking, insurance and telecommunications in Israel, as such reforms and changes create demand for specific IT solutions, often in a set, short time frame. In particular, regulation on large financial institutions operating in the Israeli financial market is continuously increasing, as a means of reducing the risk associated with the activities of such financial institutions and increasing transparency. Israeli legislation passed in 2010 and 2011 increased the Israeli Securities Authority’s regulatory supervision over the offering of investment services and the ongoing administration of investment portfolios. This increased the demand for Matrix’s solutions for entities that became subject to such supervision. Banks’ entry into the sphere of offering advice with respect to pension, insurance and other financial products has also generated demand for Matrix’s IT solutions, given the increased supervision of the Israeli Securities Authority that is triggered by such activities, although the pace at which such demand has grown has been relatively slower. Enhanced disclosure requirements for banks and financial institutions in the Israeli market such as the new adjustments published with respect to the required capital liquidity of Banks in Israel following the Basel III guidelines have also been generating demand for new IT solutions that Matrix offers. Matrix’s business is also affected by changes in regulations of the US Securities and Exchange Commission, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the National Futures Association, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, with respect to requirements relating to Know Your Customer, Customer Identification Programs, Anti-Money Laundering and Fraud Prevention. 50 With respect to our defense sector activities, we operate under laws, regulations and administrative rules governing defense and other government contracts, mainly in Israel. Some of these carry major penalty provisions for non-compliance, including disqualification from participating in future contracts. In addition, our participation in governmental procurement processes in Israel, the United States and other countries is subject to specific regulations governing the conduct of the process of procuring defense and homeland security contracts. Israeli Export Regulations. Israel’s defense export policy regulates the sale of a number of our systems and products. Current Israeli policy encourages exports to approved customers of defense systems and products such as ours, as long as the export is consistent with Israeli government policy. Subject to certain exemptions, a license is required to initiate marketing activities. We also must receive a specific export license for defense related hardware, software and technology exported from Israel. Israeli law also regulates export of “dual use” items (items that are typically sold in the commercial market but that also may be used in the defense market). Procurement Regulations. Solicitations for procurements by governmental purchasing agencies in Israel, the United States and other countries are governed by laws, regulations and procedures relating to procurement integrity, including avoiding conflicts of interest, corruption, human trafficking and conflict minerals in the procurement process. Such regulations also include provisions relating to information assurance and for the avoidance of counterfeit parts in the supply chain. Civil Aviation Regulations. Several of the products sold by TSG for commercial aviation applications are subject to flight safety and airworthiness standards of the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and similar civil aviation authorities in Israel, Europe and other countries. 51 Buy-Back. As part of their standard contractual requirements for defense programs, several of our customers may include “buy-back” or “offset” provisions. These provisions are typically obligations to make, or to facilitate third parties to make, various specified transactions in the customer’s country, such as procurement of defense and commercial related products, investment in the local economy and transfer of know-how. Magic Software’s business has not been impacted to a material extent by government regulations. C. Organizational Structure Formula is the parent company of the Formula Group. The following table presents certain information regarding the control and ownership of our directly held investments in subsidiaries and affiliates, as of April 30, 2016. Subsidiaries and affiliates Matrix IT Ltd. Sapiens International Corporation N.V. InSync Staffing Solutions, Inc. Magic Software Enterprises Ltd. TSG IT Advanced Systems Ltd. Country of Incorporation Israel Curaçao Delaware Israel Israel Percentage of Ownership 50.04% 48.96%(1) 90.09% 47.27% 50.00% (1) Formula has received a proxy from the Chief Executive Officer of Sapiens with respect to his common shares of Sapiens, which results in Formula having voting control over 50.6% of Sapiens common shares. The common shares of Sapiens and the ordinary shares of Magic Software are traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market and the NASDAQ Global Select Market and on, respectively and on the TASE, and the ordinary shares of Matrix are traded on the TASE. D. Property, Plants and Equipment Our corporate headquarters, as well as the headquarters and principal administrative, finance, sales, marketing and research and development office of Magic Software, are located in Or-Yehuda, Israel, a suburb of Tel Aviv. Magic Software leases its and our office space, constituting approximately 23,841 square feet, under a lease which expires in December 2016. Magic Software has an option to terminate the lease agreement upon six months prior written notice. In addition, Magic Software leases office space in the United States, Europe, Asia and South Africa. In 2015, Magic Software rent costs totaled $2.0 million, in the aggregate, for all of its leased offices. Matrix leases approximately 516,000 square feet of office space in Israel pursuant to leases which expiring primarily in three to four years. This includes Matrix’s facility in Herzliya, which serves as Matrix’s corporate headquarters. In addition, Matrix leases an aggregate of approximately 61,300 square feet of office space in locations outside of Israel. In the year ended December 31, 2015, Matrix rent costs totaled $16.2 million, in the aggregate, for all of its leased offices. Sapiens leases office spaces in Israel, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Belgium and Japan. The lease terms for the spaces that Sapiens currently occupies are generally five to eleven years. In Israel, based on Sapiens current occupancy, they lease approximately 135,200 square feet of office space; in the United States, approximately 9,100 square feet; in Canada, approximately 1,400 square feet; in the United Kingdom, approximately 17,700 square feet, in Belgium, approximately 2,100 square feet, in Japan, approximately 4,400 square feet, in India, approximately 21,800 square feet and in Poland, approximately 21,400 square feet. In 2015, Sapiens rent costs totaled $4.4 million, in the aggregate, for all of its leased offices. Sapiens corporate headquarters are located in Israel and its core research and development activities are performed at its offices across Israel. The lease at Sapiens headquarters in Holon, Israel is for an initial term ending in nine years and Sapiens holds an option to extend the term for additional five years. 52 We believe that our properties are adequate for our present use of them. If in the future we require additional space to accommodate our growth, we believe that we will be able to obtain such additional space without difficulty and at commercially reasonable prices. As described in “Subsidiary Commitments” in Item 5.B below, while our subsidiaries and our affiliated companies have incurred liens on leased vehicles, leased equipment and other assets in favor of leasing companies, neither Formula nor any subsidiary has encumbered the real property that it uses in its operations. We furthermore believe that there are no environmental issues that encumber our use of our facilities. ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS Not applicable. ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS Overview Formula is a global IT solutions and services holding company that is principally engaged through its directly held subsidiary and affiliated companies in providing proprietary and non-proprietary software solutions and services, software product marketing and support, computer infrastructure and integration solutions and learning and integration. Since our inception, we have acquired effective controlling interests, and have invested, in companies which are engaged in the IT solutions and services business. We, together with our subsidiaries and affiliates, are known as the Formula Group. As of December 31, 2015, we held a controlling interest in Matrix and InSync and a 49.1% interest in Sapiens and a 46.4% interest in Magic Software through our equity holdings. As of December 31, 2015, we had the right to appoint a majority of the board of directors of Matrix and InSync through our equity holdings. We provide our subsidiaries and our affiliated companies with our management, technical expertise and marketing experience to help them to penetrate their respective markets. We consolidate the results of operations of our subsidiaries in which we hold a controlling interest. In the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, we consolidated the results of Matrix. In the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, excluding from November 19, 2013 until December 23, 2014 and from October 1, 2015 through December 31, 2015, for which periods Sapiens' results of operations were reflected in our results of operations using the equity method of accounting, we consolidated the results of Sapiens. We consolidated the results of operations of InSync following our acquisition of InSync on April 1, 2014. In the years ended December 31, 2013 and for the period beginning on January 1, 2014 through March 5, 2014, we consolidated the results of Magic Software. Thereafter, Magic Software’s results of operations were reflected in our results of operations using the equity method of accounting. Except for providing our subsidiaries and our affiliated companies with our management, technical expertise and marketing experience to help them penetrate their respective markets, direct the overall strategy of our subsidiaries and affiliated companies and monitor the growth of our subsidiaries and affiliated companies through our active involvement, we do not conduct independent operations at our parent company level. Our operating results are, and have been, directly influenced by the consolidation and cessation of consolidation of our subsidiaries, which could cause significant fluctuations in our consolidated operating results. Consequently, we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations are not necessarily meaningful and you should not rely on these comparisons as indications of our future performance. 53 We recognize revenues in two categories: the delivery of software services and the delivery of proprietary software solutions and related services. All of our subsidiaries, including IT services companies and proprietary software solutions companies, recognize revenues from the delivery of software services, and most of them recognize revenues in both revenue categories. For ease of reference, we have separated our subsidiaries into these categories in accordance with the category in which each subsidiary has earned most of its revenues (although each type of revenue is nevertheless recorded according to actual revenue type, rather than based on strict, subsidiary-demarcated categories). Our functional and reporting currency The currency of the primary economic environment in which we operate is the dollar since most of our assets are denominated in dollars. The functional currencies of our subsidiaries are the NIS and the dollar. Formula has elected to use the dollar as its reporting currency for all years presented. Formula translates the financial statements of its subsidiary whose functional currency is the local currency into dollars under the principles described in ASC 830. Assets and liabilities have been translated at period-end exchange rates. Results of operations have been translated at the exchange rate at the dates on which those transactions occurred or at an average rate. We present differences resulting from translation under shareholders’ equity in the item “Accumulating Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)”. In the consolidation, Formula presents the financial statements of subsidiaries whose functional currency is the dollar at the original amounts. Critical Accounting Policies Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements required us to make estimations and judgments that affect the reporting amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities within the reporting period. We have based our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis of making judgments about the values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. More detailed descriptions of these policies are provided in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in this annual report. The significant accounting policies which we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results include the following: Revenue Recognition We derive our revenues primarily from the sale of information technology (or “IT”) services which also include: non-proprietary software products, including maintenance, integration and infrastructure, outsourcing, training and deployment. In addition, we generate revenues from licensing the rights to use our proprietary software, provision of related IT professional services (which may or may not be considered essential to the functionality of the software license), related maintenance and technical support, as well as implementation and post-implementation consulting services. Revenues from IT services are generally recognized in accordance with ASC 605, "Revenue Recognition" and Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 104, "Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements" when IT service is provided and the following criteria are met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery of the product has occurred, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collectability is probable. We generally consider all arrangements with payment terms extending beyond minimum six or maximum twelve months from the delivery of the elements not to be fixed or determinable. If the fee is not fixed or determinable, revenue is recognized as payments become due from the customer, provided that all other revenue recognition criteria have been met. Revenues from the sale of products are recognized after all the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the products have been transferred to the buyer, we do not retain any continuing management involvement that is associated with ownership and do not retain the effective control of the sold products, the amount of revenues can be measured reliably, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to us and the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably. Revenues derived from the sale of hardware products and infrastructure solutions are recognized after all the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the products have been transferred to the buyer, we do not retain any continuing management involvement that is associated with ownership and do not retain the effective control of the sold products, the amount of revenues can be measured reliably, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to us and the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably. 54 Revenues derived from licensing the rights to use software are recognized in accordance with ASC 985-605 "Software Revenue Recognition" when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the vendor's fee is fixed or determinable, no further obligation exists and collectability is probable. Maintenance and support includes annual maintenance contracts providing for unspecified upgrades for new versions and enhancements on a when-and- if-available basis for an annual fee. The right for an unspecified upgrade for new versions and enhancements on a when-and-if-available basis does not specify the features, functionality and release date of future product enhancements for the customer to know what will be made available and the general timeframe in which it will be delivered. Maintenance and support revenue included in multiple element arrangements is deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the maintenance and support agreement. As required by ASC 985-605, we allocate revenues to the software component of its multiple-element arrangements using the residual method when vendor specific objective evidence ("VSOE") of fair value exists for the undelivered elements of the support and maintenance agreements. VSOE is based on the price charged when an element is sold separately or renewed. Under the residual method, the fair value of the undelivered elements is deferred and the remaining portion of the arrangement fee is allocated to the delivered elements and recognized as revenue. Revenues from professional services provided on an hourly basis which are not deemed essential to the functionality of the licenses are recognized as the services are rendered. Revenues from time-and-materials contracts for which we are reimbursed for labor hours at fixed hourly billing rates are recognized as revenues as the services are provided. Certain of the software license sales may also include significant implementation and customization services with respect to such sales which are deemed essential to the functionality of the license. In addition, we also provide consulting services that are not deemed essential to the functionality of the license, as well as outsourcing IT services. With respect to revenues that involve significant implementation and customization services to customer specific requirements and which are considered essential to the functionality of the product offered (for example, when we sell software licenses as part of an overall solution offered to a customer that combines the sale of software licenses which includes significant implementation that is considered essential to the functionality of the license) whether generated by fixed- price or time-and-materials contracts, we account for revenues for the services together with the software under contract, using the percentage-of-completion method in accordance with ASC 605-35, "Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts". The percentage-of-completion method is used when the required services are quantifiable, based on the estimated number of labor hours necessary to complete the project, and under that method revenues are recognized using labor hours incurred as the measure of progress towards completion. This type of revenue is included in our Proprietary software products and related services and software services revenue streams. Estimates of total project requirements are based on prior experience of customization, delivery and acceptance of the same or similar technology, and are reviewed and updated regularly by management. After delivery, if uncertainty exists about customer acceptance of the software, license revenue is not recognized until acceptance. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are made in the period in which such losses are first determined, in the amount of the estimated loss on the entire contract. As of each of December 31, 2014 and 2015, no estimated losses were identified. Revenue from third-party sales is recorded at a gross or net amount according to certain indicators. The application of these indicators for gross and net reporting of revenue depends on the relative facts and circumstances of each sale and requires significant judgment. 55 We generally do not grant a right of return to our customers. When a right of return exists, revenue is deferred until the right of return expires, at which time revenue is recognized, provided that all other revenue recognition criteria are met. Deferred revenue includes unearned amounts received under maintenance and support contracts and amounts received from customers but not yet recognized as revenues. Software Development Costs Research and development costs incurred in the process of software development before establishment of technological feasibility are charged to expenses as incurred. Costs incurred subsequent to the establishment of technological feasibility are capitalized according to the principles set forth in ASC 985- 20, "Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased or Marketed." We establish technological feasibility upon completion of a detailed program design or working model. Research and development costs incurred between completion of the detailed program design and the point at which the product is ready for general release are capitalized. Research and development costs incurred in the process of developing product enhancements are generally charged to expenses as incurred. Capitalized software costs are amortized on a product by product basis by the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software product (between 3-7 years). We assess the recoverability of our intangible assets on a regular basis by determining whether the amortization of the asset over its remaining economical useful life can be recovered through undiscounted future operating cash flows from the specific software product sold. During the years ended December 31, 2013 2014 and 2015, no unrecoverable amounts were identified. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price in a business combination over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. Under ASC 350, "Intangibles-Goodwill and Other," goodwill is subject to an annual impairment test or more frequently if impairment indicators are present. Goodwill impairment is deemed to exist if the net book value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value (the two-step impairment test). As of December 31, 2015, and following the deconsolidation of Sapiens on November 19, 2013 until December 23, 2014 and on September 30, 2015, the deconsolidation of Magic on March 5, 2014 and the consolidation of Insync on April 1, 2014, we operated through 6 reporting units. As of December 31, 2014, we operated through 9 reporting units. We performed an annual impairment tests as of December 31 of each of 2013, 2014 and 2015 and did not identify any impairment losses for any of our reporting units. In 2014, since we have consolidated Sapiens on December 23, 2014, no impairment test was required. As of December 31, 2015, Sapiens was accounted for under the equity method. Magic operates in two reporting units. We adopted the provisions of ASC 350, as amended, for Magic's reporting units, for its annual impairment test in 2013. This analysis determined that no indicators of impairment existed primarily because (1) Magic's market capitalization was consistently substantially in excess of its book value, (2) the reporting units’ overall financial performance has been stable or improving, and (3) forecasts of operating income and cash flows generated by the reporting units' appear sufficient to support the book values of the net assets of each reporting unit. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, Magic was accounted for under the equity method. 56 Matrix operates in five reporting units. In 2013, 2014 and 2015, we performed step one of the quantitative impairment test for each of Matrix's reporting units. We compared the fair value of the reporting units to the carrying value of net assets allocated to each of the reporting units. Since the fair value of each of the reporting units exceed the carrying value of the net assets allocated, to each of the reporting units, no further testing was required and no goodwill impairment was recorded. Impairment in Value of Long-Lived Assets and Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization Our long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC 360, "Property, Plant and Equipment" whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of an asset to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such asset is considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. As required by ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and disclosures" we apply assumptions that marketplace participants would consider in determining the fair value of long-lived assets (or asset groups). During each of the years ended December 31, 2032, 2014 and 2015, no impairment was identified. Business Combinations We account for business combinations under ASC 805, "Business Combinations." ASC 805 requires recognition of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, non-controlling interest and redeemable non-controlling interest in the acquiree at the acquisition date, measured at their fair values as of that date. As required by ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and disclosures" we apply assumptions that marketplace participants would consider in determining the fair value of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, non-controlling interest and redeemable non-controlling interest in the acquiree at the acquisition date. Any excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over purchase price and any subsequent changes in estimated contingencies are to be recorded in earnings. Income Taxes We, our subsidiaries and our affiliates account for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes.” This codification prescribes the use of the “asset and liability” method, whereby deferred tax assets and liability account balances are determined based on the differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. We, our subsidiaries and our affiliates provide a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to their estimated realizable value. We, our subsidiaries and our affiliates utilize a two-step approach for recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions accounted for in accordance with an amendment of ASC 740 “Income Taxes.” The first step, is to evaluate a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return by determining whether the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that, based on its technical merits, the tax position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% (commutative basis) likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authorities. We accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in its provisions for income taxes. Investments in affiliates Affiliates are companies in which we have significant influence over the financial and operating policies without having control and that are not subsidiaries. Our investment therein is accounted for in our consolidated financial statements using the equity method. Under the equity method, the investment in an affiliate is presented at cost with the addition of post-acquisition changes in our share of net assets, including other comprehensive income of the affiliate. Profits and losses resulting from transactions between us and our affiliates are eliminated to the extent of the interest in the affiliate. The equity method is applied until the loss of significant influence or classification as an asset held-for-sale. 57 We evaluate investments in equity investees, for evidence of other-than-temporary declines in value. Such evaluation is dependent on the specific facts and circumstances. Accordingly, in determining whether other-than-temporary declines exist, we evaluate various indicators for other-than-temporary declines and evaluate financial information (e.g. share price in the market, budgets, business plans, financial statements, etc.). As of December 31, 2015, the carrying amount of our investment in Magic Software exceeded its traded shares market value. In order to demonstrate that other-than-temporary impairment of the investee has not occurred, we considered the financial condition and near-term prospects of Magic Software as well as our intent and ability to retain our investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value. In addition, we used the income approach, which utilizes a discounted cash flow model, to determine the fair value of Magic Software, based on which Magic Software's fair value exceeded its carrying amount by 11%, therefore, during 2015, no impairment loss was recognized. Judgments and assumptions related to revenue, operating income, future short-term and long-term growth rates, weighted average cost of capital, interest, capital expenditures, cash flows, and market conditions are inherent in developing the discounted cash flow model. With respect to the assumptions used, management believes that reasonably possible changes in the key assumptions would not change our conclusion. Our financial statements and the financial statements of our affiliates are prepared as of the same dates and periods. The accounting policies applied in the financial statements our affiliates are uniform and consistent with the policies applied in our financial statements. Losses of an affiliate in amounts which exceed its equity are recognized by Formula to the extent of its investment in the affiliate plus any losses that Formula may incur as a result of a guarantee or other financial support provided in respect of the affiliate. For this purpose, the investment includes long-term receivables (such as loans granted) for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases” (Topic 842), whereby, lessees will be required to recognize for all leases at the commencement date a lease liability, which is a lessee‘s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and a right-of- use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. Under the new guidance, lessor accounting is largely unchanged. A modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements must be applied. The modified retrospective approach would not require any transition accounting for leases that expired before the earliest comparative period presented. Companies may not apply a full retrospective transition approach. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early application is permitted. The company is evaluating the potential impact of this pronouncement. In November 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-17 (ASU 2015-17) Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which requires that deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities be classified as noncurrent in the balance sheet. ASU 2015-17 is effective for the interim and annual periods ending after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted, and the Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-17 retrospectively as of December 31, 2015. As a result of the retrospective application, the Company reclassified on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2014 an amount of $ 5,164 of deferred tax assets from the current assets to the long-term assets as part of the Long term deferred tax asset and amount of $ 1,375 of deferred tax liabilities from the current liabilities to the long-term liabilities as part of the Long term deferred tax liability. On May 28, 2014, the FASB completed its Revenue Recognition project by issuing ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The new guidance establishes the principles to report useful information to users of financial statements about the nature, timing, and uncertainty of revenue from contracts with customers. The new Revenue Recognition guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period, though early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company is currently evaluating the method of adoption, as well as the effect that adoption of this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements. 58 A. Operating Results Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2014 The following tables set forth certain data from our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015, as well as such data as a percentage of our revenues for those years. The data has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. The operating results for the below years should not be considered indicative of results for any future period. This information should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this annual report. Sapiens results of operations reflect for 2014, the period starting on December 23, 2014, the date on which Formula regained its controlling interest in Sapiens. Magic Software’s results of operations for 2014 reflect Magic Software’s results of operations for the period beginning on January 1, 2014 and ending on March 5, 2014, the date on which Formula’s interest in Magic Software decreased below 50%, resulting in the deconsolidation of Magic Software’s results. Statement of Income Data (U.S. dollars, in thousands) Revenues Cost of revenues Gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development costs, net Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses Other expenses (income), net Total operating expenses Operating income Financial expenses, net Income before taxes on income Taxes on income Equity in gains of affiliated companies, net Net income Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests Net income attributable to non-controlling interests Net income attributable to Formula’s shareholders Statement of Income Data as a Percentage of Revenues Revenues Cost of revenues Gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development, net Selling, marketing, general and administrative Other expenses (income), net Total operating expenses Operating income Financial expenses, net Income before taxes on income Taxes on income Equity in gains of affiliated companies, net Net income Change in redeemable non-controlling interests Net income attributable to non-controlling interests Net income attributable to Formula’s shareholders 59 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ $ 636,417 530,083 106,334 787 70,517 (5) 71,299 35,035 4,866 30,169 10,074 74,590 94,685 154 13,698 80,833 $ 750,555 601,749 148,806 7,488 94,722 2 102,212 46,594 8,254 38,340 10,988 65,096 92,488 255 18,488 73,705 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 100.0% 83.3% 16.7% 0.1% 11.1% (0.0)% 11.2% 5.5% 0.7% 4.8% 1.6% 11.7% 14.9% 0.0% 2.2% 12.7% 100% 80.2% 19.8% 1.0% 12.6% (0.0)% 13.6% 6.2% 1.1% 5.1% 1.5% 8.7% 12.3% 0.0% 2.5% 9.8% Revenues. Revenues in 2015 increased by 18%, from $ 636.4 million in 2014 to $ 750.6 million in 2015. Revenues from the two categories of our operations were as follows: revenues from the delivery of software services decreased by (1.8%), from $ 625.3 million in 2014 to $ 614.0 million in 2015, and revenues from the sale of our proprietary software products and related services increased by 1,127%, from $ 11.1 million in 2014 to $ 136.6 million in 2015. Our comparable pro-forma revenues, had Magic's and Sapiens' results of operations been consolidated for all of the years 2014 and 2015, would have totaled $ 971.5 million in 2015, compared to $ 930.8 million in 2014, reflecting a year over year increase of 4.3%. The decrease in software services revenues was primarily due to the growth in Matrix's revenues, from NIS 2,100.5 million (approximately $ 586.6 million) in 2014 to NIS 2,280.1 million (approximately $ 586.6 million ) in 2015, reflecting an increase of 8.6% when measured in NIS, Matrix local currency (compared to reflecting no change when measured in US dollars due to the devaluation of the NIS versus the US Dollar) offset by $ 93.0 million due to devaluation of the NIS versus the US Dollar. The increase in Matrix’s revenues was due to an increase in all Matrix principal areas of operations excluding learning and integration but primarily attributable to an increase of 39.7% in Matrix’s US software solutions and services business unit from NIS 193.3 million (approximately $ 54.0 million) to NIS 270.0 million (approximately $ 69.5 million) and increases of 4.6% in Matrix’s Israel software solutions and services business from NIS 1,332.7 million (approximately $ 372.2 million) to NIS 1,394.3 million (approximately $ 358.7 million). The increase in revenues from proprietary software products and related services was primarily due to the reconsolidation of Sapiens and the inclusion of nine months of revenues of Sapiens in 2015 compared to 2014 where no revenues from Sapiens were recorded. A breakdown of our overall revenues into proprietary software products and related services and software services revenues for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015, the percentage those respective categories of revenues constituted out of our total revenues in those years, and the percentage change for each such category of revenues from 2014 to 2015, are provided in the below table: Year ended December 31, 2014 Revenues Percentage Year-over- year change ($ in thousands) Year ended December 31, 2015 Revenues Percentage Revenue category Proprietary software products and related services Software services Total $ $ 11,131 625,286 636,417 1.75% 98.25% 100% 125,446 (11,308) 114,138 136,577 613,978 750,555 18.2% 81.8% 100% 60 Revenues by geographical region The dollar amount and percentage share of our revenues attributable to each of the geographical regions in which we conduct our operations for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively, as well as the percentage change between such years, were as follows: Geographical region Israel International United States Europe Other Total Year ended December 31, 2014 Revenues Percentage Year-over- year change ($ in thousands) Year ended December 31, 2015 Revenues Percentage $ $ 531,193 87,270 14,576 3,378 636,417 83.5% 13.7% 2.3% 0.5% 100% (3,565) $ 527,628 57,219 48,771 11,713 114,138 $ 144,489 63,347 15,091 750,555 70.3% 19.3% 8.4% 2.0% 100% Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues consists primarily of wages, personnel expenses, other personnel-related expenses of software consultants, subcontractors and engineers, amortization of capitalized software, and hardware and other materials costs. Cost of revenues increased by 13.5% from $ 530.1 million in 2014 to $ 601.8 million in 2015, mainly due to (i) the reconsolidation of Sapiens’ results of operations to our consolidated results of operations as of December 23, 2014, prior to which we did not consolidate the results of operations of Sapiens during 2014 and (ii) the accompanying increase in revenues in 2015 which was offset due to the devaluation of the NIS versus the US dollar impacting the consolidated results of Matrix. As a percentage of total revenues, costs of revenues in 2014 and 2015 were 83.3% and 80.2%, respectively. Our proprietary software solutions and related services sales are generally characterized by a higher gross margin than sales of our software services. The cost of revenues for proprietary software solutions and related services increased from $ 4.1 million in 2014 to $ 81.5 million in 2015, mainly due to the reconsolidation of Sapiens’ results of operations to our consolidated results of operations as of December 23, 2014, prior to which we did not consolidate the results of operations of Sapiens during 2014. As a percentage of revenues, costs of revenues for software solutions and related services in 2014 and 2015 increased from 36.4% in 2014 to 59.6% in 2015 due consolidation of Sapiens. The cost of revenues for software services decreased from $ 526.0 million in 2014 to $ 520.3 million in 2015, mainly due to the devaluation of the NIS versus the US dollar which devalued the increase recorded in Matrix revenues and cost of sales when measured in NIS, Matrix local currency. As a percentage of revenues, costs of revenues for software services in 2014 and 2015 remained relatively consistent at 84.1% in 2014 compared to 84.7% in 2015. Cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 include insignificant amounts of stock-based compensation recorded under ASC 718. Research and Development Costs, net. Research and development, or R&D, expenses consist primarily of wages and related expenses and, to a lesser degree, consulting fees that we pay to employees and independent contractors, respectively, engaged in research and development. Research and development expenses, net, consist of research and development expenses, gross, less capitalized software costs. Research and development expenses, gross, increased from $ 1.5 million in 2014 to $ 11.9 million in 2015, mainly due to the reconsolidation of Sapiens’ results of operations as of December 23, 2014 through September 30, 2015 which was offset due to the minimal research and development costs of Magic which were recorded over the period Magic was consolidated in 2014. 61 In 2015, we capitalized software costs of $ 4.4 million, compared to $ 0.7 million in 2014. Capitalization of software costs in 2014 and 2015 was attributable to our subsidiaries engaged in providing proprietary software solutions (i.e., Magic Software and Sapiens). Research and development expenses, net, increased from $ 0.8 million in 2014 to $ 7.5 million in 2015, mainly due to the factors described above. As a percentage of revenues, research and development expenses, net, increased from 0.1% in 2014 to 1% in 2015. Research and development expenses, net, in 2015 was attributable solely to Sapiens, whose consolidated research and development expenses, net amounted to approximately $ 7.5 million during the period in which we consolidated the results of Sapiens. Research and development expenses, net, in 2014 was attributable solely to Magic Software, whose consolidated research and development expenses, net amounted to approximately $ 0.8 million Amortization of capitalized software costs was $0.1 million in 2014 and $ 3.6 million in 2015, which amounts were included in cost of revenues. Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 include insignificant amounts of stock-based compensation recorded under ASC 718. Selling, Marketing, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of cost of salaries, severance and related expenses of sales, marketing, management and administrative employees, travel expenses, selling expenses, rent, utilities, communications expenses, expenses related to external consultants, depreciation, amortization and other expenses. Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses increased from $ 70.5 million recorded in 2014 to $ 94.7 million recorded in 2015. As a percentage of revenues, selling, general and administrative expenses increased from 11.1% in 2014 to 12.6% in 2015. The increase in the absolute amount of selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to the reconsolidation of Sapiens’ results of operations from our consolidated results of operations beginning on December 23, 2014. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 include $ 5.0 million and $ 5.1 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation recorded under ASC 718. Other Income (expenses), net. We recorded other income of ($ 5,000) in 2014, as compared to a loss of $ 2,000 in other income in 2015, each representing insignificant amounts. Operating Income. Our operating income increased from $ 35.0 million in 2014 to $ 46.6 million in 2015. The increase in operating income was primarily attributable to the reconsolidation of Sapiens’ results of operations from our consolidated results of operations as of December 23, 2014 and through September 30, 2015. Formula's comparable pro-forma operating income, had it continued to consolidate Sapiens' and Magic Software's results of operations for all of 2014 and 2015, would have totaled $ 66.7 million in 2014 and $71.3 million in 2015, reflecting a year over year increase of 6.9% Financial Expenses, net. Financial expenses, net increased from $ 4.9 million in 2014 to $ 8.3 million in 2015. Financial expenses, net, is influenced by various factors, including our cash balances, loan balances, outstanding debentures, changes in market value of trading marketable securities, changes in the exchange rate of the NIS against the dollar, changes in the exchange rate of the dollar against the Euro and changes in the Israeli consumer price index, or CPI. The increase in financial expenses, net in 2015 was mainly attributable to Increase in exchange rate differences from of $3.3 million related mainly to Formula standalone NIS nominated net financial debt. Taxes on Income. Taxes on income increased from $ 10.1 million in 2014 to $ 11.0 million in 2015. The increase in taxes on income in 2015 was mainly attributable to reconsolidation of Sapiens’ results of operations from our consolidated results of operations beginning on December 23, 2014, offset primarily by the devaluation of the NIS versus the US dollar which devaluated the increase recorded in Matrix tax expenses when measured in NIS, Matrix local currency. 62 Equity in gains of affiliated companies net. On November 19, 2013, Sapiens completed a follow-on public offering of its common shares. Sapiens issued 6,497,400 shares at a price of $ 6.25 per share before issuance expenses. Total net proceeds from the issuance amounted to approximately $37.8 million. As a result of the offering, our interest in Sapiens' outstanding common shares was decreased from 56.8% to 48.6%. During the period following the offering through December 23, 2014, Formula purchased additional Sapiens common shares, bringing its interest in Sapiens common shares to 50.2% of Sapiens common shares on December 23, 2014. As a result, Formula regained control over Sapiens as of such date and Sapiens’ balance sheet was consolidated into Formula’s balance sheet. The gain recognized in relation to the consolidation of Sapiens and the related re- measurement of the investment to fair value amounted to $ 3.4 million and is presented in the income statement as equity in gains of affiliated companies, net for the year ended December 31, 2014. On September 30, 2015, our interest in Sapiens outstanding common shares was decreased to 49.13% and we lost control of Sapiens for accounting purposes. Our investment in Sapiens following the dilution is measured under the equity method of accounting. The net gain recognized in relation of our loss of control in Sapiens for accounting purposes amounted to $56.4 million and is presented in the income statement as equity in gains of affiliated companies, net for the year ended December 31, 2015. From November 19, 2013 until December 31, 2014 and beginning on October 1, 2015, Sapiens' results of operations were and are reflected in our results of operations using the equity method of accounting. On March 5, 2014, Magic completed a follow-on public offering of its ordinary shares on the NASDAQ. Magic issued 6,900,000 shares at a price of $ 8.50 per share before issuance expenses. Total net proceeds from the issuance amounted to $ 54.7. As a result of the offering, Formula’s interest in Magic’s outstanding ordinary shares decreased from 51.6% to 45.0%. Formula's investment in Magic following the decrease was measured under the equity method of accounting due to loss of control in Magic for accounting purposes in accordance with ASC 810. The net gain recognized in relation of Formula’s loss of control in Magic for accounting purposes and the related re-measurement of the investment to fair value amounted to $ 83.5 million and is presented in the income statement as equity in gains of affiliated companies, net. In addition, Formula recorded deferred tax expense of $ 16.4 million presented in the income statement as equity in gains of affiliated companies, net. Since March 5, 2014, Magic Software's results of operations were reflected in our results of operations using the equity method of accounting. Our equity in gains of affiliated companies, net decreased from $ 74.6 million in 2014 to $ 65.1 million in 2015. Our equity in gains of affiliates in 2015 was attributable primarily to our equity in gains recorded in Magic Software and Sapiens . Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests. Change in redeemable non-controlling interest in 2015 amounted to $ 0.3 million. Change in redeemable non-controlling interest in 2014 amounted to amounted to an expense of $ 0.2 million. Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests. Net income attributable to non-controlling interests includes the non-controlling interests held by other shareholders in our consolidated companies which are not wholly owned by Formula during each of the periods indicated. Net income attributable to non- controlling interests increased from $ 13.7 million in 2014 to $ 18.5 million in 2015. This increase resulted primarily from the reconsolidation of Sapiens’ results of operations to our consolidated results of operations as of December 23, 2014 offset by the deconsolidation of Magic’s results of operations from our consolidated results of operation as of March 5, 2014, upon the follow-on public offering of its ordinary shares on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, pursuant to which Formula lost its controlling interest in Magic. Year Ended December 31, 2014 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2013 The following tables set forth certain data from our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014, as well as such data as a percentage of our revenues for those years. The data has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report. The operating results for the below years should not be considered indicative of results for any future period. This information should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this annual report. 63 Sapiens results of operations reflect for 2012 and 2013, the period starting on January 27, 2012, the date on which Formula gained its controlling interest in Sapiens and ending on November 19, 2013, the date on which Formula’s percentage interest in Sapiens decreased to under 50%, resulting in the deconsolidation of Sapiens’ results and for 2014, the period starting on December 23, 2014, the date on which Formula regained its controlling interest in Sapiens. Magic Software’s results of operations reflect all of Magic Software’s results of operations for 2013 and, for 2014, the period ending on March 5, 2014, the date on which Formula’s interest in Magic Software decreased below 50%, resulting in the deconsolidation of Magic Software’s results. Statement of Income Data (U.S. dollars, in thousands, except share and per share data) Revenues Cost of revenues Gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development, net Selling, marketing, general and administrative Other expenses (income), net Total operating expenses Operating income Financial expenses, net Income before taxes on income Taxes on income Equity in gains of affiliated companies, net Net income Change in redeemable non-controlling interests Net income attributable to non-controlling interests Net income attributable to Formula’s shareholders Statement of Income Data as a Percentage of Revenues Revenues Cost of revenues Gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development, net Selling, marketing, general and administrative Other expenses (income), net Total operating expenses Operating income Financial expenses, net Income before taxes on income Taxes on income Equity in gains of affiliated companies, net Net income Change in redeemable non-controlling interests Net income attributable to non-controlling interests Net income attributable to Formula’s shareholders 64 Year ended December 31, 2013 2014 $ $ 795,881 603,080 192,801 14,168 117,877 14 132,059 60,742 6,236 54,506 8,728 60,683 106,461 1,735 24,039 80,687 $ $ 636,417 530,083 106,334 787 70,517 (5) 71,299 35,035 4,866 30,169 10,074 74,590 94,685 154 13,698 80,833 Year ended December 31, 2013 2014 100.0% 75.8% 24.2% 1.8% 14.8% 0.0% 16.6% 7.6% 0.8% 6.8% 1.1% 7.6% 13.3% 0.2% 3.0% 10.1% 100% 83.3% 16.7% 0.1% 11.1% (0.0)% 11.2% 5.5% 0.7% 4.8% 1.6% 11.7% 14.9% 0.0% 2.2% 12.7% Revenues. Revenues in 2014 decreased by 20.0%, from $ 795.9 million in 2013 to $ 636.4 million in 2014. Revenues from the two categories of our operations were as follows: revenues from the delivery of software services increased by 1.4%, from $ 616.5 million in 2013 to $ 625.3 million in 2014, and revenues from the sale of our proprietary software products and related services decreased by 93.8%, from $ 179.4 million in 2013 to $ 11.1 million in 2014. Our comparable pro-forma revenues, had consolidated Magic's and Sapiens' results of operations for the years 2014 and 2013, would have totaled $ 930.8 million in 2014, compared to $ 814.0 million in 2013, reflecting a year over year increase of 4.3%. The increase in software services revenues was primarily due to (i) the growth in Matrix's revenues, from NIS 1,925.6 million (approximately $ 533.9 million) in 2013 to NIS 2,100.5 million (approximately $ 586.3 million) in 2014, reflecting an increase of 9.0% when measured in NIS, Matrix local currency (compared to an increase of 9.8% when measured in USD). The increase in Matrix revenues was primarily attributable to an increase of 10.0% in Matrix’s software solutions and services business unit from NIS 1,405.6 million (approximately $ 389.8 million) to NIS 1,550.2 (approximately $ 433.3 million) and an increase of 5.4% in Matrix remaining three areas of operations resulting from organic growth as well as from acquisitions, and (ii) the acquisition of InSync on April 1, 2014, offset by the decrease in Magic Software’s software services revenues which are consolidated in our financial statements from $ 82.6 million in 2013 to $ 16.2 million in 2014, which resulted primarily from the deconsolidation of Magic’s results of operations from our consolidated results of operation as of March 5, 2014, upon the follow-on public offering of its ordinary shares on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, pursuant to which Formula lost its controlling interest in Magic Software. The decrease in revenues from proprietary software products and related services was primarily due to the deconsolidation of Sapiens’ results of operations from our consolidated results of operations as of November 19, 2013, upon the follow-on public offering of its common shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market, pursuant to which Formula lost its controlling interest in Sapiens and from the deconsolidation of Magic’s results of operations from our consolidated results of operation as of March 5, 2014, upon the follow-on public offering of its ordinary shares on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, pursuant to which Formula lost its controlling interest in Magic Software. A breakdown of our overall revenues into proprietary software products and related services and software services revenues for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014, the percentage those respective categories of revenues constituted out of our total revenues in those years, and the percentage change for each such category of revenues from 2013 to 2014, are provided in the below table: Revenue category Proprietary software products and related services Software services Total Revenues by geographical region Year ended December 31, 2013 Revenues Percentage Year-over- year change ($ in thousands) Year ended December 31, 2014 Revenues Percentage $ $ 179,400 616,481 795,881 22.5% 77.5% 100% (168,269) $ 8,805 (159,464) $ 11,131 625,286 636,417 1.75% 98.25% 100% The dollar amount and percentage share of our revenues attributable to each of the geographical regions in which we conduct our operations for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014, respectively, as well as the percentage change between such years, were as follows: 65 Geographical region Israel International United States Europe Other Total Year ended December 31, 2013 Revenues Percentage $ $ 526,179 155,002 84,864 29,836 795,881 66.1% 19.5% 10.7% 3.7% 100% Year-over- Year change ($ in thousands) 5,014 Year ended December 31, 2014 Revenues Percentage $ 531,193 (67,732) (70,288) (26,458) (159,464) $ 87,270 14,576 3,378 636,417 83.5% 13.7% 2.3% 0.5% 100% Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues consists primarily of wages, personnel expenses, other personnel-related expenses of software consultants, subcontractors and engineers, amortization of capitalized software, and hardware and other materials costs. Cost of revenues decreased by 12.1% from $ 603.1 million in 2013 to $ 530.1 million in 2014, mainly due to the accompanying decrease in revenues in 2014. As a percentage of software services revenues, costs of revenues in 2013 and 2014 were 82.2% and 84.1%, respectively. Our proprietary software solutions and related services sales are generally characterized by a higher gross margin than sales of proprietary software solutions and related services. The cost of revenues for proprietary software solutions and related services decreased from $ 96.2 million in 2013 to $ 4.1 million in 2014, mainly due to the deconsolidation of Sapiens’ results of operations from our consolidated results of operations as of November 19, 2013, upon the follow-on public offering of its common shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market, pursuant to which Formula lost its controlling interest in Sapiens and from the deconsolidation of Magic’s results of operations from our consolidated results of operation as of March 5, 2014, upon the follow-on public offering of its ordinary shares on the NASDAQ Global Market, pursuant to which Formula lost its controlling interest in Magic. The cost of revenues for software services increased from $ 506.9 million in 2013 to $ 526.0 million in 2014, mainly due to the accompanying increase in revenues in 2014. As a percentage of revenues, costs of revenues for software services in 2013 and 2014 remained relatively consistent at 82.2% in 2013 compared to 84.1% in 2014. The increase in the percentage of total costs of revenues from revenues (from 75.8% in 2013 to 83.3% in 2014) is attributable to the deconsolidation of Magic software’s software services operation which carried a higher gross margin than Matrix and InSync and from a decrease in Matrix’s aggregated gross margin due to a decrease in the gross margins of Matrix’s software solutions and services and learning and integration business units. Cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014 include insignificant amounts of stock-based compensation recorded under ASC 718. Research and Development Expenses, net. Research and development, or R&D, expenses consist primarily of wages and related expenses and, to a lesser degree, consulting fees that we pay to employees and independent contractors, respectively, engaged in research and development. Research and development expenses, net, consist of research and development expenses, gross, less capitalized software costs. Research and development expenses, gross, decreased from $ 23.8 million in 2013 to $ 1.5 million in 2014, mainly due to the deconsolidation of Sapiens’ results of operations from our consolidated results of operations as of November 19, 2013, upon the follow-on public offering of its common shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market, pursuant to which Formula lost its controlling interest in Sapiens and from the deconsolidation of Magic’s results of operations from our consolidated results of operation as of March 5, 2014, upon the follow- on public offering of its ordinary shares on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, pursuant to which Formula lost its controlling interest in Magic. In 2014, we capitalized software costs of $ 0.7 million, compared to $ 9.6 million in 2013. Capitalization of software costs in 2013 and 2014 was attributable to our subsidiaries engaged in providing proprietary software solutions (i.e., Magic Software and Sapiens). Research and development expenses, net, decreased from $ 14.2 million in 2013 to $ 0.8 million in 2014, mainly due to the factors described above. As a percentage of revenues, research and development expenses, net, decreased from 1.8% in 2013 to 0.1% in 2014. Research and development expenses, net, in 2014 was attributable to Magic Software, which consolidated research and development expenses, net amounted to approximately $ 0.8 million .Research and development expenses, net, in 2013 were attributable to Magic Software and Sapiens, which consolidated research and development expenses, net amounted to approximately $ 3.7 million and $ 10.5 million, respectively. Amortization of capitalized software costs was $0.1 million in 2014 and $ 8.5 million in 2013, which amounts were included in cost of revenues. Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014 include insignificant amounts of stock-based compensation recorded under ASC 718. 66 Selling, Marketing, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of cost of salaries, severance and related expenses of sales, marketing, management and administrative employees, travel expenses, selling expenses, rent, utilities, communications expenses, expenses related to external consultants, depreciation, amortization and other expenses. Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses decreased from $ 117.9 million recorded in 2013 to $ 70.5 million recorded in 2014. As a percentage of revenues, selling, general and administrative expenses decreased from 14.8% in 2013 to 11.1% in 2014. The decrease in the absolute amount of selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to the deconsolidation of Sapiens’ results of operations from our consolidated results of operations as of November 19, 2013, upon the follow-on public offering of its common shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market, pursuant to which Formula lost its controlling interest in Sapiens and from the deconsolidation of Magic’s results of operations from our consolidated results of operation as of March 5, 2014, upon the follow-on public offering of its ordinary shares on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, pursuant to which Formula lost its controlling interest in Magic. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014 include $ 3.9 million and $ 5.0 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation recorded under ASC 718. Other Income, net. We recorded other income of $ 5,000 in 2014, as compared to a loss of $ 14,000 in other income in 2013, each representing insignificant amounts. Operating Income. Our operating income decreased from $ 60.7 million in 2013 to $ 35.0 million in 2014. The decrease in operating income was primarily attributable to the deconsolidation of Sapiens’ results of operations from our consolidated results of operations as of November 19, 2013, upon the follow-on public offering of its common shares on the NASDAQ, pursuant to which Formula lost its controlling interest in Sapiens and from the deconsolidation of Magic’s results of operations from our consolidated results of operation as of March 5, 2014, upon the follow-on public offering of its ordinary shares on the NASDAQ, pursuant to which Formula lost its controlling interest in Magic. Formula's comparable pro-forma operating income, had it continued to consolidate Magic's and Sapiens' results of operations for the years 2014 and 2013, would have totaled $ 66.7 million, compared to $ 62.4 million in the same period last year, reflecting a year over year increase of 6.9%. Financial Expenses, net. Financial expenses, net decreased from $ 6.2 million in 2013 to $ 4.9 million in 2014. Financial expenses, net, is influenced by various factors, including our cash balances, loan balances, outstanding debentures, changes in market value of trading marketable securities, changes in the exchange rate of the NIS against the dollar, changes in the exchange rate of the dollar against the Euro and changes in the Israeli consumer price index, or CPI. The decrease in financial expenses, net in 2014 was mainly attributable to a decrease in short term debt interest expenses from $ 3.6 million recorded in 2013 to $ 1.9 million in 2014 and an increase in financial income from $2.0 million in 2013 to $3.8 million in 2014 primarily attributable to financial income of $ 2.6 million with respect to the devaluation of Formula’s long term loan denominated in NIS, offset by an increase in financial costs related to long-term debt increasing form $ 4.6 million in 2013 to $ 6.8 million in 2014. Taxes on Income. Taxes on income increased from $ 8.7 million in 2013 to $ 10.1 million in 2014. The increase in taxes on income in 2014 was mainly attributable to (i) an increase in Matrix taxes on income, increasing from $ 6.9 million in 2013 to $ 9.0 million in 2014, primarily attributable to an increase in current taxes in Matirx subsidiaries due to local taxes in Israel (of 26.5%) and in North America (of 38%) resulting from an increase in taxable income, ii) a deferred tax income recorded in Matrix of approximately $ 0.7 million in 2013 due to an increase in its deferred tax assets resulting from an increase in the Israeli corporate tax rate from 25% to 26.5% and iii) the acquisition of InSync on April 1, 2014, offset primarily by a decrease in tax expenses resulting from the deconsolidation of Magic’s results of operations from our consolidated results of operation as of March 5, 2014, upon the follow-on public offering of its ordinary shares on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, pursuant to which Formula lost its controlling interest in Magic. 67 Gain derived from deconsolidation of subsidiary and equity in gains of affiliated companies net. On November 19, 2013, Sapiens completed a follow-on public offering of its common shares. Sapiens issued 6,497,400 shares at a price of $ 6.25 per share before issuance expenses. Total net proceeds from the issuance amounted to approximately $37.8 million. As a result of the offering, our interest in Sapiens' outstanding common shares was diluted from 56.8% to 48.6%. Our investment in Sapiens following the dilution was measured under the equity method of accounting. The gain recognized in relation of our loss of control in Sapiens amounted to $61.2 million and is presented in the income statement as equity in gains of affiliated companies, net. During the period following the offering through December 23, 2014, Formula purchased additional Sapiens common shares, bringing its interest in Sapiens common shares to 50.2% of Sapiens common shares on December 23, 2014. As a result, Formula regained control over Sapiens as of such date and Sapiens’ balance sheet is consolidated into Formula’s balance sheet. The gain recognized in relation to the consolidation of Sapiens and the related re- measurement of the investment to fair value amounted to $ 3.4 million and is presented in the income statement as equity in gains of affiliated companies, net. From November 19, 2013 until December 31, 2014, Sapiens' results of operations were reflected in our results of operations using the equity method of accounting. On March 5, 2014, Magic completed a follow-on public offering of its ordinary shares on the NASDAQ. Magic issued 6,900,000 shares at a price of $ 8.50 per share before issuance expenses. Total net proceeds from the issuance amounted to $ 54.7 million. As a result of the offering, Formula’s interest in Magic’s outstanding ordinary shares decreased from 51.6% to 45.0%. Formula's investment in Magic following the decrease was measured under the equity method of accounting due to loss of control in Magic in accordance with ASC 810. The gain recognized in relation of Formula loss of control in Magic and the related re-measurement of the investment to fair value amounted to $ 83.5 million and is presented in the income statement as equity in gains of affiliated companies, net. In addition Formula recorded deferred tax expense of $ 16.4 million presented in the income statement as equity in gains of affiliated companies, net. From March 5, 2014 until December 31, 2014, Magic Software's results of operations were reflected in our results of operations using the equity method of accounting. Our equity in gains of affiliates, net was $ 4.1 million in 2014, compared to $ 0.5 million in 2013. Our equity in gains of affiliates in 2014 was attributable primarily to our equity in gains recorded in Magic Software and Sapiens, which was partially offset by our equity in losses recorded in Matrix. 68 Change in redeemable non-controlling interests. Change in redeemable non-controlling interest in 2014 amounted to an expense of $ 0.2 million. Change in redeemable non-controlling interest in 2013 amounted to an expense of $ 1.7 million related mainly to (i) expenses recorded in Magic Software with respect to the acquisition of Comm-IT Group having an effect of $ 0.5 million and (ii) expenses recorded in Matrix with respect to the acquisitions of Exzac Inc., K.B.I.S. Ltd., Match Point I.T. Ltd., and Babcom Centers Ltd having an aggregate impact of $ 1.2 million. Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests. Net income attributable to non-controlling interests includes the non-controlling interests held by other shareholders in our consolidated companies which are not wholly owned by Formula during each of the periods indicated. Net income attributable to non- controlling interests decreased from $ 24.0 million in 2013 to $ 13.7 million in 2014. This decrease resulted primarily from the deconsolidation of Sapiens’ results of operations from our consolidated results of operations as of November 19, 2013, upon the follow-on public offering of its common shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market, pursuant to which Formula lost its controlling interest in Sapiens and from the deconsolidation of Magic’s results of operations from our consolidated results of operation as of March 5, 2014, upon the follow-on public offering of its ordinary shares on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, pursuant to which Formula lost its controlling interest in Magic. Impact of Inflation and Currency Fluctuations on Results of Operations Our financial statements are stated in U.S. dollars, our functional currency. However, most of our revenues and expenses from our software services revenue line are denominated in NIS and a substantial portion of our revenues and costs from our Proprietary software products and related services revenue line are incurred in other currencies, particularly NIS, Euros, Japanese yen, and the British pound. We also maintain substantial non-U.S. dollar balances of assets, including cash, accounts receivable, and liabilities, including accounts payable, debentures and debt to financial institutions Therefore, fluctuations in the value of the currencies in which we do business relative to the U.S. dollar may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.. For financial reporting purposes, we translate all non-U.S. dollar denominated transactions into dollars using the average exchange rate over the period during which the transactions occur, in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Therefore, we are exposed to the risk that the devaluation of the NIS relative to the U.S. dollar may reduce the revenue growth rate and profitability for our software services in dollar terms. The representative average exchange rate of the NIS to the dollar in 2013, 2014 and 2015, as reported by the Bank of Israel, was NIS 3.6108 per US$1. NIS 3.5779 per US$1 and NIS 3.8869 per US$1, respectively. On the other hand, a significant portion of our revenues from proprietary software products and related services is currently mainly denominated in U.S dollar, Euros, Japanese Yen and the British Pound, whereas a substantial portion of our expenses relating to those products, principally salaries and related personnel expenses, are denominated in NIS. As a result, the devaluation of the Euro or those other currencies relative to the dollar (as was the case in 2015 with respect to the Euro and as was in the case of the Japanese Yen in 2013, 2014 and 2015) reduces the revenue growth rate and profitability for our proprietary software products and related services in dollar terms, thereby adversely affecting our operating results. On the other hand, the devaluation of the NIS relative to the dollar, which occurred in 2012 and in 2015, decreased the relative value of the NIS-denominated operating costs related to our proprietary software product revenues, and, therefore, partially compensates for the negative effect on our revenues and our profitability. Since most of our expenses are incurred in NIS, the dollar cost of our operations also rises as a result of any increase in the rate of inflation in Israel, to the extent that such inflation is not offset, or is only offset on a lagging basis, by the devaluation (if any) of the NIS against the dollar during a relevant period of time. The Israeli rate of inflation amounted to 1.8%, (-0.2)% and (-1.0)% for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, thereby compounding the impact of the appreciation of the NIS relative to the dollar in 2013, and adversely affecting our U.S. dollar measured results of operations in such year. In 2014 and 2015, the U.S. dollar appreciated relative to the NIS at a rate that eclipsed the Israeli rate of deflation for those years. An increase in the rate of inflation in Israel may also have a material adverse effect on our financial results by increasing our operational expenses, as certain of our operating lease and rent agreements are denominated in NIS and are generally linked to the Israeli CPI, so to the extent that the CPI rises so will our operational expenses. To date, we have not engaged in significant currency hedging transactions. In the future, we may enter into more or larger currency hedging transactions to decrease the risk of financial exposure from fluctuations in the exchange rate of the NIS, Euro, Japanese Yen or British Pound against the dollar, and from increases in the Israeli inflation rate. However, we cannot assure you that these measures will adequately protect us from the adverse effects of those fluctuations. 69 Following is a summary of the most relevant monetary indicators for the reported periods: For the year ended December 31, Inflation rate in Israel 2013 2014 2015 % 1.8 (-0.2) (-1.0) Devaluation (appreciation) of NIS against the US$* % Devaluation (appreciation) of Euro against the US$* % (7.0) (12.0) (0.3) (4.4) (11.5) (10.4) *Reflects the change in the exchange rate from January 1 to December 31 of the relevant year, rather than the difference in the average exchange rate over the course of each year relative to the previous year. Effective Corporate Tax Rates in Israel Tax regulations have a material impact on our business, particularly in Israel where we have the headquarters or our subsidiary and affiliated companies. The following summary describes the current tax structure applicable to companies in Israel, with special reference to its effect on us. The following also contains a discussion of government programs from which we, and some of our subsidiaries, benefit. To the extent that the discussion is based on tax legislation that has not been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, there can be no assurance that the views expressed in the discussion will be accepted by the tax authorities in question. Corporate Tax Israeli companies are generally subject to corporate tax on their taxable income. As of 2016, the corporate tax rate is 25% (in 2014 and 2015, the corporate tax rate was 26.5%). However, the effective tax rate payable by a company that derives income from an Approved Enterprise, a Beneficiary Enterprise or Preferred Enterprise, as further discussed below, may be considerably less. In addition, Israeli companies are generally subject to tax at the prevailing regular corporate tax rate on their capital gains. Besides being subject to the general corporate tax rules in Israel, certain of our Israeli subsidiaries have also, from time to time, applied for and received certain grants and tax benefits from, and participate in, programs sponsored by the Government of Israel, as described below. Taxation of Non-Israeli Subsidiaries Held by an Israeli Parent Company Non-Israeli subsidiaries of an Israeli parent company are generally subject to tax in their countries of residence under tax laws applicable to them in such countries. Such subsidiaries could also be subject to Israeli corporate tax on their income if they were to be managed and controlled from Israel. In such case, double taxation could ensue unless an applicable tax treaty provides applicable rules for relief from double taxation or such relief is available under internal law. An Israeli parent company may also be required to include in its income on a current basis, as a deemed dividend, certain income derived by its subsidiaries under the Israeli Controlled Foreign Corporation rules, regardless of whether such income is distributed or not. Under these rules, a non-Israeli subsidiary is considered to be a controlled foreign corporation, if, among other things, a majority of the subsidiary’s means of control are held by Israeli residents, most of its revenues or income is passive (such as interest, dividends, royalties, rental income or income from capital gains) and such income is taxed at a rate that does not exceed 15%. An Israeli parent company that is subject to Israeli taxes on such deemed dividend income, may generally receive a credit for foreign taxes paid by its subsidiaries in their country of residence and for deemed foreign taxes to be withheld upon the actual distribution of such income. 70 Tax Benefits Under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959 The Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959 (the “Investment Law”), provides certain incentives for capital investments in a production facility (or other eligible assets) by “Industrial Enterprises” (as defined under the Investment Law). Generally, an investment program that is implemented in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law, referred to as an Approved Enterprise, a Beneficiary Enterprise or a Preferred Enterprise, is entitled to benefits as discussed below. These benefits may include cash grants from the Israeli government and tax benefits, based upon, among other things, the location of the facility within Israel in which the investment is made or the election of the grantee. In order to qualify for these incentives, an Approved Enterprise, a Beneficiary Enterprise or a Preferred Enterprise is required to comply with the requirements of the Investment Law. The Investment Law has been amended several times over the last years, with the two most significant changes effective as of April 1, 2005 (the “2005 Amendment”), and as of January 1, 2011 (the “2011 Amendment”). Pursuant to the 2005 Amendment, tax benefits granted in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law prior to its revision by the 2005 Amendment remain in force but any benefits granted subsequently are subject to the provisions of the 2005 Amendment. Similarly, the 2011 Amendment introduced new benefits instead of the benefits granted in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law in effect prior to the 2011 Amendment. However, companies entitled to benefits under the Investment Law as in effect prior to January 1, 2011 were entitled to choose to continue to enjoy such benefits, provided that certain conditions are met, or elect instead irrevocably to forego such benefits and have the benefits of the 2011 Amendment apply. The following discussion is a summary of the Investment Law prior to its amendments as well as the relevant changes contained in the new legislation. Tax Benefits for Income from Approved Enterprises Approved Before April 1, 2005 Under the Investment Law prior to the 2005 Amendment, a company that wished to receive benefits on its investment program that is implemented in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law, or an Approved Enterprise, had to receive an approval from the Investment Center of the Israeli Ministry of Economy (formerly the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor) which we refer to as the Investment Center. Each certificate of approval for an Approved Enterprise relates to a specific investment program delineated by the financial scope of the investment, including sources of funds, and by the physical characteristics of the facility or other assets. The tax benefits available under any certificate of approval relate only to taxable income attributable to the specific program and are contingent upon meeting the criteria set out in the certificate of approval. An Approved Enterprise may elect to forego any entitlement to the grants otherwise available under the Investment Law and, instead, participate in an alternative benefits program. Certain of our Israeli affiliated companies receive the benefits through the alternative benefits program. Under the alternative benefits program, a company’s undistributed income derived from an Approved Enterprise will be exempt from corporate tax for a period of between two and ten years from the first year of taxable income, depending upon the geographic location in Israel of the Approved Enterprise, and a reduced corporate tax rate of between 10% to 25% for the remainder of the benefits period, depending on the level of foreign investment in the company in each year, as detailed below. The benefits commence on the date in which that taxable income is first earned. The benefits period under Approved Enterprise status is limited to 12 years from the year in which the production commenced(as determined by the Investment Center), or 14 years from the year of the approval as an Approved Enterprise, whichever ends earlier. If a company has more than one Approved Enterprise program or if only a portion of its capital investments are approved, its effective tax rate is the result of a weighted combination of the applicable rates. The tax benefits available under any certificate of approval relate only to taxable income attributable to the specific program and are contingent upon meeting the criteria set out in the certificate of approval. Income derived from activity that is not integral to the activity of the Approved Enterprise will not enjoy tax benefits. The entitlement to the above benefits is subject to fulfillment of certain conditions, according to the law and related regulations. A company that has an Approved Enterprise program is eligible for further tax benefits, if it qualifies as a Foreign Investors’ Company, or FIC. An FIC eligible for benefits is essentially a company with a level of foreign investment, as defined in the Investment Law, of more than 25%. The level of foreign investment is measured as the percentage of rights in the company (in terms of shares, rights to profits, voting and appointment of directors), and of combined share and loan capital, that are owned, directly or indirectly, by persons who are not residents of Israel. The determination as to whether or not a company qualifies as an FIC is made on an annual basis. An FIC that has an Approved Enterprise program will be eligible for an extension of the period during which it is entitled to tax benefits under its Approved Enterprise status (so that the benefits period may be up to ten years) and for further tax benefits if the level of foreign investment is 49% or more. If a company that has an Approved Enterprise program is a wholly owned subsidiary of another company, then the percentage of foreign investment is determined based on the percentage of foreign investment in the parent company. 71 The corporate tax rates and related levels of foreign investments with respect to an FIC that has an Approved Enterprise program are set forth in the following table: Percentage of non-Israeli ownership Corporate Tax Rate Over 25% but less than 49% 49% or more but less than 74% 74% or more but less than 90% 90% or more 25% 20% 15% 10% A company that has elected to participate in the alternative benefits program and that subsequently pays a dividend out of the income derived from the portion of its facilities that have been granted Approved Enterprise status during the tax exemption period will be subject to corporate tax in respect of the amount of dividend distributed (grossed up to reflect such pre-tax income that it would have had to earn in order to distribute the dividend) at the corporate tax rate that would have been otherwise applicable if such income had not been tax-exempted under the alternative benefits program. This rate generally ranges from 10% to 25%, depending on the level of foreign investment in the company in each year, as explained above. In addition, dividends paid out of income attributed to an Approved Enterprise (or out of dividends received from a company whose income is attributed to an Approved Enterprise) are generally subject to withholding tax at the rate of 15%, or at a lower rate as may be provided under an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate). The 15% tax rate is limited to dividends and distributions out of income derived during the benefits period and actually paid at any time up to 12 years thereafter. After this period, the withholding tax is applied at a rate of up to 30%, or at a lower rate under an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate). In the case of an FIC, the 12-year limitation on reduced withholding tax on dividends does not apply. The Investment Law also provides that an Approved Enterprise is entitled to accelerated depreciation on its property and equipment that are included in an Approved Enterprise program. This benefit is an incentive granted by the Israeli government regardless of whether the alternative benefits program is elected. The benefits available to an Approved Enterprise are subject to the fulfillment of conditions stipulated in the Investment Law and its regulations and the criteria in the specific certificate of approval with respect thereto, as described above. If a company does not meet these conditions, it would be required to refund the amount of tax benefits, adjusted to the Israeli consumer price index and interest or other monetary. In our case, subject to compliance with applicable requirements stipulated in the Investment Law and its regulations and in the specific certificate of approval, as described above, the portion of undistributed income derived from Approved Enterprise programs of one of Sapiens Israeli subsidiaries was exempt from corporate tax for a period of two years commencing in 2014. Tax benefits under the 2005 Amendment that became effective on April 1, 2005. The 2005 Amendment applies to new investment programs commencing after 2004, and does not apply to investment programs approved prior to April 1, 2005. The 2005 Amendment provides that terms and benefits included in any certificate of approval that was granted before the 2005 Amendment became effective (April 1, 2005) will remain subject to the provisions of the Investment Law as in effect on the date of such approval. Pursuant to the 2005 Amendment, the Investment Center will continue to grant Approved Enterprise status to qualifying investments. The 2005 Amendment, however, limits the scope of enterprises that may be approved by the Investment Center by setting criteria for the approval of a facility as an Approved Enterprise. 72 An enterprise that qualifies under the new provisions is referred to as a Beneficiary Enterprise, rather than Approved Enterprise. The 2005 Amendment provides that a certificate of approval from the Investment Center is required only for Approved Enterprises that receive cash grants. As a result, a company is no longer required to obtain the advance approval of the Investment Center in order to receive the tax benefits previously available under the alternative benefits program. Rather, a company may claim the tax benefits offered by the Investment Law directly in its tax returns, provided that its facilities meet the criteria for tax benefits set forth in the 2005 Amendment. A company that has a Beneficiary Enterprise may, at its discretion, approach the Israel Tax Authority for a pre- ruling confirming that it is in compliance with the provisions of the Investment Law. Tax benefits are available under the 2005 Amendment to production facilities (or other eligible facilities), which are generally required to derive more than 25% of their business income from export to specific markets with a population of at least 14 million in 2012 (such export criteria will further increase in the future by 1.4% per annum). In order to receive the tax benefits, the 2005 Amendment states that a company must make an investment which meets certain conditions set forth in the amendment for tax benefits and which exceeds a minimum investment amount specified in the Investment Law. Such investment entitles a company to receive a Beneficiary Enterprise status with respect to the investment, and may be made over a period of no more than three years from the end of the year in which the company chose to have the tax benefits apply to its Beneficiary Enterprise. Where a company requests to have the tax benefits apply to an expansion of existing facilities, only the expansion will be considered to be a Beneficiary Enterprise, and the company’s effective tax rate will be the weighted average of the applicable rates. In such case, the minimum investment required in order to qualify as a Beneficiary Enterprise must exceed a certain percentage of the value of the company’s production assets before the expansion. The extent of the tax benefits available under the 2005 Amendment to qualifying income of a Beneficiary Enterprise depends on, among other things, the geographic location in Israel of the Beneficiary Enterprise. The location will also determine the period for which tax benefits are available. Such tax benefits include an exemption from corporate tax on undistributed income generated by the Beneficiary Enterprise for a period of between two to ten years, depending on the geographic location of the Beneficiary Enterprise in Israel, and a reduced corporate tax rate of between 10% to 25% for the remainder of the benefits period, depending on the level of foreign investment in the company in each year, as explained above. The benefits period is limited to 12 or 14 years from the year the company first chose to have the tax benefits apply, depending on the location of the company. Dividends paid out of income attributed to a Beneficiary Enterprise (or out of dividends received from a company whose income is attributed to a Beneficiary Enterprise) are generally subject to withholding tax at source at the rate of 15% or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate). The reduced rate of 15% is limited to dividends and distributions out of income attributed to a Beneficiary Enterprise during the benefits period and actually paid at any time up to 12 years thereafter, except with respect to an FIC, in which case the 12-year limit does not apply. Furthermore, a company qualifying for tax benefits under the 2005 Amendment which pays a dividend out of income attributed to its Beneficiary Enterprise during the tax exemption period will be subject to corporate tax in respect of the amount of the dividend distributed (grossed-up to reflect the pre-tax income that it would have had to earn in order to distribute the dividend) at the corporate tax rate that would have otherwise been applicable. The benefits available to a Beneficiary Enterprise are subject to the continued fulfillment of conditions stipulated in the Investment Law and its regulations. If a company does not meet these conditions, it would be required to refund the amount of tax benefits, as adjusted by the Israeli consumer price index and interest, or other monetary penalty. Income that is attributable to one of Sapiens’ Israeli subsidiaries, was exempt from income tax for a period of two years commencing 2014 and ending 2015, under the 2005 Amendment. 73 Tax benefits under the 2011 Amendment that became effective on January 1, 2011. The 2011 Amendment canceled the availability of the benefits granted to companies in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law prior to 2011 and, instead, introduced new benefits for income generated by a “Preferred Company” through its Preferred Enterprise (as such terms are defined in the Investment Law) as of January 1, 2011. A Preferred Company is defined as either (i) a company incorporated in Israel which is not wholly owned by a governmental entity or (ii) a limited partnership that (a) was registered under the Israeli Partnerships Ordinance and (b) all of its limited partners are companies incorporated in Israel, but not all of them are governmental entities; which has, among other things, Preferred Enterprise status and is controlled and managed from Israel. Pursuant to the 2011 Amendment, a Preferred Company was entitled to a reduced corporate tax rate of 15% with respect to its preferred income attributed to its Preferred Enterprise in 2012, unless the Preferred Enterprise was located in a certain development zone, in which case the rate was 10%. Such corporate tax rates were reduced to 12.5% and 7%, respectively, in 2013 and were increased to 16% and 9%, respectively, in 2014 and thereafter. Income derived by a Preferred Company from a ‘Special Preferred Enterprise’ (as such term is defined in the Investment Law) would be entitled, during a benefits period of 10 years, to further reduced tax rates of 8%, or to 5% if the Special Preferred Enterprise is located in a certain development zone. Dividends paid out of income attributed to a Preferred Enterprise are generally subject to withholding tax at source at the rate of 20% or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate). However, if such dividends are paid to an Israeli company, no tax is required to be withheld (although, if such dividends are subsequently distributed to individuals or a non-Israeli company, withholding tax at a rate of 20% or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty will apply). The 2011 Amendment also provided transitional provisions to address companies already enjoying existing tax benefits under the Investment Law. These transitional provisions provide, among other things, that unless an irrevocable request is made to apply the provisions of the Investment Law as amended in 2011 with respect to income to be derived as of January 1, 2011: (i) the terms and benefits included in any certificate of approval that was granted to an Approved Enterprise, which chose to receive grants, before the 2011 Amendment became effective, will remain subject to the provisions of the Investment Law as in effect on the date of such approval, and subject to certain conditions; (ii) the terms and benefits included in any certificate of approval that was granted to an Approved Enterprise, that had participated in an alternative benefits program, before the 2011 Amendment became effective, will remain subject to the provisions of the Investment Law as in effect on the date of such approval, provided that certain conditions are met ; and (iii) a Beneficiary Enterprise can elect to continue to benefit from the benefits provided to it before the 2011 Amendment came into effect, provided that certain conditions are met. Tax Benefits and Grants for Research and Development Israeli tax law allows, under certain conditions, a tax deduction for research and development expenditures, including capital expenditures, for the year in which they are incurred. Such expenditures must relate to scientific research and development projects, and must be approved by the relevant Israeli government ministry, determined by the field of research, and the research and development must be for the promotion or development of the company. Furthermore, the research and development must be carried out by or on behalf of the company seeking such tax deduction. The amount of such deductible expenses is reduced by the sum of any funds received through government grants for the finance of such scientific research and development projects. Expenditures not approved by the relevant Israeli government ministry, but otherwise qualifying for deduction, are deductible over a three-year period from the first year that the expenditures were made. However, the amounts of any government grants made available are subtracted from the amount of the expenses which may be deducted. Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 5729-1969 The Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 5729-1969, or the Industry Encouragement Law, provides several tax benefits for an “Industrial Company”. Pursuant to the Industry Encouragement Law, a company qualifies as an Industrial Company if it is an Israeli resident company that was incorporated in Israel and at least 90% of its income in any tax year (other than income from certain government loans) is generated from an “Industrial Enterprise” that it owns and located in Israel. An “Industrial Enterprise” is defined as an enterprise whose major activity, in a given tax year, is industrial production. 74 An Industrial Company is entitled to certain tax benefits, including: (cid:120) Deduction of the cost of the purchases of know-how, patents, and rights to use a patent or know-how which are used for the development or promotion of the Industrial Enterprise, over an eight year period commencing on the year in which such rights were first exercised; Straight-line deduction of expenses related to a public offering in equal amounts over a three-year period commencing on the year of offering; The right to elect, under certain conditions, to file a consolidated tax return together with Israeli Industrial Companies controlled by it; and (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) Accelerated depreciation rates on equipment and buildings. Eligibility for benefits under the Industry Encouragement Law is not subject to receipt of prior approval from any governmental authority. We believe that certain of our Israeli subsidiary and affiliated companies currently qualify as Industrial Companies within the definition under the Industry Encouragement Law. We cannot assure you that we will continue to qualify as Industrial Companies or that the benefits described above will be available in the future. B. Liquidity and Capital Resources Since inception, we have financed our growth and business primarily through cash provided by operations and through public debt and equity offerings, as well as through private and public debt and equity offerings of our subsidiaries. In addition, we finance our business operations through short-term and long- term loans and borrowings available under our credit facilities. Current Outlook We had cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of $129.7 million and $143.6 million at December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2015, respectively. At December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2015, we had indebtedness to banks and others of $151.4 million and $161.9 million, respectively, of which $43.2 million and $59.1 million were current liabilities and $108.2 million and $102.8 million were long-term liabilities as of those respective dates. In addition, as of December 31, 2015, we had indebtedness of $58.3 million outstanding under our secured debentures and convertible debentures which we sold in a public offering in Israel in September 2015, as described below. In January 2014, Formula concluded terms of a NIS 200 million loan (approximately $57.6 million) that was extended to us by a leading Israeli institutional investor. The loan is secured by certain of the shares of each of our publicly held subsidiary and affiliated companies. The loan's average duration from inception is approximately four years (paid over a period of 6 years, first payment scheduled for January 2016) and carries a fixed annual interest rate of 5.5%. Under the terms of the loan with the Israeli institutional investor, Formula has undertaken to maintain the following financial covenants, as they will be expressed in its financial statements, as described: 1. Formula’s equity shall not be lower than $ 160 million at all times. 2. The ratio of Formula’s equity to total assets will not be less than 20%. 75 3. The ratio of Formula’s total financial debts less cash, short-term deposits and short-term marketable securities to the annual EBITDA will not exceed 3.5 to 1. 4. The ratio of Formula’s total financial debts less cash, short-term deposits and short-term marketable securities to the total assets will not exceed 30%. 5. Formula’s liabilities to banks and other financial institutions in its standalone balance sheet shall not be higher than NIS 450 million (approximately $ 115.7 million). 6. Formula will not create any pledge on all or part of its property and assets in favor of any third party and will not provide any guarantee to secure any third party's debts as they are today and as they will be without the financial institution's consent. 7. Formula will not sell and/or transfer all or part of its assets to others in any manner whatsoever without the financial institution’s advance written consent, unless it is done in the ordinary course of business. In September 2015, Formula concluded a public offering in Israel of debentures. The two series of debentures offered by Formula in the public offering consisted of one series of debentures (the “Series A Secured Debentures”) that are secured by liens on the shares of Formula’s subsidiaries and affiliate held by Formula, while the second series (the “Series B Convertible Debentures,” and, together with the Secured Debentures, the “Debentures”) are convertible into ordinary shares of Formula. The Debentures are listed for trading only on the TASE. In the public offering, Formula issued and sold a total amount of NIS 227,260,000 ($ 57.8 million) par value of the New Debentures, which were subdivided into the following respective amounts of Secured Debentures and Convertible Debentures that are subject to the following terms: (cid:120) NIS 102,260,000 ($ 26.1 million) par value of Series A Secured Debentures, bearing interest on the unpaid principal at a fixed annual rate equal to 2.8% (which may vary based on the credit rating of the debentures), paid on a semi-annual basis through July 2024. The principal is payable in eight equal annual installments beginning in July 2017 and ending in July 2024. The interest rate varies based on the credit rating of the Secured Debentures. The net proceeds received by Formula from the issuance of Series A Secured Debentures amount to $ 25.9 million (net of issuance expenses). (cid:120) NIS 125,000,000 ($ 31.2 million) par value of Series B Convertible Debentures, at a price per debenture unit (each unit comprised of NIS 1,000 par value of debentures) of NIS 1,020. The Series B Convertible Debentures bear interest at a fixed annual rate equal to 2.74% (which may vary based on the credit rating of the debentures), payable in one payment upon maturity of the Series B Convertible Debentures on March 26, 2019 (at which time the accrued interest will constitute 10% of the principal amount of the Convertible Debentures, in the aggregate). The Series B Convertible Debentures are subject to conversion into the Company’s ordinary shares at a rate of NIS 157 ($ 40.03) par value of Convertible Debentures per one share. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment for the issuance of bonus shares, rights and dividends. The principal amount of and interest on the Series B Convertible Debentures is subject to adjustment based on changes in the exchange rate between the NIS and the U.S. dollar relative to the exchange rate on September 8, 2015. The net proceeds received by Formula from the issuance of Series B Convertible Debentures amount to $ 32.1 million (net of issuance expenses). The gross proceeds received by Formula from the issuance of all New Debentures were approximately NIS 229.8 million ($ 58.6 million), in the aggregate. The Series A and B debentures contain, in addition to standard terms and obligations, the following obligations: a negative pledge, subject to certain exceptions; (cid:120) (cid:120) a covenant not to distribute dividends unless (i) shareholders equity (not including minority interests) shall not be less than $250 million, (ii) Formula’s net financial indebtedness (financial indebtedness net of cash, marketable securities, deposits and other liquid financial instruments) shall not exceed 65% of net CAP (which is defined financial indebtedness, net, plus shareholders equity), (iii) the amount of the distributions shall be equal to profits for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 and 75% of profits accrued from January 1, 2016 until the distribution and (iv) no event of default shall have occurred.; and 76 (cid:120) Financial covenants, including (i) the equity attributable to the shareholders of Formula, as reported in Formula’s annual or quarterly financial statements, will not be less than $160 million, (ii) Formula’s net financial indebtedness (financial indebtedness net of cash, marketable securities, deposits and other liquid financial instruments) shall not exceed 65% of net CAP (which is defined as financial indebtedness, net, plus shareholders equity) and (iii) at all times, Formula’s cash balance will not be less than the annual interest payment (compounded) for the unpaid principal amount of the Series B debentures. We also agreed to standard events of default, together with the following: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) cross default, excluding following an immediate repayment initiated in relation to the other series of debentures or other indebtedness (other than non-recourse debt) over NIS 75 million ($19.2 million); suspension of trading of the debentures on the TASE over a period of 60 days; failure to have the debentures rated over a period of 60 days; If the rating of the debentures is less than BBB- by Standard and Poors Maalot or equivalent rating of other rating agencies; If there is a change in control without consent of the rating agency; If Formula fails to provide additional security when the loan-to-value of the securities securing the Series A debentures falls below the required ratio; the existence of a real concern that Formula will not meet its material undertakings towards the debenture holders; the inclusion in Formula’s financial statements of a note regarding the existence of significant doubt as to Formula’s ability to continue as a going concern; breach of Formula’s undertakings regarding the issuance of additional debentures; Formula’s failure to continue to control any of its subsidiaries; and failure to comply with the negative pledge covenant. From time to time, our subsidiaries and affiliated companies also maintain credit facilities with banks and issue debt instruments such as debentures in accordance with their cash requirements. These credit facilities and debentures include, inter alia, certain covenants related to our subsidiaries’ operations, such as the required maintenance of a minimum level of shareholders’ equity and the achievement of certain operating results targets. Some of our subsidiaries’ assets are pledged to the lender banks and debenture holders. If any of our subsidiaries does not meet the covenants specified in its credit agreement or indenture (or equivalent agreement with the debenture holders), and a waiver with respect to the fulfillment of such covenant has not been received from the lender bank or representative of the debenture holders, the lender bank or debenture holders (via the action of their representative) may foreclose on the pledged assets to satisfy a debt. Currently, only Matrix and Formula have such material credit facilities outstanding. The long-term debt obligations of Matrix bear fixed interest at an average annual rate of 2.64%-5.85%. These credit facilities expire over a period of time that ranges from 1 to 7 years. As of December 31, 2015, Matrix had aggregate short-term obligations to banks and others of NIS 199.6 million (approximately $51.2 million) and aggregate long-term obligations to banks of NIS 226.9 million (approximately $58.2 million) under its credit facilities. In November 2013, Magic Software received a loan from a US bank institution, in the amount of $3.0 million, to be paid monthly in equal payments, for a period of 36 months bearing interest of Libor+3.5%. The loan agreement contains various covenants which require Magic Software to maintain certain financial ratios. During 2014, Magic Software made an early redemption and repaid the entire amount. 77 On March 5, 2014, Magic Software completed a follow-on public offering of its ordinary shares. Magic Software issued 6,900,000 shares at a price of $ 8.50 per share before issuance expenses. Total net proceeds from the issuance were approximately $ 54.7 million. We believe that our current cash reserves, together with cash that may be distributed to us from the ongoing operations of our subsidiaries and any credit that we may choose to draw upon that is available under our (and our subsidiaries’ and affiliated company’s) existing credit facilities should be sufficient for our present working capital requirements for at least the next 12 months at our current level of operations. We will consider in the future additional equity issuances, debt issuances or borrowings from banks if necessary to meet cash needs for our growth, including if needed to consummate one or more acquisitions for consideration consisting of all or a substantial portion of our available cash. Should we require additional financing in the future, we cannot assure you that such financing will be available on favorable terms or at all. As of the date of the financial statements, Formula and Matrix are in compliance with the above financial covenants. Cash Provided by Operating Activities Cash flow provided by our operating activities increased from $ 16.7 million in 2014 to $ 54.4 million in 2015. Net cash provided by operating activities in 2015 consisted primarily of the cash generated by our subsidiaries’ ongoing operating activities and of net income stemming therefrom, as adjusted for non-cash activity, including changes in operating assets and liabilities. The material upwards adjustments in cash flow reflecting non-cash activity included adjustments due to (i) depreciation and amortization of capitalized research and development assets and other intangible assets (mainly customer relations) in an aggregate amount of $ 17.6 million, (ii) stock-based compensation expenses, in an amount of $ 5.1 million, (iii) an increase in trade payables and in other accounts payable and employees and payroll accrual, in an aggregate amount of $ 20.3 million, and (iv) decrease in accrued severance pay, net, and change in liabilities in respect of business combination and in value of debentures in an aggregate amount of $ 1.7 million. Material downwards adjustments in cash flow for non-cash activity, including changes in operating assets and liabilities, consisted of adjustments of (i) an increase in trade receivables in an amount of $12.6 million, (ii) a decrease in inventory, in an amount of $2.4 million, reflecting our subsidiaries’ strategy to maintain adequate, but not excessive, levels of inventory based on their anticipation of future demand for proprietary software products and software services, (iii) increase in other current and long term account receivables in an amount of $1.7 million, (iv) changes in deferred taxes in value in an amount of $ 1.0 million, and (v) gain derived from deconsolidation of Sapiens, consolidation of Tiltan and equity in gains of affiliated companies in an amount of $ 64.1 million. Cash flow provided by operating activities in 2015 was primarily comprised of $ 25.9 million provided by Matrix and $ 28.6 provided by Sapiens, offset by $ 0.1 million used by Formula. Cash flow provided by our operating activities decreased from $ 68.6 million in 2013 to $ 16.7 million in 2014. Net cash provided by operations in 2014 consisted primarily of the cash generated by our subsidiaries’ ongoing operating activities and of net income stemming therefrom, as adjusted for non-cash activity, including changes in operating assets and liabilities. The material upwards adjustments in cash flow reflecting non-cash activity included adjustments due to (i) depreciation and amortization of capitalized research and development assets and other intangible assets (mainly customer relations) in an aggregate amount of $ 9.0 million, (ii) stock-based compensation expenses, in an amount of $ 5.0 million, (iii) increase in deferred revenues in an amount of $ 7.3 million, (iv) changes in deferred taxes and in value of debentures in an aggregate amount of $ 20.2 million, (v) impairment of other investments in an amount of $ 1.3 million, and (vi) an increase in trade payables and in other accounts payable and employees and payroll accrual, in an aggregate amount of $ 6.2 million. Material downwards adjustments in cash flow for non-cash activity, including changes in operating assets and liabilities, consisted of adjustments of (i) an increase in trade receivables in an amount of $13.6 million, (ii) decrease in value of long term loans in an amount of $ 6.2 million, (iii) a decrease in inventory, in an amount of $0.2 million, reflecting our subsidiaries’ strategy to maintain adequate, but not excessive, levels of inventory based on their anticipation of future demand for proprietary software products and software services, (iv) change in liabilities in respect of business combinations in an amount of $ 3.3 million (v) increase in other current and long term account receivables in an amount of $ 5.7 million and (vi) gain derived from deconsolidation of Magic Software, consolidation of Sapiens and equity in gains of affiliated companies in an amount of $ 90.9 million. 78 Cash flow provided by operating activities in 2014 was primarily comprised of $ 23.1 million provided by Matrix offset by $ 7.0 million used by Formula. Cash Generated by Financing Activities Cash generated by financing activities of $ 35.8 million in 2015 compared to cash generated by financing activities of $31.6 million in 2014, mainly reflecting the cumulative effect of the following financing-related transactions that occurred over the course of those years: Year Ended December 31, 2015 In February 2015, Formula paid to its shareholders a cash dividend in an aggregate amount of approximately $ 7.9 million, which was announced in December 2014. In August 2015, Formula paid to its shareholders a cash dividend in an aggregate amount of approximately $ 5.0 million, which was announced in June 2015. In March 2015, Matrix distributed to its shareholders a cash dividend in an aggregate amount of approximately $ 5.5 million, of which $ 2.7 million was paid to non-controlling interests in Matrix. In June 2015, Matrix distributed to its shareholders a cash dividend in an aggregate amount of approximately $ 5.0 million, of which $ 2.5 million was paid to non-controlling interests in Matrix. In September 2015, Matrix distributed to its shareholders a cash dividend in an aggregate amount of approximately $ 4.4 million, of which $ 2.2 million was paid to non-controlling interests in Matrix. In December 2015, Matrix distributed to its shareholders a cash dividend in an aggregate amount of approximately $ 3.9 million, of which $ 2.0 million was paid to non-controlling interests in Matrix. In April 2015, Sapiens distributed to its shareholders a cash dividend in an aggregate amount of approximately $ 7.2 million, of which $ 3.6 million was paid to non-controlling interests in Sapiens. In addition, net cash provided by financing activities in 2015 was attributable to (i) our issuance of debentures in the amount of $ 58.6 million and (ii) an increase in short term bank credit, net and proceeds from long term debt in the aggregate amount of $ 37.9 million and (iii) exercise of employees stock options in subsidiaries in an amount of $ 1.6 million, offset by (i) repayment of long term loans from banks and others in an amount of $ 26.9 million, (ii) distribution of $ 6.4 million to our ultimate parent company for a business acquisition under common control (that is, for the acquisition of Insseco, as described in Item 3.A, “Selected Financial Data” above), and (iii) cash paid in conjunction with acquisition of activities in an amount of $ 1.3 million. Year Ended December 31, 2014 In July 2014, Formula paid to its shareholders a cash dividend in an aggregate amount of approximately $7.1 million, which was announced in June 2014. In April 2014, Matrix distributed to its shareholders a cash dividend in an aggregate amount of approximately $ 5.8 million, of which $ 2.9 million was paid to non-controlling interests in Matrix. In June 2014, Matrix distributed to its shareholders a cash dividend in an aggregate amount of approximately $ 4.9 million, of which $ 2.4 million was paid to non-controlling interests in Matrix. 79 In September 2014, Matrix distributed to its shareholders a cash dividend in an aggregate amount of approximately $ 3.3 million, of which $ 1.6 million was paid to non-controlling interests in Matrix. In December 2014, Matrix distributed to its shareholders a cash dividend in an aggregate amount of approximately $ 4.1 million, of which $ 2.0 million was paid to non-controlling interests in Matrix. In addition, net cash provided by financing activities in 2014 was attributable to (i) repayment of long term loans from banks and others in an amount of $ 25.1 million, and (ii) cash paid in conjunction with acquisition of activities in an amount of $14.8 million offset by (i) an increase in short term bank credit, net and proceeds from long term debt in the aggregate amount of $ 97.3 million, and (ii) purchase of non-controlling interests and redeemable non-controlling interests in an amount of $ 1.7 million. Cash Used in Investing Activities Net cash used in our investing activities was $ 58.5 million in 2015 compared to $ 19.8 million in 2014. Net cash used in investing activities in 2015 was attributable to (i) changes due to deconsolidation and realization of investment in Sapiens which was previously consolidated in an amount of $ 45.2 million, (ii) expenditure (net of cash acquired) with respect to business acquisitions in an amount of $ 7.6 million, (iii) purchase of property and equipment in an amount of $ 5.4 million, (iv) investments in affiliated companies in an amount of $ 3.7 million, (v) capitalization of software development and other cost in an amount of $4.4 million, and, (vi) net increase in restrictions on short term deposit in an amount of $ 1.4 million, offset by (i) change in short term deposits in an amount of $ 6.4 million and (ii) dividend from affiliated companies in an amount of $ 3.5 million. Year Ended December 31, 2014 On March 5, 2014, Magic Software completed a follow-on public offering of its ordinary shares on the NASDAQ. Magic issued 6,900,000 shares at a price of $ 8.50 per share before issuance expenses. Total net proceeds from the issuance amounted to $ 54.7. As a result of the offering, Formula’s interest in Magic Software’s outstanding ordinary shares decreased from 51.6% to 45.0% and Formula's investment in Magic Software was measured under the equity method of accounting due to loss of control in Magic Software. We recorded a capital expenditure of $ 37.4 million in respect of losing control in Magic Software. 80 In April 2014, Formula acquired the VMS operations of InSync Staffing LLC, a U.S.-based full service provider of staffing solutions for IT, engineering and telecom. We recorded a capital expenditure of $ 4.0 million in respect of this acquisition. In September 2014, Magic Software distributed to its shareholders a cash dividend in an aggregate amount of approximately $4.2 million, of which $1.9 million was paid to Formula. On December 23, 2014, following the purchase by Formula of Sapiens common shares, bringing Formula interest in Sapiens common shares to 50.2% and as a result, regaining control over Sapiens, we recorded a net capital proceed of $ 42.4 million in respect of regaining control in Sapiens. In addition, net cash used in investing activities in 2014 was attributable to (i) purchase of property and equipment in an amount of $ 4.0 million (ii) investments in affiliated companies in an amount of $7.6 million, (iii) expenditure (net of cash acquired) with respect to business acquisitions in an amount of $ 4.4 million, and, (iv) net investment in short term deposits in an amount of $ 6.1 million. Company Commitments In January 2014, Formula agreed to the terms of a NIS 200 million loan (approximately $57.6 million) that was extended to us by a leading Israeli institutional investor. The loan is secured by certain of the shares of each of our publicly held subsidiaries and affiliated company. The loan's average duration is approximately four years (paid over a period of 6 years) and carries a fixed annual interest rate of 5.5%. In the context of Formula’s engagements the above mentioned leading financial institution, Formula has undertaken to maintain the following financial covenants, as they will be expressed in its financial statements, as described: 1. Formula’s equity shall not be lower than $ 160 million at all times. 2. The ratio of Formula’s equity to total assets will not be less than 20%. 3. The ratio of Formula’s total financial debts less cash, short-term deposits and short-term marketable securities to the annual EBITDA will not exceed 3.5 to 1. 4. The ratio of Formula’s total financial debts less cash, short-term deposits and short-term marketable securities to the total assets will not exceed 30%. 5. Formula’s liabilities to banks and other financial institutions in its standalone balance sheet shall not be higher than NIS 450 million (approximately $ 115.7 million). 6. Formula will not create any pledge on all or part of its property and assets in favor of any third party and will not provide any guarantee to secure any third party's debts as they are today and as they will be without the financial institution's consent. 7. Formula will not sell and/or transfer all or part of its assets to others in any manner whatsoever without the financial institution’s advance written consent, unless it is done in the ordinary course of business. In September 2015, Formula concluded a public offering in Israel of the Series A Secured Debentures and the Series B Convertible Debentures, or together, the New Debentures. The Debentures are listed for trading only on the TASE. 81 In the public offering, Formula issued and sold a total amount of NIS 227,260,000 ($ 57.8 million) par value of the New Debentures, which were subdivided into the following respective amounts of Secured Debentures and Convertible Debentures that are subject to the following terms: NIS 102,260,000 ($ 26.1 million) par value of Series A Secured Debentures, bearing interest on the unpaid principal at a fixed annual rate equal to 2.8% (which may vary based on the credit rating of the debentures), paid on a semi-annual basis through July 2024. The principal is payable in eight equal annual installments beginning in July 2017 and ending in July 2024. The interest rate varies based on the credit rating of the Secured Debentures. The net proceeds received by Formula from the issuance of Series A Secured Debentures amount to $ 25.9 million (net of issuance expenses). NIS 125,000,000 ($ 31.2 million) par value of Convertible Debentures, at a price per debenture unit (each unit comprised of NIS 1,000 par value of debentures) of NIS 1,020. The Convertible Debentures bear interest at a fixed annual rate equal to 2.74% (which may vary based on the credit rating of the debentures), payable in one payment upon maturity of the Convertible Debentures on March 26, 2019 (at which time the accrued interest will constitute 10% of the principal amount of the Convertible Debentures, in the aggregate). The Convertible Debentures are subject to conversion into the Company’s ordinary shares at a rate of NIS 157 ($ 40.03) par value of Convertible Debentures per one share. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment for the issuance of bonus shares, rights and dividends. The principal amount of and interest on the Convertible Debentures is subject to adjustment based on changes in the exchange rate between the NIS and the U.S. dollar relative to the exchange rate on September 8, 2015. The net proceeds received by Formula from the issuance of Series B convertible Debentures amount to $ 32.1 million (net of issuance expenses). As noted above, the Series A and B debentures contain, in addition to standard terms and obligations, the following obligations: (cid:120) a negative pledge, subject to certain exceptions; (cid:120) a covenant not to distribute dividends unless (i) shareholders equity (not including minority interests) shall not be less than $250 million, (ii) Formula’s net financial indebtedness (financial indebtedness net of cash, marketable securities, deposits and other liquid financial instruments) shall not exceed 65% of net CAP (which is defined financial indebtedness, net, plus shareholders equity), (iii) the amount of the distributions shall be equal to profits for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 and 7% of profits accrued from January 1, 2016 until the distribution and (iv) no event of default shall have occurred.; and (cid:120) Financial covenants, including (i) the equity attributable to the shareholders of Formula, as reported in Formula’s annual or quarterly financial statements, will not be less than $160 million, (ii) Formula’s net financial indebtedness (financial indebtedness net of cash, marketable securities, deposits and other liquid financial instruments) shall not exceed 65% of net CAP (which is defined as financial indebtedness, net, plus shareholders equity) and (iii) at all times, Formula’s cash balance will not be less than the annual interest payment (compounded) for the unpaid principal amount of the Series B debentures. We do not have material commitments for capital expenditures by Formula as of December 31, 2015 or as of the date of this annual report. In May 2016, Formula and IAI each acquired 50% of TSG. Each of Formula and IAI paid a purchase price of $25.8 million. We have entered into an undertaking to indemnify our office holders in specified limited categories of events and in specified amounts, subject to certain limitations. For more information, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions—Indemnification of Office Holders.” Subsidiary Commitments Our subsidiaries do not have any material commitments for capital expenditures as of December 31, 2015 or as of the date of this annual report. As alluded to above (see “—Current Outlook”), the loan agreements, debentures and indentures to which we are party contain a number of conditions and limitations on the way in which we (mainly Matrix and Formula can operate our businesses, including limitations on our ability to raise debt and sell or acquire assets not in normal business activity. For example, Matrix’s loan agreement includes a negative pledge with respect to Matrix’s assets, as well as limitations on Matrix’s ability to provide guarantees to third parties and sell or transfer its assets. Matrix’s loan agreements also contain various covenants which require it to maintain certain financial ratios related to shareholders’ equity and operating results that are customary for companies of comparable size. 82 Our subsidiaries and affiliates as of December 31, 2015 have provided bank guarantees aggregating to approximately $ 18.1 million as security for the performance of various contracts with customers. If our subsidiaries and affiliates were to breach certain terms of such contracts, the customers could demand that the banks providing the guarantees pay amounts claimed to be due. Our subsidiaries and affilates as of December 31, 2015 have also provided additional bank guarantees aggregating to $ 4.5 million as security for rent to be paid for their offices. If our subsidiaries and affiliates were to breach certain terms of their leases, the lessors could demand that the banks providing the guarantees pay amounts claimed to be due. Pursuant to the credit agreement and the Secured Debentures described above, liens have been incurred over a certain portion of our investment in outstanding shares of Matrix, Sapiens and Magic Software. C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc. The net amounts that we spent on research and development activities in 2013, 2014 and 2015 totaled $ $14.2 million, $0.8 million and $ 7.5 million, respectively. For more information about our research and development activities, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—Business Overview— Software Development.” For information concerning our intellectual property rights, see “Item 4. Information on the Company— Business Overview— Intellectual Property Rights.” D. Trend Information For information see discussion in Item 4. “Information on the Company-Business Overview-Industry Background and Trends” and Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects - Results of Operations.” E. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We are not a party to any off-balance sheet arrangements. In addition, we have no unconsolidated special purpose financing or partnership entities that are likely to create material contingent obligations. 83 F. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2015. Long-term debt obligations (1) Lease obligations Liabilities in respect of the acquisitions of operations Debentures Uncertainties in income taxes (ASC 740) (2) Accrued severance payments, net (3) Total Payments due by period Less than 1 year 1-3 years (U.S. dollars, in thousands) 3-5 Years 36,378 18,611 1,193 - - - 56,182 60,784 16,216 12,435 41,699 - - 131,134 30,251 8,756 - 6,522 - - 45,559 More than 5 years 11,810 - - 9,827 - - 21,637 Total 139,223 43,583 13,628 58,078 461 12,778 267,751 ________________ (1) (2) Does not include interest. Payment of uncertain tax benefits would result from settlements with taxation authorities. Due to the difficulty in determining the timing of settlements, this information is not included in the above table. We do not expect to make any significant payments for these uncertain tax positions within the next 12 months. Accrued severance payments, net relate to accrued severance obligations and notice obligations mainly to our Israeli employees as required under Israeli labor law or personal employment agreements. We are legally required to pay severance upon certain circumstances, primarily upon termination of employment by our company, retirement or death of the respective employee. Our liability for all of our Israeli employees is fully provided for by monthly deposits with insurance policies and by an accrual. Does not include interest. (3) (4) 84 ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES A. Directors and Senior Management The following table sets forth information about our directors and senior management as of April 24, 2016. Name Guy Bernstein Asaf Berenstin Marek Panek Rafal Kozlowski Dafna Cohen (1) (3) Eli Zamir(1) (2) (3) Iris Yahal(1) (2) (3) Age Position Expiration of Current Term of Directorship/Office 48 38 46 42 46 46 54 Chief Executive Officer Chief Financial Officer Chairman of the Board of Directors Director Director External director External director December 2019 or upon 180 days advanced written notice of either party No formal arrangement regarding expiration of term of office 2016 annual shareholders meeting 2016 annual shareholders meeting 2016 annual shareholders meeting December 2018 December 2018 (1) Serves on the audit committee of our board of directors. (2) Serves as an external director under the Companies Law. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Board Practices—External Directors under the Companies Law; Audit Committee; Internal Auditor; Approval of Certain Transactions under the Companies Law,” below. (3) Serves on the compensation committee of our board of directors. Guy Bernstein was appointed our Chief Executive Officer in January 2008. Mr. Bernstein served as a member of our board of directors from November 2006 to December 2008. Mr. Bernstein served as a director of Emblaze Ltd., or Emblaze, our former controlling shareholder and a publicly-traded company listed on the London Stock Exchange, from April 2004 until February 2011. From December 2006 to November 2010, Mr. Bernstein also served as chief executive officer of Emblaze, and, prior thereto, from April 2004 to December 2006, as the chief financial officer of Emblaze. Mr. Bernstein serves as the chairman of the board of directors of each of Matrix and Sapiens and as chief executive officer and director of Magic Software, where he served as the chief financial and operations officer from 1999 until 2004, when he joined Emblaze. He joined Magic Software from Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer, a member of Ernst & Young Global, where he served as senior manager from 1994 to 1997. Mr. Bernstein holds a B.A. degree in accounting and economics from Tel Aviv University and is a certified public accountant in Israel. Asaf Berenstin was appointed our Chief Financial Officer in November 2011. Mr. Berenstin also serves as the Chief Financial Officer of our subsidiary, Magic Software, since April 2010. Prior to such time, beginning in August 2008, Mr. Berenstin served as Magic Software’s corporate controller. Prior to joining our company, Mr. Berenstin served as a controller at Gilat Satellite Networks Ltd. (NASDAQ: GILT), commencing in July 2007. From October 2003 to July 2008, Mr. Berenstin practiced as a certified public accountant at Kesselman & Kesselman, a member of PriceWaterhouseCoopers. Mr. Berenstin holds a B.A. degree in accounting and economics and an M.B.A. degree, both from Tel-Aviv University, and is a certified public accountant (CPA) in Israel. Marek Panek has served as one of our directors since November 2010. Since January 2007 he has been the Vice President of the Board of Directors of Asseco Poland S.A. and he is responsible for supervising the Strategy and Development Division and the EU Projects Office. Mr. Panek also holds several other positions at Asseco and its affiliates, including Chairman of the Board of Directors of Asseco Denmark (since March 2011), Chairman of the Board of Asseco Resovia S.A. (since August 2010), Supervisory Board Member of Asseco Central Europe, a.s .(since September 2011), Supervisory Board Member of Sintagma UAB (since April 2011), Supervisory Board Member of Asseco Lietuva UAB (since June 2011), Supervisory Board Member of Asseco Kazahstan LLP (since June 2014), Member of the Board of Directors of ZAO R-Style Softlab (since May 2014), Member of the Board of Directors of Peak Consulting Group ApS (since January 2016), Supervisory Board Member of Insseco Sp. Z o.o (from February 2015 to July 2015), Supervisory Board Member of Asseco Bel LLC (from June 2015 to April 2016), Supervisory Board Member of Asseco Northern Europe S.A. (2010-2013), Chairman of the Board of Asseco DACH (2008-2011). During 2007-2008, Mr. Panek served as the Chairman of the Management Board of Asseco SEE and President of the Board of Asseco Romania. Mr. Panek first joined Asseco in 1995, having served in the following positions for the following periods of time: Marketing Specialist (from September 1995 to September 1996); Marketing Director (from October 1996 to March 2003); Sales and Marketing Director (from April 2003 to March 2004); and Member of the Board, Sales and Marketing Director (from March 2004 to January 2007). Prior to joining Asseco, Mr. Panek was employed at the ZE Gantel Sp. z o.o. from 1993 to 1995. Mr. Panek graduated from the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics of the Rzeszów University of Technology in 1994, having been awarded a master’s degree in engineering. 85 Rafał Kozlowski has served as one of our directors since August 2012. Since June 2012, Mr. Kozlowski has served as Vice President of the Management Board and Chief Financial Officer of Asseco. Mr. Kozlowski is also a member of the Asseco Group Board of Directors. From May 2008 to May 2012, Mr. Kozlowski served as Vice President of Asseco South Eastern Europe S.A. responsible for the company's financial management. Mr. Kozlowski was directly involved in the acquisitions of companies incorporated within the holding of Asseco South Eastern Europe, as well as in the holding's IPO process at the Warsaw Stock Exchange From 1996 to 1998, he served as Financial Director at Delta Software, and subsequently, from 1998 to 2003 as Senior Manager at Veraudyt. In the years 2004-2006, he was Head of Treasury Department at Softbank S.A. where he was delegated to act as Vice President of Finance at the company's subsidiary Sawan S.A. From 2007 through June 2009, he served as Director of Controlling and Investment Division at Asseco Poland S.A. Mr. Kozlowski graduated of the University of Warsaw, obtaining Master's degree at the Faculty of Organization and Management in 1998. He completed the Project Management Program organized by PMI in 2004, and the International Accounting Standards Program organized by Ernst & Young Academy of Business in the years 2005-2006. Dafna Cohen has served as one of our directors since October 2009, as a member of our audit committee since January 2011 and as a member of our compensation committee since July 2013. Ms. Cohen is the Head of Business Control and Investor Relations of EL-AL Israel Airlines Ltd (TASE). Ms. Cohen has served as a member of board of directors of Gilat Satellite Networks Ltd since 2014 (NASDAQ and TASE). Ms. Cohen served as Director of Global Treasury of MediaMind Technologies Inc. (previously NASDAQ) and as a member of Investment Committee of the Board from 2010 to 2011. Prior to that, Ms. Cohen served as a Director of Investments and Treasurer of Emblaze Ltd. and as a member of Investment Committee of the Board from 2005 to 2009 (LSE). Prior to that, Ms. Cohen served as an Investment Manager for Leumi Partners and as a manager at the derivatives sector of Bank Leumi. Ms. Cohen previously served as a member of boards of directors of XTL Biopharmaceuticals Ltd. (NASDAQ and TASE) from 2009 to 2015, Europort Ltd. from 2012 to 2014 (TASE) and of Inventech Central Ltd from 2011 to 2012 (TASE). Ms. Cohen holds an M.B.A. in finance and accounting and a B.A. degree in economics and political science, both from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Eli Zamir has served as one of our external directors, as a member of our audit committee since April 2013 and a member of our compensation committee since July 2013. Mr. Zamir currently serves as an independent financial advisor. From 2007 to December 2014 Mr. Zamir served as the CEO of Invest Pro Ltd., a private investment firm. From 1995 to 2002, Mr. Zamir served as a portfolio manager and from 2002 to 2007 Mr. Zamir served as the CEO of an underwriter. Until 2014, Mr. Zamir served as a director of Synopsis Ltd., a public company listed on the TASE. Mr. Zamir holds a B.A. degree in accounting and finance from Tel-Aviv University and an M.B.A. degree, from Ben Gurion University. Iris Yahal has served as one of our external directors, the chairperson of our audit committee since April 2013 and a member of our compensation committee since July 2013. Ms. Yahal is an independent strategic transaction advisor for various software, renewable energy, infrastructure and biotech companies since 2007. From 1995 through 2007, Ms. Yahal served as Chief Financial Officer of BluePhoenix Solutions Ltd., a public company listed on the NASDAQ Global Market and the TASE. In addition, from 1999 through 2007 Ms. Yahal served as a director of BluePhoenix Solutions and each of its international subsidiaries. From 1991 until 1996, Ms. Yahal served as a controller at Argotech Ltd. which, at that time, was a wholly owned subsidiary of our Company, operating as a start-up incubator. Prior to 1991, Ms. Yahal worked as an auditor with Wallenstein and Co., a public accounting firm. Ms. Yahal holds a B.A. degree in accounting and statistics and an M.B.A degree in business administration, both from Tel- Aviv University and is a certified public accountant in Israel. 86 Arrangements for the Election of Directors; Family Relationships Asseco is our largest shareholder, holding approximately 46.3% of our outstanding share capital (which excludes shares that we have repurchased that lack voting rights and shares subject to restrictions that are voted in proportion to the votes of our other shares. Asseco has significant influence over the election of the members of our board of directors (other than our external directors). Other than as described immediately below, there are no arrangements or understandings with major shareholders, customers, suppliers or others pursuant to which any of our directors or members of senior management were selected as such. Mr. Guy Bernstein and Mr. Asaf Berenstin are first cousins. Other than such relationship, there are no family relationships among our executive officers and directors. B. Compensation Aggregate Compensation Paid to Directors and Executive Officers In 2015, Formula paid to its directors and executive officers, consisting of the individuals listed above in the table under “—Directors and Senior Management”, direct remuneration and provided related benefits of approximately $3.2 million, in the aggregate with respect to 2015 and $ 77,000 paid in respect of 2014. This aggregate compensation amount includes amounts set aside or accrued to provide pension, retirement or similar post-employment benefits, which themselves totaled less than $5,000 in 2015. In addition, Formula recorded with respect to its directors and executive officers, consisting of the individuals listed above in the table under “—Directors and Senior Management” expenses with respect to equity based compensation in the total amount of $ 3.0 million. The above aggregate compensation amount does not include the following: (cid:120) (cid:120) expenses, including business travel, professional and business association dues and expenses, for which Formula reimburses its officers; and other fringe benefits that companies in Israel commonly reimburse or pay to their officers, as amounts incurred for such expenses and benefits in 2015 were paid in reimbursement of activities carried out by our directors and executive officers for strict business purposes in carrying out their duties on behalf of Formula and were therefore not compensatory in nature. The above aggregate compensation amount includes payment of director’s fees. Formula compensates its external directors and other directors in accordance with the regulations promulgated under the Companies Law. Summary Compensation Table For so long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer, we are not required to comply with the proxy rules applicable to U.S. domestic companies, including the requirement to disclose information concerning the amount and type of compensation paid to its chief executive officer, chief financial officer and the three other most highly compensated executive officers, rather than an aggregate, basis. Nevertheless, regulations promulgated under the Israeli Companies Law require us to disclose the annual compensation of our five most highly compensated office holders on an individual basis. Under the Companies Law regulations, this disclosure is required to be included in the annual proxy statement for our annual meeting of shareholders each year, which we furnish to the SEC under cover of a Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 6-K. Because of that disclosure requirement under Israeli law, we are also including such information in this annual report, pursuant to the disclosure requirements of Form 20-F. The tables below reflect the compensation granted to our five most highly compensated office holders during or with respect to the year ended December 31, 2015. All amounts reported in the table reflect the cost to the Company, as recognized in our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015. 87 Compensation of Management (1) Name and Position(2), (3) Guy Bernstein – CEO Salary ($) 471,125 Benefits And Perquisites ($) (4) Variable Compensation ($) (6) Equity Based Compensation ($) (5) (7) (1) All amounts reported in the table are in terms of cost to Formula, as recorded in Formula’s financial statements. We have only one office holder who is a member of management who is compensated by Formula. For disclosure concerning compensation paid by us to our remaining four most highly compensated office holders (all of whom are directors), please see the table under “Compensation of Directors” below. (2) The executive officer listed in the table is a full-time employee or consultants of Formula. Cash compensation amounts denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar were converted into U.S. dollars at the average conversion rate for 2014. (3) Our Chief Financial Officer, Asaf Berenstin, also serves as the chief financial officer of Magic Software. Pursuant to an agreement between Magic Software and Formula, Mr. Berenstin allocates 25%-40% of his time to Formula. Because he is not compensated by our Formula, Mr. Berenstin is not listed in this table. (4) Amounts reported in this column include benefits and perquisites, including those mandated by applicable law. Such benefits and perquisites may include, to the extent applicable to the executive officer, payments, contributions and/or allocations for savings funds, pension, severance, vacation, car or car allowance, medical insurances and benefits, risk insurances (e.g., life, disability, accident), convalescence pay, payments for social security, tax gross-up payments and other benefits and perquisites consistent with the Company’s guidelines. (5) Amounts reported in this column represent the expense recorded in our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015 with respect to equity- based compensation. Assumptions and key variables used in the calculation of such amounts are described in paragraph (x) of Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements, contained elsewhere in this annual report. (6) Under his service agreement with us, our chief executive officer, is entitled to an annual bonus in an amount equal to 3.3% of our net profit (including capital gains) after tax. An advance of 70% of the estimated bonus with respect to each year is paid over the course of the year, divided into quarterly installments, which is estimated based on our quarterly financial statements and is subject to final adjustment at the end of the year. (7) In March 2012, concurrently with the amendment and extension of Mr. Bernstein’s service agreement as our Chief Executive Officer, our Board of Directors awarded him options exercisable for 1,122,782 ordinary shares of Formula, which took the place of 543,840 redeemable ordinary shares that had been granted to him in March 2011 and had been redeemed by Formula. The exercise price of the options granted in March 2012 was NIS 0.01 per share, and the options were exercised in their entirety in June 2013 by Mr. Bernstein. Our redemption right with respect to the ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of these options lapses in equal quarterly installments over an eight-year period that commenced in March 2012 and concludes in December 31, 2019. This March 2012 grant has been accounted for by Formula as a modification to the March 2011 grant to Mr. Bernstein. The total compensation expense that we recorded in our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015 in respect of Mr. Bernstein’s March 2012 option grant (constituting his equity compensation for all of 2015) was $ 2.9 million. 88 Compensation of Directors The following table sets forth information with respect to compensation of our directors (none of whom serves as an employee of our company) during fiscal year 2015. The fees to the directors were paid by Formula. Name and Principal Position Marek Panek - Chairman Rafal Kozlowski - Director Dafna Cohen - Director Eli Zamir - External Director Iris Yahal - External Director Total Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($)(1) 33,650 33,650 57,800 37,800 37,800 (1) All amounts reported in the table are in terms of cost to Formula, as recorded in Formula’s financial statements. Option Grants to, and Service Agreement with, Chief Executive Officer In January 2009, we granted to our Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Guy Bernstein, in connection with his service agreement with us, options to purchase 396,000 Formula ordinary shares, exercisable at an exercise price of NIS 0.01 per share. These options were to vest over a three-year period, commencing on December 17, 2008, on a quarterly basis (except that they would accelerate immediately prior to the announcement of Formula’s 2010 dividend). In accordance with the accelerated vesting provisions of the grant, Mr. Bernstein exercised all of the options in April 2010, prior to the distribution by Formula of its 2010 dividend. In accordance with the terms of the option grant, the shares issued upon exercise of the option were deposited with a trustee and Mr. Bernstein was not permitted to vote or dispose of them until the shares were to be released from the trust, as described in the grant letter. In January 2011, in contemplation of our amendment and extension of Mr. Bernstein’s service agreement with us, our board of directors determined that it was consistent with the intent of the original grant to immediately release from the trust 135,960 shares that had been issued upon exercise, after the lapse of two years since the option grant date. As of December 31, 2011 the remaining 260,040 shares were fully vested, although they remained in the trust. In March 2011, concurrently with the amendment and extension of our Chief Executive Officer’s service agreement, we granted to him options that were immediately exercisable for 543,840 redeemable ordinary shares of Formula. The options were to vest, i.e., our redemption right with respect to the options and the underlying ordinary shares issuable upon exercise was to lapse, in equal quarterly installments over a four year period that commenced in December 2011 and was to conclude in December 2015. The exercise price of the options was NIS 0.01 per share. Total fair value of the grant was calculated based on the share price on the grant date and totaled $ 9.06 million ($ 16.65 per share). In May 2011, Mr. Bernstein exercised all of these options for redeemable shares. In December 2011, at which time we were negotiating an amendment and extension of our Chief Executive Officer’s service agreement, we redeemed all of the above-described 543,840 shares for no consideration. In March 2012, concurrently with the amendment and extension of our Chief Executive Officer’s service agreement, we approved a grant of options to him, exercisable for 1,122,782 ordinary shares of Formula as long as the Chief Executive Officer is (i) a director of Formula and/or (ii) a director of each of the directly held subsidiaries of Formula; provided that if he fails to meet the foregoing requirement (A) due to the request of the board of directors of either Formula or any of its directly held subsidiaries (other than a request which is based on actions or omissions by the Chief Executive Officer that would constitute "cause" under his service agreement with Formula), (B) because the Chief Executive Officer is prohibited under the governing law or charter documents of the relevant company or the stock exchange rules and regulations applicable to such company from being a director of such company (other than due to his actions or omissions) or (C) notwithstanding the Chief Executive Officer’s willingness to be so appointed (but provided that neither (A) nor (B) applies); then, in each of (A), (B) and (C), the Chief Executive Officer will be deemed to have complied with clauses (i) or (ii) above. The options vest, i.e., our redemption right with respect to the options and the underlying ordinary shares issuable upon exercise lapses, in equal quarterly installments over an eight year period that commenced in March 2012 and concludes in December 2019. The exercise price of the options is NIS 0.01 per share. In accordance with the terms of the option grant, the shares issuable upon exercise of the option will be deposited with a trustee and our Chief Executive Officer will not be permitted to vote or dispose of them until the shares are released from the trust, as described in the grant letter. 89 In June 2013, all 1,122,782 options were exercised into ordinary shares. Such ordinary shares have been deposited with a trustee and, pursuant to the terms of our 2011 Plan and the option agreement with respect to such options, our chief executive officer is not permitted to vote or dispose of them until the shares are released from the trust. All shares participate in dividends and have the right to vote, however for so long as the shares are held by the trustee (even if they have vested) the voting rights may only be exercised by the trustee. In accordance with the guidelines of our 2011 Share Incentive Plan for so long as the shares underlying any grant under the plan are being held by the trustee they will be voted by the trustee in the same proportion as the results of the other shares voting in the shareholder meeting. Only those shares for which the vesting period has expired may be collected from the trustee. As of April 30, 2016, all 1,122,782 shares were deposited with the trustee and 596,478 ordinary shares were vested. Under his service agreement with us, Mr. Guy Bernstein, as our Chief Executive Officer, is entitled to a monthly salary, as well as an annual bonus in an amount equal to 3.3% of our net profit (including capital gains) after tax. An advance of 70% of the estimated bonus with respect to each year is paid over the course of the year, divided into quarterly installments, which is estimated based on our quarterly financial statements and is subject to final adjustment at the end of the year. For a description of our 2008 Share Option Plan and 2011 Share Incentive Plan pursuant to which Mr. Bernstein’s options have been granted and other options or share awards may be granted from time to time to our directors, executive officers, employees and consultants, see “Item 6.E. Share Ownership— Arrangements Involving the Issue or Grant of Options to Purchase Shares” below. C. Board Practices Pursuant to our amended and restated articles of association, or our articles, directors are generally elected at the annual general meeting of shareholders by a vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power represented at the meeting. Our existing board of directors may also appoint a new director to the board, assuming that the then-authorized size of the board, as last approved by our shareholders, exceeds the number of directors then serving on the board, whether due to a resignation or otherwise, in which case the newly appointed director holds office until the next annual general meeting of shareholders immediately following such appointment. Our board is currently comprised of five persons, of which each of Dafna Cohen, Eli Zamir and Iris Yahal has been determined by the board to be independent within the meaning of the Listing Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market (or the NASDAQ listing rules), on which our ADSs are listed for trading. Mr. Zamir and Ms. Yahal serve as our external directors, as mandated under Israeli law, and are therefore subject to additional criteria to help ensure their independence. See “External Directors Under the Companies Law” below. Each of our directors, except for the external directors, holds office until the next annual general meeting of shareholders and may then be re-elected. Our officers are appointed by our board of directors. Under the Companies Law, a person who lacks the necessary qualifications and the ability to devote an appropriate amount of time to the performance of his or her duties as a director shall not be appointed director of a publicly traded company. While determining a person’s compliance with such provisions, the company’s special requirements and its scope of business shall be taken into consideration. Where the agenda of a shareholders meeting of a publicly traded company includes the appointment of directors, each director nominee should submit a declaration to the company confirming that he or she has the necessary qualifications and that he or she is able to devote an appropriate amount of time to performance of his or her duties as a director. In the declaration, the director nominee should specify his or her qualifications and confirm that the restrictions set out in the Companies Law do not apply. 90 Under the Companies Law, if a director ceases to comply with any of the requirements provided in the Companies Law, such director must immediately notify the company, and his or her term of service shall terminate on the date of the notice. External Directors Under the Companies Law Under the Companies Law, companies incorporated under the laws of Israel whose shares have been offered to the public in or outside of Israel, are required to appoint at least two external directors. This law provides that a person may not be appointed as an external director if the person is a relative of the controlling shareholder of the company or if that person or his or her relative, partner, employer, another person to whom he or she was directly or indirectly subject, or any entity under the person’s control, has, as of the date of the person’s appointment to serve as external director, or had, during the two years preceding that date: (a) any affiliation or other disqualifying relationship with the company, with any person or entity controlling the company or a relative of such person, or with any entity controlled by or under common control with the company; or (b) in the case of a company with no shareholder holding 25% or more of its voting rights, had at the date of appointment as an external director, any affiliation or other disqualifying relationship with a person then serving as chairman of the board or chief executive officer, a holder of 5% or more of the issued share capital or voting power in the company or the most senior financial officer. The term “affiliation” and the similar types of prohibited relationships include: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) an employment relationship; a business or professional relationship, even if not maintained on a regular basis (but excluding a de minimis level relationship); control; and service as an office holder. The term "office holder" is defined under the Israeli Companies Law as a general manager, chief business manager, deputy general manager, vice general manager, any other person assuming the responsibilities of any of these positions regardless of that person's title, a director and any other manager directly subordinate to the general manager. No person may serve as an external director if the person’s position or other business activities create, or may create, a conflict of interest with the person’s responsibilities as an external director or may otherwise interfere with the person’s ability to serve as an external director or if the person is an employee of the Israel Securities Authority or of an Israeli stock exchange. A person may furthermore not continue to serve as an external director if he or she received, during his or her tenure as an external director, direct or indirect compensation from the company including amounts paid pursuant to indemnification or exculpation contracts or commitments and insurance coverage for his or her service as an external director, other than as permitted by the Israeli Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder. If, at the time of election of an external director, all other directors who are not the company's controlling persons or their relatives are of the same gender, the external director to be elected must be of the other gender. A director of one company may not be appointed as an external director of another company if a director of the other company is acting as an external director of the first company at such time. External directors are elected by a majority vote at a shareholders’ meeting, provided that either: (cid:120) (cid:120) such majority includes at least a majority of the shares held by all shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and do not have a personal interest in the election of the external director (other than a personal interest not deriving from a relationship with a controlling shareholder) that are voted at the meeting, excluding abstentions, to which we refer as a disinterested majority, or the total number of shares voted by non-controlling shareholders and by shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the election of the external director against the election of the external director does not exceed two percent (2%) of the aggregate voting rights in the company. According to regulations promulgated under the Israeli Companies Law, a person may be appointed as an external director only if he or she has professional qualifications or if he or she has accounting and financial expertise (each, as defined below). In addition, at least one of the external directors must be determined by our board of directors to have accounting and financial expertise. A director with “accounting and financial expertise” is a director that due to his or her education, experience and skills has a high expertise and understanding in financial and accounting matters and financial statements, in such a manner which allows him to deeply understand the financial statements of the company and initiate a discussion about the presentation of financial data. A director is deemed to have “professional qualifications” if he or she either (i) has an academic degree in economics, business management, accounting, law or public service, (ii) has an academic or other degree or has completed other higher education, all in the field of business of the company or relevant for his/her position, or (iii) has at least five years experience serving in one of the following capacities, or at least five years of cumulative experience serving in two or more of the following capacities: (a) a senior business management position in a company with a significant volume of business; (b) a senior position in the company's primary field of business; or (c) a senior position in public administration or service. Our board of directors has determined that Ms. Iris Yahal and Mr. Eli Zamir have the requisite professional qualifications and expertise as required of our external directors under the Companies Law. 91 An external director may be removed from office only: (i) by a court, upon determination that the external director to be so removed ceased to meet the statutory qualifications for his or her appointment or if he or she violated his or her duty of loyalty to the company or (ii) by the same percentage of shareholders, acting through a shareholders meeting, as is required for his or her election, if the board of directors has determined that the external director to be so removed has ceased to meet the statutory qualifications for his or her appointment or violated his or her duty of loyalty to the company and has proposed the removal to the shareholders. An external director who ceases to meet the conditions for his or her service as such must notify the company immediately and such service shall cease immediately upon such notification. The initial term of an external director is three years and may be extended by the general meeting of shareholders, for up to two additional three year terms, provided that (i) his or her service for each such additional term is recommended by one or more shareholders holding at least 1% of the company's voting rights and is approved at a shareholders meeting by a disinterested majority, where the total number of shares held by non-controlling, disinterested shareholders voting for such reelection exceeds 2% of the aggregate voting rights in the company, provided that the external director and certain of his or her related parties meet additional independence requirements; or (ii) his or her service for each such additional term is recommended by the board of directors and is approved at a meeting of shareholders by the same majority required for the initial election of an external director. In December 2015, Mr. Zamir and Ms. Yahal were reappointed as our external directors, each to hold office until December 2018. In accordance with the regulations under the Companies Law (Relief for Public Companies Whose Shares are Listed on a Stock Exchange Outside of Israel, 2000), dual listed companies, like us, whose securities are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market or one of a number of other non-Israeli stock exchanges, may re-appoint an external director for additional three-year terms, in excess of the nine years as described above, if the audit committee and the board of directors confirm that, due to the expertise and special contribution of the external director to the work of the board and its committees, his or her re-appointment is in the best interests of the company. The same special majority is required for election of the external director for each additional three-year term. Each committee of a company’s board of directors is required to include at least one external director and the audit committee must include all of the external directors. An external director is entitled to compensation as provided in regulations promulgated under the Companies Law and is otherwise prohibited from receiving any compensation, directly or indirectly, in connection with services provided as an external director or otherwise to the company. Following the termination of an external director’s service on a board of directors, such former external director and his or her spouse and children may not be provided a direct or indirect benefit by the company, its controlling shareholder or any entity under its controlling shareholder’s control, including engagement to serve as an executive officer or director of the company or a company controlled by its controlling shareholder or employment by, or providing services to, any such company for consideration, either directly or indirectly, including through a corporation controlled by the former external director. This restriction extends for a period of two years with regard to the former external director and his or her spouse or child and for one year with respect to other relatives of the former external director. 92 Qualifications of Directors Generally Under the Companies Law Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a publicly traded company is required to make a determination as to the minimum number of directors (not merely external directors) who must have accounting and financial expertise (according to the same criteria described above with respect to external directors under “—External Directors Under the Companies Law”). In accordance with the Companies Law, the determination of the board should be based on, among other things, the type of the company, its size, the volume and complexity of its activities and the number of directors. Based on the foregoing considerations, our board determined that the number of directors with financial and accounting expertise in our company shall not be less than one. As described above under “—External Directors Under the Companies Law,” currently Ms. Iris Yahal and Mr. Eli Zamir have been determined by the board to possess such accounting and financial expertise. Unaffiliated Directors Under the Companies Law Under the Companies Law, the audit committee of a publicly traded company must consist of a majority of unaffiliated directors. An “unaffiliated director” is defined as an external director or a director who meets the following criteria: (cid:120) (cid:120) he or she meets the qualifications for being appointed as an external director, except for (i) the requirement that the director be an Israeli resident (which does not apply to companies whose securities have been offered outside of Israel or are listed outside of Israel) and (ii) the requirement for accounting and financial expertise or professional qualifications; and he or she has not served as a director of the company for a period exceeding nine consecutive years. For this purpose, a break of less than two years in the service shall not be deemed to interrupt the continuation of the service. Audit Committee In addition to the foregoing requirement with respect to the majority of its members being unaffiliated directors, the Companies Law requires public companies such as ours to appoint an audit committee, comprised of at least three directors, including all of the external directors, one of whom must serve as chairman of the committee. The chairman of the board of directors, or any director employed by or otherwise providing services on a regular basis to the company or to a controlling shareholder or any entity controlled by a controlling shareholder, may not be a member of the audit committee. Under the Companies Law, our audit committee is responsible for (i) determining whether there are deficiencies in the business management practices of the company, including in consultation with the company’s internal auditor or the independent auditor, and making recommendations to the board of directors to improve such practices, (ii) determining whether to approve certain related party transactions , including transactions in which an office holder has a personal interest and whether such transaction is extraordinary or material, (iii) establishing the approval process (including, potentially, the approval of the audit committee) for certain transactions with a controlling shareholder or in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, (iv) where the board of directors approves the working plan of the internal auditor, examining such working plan before its submission to the board and propose amendments thereto, (v) examining the company's internal controls and internal auditor's performance, including whether the internal auditor has sufficient resources and tools to dispose of his responsibilities (taking into consideration the company's special needs and size), (vi) examining the scope of the company's auditor's work and compensation and submitting a recommendation with respect thereto to the board of directors or the general meeting of shareholders, depending on which of them is considering the appointment of our auditor and (vii) establishing procedures with respect to the handling of company employees' complaints as to the management of the company's business and the protection to be provided to such employees. In compliance with regulations under the Companies Law, our audit committee also approves our financial statements, thereby fulfilling the requirement that a board committee provide such approval. An audit committee may not approve an action requiring its approval, unless at the time of approval a majority of the committee’s members are present, of whom a majority consist of unaffiliated directors and at least one of them is an external director. The NASDAQ listing rules and U.S. securities laws likewise require that we maintain an audit committee, all of whose members are independent of management. In accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the NASDAQ requirements, our audit committee’s direct responsibilities include the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of our independent auditors (which itself also requires shareholder ratification under Israeli law). The committee’s U.S. and NASDAQ mandated responsibilities also include assisting the board in monitoring our financial statements and the effectiveness of our internal controls. We have adopted a formal audit committee charter that we have implemented, embodying these responsibilities. 93 Our audit committee consists of our two external directors, Mr. Eli Zamir and Ms. Iris Yahal, as well as Ms. Dafna Cohen. Each of Mr. Zamir, Ms.Yahal and Ms. Cohen qualifies as an independent director under both the NASDAQ listing rules and Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act. The board has furthermore determined that Ms. Cohen is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by applicable SEC regulations. See “Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert.” Compensation Committee and Compensation Policy Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint a compensation committee. The compensation committee must be comprised of at least three directors, including all of the external directors, who must constitute a majority of the members of the compensation committee. However, subject to certain exceptions, Israeli companies whose securities are traded on stock exchanges such as the NASDAQ Global Select Market, and who do not have a controlling shareholder, do not have to meet this majority requirement; provided, however, that the compensation committee meets other Companies Law composition requirements, as well as the requirements of the jurisdiction where the company's securities are traded. Each compensation committee member who is not an external director must be a director whose compensation does not exceed an amount that may be paid to an external director. The compensation committee is subject to the same Israeli Companies Law restrictions as the audit committee as to who may not be a member of the compensation committee. The duties of the compensation committee include the recommendation to the company's board of directors of a policy regarding the terms of engagement of office holders, to which we refer as a compensation policy. That policy must be adopted by the company's board of directors, after considering the recommendations of the compensation committee, and will need to be brought for approval by the company's shareholders, which approval requires what we refer to as a Special Majority Approval for Compensation. A Special Majority Approval for Compensation requires shareholder approval by a majority vote of the shares present and voting at a meeting of shareholders called for such purpose, provided that either: (a) such majority includes at least a majority of the shares held by all shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and do not have a personal interest in such compensation arrangement; or (b) the total number of shares of non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the compensation arrangement and who vote against the arrangement does not exceed 2% of the company's aggregate voting rights. We adopted a compensation policy during 2013. The compensation policy serves as the basis for decisions concerning the financial terms of employment or engagement of office holders, including exculpation, insurance, indemnification or any monetary payment or obligation of payment in respect of employment or engagement. The compensation policy must relate to certain factors, including advancement of the company's objectives, the company's business plan and its long-term strategy, and creation of appropriate incentives for office holders. It must also consider, among other things, the company's risk management, size and the nature of its operations. The compensation policy must furthermore consider the following additional factors: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) the knowledge, skills, expertise and accomplishments of the relevant office holder; the office holder's roles and responsibilities and prior compensation agreements with him or her; the relationship between the terms offered and the average compensation of the other employees of the company, including those employed through manpower companies; the impact of disparities in salary upon work relationships in the company; the possibility of reducing variable compensation at the discretion of the board of directors; the possibility of setting a limit on the exercise value of non-cash variable equity-based compensation; and as to severance compensation, the period of service of the office holder, the terms of his or her compensation during such service period, the company's performance during that period of service, the person's contribution towards the company's achievement of its goals and the maximization of its profits, and the circumstances under which the person is leaving the company. 94 The compensation policy must also include the following principles: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) the link between variable compensation and long-term performance and measurable criteria; the relationship between variable and fixed compensation, and the ceiling for the value of variable compensation; the conditions under which an office holder would be required to repay compensation paid to him or her if it was later shown that the data upon which such compensation was based was inaccurate and was required to be restated in the company's financial statements; the minimum holding or vesting period for variable, equity-based compensation; and (cid:120) (cid:120) maximum limits for severance compensation. The compensation committee is responsible for (a) recommending the compensation policy to a company's board of directors for its approval (and subsequent approval by its shareholders) and (b) duties related to the compensation policy and to the compensation of a company's office holders as well as functions previously fulfilled by a company's audit committee with respect to matters related to approval of the terms of engagement of office holders, including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) recommending whether a compensation policy should continue in effect, if the then-current policy has a term of greater than three (3) years (approval of either a new compensation policy or the continuation of an existing compensation policy must in any case occur every three years); recommending to the board of directors periodic updates to the compensation policy; assessing implementation of the compensation policy; and determining whether the compensation terms of the chief executive officer of the company need not be brought to approval of the shareholders. Our board of directors has adopted a compensation committee charter setting forth the responsibilities of the compensation committee, which include: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) the responsibilities set forth in the compensation policy; reviewing and approving the granting of options and other incentive awards to the extent such authority is delegated by our board of directors; and reviewing, evaluating and making recommendations regarding the compensation and benefits for our non-employee directors. Our compensation committee consists of our two external directors, Mr. Eli Zamir and Ms. Iris Yahal, as well as Ms. Dafna Cohen. Each of the members of our compensation committee qualifies as an independent director under the NASDAQ listing rules. Internal Auditor Under the Companies Law, the board of directors is required to appoint an internal auditor, nominated by the audit committee. The role of the internal auditor is to examine, among other matters, whether the company’s actions comply with the law and orderly business procedure. Under the Companies Law, the internal auditor may be an employee of the company but not an office holder, or an interested party (i.e., a holder of 5% or more of the voting rights in the company or of the issued share capital, the chief executive officer of the company or any of its directors, or a person who has the authority to appoint the company’s chief executive officer or any of its directors), or a relative of an office holder or of an interested party. In addition, the company’s independent auditor or its representative may not serve as the company’s internal auditor. NASDAQ Exemptions for a Foreign Private Issuer We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of NASDAQ listing rule 5005(a)(18), since we are incorporated in Israel and we meet the other criteria set forth for a “foreign private issuer” under Rule 3b-4(c) under the Exchange Act. Therefore, pursuant to NASDAQ listing rule 5615(a)(3), we may follow home country practice in lieu of certain provisions of the NASDAQ listing rule 5600 series and certain other NASDAQ listing rules. Please see “Item 16G. Corporate Governance” below for a description of the manner in which we rely upon home country practice in lieu of complying with certain NASDAQ listing rules. 95 Exculpation, Insurance and Indemnification of Directors and Officers Our office holders consist of the individuals listed in the table under “Directors and Senior Management,” which is displayed under “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees.” Under the Companies Law, an Israeli company may not exempt an office holder from liability with respect to a breach of his or her duty of loyalty, but may exempt in advance an office holder from his or her liability to the company, in whole or in part, with respect to a breach of his duty of care, provided, however, that such a breach is not related to a distribution of a dividend or any other distribution by the company. Office Holders’ Insurance. Our articles provide that, subject to the provisions of the Companies Law, we may enter into a contract for the insurance of the liability of any of our office holders imposed on the office holder in respect of an act performed in his or her capacity as an office holder, with respect to: (cid:120) a breach of his duty of care to us or to another person; (cid:120) a breach of his duty of loyalty to us, provided that the office holder acted in good faith and had reasonable cause to assume that his act would not prejudice our interests; or (cid:120) a financial liability imposed upon him in favor of another person. We have obtained an insurance policy covering the Formula Group’s directors’ and officers’ liability. Our subsidiaries and affiliated company participate in the premium payments of the insurance, on a proportional basis. The total premium we paid during 2015 was approximately $ 149,260. Indemnification of Office Holders. Our articles provide that we may indemnify an office holder in respect of an obligation or expense imposed on or expended by an office holder in respect of an act performed in his capacity as an office holder as specified below: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) a financial obligation imposed on him in favor of another person by any judgment, including a settlement or an arbitrator’s award approved by a court; reasonable litigation expenses, including attorney’s fees, expended by the office holder as a result of an investigation or proceeding instituted against him by a competent authority, provided that such investigation or proceeding concluded without the filing of an indictment against him, and either (i) concluded without the imposition of any financial liability in lieu of criminal proceedings; or (ii) concluded with the imposition of a financial liability in lieu of criminal proceedings but relates to a criminal offense that does not require proof of criminal intent; reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys’ fees, expended by the office holder or charged to him by a court, in proceedings instituted against him by another person, or in a criminal charge from which he was acquitted or in any criminal proceedings of a crime which does not require proof of criminal intent; expenses, including reasonable litigation expenses and legal fees, incurred by an office holder as a result of a proceeding instituted against such office holder in relation to (1) infringements that may impose financial sanction pursuant to the provisions of Chapter H’3 under the Israeli Securities Law, which we refer to as the Securities Law, or (2) administrative infringements pursuant to the provisions of Chapter H’4 under the Securities Law or (3) infringements pursuant to the provisions of Chapter I’1 under the Securities Law; and (v) payments made by the office holder to an injured party for damages suffered under Section 52(54)(a)(1)(a) of the Securities Law. 96 We may undertake to indemnify an office holder as aforesaid, (a) prospectively, provided that in respect of (i) above, the undertaking is limited to categories of events that in the opinion of our board of directors are foreseeable in light of our actual operations at the time that the undertaking to indemnify is given, and to the amounts or criteria that our board of directors deems reasonable under the circumstances, and further provided that such events and amount or criteria are set forth in the undertaking to indemnify, but in any event no more than 25% of Formula’s shareholders equity according to its most recent financial statements as of the date of the actual payment of indemnification; and (b) retroactively. Limitations on Exemption, Insurance and Indemnification. The Companies Law provides that a company may not indemnify an office holder, enter into an insurance contract which would provide coverage for any monetary liability, or exempt an office holder from liability, with respect to any of the following: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) a breach by the office holder of his duty of loyalty unless the office holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not prejudice the company; a breach by the office holder of his duty of care if the breach was done intentionally or recklessly, except for a breach that was made in negligence; any act or omission done with the intent to derive an illegal personal benefit; any fine levied against the office holder; or a counterclaim made by the company or in its name in connection with a claim against the company filed by the office holder. In addition, under the Companies Law, indemnification of, and procurement of insurance coverage for, our office holders must be approved by our audit committee and our board of directors and, in specified circumstances, by our shareholders. We have entered into undertakings to indemnify our office holders in specified limited categories of events and in specified amounts, subject to the limitations set by the Companies Law and our articles, as described above. For more information, see “Item 7.B. Related Party Transactions – Indemnification of Office Holders.” Directors’ Severance Benefits Upon Termination of Employment We have not entered into any service contracts with any members of our board of directors that provide for specific benefits upon termination of employment, as none of our directors is employed by us or otherwise subject to a consulting or similar contract with us that provides benefits upon termination of employment or service. The only severance pay benefits that we provide are provided to employees as required under Israeli law and are described below in the section titled “Employees”. D. Employees The table below sets forth the average number of employees employed by us, as allocated (i) among our four significant subsidiaries through December 31, 2015 and (ii) by geographical area of employment, during each of the last three fiscal years: Matrix Magic Software Sapiens Insync Total 2013 2014 2015 6,518 1,302 938 - 8,758 7,260 1,181 1,017 650- 10,108 7,644 1,203 1,573 561 10,981 With respect to our employees in Israel, we are subject to various Israeli labor laws and labor practices, and to administrative orders extending certain provisions of collective bargaining agreements between the Histadrut (Israel’s General Federation of Labor) and the Coordinating Bureau of Economic Organizations (the Israeli federation of employers’ organizations) to all private sector employees. For example, mandatory cost of living adjustments, which compensate Israeli employees for a portion of the increase in the Israeli consumer price index, are determined, from time to time, on a nationwide basis. Israeli law also requires the payment of severance benefits upon the termination, retirement (in some instances) or death of an employee. We meet this requirement by (i) contributing on an ongoing basis towards “managers’ insurance” funds that combine pension, insurance and, if applicable, severance pay benefits and (ii) payment of differences, if applicable. In addition, Israeli employers and employees are required to pay specified percentages of wages to the National Insurance Institute. Other provisions of Israeli law or regulation govern matters such as the length of the workday, minimum wages, other terms of employment and restrictions on discrimination. 97 We are also subject to the labor laws and regulations of other jurisdictions in the world where we have employees. E. Share Ownership As of April 30, 2016, none of our directors or officers owned any shares of our company (whether actual ordinary shares or shares issuable upon exercise of options), except for Mr. Guy Bernstein, our Chief Executive Officer, and Mr. Asaf Berenstin, as described below. None of the ordinary shares beneficially owned by Mr. Bernstein have voting rights different from those possessed by other holders of Formula’s ordinary shares. At the current time, based on information he has provided to us, Mr. Guy Bernstein owns 260,040 of Formula’s ordinary shares, and furthermore holds the above 1,122,782 shares, which were issued ot him upon the exercise of options granted to him in March 2012 (as described above under “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees— B. Compensation— Option Grants to, and Service Agreement with, Chief Executive Officer”) and of which as of April 30, 2016, 596,478 are vested and the remainder are subject to restrictions. At the current time, based on information he has provided to us, Mr. Asaf Berenstin owns 10,000 of Formula’s ordinary shares, which were granted to him in November 2014 (as described on Note 13(b) to our consolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in this annual report) and of which as of April 30, 2016, 3,125 are vested and the remainder are subject to restrictions. Arrangements Involving the Issue or Grant of Options to Purchase Shares Formula’s 2008 Share Option Plan In March 2008, our shareholders approved the adoption of Formula’s 2008 Employee and Office Holders Share Option Plan, which we refer to as the 2008 Plan. Pursuant to the 2008 Plan, we may grant from time to time to our and our subsidiaries’ employees and office holders (which are not Formula’s controlling shareholders) options to purchase up to 400,000 ordinary shares of Formula. The 2008 Plan is administered by our board of directors. The 2008 Plan provides that options may be granted, from time to time, to such grantees to be determined by our board of directors, at such exercise prices and under such terms as shall be determined by the board at its sole and absolute discretion. Options may be granted under the 2008 Plan through January 2018. Of the options available for grant under the 2008 Plan, we granted, in January 2009, options to purchase 396,000 ordinary shares to our Chief Executive Officer, each exercisable at an exercise price of NIS 0.01. (Please see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees— B. Compensation— Option Grants to, and Service Agreement with, Chief Executive Officer” for a description of that grant.) As of April 30, 2015, options to purchase 4,000 shares remain available for future grants under the 2008 Plan. 98 Formula’s 2011 Share Incentive Plan In March 2011, our board of directors adopted Formula’s 2011 Share Incentive Plan, which we refer to as the 2011 Plan. Pursuant to the 2011 Plan, we may grant from time to time to our and our subsidiaries’ employees, office holders (which are not Formula’s controlling shareholders) and consultants options to purchase, share based awards or restricted shares with respect to, up to an aggregate of 545,000 ordinary shares of Formula. The 2011 Plan is administered by our board of directors. The 2011 Plan provides that options, restricted shares or other stock-based awards may be granted, from time to time, to such grantees to be determined by our board of directors, at such exercise prices and with such vesting or other terms as shall be determined by the board at its sole and absolute discretion. Options may be granted under the 2011 Plan through March 2021. In March 2012, our board of directors increased the amount of ordinary shares reserved for issuance under the 2011 Share Incentive Plan by 1,200,000 shares. Of the options available for grant under the 2011 Plan, we approved the grant, in March 2011, of options to purchase 543,840 ordinary shares to our Chief Executive Officer, each to be exercisable for no consideration and, in March 2012, we approved the grant of options to purchase 1,122,782 ordinary shares to our Chief Executive Officer, each to be exercisable for NIS 0.01 per share. (Please see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees— B. Compensation— Option Grants to, and Service Agreement with, Chief Executive Officer” for a description of that grant.) On November 13, 2014, our board of directors approved the grant of 10,000 restricted shares to our chief financial officer under the 2011 Plan. These restricted shares vest on a quarterly basis over a four-year period, commencing on November 13, 2014 and concluding on November 13, 2018, provided that during such time the chief financial officer will continue to serve as (i) an officer of Formula and/or (ii) an officer in one of the directly held affiliates, except that if he fail to meet the service condition due to the request of the board of directors of either Formula or any of its directly held affiliates (other than a termination of his provision of services which is based on actions or omissions by him that will constitute “cause” under his grant agreement with Formula); then, the chief financial officer will be deemed to have complied with clauses (i) or (ii) above. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a change of control of Formula occurs, then all unvested restricted shares will immediately become vested. As of April 30, 2016, options to purchase 68,378 shares remain available for future grants under the 2011 Plan. Option Plans of Our Subsidiaries Our subsidiaries generally have share option plans pursuant to which qualified directors, employees and consultants may be granted options for the purchase of securities of the subsidiaries. ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS A. Major Shareholders The following table presents information regarding the beneficial ownership (as defined in Form 20-F promulgated by the SEC) of Formula’s ordinary shares as of April 30, 2016 by each person known to us to be the beneficial owner of 5% or more of Formula’s ordinary shares based on information provided to us by our shareholders or disclosed in public filings with the SEC. Percentages expressed in the below table are based on 14,728,782 ordinary shares outstanding as of April 30, 2016 (which includes ordinary shares subject to restrictions and repurchase by us). Ordinary shares represented by ADSs are included both in the number of our outstanding ordinary shares and in determining the beneficial ownership of any particular shareholder or group of shareholders. None of the holders of the ordinary shares listed in the below table has voting rights different from other holders of Formula’s ordinary shares. Except where indicated otherwise, we believe, based on information furnished by these owners, that each of the beneficial owners of Formula’s shares listed below has sole investment and voting power with respect to such shares. 99 Name Asseco Poland S.A. (3) Guy Bernstein(4) Menora Mivtachim Holdings Ltd.(5) All directors and executive officers as a group (6 persons) * Less than 1% Number of Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned (1) Percentage of Ownership (2) 6,823,602 856,518 757,552(4) 716,795(6) 46.3% 5.8% 5.2% 5.8% (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission and generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Ordinary shares relating to options currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of the date of this table are deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of the person holding such securities but are not deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of any other person. Except as indicated by footnote, and subject to community property laws where applicable, the persons named in the table above have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares shown as beneficially owned by them. The percentages shown are based on 14,728,782 ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of April 30, 2015. Based on the Schedule 13D filed by Asseco with the SEC on December 6, 2010. Due to the public ownership of its shares, Asseco is not controlled by any other corporation or any one individual or group of shareholders. Includes 856.518 ordinary shares held in trust for Mr. Bernstein. In April 2010, Mr. Bernstein, the Company's Chief Executive Officer, exercised options to purchase 260,040 ordinary shares previously granted to him, in connection with his service agreement. In accordance with the terms of the grant, all 260,040 ordinary shares are currently deposited with a trustee and Mr. Bernstein is not permitted to vote or dispose of them until the shares are released from the trust, upon Mr. Bernstein’s request. Furthermore, in March 2012, concurrently with the amendment and extension of Mr. Bernstein’s service agreement, we approved a grant of options to him, exercisable for 1,122,782 ordinary shares, subject to certain vesting conditions. In June 2013, all 1,122,782 options were exercised into shares however they have been deposited per the grant agreement with a trustee. In accordance with the terms of that second option grant, the shares issuable upon exercise of the option have be deposited with a trustee and Mr. Bernstein will not be permitted to dispose of them until the shares are released from the trust, as described in the grant letter. Furthermore, Mr. Bernstein has granted a voting proxy to Asseco in respect of these ordinary shares. As of April 30, 2016, 596,478 of such ordinary shares have vested and may be released to Mr. Bernstein upon his request. Because of the foregoing limitations on voting and investment power, other than the 856,518 which may be released to Mr. Bernstein on request, none of the ordinary shares held by Mr. Bernstein are deemed to be beneficially owned by him. Based on Amendment No. 2 to the Schedule 13G filed by Menora Mivtachim Holdings Ltd., or Menora Holdings on February 16, 2016. Menora Holdings is a holding company publicly-traded on the TASE. 61.986% of Menora Holdings’ outstanding shares are held directly and indirectly by the family of Menachem Gurevitch, 2.76% are held by other affiliates of Menora Holdings and 38.135% are publicly held. Such ordinary shares are held for members of the public through, among others, provident funds and/or mutual funds and/or pension funds and/or index-linked securities and/or insurance policies, which are managed by subsidiaries of Menora Holdings, each of which subsidiaries operates under independent management and makes independent voting and investment decisions. (6) Includes options held in trust for Guy Bernstein, our Chief Executive Officer, as described in Note 3 above and 3,125 shares, which is the vested portion of the aggregate of 10,000 restricted shares granted to Mr. Asaf Berenstin, as of April 30, 2016. 100 As of April 30, 2016, 14,728,782 ordinary shares were issued and outstanding, which excludes 24,780 ordinary shares that we purchased during 2002 and 543,840 that we purchased during 2011. On May 7, 2016, we had two shareholders of record, one of which was a United States record holder. The number of record holders is not representative of the number of beneficial holders of our ordinary shares, as the shares of all shareholders (including shares represented by ADSs) are recorded in the name of our Israeli share registrar, Israel Discount Bank Limited’s registrar company. All of our ordinary shares (including shares represented by ADSs) have equal voting rights. However, under applicable Israeli law, the shares that we have repurchased and currently hold have no voting rights and, therefore, are excluded from the number of our outstanding shares. As of April 30, 2016, 191,690 ADSs were issued and outstanding pursuant to a depositary agreement with The Bank of New York Mellon, representing approximately 1.3% of our ordinary shares. As of that date, there were approximately 15 registered holders of our ADSs, of whom 12 record holders were United States residents. Such number of record holders is not representative of the actual number of beneficial holders of our ADSs in the United States. We are unaware of any arrangements which may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of Formula. B. Related Party Transactions Indemnification of Office Holders We have undertaken to indemnify each of our office holders. Our office holders’ indemnification letters provide, among other things, that we will indemnify each of our office holders to the maximum extent permitted by our articles. Advance payments for coverage of legal expenses in criminal proceedings will be required to be repaid by an office holder to the company if such office holder is found guilty of a crime which requires proof of criminal intent, or if it is determined that the office holder is not lawfully entitled to such indemnification. All of the indemnification letters granted to our office holders are identical, including indemnification letters granted to office holders who are or may be considered “controlling persons” under the Companies Law. The indemnification is limited to the expenses and matters detailed in the indemnification letters insofar as they result from an office holder’s actions in connection with, among other things, the following matters: the offering of securities by us to the public or to private investors; the offer by us to purchase securities from the public, private investors or other holders, whether pursuant to a prospectus, agreement, notice, report, tender or any other proceeding; our labor relations and/or employment matters and our trade relations; the development or testing of products developed by us, or the distribution, sale, license or use of such products; and occurrences in connection with investments made by us. Our undertaking for indemnification is limited to up to 25% of our shareholders’ equity as it appears in our latest financial statements known at the date of indemnification, calculated with respect to each director and officer of Formula. Our undertaking for indemnification shall not apply to a liability incurred as a result of any of the following: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) a breach by an office holder of his or her fiduciary duty, except, to the extent permitted by law, for a breach while acting in good faith and having reasonable cause to assume that the action was in our best interest; a grossly negligent or intentional violation of the office holder’s duty of care; an intentional action in which the office holder intended to reap a personal gain illegally; a fine, civil fine or financial sanction levied against and/or imposed upon the office holder; 101 (v) (vi) a proceeding instituted against the office holder pursuant to the provisions of Chapter H’3, H’4 or I’1 under the Securities Law, except as otherwise permitted in the undertaking; or a counterclaim brought by us or in our name in connection with a claim against us filed by the office holder, other than by way of defense or by way of third party notice in connection with a claim brought against the office holder by us, or in specific cases in which our board of directors has approved the initiation or bringing of such suit by the office holder, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld. We shall not be required to indemnify an office holder, if the office holder, or anyone on his or her behalf, already received payment in respect of a liability subject to indemnification, under an effective insurance coverage or an effective indemnification arrangement with a third party, provided, however, that if such payment made to the office holder does not cover the entire liability subject to the indemnification, we shall indemnify the office holder in respect of the difference between the amount paid to the office holder and the liability subject to the indemnification. Office Holders’ Insurance We have obtained an insurance policy covering the Formula Group’s directors’ and officers’ liability. Our subsidiaries participate in the premium payments of the insurance, on a proportional basis. The total premium Formula paid during 2015 was approximately $149,260. Service Agreement with our Chief Executive Officer We are party to a written service agreement with our Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Guy Bernstein, which was entered into in December 2008 and was amended in March 2011 and in March 2012 and has a term of eighty- four (84) months from the date of such last amendment. This agreement provides for early termination by either side upon 180 days advanced written notice, during which time the Chief Executive Officer will continue to receive service fees. This agreement furthermore contains customary provisions regarding nondisclosure, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. Option Agreement with our Chief Executive Officer For a description of the option agreement with our Chief Executive Officer, please see “Item 6.B. Compensation – Option Grants to, and Service Agreement with, Chief Executive Officer.” Acquisition of Insseco The description of our affiliated company Sapiens’ acquisition of Insseco from Asseco, the majority shareholder of our company, in August 2015, set forth in Item 4.A “History and Development of the Company— Capital Expenditures and Divestitures since January 1, 2013”, is incorporated by reference herein. Under the share purchase agreement for that acquisition, Asseco committed to assign all customer contracts to Insseco that relate to the intellectual property that Sapiens acquired as part of the acquisition. In the event that Asseco cannot obtain the consent of any customer to the assignment of its contract to Insseco, Asseco will hold that customer’s contract in trust for the benefit of Insseco. Under that arrangement, in 2015, Insseco invoiced Asseco in a back-to-back manner for all invoices issued by Asseco on Insseco’s behalf to customers under those contracts that were not yet assigned by Asseco to Insseco. Services Obtained from Asseco During 2015, Asseco provided back-office services to Sapiens wholly-owned subsidiary, Insseco, in an amount totaling approximately $1.7 million. Please see Note 12 to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report for further information. 102 Other Transactions From time to time, in our ordinary course of business, we engage in non-material transactions with our subsidiaries and affiliates where the amount involved in, and the nature of, the transactions are not material to any party to the transaction. We believe that these transactions are made on an arms’ length basis upon terms and conditions no less favorable to us, our subsidiaries and affiliates, as we could obtain from unaffiliated third parties. If we engage with our subsidiaries and affiliates in transactions which are not in the ordinary course of business, we receive the approvals required under the Companies Law. These approvals include audit committee approval, board approval and, in certain circumstances, shareholder approval. See “Item 6.C. Board Practices.” C. Interests of Experts and Counsel Not applicable. ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information Financial Statements Our consolidated financial statements and other financial information are incorporated herein by reference to “Item 18. Financial Statements” below. Export Sales In 2015, 30.0 % of our revenues originated from customers located outside of Israel. For information on our revenues breakdown by geographic market for the past three years, see “Item 4.—Information on the Company— Business Overview— Geographical Distribution of Revenues.” Legal Proceedings In August 2009, a software company and one of its owners filed an arbitration proceeding against Magic Software and one of its subsidiaries, claiming an alleged breach of a non-disclosure agreement between the parties. The plaintiffs sought damages in the amount of approximately NIS 52.0 million (approximately $13.4 million). The arbitrator determined that both Magic Software and its subsidiary breached the non-disclosure agreement. In January 2015 the arbitrator rendered his ruling and determined that Magic Software should pay damages to the plaintiffs. The group’s Equity in gains of affiliated companies, net includes a net impact of $0.7 million resulting from the arbitration. In December 2015, the same software company filed a motion to appoint another arbitrator to the district court in Tel Aviv in order to sue Magic Software for additional damages. The court decided against Magic Software’s position, and appointed an arbitrator. In April 2016, Magic Software submitted a motion to overrule the District's court to the Supreme Court. Magic Software is now waiting for a decision. On September 10, 2014, a motion for certification of a class action (together with a statement of claim) was filed by an alleged shareholder of Formula's subsidiary Matrix against Matrix and Matrix's directors and chief executive officer, and against Formula, as Matrix’s controlling shareholder. The motion included a claim for damages caused, according to the alleged shareholder, to the shareholders of Matrix as a result of the publication of financial statements that included misleading information, which, according to the applicant, have a significant impact on Matrix’s results of operations, a breach of the duty of disclosure under Israeli securities laws and negligent supervision over the financial statements, based on reports regarding the correction of errors discovered in the financial statements of Matrix. On January 13, 2015, the applicant filed an amended request, which included, among other things, a financial expert opinion and an increase to the amount of the claim in accordance with the above request, with the losses to the applicant estimated to be NIS 0.2 million and the losses of the entire group estimated to be NIS 41.0 million (approximately $ 10.5 million). On January 26, 2016, a ruling of the court confirming the agreed withdrawal request which was submitted in October 2015, rejecting the plaintiff's personal claim, and ordered to delete the entire certificate request. The court also partially approved the agreement between the parties for payment of fees and reimbursement of expenses and attorneys` fees. The amounts are immaterial for the Company. 103 On August 27, 2015, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sapiens was summoned to a hearing at a court in Amsterdam in connection with a claim initiated against it by one of its customers. Although the software system provided by the subsidiary has been used by the customer since 2008, the customer now claims that the software system furnished to the customer did not comply with the requirements of the customer and that the subsidiary failed to correct errors in the software systems in accordance with the service level agreement between the parties. The remedies sought by the customer are (i) termination of all contracts with the subsidiary and (ii) refund of all amounts paid by the customer to the subsidiary under the foregoing contracts plus damages in an aggregate amount of approximately €21.5 million. As of the date of publication of these financial statements, Sapiens is examining together with its advisors the foregoing claim, the obligations of the subsidiary under the contracts with the customer (including limitations on liability thereunder) and the availability of insurance coverage with respect to the claim. Sapiens has included in its financial statements a provision which reflects the current estimate of the potential outcome of the foregoing claim. Other than the foregoing, we are not involved in any proceedings in which any of our directors, members of our senior management or any of our affiliates is either a party adverse to us or to our subsidiaries or has a material interest adverse to us or to our subsidiaries. Other than the foregoing, we are also not involved in any proceedings which may have, or have had in the recent past, significant effects on our financial position or profitability, except as described below. From time to time, we are subject to legal, administrative and regulatory proceedings, claims, demands and investigations in the ordinary course of business, including claims with respect to intellectual property, contracts, employment and other matters. We apply ASC 450, “Contingencies,” and accrue a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required in the determination of both the probability and as to whether a loss is reasonably estimable. These accruals are reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter. We intend to vigorously defend ourselves against the above claims, and we generally intend to vigorously defend any other legal claims to which we are subject. While for most litigation, the outcome is difficult to determine, to the extent that there is a reasonable possibility that the losses to which we may be subject could exceed the amounts (if any) that it has already accrued, we attempt to estimate such additional loss, if reasonably possible, and disclose it (or, if it is an immaterial amount, indicate accordingly). The aggregate provision that we have recorded for all other legal proceedings (other than the particular material proceeding described above) is not material. Furthermore, in respect of our ordinary course legal, administrative and regulatory proceedings (i.e., other than the particular material proceeding described above), we estimate, in accordance with the procedures described above, that as of the current time there is no reasonable possibility that we will incur material losses exceeding the non-material amounts already recognized. Dividend Policy Under Formula’s dividend policy adopted by its board of directors, sums that are not planned to be used for investments in the near future may be distributed to its shareholders as a cash dividend, to the extent that our performance allows such distribution. In the three most recent fiscal years, Formula has made the following distributions: In January 2016, Formula declared a cash dividend to its shareholders, to be paid in February 2016, of $0.34 per share. The aggregate amount distributed by Formula was approximately $5.0 million. In June 2015, Formula declared a cash dividend to its shareholders, to be paid in August 2015, of $0.34 per share. The aggregate amount distributed by Formula was approximately $5.0 million. 104 In December 2014, Formula declared a cash dividend to its shareholders, to be paid in February 2014, of $0.535 per share. The aggregate amount distributed by Formula was approximately $7.9 million. In June 2014, Formula declared a cash dividend to its shareholders to be paid in July 2014, of $0.48 per share. The aggregate amount distributed by Formula was approximately $7.1 million. In December 2013, Formula declared a cash dividend to its shareholders, to be paid on February 2014, of $0.31 per share. The aggregate amount distributed by Formula was approximately $4.6 million. In June 2013, Formula declared a cash dividend to its shareholders to be paid in July 2013, of $0.37 per share. The aggregate amount distributed by Formula was approximately $5.4 million. In September 2012, Magic Software’s board of directors also adopted a policy for distributing dividends, under which Magic Software will distribute a dividend of up to 50% of its annual distributable profits each year, subject to any applicable law. It is possible that Magic Software’s board of directors will decide, subject to the conditions stated above, to declare additional dividend distributions. Magic Software’s board of directors may at its discretion and at any time, change, whether as a result of a one-time decision or a change in policy, the rate of dividend distributions or determine not to distribute a dividend. In August 2010, Matrix ‘s board of directors decided to change Matrix dividend distribution policy whereby every year, Matrix will distribute a dividend at a rate of 75% (instead of 50% before) of its annual net income. The dividend is to be distributed on a quarterly basis. Under Israeli law, dividends may be paid by an Israeli company only out of profits and other surplus as calculated under Israeli law, as of the end date of the most recent financial statements or as accrued over a period of two years, whichever amount is greater, and provided that there is no reasonable concern that payment of a dividend will prevent the company from satisfying its existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due. See “Item 10. Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Dividend and Liquidation Rights” below for more information. B. Significant Changes Since the date of our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, there has not been a significant change in our company. ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING A. Offer and Listing Details Price Range of Ordinary Shares The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the reported high and low closing sale prices of our ordinary shares on the TASE in NIS and U.S. dollars. U.S. dollar per ordinary share amounts are calculated using the U.S. dollar representative rate of exchange as reported by the Bank of Israel on each respective date. Annual: 2016 (through April 30, 2016) 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Quarterly: Second Quarter 2016 (through April 30, 2016) First Quarter 2016 Fourth Quarter 2015 Third Quarter 2015 Second Quarter 2015 First Quarter 2015 Fourth Quarter 2014 Third Quarter 2014 Second Quarter 2014 First Quarter 2014 Fourth Quarter 2013 Third Quarter 2013 Second Quarter 2013 First Quarter 2013 Most Recent Six Months: April 2016 March 2016 February 2016 January 2016 December 2016 NIS Price Per Ordinary Share U.S.$ Price Per Ordinary Share High Low High Low 92.33 136.2 114.10 94.99 69.21 75.57 127.6 124.9 122.6 136.2 116.90 106.80 99.96 105.00 114.10 107.90 94.99 91.90 83.5 71.17 127.60 124.90 121.10 111.00 111.50 127.6 81.00 83.70 57.89 54.41 65.61 123.00 92.33 99.41 107.1 101.90 81.00 83.70 89.90 98.19 86.87 80.23 80.05 68.29 57.89 114.00 112.00 96.11 92.33 99.41 33.95 35.64 33.79 26.64 17.88 19.78 33.95 32.29 31.00 35.64 30.30 27.98 27.41 29.85 33.79 31.03 26.64 25.46 22.80 19.50 33.95 30.79 30.50 27.89 28.44 23.54 20.47 21.02 16.22 13.55 17.17 30.00 23.54 25.29 26.00 26.06 20.47 21.02 25.89 28.56 24.48 21.79 21.70 19.07 16.22 30.00 28.87 24.56 23.55 25.29 November 2016 116.90 106.00 30.21 27.02 105 Price Range of American Depositary Shares The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the reported high and low closing sale prices of our ADSs on the NASDAQ Global Select Market in U.S. dollars. Annual: 2016 (through April 24, 2015) 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Quarterly: Second Quarter 2015 (through April 30, 2015) First Quarter 2015 Fourth Quarter 2014 Third Quarter 2014 Second Quarter 2015 First Quarter 2015 Fourth Quarter 2014 Third Quarter 2014 Second Quarter 2014 First Quarter 2014 Fourth Quarter 2013 Third Quarter 2013 Second Quarter 2013 First Quarter 2013 Most Recent Six Months: April 2016 March 2016 February 2016 January 2016 December 2015 November 2015 106 U.S.$ Price Per ADS High Low 33.95 35.64 33.79 26.64 17.88 20.49 33.95 32.29 31.00 35.64 30.30 27.98 27.41 29.85 33.79 31.03 26.64 25.46 22.80 19.50 33.95 30.79 30.50 27.89 28.44 30.21 28.44 23.54 20.47 21.02 16.22 17.04 11.14 30.00 23.54 25.29 26.00 26.06 20.47 21.02 25.89 28.56 24.48 21.79 21.70 19.07 16.22 30.00 28.87 24.56 23.55 25.29 27.02 25.29 B. Plan of Distribution Not applicable. C. Markets Since our initial public offering in 1991, our ordinary shares have been traded in Israel on the TASE under the symbol “FORT.” No U.S. trading market exists for the ordinary shares. Since October 1997, our ADSs have been traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, under the symbol “FORTY.” D. Selling Shareholders Not applicable. E. Dilution Not applicable. F. Expenses of the Issue Not applicable. ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION A. Share Capital Not applicable. B. Memorandum and Articles of Association We are registered with the Israeli Companies Registrar under the number 52-003669-0. Our objects are specified in our memorandum of association. These objects include: (cid:120) (cid:120) operating within the field of informational and computer systems; providing management, consulting and sale services for computers, computer equipment, software for computers and for information systems; 107 (cid:120) (cid:120) operating a business of systems analysis, systems programming and computer programming; and establishing facilities for instruction and training for computers and digital systems. Description of Our Share Capital Our company’s authorized share capital consists solely of ordinary shares. No preferred shares are currently authorized. Our articles do not restrict in any way the ownership of our ordinary shares by non-residents of Israel, except that these restrictions may exist with respect to citizens of countries which are in a state of war with Israel. Dividend and Liquidation Rights Our board of directors is authorized to declare dividends, subject to the provisions of the Companies Law. Dividends on our ordinary shares may be paid only out of profits and other surplus, as defined in the Companies Law, as of the end date of the most recent financial statements or as accrued over a period of two years, whichever amount is greater. Alternatively, if we do not have sufficient profits or other surplus, we may seek permission to effect a distribution by order of an Israeli court. In any event, our board of directors is authorized to declare dividends, provided there is no reasonable concern that a dividend will prevent us from satisfying our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due. Dividends may be paid in cash or in kind. We may invest or use for our own benefit all unclaimed dividends. If a dividend remains unclaimed for seven years from the date on which we declared it, it lapses and reverts back to us. Our board of directors can nevertheless cause us to pay the dividend to a holder who would have been entitled had the dividend not reverted back to us. In case of the liquidation of our company, after satisfying liabilities to creditors, our assets will be distributed to the holders of ordinary shares in proportion to their holdings. This right may be affected by the grant of a preferential dividend or distribution rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized in the future. Under the Companies Law, the declaration of a dividend does not require the approval of the shareholders of the company, unless the company’s articles of association require otherwise. Our articles provide that our board of directors may declare and pay dividends without any action required by our shareholders. Redemption Provisions In accordance with our articles, we may issue redeemable shares and accordingly redeem those shares. Voting, Shareholder Meetings and Resolutions Holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to one vote for each ordinary share held on all matters submitted to the vote of shareholders. These voting rights may be affected by the grant of any special voting rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized in the future. Under the Companies Law, shares held by our company are not entitled to any rights so long as they are held by the company. Under the Companies Law and our articles, we must hold an annual general meeting of our shareholders once a year with a maximum period of fifteen months between the meetings, while under NASDAQ listing rule 5620(a), we must hold the meeting within one year after our fiscal year-end (which is December 31st). All meetings of shareholders other than annual general meetings are considered special general meetings. Our board of directors may call a special general meeting whenever it decides it is appropriate. In addition, shareholders representing 5% of the outstanding share capital may require the board of directors to call a special general meeting. Under our articles, the quorum required for a general meeting of shareholders consists of two or more holders present in person or by proxy who hold or represent at least 25% of the voting power. We have opted out of the NASDAQ listing rule 5620(c) requirement that a quorum must constitute at least 33.33% of our outstanding share capital (see “Item 16G. Corporate Governance” below). A meeting adjourned for a lack of a quorum generally is adjourned to the same day in the following week at the same time and place or any time and place as the chairman of the meeting may decide with the consent of the holders of a majority of the voting power represented at the meeting in person or by proxy and voting on the question of adjournment. At the reconvened meeting, if a quorum is not present within one-half hour from the time designated for holding the meeting, the required quorum will consist of two shareholders present in person or by proxy, regardless of the percentage of our outstanding ordinary shares or voting power held by them. 108 Under the Companies Law, unless otherwise provided in the articles or applicable law (including the Companies Law), all resolutions of the shareholders require a simple majority. Those matters that constitute exceptions to the simple majority approval rule under the Companies Law are described below in this Item 10.B under “—Approval of Certain Transactions Under the Companies Law.” Approval of Certain Transactions Under the Companies Law The Companies Law codifies the fiduciary duties that office holders, including directors and executive officers, owe to a company. An office holder’s fiduciary duties consist of a duty of care and a duty of loyalty. The duty of loyalty includes (i) avoiding any conflict of interest between the office holder’s position in the company and his or her personal affairs, (ii) avoiding any competition with the company, (iii) avoiding exploiting any business opportunity of the company in order to receive personal advantage for himself or others, and (iv) revealing to the company any information or documents relating to the company’s affairs which the office holder has received due to his or her position as an office holder. The Companies Law requires that an office holder of a company promptly disclose any personal interest that he or she may have and all related material information known to him or her, in connection with any existing or proposed transaction by the company. An interested office holder's disclosure must be made promptly and in any event no later than the first meeting of the board of directors at which the transaction is considered. A personal interest, as defined under the Companies Law, includes any personal interest held by the office holder’s spouse, siblings, parents, grandparents or descendants; spouse’s descendants, siblings or parents; and the spouses of any of the foregoing, and also includes any interest held by any corporation in which the office holder owns 5% or more of the share capital, is a director or general manager or in which he or she has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager. A personal interest furthermore includes the personal interest of a person for whom the office holder holds a voting proxy or the interest of the office holder with respect to his or her vote on behalf of the shareholder for whom he or she holds a proxy even if such shareholder itself has no personal interest in the approval of the matter. Under the Companies Law, an extraordinary transaction is defined as a transaction not in the ordinary course of business, not on market terms, or that is likely to have a material impact on the company’s profitability, assets or liabilities. If it is determined that an office holder has a personal interest in a transaction, approval by the board of directors is required for the transaction, unless the company's articles of association provide for a different method of approval. Further, so long as an office holder has disclosed his or her personal interest in a transaction, the board of directors may approve an action by the office holder that would otherwise be deemed a breach of his or her duty of loyalty. However, a company may not approve a transaction or action that is not in the company's interest or that is not performed by the office holder in good faith. An extraordinary transaction in which an office holder has a personal interest requires approval first by the company's audit committee and subsequently by the board of directors. The compensation of, or an undertaking to indemnify or insure, an office holder who is not a director requires approval first by the company's compensation committee, then by the company's board of directors. If such compensation arrangement or an undertaking to indemnify or insure is inconsistent with the company's stated compensation policy, or if the office holder is the chief executive officer (apart from a number of specific exceptions), then such arrangement is further subject to a Special Majority Approval for Compensation. Arrangements regarding the compensation, indemnification or insurance of a director require the approval of the compensation committee, board of directors and shareholders by ordinary majority, in that order, and under certain circumstances, a Special Majority Approval for Compensation. An office holder who has a personal interest in a matter that is considered at a meeting of the board of directors or the audit committee may not be present at the meeting or vote on the matter, subject to certain exceptions, including an allowance for him or her to be present in order to present the transaction, if the chairman of the audit committee or board of directors (as applicable) determines that such presentation by him or her is necessary. If the majority of the board members or members of the audit committee, as applicable, have a personal interest in a transaction, they may all be present for the presentation of, and voting upon, the transaction, but it must also then be approved by the shareholders of the company. 109 The Companies Law applies the same disclosure requirements to a controlling shareholder of a public company, which includes a shareholder that holds 25% or more of the voting rights in the company if no other shareholder owns more than 50% of the voting rights in the company. Extraordinary transactions with a controlling shareholder or in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, or a transaction with a controlling shareholder or his or her relative, directly or indirectly, including for receipt of services from an entity controlled by him or her (or his or her relative), and the terms of engagement and compensation of a controlling shareholder who is an office holder or an employee of the company, require the approval of the audit committee, the board of directors and the shareholders of the company. The shareholder approval must include the holders of a majority of the shares held by all shareholders who have no personal interest in the transaction and are voting on the subject matter (with abstentions being disregarded) or, alternatively, the total shares of shareholders who have no personal interest in the transaction and who vote against the transaction must not represent more than two percent (2%) of the voting rights in the company. To the extent that any such transaction with a controlling shareholder is for a period extending beyond three years, approval is required once every three years, unless the audit committee determines that the duration of the transaction is reasonable given the circumstances related thereto. In certain cases provided in regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, shareholder approval is not required. The approvals of the board of directors and shareholders are required for a private placement of securities (or a series of related private placements during a 12-month period or that are part of one continuous transaction or transactions conditioned upon each other) in which: (cid:120) (cid:120) the securities issued represent at least 20% of the company’s actual voting power prior to the issuance of such securities, and such issuance increases the relative holdings of a 5% shareholder or causes any person to become a 5% shareholder, and the consideration in the transaction (or a portion thereof) is not in cash or in securities listed on a recognized stock exchange, or is not at a fair market value; or a person would become, as a result of such transaction, a controlling shareholder of the company. Further, under the Companies Law (as described under “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees— Board Practices— External Directors Under the Companies Law”), the appointment of external directors requires, in addition to a majority of the ordinary shares voting and approving the appointment, that either (a) the approving majority must include a majority of the shares of shareholders that are not controlling shareholders of the company and who do not have a personal interest in the election of the external director (other than a personal interest not deriving from a relationship with a controlling shareholder) and who are present and voting (with abstentions being disregarded), or (b) the shares of such non-controlling, non-interested shareholders that vote against the appointment may not constitute more than two percent (2%) of our total voting rights. In addition, as described below (see “—Modification of Class Rights” in this Item 10.B), under our articles, the alteration of the rights, privileges, preferences or obligations of any class of our share capital requires a simple majority of the class so affected), in addition to the ordinary majority of all classes of shares voting together as a single class at a shareholder meeting. A further exception to the simple majority shareholder vote requirement is a resolution for the voluntary winding up, or other reorganization of, the company pursuant to Section 350 of the Companies Law, which requires the approval of holders of 75% of the voting rights represented at the meeting, in person, by proxy or by voting deed and voting on the resolution, provided that such shareholders constitute more than 50% of the shareholders voting on such matter. Shareholder Duties Under the Companies Law, a shareholder has a duty to act in good faith towards the company in which he holds shares and towards other shareholders and to refrain from abusing his power in the company including voting in the general meeting of shareholders on: 110 (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) any amendment to the articles of association; an increase of the company’s authorized share capital; a merger; or approval of actions of office holders in breach of their duty of loyalty and of interested party transactions. A shareholder has the general duty to refrain from depriving rights of other shareholders. Any controlling shareholder, any shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote and any shareholder that, under the provisions of the articles of association, has the power to appoint an office holder in the company, is under a duty to act in fairness towards the company. The rules pertaining to a breach of contract apply to a breach of the duty to act in fairness, mutatis mutandis, bringing into account the shareholder’s position in the company. The Companies Law does not describe the substance of this duty. Transfer of Shares Fully paid ordinary shares are issued in registered form and may be freely transferred under our articles unless the transfer is restricted or prohibited by another instrument. Modification of Class Rights Under our articles, the rights attached to any class unless otherwise provided by the terms of the class including voting, rights to dividends and the like, may be varied by adoption of the necessary amendment to the articles, provided that the affected shareholders approve the change by a class meeting in which a simple majority of the voting power of the class represented at the meeting and voting on the matter approves the change. Election of Directors Our ordinary shares do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors. As a result, the holders of ordinary shares that represent more than 50% of the voting power represented at a shareholders meeting and voting on the matter (disregarding abstentions), have the power to elect all of our directors, other than the external directors who are appointed by a special majority of shareholders. For a summary of the provisions of our articles that govern our directors, see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees.” Anti-Takeover Provisions; Mergers and Acquisitions Under Israeli Law Mergers The Companies Law permits merger transactions if approved by each party’s board of directors and shareholders. In order for shareholder approval to be obtained for a merger, a majority of the shares present and voting, excluding shares held by the other party to the merger, or by any person holding at least 25% of the means of control of the other party to the merger, or anyone acting on behalf of either of them, including any of their affiliates, must be voted in favor of the merger. If, however, the merger involves a merger with a company’s own controlling shareholder or if the controlling shareholder has a personal interest in the merger, then the merger is instead subject to the same special majority approval that governs all extraordinary transactions with controlling shareholders (as described above in this Item 10 under “—Approval of Certain Transactions Under the Companies Law”). In the event that the merger transaction has not been approved by either of the above-described special majorities (as applicable), the holders of at least 25% of the voting rights of the company may apply to a court for approval of the merger. The court may approve the merger if it is found that the merger is fair and reasonable, taking into account the value of the parties to the merger and the consideration offered to the shareholders. Upon the request of a creditor of either party to the proposed merger, the court may delay or prevent the merger. A merger may not be consummated unless at least 50 days have passed from the time that a proposal for approval of the merger has been filed with the Israeli Registrar of Companies and 30 days have passed from the date of the approval of the shareholders of the merging companies. 111 The Companies Law further provides that the foregoing approval requirements will not apply to shareholders of a wholly-owned subsidiary in a rollup merger transaction, or to the shareholders of the acquirer in a merger or acquisition transaction if: (cid:120) the transaction does not involve an amendment to the acquirer’s memorandum or articles of association; (cid:120) the transaction does not contemplate the issuance of more than 20% of the voting rights of the acquirer which would result in any shareholder becoming a controlling shareholder; and (cid:120) there is no “cross ownership” of shares of the merging companies, as described above. Tender Offers The Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares of a public company must be made by means of a tender offer if as a result of the acquisition, the purchaser would become a holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company. This rule does not apply if there is already another holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company. Similarly, the Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares in a public company must be made by means of a tender offer if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights of the company, if there is no other holder of more than 45% of the voting rights of the company. The foregoing provisions do not apply to: (cid:120) (cid:120) a private placement in which the company’s shareholders approved such holder owning 25% or more of the voting rights in the company (if there is no other shareholder that holds 25% or more of the voting rights in the company); or more than 45% of the voting rights in the company (if there is no other shareholder that holds more than 45% of the voting rights in the company); or a purchase from an existing holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company that results in another person becoming a holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company or a purchase from an existing holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company that results in another person becoming a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company. Regulations adopted under the Companies Law provide that these tender offer requirements do not apply to companies whose shares are listed for trading only outside of Israel or have been publicly offered only outside of Israel if, according to the law in the country in which the shares are traded, including the rules and regulations of the stock exchange on which the shares are traded, there is either a limitation on acquisition of any level of control of the company, or the acquisition of any level of control requires the purchaser to do so by means of a tender offer to the public. The Companies Law also provides that if following any acquisition of shares, the acquirer holds 90% or more of the company’s shares or of a class of shares, the acquisition must be made by means of a tender offer for all of the target company’s shares or all of the shares of the class, as applicable, not held by the acquirer. An acquirer who wishes to eliminate all minority shareholders must do so by way of a tender offer and hold, following consummation of the tender offer, more than 95% of all of the company’s outstanding shares (and provided that a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in such tender offer shall have approved it, which condition shall not apply if, following consummation of the tender offer, the acquirer holds at least 98% of all of the company’s outstanding shares). If, however, following consummation of the tender offer the acquirer would hold 95% or less of the company’s outstanding shares, the acquirer may not acquire shares tendered if by doing so the acquirer would own more than 90% of the shares of the target company. Appraisal rights are available with respect to a successfully completed full tender offer for a period of six months after such completion, although the acquirer may provide in the tender offer documents that a shareholder that accepts the offer may not seek appraisal rights. 112 C. Material Contracts Please see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – B. Liquidity and Capital Resources – Company Commitments” for a description of our loan agreement with an Israeli institutional investor and the terms of the debentures we issued in September 2015 and “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees— B. Compensation— Option Grants to, and Service Agreement with, Chief Executive Officer” for a description of our service agreement with our Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Guy Bernstein. Beyond those agreements, Formula is not party to, and has not been party to in the last two years, any material contract entered into outside of the ordinary course of business. In addition, while our subsidiaries are party and have been party in the last two years to numerous contracts with customers, resellers and distributors, such contracts are entered into in the ordinary course of business. Furthermore, we do not deem any other individual contract entered into by any of our subsidiaries outside of the ordinary course of business (such as investment or acquisition agreements) during the last two years to be material to us. D. Exchange Controls Under current Israeli regulations, we may pay dividends or other distributions in respect of our ordinary shares either in Israeli or non-Israeli currencies. If we make these payments in Israeli currency, they will be freely converted, transferred and paid in non-Israeli currencies at the rate of exchange prevailing at the time of conversion. We expect, therefore, that dividends, if any, that we pay to holders of ADSs, will be paid in dollars, net of conversion expenses, expenses of the depositary for our ADSs, the Bank of New York Mellon, and Israeli income taxes (if applicable). Because exchange rates between the NIS and the dollar fluctuate continuously, a U.S. shareholder will be subject to the risk of currency fluctuations between the date when we declare NIS-denominated dividends and the date when we pay them in NIS. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors.” Non-residents of Israel may freely hold and trade our ADSs or ordinary shares pursuant to the general permit issued under the Israeli Currency Control Law, 1978. Neither our articles nor the laws of the State of Israel restrict in any way the ownership of our ordinary shares by non-residents, except that these restrictions may exist with respect to citizens of countries that are in a state of war with Israel. E. Taxation The following is a short summary of the material provisions of the tax environment to which shareholders may be subject. This summary is based on the current provisions of tax law. To the extent that the discussion is based on new tax legislation that has not been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, we cannot assure you that the views expressed in the discussion will be accepted by the appropriate tax authorities or the courts. The summary does not address all of the tax consequences that may be relevant to all holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs in light of each holder’s particular circumstances and specific tax treatment. For example, the summary below does not address the tax treatment of residents of Israel and traders in securities who are subject to specific tax regimes. As individual circumstances may differ, holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs should consult their own tax adviser as to the United States, Israeli or other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of ordinary shares and ADSs. The following is not intended, and should not be construed, as legal or professional tax advice and is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations. Each individual should consult his or her own tax or legal adviser. Israeli Taxation Considerations for Our Shareholders Tax Consequences Regarding Disposition of Our ADSs or Ordinary Shares Israeli law generally imposes a capital gain tax on the sale of any capital assets by residents of Israel, as defined for Israeli tax purposes, and on the sale of assets located in Israel, including shares of Israeli companies, by both residents and non-residents of Israel, unless a specific exemption is available or unless a tax treaty between Israel and the shareholder’s country of residence provides otherwise. The Tax Ordinance distinguishes between “Real Capital Gain” and “Inflationary Surplus”. The Inflationary Surplus is a portion of the total capital gain which is equivalent to the increase of the relevant asset’s purchase price which is attributable to the increase in the Israeli consumer price index or, in certain circumstances, a foreign currency exchange rate, between the date of purchase and the date of sale. The Real Capital Gain is the excess of the total capital gain over the Inflationary Surplus. 113 Israeli Resident Individuals As of January 1, 2006, the tax rate applicable to Real Capital Gain derived by Israeli individuals from the sale of shares which had been purchased on or after January 1, 2003, whether or not listed on a stock exchange, is 20% unless such shareholder claims a deduction for interest and linkage differences expenses in connection with the purchase and holding of such shares, in which case the gain will generally be taxed at a rate of 25%. Additionally, if such a shareholder is considered a substantial shareholder (i.e., a person who holds, directly or indirectly, alone or together with another, 10% or more of any of the company’s “means of control” (including, among other things, the right to receive profits of the company, voting rights, the right to receive the company’s liquidation proceeds and the right to appoint a company director)) at the time of sale or at any time during the preceding 12-month period, such gain will be taxed at the rate of 25%. Individual shareholders dealing in securities in Israel are taxed at their marginal rates applicable to business income (up to 48% in 2014). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the capital gain tax rate applicable to individuals was raised from 20% to 25% from 2012 and onwards (or from 25% to 30% if the selling individual shareholder is a substantial shareholder at any time during the 12-month period preceding the sale and/or claims a deduction for interest and linkage differences expenses in connection with the purchase and holding of such shares). With respect to assets (not shares that are listed on a stock exchange) purchased on or after January 1, 2003, the portion of the gain generated from the date of acquisition until December 31, 2011 will be subject to the previous capital gain tax rates (20% or 25%) and the portion of the gain generated from January 1, 2012 until the date of sale will be subject to the new tax rates (25% or 30%). Israeli Resident Corporations Under current Israeli tax legislation, the tax rate applicable to Real Capital Gain derived by Israeli resident corporations from the sale of shares of an Israeli company is the general corporate tax rate. As described above, the corporate tax rate was 26.5% in 2015 and from 2016 and onwards is 25%. Non-Israeli Residents Israeli capital gain tax is imposed on the disposal of capital assets by a non-Israeli resident if such assets are either (i) located in Israel; (ii) shares or rights to shares in an Israeli resident company; or (iii) represent, directly or indirectly, rights to assets located in Israel, unless a tax treaty between Israel and the seller’s country of residence provides otherwise. As mentioned above, Real Capital Gain derived by a company is generally subject to tax at the corporate tax rate (26.5% in 2015 and 25% in 2016 and thereafter) or, if derived by an individual, at the rate of 25% (for assets other than shares that are listed on stock exchange – 20% for the portion of the gain generated up to December 31, 2011) or 30% (for any asset other than shares that are listed on stock exchange – 25% with respect to the portion of the gain generated up to December 31, 2011), if generated from the sale of an asset purchased on or after January 1, 2003. Individual and corporate shareholders dealing in securities in Israel are taxed at the tax rates applicable to business income (a corporate tax rate for a corporation and a marginal tax rate of up to 48% for an individual in 2015). Notwithstanding the foregoing, shareholders that are non-Israeli residents (individuals and corporations) are generally exempt from Israeli capital gain tax on any gains derived from the sale, exchange or disposition of shares publicly traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange or on a recognized stock exchange outside of Israel, provided, among other things, that (i) such gains are not derived through a permanent establishment that the non-Israeli resident maintains in Israel, (ii) the shares were purchased after being listed on a recognized stock exchange, and (iii) with respect to shares listed on a recognized stock exchange outside of Israel, such shareholders are not subject to the Israeli Income Tax Law (Inflationary Adjustments) 5745-1985. However, non-Israeli corporations will not be entitled to the foregoing exemptions if Israeli residents (a) have a controlling interest of 25% or more in such non-Israeli corporation, or (b) are the beneficiaries of or are entitled to 25% or more of the revenues or profits of such non-Israeli corporation, whether directly or indirectly. Such an exemption is not applicable to a person whose gains from selling or otherwise disposing of the shares are deemed to be business income. 114 In addition, a sale of shares by a non-Israeli resident may also be exempt from Israeli capital gain tax under the provisions of an applicable tax treaty. For example, under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, which we refer to as the U.S-Israel Treaty, the sale, exchange or disposition of shares of an Israeli company by a shareholder who is a U.S. resident (for purposes of the U.S.-Israel Treaty) holding the shares as a and is entitled to claim the benefits afforded to such person by the treaty, is generally exempt from Israeli capital gains tax unless either (i) the shareholder holds, directly or indirectly, shares representing 10% or more of the voting capital during any part of the 12-month period preceding such sale, exchange or disposition, subject to certain conditions; (ii) the shareholder, if an individual, has been present in Israel for a period or periods of 183 days or more in the aggregate during the applicable taxable year; or (iii) the capital gain arising from such sale is attributable to a permanent establishment of the shareholder which is maintained in Israel. In each case, the sale, exchange or disposition of such shares would be subject to Israeli tax, to the extent applicable; however, under the U.S.-Israel Treaty, a U.S. resident would be permitted to claim a credit for the Israeli tax against the U.S. federal income tax imposed with respect to the sale, exchange or disposition, subject to the limitations in U.S. laws applicable to foreign tax credits. The U.S-Israel Treaty does not provide such credit against any U.S. state or local taxes. In some instances where our shareholders may be liable for Israeli tax on the sale of their Ordinary Shares, the payment of the consideration may be subject to the withholding of Israeli tax at source. Shareholders may be required to demonstrate that they are exempt from tax on their capital gains in order to avoid withholding at source at the time of sale. Specifically, in transactions involving a sale of all of the shares of an Israeli resident company, in the form of a merger or otherwise, the Israel Tax Authority may require from shareholders who are not liable for Israeli tax to sign declarations in forms specified by this authority or obtain a specific exemption from the Israel Tax Authority to confirm their status as non Israeli resident, and, in the absence of such declarations or exemptions, may require the purchaser of the shares to withhold taxes at source. Taxes Applicable to Dividends Israeli Resident Shareholders Israeli Resident Individuals. Israeli residents who are individuals are generally subject to Israeli income tax for dividends paid on our ordinary shares and ADSs (other than bonus shares or share dividends) at 25%, or 30% if the recipient of such dividend is a substantial shareholder at the time of distribution or at any time during the preceding 12-month period. However, dividends distributed from taxable income accrued during the benefits period of benefit of an Approved Enterprise, Beneficiary Enterprise or Preferred Enterprise are subject to withholding tax at the rate of 15% (and 20% with respect to Preferred Enterprise), subject to certain conditions. An average rate will be set in case the dividend is distributed from mixed types of income (regular and Approved/ Beneficiary/ Preferred income). Israeli Resident Corporations. Generally, Israeli resident corporations are generally exempt from Israeli corporate tax on the receipt of dividends paid on our ordinary shares and ADSs. However, dividends distributed from taxable income accrued during the benefits period of an Approved Enterprise or Beneficiary Enterprise are subject to withholding tax at the rate of 15%, if the dividend is distributed during the tax benefit period under the Investment Law or within 12 years after that period. Non-Israeli Resident Shareholders Non-Israeli residents (whether individuals or corporations) are generally subject to Israeli income tax on the receipt of dividends paid for publicly traded shares, like our ordinary shares and ADSs, at the rate of 25% or 30% (if the dividend recipient is a substantial shareholder, at the time of distribution or at any time during the preceding 12-month period), or 15% if the dividend is distributed from income attributed to an Approved Enterprise or a Beneficiary Enterprise (and 20% with respect to a Preferred Enterprise). Such dividends are generally subject to Israeli withholding tax at a rate of 25% so long as the shares are registered with a Nominee Company (whether the recipient is a substantial shareholder or not), and 15% if the dividend is distributed from income attributed to an Approved Enterprise or a Beneficiary Enterprise (and 20% if the dividend is distributed from income attributed to a Preferred Enterprise), unless a reduced rate is provided under an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate). Under the U.S-Israel Treaty, the maximum rate of tax withheld at source in Israel on dividends paid to a holder of our ordinary shares and ADSs who is a U.S. resident (for purposes of the U.S.-Israel Treaty) is 25%. However, generally, the maximum rate of withholding tax on dividends, not generated by our Approved or Beneficiary Enterprises, as applicable, that are paid to a U.S. corporation holding at least 10% or more of our outstanding voting capital from the start of the tax year preceding the distribution of the dividend through (and including) the distribution of the dividend, is 12.5%, provided that no more than 25% of our gross income for such preceding year consists of certain types of dividends and interest. Notwithstanding the foregoing, dividends distributed from income attributed to an Approved Enterprise or a Beneficiary Enterprise are subject to a withholding tax rate of 15% for such a U.S. corporate shareholder, provided that the condition related to our gross income for the previous year (as set forth in the previous sentence) is met. If the dividend is attributable partly to income derived from an Approved Enterprise, a Beneficiary Enterprise or a Preferred Enterprise, and partly to other sources of income, the withholding rate will be a blended rate reflecting the relative portions of the two types of income. U.S residents who are subject to Israeli withholding tax on a dividend may be entitled to a credit or deduction for U.S. federal income tax purposes in the amount of the taxes withheld, subject to detailed rules contained in United States tax legislation. 115 A non-Israeli resident who receives dividends from which tax was withheld is generally exempt from the obligation to file tax returns in Israel with respect to such income, provided that (i) such income was not generated from business conducted in Israel by the taxpayer, and (ii) the taxpayer has no other taxable sources of income in Israel with respect to which a tax return is required to be filed. Excess Tax Individuals who are subject to tax in Israel are also subject to an additional tax at a rate of 2% on annual income exceeding NIS 810,720 for 2015, which amount is linked to the annual change in the Israeli consumer price index, including, but not limited to, dividends, interest and capital gain. United States Federal Income Tax Considerations The following is a discussion of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences relating to the purchase, ownership and disposition of the ordinary shares or ADSs by U.S. Holders (as defined below) that hold such ordinary shares or ADSs as capital assets. This discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code, or the Code, the regulations of the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued pursuant to the Code, or the Treasury Regulations, and administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, all as in effect on the date hereof and all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, or to different interpretation. It is also based in part on representations by the depositary and assumes that each obligation under the deposit agreement and any related agreement will be performed in accordance with its terms. This discussion does not address all of the tax consequences that may be relevant to specific U.S. Holders in light of their particular circumstances or to U.S. Holders subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax law (such as banks, insurance companies, tax-exempt entities, retirement plans, regulated investment companies, partnerships, dealers in securities, brokers, real estate investment trusts, certain former citizens or residents of the United States, persons who acquire ordinary shares or ADSs as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion transaction or other integrated investment, persons that have a “functional currency” other than the U.S. dollar, persons that own (or are deemed to own, indirectly or by attribution) 10% or more of our outstanding voting shares or persons that generally mark their securities to market for U.S. federal income tax purposes). This discussion does not address any U.S. state or local or non-U.S. tax consequences or any U.S. federal estate, gift or alternative minimum tax consequences. As used in this discussion, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of ordinary shares or ADSs that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (i) a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof, or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source or (iv) a trust with respect to which a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over its administration and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all of its substantial decisions, or (v) an electing trust that was in existence on August 19, 1996 and was treated as a domestic trust on that date. 116 If an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds ordinary shares or ADSs, the tax treatment of such partnership and each partner thereof will generally depend upon the status and activities of the partnership and such partner. A holder that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes should consult its own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to it and its partners of the purchase, ownership and disposition of ordinary shares or ADSs. U.S. Holders of ADSs will be treated as owners of the ordinary shares underlying their ADSs. Accordingly, deposits and withdrawals of ordinary shares in exchange for ADSs will not be taxable events for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The U.S. Treasury has expressed concerns that parties to whom ADSs are released may be taking actions that are inconsistent with the claiming of foreign tax credits for U.S. Holders of ADSs. Such actions would also be inconsistent with the claiming of the reduced rate of tax, described below, applicable to dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders. Accordingly, the analysis of the availability of foreign tax credits and the reduced tax rate for dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders, described below, could be affected by actions taken by parties to whom the ADSs are released. Prospective investors should be aware that this discussion does not address the tax consequences to investors who are not U.S. Holders. Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisors as to the particular tax considerations applicable to them relating to the purchase, ownership and disposition of ordinary shares or ADSs, including the applicability of U.S. federal, state and local tax laws and non-U.S. tax laws. Taxation of Distributions on our Ordinary Shares or ADSs Subject to the discussion below under “Tax Consequences if We Are a Passive Foreign Investment Company,” a distribution paid by us with respect to our ordinary shares and ADSs to a U.S. Holder will be treated as dividend income to the extent that the distribution does not exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Dividends that are received by U.S. holders that are individuals, estates or trusts generally will be taxed at the rate applicable to long-term capital gains, provided those dividends meet the requirements of “qualified dividend income.” The maximum long-term capital gains rate is 20% for individuals with annual taxable income over $400,000. In addition, under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, higher income taxpayers must pay an additional 3.8 percent tax on net investment income to the extent certain threshold amounts of income are exceeded. See “Tax on Net Investment Income” in this Item below. For this purpose, qualified dividend income generally includes dividends paid by a foreign corporation if certain holding period and other requirements are met and either (a) the stock of the foreign corporation with respect to which the dividends are paid is “readily tradable” on an established securities market in the U.S. (e.g., the NASDAQ Capital Market) or (b) the foreign corporation is eligible for benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the U.S. which includes an information exchange program and is determined to be satisfactory by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Dividends that fail to meet such requirements and dividends received by corporate U.S. holders are taxed at ordinary income rates. No dividend received by a U.S. holder will be a qualified dividend (i) if the U.S. holder held the ordinary share and ADS with respect to which the dividend was paid for less than 61 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date that is 60 days before the ex-dividend date with respect to such dividend, excluding for this purpose, under the rules of Code Section 246(c), any period during which the U.S. holder has an option to sell, is under a contractual obligation to sell, has made (and not closed) a short sale of, is the grantor of a deep-in-the-money or otherwise nonqualified option to buy, or has otherwise diminished its risk of loss by holding other positions with respect to, such ordinary share and ADSs (or substantially identical securities); or (ii) to the extent that the U.S. holder is under an obligation (pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in property substantially similar or related to the ordinary share and ADS with respect to which the dividend is paid. If we were to be a “passive foreign investment company” (as such term is defined in the Code), or “PFIC”, for any taxable year, dividends paid on our ordinary shares and ADSs in such year or in the following taxable year would not be qualified dividends. See the discussion below regarding our PFIC status under “Tax Consequences if We Are a Passive Foreign Investment Company.” In addition, a non-corporate U.S. holder will be able to take qualified dividend income into account in determining its deductible investment interest (which is generally limited to its net investment income) only if it elects to do so; in such case the dividend income will be taxed at ordinary income rates. 117 The amount of any distribution which exceeds the amount treated as a dividend will be treated first as a non-taxable return of capital, reducing the U.S. holder’s tax basis in our ordinary shares and ADSs to the extent thereof, and then as capital gain from the deemed disposition of the ordinary shares and ADSs. Corporate holders will not be allowed a deduction for dividends received in respect of the ordinary shares and ADSs. Distributions of current or accumulated earnings and profits paid in foreign currency to a U.S. holder will be includible in the income of a U.S. holder in a U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate on the day the distribution is received. A U.S. holder that receives a foreign currency distribution and converts the foreign currency into U.S. dollars subsequent to receipt may have foreign exchange gain or loss based on any appreciation or depreciation in the value of the foreign currency against the U.S. dollar, which will generally be U.S. source ordinary income or loss. Taxation of the Disposition of the Ordinary Shares or ADSs Subject to the discussion below under “Tax Consequences if We Are a Passive Foreign Investment Company,” upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares and ADSs, a U.S. holder will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized on the disposition and the U.S. holder’s tax basis in our ordinary shares and ADSs. The gain or loss recognized on the disposition of the ordinary shares and ADSs will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. holder held the ordinary shares and ADSs for more than one year at the time of the disposition and would be eligible for a reduced rate of taxation for certain non-corporate U.S. holders. The maximum long-term capital gains rate is 20% for individuals with annual taxable income over $400,000. In addition, under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, higher income taxpayers must pay an additional 3.8 percent tax on net investment income to the extent certain threshold amounts of income are exceeded. See “Tax on Net Investment Income” in this Item below. Capital gain from the sale, exchange or other disposition of ordinary shares and ADSs held for one year or less is short-term capital gain and taxed as ordinary income. Gain or loss recognized by a U.S. holder on a sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares and ADSs generally will be treated as U.S. source income or loss. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to certain limitations. A U.S. holder that uses the cash method of accounting calculates the dollar value of the proceeds received on the sale as of the date that the sale settles. However, a U.S. holder that uses the accrual method of accounting is required to calculate the value of the proceeds of the sale as of the trade date and may therefore realize foreign currency gain or loss. A U.S. holder that uses the accrual method may avoid realizing foreign currency gain or loss by electing to use the settlement date to determine the proceeds of sale for purposes of calculating the foreign currency gain or loss. In addition, a U.S. holder that receives foreign currency upon disposition of its ordinary shares and ADSs and converts the foreign currency into dollars after the settlement date or trade date (whichever date the U.S. holder is required to use to calculate the value of the proceeds of sale) may have foreign exchange gain or loss based on any appreciation or depreciation in the value of the foreign currency against the dollar, which will generally be U.S. source ordinary income or loss. Tax Consequences if We Are a Passive Foreign Investment Company We would be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for a taxable year if either (1) 75% or more of our gross income in the taxable year is passive income; or (2) the average percentage (by value determined on a quarterly basis) in a taxable year of our assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income is at least 50%. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, certain dividends, interest, royalties, rents and gains from commodities and securities transactions and from the sale or exchange of property that gives rise to passive income. If we own (directly or indirectly) at least 25% by value of the stock of another corporation, we would be treated for purposes of the foregoing tests as owning our proportionate share of the other corporation’s assets and as directly earning our proportionate share of the other corporation’s income. As discussed below, we believe that we were not a PFIC for 2015. 118 If we were a PFIC, each U.S. holder would (unless it made one of the elections discussed below on a timely basis) be taxable on gain recognized from the disposition of our ordinary shares and ADSs (including gain deemed recognized if our ordinary shares and ADSs are used as security for a loan) and upon receipt of certain excess distributions (generally, distributions that exceed 125% of the average amount of distributions in respect to such shares received during the preceding three taxable years or, if shorter, during the U.S. holder’s holding period prior to the distribution year) with respect to our ordinary shares and ADSs as if such income had been recognized ratably over the U.S. holder’s holding period for the shares. The U.S. holder’s income for the current taxable year would include (as ordinary income) amounts allocated to the current taxable year and to any taxable year prior to the first day of the first taxable year for which we were a PFIC. Tax would also be computed at the highest ordinary income tax rate in effect for each other taxable year to which income is allocated, and an interest charge on the tax as so computed would also apply. The tax liability with respect to the amount allocated to the taxable year prior to the taxable year of the distribution or disposition cannot be offset by any net operating losses. Additionally, if we were a PFIC, U.S. holders who acquire our ordinary shares and ADSs from decedents (other than nonresident aliens) would be denied the normally-available step-up in basis for such shares to fair market value at the date of death and, instead, would have a tax basis in such shares equal to the lesser of the decedent’s basis or the fair market value of such shares on the decedent's date of death. As an alternative to the tax treatment described above, a U.S. holder could elect to treat us as a “qualified electing fund” (a “QEF”), in which case the U.S. holder would be taxed, for each taxable year that we are a PFIC, on its pro rata share of our ordinary earnings and net capital gain (subject to a separate election to defer payment of taxes, which deferral is subject to an interest charge). Special rules apply if a U.S. holder makes a QEF election after the first taxable year in its holding period in which we are a PFIC. We have agreed to supply U.S. holders with the information needed to report income and gain under a QEF election if we were a PFIC. Amounts includable in income as a result of a QEF election will be determined without regard to our prior year losses or the amount of cash distributions, if any, received from us. A U.S. holder’s basis in its ordinary shares and ADSs will increase by any amount included in income and decrease by any amounts not included in income when distributed because such amounts were previously taxed under the QEF rules. So long as a U.S. holder’s QEF election is in effect with respect to the entire holding period for its ordinary shares and ADSs, any gain or loss realized by such holder on the disposition of its ordinary shares and ADSs held as a capital asset generally will be capital gain or loss. Such capital gain or loss ordinarily would be long-term if such U.S. holder had held such ordinary shares and ADSs for more than one year at the time of the disposition and would be eligible for a reduced rate of taxation for certain non- corporate U.S. holders. The maximum long-term capital gains rate is 20% for individuals with annual taxable income over $400,000. The QEF election is made on a shareholder-by-shareholder basis, applies to all ordinary shares and ADSs held or subsequently acquired by an electing U.S. holder and can be revoked only with the consent of the IRS. As an alternative to making a QEF election, a U.S. holder of PFIC stock that is “marketable stock” (e.g., “regularly traded” on the NASDAQ Capital Market) may, in certain circumstances, avoid certain of the tax consequences generally applicable to holders of stock in a PFIC by electing to mark the stock to market as of the beginning of such U.S. holder’s holding period for our ordinary shares and ADSs. Special rules apply if a U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election after the first year in its holding period in which we are a PFIC. As a result of such an election, in any taxable year that we are a PFIC, a U.S. holder would generally be required to report gain or loss to the extent of the difference between the fair market value of the ordinary shares and ADSs at the end of the taxable year and such U.S. holder’s tax basis in such shares and ADSs at that time. Any gain under this computation, and any gain on an actual disposition of our ordinary shares and ADSs in a taxable year in which we are PFIC, would be treated as ordinary income. Any loss under this computation, and any loss on an actual disposition of our ordinary shares and ADSs in a taxable year in which we are PFIC, would be treated as ordinary loss to the extent of the cumulative net- mark-to-market gain previously included. Any remaining loss from marking our ordinary shares and ADSs to market will not be allowed, and any remaining loss from an actual disposition of our ordinary shares and ADSs generally would be capital loss. A U.S. holder’s tax basis in its ordinary shares and ADSs is adjusted annually for any gain or loss recognized under the mark-to-market election. There can be no assurances that there will be sufficient trading volume with respect to our ordinary shares and ADSs for the ordinary shares and ADSs to be considered “regularly traded” or that our ordinary shares and ADSs will continue to trade on the NASDAQ Capital Market. Accordingly, there are no assurances that our ordinary shares and ADSs will be marketable stock for these purposes. As with a QEF election, a mark-to-market election is made on a shareholder-by-shareholder basis, applies to all ordinary shares and ADSs held or subsequently acquired by an electing U.S. holder and can only be revoked with consent of the IRS (except to the extent our ordinary shares and ADSs no longer constitute “marketable stock”). 119 Based on an analysis of our assets and income, we believe that we were not a PFIC for 2015. We currently expect that we will not be a PFIC in 2016. The tests for determining PFIC status are applied annually and it is difficult to make accurate predictions of future income and assets, which are relevant to this determination. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not become a PFIC in any future taxable years. U.S. holders who hold our ordinary shares and ADSs during a period when we are a PFIC will be subject to the foregoing rules, even if we cease to be a PFIC, subject to certain exceptions for U.S. holders who made QEF, mark-to-market or certain other special elections. U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors about the PFIC rules, including the consequences to them of making a mark-to-market or QEF election with respect to our ordinary shares and ADSs in the event that we qualify as a PFIC. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules, including eligibility for and the manner and advisability of making, the QEF election or the mark-to-market election. Tax on Net Investment Income A U.S. holder that is an individual or estate, or a trust that does not fall into a special class of trusts that is exempt from the tax, will be subject to a 3.8% tax on the lesser of (1) the U.S. holder’s “net investment income” for the relevant taxable year and (2) the excess of the U.S. holder’s modified adjusted gross income for the taxable year over a certain threshold (which in the case of individuals will be between $125,000 and $250,000, depending on the individual’s circumstances). A U.S. holder’s net investment income generally will include its dividends on our ordinary shares and ADSs and net gains from dispositions of our ordinary shares and ADSs, unless those dividends or gains are derived in the ordinary course of the conduct of trade or business (other than trade or business that consists of certain passive or trading activities). Net investment income, however, may be reduced by deductions properly allocable to that income. A U.S. holder that is an individual, estate or trust is urged to consult its tax adviser regarding the applicability of the Medicare tax to its income and gains in respect of its investment in our ordinary shares or ADSs. Non-U.S. Holders of Ordinary Shares or ADSs Except as provided below, a non-U.S. holder of our ordinary shares and ADSs will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax on the receipt of dividends on, or the proceeds from the disposition of, our ordinary shares and ADSs, unless, in the case of U.S. federal income taxes, that item is effectively connected with the conduct by the non-U.S. holder of a trade or business in the United States and, in the case of a resident of a country which has an income tax treaty with the United States, such item is attributable to a permanent establishment in the United States or, in the case of an individual, a fixed place of business in the United States. In addition, gain recognized on the disposition of our ordinary shares and ADSs by an individual non-U.S. holder will be subject to tax in the United States if the non-U.S. holder is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of the sale and certain other conditions are met. Information Reporting and Backup Withholding A U.S. holder generally is subject to information reporting and may be subject to backup withholding at a rate of up to 28% with respect to dividend payments on, or receipt of the proceeds from the disposition of, our ordinary shares and ADSs. Backup withholding will not apply with respect to payments made to exempt recipients, including corporations and tax-exempt organizations, or if a U.S. holder provides correct taxpayer identification number, certifies that such holder is not subject to backup withholding or otherwise establishes an exemption. Non-U.S. holders are not subject to information reporting or backup withholding with respect to dividend payments on, or receipt of the proceeds from the disposition of, ordinary shares and ADSs in the U.S., or by a U.S. payer or U.S. middleman, provided that such non-U.S. holder provides a taxpayer identification number, certifies to its foreign status, or otherwise establishes an exemption. Backup withholding is not an additional tax and may be claimed as a credit against the U.S. federal income tax liability of a holder, or alternatively, the holder may be eligible for a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules, in either case, provided that the required information is furnished to the IRS. 120 Information Reporting by Certain U.S. Holders U.S. citizens and individuals taxable as resident aliens of the United States that own “specified foreign financial assets” with an aggregate value in a taxable year in excess of $50,000 (as determined under rules in Treasury regulations) and that are required to file a U.S. federal income tax return generally will be required to file an information report with respect to those assets with their tax returns. IRS Form 8938 has been issued for that purpose. “Specified foreign financial assets” include any financial accounts maintained by foreign financial institutions, foreign stocks held directly, and interests in foreign estates, foreign pension plans or foreign deferred compensation plans. Under those rules, our ordinary shares, whether owned directly or through a financial institution, estate or pension or deferred compensation plan, would be “specified foreign financial assets”. Under Treasury regulations, the reporting obligation applies to certain U.S. entities that hold, directly or indirectly, specified foreign financial assets. Penalties can apply if there is a failure to satisfy this reporting obligation. A U.S. Holder is urged to consult his tax adviser regarding his reporting obligation. F. Dividends and Paying Agents Not applicable. G. Statement by Experts Not applicable. H. Documents on Display Formula is subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act that are applicable to a foreign private issuer. In accordance with the Exchange Act, we file reports with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 20-F by April 30 each year (as of 2015). In addition, we furnish interim financial information on Form 6-K on a quarterly basis. We also furnish to the SEC under cover of Form 6-K certain other material information required to be made public in Israel, filed with and made public by any stock exchange or distributed by us to our shareholders. You may inspect without charge and copy at prescribed rates such material at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC, at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may also obtain copies of such material from the SEC at prescribed rates by writing to the Public Reference Section of the SEC, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1- 800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference room. The SEC maintains an Internet site at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports and other material that are filed through the SEC’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval (EDGAR) system. Formula began filing through the EDGAR system beginning in October 2002. The Exchange Act file number for our SEC filings is 000-29442. Formula’s ADSs are quoted on the NASDAQ Global Market. You may inspect reports and other information concerning Formula at the offices of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., or FINRA, 9509 Key West Avenue, Rockville, Maryland 20850. Copies of our SEC filings and submissions are also submitted to the Israel Securities Authority, or ISA, and the TASE. Such copies can be retrieved electronically through the MAGNA distribution site of the ISA (www.magna.isa.gov.il) and the TASE website (maya.tase.co.il). 121 A copy of each report that we submit in accordance with applicable United States law is available for public review at our principal executive offices, at 5 Haplada Street, Or Yehuda 60218, Israel. Information about us is also available on our website at http://www.formulasystems.com. Such information is not part of this annual report. I. Subsidiary Information Not applicable. ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Interest Rate and Currency Exchange Rate Fluctuations; Impact of Inflation In light of the nature of our activities, we invest our cash and cash equivalents primarily in short-term and long-term deposits. As of December 31, 2015, substantially all of the cash that we held was invested in dollar accounts bearing interest based on LIBOR, Euro accounts and NIS accounts bearing interest based on the Israeli prime rate. Given the current low interest rates in the financial markets, assuming a 10% interest rate decrease, the net decrease in our earnings from our financial assets would be negligible, holding other variables constant. As described above in this annual report (under “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Operations in Israel—Fluctuations in foreign currency values may affect our business and results of operations” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results— Impact of Inflation and Currency Fluctuations on Results of Operations”), because most of our software services revenues are received in NIS, a decrease in value of the NIS against the dollar adversely impacts the operating results for our software services operating segment, by reducing the dollar-recorded revenue growth rate for those services. Accordingly, an increase in the value of the NIS relative to the dollar positively impacts our dollar-recorded software services revenues and operating profit. At the same time, a significant portion of our revenues from proprietary software products is currently denominated in dollars and other currencies, particularly Euro and British pound and to a lesser extent Japanese Yen, while a substantial portion of our expenses relating to the proprietary software products, principally salaries and related personnel expenses, is denominated in NIS. As a result, the depreciation of the dollar or these other currencies relative to the NIS increases our operating costs as a percentage of the revenues that we derive from those dollar and other currency-denominated sales, and, therefore, adversely affects the operational profitability of our proprietary software product reporting segment. A rise in the rate of Israeli inflation compounds this negative impact by further increasing our NIS (and ultimately dollar-recorded) operating expenses, and, consequently, reducing our operational profitability in that segment. Also, the depreciation of these other currencies—particularly Euro, British pound and to a lesser extent Japanese Yen—relative to the U.S. dollar reduces our dollar recorded revenues from sales of our proprietary software products and thereby harms our results of operations. The net effect of these risks stemming from currency exchange rate fluctuations on our operating results can be quantified as follows: An increase of 10% in the value of the NIS relative to the dollar in the year ended December 31, 2015 would have resulted in a net increase in the dollar reporting value of our total revenues of $45.2 million for that year, due primarily to the positive impact to our software services business line earned mainly in NIS which would outweigh the adverse impact to the profitability of our proprietary software products resulting from such an increase. On the other hand, a 10% decrease in value of the NIS relative to the dollar in the year ended December 31, 2015 would have caused a net decrease in the dollar reporting value of our total revenues of $ 34.8 million for that year, due primarily to the adverse impact on the revenues and profitability of our software services business line earned mainly in NIS which would outweigh the increase in dollar value of the proprietary software products business line expenses recorded in mainly in NIS. Depending upon the circumstances, we will consider entering into currency hedging transactions to decrease the risk of financial exposure from fluctuations in the exchange rate of the dollar, Euro, Japanese yen and/or British Pound against the NIS, or the Euro, Japanese yen and/or British Pound against the dollar. There can be no assurance that these activities, or others that we may use from time to time, will eliminate the negative financial impact of currency fluctuations and inflation. We do not—nor do we intend to in the future—engage in currency speculation. 122 Fluctuations in Market Price of Securities We Hold We hold the securities of two subsidiaries and one affiliate—Matrix, Sapiens, and Magic Software, respectively— which are companies whose securities are listed for trading on the NASDAQ Global Market, NASDAQ Capital Market and/or the TASE. We consider these holdings as long-term holdings. We are exposed to the risk of fluctuation of the price of these companies’ securities. All of these publicly traded companies have experienced significant historical volatility in their stock prices. Fluctuations in the market price of our holdings in these companies may result in the fluctuation of the value of our assets. We typically do not attempt to reduce or eliminate our market exposure on these securities. Generally, we do not hold nor have we issued, to any material extent, any derivatives or other financial instruments for trading purposes. ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES A. Debt Securities Not applicable. B. Warrants and Rights Not applicable. C. Other Securities Not applicable. D. American Depositary Shares Fees and charges payable by our ADS holders The Bank of New York Mellon, which we refer to as the Depositary, serves as the depositary for our ADS program. Pursuant to the deposit agreement by and among our Company, the Depositary and owners and holders of our ADSs, which we refer to as the Deposit Agreement, ADS holders may be required to pay various fees to the Depositary. In particular, the Depositary may charge the following fees to any party depositing or withdrawing ADSs, or to any party surrendering American Depositary Receipts (which we refer to as ADRs) that represent the ADSs, or to whom ADRs are issued (including, without limitation, issuance pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by us or an exchange of stock involving the ADRs or any deposited ADSs underlying the ADRs or a distribution of ADRs pursuant to a distribution of underlying shares), as applicable: (a) taxes and governmental charges, (b) such registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of transfers of shares generally on our share register and applicable to transfers of shares to the name of the Depositary or its nominee or agent in connection with making deposits or withdrawals under the Deposit Agreement, (c) such cable, telex and facsimile transmission expenses as are expressly provided for in the Deposit Agreement, (d) such expenses as are incurred by the Depositary in the conversion of foreign currency, (e) a fee of $5.00 or less per 100 ADSs (or portion thereof) for the execution and delivery of ADRs (including in connection with distributions of shares or rights by us) and in connection with the surrender of receipts and withdrawal of the underlying shares, (f) a fee of $.02 or less per ADS (or portion thereof) for any cash distribution made pursuant to the Deposit Agreement, including in connection with distributions of shares or rights, (g) a fee for the distribution of securities in connection with certain distributions, such fee being in an amount equal to the fee for the execution and delivery of ADSs which would have been charged as a result of the deposit of such securities but which securities are instead distributed by the Depositary to ADR holders, and (h) any other charges payable by the Depositary or any of its agents in connection with the servicing of ADSs or other deposited securities underlying the ADRs. 123 Amounts received from the Depositary We do not receive any fees directly or indirectly from the Depositary. ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES None. PART II ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS None. ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES (a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2015. Based on their evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2015. (b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2015, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. Notwithstanding the foregoing, all internal control systems no matter how well designed have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective may not prevent or detect misstatements and can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer, a member of Ernst & Young Global, an independent registered public accounting firm in Israel, which has audited our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015 that are included in this annual report, has issued an attestation report on our management's assessment of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. (c) Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm. The attestation report of Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer, a member of Ernst & Young Global, an independent registered public accounting firm in Israel, on our management's assessment of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 is provided on page F-3, as included under Item 18 of this annual report. 124 (d) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Based on the evaluation conducted by it, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) promulgated under the Exchange Act, our management (including such officers) has concluded that there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during 2015, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 16. RESERVED ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT Our board of directors has determined that Ms. Dafna Cohen, who serves on the audit committee of our board of directors, qualifies as our “audit committee financial expert,” as defined under the rules and regulations of the SEC. ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics, or code of ethics, applicable to Formula’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (who also serves as its principal accounting officer) and any person performing similar functions, as well as to its directors and other employees. A copy of the code of ethics is available to all of Formula’s employees, investors and others without charge, upon request to the following address: Formula Systems (1985) Ltd., 5 Haplada St., Or Yehuda 60218, Israel, Attn: Chief Executive Officer. The chairman of our audit committee may approve a request by our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer (who also serves as our principal accounting officer) or any person performing similar functions for a waiver from the requirements of our code of ethics pertaining to (i) honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationship; (ii) full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in reports and documents that we must file with, or submit to, the SEC and in other public communications made by us; (iii) compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations; (iv) the prompt internal reporting of violation of the code of ethics to the chairman of our audit committee; and (v) accountability for adherence to the code of ethics; provided in each case that the person requesting such waiver provides to our audit committee a full disclosure of the particular circumstances relating to such request. The chairman of our audit committee will first determine whether a waiver of the relevant requirements of the code of ethics is required and, if such waiver is required, whether a waiver will be granted. The person requesting such waiver may be required to agree to certain conditions before a waiver or a continuing waiver is granted. Any amendments to the code of ethics and all waivers from compliance with the code of ethics granted to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer (who also serves as our principal accounting officer) or any person performing similar functions with respect to its requirements described in the above paragraph will be publicly disclosed by us via a report on Form 6-K in accordance with the regulations of the SEC. No such amendment has been adopted, nor waiver provided, by us during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES Principal Accountant Fees and Services We paid the following fees for professional services rendered by Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer, Certified Public Accountant, a member firm of Ernst & Young Global, independent registered public accounting firm (which we refer to as Kost Forer), for the years ended December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2015, respectively: Audit Fees(1) Tax Fees(2) Total 2014 2015 (U.S. dollars in thousands) 1,372 343 1,715 1,315 296 1,611 125 (1) The audit fees for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 were for professional services rendered for: the audits of our annual consolidated financial statements; agreed-upon procedures related to the review of our consolidated quarterly information; statutory audits of Formula and its subsidiaries and affiliated companies; issuance of comfort letters and consents; and assistance with review of documents filed with the SEC. (2) Tax fees for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 were for services related to tax compliance, including the preparation of tax returns and claims for refund, and tax advice. Policy on Pre-Approval of Audit and Non-Audit Services of Independent Auditors Our audit committee is responsible for the oversight of our (and our subsidiaries’) independent auditor’s work. Our Audit Committee has adopted a policy and procedures for the pre-approval of audit and non-audit services rendered by our independent registered public accountants, Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer, a member of Ernst & Young Global. Pre-approval of an audit or non-audit service may be given as a general pre-approval, as part of the audit committee’s approval of the scope of the engagement of our independent auditor, or on an individual basis. Any proposed services that exceed general pre- approved levels also require specific pre-approval by our audit committee. The policy prohibits retention of the independent public accountants to perform the prohibited non-audit functions defined in Section 201 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 or the rules of the SEC, and also requires the Audit Committee to consider whether proposed services are compatible with the independence of the public accountants. During 2014 and 2015, all audit and non-audit services were pre-approved by our audit committee in accordance with the policy and procedures. ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES Not applicable. ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS None. ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT None. ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The NASDAQ Global Select Market requires companies with securities listed thereon to comply with its corporate governance standards. As a foreign private issuer, we are not required to comply with all of the rules that apply to listed domestic U.S. companies. Pursuant to NASDAQ listing rule 5615(a)(3), we have notified NASDAQ that with respect to the corporate governance practices described below, we instead follow Israeli law and practice and accordingly do not follow the NASDAQ listing rules. Except for the differences described below, we do not believe there are any significant differences between our corporate governance practices and those that apply to a U.S. domestic issuer under the NASDAQ Global Market corporate governance rules. (cid:120) Independent Director Oversight of Nominations: Under Israeli law, there is no requirement to have an independent nominating committee or the independent directors of a company select (or recommend for selection) director nominees, as is required under NASDAQ listing rule 5605(e) for a U.S. domestic issuer. Our board of directors handles this process, as is permitted by our articles and the Companies Law. We also need not adopt a formal board resolution or charter addressing the director nominations process and such related matters as may be required under the U.S. federal securities laws, as NASDAQ requires for a U.S. issuer. 126 (cid:120) Shareholder Approval: Pursuant to Israeli law, we seek shareholder approval for all corporate actions requiring such approval under the requirements of the Companies Law, which are different from, or in addition to, the requirements for seeking shareholder approval under NASDAQ listing rule 5635. See “Item 10. Additional Information— Memorandum and Articles of Association— Approval of Certain Transactions Under the Companies Law” in this annual report for a description of the transactions requiring shareholder approval under the Companies Law. (cid:120) Quorums for Shareholders Meetings. The quorum for a shareholders meeting, as stipulated in our articles, complies with the provisions of Israeli law, and requires the presence, in person or by proxy of holders of 25% of our outstanding ordinary shares, in lieu of the requirement specified in NASDAQ listing rule 5620(c) under which the quorum for any shareholders meeting shall not be less than 33⅓% of the outstanding voting shares of a listed company. (cid:120) Required Timing for Annual Shareholders Meetings. Under the Companies Law, we are required to hold an annual shareholders meeting each calendar year and within 15 months of the last annual shareholders meeting, which differs from the corresponding requirement under NASDAQ listing rule 5620 (a), which mandates that a listed company hold its annual shareholders meeting within one year of the company’s fiscal year-end. ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS PART III We have elected to provide financial statements and related information pursuant to Item 18. ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Our consolidated financial statements and the report of our independent registered public accounting firm in connection therewith are filed as part of this annual report, as noted on the pages below: Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Additional Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms F-2-F-4 F-5-F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9-F-10 F-11-F-14 F-15-F79 F-80 The audited financial statements of Sapiens International Corporation N.V. as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 and the three years ended December 31, 2015 are filed as part of this annual report, as noted on the pages below: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 127 F-2-F-4 F-5-F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-10-F-11 F-12-F-40 The audited financial statements of Magic Software Enterprises Ltd. as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 and the three years ended December 31, 2015 are filed as part of this annual report, as noted on the pages below: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Additional Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms ITEM 19. EXHIBITS F-2-F-4 F-5-F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-10-F-12 F-13-F-53 F-54 Exhibit No. 1.1 1.2 2.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 8 12.1 12.2 13.1 13.2 15.1 15.2 Memorandum of Association (1) Amended and Restated Articles of Association, as adopted by Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. on January 8, 2012 (2) Depositary Agreement by and among Formula Systems (1985) Ltd., Bank of New York Mellon and the holders of the American Depositary Shares of Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. (1) Form of Letter of Indemnification for officers and directors, adopted by Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. on January 8, 2012 (3) English translation of Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. Employees and Office Holders Share Option Plan (2008)(4) Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. 2011 Share Incentive Plan and amendment(5) Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. Compensation Policy(6) List of Subsidiaries* Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/Rule 15d-14(a) under the Exchange Act* Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/Rule 15d-14(a) under the Exchange Act* Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b)/Rule 15d-14(b) under the Exchange Act and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002* Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b)/Rule 15d-14(b) under the Exchange Act and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002* Consent of Kost, Forer, Gabbay & Kaiserer, a member of Ernst & Young Global* Consent of KDA Audit Corporation* *Filed herewith. (1) Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-8858) filed with respect to the registrant’s American Depositary Shares. 128 (2) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the report on Form 6-K filed by the registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 18, 2012. (3) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the report on Form 6-K filed by the registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 18, 2012. (4) Incorporated by reference to the annual report on Form 20-F for the 2008 fiscal year filed by the registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 27, 2009. (5) Incorporated by reference to the annual report on Form 20-F for the 2013 fiscal year filed by the registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2014. (6) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the report on Form 6-K filed by the registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 24, 2013. 129 The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to SIGNATURES sign this annual report on its behalf. FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. By: /s/ Guy Bernstein Guy Bernstein Chief Executive Officer May 16, 2016 Date FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2015 U.S. DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS INDEX Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Page F2- F4 F-5 - F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 - F-10 F-11 - F-14 F-15 - F-79 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We did not audit the financial statements of certain subsidiaries, which statements reflect total revenues of 3%, 1% and 0% for each of the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, of the related consolidated totals. Those statements were audited by other auditors whose reports have been furnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to the amounts included for those subsidiaries, is based solely on the reports of the other auditors. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, based on our audits and the reports of the other auditors, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 and the related consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria) and our report dated May 16, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Tel-Aviv, Israel May 16, 2016 /s/ Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer KOST FORER GABBAY & KASIERER A Member of Ernst & Young Global F-2 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. We have audited Formula Systems (1985) Ltd.'s ("Formula" or the "Company") internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the COSO criteria. F-3 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, and our report dated May 16, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Tel-Aviv, Israel May 16, 2016 /s/ Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer KOST FORER GABBAY & KASIERER A Member of Ernst & Young Global F-4 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS U.S. dollars in thousands ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS: Cash and cash equivalents Short-term deposits Marketable securities (Note 4) Trade receivables (net of allowances for doubtful accounts of $ 2,316 and $ 1,739 as of December 31, 2014 and $ 2015, respectively) Other accounts receivable and prepaid expenses (Note 18a) Inventories Total current assets LONG-TERM RECEIVABLES: Marketable Securities (Note 4) Deferred taxes (Note 17e) Prepaid expenses and other accounts receivable Total long-term receivables INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATED COMPANIES (Note 6) SEVERANCE PAY FUND PROPERTY, AND EQUIPMENT, NET (Note 7) INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET (Note 9) GOODWILL (Note 8) Total assets FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES December 31, 2014* 2015 $ 107,416 6,454 15,784 195,287 31,297 2,259 358,497 33,748 17,901 10,287 61,936 132,603 11 11,011 176,665 32,584 4,610 357,484 - 13,164 8,945 22,109 169,143 451,433 65,322 20,126 76,870 54,631 14,199 4,920 373,230 162,173 $ 1,125,124 $ 1,066,949 *) Derived from the audited financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2014, adjusted for the acquisition of Insseco (see note 1a). The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements. F-5 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) LIABILITIES AND EQUITY CURRENT LIABILITIES: Liabilities to banks and other financial institutions (Note 18b) Trade payables Deferred revenue Dividend payable Employees and payroll accrual Other accounts payable (Note 18c) Liabilities in respect of business combinations Total current liabilities LONG-TERM LIABILITIES: Liabilities to banks and other financial institutions (Note 10) Debentures, net of current maturities (Note 11) Other long term liabilities Deferred taxes (Note 17e) Deferred revenues Liability in respect of business combinations Liability in respect of capital lease Accrued severance pay Total long-term liabilities COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 15) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES December 31, 2014* 2015 $ $ 43,190 52,693 34,556 7,876 63,172 23,325 1,782 59,069 58,105 25,335 4 51,390 16,715 1,193 226,594 211,811 108,203 - 6,204 32,605 4,838 825 903 77,975 231,553 102,845 58,284 - 67,010 4,396 2,405 494 67,409 302,843 REDEEMABLE NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST (Note 2d) 10,313 10,029 EQUITY (Note 16): Formula Systems (1985) equity: Share capital: Ordinary shares of NIS 1 par value - Authorized: 25,000,000 shares at December 31, 2014 and 2015 Issued: 15,287,402 at December 31, 2014 and 2015 Outstanding: 14,728,782 at December 31, 2014 and 2015 Additional paid-in capital Accumulated earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Treasury shares (568,620 shares as of December 31, 2014 and 2015) Total equity attributable to Formula Systems (1985) shareholders’ Non-controlling interests Total equity 4,184 137,090 249,998 (1,305) (259) 389,708 266,956 656,664 4,184 130,520 318,688 (1,576) (259) 451,557 90,709 542,266 Total liabilities, redeemable non-controlling interest and equity $ 1,125,124 $ 1,066,949 *) Derived from the audited financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2014, adjusted for the acquisition of Insseco (see note 1a). The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements. F-6 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) Revenues (Note 18g): Proprietary software products and related services Software services Total revenues Cost of revenues: Proprietary software products and related services Software services Total cost of revenues Gross profit Research and development costs, net Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses Other expenses (income), net (Note 18e) Operating income Financial expenses, net (Note 18d) Income before taxes on income Taxes on income (Note 17g) Equity in gains of affiliated companies, net (Note 6) Net income Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests Net income attributable to non-controlling interests Net income attributable to Formula Systems (1985) Shareholders Net earnings per share attributable to Formula Systems (1985) Shareholders (Note 18h) Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements. F-7 FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 $ 179,400 616,481 $ 11,131 625,286 $ 795,881 636,417 96,180 506,900 603,080 192,801 14,168 117,877 14 60,742 6,236 54,506 8,728 45,778 60,683 106,461 1,735 24,039 4,055 526,028 530,083 106,334 787 70,517 (5) 35,035 4,866 30,169 10,074 20,095 74,590 94,685 154 13,698 136,577 613,978 750,555 81,454 520,295 601,749 148,806 7,488 94,722 2 46,594 8,254 38,340 10,988 27,352 65,096 92,448 255 18,488 $ $ $ 80,687 $ 80,833 $ 73,705 5.88 5.68 $ $ 5.80 5.59 $ $ 5.24 5.00 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME U.S. dollars in thousands FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 Net income $ 106,461 $ 94,685 $ 92,448 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Foreign currency translation adjustments Unrealized gain from derivative instruments, net Unrealized gain from available-for-sale securities, net Realized gain from foreign currency translation adjustments Losses net reclassified into earnings from marketable securities Equity in other comprehensive (loss) of affiliated companies, net Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Total Comprehensive income Comprehensive income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests 12,531 143 170 - - - 12,844 119,305 1,735 30,794 (15,081) - 119 15,606 - (7,718) (7,074) 87,611 154 6,918 Comprehensive income attributable Formula Systems (1985) shareholders $ 86,776 $ 80,539 $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements. F-8 (2,817) - 13 1,856 (333) 554 (727) 91,721 255 18,032 73,434 STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) Share Capital Number Amount Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive Loss 113,427 80,687 - (7,100) - 6,089 Balance as of January 1, 2013 13,596,000 3,876 132,767 Net Income Other comprehensive income Stock-based Compensation expenses (Note 12a) Exercise of employees stock options (Note 12a) Non-controlling interests changes due to holding changes, including exercise of employees stock options and repurchase of shares by subsidiaries Acquisition of non-controlling interests Dividend to Formula's shareholders Dividend to non- controlling interests in subsidiaries - - - 1,122,782 - - - - - - - 305 - - - - - - 1,988 (302) (715) (1,413) - - Balance as of December 31, 2013 14,718,782 4,181 132,325 Net Income Other comprehensive income Stock-based Compensation expenses (Note 12a) Exercise of employees stock options (Note 12a) Non-controlling interests changes due to holding changes, including exercise of employees stock options and repurchase of shares by subsidiaries Acquisition of non-controlling interests Consolidation of affiliate (Sapiens) Deconsolidation of subsidiary (Magic) Dividend to Formula's shareholders Dividend to non- controlling interests in subsidiaries - - - 10,000 - - - - - - - - 3 - - - - - - - 4,676 (3) (361) (599) - - - - - - - (10,009) - 184,105 80,833 - - - - - - (14,940) - FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Treasury shares (cost) Non- controlling Total Equity interests (259) 221,243 463,954 - - - - - - - - 24,039 104,726 12,844 6,755 1,990 3,978 - 3 (80,677) (81,392) (1,377) - (2,790) (10,009) (15,159) (15,159) (259) 156,814 476,155 - - - - - - - - - 13,698 (6,780) 94,531 (22,680) 307 4,983 - - 728 367 (658) (1,257) 178,863 183,978 (55,179) (65,670) (14,940) - (11,391) (11,391) (259) 265,911 654,567 - - - - - - (1,011) - (15,900) - - - - 5,115 10,491 - - (1,305) Balance as of December 31, 2014 14,728,782 4,184 136,038 249,998 Adjustment for acquisition under common control Balance as of December 31, 2014 *) - 14,728,782 - 4,184 1,052 - - - 1,045 2,097 137,090 249,998 (1,305) (259) 266,956 656,664 *) Derived from the audited financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2014, adjusted for acquisition of Insseco (see note 1a). The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements. F-9 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) Share Capital Number Amount Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Balance as of December 31, 2014 *) 14,728,782 4,184 137,090 Net Income Other comprehensive loss Stock-based Compensation expenses (Note 12a) Non-controlling interests changes due to holding changes, including exercise of employees stock options Acquisition of non-controlling interests Dividend to Formula's shareholders Dividend to non- controlling interests in subsidiaries Transaction with non-controlling interests in affiliate's subsidiary Distribution to parent for a business acquisition under common control Deconsolidation of subsidiary (Sapiens) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2,992 (3,399) (68) - - (781) (5,314) - 249,998 73,705 - - - - (5,015) - - - - Balance as of December 31, 2015 14,728,782 4,184 130,520 318,688 FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Accumulated Other comprehensive Loss (1,305) - (1,153) - - - - - - - 882 (1,576) Treasury shares (cost) Non- controlling interests Total Equity (259) 266,956 656,664 - - - - - - - - - - 18,488 (1,397) 92,193 (2,550) 2,081 5,073 4,956 1,557 (292) - (360) (5,015) (13,432) (13,432) - (781) (5,501) (10,815) (181,150) (180,268) (259) 90,709 542,266 Accumulated unrealized gain from available-for-sale securities Accumulated foreign currency translation adjustments Accumulated share of other comprehensive income of equity affiliates, net of tax Accumulated other comprehensive loss Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ $ 468 (1,863) $ $ 592 322 273 (184) 384 (2,219) (1,665) (1,011) $ (1,305) $ (1,576) *) Derived from the audited financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2014, adjusted for acquisition of Insseco (see note 1a). The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements. F-10 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS U.S. dollars in thousands Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Gain derived from deconsolidation of subsidiary, consolidation of newly-consolidated subsidiaries and equity in Gains of affiliated companies Impairment of other investments Depreciation and amortization Changes in value of debentures Decrease (increase) in accrued severance pay, net Loss (gain) from sale of property, plants and equipment Stock-based compensation expenses Changes in value of long term loans and deposits, net Changes in deferred taxes, net Change in liability in respect of business combinations Gain from sale and increase in value of marketable securities classified as trading Amortization of premium and accrued interest on marketable securities Realized gain from sale of available for sale securities Cancelation of redeemable non-controlling interests’ put option Increase in inventories Increase in trade receivables Increase in other current and long-term accounts receivable Increase in trade payables Increase in other accounts payable and employees and payroll accrual Increase in deferred revenues Net cash provided by operating activities The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements. F-11 FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 $ 106,461 $ 94,685 $ 92,448 (60,684) - 24,349 670 (1,645) 15 3,978 21 728 (845) (472) - - - (128) (5,658) (9,113) 3,324 2,515 5,035 68,551 (90,859) 464 8,962 - (134) - 4,983 (6,168) 14,393 (3,344) (397) - - - (153) (13,595) (5,678) 5,331 848 7,335 16,673 (64,123) - 17,561 103 1,084 - 5,073 (152) (991) 513 (114) (289) (303) (390) (2,368) (12,603) (1,731) 9,356 10,974 348 54,396 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS U.S. dollars in thousands Cash flows from investing activities: Payments for business acquisitions, net of cash acquired (Appendix C) Purchase of controlling interest in an affiliated company, net of cash acquired (Appendix D) Changes due to deconsolidation and realization of investments in previously-consolidated subsidiaries (Appendix E) Changes in restrictions on short term deposit Purchase of property and equipment Proceeds from sale of (investment in) marketable securities, net Proceeds from sale of property, plants and equipment Investment in and loans to affiliates and other companies Dividends from affiliated company Changes in short term deposits, net Capitalization of software development and other costs Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Exercise of employees stock options in subsidiaries Dividend paid to non-controlling interests and redeemable non-controlling interests in subsidiaries Dividend to Formula's shareholders Short-term bank credit, net Repayment of long-term loans from banks and others Proceeds from long term loans Proceeds from issuance of Series A and Series B debentures Purchase of non-controlling interests and redeemable non-controlling interests Cash paid in conjunction with acquisitions of activities Repayment of capital lease Repayment of debenture Distribution to ultimate parent for a business acquisition under common control Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 (13,253) - (31,105) (193) (6,868) (1,519) 102 - - (597) (9,899) (63,332) 3,036 (16,648) (5,444) 2,301 (17,586) 21,493 - (4,447) (3,863) (456) (16,792) - (38,406) 4,072 (29,115) 111,238 (8,412) 42,442 (37,374) (87) (4,038) 218 - (7,613) 1,891 (6,141) (703) (19,817) 166 (12,131) (11,629) 5,572 (25,119) 91,706 - (1,727) (14,840) (445) - - 31,553 (3,116) 25,293 82,123 (7,614) - (45,162) (1,395) (5,427) (716) - (3,732) 3,544 6,441 (4,391) (58,452) 1,557 (13,986) (12,890) 5,702 (26,868) 32,160 58,556 (360) (1,280) (399) - (6,350) 35,842 (6,599) 25,187 107,416 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 82,123 $ 107,416 $ 132,603 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements. F-12 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS U.S. dollars in thousands A. Supplemental cash flow information: Cash paid in respect of: Interest Income tax B. Non-cash activities: Dividend payable to Formula’s shareholders Purchase of property and equipment C. Acquisition of newly-consolidated subsidiaries and activities, net of cash acquired: Assets and liabilities of subsidiaries consolidated as of acquisition date: Working capital (other than cash and cash equivalents) Property and equipment Goodwill and intangible assets Other long-term assets Liabilities to banks Long-term liabilities Deferred tax liability, net Liability to formerly shareholders Redeemable non-controlling interests at acquisition date Total D. Purchase of controlling interests in an affiliated company, net of cash acquired: Assets and liabilities of subsidiaries consolidated as of acquisition date: Working capital (other than cash and cash equivalents) Marketable securities Other long-term assets and deferred expenses Property and equipment Goodwill and intangible assets Long-term liabilities Deferred tax liability , net Investment in affiliated company Redeemable non-controlling interests at acquisition date Non-controlling interests at acquisition date Adjustment to other comprehensive gain Gain from purchase of controlling interests in an affiliated company, Total The accompanying notes form an integral part of the financial statements. F-13 FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 4,808 14,371 - 2,780 (1,534) (78) (16,891) - - 5,038 212 - - (13,253) - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5,400 14,467 7,876 - (4,400) (92) (5,778) - - 659 408 791 - (8,412) 4,873 (33,098) (2,554) (4,763) (287,441) 7,449 8,616 161,810 159 178,863 5,115 3,413 42,442 6,044 17,070 - - (892) (228) (11,611) (134) 47 1,653 425 2,692 434 (7,614) - - - - - - - - - - - - - CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS U.S. dollars in thousands E. Changes due to deconsolidation and realization of investments in previously-consolidated subsidiaries: Working capital (other than cash and cash equivalents) Marketable securities Property and equipment Other assets, deferred expenses and long term payables Long-term liabilities Deferred tax liability (asset), net Goodwill and intangible assets Liabilities to banks Redeemable non-controlling interests at loss of control date Non-controlling interests at loss of control date Investment in affiliated company presentation due to loss of control Adjustment to other comprehensive (loss) gain Gain from realization of investments in subsidiaries FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 (12,114) - 4,085 571 - - 160,960 - - (84,228) (158,592) (2,951) 61,164 18,720 - 1,849 (3,954) - (1,578) 94,135 (3,172) (2,806) (65,769) (168,810) 10,491 83,520 (11,554) 39,917 5,749 1,062 (9,687) 42,854 286,590 - (242) (181,150) (275,951) 881 56,369 Total (31,105) (37,374) (45,162) The accompanying notes form an integral part of the financial statements. F-14 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 1:- GENERAL FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES a. Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. ("Formula") was incorporated in Israel and began its business operations in 1985. Since 1991, Formula's ordinary shares, par value NIS 1.0 per share, have been traded on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange ("TASE"), and, in 1997, began trading through American Depositary Shares ("ADSs") under the symbol "FORTY" on the NASDAQ Global Market in the United States until January 3, 2011, at which date the listing of Formula's ADSs was transferred to the NASDAQ Global Select Market ("NASDAQ"). Each ADS represents one ordinary share of Formula. The Company is considered an Israeli resident. As of November, 2010, the controlling shareholder of the Company is Asseco Poland S.A. ("Asseco"), a Polish public company, traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Formula, through its subsidiaries and affiliates (collectively, the "Company" or the "Group") is engaged in providing software services, proprietary and non-proprietary software solutions, software product marketing and support, computer infrastructure and integration solutions and learning and integration. The Group operates through four directly held subsidiary and affiliated companies: Matrix IT Ltd. ("Matrix"); Magic Software Enterprises Ltd. ("Magic"), Sapiens International Corporation N.V ("Sapiens") and, InSync Staffing Solutions, Inc (“Insync”). Sapiens: On November 19, 2013, Sapiens completed a follow-on public offering of its common shares on the NASDAQ. Sapiens issued 6,497,400 shares at a price of $ 6.25 per share before issuance expenses. Total net proceeds from the issuance amounted to approximately $ 37,791. As a result of the offering, Formula’s interest in Sapiens' outstanding common shares was diluted from 56.8% to 48.6%. Formula's investment in Sapiens following the dilution was measured under the equity method of accounting due to loss of control in Sapiens in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 810, Consolidation. The gain recognized in relation of Formula’s loss of control in Sapiens and the related re-measurement of the investment to fair value amounted to $ 61,164 and is presented in the income statement as equity in gains of affiliated companies, net (see additional information in note 3a). From August 21, 2014 through December 23, 2014, Formula purchased an aggregate of 1,545,802 common shares of Sapiens through broker-initiated and private transactions for an aggregate purchase price of $ 11,908, pursuant to which Formula’s holdings in Sapiens were increased to 50.2%. As a result of Formula’s gaining of control in Sapiens, Formula’s investment in Sapiens was consolidated in Formula’s closing balances as of December 31, 2014. The gain recognized in relation to the consolidation of Sapiens and the related re-measurement of the investment to fair value amounted to $ 3,413 and is presented in the income statement as equity in gains of affiliated companies, net (see additional information in note 3a). From December 23, 2014 until September 30, 2015, Sapiens issued 1,077,003 shares following exercise of options by Sapiens employees that resulted in Formula’s interest in Sapiens' outstanding common shares being diluted from 50.2% to 49.1%. Formula's investment in Sapiens following the dilution was measured under the equity method of accounting due to loss of control in Sapiens in accordance with ASC 810. The gain, net of tax, recognized in relation of Formula’s loss of control in Sapiens and the related re-measurement of the investment to fair value amounted to $ 56,369 and is presented in the income statement as equity in gains of affiliated companies, net (see additional information in note 3a). F-15 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 1:- GENERAL (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES On August 18, 2015 (the “Acquisition Date”), Sapiens consummated the acquisition from Asseco of all issued and outstanding shares of Insseco Sp. Z O.O. (“Insseco”). Asseco was the ultimate parent company of Sapiens, through Asseco’s holdings in Formula, which has been the direct parent company of Sapiens in effective from December 23, 2014 and until September 30, 2015. Insseco is a newly established company into which Asseco had transferred all of its Polish insurance employees, certain fixed assets, certain customer contracts and certain software, including intellectual property rights. The acquisition of Insseco from Asseco, which is the ultimate parent company of Sapiens is a transaction between entities under common control, and therefore accounted for under the pooling of interest method in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. Under the pooling-of-interests method, combination between two businesses under common control is accounted for at carrying amounts with retrospective adjustment of prior period financial statements. As the common control commenced on December 23, 2014, the balance sheets as of December 31, 2014 of Sapiens and, as such, of Formula were adjusted to reflect the carrying amounts combination between Sapiens and Insseco. The results of Sapiens and of Formula for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2015 were also adjusted to reflect the combination with Insseco, accordingly. Under the pooling-of-interests method, the equity accounts of the combining entities are combined and the difference between the consideration paid and the net assets acquired is reflected as an equity transaction (i.e., distribution to parent company). As opposed to the purchase method of accounting, no intangible assets are recognized in the transaction, other than those existed in the combining entities and no goodwill is recognized as a result of the combination. The application of the pooling-of-interests method with respect to the acquisition of Insseco increased the total assets, liabilities and equity as of December 31, 2014 by $ 4,385, $ 2,288, and $ 2,097, respectively. Revenues, pretax income and net income of Insseco for the twelve month period ended December 31, 2015, which are included in the consolidated statements of income amounted to $ 7,780, $ 718 and $ 578, respectively. (see additional information in note 3a). F-16 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 1:- GENERAL (Cont.) Magic: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES On March 5, 2014, Magic completed a follow-on public offering of its ordinary shares on the NASDAQ. Magic issued 6,900,000 shares at a price of $ 8.50 per share before issuance expenses. Total net proceeds from the issuance amounted to $ 54,726. As a result of the offering, Formula’s interest in Magic’s outstanding ordinary shares was diluted from 51.6% to 45.0%. Formula's investment in Magic following the dilution was measured under the equity method of accounting due to loss of control in Magic in accordance with ASC 810. The gain recognized in relation of Formula’s loss of control in Magic and the related re-measurement of the investment to fair value amounted to $ 83,520 offset by $ 16,361 of deferred tax expenses, both presented in the income statement as equity in gains of affiliated companies, net. For a description of the Company's operations, see Note 18f. b. The following table presents certain information regarding the control and ownership of Formula's significant subsidiaries and affiliates, as of the dates indicated (the list consists only of active companies that are held directly by Formula): Name of subsidiary (affiliate) Matrix Magic(1) Sapiens(2) Insync Percentage of ownership and control December 31, 2014 2015 50.18 45.14 50.16 90.09 50.04 46.40 49.13 90.09 1) 2) From March 5, 2014 until December 31, 2015 Magic's results of operations were reflected in the Company's results of operations using the equity method of accounting. From November 19, 2013 until December 23, 2014 and from September 30, 2015 until December 31, 2015, Sapiens' results of operations were reflected in the Company's results of operations using the equity method of accounting. F-17 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES a. b. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"), applied on a consistent basis, as follows: Use of estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company's management believes that the estimates, judgments and assumptions used are reasonable based upon information available at the time they are made. The most significant assumptions are employed in estimates used in determining values of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets and their subsequent impairment analysis, revenue recognition, tax assets and tax positions, legal contingencies, research and development capitalization, contingent consideration related to acquisitions, classification of leases, determining the fair value of redeemable non- controlling interests and stock-based compensation costs. Actual results could differ from those estimates. c. Financial statements in United States dollars The currency of the primary economic environment in which the operations of Formula and certain of its subsidiaries are conducted is the U.S. dollar (the "dollar"); thus, the dollar is the functional currency of Formula and certain subsidiaries. Formula's and certain subsidiaries' transactions and balances denominated in dollars are presented at their original amounts. Monetary accounts maintained in currencies other than the dollar are remeasured into dollars in accordance with the ASC 830, "Foreign Currency Matters". All transaction gains and losses of the remeasurement of monetary balance sheet items are reflected in the statements of income as financial income or expenses, as appropriate. For those subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the dollar, all balance sheet amounts have been translated using the exchange rates in effect at each balance sheet date. Statement of income amounts have been translated using the average exchange rate prevailing during each year. Such translation adjustments are reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) in equity. d. Principles of consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Formula as well as those of its subsidiaries in which it has controlling interests. Intercompany balances and transactions, including profit from intercompany sales not yet realized outside the Group, have been eliminated upon consolidation. Changes in the parents’ ownership interest in a subsidiary with no change of control are treated as equity transactions, with any difference between the amount of consideration paid and the change in the carrying amount of the non-controlling interest, recognized in equity. F-18 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES A change in the parent’s ownership interest in a subsidiary that causes a loss of control results in a deconsolidation of the subsidiary. Gain or loss is recognized upon the deconsolidation of a subsidiary, as the difference between (1) the sum of the fair value of any consideration received, the fair value of any retained non-controlling investment in the former subsidiary at the date the subsidiary is deconsolidated, and the carrying amount of any non-controlling interest in the former subsidiary (including any accumulated other comprehensive income attributable to the non-controlling interest) at the date the subsidiary is deconsolidated, and (2) the carrying amount of the former subsidiary's assets and liabilities. A change in the Company’s ownership interest in non-controlling investment that causes a gain of control results in a consolidation of the subsidiary. Gain or loss is recognized upon the consolidation of an subsidiary, as the difference between (1) the sum of the fair value of any consideration delivered, the fair value of the former non-controlling investment at the date the subsidiary is consolidated, and the carrying amount of any non-controlling interest in the subsidiary (including any accumulated other comprehensive income attributable to the non- controlling interest) at the date the subsidiary is consolidated, and (2) the carrying amount of the subsidiary's assets and liabilities. Non-controlling interests of subsidiaries represent the non-controlling share of the total comprehensive income (loss) of the subsidiaries and fair value of the net assets upon the acquisition of the subsidiaries. The non-controlling interests are presented in equity separately from the equity attributable to the equity holders of the Company. Redeemable non-controlling interests are classified as mezzanine, separate from permanent equity, on the consolidated balance sheets and measured at each reporting period at the higher of their redemption amount or the Non-controlling interest book value, in accordance with the requirements of ASC 810 "Consolidation" and ASC 480-10-S99-3A, "Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity". Certain of the Redeemable non-controlling interests, with a fair value of $ 9,416 as of December 31, 2015, are subject to immediate exercise. The following table provides a reconciliation of the redeemable non-controlling interests: January 1, 2015 Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests Cancelation of redeemable non-controlling interests’ put option Dividend paid to redeemable non-controlling interest Foreign currency translation adjustments Change due to loss of control in subsidiary Increase in redeemable non-controlling interests as part of acquisitions December 31, 2015 F-19 $ 10,313 255 (389) (322) (20) (242) 434 $ 10,029 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) e. Cash and cash equivalents FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Cash and cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to cash with original maturities of three months or less at the date acquired. Cash and cash equivalent includes amounts held primarily in New-Israeli Shekel, U.S. dollars, Euro and British Pound. f. Short-term and restricted deposits Short-term deposits include deposits with original maturities of more than three months and less than one year at the date acquired. Such deposits are presented at cost (including accrued interest) which approximates their fair value. Restricted deposits include deposits used to secure certain subsidiaries’ ongoing projects and credit lines from banks as well as, security deposits with respect to leases. g. Marketable securities The Company accounts for investments in marketable securities in accordance with ASC 320, "Investments - Debt and Equity Securities." Management determines the appropriate classification of its investments in marketable debt and equity securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such determinations at each balance sheet date. Debt and equity securities are classified as available-for-sale or as trading and reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses from marketable securities classified as "available for sale" are comprised of the difference between fair value and the amortized cost of such securities and are excluded from earnings and are reported as a component in equity under "accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)." Realized gains and losses on sales of investments, as determined on a specific identification basis, are included in financial income, net, together with accretion (amortization) of discount (premium), and interest or dividends. The Company recognizes an impairment charge when a decline in the fair value of an investment that falls below the cost basis is determined to be other-than-temporary. Factors considered in making such a determination include the duration and severity of the impairment, the reason for the decline in value, the potential recovery period and the Company’s intent to sell, including whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investment before recovery of cost basis. For securities that are deemed other- than-temporarily impaired, the amount of impairment is recognized in “net gain on sale of marketable securities previously impaired” in the statements of income and is limited to the amount related to credit losses, while impairment related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income. During 2015 and 2014 the Company did not recognize an impairment charge as the decline in fair value of its investment in marketable securities is not judged to be other-than-temporary. F-20 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Unrealized gains and losses from marketable securities classified as "trading" are reported in the consolidated statements of income. h. Inventories Inventories are mainly comprised of purchased merchandise and products which consist of educational software kits, computers, peripheral equipment and spare parts. Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market value. Cost is determined on the "first in - first out" basis. The Group periodically evaluates the condition and age of inventories and makes provisions for impairment of slow moving inventories accordingly. No such impairments have been recognized in any period presented. i. Investments in affiliates Affiliates are companies in which the Group has significant influence over the financial and operating policies without having control and that are not subsidiaries. The Group's investment therein is accounted for in the consolidated financial statements of the Group using the equity method. Under the equity method, the investment in an affiliate is presented at cost with the addition of post-acquisition changes in the Group's share of net assets, including other comprehensive income of the affiliate. Profits and losses resulting from transactions between the Group and an affiliate are eliminated to the extent of the interest in the affiliate. The equity method is applied until the loss of significant influence or classification as an asset held-for-sale. Management evaluates investments in equity investees for evidence of other-than-temporary declines in value. Such evaluation is dependent on the specific facts and circumstances. Accordingly, in determining whether other-than-temporary declines exist, management evaluates various indicators for other-than-temporary declines and evaluates financial information (e.g. Share price in the market, budgets, business plans, financial statements, etc.). As of December 31, 2015, the carrying amount of the investment in Magic exceeded its market value. In order to demonstrate that other- than-temporary impairment of the investee has not occurred, the Company considered the financial condition and near-term prospects of Magic as well as the Company's intent and ability to retain its investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value. In addition the Company used the Income Approach, which utilizes a discounted cash flow model, to determine the fair value of Magic, based on which Magic's fair value exceeded its carrying amount by 11%, therefore, during 2015, no impairment loss was recognized. Judgments and assumptions related to revenue, operating income, future short-term and long-term growth rates, weighted average cost of capital, interest, capital expenditures, cash flows, and market conditions are inherent in developing the discounted cash flow model. With respect to the assumptions used, management believes that reasonably possible changes in the key assumptions would not change the Company's conclusion. F-21 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The financial statements of the Company and of its affiliates are prepared as of the same dates and periods. The accounting policies applied in the financial statements of the Company’s affiliates are uniform and consistent with the policies applied in the financial statements of the Company. Losses of an affiliate in amounts which exceed its equity are recognized by the Company to the extent of its investment in the affiliate plus any losses that the Company may incur as a result of a guarantee or other financial support provided in respect of the affiliate. For this purpose, the investment includes long-term receivables (such as loans granted) for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future. j. Property, plant and equipment, net Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets at the following annual rates: Computers and peripheral equipment Office furniture and equipment Motor vehicles Buildings Leasehold improvements k. Research and development costs % 7-33 (mainly 33%) 6-20 15 2-4 Over the shorter of the lease term (including option terms that are deemed to be reasonably assured) or useful economic life Research and development costs incurred in the process of software development before establishment of technological feasibility are charged to expenses as incurred. Costs incurred subsequent to the establishment of technological feasibility are capitalized according to the principles set forth in ASC 985-20, "Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased or Marketed". Based on the Group’s product development process, technological feasibility is established upon completion of a detailed program design or working model. Costs incurred between completion of the detailed program design and the point at which the product is ready for general release, have been capitalized. Capitalized software costs are amortized on a product by product basis by the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software product (between 4-7 years). The Group assesses the recoverability of its intangible assets on a regular basis by determining whether the amortization of the asset over its remaining economical useful life can be recovered through undiscounted future operating cash flows from the specific software product sold. During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, no unrecoverable amounts were identified. F-22 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) l. Other intangible assets FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Other intangible assets are comprised mainly of customer-related intangible assets, backlogs, brand names, capitalized courses development costs and acquired technology and Patent, and are amortized over their economic useful lives using a method of amortization that reflects the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed or otherwise used up. The useful life of intangible assets is as follows: Customer relationship and acquired technology Capitalized courses development costs Brand names Other intangibles Patent Years 3-15 3 5 2-10 10 m. Impairment of long-lived assets and intangible assets subject to amortization The Group's long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC 360, "Property, Plant and Equipment" whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of an asset to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such asset is considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. As required by ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and disclosures" the Company applies assumptions that marketplace participants would consider in determining the fair value of long-lived assets (or asset groups). During each of the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, no impairment was identified. n. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price in a business combination over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. Under ASC 350, "Intangibles-Goodwill and Other," goodwill is subject to an annual impairment test or more frequently if impairment indicators are present. Goodwill impairment is deemed to exist if the net book value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value (the two-step impairment test). F-23 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES As of December 31, 2015, and following Sapiens deconsolidation from November 19, 2013 until December 23, 2014 and from September 30, 2015, Magic’s deconsolidation on March 5, 2014 and Insync’s consolidation on April 1, 2014, the Company operated through 6 reporting units. As of December 31, 2014, the Company operated through 9 reporting units. The Company performed annual impairment tests as of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 and did not identify any impairment losses for any of the Company’s reporting units. In 2013, Sapiens was accounted for under the equity method –see Note 1(a). In 2014, since the company consolidated Sapiens on December 23, 2014, no impairment test was required. As of December 31, 2015, Sapiens was accounted for under the equity method –see Note 1(a). Magic operates in two reporting units. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2011-08 for Magic's reporting units, for its annual impairment test in 2013. This analysis determined that no indicators of impairment existed primarily because (1) Magic's market capitalization was consistently substantially in excess of its book value, (2) the reporting units’ overall financial performance has been stable or improving, and (3) forecasts of operating income and cash flows generated by the reporting units' appear sufficient to support the book values of the net assets of each reporting unit. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, Magic was accounted for under the equity method –see Note 2(i). Matrix – In 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Company performed step one of the quantitative impairment test for each of Matrix's reporting units. The Company compared the fair value of the reporting units to the carrying value of net assets allocated to each of the reporting units. Since the fair value of each of the reporting units exceed the carrying value of the net assets allocated, to each of the reporting units, no further testing was required and no goodwill impairment was recorded. o. Business combinations The Company accounts for business combinations under ASC 805, "Business Combinations." ASC 805 requires recognition of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, non-controlling interest and redeemable non-controlling interest in the acquiree at the acquisition date, measured at their fair values as of that date. As required by ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and disclosures" the Company applies assumptions that marketplace participants would consider in determining the fair value of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, non- controlling interest and redeemable non-controlling interest in the acquiree at the acquisition date. Any excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over purchase price and any subsequent changes in estimated contingencies are to be recorded in earnings. F-24 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) p. Severance pay FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Formula's and its Israeli subsidiaries' and affiliates’ obligations for severance pay with respect to their Israeli employees (for the period for which the employees were not included under Section 14 of Israel's Severance Pay Law, 1963 (the "Severance Pay Law")) is calculated pursuant to the Severance Pay Law based on the most recent salary of the employees multiplied by the number of years of employment as of the balance sheet date, and are presented on an undiscounted basis (referred to as the "Shut Down Method"). Employees are entitled to one month's salary for each year of employment or a portion thereof. The obligation for all of its Israeli employees is covered in part by managers' insurance policies, for which Formula and its Israeli subsidiaries and affiliates make monthly deposits with insurance policies and pension funds (the “plan assets"). Plan assets are comprised of assets held by a long-term employee benefit fund or qualifying insurance policies. Plan assets are not available to Formula's own creditors and cannot be returned directly to Formula. The Plan assets include profits (losses) accumulated up to the balance sheet date. The Plan assets may be withdrawn only upon the fulfillment of the obligation pursuant to Israel's Severance Pay Law or employment agreements. The value of the Plan assets is based on the cash-surrendered value of these policies and is recorded as an asset on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Formula's and its Israeli subsidiaries' and affiliates defined with certain of their Israeli employees’ contribution plans pursuant to Section 14 of the Severance Pay Law, such that their contributions for severance pay shall be instead of their severance liability. Upon contribution of the full amount of the employee's monthly salary, and release of the policy to the employee, no additional calculations shall be conducted between the parties regarding the matter of severance pay and no additional payments shall be made by the respective Group entity to its employee. Further, the related obligation and amounts deposited on behalf of such obligation are not stated on the balance sheet, as they are legally released from obligation to employees once the deposit amounts have been paid. Deposits under Section 14 are not recorded as an asset on the Company's balance sheet. Total expenses in respect of severance pay for the years 2013, 2014 and 2015 were $ 13,136, $ 11,070 and $ 12,525, respectively. q. Revenue Recognition The Group derives its revenues primarily from the sale of information technology (or “IT”) services which also include sale of: non- proprietary software products, including maintenance, integration and infrastructure, outsourcing, training and deployment. In addition, the Group generates revenues from licensing the rights to use its proprietary software, provision of related IT professional services (which may or may not be considered essential to the functionality of the software license), related maintenance and technical support, as well as implementation and post-implementation consulting services. F-25 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Revenues from IT services are generally recognized in accordance with ASC 605, "Revenue Recognition" and Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 104, "Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements" when IT service is provided and the following criteria are met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery of the product has occurred, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collectability is probable. The Group generally considers all arrangements with payment terms extending beyond a minimum of six or a maximum of twelve months from the delivery of the elements not to be fixed or determinable. If the fee is not fixed or determinable, revenue is recognized as payments become due from the customer, provided that all other revenue recognition criteria have been met Revenues from the sale of products are recognized after all the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the products have been transferred to the buyer, the Group does not retain any continuing management involvement that is associated with ownership and does not retain the effective control of the sold products, the amount of revenues can be measured reliably, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Group and the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably. Revenues derived from the sale of hardware products and infrastructure solutions are recognized after all the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the products have been transferred to the buyer, the Group does not retain any continuing management involvement that is associated with ownership and does not retain the effective control of the sold products, the amount of revenues can be measured reliably, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Group and the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably. Revenues derived from licensing the rights to use software are recognized in accordance with ASC 985-605 "Software Revenue Recognition" when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the vendor's fee is fixed or determinable, no further obligation exists and collectability is probable. Maintenance and support includes annual maintenance contracts providing for unspecified upgrades for new versions and enhancements on a when-and-if-available basis for an annual fee. The right for unspecified upgrades for new versions and enhancements on a when-and-if- available basis do not specify the features, functionality and release date of future product enhancements for the customer to know what will be made available and the general timeframe in which it will be delivered. Maintenance and support revenue included in multiple element arrangements is deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the maintenance and support agreement. As required by ASC 985-605, the Group allocates revenues to the software component of its multiple-element arrangements using the residual method when vendor specific objective evidence ("VSOE") of fair value exists for the undelivered elements of the support and maintenance agreements. VSOE is based on the price charged when an element is sold separately or renewed. Under the residual method, the fair value of the undelivered elements is deferred and the remaining portion of the arrangement fee is allocated to the delivered elements and recognized as revenue. F-26 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Revenues from professional services provided on an hourly basis which are not deemed essential to the functionality of the licenses are recognized as the services are rendered. Revenues from time-and-materials contracts for which the Group is reimbursed for labor hours at fixed hourly billing rates are recognized as revenues as the services are provided. Certain of the software license sales may also include significant implementation and customization services with respect to such sales which are deemed essential to the functionality of the license. In addition, the Group also provides consulting services that are not deemed essential to the functionality of the license, as well as outsourcing IT services. With respect to revenues that involve significant implementation and customization services to customer specific requirements and which are considered essential to the functionality of the product offered (for example when the Group sells software licenses as part of an overall solution offered to a customer that combines the sale of software licenses which includes significant implementation that is considered essential to the functionality of the license) whether generated by fixed-price or time-and-materials contracts the Company accounts for revenues for the services together with the software under contract, using the percentage-of-completion method in accordance with ASC 605-35, "Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts". The percentage-of-completion method is used when the required services are quantifiable, based on the estimated number of labor hours necessary to complete the project, and under that method revenues are recognized using labor hours incurred as the measure of progress towards completion. This type of revenues is included in the Company’s Proprietary software products and related services and software services revenue streams. Estimates of total project requirements are based on prior experience of customization, delivery and acceptance of the same or similar technology, and are reviewed and updated regularly by management. After delivery, if uncertainty exists about customer acceptance of the software, license revenue is not recognized until acceptance. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are made in the period in which such losses are first determined, in the amount of the estimated loss on the entire contract. As of each of December 31, 2014 and 2015, no estimated losses were identified. Revenue from third-party sales is recorded at a gross or net amount according to certain indicators. The application of these indicators for gross and net reporting of revenue depends on the relative facts and circumstances of each sale and requires significant judgment. The Group generally does not grant a right of return to its customers. When a right of return exists, revenue is deferred until the right of return expires, at which time revenue is recognized, provided that all other revenue recognition criteria are met. Deferred revenue includes unearned amounts received under maintenance and support contracts and amounts received from customers but not yet recognized as revenues. F-27 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) r. Income taxes FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The Group accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, "Income Taxes." This codification prescribes the use of the "liability" method, whereby deferred tax assets and liability account balances are determined based on the differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Formula and its subsidiaries and affiliates provide a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to their estimated realizable value. The Group utilizes a two-step approach for recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions accounted for in accordance with an amendment of ASC 740 "Income Taxes." The first step is to evaluate a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return by determining whether the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that, based on its technical merits, the tax position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% (commutative basis) likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authorities. The Group accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in its provisions for income taxes. s. Basic and diluted net earnings per share Basic net earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during each year. Diluted net earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during each year plus dilutive potential equivalent of ordinary shares considered outstanding during the year, in accordance with ASC 260, "Earnings Per Share". t. Treasury shares Repurchased ordinary shares are held as treasury shares. The Company presents the cost to repurchase treasury stock as a reduction of shareholders’ equity. u. Concentration of credit risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Group to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short-term bank deposits, restricted cash, trade receivables, marketable securities and foreign currency derivative contracts. The majority of the Group's cash and cash equivalents, bank deposits and marketable securities are invested with major banks in Israel, the United States and Europe. Such cash and cash equivalents and short-term deposits in the United States may be in excess of insured limits and are not insured in other jurisdictions. Management believes that these financial instruments are held in financial institutions with high credit standing, and accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these investments. F-28 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The Group’s marketable securities include investments in commercial and government bonds and foreign banks. The Group's marketable securities are considered to be highly liquid and have a high credit standing. In addition, managements of the Group’s subsidiaries and affiliates limit the amount that may be invested in any one type of investment or issuer, thereby reducing credit risk concentrations and consider their portfolios in foreign banks to be well-diversified (also refer to Note 4). The Group's trade receivables are generally derived from sales to large organizations located mainly in Israel, North America, Europe and Asia Pacific. The Group performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and to date has not experienced any material losses. In certain circumstances, Formula, its subsidiaries and its affiliates may require letters of credit, other collateral or additional guarantees. From time to time, the Group sells certain of its accounts receivable to financial institutions, within the normal course of business. The Group maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts receivable based upon management's experience and estimate of collectability of each outstanding invoice. The allowance for doubtful accounts is determined with respect to specific debts that are doubtful of collection. The bad debt expense net for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 was $ 1,926, $ 1,119 and $ 388 respectively. The risk of collection associated with accounts receivable is mitigated by the diversity and number of customers. From time to time, the Group transfers financial assets by factoring of accounts receivable and credit card vouchers to a financial institution. ASC 860, "Transfers and Servicing," establishes a standard for determining when a transfer of financial assets should be accounted for as a sale. Certain underlying conditions must be met for the transfer of financial assets to qualify for accounting as a sale. All sales of receivable were closed during the years and as so there are no outstanding sales of receivables as of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. The agreements pursuant to which the Company sells certain of its trade receivables are structured such that the Company (i) transfers the proprietary rights in the receivable from the Company to the financial institution; (ii) legally isolates the receivable from the Company's other assets, and presumptively puts the receivable beyond the legal reach of the Company and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership; (iii) confers on the financial institution the right to pledge or exchange the receivable; and (iv) eliminates the Company's effective control over the receivable, in the sense that the Company is not entitled and shall not be obligated to repurchase the receivable other than in case of failure by the Company to fulfill its commercial obligation. From time to time, the Group enters into foreign exchange forward and option contracts intended to protect against the changes in value of forecasted non-dollar currency cash flows. These derivative instruments are designed to offset a portion of the Company's non-dollar currency exposure (see Note 2y below). F-29 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) v. Stock-based compensation FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The Group accounts for share-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, "Compensation - Stock Compensation." which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense based on estimated fair values for all share-based payment awards made. ASC 718 requires companies to estimate the fair value of equity-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option pricing model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as an expense over the requisite service periods in the Company's consolidated statements of income. The Group measures and recognizes compensation expense for share-based awards based on estimated fair values on the date of grant using the Binomial option-pricing model (the "Binomial model"). The Binomial model takes into account variables such as volatility, dividend yield rate, and risk-free interest rate and also allows for the use of dynamic assumptions and considers the contractual term of the option, the probability that the option will be exercised prior to the end of its contractual life, and the probability of termination or retirement of the option holder in computing the value of the option. Stock based compensation expenses recorded on the subsidiaries' level are presented in non-controlling interests. The fair value for Formula's subsidiaries' share options granted to employees and directors was estimated using the following weighted- average assumptions: Magic (the Binomial model): Contractual term of up to Expected volatility Dividend yield Risk-free interest rate(1) Suboptimal exercise multiple(2) (employees) Suboptimal exercise multiple(2) (executives) Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 10 years 32%-59% 0% 0.1%-2.6% 2 2 10 years 32% - 59% 0% 0.1%-2.6% - 2 1) The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield from U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds with an equivalent term to the contractual term of the options. 2) The suboptimal exercise factor is the ratio by which the stock price must increase over the exercise price before employees are expected to exercise their stock options. This factor is estimated based on employees' historical option exercise behavior. There were no grants by Magic during 2015. F-30 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) Sapiens (the Binomial model): FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Contractual life Expected exercise factor (weighted average) Dividend yield Expected volatility (weighted average) Risk-free interest rate Year ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 6 years 1.5-2 0% 54.3% 1.0%-2.1% 6 years 1.5-2 0% 48.9% 1.8-1.9% 6 years 1.5 0% 43.0%-44.1% 1.6%-1.8% The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on the yield from U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds with an equivalent term as of the Sapiens’ employee stock options. Since dividend payment is applied to reduce the exercise price of the option, the effect of the dividend protection is reflected by using an expected dividend assumption of zero. The expected life of options granted is derived from the output of the option valuation model and represents the period of time the options are expected to be outstanding. The expected exercise factor is based on industry acceptable rates since no actual historical behavior by option holders exists. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Sapiens share price. Matrix (the Binomial model): There were no grants by Matrix during 2013 and 2014. During 2015, Matrix granted 2,150,000 options. The fair value of those options was estimated by using the following assumptions under the Binomial model: Contractual term of up to Dividend yield Expected volatility Risk-free interest rate(1) Expected exercise factor (2) 2015 5 years 0% 19% - 22% 0.08% - 1.31% 1.3 1) The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield from Nominal Israeli Government bonds (“Shachar”) with an equivalent term to the contractual term of the options. 2) The Expected exercise factor is the ratio by which the stock price must increase over the exercise price before employees are expected to exercise their stock options. This factor is estimated based on employees' historical option exercise behavior. Insync (the Binomial model): In February 2015, Insync’s board of directors awarded its chief executive officer 11 restricted shares (the “restricted shares”). These restricted shares vest on a quarterly basis over one year, commencing on February 2, 2015 and concluding on February 2, 2016. Total fair value of the grant was calculated based on Insync’s valuation as of January 1, 2015 and equaled to $ 44 ($ 4 per share). F-31 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) Formula (the Binomial model): For grants to Formula's employees - see Note 13. w. Derivatives instruments FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES A material portion of the Group's revenues, expenses and earnings is exposed to changes in foreign exchange rates. Depending on market conditions, foreign exchange risk is also managed through the use of derivative financial instruments. These financial instruments serve to protect net income against the impact of the translation into U.S. dollars of certain foreign exchange-denominated transactions. The derivative instruments primarily hedge or offset exposures to Euro, Japanese Yen and New Israeli Shekel ("NIS") exchange rate fluctuations. ASC 815, "Derivatives and Hedging," requires companies to recognize all of their derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities on their balance sheet at fair value. Derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedges of forecasted transactions (i.e., cash flow hedges) are carried at fair value with the effective portion of a derivative's gain or loss recorded in other comprehensive income and subsequently recognized in earnings in the same period or periods in which the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. For derivative instruments that are not designated and qualified as hedging instruments, the gains or losses on the derivative instruments are recognized in current earnings during the period of the change in fair values. The derivative instruments used by Group are designed to reduce the market risk associated with the exposure of its underlying transactions to fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Magic has instituted a foreign currency cash flow hedging program, in order to hedge against the risk of overall changes in future cash flows. From time to time, Magic hedges portions of its forecasted expenses denominated in NIS with currency forward contracts and put and call options. These forward and option contracts are designated as cash flow hedges. Matrix's and Sapiens' transactions, however, did not qualify as hedging instruments under ASC 815 "Derivatives and hedging" and as such resulted in recognition of gains or losses related to the transactions as financial income or expense in the consolidated statements of income. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge (i.e., hedging the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows that is attributable to a particular risk), the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as a component of other comprehensive income and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. The remaining gain or loss on the derivative instrument in excess of the cumulative change in the present value of future cash flows of the hedged item, if any, is recognized in current earnings during the period of change. For derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments, the gain or loss is recognized in current earnings during the period of change. F-32 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES At December 31, 2014 and 2015, the Group did not have any cash flow hedges. In 2013, the ineffective net gain (loss) and amounts related to derivatives not classified as hedging recognized in the statements of income were $ 139. x. Comprehensive income (loss) The Group accounts for comprehensive income (loss) in accordance with ASC 220 "Comprehensive Income." This codification establishes standards for the reporting and display of comprehensive income and its components in a full set of general purpose financial statements. Comprehensive income (loss) generally represents all changes in equity during the period except those resulting from investments by, or distributions to, shareholders. The Company determined that its items of other comprehensive income (loss) relate to gain and loss on foreign currency translation adjustments, unrealized gain and loss on derivatives instruments designated as a hedge, and unrealized gain and loss on available-for-sale marketable securities. y. Fair value measurement The Group accounts for certain assets and liabilities at fair value under ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures". Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, ASC 820 establishes a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value: Level 1 - Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; Level 2 - Significant other observable inputs based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity; and Level 3 - Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity (for example, cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions). The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The Company categorized each of its fair value measurements in one of these three levels of hierarchy. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are comprised of marketable securities, foreign currency forward contracts and contingent consideration of acquisitions (see Note 5). F-33 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Foreign currency derivative contracts are classified within Level 2 as the valuation inputs are based on quoted prices and market observable data of similar instruments. The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for cash and cash equivalents, short term bank deposits, trade receivables, other accounts receivable, short-term bank credit, trade payables and other accounts payable approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities of such instruments. z. Capital lease The Group has accounted for its assets which are under a capital lease arrangement in accordance with ASC 840 "Leases.". In order to determine whether to classify a lease as a capital lease or an operating lease, the Group evaluates whether the lease transfers substantially all the risks and benefits incidental to ownership of the leased asset. In this respect, the Group evaluates such criteria as the existence of a bargain purchase option, the lease term in relation to the economic life of the asset and the present value of the minimum lease payments in relation to the fair value of the asset. Accordingly, assets under a capital lease are stated as assets of the Group on the basis of ordinary purchase prices (without the financing component), and depreciated according to the usual depreciation rates applicable to such assets. The lease payments payable in forthcoming years, net of the interest component included in them, are included in liabilities. The interest in respect of such amounts is accrued on a current basis and is charged to earnings. aa. Recently issued accounting pronouncements In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases” (Topic 842), whereby lessees will be required to recognize for all leases at the commencement date a lease liability, which is a lessee‘s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. Under the new guidance, lessor accounting is largely unchanged. A modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements must be applied. The modified retrospective approach would not require any transition accounting for leases that expired before the earliest comparative period presented. Companies may not apply a full retrospective transition approach. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early application is permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this pronouncement. In November 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-17 (ASU 2015-17) Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which requires that deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities be classified as noncurrent in the balance sheet. ASU 2015-17 is effective for the interim and annual periods ending after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted, and the Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-17 retrospectively as of December 31, 2015. As a result of the retrospective application, the Company reclassified on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2014 an amount of $ 5,164 of deferred tax assets from the current assets to the long- term assets as part of the Long term deferred tax asset and amount of $ 1,375 of deferred tax liabilities from the current liabilities to the long- term liabilities as part of the Long term deferred tax liability. F-34 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES On May 28, 2014, the FASB completed its Revenue Recognition project by issuing ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The new guidance establishes the principles to report useful information to users of financial statements about the nature, timing, and uncertainty of revenue from contracts with customers. The new Revenue Recognition guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period, though early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company is currently evaluating the method of adoption, as well as the effect that adoption of this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements. F-35 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 3:- BUSINESS COMBINATION, SIGNIFICANT TRANSACTION AND SALE OF BUSINESS FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES a. On November 19, 2013, Sapiens completed a follow-on public offering of its ordinary shares on the NASDAQ. Sapiens issued 6,497,400 shares at a price of $ 6.25 per share before issuance expenses. Total net proceeds from the issuance amounted to approximately $ 37,791. As a result of the offering, Formula’s interest in Sapiens' outstanding common shares was diluted from 56.8% to 48.6% and due to the loss of control in Sapiens in accordance with ASC 810, the Company started applying the equity method of accounting to reflect its investment in Sapiens. The gain recognized in relation of Formula’s interest in in Sapiens' outstanding common shares, diluting to 48.6%, amounted to $ 61,164 and is presented in the income statement as equity in gains of affiliated companies, net. The fair value of the retained investment in Sapiens was measured according to Sapiens' share price on November 19, 2013 of $7.09 per share. From August 21, 2014 through December 23, 2014, Formula purchased an aggregate of 1,545,802 common shares of Sapiens through broker-initiated and private transactions for an aggregate purchase price of $ 11,908, pursuant to which Formula’s holdings in Sapiens were increased to 50.2%. As a result of Formula’s gaining control in Sapiens, Formula’s investment in Sapiens was consolidated in Formula’s closing balances as of December 31, 2014. The gain recognized in relation to the consolidation of Sapiens and the related re- measurement of the investment to fair value amounted to $ 3,413 and is presented in the income statement as equity in gains of affiliated companies, net. The acquisition was accounted for using the purchase method. The results of operations of Sapiens have been consolidated commencing as of December 23, 2014. The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with reference to the acquisition as of December 23, 2014: Net assets Customer relationships Developed and acquired Technology Backlog and deferred revenues Deferred revenues OCS liability (See note 15f) Deferred tax liability, net Non-controlling interest Goodwill $ 171,527 20,707 19,066 3,351 513 (4,437) (10,796) (174,194) 149,559 Net assets acquired $ 175,296 In performing the purchase price allocation, management considered, among other factors, analyses of historical financial performance, highest and best use of the acquired assets and estimates of future performance of Sapiens' business. In performing the purchase price allocation, the fair value of intangible assets such as customer relationship was determined based on the income approach and core technology was valued using the relief from royalty method. F-36 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 3:- BUSINESS COMBINATION, SIGNIFICANT TRANSACTION AND SALE OF BUSINESS (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The following represents the unaudited pro forma condensed results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, as if Sapiens had been controlled by Formula during the entire period from January 1, 2013, after giving effect to purchase accounting adjustments, including amortization of intangible assets as well as the gains recorded upon the changes in control over Sapiens which occurred during the period. This pro forma financial information is not necessarily indicative of the combined results that would have been attained had the purchase of Sapiens shares taken place at the beginning of 2013, nor is it necessarily indicative of future results. Total revenues Net income attributable to Formula Shareholders Earnings per share Basic Diluted Year ended December 31, 2013 2014 Unaudited $ $ $ $ 813,977 20,027 1.46 1.38 $ $ $ $ 793,124 82,033 5.89 5.67 From December 23, 2014 until September 30, 2015, Sapiens issued 1,077,003 shares following exercise of options by Sapiens employees that resulted in Formula’s interest in Sapiens' outstanding common shares being diluted from 50.2% to 49.1%. Formula's investment in Sapiens following the dilution was measured under the equity method of accounting due to loss of control in Sapiens in accordance with ASC 810. The gain, net of tax, recognized in relation of Formula loss of control in Sapiens and the related re- measurement of the investment to fair value amounted to $ 56,369 and is presented in the income statement as equity in gains of affiliated companies. b. On August 18, 2015 (the “acquisition date”), Sapiens completed the acquisition from Asseco of all issued and outstanding shares of Insseco. Asseco was the ultimate parent company of Sapiens, through holding in Formula, which has been the direct parent company of Sapiens from December 23, 2014 and until September 30, 2015. Insseco is a newly established company into which Asseco had transferred all of its Polish insurance employees, certain fixed assets, certain customer contracts and certain software including intellectual property rights. Insseco has a team of approximately 140 insurance professionals and an established presence in the Polish insurance market, and services major insurance customers in Poland, including top tier insurance carriers. F-37 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 3:- BUSINESS COMBINATION, SIGNIFICANT TRANSACTION AND SALE OF BUSINESS (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Sapiens paid the acquisition consideration in cash, consisting of 34,300 Polish Zloty or approximately $9,100. In addition, the transaction consideration includes upside or downside performance based payments relating to achievements of revenue goals and profitability over the next five years. If the aggregate revenues generated by Insseco from its activity from July 1, 2015 through June 30, 2020 exceed 90,000 Polish Zloty or approximately $23,800, Asseco shall be entitled to receive additional amounts ranging from 3% to 15% of the excess amount of the respective revenues. If the aggregate revenues generated by Insseco for the period from July 1, 2015 through June 30, 2018 are below 84,000 Polish Zloty or $22,200, the seller shall pay Sapiens an amount equal to 35% of the deficiency below such amount. In addition, the amounts payable to Asseco may be adjusted upwards or downwards as a result of changes in the profitability of a specific account that Sapiens acquired as part of the acquisition. The estimated fair value of the contingent payments that depend on the revenue and profitability goals as of December 31, 2015 is $887. The acquisition of Insseco from Asseco, which was as of the acquisition date the ultimate parent company of Sapiens, is a transaction between entities under common control, and therefore accounted for under the pooling of interest method in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. Under the pooling-of-interests method, combination between two businesses under common control is accounted for at carrying amounts with retrospective adjustment of prior period financial statements. As the common control achieved on December 23, 2014, the balance sheet as of December 31, 2014 of Sapiens and as such of Formula were adjusted to reflect the carrying amounts combination between Sapiens and Insseco. The results of Sapiens for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2015 were also adjusted to reflect the combination with Insseco, accordingly. Under the pooling-of-interests method, the equity accounts of the combining entities are combined and the difference between the consideration paid and the net assets acquired is reflected as an equity transaction (i.e., distribution to parent company). As opposed to the purchase method of accounting, no intangible assets are recognized in the transaction, other than those existed in the combining entities and no goodwill is recognized as a result of the combination. The application of the pooling-of-interests method with respect to the acquisition of Insseco increased the total assets, liabilities and equity as of December 31, 2014 by $4,385, $2,288, and $2,097, respectively. Revenues, pretax income and net income of Insseco for the twelve month period ended December 31, 2015, which are included in the consolidated statements of income amounted to $7,780, $718 and $578, respectively. c. On May 6, 2015, Sapiens completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Ibexi Solution Private Limited (Ibexi), an India- based provider of insurance business and technology solutions which services 18 insurers both in the Property & Casualty/General Insurance (“P&C”) and Life, Annuities and Pensions (“L&P”) markets throughout Southeast Asia, in total consideration of $4,764 (net of acquired cash) including a contingent payment valued at $949 on the acquisition date. In addition, an amount of approximately $1,900 is subject to continued employment and therefore not part of the purchase price but is recognized over the service period. The acquisition was accounted for by the purchase method. Ibexi was founded in 2001 and operates in the Asia Pacific region, servicing insurers in both the property and casualty and life, pension and annuities markets, including leading insurance companies in India. F-38 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 3:- BUSINESS COMBINATION, SIGNIFICANT TRANSACTION AND SALE OF BUSINESS (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES d. On April 1, 2015 Xtivia Inc (a wholly owned subsidiary of Matrix) completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Hydus Inc in total consideration of $ 2,500 (net of acquired cash). Hydus Inc. is a U.S based consulting firm specializing in software services in the field of EIM (Enterprise Information Management). In addition, the sellers may be eligible for future consideration, valued at $ 1,600 as of December 31, 2015, subject to obtaining accumulated operating income targets during three years (not exceeding Hydus operating income). The acquisition was accounted for by the purchase method. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a total of approximately $ 3,700, of which $ 575 was allocated to intangible assets, with the remaining allocated to goodwill. e. On May 7, 2015, Matrix completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Ono Apps Ltd., an Israeli based service provider specializing in mobile applications development services, in total consideration of NIS 4,600 (approximately $ 1,200, net of acquired cash). In addition, the sellers may be eligible for future consideration, valued at $ 313 as of December 31, 2015, subject to obtaining accumulated operating income targets during three years commencing on January 1, 2016 and not exceeding NIS 5,000 (approximately $ 1,300). The acquisition was accounted for by the purchase method. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a total of approximately NIS 5,500 (approximately $ 1,400), of which NIS 1,600 (approximately $ 400) was allocated to intangible assets, with the remaining allocated to goodwill. f. On April 14, 2015, Magic acquired a 70% interest in Comblack IT Ltd., an Israeli-based company that specializes in software professional and outsource management services for mainframes and complex large-scale environments, for a total consideration of $1,812, of which $ 1,523 was paid upon closing and $ 289 is contingent upon the acquired business meeting certain operational targets in 2015. Magic and the seller hold mutual Call and Put options respectively for the remaining 30% interest in Combalck IT Ltd. As a result of the Put option, Magic recorded redeemable non-controlling interest in the amount of $ 1,100. The acquisition was accounted for by the purchase method. In March 2016, Magic paid the seller the remaining contingent payments for meeting 2015 operational targets. The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities at the date of acquisition: F-39 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 3:- BUSINESS COMBINATION, SIGNIFICANT TRANSACTION AND SALE OF BUSINESS (Cont.) Net Assets, excluding cash acquired Non-controlling interest Intangible assets Goodwill Total assets acquired net of acquired cash $ $ (405) (1,100) 1,305 2,012 1,812 FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES g. On June 30, 2015 Magic acquired a 70% interest in Infinigy Solutions LLC, a US-based services company focused on expanding the development and implementation of technical solutions throughout the telecommunications industry with offices over the US, providing nationwide coverage and support for wireless engineering, deployment services, surveying, environmental service and project management, in total consideration of $6,360, of which $ 5,600 was paid upon closing and $ 760 is contingent upon the acquired business meeting certain operational targets in 2016 and 2017. Magic and the seller hold mutual Call and Put options respectively for the remaining 30% interest in Infinigy Solutions LLC. As a result of the Put option, Magic recorded redeemable non-controlling interest in the amount of $ 3,273. The acquisition was accounted for by the purchase method. The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities at the date of acquisition: Net Assets, excluding cash acquired Non-controlling interest Intangible assets Goodwill Total assets acquired net of acquired cash $ $ 1,182 (3,273) 3,652 4,799 6,360 h. During the year ended December 31, 2015, Formula and its subsidiaries and affiliates completed additional five other acquisitions in a total cash consideration of approximately $3,837 (net of acquired cash), of which $ 3,428 was attributed to goodwill and $ 1,331 to other identifiable intangible assets and increased their share interest in two existing subsidiaries in a total consideration of $ 1,656. These acquisitions generally enhance the Group's technologies, product and services offerings. Pro forma results of operations for these acquisitions have not been presented because they are not material to the consolidated results of operations, either individually or in the aggregate. i. During the year ended December 31, 2014, Formula and its subsidiaries completed an additional four other acquisitions for a total cash consideration of up to approximately $8,697 (net of acquired cash), of which $ 2,317 was attributed to goodwill and $ 2,284 to other identifiable intangible assets. These acquisitions generally enhance the group's technologies, product and services offerings. Pro forma results of operations for these acquisitions have not been presented because they are not material to the consolidated results of operations, either individually or in the aggregate. F-40 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 4:- MARKETABLE SECURITIES The Group invests in marketable debt and equity securities, which are classified as trading securities and as available-for-sale securities. The following is a summary of marketable securities: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES a. Composition: Short-term: Trading securities (1) Total short-term securities Long-term: Available-for-sale security Total long-term securities December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ $ $ 15,784 15,784 33,748 33,748 $ $ $ $ 11,011 11,011 - - (1) The Company recognized trading gains in amounts of $ 909 and $ 114 during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively. b. The following is a summary of marketable securities which are classified as available-for-sale: 2014 2015 December 31, Amortized cost Unrealized losses Unrealized Gains Market value Amortized cost Unrealized losses Unrealized gains Market Value Available-for-sale: Government bonds Commercial bonds Equity securities Total available-for-sale marketable securities $ $ $ 5,128 27,970 331 33,429 $ - - - - $ $ $ - - 319 $ 5,128 27,970 650 319 $ 33,748 $ - - - - $ $ - - - - $ $ - - - - $ $ - - - - Interest receivable of available-for-sale marketable securities included in other receivables and prepaid expenses amounted to $ 280 as of December 31, 2014. The following is the change in the other comprehensive income from available-for-sale securities during 2015 and 2014: F-41 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 4:- MARKETABLE SECURITIES (Cont.) Other comprehensive income from available-for-sale securities as of January 1, 2014 Unrealized loss from available-for-sale securities Other comprehensive income from available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2014 Unrealized loss from available-for-sale securities Realized gain reclassified into earnings due to Sapiens deconsolidation Realized gain reclassified into earnings from marketable securities Other comprehensive income from available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2015 NOTE 5: - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Other comprehensive income $ $ 327 (8) 319 24 (45) (298) - In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible and considers counterparty credit risk in its assessment of fair value. The Company's financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, excluding accrued interest components; consisted of the following types of instruments as of December 31, 2015 and 2014: Assets: Equity securities Government and corporate debentures Foreign currency derivative contracts Total financial assets Liabilities: Contingent consideration (*) Total financial liabilities Fair value measurements using input type December 31, 2015 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 3,291 7,721 - 11,012 - - $ $ $ $ $ $ F-42 - - - - - - $ $ $ - - - - 3,598 3,598 $ $ $ 3,291 7,721 - 11,012 3,598 3,598 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 5: - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT (Cont.) Assets: Equity securities Government and corporate debentures Foreign currency derivative contracts Total financial assets Liabilities: Contingent consideration (*) Total financial liabilities FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Fair value measurements using input type December 31, 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $ $ $ 4,428 12,006 - 16,434 - - $ $ $ - 33,098 87 33,185 - - $ $ $ - - - - 2,607 2,607 $ $ $ 4,428 45,104 87 49,619 2,607 2,607 (*) The fair value of contingent consideration was determined based on the present value of the future expected cash flow. The following table summarizes the activity for those financial liabilities where fair value measurements are estimated utilizing Level 3 inputs: Carrying value as of January 1 Contingent consideration due to new acquisitions Deconsolidation of subsidiaries’ Repayment of contingent consideration Exchange differences Net changes in fair value Carrying value as of December 31 December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ $ 13,740 954 (3,981) (7,337) (521) (248) 2,607 3,585 (1,842) (1,280) 21 507 2,607 $ 3,598 NOTE 6:- INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATED COMPANIES The following table summarizes activity related to Formula’s investment in affiliates: January 1, 2015 Deconsolidation of Sapiens and accounting for the remaining investment under equity method (see Note 1a) Consolidation of affiliate Equity in gains of affiliated companies, net: Equity in gains of affiliated companies, net Exercise of employees stock options in affiliate Equity in other comprehensive gain (loss) of affiliates, net Transaction with non-controlling interests in affiliate's subsidiary Purchase of additional shares Exchange differences Dividends received from affiliates Deferred gain from intercompany transactions December 31, 2015 F-43 2015 $ 169,143 275,951 (545) 8,337 (411) (407) (781) 3,732 (12) (3,544) (30) 451,433 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 6:- INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATED COMPANIES (Cont.) Following are details relating to the financial position and results of operations of affiliates in the aggregate: a. Group's share of its associates' statement of financial position based on the interests therein as of the below reporting dates: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Current assets Noncurrent assets (*) Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Associates’ equity relating to non-controlling interest Deferred intercompany gains December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ 58,385 130,196 (11,713) (5,157) 171,711 (2,568) - 111,143 397,263 (36,699) (14,741) 456,966 (5,423) (110) $ 169,143 $ 451,433 (*) Includes balances of other intangible assets and goodwill in an amount of $ 126,610 and $ 370,937 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively. b. Group's share of its associates' statement of income based on the interests therein during the periods shown below (with respect to the Group's interest in Sapiens, for the periods from November 19, 2013 until December 23, 2014 and from October 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015 only, and with respect to the Group’s interest in Magic, only for the period from March 5, 2014, and with respect to Tiltan Systems Engineering Ltd. only for the period until December 31, 2014): Revenues Income (loss) F-44 Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 $ $ 10,021 $ 138,561 (481) $ 9,058 2015 $ $ 104,331 8,337 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 7:- PROPERTY, PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT, NET Composition: Cost: Computers and equipment Motor vehicles Buildings Leasehold improvements Accumulated depreciation: Computers and equipment Motor vehicles Buildings Leasehold improvements FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES $ December 31, 2014 2015 $ 24,847 255 2,928 17,410 45,440 15,202 133 1,787 8,192 25,314 9,604 248 2,918 13,093 25,863 3,458 156 1,869 6,181 11,664 Depreciated cost $ 20,126 $ 14,199 Depreciation expenses totaled $ 6,241, $ 4,774 and $ 5,731 for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. NOTE 8:- GOODWILL The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 were as follows: Balance as of January 1, 2014 Gain of control in Sapiens and new acquisitions (see Note 1) Deconsolidation of Magic and accounting for the remaining investment under equity method (see Note 1) Negative goodwill write-off Foreign currency translation adjustments Balance as of December 31, 2014 Deconsolidation of Sapiens and accounting for the remaining investment under equity method (see Note 1) Adjustments due to purchase price allocation Adjustments to negative goodwill write-off Gain of control in subsidiaries and new acquisitions Foreign currency translation adjustments Balance as of December 31, 2015 $ 227,434 220,548 (62,040) 831 (13,543) $ 373,230 (219,369) 455 (455) 9,039 (727) $ 162,173 The Company performed annual impairment tests during the fourth quarter of 2015 and did not identify any impairment losses (See Note 2n). F-45 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 9:- INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET a. Intangible assets, net, are comprised of the following as of the below dates: Original amounts: Capitalized Software costs Customer relationship Acquired technology Patent Other intangibles Accumulated amortization: Capitalized Software costs Customer relationship Acquired technology Patent Other intangibles FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ $ $ 92,259 47,048 6,871 1,234 6,769 154,181 53,744 16,390 3,998 51 3,128 77,311 8,055 17,523 - - 3,622 29,200 7,902 13,160 - - 3,218 24,280 Total $ 76,870 $ 4,920 b. Amortized expenses totaled $ 17,213, $ 4,188 and $ 11,375 for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. c. Estimated other intangible assets amortization for the years ended: December 31, 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Total $ $ 1,889 1,091 882 680 378 4,920 F-46 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 10:- LIABILITIES TO BANKS AND OTHERS a. Composition: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES December 31, 2015 Interest rate % Linkage Basis Long-term liabilities Current maturities December 31, 2015 Total long-term liabilities net of current maturities Total long-term liabilities net of current maturities December 31, 2014 2.64-5.85 NIS - Unlinked $ $ 139,223 139,223 $ $ 36,378 36,378 $ $ 102,845 102,845 $ $ 108,203 108,203 Total b. Maturity dates: First year (current maturities) Second year Third year Fourth year Fifth year and thereafter Total c. For details of liens, guarantees and credit facilities, see Note 15. NOTE 11: DEBENTURES December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ 26,127 31,512 28,393 22,631 25,666 36,378 33,263 27,521 18,923 23,138 $ 134,329 $ 139,223 On September 16, 2015, the Company concluded a public offering in Israel on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange (the “TASE”) of NIS 101,014 (net of issuance expenses) Series A Secured Debentures (the “Series A Secured Debentures”) that are in NIS (not linked to any currency or index) and secured by liens on certain shares of Formula’s subsidiaries and affiliates held by Formula (with a loan-to-value of not more than 60%), and of $ 32,148 (net of issuance expenses) Series B Convertible Debentures (the " Series B Convertible Debentures") that are linked to the U.S Dollar and convertible into ordinary shares of Formula (the Convertible Debentures together with the Secured Debentures - the “New Debentures”). The New debentures were offered and sold pursuant to a shelf prospectus filed with the Israeli Securities Authority (the “ISA”) and TASE on August 6, 2015, amended thereafter on September 3, 2015. The Company accounts for the outstanding principal amount of our New Debentures as long-term liability, in accordance with ASC 470, “Debt”, with current maturities classified as short-term liabilities. Debt issuance costs are capitalized and reported as deferred financing costs, which are amortized over the life of the New Debentures using the effective interest rate method. As of December 31, 2015, the value of the Series A Secured Debentures and the value of Series B Convertible Debentures was NIS 101,907 (approximately $ 26,118) and $ 32,378 respectively. The public offering of the New Debentures was made only in Israel and not to U.S. persons (as defined in Rule 902(k) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”)), in an overseas directed offering (as defined in Rule 903(b)(i)(ii) under the Securities Act), and was exempt from registration under the Securities Act pursuant to the exemption provided by Regulation S thereunder. The sale of the debentures was not registered under the Securities Act, and the debentures may not be offered or sold in the United States and/or to U.S. persons without registration under the Securities Act or an applicable exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act. F-47 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 11: DEBENTURES (Cont.) Series A Secured Debentures (NIS 102,260,000 par value) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The Series A Secured Debentures were issued at a purchase price equal to 100% of their par value and bear fixed annual interest at a rate of 2.8% (which may vary based on the credit rating of the debentures), payable semi-annually. The proceeds of the offering, before early commitment commission of $129 with respect to the units for which the qualified investors have committed to subscribe, and issuance costs of $190, amounted to NIS 102,260 (approximately $ 26,295). The principal of the Series A Secured Debentures, are in NIS (not linked to any currency or index) and will be repaid in eight equal annual installments commencing on July 2, 2017. Formula may redeem the Series A Secured Debentures or any part thereof at its discretion after 60 days from their issuance date subject to certain conditions. In accordance with the terms of the indenture related to that Series A Secured debentures, the collateral will consist of the following shares of the Company’s subsidiaries and affiliate held by the Company: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) 2,435,910 ordinary shares, par value 1.0 New Israeli Shekels (“NIS”) per share, of the Company’s subsidiary, Matrix IT Ltd.; 2,338,483 ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.1 per share, of the Company’s affiliate, Magic Software Enterprises Ltd.; and 1,260,266 common shares, par value €0.01 per share, of the Company’s affiliate, Sapiens International Corporation N.V. Series B Convertible Debentures (NIS 125,000,000 par value) The Series B Convertible Debentures were issued at a purchase price equal to 102% of their par value and bear fixed annual interest at a rate of 2.74% (which may vary based on the credit rating of the debentures), payable in one installment upon maturity of the debentures on March 26, 2019 (at which time the accrued interest will constitute 10% of the principal amount of the Convertible Bonds, in the aggregate). The proceeds of the offering, before early commitment commission of $131 with respect to the units for which the qualified investors committed to subscribe, and issuance costs of $236, amounted to $32,785. The principal of the Bonds is subject to adjustment based on changes in the exchange rate between the NIS and the U.S. Dollar relative to the exchange rate on September 8, 2015 (3.922), and will be repaid on March 26, 2019. Formula may not redeem the Series B Convertible Debentures or any part thereof at its discretion. The Series B Convertible Debentures are convertible, at the election of each holder, into the Formula’s ordinary shares at a conversion price of NIS 157 par value of Convertible Debentures per one share from the date of issuance and until March 10, 2019. The conversion price is subject to adjustment in the event that the Company effects a share split or reverse share split, a rights offering or a distribution of bonus shares or a cash dividend. As of December 31, 2015, the adjusted conversion price to one share is NIS 154.8 par value following cash dividend distribution. F-48 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 11: DEBENTURES (Cont.) The following is the change in the carrying amount of the New Debentures during 2015: Balance as of January 1, 2015 Issuance of convertible and secured debentures, net Accrued interest Premium and issuance costs Amortization Foreign currency translation adjustments Balance as of December 31, 2015 * include short term accrued interest of $213 FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES $ $ - 58,394 476 (16) (357) 58,497* As of December 31, 2015, the Company satisfied all of the financial covenants associated with both, the Convertible Bonds and the Secured Bonds. As of December 31, 2015, the aggregate principal annual payments of the bonds are as follows: 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 and thereafter Total $ $ Repayment amount - 3,276 3,276 35,147 16,379 58,078 NOTE 12:- RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS On August 18, 2015, Sapiens completed the acquisition from Asseco Poland S.A. (“Asseco”) of all issued and outstanding shares of Insseco. Asseco is the parent company of Formula. Please see note 1 above for further information concerning this acquisition. Under the share purchase agreement for that acquisition, Asseco committed to assign all customer contracts to Insseco that relate to the intellectual property that Sapiens acquired as part of the acquisition. In the event that Asseco cannot obtain the consent of any customer to the assignment of its contract to Insseco, Asseco will hold that customer's contract in trust for the benefit of Insseco. Under that arrangement, in 2015, Insseco invoiced Asseco in a back-to-back manner for all invoices issued by Asseco on Insseco's behalf to customers under those contracts that were not yet assigned by Asseco to Insseco. F-49 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 13:- EMPLOYEE OPTION PLANS FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES a. In March 2011, Formula's shareholders approved the adoption of Formula's 2011 Employee and Officer Share Incentive Plan (the "2011 plan"). Pursuant to the 2011 plan, the Company may grant from time to time to the Company's and its subsidiaries' employees and officers (which are not Formula's controlling shareholders) Ordinary shares, restricted shares or options to purchase up to 545,000 ordinary shares of Formula. The 2011 plan is administered by Formula's board of directors. The 2011 plan provides that share based compensation may be granted, from time to time, to such grantees to be determined by the board, at an exercise price and under such terms to be determined at its sole and absolute discretion. Share based compensation may be granted under the 2011 plan through March 2021. In 2012, the Company increased the amount of ordinary shares reserved for issuance under the 2011 plan by 1,200,000 options. In March 2011, concurrently with the amendment and extension of Formula’s chief executive officer's service agreement, the Company approved him a grant of options exercisable for an additional 543,840 ordinary shares. The options vest in equal quarterly installments, over a four year period that commences in December 31, 2011 and concludes in December 31, 2015. The exercise price of the options is NIS 0.01 per share. In May 2011, the chief executive officer exercised all of these options for redeemable restricted shares, for which the Company's redemption right was to lapse in accordance with the remaining vesting schedule for the unvested options from which they arose. Total fair value of the grant was calculated based on the Formula share price on the grant date and totaled $ 9,055 ($ 16.65 per share). In December 2011, at which time Formula was negotiating an amendment and an extension of its chief executive officer's service agreement, it redeemed all of the above-described 543,840 shares for no consideration. In March 2012, concurrently with the amendment and extension of its chief executive officer’s service agreement, the board of directors of Formula awarded him with a new share option incentive plan, following the redemption of the 543,840 redeemable ordinary shares, which were granted to him in March 2011 and which were not yet vested in their redemption date. Under the 2011 plan, the chief executive officer of Formula was granted with options exercisable to 1,122,782 ordinary shares of Formula (the "New grant"), as long as he continue to serve as (i) a director of Formula and/or (ii) a director of each of the directly held subsidiaries of Formula; provided that if he fails to meet the foregoing requirement (A) due to the request of the board of directors of either Formula or any of its directly held subsidiaries (other than a request which is based on actions or omissions by the chief executive officer that would constitute "cause" under his service agreement with Formula), (B) because the chief executive officer is prohibited under the governing law or charter documents of the relevant company or the stock exchange rules and regulations applicable to such company from being a director of such company (other than due to his actions or omissions) or (C) notwithstanding the chief executive officer’s willingness to be so appointed (but provided that neither (A) nor (B) applies); then, in each of (A), (B) and (C), the chief executive officer will be deemed to have complied with clauses (i) or (ii) above. The options vest, i.e., Formula’s redemption right with respect to the options and the underlying ordinary shares issuable upon exercise lapses, in equal quarterly installments over an eight year period that commenced in March 2012 and concludes on December 31, 2019. The exercise price of the options is NIS 0.01 per share. The New grant is accounted for as a modification to the March 2011 grant to the chief executive officer. Total fair value of the grant was calculated based on the share price on the grant date and totaled $ 18,347 ($ 16.34 per share). F-50 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 13:- EMPLOYEE OPTION PLANS (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES In accordance with the terms of the option grant, the shares issuable upon exercise of the options will be deposited with a trustee and Formula’s chief executive officer will not be permitted to vote or dispose of them until the shares are released from the trust. In June 2013 all options were exercised into shares however they have been deposited with a trustee and Formula’s chief executive officer is not permitted to vote or dispose of them until the shares are released from the trust. All shares participate in dividends and have the right to vote, however for so long as the shares are held by the trustee (even if they have vested) the voting rights may only be exercised by the trustee. In accordance with the guidelines of Formula incentive plan for so long as the shares underlying any grant under the plan are being held by the trustee they will be voted by the trustee in the same proportion as the results of the shareholder meeting. Only those shares for which the vesting period has expired may be collected from the trustee. As of December 31, 2015 all 1,122,782 shares were deposited with the trustee with 561,391 Ordinary Shares, constituting the vested portion as of December 31, 2015 of the 1,122,782 Ordinary Shares that Formula chief executive officer acquired upon his exercise (in June 2013) of options to purchase 1,122,782 Ordinary Shares, which options were granted to him in March 2012. b. In November 2014, Formula board of directors awarded its chief financial officer with 10,000 restricted shares under the 2011 plan (the “restricted shares”). These restricted shares vest on a quarterly basis over a four-year period, commencing on November 13, 2014 and concludes in November 13, 2018, provided that during such time the chief financial officer will continue to serve as (i) an officer of the Company and/or (ii) an officer in one of the directly held affiliates, except that if he fail to meet the service condition due to the request of the board of directors of either Formula or any of its directly held affiliates (other than a termination of his provision of services which is based on actions or omissions by him that will constitute “cause” under his grant agreement with Formula); then, the chief financial officer will be deemed to have complied with clauses (i) or (ii) above. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a change of control of the Company occurs, then all unvested restricted shares will immediately become vested. Total fair value of the grant was calculated based on the Formula share price on the grant date and equaled to $ 239 ($ 23.9 per share). As of December 31, 2015 all 10,000 restricted shares were deposited with the trustee with 2,500 Ordinary Shares, constituting the currently vested portion of the 10,000 restricted shares that Formula chief financial officer was granted. c. Formula's subsidiaries and affiliates grant, from time to time, options to their officers and employees to purchase shares in the respective companies. In general, the options expire 5-10 years after grant. For further information with respect to expenses relating to the benefit to the employees, an additional disclosure required by ASC 718, see Note 2x. F-51 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 13:- EMPLOYEE OPTION PLANS (Cont.) d. The following table sets forth the breakdown of stock-based compensation expense resulting from stock options grants, as included in the consolidated statements of income: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Cost of revenues Research and development expenses Selling and marketing expenses General and administrative expenses Total stock-based compensation expense Matrix: Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 $ $ $ 11 67 86 3,814 $ 1 5 15 4,962 3,978 $ 4,983 $ - - - 5,076 5,076 The following table is a summary of employee option activity as of December 31, 2015, and changes during the year ended December 31, 2015, in Matrix: Outstanding at January 1, 2015 Options Granted (Cashless Exercise) RSU Granted Exercised Expired and forfeited Outstanding at December 31, 2015 Exercisable at December 31, 2015 Weighted average remaining contractual term (in years) Weighted average exercise price Aggregate intrinsic value 3.95 4.85 - 3.55 3.55 4.39 - 1.0 4.4 2 4.18 - 303 1,860 1,285 3,145 - Number of options 535,000 2,150,000 225,000 (510,000) (25,000) 2,375,000 - The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on December 31, 2015. This value would change based on the change in the market value of Matrix' ordinary shares and the change in the exchange rate between the New Israeli Shekel and U.S. dollar. As of December 31, 2015, there was $2,301 of total unrecognized compensation costs related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted under Matrix equity incentive plan. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014, and 2015 was $ 380, $ 2,286 and $ 807, respectively. F-52 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 13:- EMPLOYEE OPTION PLANS (Cont.) Sapiens: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The following table is a summary of employee option activity as of December 31, 2015, and changes during the year ended December 31, 2015, in Sapiens: Outstanding at January 1, 2015 Granted Exercised Expired and forfeited Outstanding at December 31, 2015 Exercisable at December 31, 2015 Year ended December 31, 2015 Weighted average exercise price Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years) Amount of options Aggregate intrinsic value $ 2,796,081 673,408 (1,080,470) (213,531) 2,175,488 1,002,286 $ 3.49 9.38 1.59 4.39 5.36 3.01 3.07 $ 10,957 3.49 2.52 $ 9,274 6,554 In 2013, 2014 and 2015, Sapiens granted 595,000, 340,000 and 673,408 stock options to purchase its shares to employees and directors, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair values of the options granted during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 were $ 2.51, $ 3.19 and $ 3.79, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding at December 31, 2015 represents intrinsic value of 2,175,488 outstanding options that are in-the-money as of December 31, 2015. All outstanding options are in the money as of December 31, 2015. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercisable at December 31, 2015 represents intrinsic value of 1,002,286 exercisable options that are in-the-money as of December 31, 2015. All exercisable options are in the money as of December 31, 2015. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 was $ 2,839, $ 7,446 and $10,294, respectively. The options outstanding under Sapiens' stock option plans as of December 31, 2015 have been separated into ranges of exercise price as follows: Ranges of exercise price Options outstanding as of December 31, 2015 Weighted Average remaining contractual Term (Years) Weighted average exercise price $ Options Exercisable as of December 31, 2015 Weighted Average Exercise price of Options Exercisable $ 1.2-1.48 2.08-2.7 3.45-3.77 4.72-4.85 5.25-5.53 6.27-6.92 7.01-7.68 8.42 9.93-10.78 1.29 2.90 2.70 3.02 3.55 4.15 4.22 5.35 5.76 3.86 1.34 2.56 3.57 4.73 5.33 6.42 7.46 8.42 10.45 166,978 297,094 242,769 76,945 45,000 66,666 106,834 - - 5.98 1,002,286 1.34 2.56 3.58 4.74 5.33 6.27 7.43 - - 3.66 166,978 297,094 325,971 163,445 90,000 130,000 367,000 300,000 335,000 2,175,488 F-53 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 13:- EMPLOYEE OPTION PLANS (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES As of December 31, 2015, there was $ 3,949 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested options, which is expected to be recognized over a period of up to four years. During 2015, 29,500 of the 88,500 restricted shares of Sapiens Decision, the Company's majority-owned subsidiary that were granted to one of the former shareholders of KPI in 2014 vested, thereby reducing the Company's percentage ownership of Sapiens Decision from 97% to 95.7%. During 2015, Sapiens Decision issued options to certain of its employees to purchase shares of Sapiens Decision. Magic: A summary of employee option activity under the Magic plans as of December 31, 2015 and changes during the year ended December 31, 2015 are as follows: Outstanding at January 1, 2015 Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding at December 31, 2015 Exercisable at December 31, 2015 Number of options Weighted average exercise price 738,889 - (161,003) (83,969) 493,917 333,917 $ $ $ 4.26 - 2.60 6.21 4.47 3.37 Weighted average remaining contractual term (in years) Aggregate intrinsic value 6.42 $ 1,248 5.99 4.95 $ $ 523 720 The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted to Magic’s employees and officers during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 was $ 6.0 and $ 3.76, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on December 31, 2015. This amount is changed based on the market value of the Company's ordinary shares. Total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 was $ 529, $ 741 and $ 210, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, there was $ 163 of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the Magic’s plans. This cost is expected to be recognized over a period of approximately three years. F-54 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 13:- EMPLOYEE OPTION PLANS (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The options outstanding as of December 31, 2015, have been separated into ranges of exercise price categories, as follows: Exercise price Options outstanding Weighted average remaining contractual life (years) Weighted average exercise price Options exercisable Weighted average exercise price of exercisable options In $ 0-1 1.01-2 2.01-3 3.01-4 4.01-5 5.01-6 6.01-7 7.01-8 8.01-9 4,000 20,000 123,667 166,250 - 75,000 50,000 - 55,000 493,917 3.24 2.99 3.64 5.77 - 7.61 8.87 - 8.36 5.99 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ - 1.12 2.31 4.00 - 6.00 6.89 - 8.01 4.47 4,000 20,000 123,667 166,250 - - 6,250 - 13,750 333,917 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ - 1.12 2.31 4.00 - - 6.89 - 8.01 3.37 NOTE 14: - LIABILITY IN RESPECT OF CAPITAL LEASE In June 2011, John Bryce ("JB" – a Matrix wholly owned subsidiary) has entered into real estate lease agreement with an unrelated third party for a period of seven years with an exit point after five years and an option for additional 13 years. The arrangement referring to leasehold improvement was identified as a capital lease. With regard to the agreement, Matrix provided a guarantee for the fulfillment of JB's liabilities. The following are details of the Company’s future minimum lease commitments in respect of capital leases as of December 31, 2015: First year (included in other accounts payable) Second year Third year Total F-55 Minimum lease payments Present value of minimum lease payment Interest 470 295 209 974 26 6 4 36 444 289 205 938 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 15:- COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES a. Liens: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES A lien has been incurred by the Company over certain portion of its investments in outstanding shares of Matrix, Magic and Sapiens, in pursuant to financial institution credit agreement entered on January 2014 and with respect to the Secured Bonds issued by the Company in September 2015 on the TASE. b. Guarantees: 1. 2. 3. The Group has provided certain bank guarantees in an aggregate of approximately $ 18,100 as security for its subsidiary companies’ performance of various contracts with customers and suppliers. If the subsidiaries were to breach certain terms of such contracts, the customers could demand that the banks providing the guarantees distribute the amounts claimed to be due. The Group has provided bank guarantees in an aggregate of approximately $ 4,450 as security for its subsidiary companies’ rent to be paid for offices. If such subsidiaries were to breach certain terms of their leases, the lessors could demand that the banks providing the guarantees distribute the amounts claimed to be due. As of December 31, 2015, the Group had restricted bank deposits of $615 in favor of the bank guarantees. In order to secure a credit line for one of Sapiens' subsidiaries, Sapiens has created a general floating pledge on that subsidiary's assets in favor of the bank providing the line of credit. c. Covenants: In connection with the Group's credit facility agreements, primarily Formula and Matrix, with various financial institutions, the Group committed to the following: i) Matrix In the context of Matrix engagements with banks for receiving credit facilities, Matrix has undertaken to maintain the following financial covenants, as they will be expressed in its financial statements, as described: a) The total rate of Matrix debts and liabilities to banks with the addition of debts in respect of debentures that have been and/or will be issued by it and shareholders' loans that have been and/or will be provided by it (collectively, "the debts") will not exceed 40% of its total balance sheet. b) The ratio of Matrix debts less cash to the annual EBITDA will not exceed 3.5. c) Matrix equity shall not be lower than NIS 275,000 (approximately $ 70,477) at all times. F-56 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 15:- COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES d) Matrix balances of cash and short-term investments in its balance sheet shall not be lower than NIS 50,000 (approximately $ 12,814). e) In the event that Formula ceases to hold 30% of Matrix share capital or is no longer the largest shareholder in Matrix, the credit may be placed for immediate repayment. f) Matrix has committed that the shareholder’s interest of Matrix IT-Systems shall never be below 50.1% g) Matrix will not create any pledge on all or part of its property and assets in favor of any third party and will not provide any guarantee to secure any third party's debts as they are today and as they will be without the banks' consent (except for a first rate fixed pledge on an asset which acquisition will be financed by a third party and which the pledge will be in his favor). h) Matrix will not sell and/or transfer all or part of its assets to others in any manner whatsoever without the banks' advance written consent, unless it is done in the ordinary course of business. i) Matrix committed not to distribute dividends that will cause its equity (when measured based on International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") to be less than NIS 275,000 (approximately $ 70,477). As of December 31, 2015, Matrix's equity was approximately NIS 627,317 (approximately $ 160,768, as measured based on IFRS). ii) Formula 1. Liability to Financial Institution In the context of Formula’s credit facility from a financial institution, Formula has undertaken to maintain the following financial covenants, as they will be expressed in its financial statements, as described: a) Company equity shall not be lower than $ 160,000 at all times. b) The ratio of Company’s equity to total assets will not be less than 20%. c) The ratio of Company’s financial debts less cash, short-term deposit and short-term marketable securities to the annual EBITDA will not exceed 3.5 d) The ratio of Company’s financial debts less cash, short-term deposit and short-term marketable securities to the total assets will not exceed 30%. F-57 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 15:- COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES e) Formula’s liabilities to banks and other financial institutions in its standalone balance sheet shall not be higher than NIS 450,000 (approximately $ 115,711). f) Formula will not create any pledge on all or part of its property and assets in favor of any third party and will not provide any guarantee to secure any third party's debts as they are today and as they will be without the financial institution's consent. g) Formula will not sell and/or transfer all or part of its assets to others in any manner whatsoever without the financial institution’s advance written consent, unless it is done in the ordinary course of business. 2. Debentures Series A Secured Debentures and Series B Convertible Debentures contain, in addition to standard terms and obligations, including among others, the following obligations: a) a covenant not to distribute dividends unless (i) Formula shareholders’ equity (not including minority interests) shall not be less than $250 million, (ii) Formula’s net financial indebtedness (financial indebtedness net of cash, marketable securities, deposits and other liquid financial instruments) shall not exceed 65% of net CAP (which is defined financial indebtedness, net, plus shareholders equity), (iii) the amount of the distributions shall be equal to profits for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 and 7% of profits accrued from January 1, 2016 until the distribution and (iv) no event of default shall have occurred.; and b) Financial covenants, including (i) the equity attributable to the shareholders of Formula, as reported in Formula’s annual or quarterly financial statements, will not be less than $160 million, (ii) Formula’s net financial indebtedness (financial indebtedness net of cash, marketable securities, deposits and other liquid financial instruments) shall not exceed 65% of net CAP (which is defined as financial indebtedness, net, plus shareholders equity) and (iii) at all times, Formula’s cash balance will not be less than the annual interest payment (compounded) for the unpaid principal amount of the Series B debentures. c) standard events of default including among others: I. II. suspension of trading of the debentures on the TASE over a period of 60 days If the rating of the debentures is less than BBB- by Standard and Poors Maalot or equivalent rating of other rating agencies III. failure to have the debentures rated over a period of 60 days IV. If there is a change in control without consent of the rating agency; and F-58 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 15:- COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Cont.) V. If Formula fails to continue to control any of its subsidiaries; As of the date of the financial statements, Matrix and Formula are in compliance with the above financial covenants. d. Legal proceedings: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES 1. In August 2009, a software company and one of its owners filed an arbitration proceeding against Magic and one of its subsidiaries, claiming an alleged breach of a non-disclosure agreement between the parties. The plaintiffs sought damages in the amount of approximately NIS 52,000 (approximately $13,371). The arbitrator determined that both Magic and its subsidiary breached the non- disclosure agreement. In January 2015 the arbitrator rendered his ruling and determined that Magic should pay damages to the plaintiffs. The group’s Equity in gains of affiliated companies, net includes a net impact of $722 resulting from the arbitration. In December 2015, the same software company filed a motion to appoint another arbitrator to the district court in Tel Aviv in order to sue Magic for additional damages. The court decided against Magic’s position, and appointed an arbitrator. In April 2016, Magic submitted a motion to appeal the District Court’s decision to the Supreme Court. Magic is now waiting for a decision. 2. On September 10, 2014, a request for certification of a class action (together with a statement of claim) was filled by an alleged shareholder of Formula’s subsidiary Matrix against Matrix and Matrix’s directors and chief executive officer, and against Formula, as the controlling shareholder. On January 26, 2016, a ruling of the court confirming the agreed withdrawal request which was submitted in October 2015, rejecting the plaintiff's personal claim, and ordered to delete the entire certificate request. The court also partially approved the agreement between the parties for payment of fees and reimbursement of expenses and attorneys` fees. The amounts are immaterial for the Company. 3. On August 27, 2015, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sapiens was summoned to a hearing at a court in Amsterdam in connection with a claim initiated against it by one of its customers. Although the software system provided by the subsidiary has been used by the customer since 2008, the customer now claims that the software system furnished to the customer did not comply with the requirements of the customer and that the subsidiary failed to correct errors in the software systems in accordance with the service level agreement between the parties. The remedies sought by the customer are (i) termination of all contracts with the subsidiary and (ii) refund of all amounts paid by the customer to the subsidiary under the foregoing contracts plus damages in an aggregate amount of approximately €21,500. F-59 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 15:- COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES As of the date of publication of these financial statements, Sapiens is examining together with its advisors the foregoing claim, the obligations of the subsidiary under the contracts with the customer (including limitations on liability thereunder) and the availability of insurance coverage with respect to the claim. Sapiens has included in its financial statements a provision which reflects the current estimate of the potential outcome of the foregoing claim. 4. In addition to the above-described legal proceedings, from time to time, Formula and/or its subsidiaries and affiliates are subject to legal, administrative and regulatory proceedings, claims, demands and investigations in the ordinary course of business, including claims with respect to intellectual property, contracts, employment and other matters. The Company applies ASC 450, "Contingencies," and accrues a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required in the determination of both the probability and as to whether a loss is reasonably estimable. These accruals are reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter. The Company intends to defend itself vigorously against the above claims, and it generally intends to vigorously defend any other legal claims to which it is subject. While for most litigation, the outcome is difficult to determine, to the extent that there is a reasonable possibility that the losses to which the Company may be subject could exceed the amounts (if any) that it has already accrued, the Company attempts to estimate such additional loss, if reasonably possible, and disclose it (or, if it is an immaterial amount, indicate accordingly). The aggregate provision that the Company has recorded for all other legal proceedings (other than the particular material proceedings described above) is not material. 5. Furthermore, in respect of its ordinary course legal, administrative and regulatory proceedings (that is, other than the particular material proceedings described above), the Company estimates, in accordance with the procedures described above, that as of the current time there is no reasonable possibility that it will incur material losses exceeding the non-material amounts already recognized. F-60 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 15:- COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Cont.) e. Operating lease commitments: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The following are details of the Company’s future minimum lease commitments for office equipment, office space and motor vehicles under non-cancelable operating leases as of December 31, 2015: 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 and Thereafter $ $ 18,611 8,569 7,647 4,464 4,292 43,583 Rent expenses for the years 2013, 2014 and 2015, were approximately $ 20,408, $ 15,979 and $ 19,551, respectively. f. Royalty commitments: Sapiens Technologies (1982) Ltd. ("Sapiens Technologies"), a wholly owned subsidiary of Sapiens incorporated in Israel, was partially financed under programs sponsored by the Israel Innovation Authority (formerly the Office of the Chief Scientist) ("OCS") for the support of certain research and development activities conducted in Israel. In exchange for participation in the programs by the OCS, Sapiens Technologies agreed to pay 3.5% of total net consolidated license and maintenance revenue and 0.35% of the net consolidated consulting services revenue related to the software developed within the framework of these programs based on an understanding with the OCS reached in January 2012. The royalties will be paid up to a maximum amount equaling 100%-150% of the grants provided by the OCS, linked to the dollar, and for grants received after January 1, 1999, bear annual interest at a rate based on LIBOR. Royalty expenses in Sapiens amounted to $ 514, $ 618 and $ 505 in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Royalty expenses in Sapiens consolidated and included in cost of revenues amounted to $ 450, $ 0 and $ 0 in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively As of December 31, 2015, Sapiens had a contingent liability to pay royalties of $7,332. g. Insurance: The Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates insure themselves in bodily injury and property damage insurance policies, including third party, professional liability and employer's liability insurance policies. The Company’s and its subsidiaries’ and affiliates’ directors and officers (D&O) are insured under an "umbrella" policy for insurance of directors and officers including D&O side A DIC policy (another layer of protection for officers) acquired by the Company for itself and its subsidiaries, for a period of 12 months from June 2015 (in November 2015 the Company's audit committee, board and shareholders confirmed the Company's participation in the aforementioned policy). F-61 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 16:- EQUITY The composition of the Company’s share capital is as follows: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Authorized December 31, 2015 Issued Outstanding Authorized December 31, 2014 Issued Outstanding Ordinary shares, NIS 1 par value each 25,000,000 15,297,402 14,728,782 25,000,000 15,297,402 14,728,782 a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. Formula's Ordinary Shares, par value NIS 1 per share, are traded on the TASE and Formula's ADSs, each representing one ordinary share, are traded on the NASDAQ. Formula holds 568,620 of its ordinary shares. In June 2013, Formula declared a cash dividend of approximately $ 5,446 ($ 0.37 per share) to shareholders of record on July 2, 2013 that was payable on July 18, 2013. In December 2013, Formula declared a cash dividend of approximately $ 4,563 (or $ 0.31 per share) to shareholders of record on January 20, 2014 that was payable on February 6, 2014. In June 2014, Formula declared a cash dividend of approximately $ 7,065 (or $ 0.48 per share) to shareholders of record on July 14, 2014 that was payable on July 31, 2014. In December 2014, Formula declared a cash dividend of approximately $ 7,875 (or $ 0.535 per share) to shareholders of record on January 19, 2015 that was payable on February 4, 2015. In June 2015, Formula declared a cash dividend of approximately $ 5,008 (or $ 0.34 per share) to shareholders of record on July 20, 2015 that was payable on August 6, 2015. In January 2016, Formula declared a cash dividend of approximately $ 5,008 (or $ 0.34 per share) to shareholders of record on January 20, 2016 that was payable on February 4, 2016. For information concerning Formula employees and officers share option plan, see Note 13. F-62 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 17:- INCOME TAXES a. Israeli taxation: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES 1. Taxable income of Israeli companies is subject to tax at the rate of 25% in 2013 and 26.5% in 2014 and 2015. On January 4, 2016, the Israeli Parliament's Plenum approved by a second and third reading the Bill for Amending the Income Tax Ordinance (No. 217) (Reduction of Corporate Tax Rate), 2015, which consists of the reduction of the corporate tax rate from 26.5% to 25%. The Company estimates that the effect of the change in tax rates will result in a decrease in deferred tax balances as of December 31, 2015 in immaterial amounts. 2. Tax benefits under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 (“the Law"): Certain production and development facilities of Formula's Israeli subsidiaries and affiliates have been granted "Approved Enterprise" and "Beneficiary Enterprise" status pursuant to the Law, which provides certain tax benefits to its investment programs including tax exemptions and reduced tax rates. Income not eligible for Approved Enterprise and Beneficiary Enterprise benefits is taxed at regular rates. The entitlement to the above benefits is conditional upon the fulfillment of the conditions stipulated by the Law and related regulations (see below). Should any of Formula's Israeli subsidiaries and affiliates fail to meet such requirements in the future, income attributable to their relevant entity's Approved Enterprise or Beneficiary Enterprise programs could be subject to the statutory Israeli corporate tax rate, and the entity could be required to refund a portion of the tax benefits already received with respect to such programs. As of December 31, 2015, management believes that Formula's Israeli subsidiaries and affiliates are in compliance with all of the conditions required by the Law. Effective January 1, 2011, the Israeli Knesset enacted the Law for Economic Policy for 2011 and 2012 (Amended Legislation), and among other things, amended the Law, ("the Amendment"). According to the Amendment, the benefit tracks in the Law were modified and a flat tax rate applies to the Formula's Israeli subsidiaries and affiliates entire preferred income. These subsidiaries and affiliates will be able to opt to apply (the waiver is non-recourse) the Amendment and from then on it will be subject to the amended tax rate of 16%. The profits of these “Industrial Companies” will be freely distributable as dividends, subject to a withholding tax of 25% (on distribution commencing January 1, 2015) or lower, under an applicable tax treaty. F-63 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 17:- INCOME TAXES (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Under the terms of the Approved Enterprise program, income that is attributable to one of Sapiens’ Israeli subsidiaries was exempt from income tax for a period of two years commencing 2014. The tax exemption has resulted in a tax savings of approximately $ 1,100 in the year ended December 31, 2015. If such tax-exempt income is distributed in a manner other than upon complete liquidation of the Company, it would be taxed at the reduced corporate tax rate applicable to such profits (25%), and an income tax liability of up to approximately $1,000 would be incurred as of December 31, 2015. 3. Tax benefits under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969: It is Formula’s management’s belief that some of its Israeli subsidiaries and affiliates currently qualify as an "Industrial Company," within the meaning of the Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969 (the "Industrial Encouragement Law"). That Industrial Encouragement Law defines an "Industrial Company" as a company that is resident in Israel and that derives at least 90% of its income in any tax year, other than income from defense loans, capital gains, interest and dividends, from an enterprise whose major activity in a given tax year is industrial production. Under the Industrial Encouragement Law, these Israeli subsidiaries are entitled to amortization of the cost of purchased know-how and patents over an eight-year period for tax purposes as well as accelerated depreciation rates on equipment and buildings. Eligibility for the benefits under the Industrial Encouragement Law is not subject to receipt of prior approval from any governmental authority. 4. Foreign Exchange Regulations Under the Foreign Exchange Regulations, some of Formula's Israeli subsidiaries and affiliates calculate their tax liability in U.S. Dollars according to certain orders. The tax liability, as calculated in U.S. Dollars is translated into NIS according to the exchange rate as of December 31st of each year. 5. Structural changes in Matrix On March 27, 2014, a tax ruling was signed determining that from December 31, 2012 as part of a merger procedure 23 companies wholly owned directly or indirectly by Matrix IT will transfer all their assets and liabilities, subject to the provisions of section 103 and section 104 of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance. On August 21, 2014, a tax ruling was signed determining that from December 31, 2013 as part of the merger procedures, 7 companies wholly owned directly or indirectly by Matrix IT will transfer all their assets and liabilities, subject to the provisions of section 103 and section 104 of the Tax income. F-64 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 17:- INCOME TAXES (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES On December 31, 2015 Matrix applied for a merger process as an extension of the above mentioned merger for 5 additional companies holly owned directly or indirectly by Matrix IT, i subject to the provisions of section 103 and section 104 of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance. The approval is pending. b. Non-Israeli subsidiaries and affiliates: Non-Israeli subsidiaries and affiliates are taxed according to the tax laws in their respective country of residence. Neither Israeli income taxes, foreign withholding taxes nor deferred income taxes were provided in relation to undistributed earnings of the non-Israelis subsidiaries. This is because the Group intends to permanently reinvest undistributed earnings in the foreign subsidiaries in which those earnings arose. If these earnings were distributed to Israel in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Group may be subject to additional Israeli income taxes (subject to an adjustment for foreign tax credits) and non-Israeli withholding taxes. The amount of undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries and affiliates that are considered to be reinvested as of December 31, 2015 was $ 8,486, and $ 32,605, respectively. However, a determination of the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability for temporary difference related to those undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries is not practicable due to the complexity of the structure of our group of subsidiaries and affiliates for tax purposes and the difficulty of projecting the amount of future tax liability. c. Net operating loss carry forwards: Formula Formula stand-alone had cumulative losses for tax purposes as of December 31, 2015 totaling approximately $ 76,510 (as of December 31, 2014, the amount was $ 66,820), which can be carried forward and offset against taxable income in the future for an indefinite period. Matrix Matrix had cumulative losses for tax purposes as of December 31, 2015 totaling approximately $ 40,720 (as of December 31, 2014, the amount was $ 33,920), which can be carried forward and offset against taxable income in the future for an indefinite period. Magic As of December 31, 2015, Magic and its subsidiaries had operating loss carry forwards of $ 19,012, which can be carried forward and offset against taxable income in the future for an indefinite period. Utilization of U.S. net operating losses may be subject to substantial annual limitations due to the "change in ownership" provisions ("annual limitations") of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and similar state provisions. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses before utilization. F-65 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 17:- INCOME TAXES (Cont.) Sapiens FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES As of December 31, 2015, certain subsidiaries of Sapiens had tax loss carry-forwards totaling approximately $ 29,050. Most of these carry- forward tax losses have no expiration date. Insync Insync had cumulative losses for tax purposes as of December 31, 2015 totaling approximately $ 310. Formula, its subsidiaries and its affiliates have cumulative losses for tax purposes as of December 31, 2015 totaling approximately $ 169,262 (as of December 31, 2014, the amount was $ 168,445), of which $ 142,805 was in respect of companies in Israel which can be carried forward and offset against taxable income in the future for an indefinite period (as of December 31, 2014, the amount was $ 142,191), and approximately $ 26,457 of which was in respect of companies abroad (as of December 31, 2014, that amount was $ 26,254). d. Income tax assessments: Formula and its subsidiaries are routinely examined by various taxing authorities. Below is a summary of the income tax assessments of Formula, its subsidiaries and its affiliates: Formula Formula has received final tax assessments (or assessments that are deemed final) through the tax year 2011. Matrix Matrix has received final tax assessments (or assessments that are deemed final) through the tax year 2013. Matrix’s subsidiaries have received final tax assessments (or assessments that are deemed final) through the tax year 2011. Magic Magic and its Israeli subsidiaries have received final tax assessments (or assessments that are deemed final) through the year 2011. Sapiens As of December 31, 2014, Part of Sapiens’ Israeli subsidiaries received final tax assessments through the year 2011. F-66 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 17:- INCOME TAXES (Cont.) e. Deferred tax assets (liabilities), net: 1. Composition, net: Net operating losses carried forward Allowances, reserves and intangible assets Capitalized software costs Differences in measurement basis (cash basis for tax purposes) Valuation allowance Total 2. Presentation in balance sheets: Other non-current assets Long-term liabilities f. Income before taxes on income: Domestic (Israel) Foreign Total g. Taxes on income (tax benefit) consist of the following: Current taxes Deferred taxes Taxes on income F-67 FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES December 31, 2014 2015 $ 35,611 $ (30,271) (5,677) (1,997) (2,334) (12,370) 30,144 (71,686) - (2,437) (43,979) (9,867) $ (14,704) $ (53,846) December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ 17,901 $ (32,605) 13,164 (67,010) (14,704) $ (53,846) Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 $ $ 46,924 7,582 54,506 $ $ $ 20,640 9,529 30,169 $ $ $ 27,506 10,834 38,340 Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 8,000 926 12,045 (1,971) 10,249 739 $ 8,926 $ 10,074 $ 10,988 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 17:- INCOME TAXES (Cont.) Domestic (Israel) Foreign h. Theoretical tax: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 7,938 988 7,287 2,787 7,045 3,943 $ 8,926 $ 10,074 $ 10,988 The following table presents reconciliation between the theoretical tax expense, assuming that all income was taxed at statutory tax rates, and the actual income tax expense, as recorded in the Company's statements of income: Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 Income before income taxes, as per the statement of operations $ 54,506 $ 30,169 $ 38,340 Statutory tax rate in Israel Theoretical tax expense Reconciliation: Non-deductible expenses Effect of different tax rates Effect of “Approved, Beneficiary or Preferred Enterprise” status Deferred taxes on current losses (utilization of carry forward losses) and temporary differences for which a valuation allowance was provided, net Effect of change in Israel tax rates Prior year losses and temporary differences for which deferred taxes were recorded, net Uncertain tax position Taxes in respect of prior years Other 25% 26.5% 26.5% 13,627 7,995 10,160 810 813 - (183) (677) (1,110) (3,560) (638) (354) 267 848 - 1,032 - - 33 193 (294) 1,751 832 (1,700) 1,542 - - - (1,151) (446) Income taxes as per the statement of operations $ 8,728 $ 10,074 $ 10,988 Effective tax rate - in % 16.0% 33.4% 28.7% F-68 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 17:- INCOME TAXES (Cont.) i. Uncertain tax positions: A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of total unrecognized tax benefits in Formula's subsidiaries is as follows: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Balance as of January 1, 2014 Decrease due to deconsolidation of Magic Increase due to consolidation of Sapiens Increase related to current year tax positions Decrease related to prior years' tax positions Balance as of December 31, 2014 Increase due to consolidation in a subsidiary (*) Decrease related to prior years' tax positions Increase related to current year tax positions Decrease due to deconsolidation of Sapiens Balance as of December 31, 2015 $ 1,017 (472) 705 115 (82) 1,283 154 (181) 570 (1,365) 461 (*) The amount initially consolidated as part of the acquisition of subsidiary in 2015 is net of Tax Deducted at Source assets in an amount of $ 635 The Group recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the amounts recognized, on a consolidated basis, for interest and penalties expenses related to uncertain tax positions were $ 17, $ 0 and $ 224, respectively. In addition, the Group's consolidated liability for unrecognized tax benefits including accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions was $ 198 and $ 0 at December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively, which is included within income tax accrual in the Group's consolidated balance sheets. The increase in liability for unrecognized tax benefits including accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in 2014 is due to the consolidation of Sapiens having an impact of $ 198 which was offset by the deconsolidation of Magic amounting to ($ 58). The decrease in liability for unrecognized tax benefits including accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in 2015 is due to the deconsolidation of Sapiens having an impact of ($ 705). The entire balance of unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would reduce the Company's annual effective tax rate. F-69 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 18:- SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATION Balance Sheets: a. Other accounts receivable and prepaid expenses: Composition: Government departments Employees(1) Prepaid expenses and advances to suppliers Restricted deposits Related Parties Other Total b. Liabilities to Banks and other financial institutions: Composition: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ 12,934 433 15,829 484 403 1,214 16,394 330 15,465 6 224 165 $ 31,297 $ 32,584 Bank credit Short-term bank loans Current maturities and accumulated interest on long- term loans from banks and other financial institutions (see Note 10) December 31, 2015 Interest rate % Linkage basis December 31, 2014 2015 2.2 1.75-2.25 NIS-Unlinked NIS-Unlinked $ 378 15,313 $ 51 21,274 2.64-5.85 NIS-Unlinked 27,498 37,744 Total $ 43,190 $ 59,069 F-70 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 18: - SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATION (Cont.) c. Other accounts payable: Composition: Government institutions Customer advances Accrued royalties to the OCS (Note 15f) Accrued interest on debentures (Note 11) Related parties Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Total d. Financial expenses, net: Composition: Financial income Financial costs related to long-term debt Financial costs related Debentures Financial costs related to short-term credit and others Gain (loss) from marketable securities, net (1) (2) Total FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ 13,216 187 788 - 488 8,646 13,722 697 - 213 899 1,184 $ 23,325 $ 16,715 Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ $ 983 (4,629) - (3,577) 987 $ 2,888 (6,800) - (1,862) 908 738 (6,117) (460) (3,327) 912 $ (6,236) $ (4,866) $ (8,254) (1) (2) Includes gains (losses) from trading securities still held by the Company for the years 2013, 2014 and 2015 in amounts of $ 985, $ 908 and $ 114, respectively (see Note 4). Includes impairment of available-for-sale marketable securities for 2013 of $ 714 (see Note 4). e. Other expenses (income), net: Composition: Gain on sale of fixed assets, net Other loss (income) Total Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 $ $ $ 14 - 14 $ $ - (5) (5) $ - 2 2 F-71 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 18: - SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATION (Cont.) f. Operating segments: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The Company operates in the software services and proprietary software products and related services through four directly held entities: Matrix, Sapiens, Magic and Insync. From December 23, 2014 until September 30, 2015, Sapiens issued 1,077,003 shares following exercise of options by Sapiens employees that resulted in Formula’s interest in Sapiens' outstanding common shares being diluted from 50.2% to 49.1%. Formula's investment in Sapiens following the dilution was measured under the equity method of accounting due to loss of control in Sapiens in accordance with ASC 810. Matrix Matrix provides software solutions and services, software development projects, outsourcing, integration of software systems and services – all in accordance with its customers' specific needs. Matrix also provides upgrading and expansion of existing software systems. Prior to December 31, 2015, Matrix reported on four business operating segments, reportied its U.S and Israeli Software solutions and services under one operating segment. Following Matrix management decision to target the U.S market for expanding Matrix operations separately from its operations in the Israeli market, it was management’s decision to split this activity to a separate operating segment and beginning January 1, 2015 Matrix operates through its directly and indirectly held subsidiaries in the following segments: (1) Software solutions and services in Israel (Information Technology – IT); (2) Software solutions and services in the U.S (Information Technology – IT) (3) Learning and integration; (4) Computer infrastructure and integration solutions; and, (5) Software product marketing and support. Software solutions and services in Israel: The software solutions and services in Israel provided by Matrix consist mainly of providing tailored software solutions and upgrading and expanding existing software systems. These services include, among others, developing customized software, adapting software to the customer's specific needs, implementing software and modifying it based on the customer's needs, outsourcing, project management, software testing and QA and integrating all or part of the above elements. The scope of work invested in each element varies from one customer to the other. Software solutions and services in U.S: Activity in this sector is mainly providing solutions and services of Governance Risk and Compliance (“GRC”) experts, including activities on the following topics: risk management, management and prevention of fraud,, Anti-Money Laundering and securing compliance with the regulations on these issues, through Matrix-IFS (formerly Exzac Inc, a wholly owned subsidiary of Matrix as well as providing solutions and specialized technological. technological services in areas such as: portals, BI (Business Intelligence) DBA (Data Base Administration), CRM (Customer Relation Management) and EIM (Enterprise Information Management) through Xtivia Technologies Inc (a wholly owned subsidiary of Matrix). F-72 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 18: - SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATION (Cont.) Learning and integration: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Matrix's activities in this segment consist of operating a network of high-tech training and instruction centers which provide application courses, professional training courses and advanced professional studies in the high-tech industry. Computer infrastructure and integration solutions: Matrix's activities in this segment consist of: (1) providing computer and telecommunication infrastructure solutions; (2) selling and marketing personal computers, portable computers, Intel servers, peripheral equipment, operating systems, servers and workstations that use Microsoft and selling and marketing mainframe storage and backup systems such as HP and EMC; (3) providing computer and peripheral equipment maintenance services, lab and helpdesk services; (4) providing wide range of cloud computing solutions (through the business specializing unit of the Company - Cloud Zone. Software product marketing and support: Matrix's activities in this segment include marketing and support for various software products the principal of which are CRM, computer systems management infrastructures, web world content management, database and data warehouse mining, application integration, database and systems, data management and software development tools. F-73 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 18: - SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATION (Cont.) Sapiens FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Sapiens is a leading global provider of proprietary software solutions for the insurance industry, with an emerging focus on the broader financial services sector. Sapiens offerings include a broad range of software solutions and services, comprised of (i) core software solutions for the insurance industry, including Property & Casualty/General Insurance (“P&C”) and Life, Annuities and Pensions (“L&P”) products, and record keeping software solutions for providers of Retirement Services (ii) variety of technology based solution including business decision management solutions for the financial services industry, including insurance, banking and capital markets and (iii) global Services including project delivery and implementation of the Company’ software solutions. Sapiens has developed scalable, configurable, rule-based core software platforms which offer its clients comprehensive and function-rich solutions. Sapiens solutions allow its customers to support new delivery channels such as mobile and social, rapidly deploy new products, and improve operational efficiency. As its software is customizable to match specific business requirements, it supports its customers’ operations across different market segments, geographies and regulatory regimes. In addition, its software solutions enable compliance with complex and rapidly evolving regulations in the insurance and wider financial services industry. Sapiens technology-based solutions include application development and business decision management platforms. Its application development platforms allow for the deployment of tailor-made solutions that address unique business needs for which pre-packaged software solutions may not be available. Its business decision management platform, Sapiens DECISION, allows business professionals to design, simulate, implement, change and analyze the business logic that drives financial operations and compliance in a business-friendly format and environment. Its platform facilitates the swift deployment of new or changed business logic that originates from regulatory updates or market changes, reduces costs and improves efficiency by shortening the software development lifecycle. This platform empowers the organization’s business users as they manage their business strategy, rules and logic by using business terms rather than programming language. Sapiens' insurance solutions are deployed at leading insurance carriers globally. Sapiens' service offerings include a standard consulting offering that helps customers make better use of IT in order to achieve their business objectives. From August 21, 2011, the date on which Formula lost its control in Sapiens, as described in Note 1, until January 27, 2012, the date on which Formula regained its control in Sapiens, as described in Note 1, from November 19, 2013, the dates on which Formula lost its control in Sapiens, as described in Note 1 until December 23, 2014, the date on which Formula regained its control in Sapiens, as described in Note 1, and from September 30, 2015, the date on which Formula lost its control in Sapiens, as described in Note 1, Sapiens' results of operations were reflected in the Company's results using the equity method of accounting and therefore were not considered an operating segment during these periods. F-74 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 18: - SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATION (Cont.) Magic FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Magic is a global provider of proprietary application development and business process integration software solutions and related professional services, and a vendor of IT outsourcing services. Magic software solutions are used by customers to develop, deploy and integrate on-premise, mobile and cloud-based business applications quickly and cost effectively. In addition, its technology enables enterprises to accelerate the process of delivering business solutions that meet current and future needs and allow customers to dramatically improve their business performance and return on investment. Its software solutions include application platforms for developing and deploying specialized and high-end large-scale business applications (Magic xpa application platform, formerly branded uniPaaS and Appbuilder) and an integration platform that allows the integration and interoperability of diverse solutions, applications and systems in a quick and efficient manner (Magic xpi business and process integration platform, formerly branded iBOLT). These solutions enable Magic customers to improve their business performance and return on investment by supporting the affordable and rapid delivery and integration of business applications, systems and databases. Using its products solutions, enterprises and independent software vendors can accelerate time-to-market by rapidly building integrated solutions, deploying them in multiple environments while leveraging existing IT resources. In addition, its solutions are scalable and platform-agnostic, enabling its customers to build solutions by specifying their business logic requirements in a commonly used language rather than in computer code, and to benefit from seamless platform upgrades and cross-platform functionality without the need to re-write applications. Magic technology also enables future proof protection and supports current market trends such as the development of mobile applications that can be deployed on a variety of smartphones and tablets, and cloud environments. With respect to IT outsourcing services, Magic offers a vast range of professional services in the areas of infrastructure design and delivery, application development, technology consulting planning and implementation services, support services and supplemental outsourcing and staffing services. Magic products and services are available through a global network of regional offices, independent software vendors, system integrators, distributors and value added resellers as well as original equipment manufacturers and consulting partners in approximately 50 countries. From March 5, 2014, the date on which Formula lost its control in Magic, as described in Note 1, until December 31, 2014, Magic's results of operations were reflected in the Company's results using the equity method of accounting and therefore were not considered an operating segment during this period. F-75 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 18: - SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATION (Cont.) Insync FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES InSync is a U.S based national supplier of employees to Vendor Management Systems (VMS) Workforce Management Program accounts. Insync specializes in providing professionals in the following areas; Accounting and Finance, Administrative, Customer Service, Clinical, Scientific and Healthcare, Engineering, Manufacturing and Operations, Human Resources, IT Technology, LI/MFG, and Marketing and Sales. InSync currently supports more than 30 VMS program customers with employees in over 40 states. The Company evaluates the performances of each of its directly held subsidiaries based on operating income/loss. Headquarters and finance expenses of Formula are allocated proportionally among the subsidiaries: Revenues: 2015 2014 2013 Inter-segment sales: 2015 2014 2013 Operating income: 2015 2014 2013 Identifiable assets: 2015 2014 Goodwill: 2015 2014 Identifiable liabilities: 2015 2014 Depreciation and amortization: 2015 2014 2013 Matrix Sapiens Magic Insync Total 586,610 586,618 534,792 2,551 285 870 30,788 30,003 34,376 136,577 - 117,281 - - - 15,314 - 9,015 - 27,299 144,958 - - 280 - 3,350 17,351 29,919 22,785 - - - - (208) 1,682 753,106 636,702 797,031 2,551 285 1,150 45,894 35,035 60,742 Matrix Sapiens Magic Insync Total - 205,622 - 217,257 - 57,736 10,768 - 8,588 354,901 326,469 162,173 155,974 223,983 201,736 6,151 7,400 7,381 F-76 - - - - - - 1,386 8,380 6,337 7,641 - - 1,257 1,436 280 (655) - 361,238 539,732 162,173 373,231 225,240 260,908 17,199 8,131 24,349 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 18: - SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATION (Cont.) FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Matrix Sapiens Magic Insync Total Investments in segment assets: 2015 2014 2013 3,188 3,848 3,577 2,229 - 2,794 - 161 497 10 29 - 5,427 4,038 6,868 The following table presents reconciliation, between the data concerning revenues, assets and liabilities appearing in the individual operating segments' financial statements and the corresponding data appearing in the Company's consolidated financial statements: Revenues: Revenues as above Less inter-segment transactions Revenues as per statements of operations Identifiable assets: Total assets of operating segments Assets not identifiable to a particular segment Elimination of inter-segment assets and other Total assets as per consolidated balance sheets Identifiable liabilities: Total liabilities of operating segments Liabilities not identifiable to a particular segment Elimination of inter-segment liabilities and other Total liabilities as per consolidated balance sheets g. Geographical information: 1. The Company's long-lived assets are located as follows: Israel United States Europe Japan Other Total F-77 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 $ $ 797,031 (1,150) $ 636,702 (285) $ 753,106 (2,551) 795,881 $ 636,417 $ 750,555 December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ 912,963 216,661 (4,500) 523,411 548,038 (4,500) 1,125,124 1,066,949 260,908 212,052 (4,500) 225,240 283,426 (4,500) 468,460 504,166 December 31, 2014 2015 $ 18,204 $ 451 1,345 109 17 13,540 424 235 - - $ 20,126 $ 14,199 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 18: - SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATION (Cont.) 2. Revenues: The Company’s revenues classified by geographic area (based on the location of customers) are as follows: FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 Israel International: United States Europe Other Total h. Earnings per share: $ 526,179 $ 531,193 $ 527,628 155,002 84,864 29,836 87,270 14,576 3,378 144,489 63,347 15,091 $ 795,881 $ 636,417 $ 750,555 The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted net earnings per share for the Company: Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 Numerator: Net income basic earnings per share - income available to shareholders $ 80,687 Amount for diluted earnings per share - income available to shareholders Weighted average shares outstanding Denominator for basic net earnings per share Effect of dilutive securities Denominator for diluted net earnings per share Basic net earnings per share Diluted net earnings per share F-78 80,219 13,725 398 14,123 5.88 5.68 $ $ $ 80,833 80,541 $ $ 13,929 479 14,408 5.80 5.59 73,795 73,721 14,071 673 14,744 5.24 5.00 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data NOTE 19:- SUBSEQUENT EVENTS On May 9, 2016, Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and Formula concluded the purchase of TSG – a subsidiary and the military arm of Ness Technologies, engaged in the fields of command and control systems, intelligence, homeland security and cyber security. The total purchase price in the transaction amounted to $ 51,532 in cash (subject to certain adjustments), with each of IAI and Formula acquiring 50% of TSG for $ 25,766. TSG is a leading provider of core command and control systems to Israel's defense organization, including the Israeli Defense Forces and the Israeli Police. FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F-79 SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2015 IN U.S. DOLLARS INDEX Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - - - - - - - - Page F-2 - F-4 F - 5 - F - 6 F – 7 F – 8 F – 9 F – 10 - F – 11 F - 12 - F – 40 Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer 3 Aminadav St. Tel-Aviv 6706703, Israel Tel: +972-3-6232525 Fax: +972-3-5622555 ey.com REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Sapiens International Corporation N.V. ("the Company") as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, statements of comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 27, 2016, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Tel-Aviv, Israel March 27, 2016 KOST FORER GABBAY & KASIERER A member of EY Global F - 2 Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer 3 Aminadav St. Tel-Aviv 6706703, Israel Tel: +972-3-6232525 Fax: +972-3-5622555 ey.com REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. We have audited Sapiens International Corporation N.V. ("the Company") internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. F - 3 As indicated in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of Insseco (the "Entity"), which was acquired in August 2015 and is included in the 2015 consolidated financial statements of the Company and constituted $2,362 thousands of total net assets, as of December 31, 2015 and $1,165 thousands of net income, for the year then ended. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of the Entity. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Sapiens International Corporation N.V. as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 and our report dated March 27, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Tel-Aviv, Israel March 27, 2016 KOST FORER GABBAY & KASIERER A Member of EY Global F - 4 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS U.S. dollars in thousands ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS: SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. December 31, 2014 *) 2015 Cash and cash equivalents Trade receivables (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $ 215 and $ 199 at December 31, 2014 and 2015, $ 47,400 $ respectively) Other receivables and prepaid expenses Marketable Securities Total current assets LONG-TERM ASSETS: Marketable securities Other long-term assets Severance pay fund Capitalized software development costs, net Other intangible assets, net Goodwill Property and equipment, net Total long-term assets Total assets 31,832 3,964 - 83,196 33,098 5,567 10,735 19,243 8,662 67,698 5,011 54,351 29,761 5,455 8,776 98,343 30,875 4,252 5,551 19,856 7,684 70,035 5,675 150,014 143,928 $ 233,210 $ 242,271 *) Derived from the audited financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2014, adjusted for the acquisition of Insseco (see note 1c). The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 5 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share data) LIABILITIES AND EQUITY CURRENT LIABILITIES: Trade payables Employees and payroll accruals Accrued expenses and other liabilities Deferred revenues and customer advances Total current liabilities LONG-TERM LIABILITIES: Other long-term liabilities Accrued severance pay Total long-term liabilities COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES REDEEMABLE NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST EQUITY: Sapiens International Corporation N.V. Shareholders' equity: Share capital: Common shares of € 0.01 par value: Authorized: 54,000,000 and 70,000,000 shares at December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively; Issued: 50,007,607 and 51,088,077 shares at December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively; Outstanding: 47,679,311 and 48,759,781 shares at December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively Additional paid-in capital Treasury shares, at cost - 2,328,296 Common shares at December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively Accumulated other comprehensive loss Accumulated deficit Total Sapiens International Corporation N.V. shareholders' equity Non-controlling interests Total equity Total liabilities and equity SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. December 31, 2014 *) 2015 $ $ 3,310 15,251 11,700 9,272 39,533 3,217 12,008 15,225 4,721 17,119 14,893 10,268 47,001 6,414 6,662 13,076 159 385 667 249,271 (9,423) (10,281) (52,630) 177,604 689 178,293 678 233,980 (9,423) (11,679) (32,614) 180,942 867 181,809 $ 233,210 $ 242,271 *) Derived from the audited financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2014, adjusted for the acquisition of Insseco (see note 1c). The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 6 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME U.S. dollars in thousands (except per share data) Revenues: License Services Total Revenues Cost of revenues: License Services Total cost of revenues Gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development Selling, marketing, general and administrative Total operating expenses Operating income Financial income, net Income before taxes on income Taxes on income Net income Attributable to non-controlling interests Attributed to redeemable non-controlling interest Adjustment to redeemable non-controlling interest Net income attributable to Sapiens' shareholders Net earnings per share attributable to Sapiens' shareholders Basic Diluted The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 7 SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 $ 15,164 120,213 $ 13,204 144,246 $ 135,377 157,450 953 84,018 84,971 50,406 11,846 26,677 38,523 11,883 520 12,403 (811) 11,592 (12) - - 883 98,212 99,095 58,355 11,352 32,097 43,449 14,906 124 15,030 (454) 14,576 131 (18) - 12,300 173,336 185,636 505 110,687 111,192 74,444 10,235 39,859 50,094 24,350 163 24,513 (4,213) 20,300 59 1 224 $ $ $ 11,604 $ 14,463 $ 20,016 0.29 0.27 $ $ 0.31 0.30 $ $ 0.42 0.41 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME U.S. dollars in thousands Net income Other comprehensive income (loss): Foreign currency translation adjustments Unrealized losses arising from marketable securities during the period, net of tax Losses reclassified into earnings from marketable securities, net of tax Total comprehensive income Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests Comprehensive income attributed to redeemable non-controlling interest Comprehensive income adjustment to redeemable non-controlling interest SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 $ 11,592 $ 14,576 $ 20,300 5,923 - - 5,923 17,515 (41) - - (11,181) (158) 3 (11,336) 3,240 158 (18) - (1,367) (37) 5 (1,399) 18,901 59 1 224 Comprehensive income attributable to Sapiens' shareholders $ 17,556 $ 3,100 $ 18,617 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 8 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY U.S. dollars in thousands (except of share data) Common stock Shares Amount Additional paid-in capital Treasury shares Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss) Accumulated Non-controlling deficit interests Total equity Balance as of January 1, 2013 38,679,505 547 210,047 (9,423) (4,870) (78,697) 835 118,439 SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. - - - - - - 5,952 - 1,082 - - - - (11,363) - - - - - - - - 11,604 (67,093) - - - - - 14,463 Stock-based compensation Issuance of shares upon public offering, net Distribution of dividend Employee stock options exercised (cash and cashless) Warrants exercised (cashless) Dividend to non-controlling interests Other comprehensive income (loss) Net income - 6,497,400 - 815,564 22,513 - - - - 87 - 11 - - - - 933 37,704 (5,802) 1,678 - - - - - - - - - - - - Balance as of December 31, 2013 46,014,982 645 244,560 (9,423) Stock-based compensation Employee stock options exercised (cash and cashless) Warrants exercised (cashless) Dividend to non-controlling interests Other comprehensive income (loss) Net income Balance as of December 31, 2014 - 1,225,368 438,961 - - - 47,679,311 Adjustment for acquisition under common control - Balance as of December 31, 2014 *) Stock-based compensation Employee stock options exercised (cash and cashless) Distribution of dividend Dividend to non-controlling interests Other comprehensive income (loss) Adjustment to redeemable non-controlling interest Distribution to ultimate parent for a business acquisition under common control Net income 47,679,311 - 1,080,470 - - - - - - - 17 5 - - - 667 - 667 - 11 - - - - - - 1,067 1,552 (5) - - - - - - - - - 247,174 (9,423) (10,281) (52,630) 2,097 - - - 249,271 (9,423) (10,281) (52,630) 1,153 1,557 (7,186) - - - (10,815) - - - - - - - - - - - - - (1,398) - - - - - - - - (224) - 20,240 - - - - - (157) (29) (12) 637 - - - (106) 27 131 689 - 689 196 - - (77) (1) - - 60 933 37,791 (5,802) 1,689 - (157) 5,923 11,592 170,408 1,067 1,569 - (106) (11,336) 14,594 176,196 2,097 178,293 1,349 1,568 (7,186) (77) (1,399) (224) (10,815) 20,300 Balance as of December 31, 2015 48,759,781 $ 678 $ 233,980 $ (9,423) $ (11,679) $ (32,614) $ 867 $ 181,809 *) Derived from the audited financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2014, adjusted for the acquisition of Insseco (see note 1c). The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 9 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS U.S. dollars in thousands Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Reconciliation of net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Stock-based compensation Amortization of premium and accrued interest on marketable securities Net changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of amount acquired: Trade receivables, net Other operating assets Deferred tax assets, net Trade payables Other operating liabilities Deferred revenues and customer advances Accrued severance pay, net Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Purchase of property and equipment Capitalized software development costs Net cash paid for acquisitions (b) Investment in marketable securities Proceeds from sale of marketable securities Restricted cash, net SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 $ 11,592 $ 14,576 $ 20,300 7,887 933 - (6,677) (2,317) 1,133 1,874 383 2,508 (50) 8,717 1,067 (225) (6,637) 127 (1,020) (3,297) 8,469 (223) 7 9,625 1,349 (453) 1,893 (1,229) 2,169 1,511 4,134 1,300 (159) 17,266 21,561 40,440 (4,129) (5,392) - - - (210) (1,468) (6,094) (2,064) (34,906) 1,543 239 (2,815) (6,032) (2,934) (7,678) 1,499 (893) Net cash used in investing activities $ (9,731) $ (42,750) $ (18,853) The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 10 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS U.S. dollars in thousands Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from employee stock options exercised Distribution to ultimate parent for a business acquisition under common control (c) Issuance of shares upon public offering, net Distribution of dividend Dividend to non-controlling interest Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year Supplemental cash flow activities: (a) Cash paid (received) during the year for: Interest paid Interest received Income taxes (b) Net cash paid for acquisitions: Fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition: Working capital, net (excluding cash and cash equivalents) Other long term assets Other long term liabilities Goodwill and other intangible assets Contingent payments Redeemable non-controlling interest (c) Non-cash transactions: Loan and contingent payments to ultimate parent The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 11 SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 $ 1,689 - 37,791 (5,802) (157) 33,521 207 41,263 29,050 $ 1,569 - - - (106) 1,463 (3,187) (22,913) 70,313 70,313 $ 47,400 $ 1,568 (8,482) - (7,186) (77) (14,177) (459) 6,951 47,400 54,351 7 $ (7) $ 5 $ 6 (604) $ (1,199) 739 $ 665 $ 2,234 $ $ - - - - - - - - (228) $ - - (2,013) - 177 (2,064) $ (1,221) (183) 1,424 (3,903) 949 - (2,934) - (2,333) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 1: GENERAL a. General: SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. Sapiens International Corporation N.V. (“Sapiens”) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”), a member of the Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. Group, is a global provider of software solutions for the insurance industry, with an emerging focus on the broader financial services sector. The Company's offerings include a broad range of software solutions and services, comprised of (i) core software solutions for the insurance industry, including Property & Casualty/General Insurance (“P&C”) and Life, Annuities and Pensions (“L&P”) products, and record keeping software solutions for providers of Retirement Services (ii) variety of technology based solution including business decision management solutions for the financial services industry, including insurance, banking and capital markets and (iii) global Services including project delivery and implementation of the Company’ software solutions. The Company's target markets are primarily North America, United Kingdom, Europe, Israel, and Asia Pacific. b. Acquisition of Ibexi: On May 6, 2015, the Company completed the agreement to acquire all of outstanding shares of Ibexi Solution Private Limited (Ibexi), an India-based provider of insurance business and technology solutions, in total consideration of $4,764 including a contingent payment valued at $949 on the acquisition date. In addition, an amount of approximately $1,900 is subject to continued employment and therefore not part of the purchase price but is recognized over the service period. Ibexi was founded in 2001 and operates in Asia Pacific, servicing insurers in both the property and casualty and life, pension and annuities markets, including leading insurance companies in India. c. Acquisition of Insseco On August 18, 2015 (the “acquisition date”), Sapiens completed the acquisition from Asseco Poland S.A. (“Asseco” or the “Seller”) of all issued and outstanding shares of Insseco. Asseco is the ultimate parent company of Sapiens, through holding in Formula Systems, which has been lastly effective as of December 23, 2014 and thereafter, the direct parent company of Sapiens. Insseco is a newly established company into which Asseco had transferred all of its Polish insurance employees, certain fixed assets, certain customer contracts and certain software including intellectual property rights. Insseco has a team of approximately 140 insurance professionals and an established presence in the Polish insurance market, and services major insurance customers in Poland, including top tier insurance carriers. F - 12 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 1: GENERAL (Cont.) SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. Sapiens paid the acquisition consideration in cash, consisting of 34.3 million Polish Zloty or approximately $9,100. In addition, the seller has upside or downside performance based payments relating to achievements of revenue goals and profitability over the next five years. If the aggregate revenues generated by Insseco from its activity from July 1, 2015 through June 30, 2020 exceed 90 million Polish Zloty or approximately $23,800, the Seller shall be entitled to receive additional amounts ranging from 3% to 15% of the excess amount of the respective revenues. If the aggregate revenues generated by Insseco for the period from July 1, 2015 through June 30, 2018 are below 84 million Polish Zloty or $22,200, the seller shall pay Sapiens an amount equal to 35% of the deficiency below such amount. In addition, the amounts payable to the seller may be adjusted upwards or downwards as a result of changes in the profitability of a specific account that Sapiens acquired as part of the acquisition. The estimated fair value of the contingent payments that depend on the revenue and profitability goals as of December 31, 2015 is $887. The acquisition of Insseco from Asseco, which is the ultimate parent company of Sapiens is a transaction between entities under common control, and therefore accounted for under the pooling of interest method in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. Under the pooling-of-interests method, combination between two businesses under common control is accounted for at carrying amounts with retrospective adjustment of prior period financial statements. As the common control achieved on December 23, 2014, the balance sheet as of December 31, 2014 of Sapiens was adjusted to reflect the carrying amounts combination between Sapiens and Insseco. The results of Sapiens for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2015 were also adjusted to reflect the combination with Insseco, accordingly. Under the pooling-of-interests method, the equity accounts of the combining entities are combined and the difference between the consideration paid and the net assets acquired is reflected as an equity transaction (i.e., distribution to parent company). As opposed to the purchase method of accounting, no intangible assets are recognized in the transaction, other than those existed in the combining entities and no goodwill is recognized as a result of the combination. The application of the pooling-of-interests method with respect to the acquisition of Insseco increased the total assets, liabilities and equity as of December 31, 2014 by $4,387, $2,290, and $2,097, respectively. Revenues, pretax income and net income of Insseco for the twelve- month period ended December 31, 2015, which are included in the consolidated statements of income amounted to $10,516, $1,324 and $1,165, respectively. F - 13 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 1: GENERAL (Cont.) d. Acquisition in previous year: SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. On August 1, 2014, the Company completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Knowledge Partners International (KPI), a pioneer and recognized leader in decision management consultancy, services and training, in consideration of $ 2,380, composed of the following: Cash Payment Share consideration * Total purchase price $ $ 2,203 177 2,380 *) Sapiens issued 57,000 shares of its subsidiary, Sapiens software solution (Decision) LTD, reflecting 3% of the subsidiary's outstanding shares. According to the agreement the sellers will have the right to sell their minority interests to the Company during the period commencing on the date that is 48 months following the acquisition date, and the Company will have corresponding call option. Sapiens issued additional 88,500 restricted shares of its subsidiary, Sapiens software solution (Decision) Ltd, vesting and expensed over a period of 3 years commencing the acquisition date. F - 14 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2: SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in United States ("U.S. GAAP"). a. Use of estimates: The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions. The Company's management believes that the estimates, judgments and assumptions used are reasonable based upon information available at the time they are made. These estimates, judgments and assumptions can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. b. Financial statements in United States dollars: The currency of the primary economic environment in which the operations of Sapiens and certain subsidiaries are conducted is the U.S. dollar ("dollar"); thus, the dollar is the functional currency of Sapiens and certain subsidiaries. Sapiens and certain subsidiaries' transactions and balances denominated in dollars are presented at their original amounts. Non-dollar transactions and balances have been remeasured to dollars in accordance with ASC 830, "Foreign Currency Matters". All transaction gains and losses from remeasurement of monetary balance sheet items denominated in non-dollar currencies are reflected in the statements of income as financial income or expenses, as appropriate. For those subsidiaries whose functional currency has been determined to be their local currency, assets and liabilities are translated at year- end exchange rates and statement of income items are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the year. Such translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders' equity. c. Principles of consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. Non-controlling interests of subsidiaries represent the non-controlling shareholders' share of the total comprehensive income (loss) of the subsidiaries and fair value of the net assets upon the acquisition of the subsidiaries. The non-controlling interests are presented in equity separately from the equity attributable to the equity holders of the Company. Redeemable non-controlling interests are classified as mezzanine equity, separate from permanent equity, on the consolidated balance sheets and measured at each reporting period at the higher of their redemption amount or the non-controlling interest book value, in accordance with the requirements of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810 “Consolidation” and ASC 480-10-S99-3A, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity”. F - 15 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2: SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) d. Cash equivalents: SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. Cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to cash, with original maturities of three months or less at acquisition. e. Restricted cash: The Company maintains certain cash amounts restricted as to withdrawal or use. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the Company maintained a balance of $ 484 and $1,370, respectively that represents security deposits with respect to lease agreements, hedging transactions and credit lines from banks. Restricted cash is included within other receivables and prepaid expenses. f. Marketable securities: The Company accounts for all its investments in debt securities, in accordance with ASC 320, “Investments - Debt and Equity Securities”. The Company classifies all debt securities as “available-for-sale”. All of the Company’s investments in available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses are comprised of the difference between fair value and the amortized cost of such securities and are recognized, net of tax, in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Such amortization together with interest on securities is included in "financial income, net". The Company recognizes an impairment charge when a decline in the fair value of its investments in debt securities below the cost basis of such securities is judged to be other-than-temporary. Factors considered in making such a determination include the duration and severity of the impairment, the reason for the decline in value, the potential recovery period and the Company’s intent to sell, including whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investment before recovery of cost basis. For securities that are deemed other-than-temporarily impaired, the amount of impairment is recognized in “net gain on sale of marketable securities previously impaired” in the statements of income and is limited to the amount related to credit losses, while impairment related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income. During 2015 the Company did not recognize an impairment charge as the decline in fair value of its investment in marketable securities is not judged to be other-than-temporary. F - 16 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2: SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) g. Property and equipment, net: SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, at the following annual rates: Computers and peripheral equipment Office furniture and equipment % 17 - 33 6 - 20 Leasehold improvements are amortized by the straight-line method over the term of the lease (including option terms that are deemed to be reasonably assured) or the estimated useful life of the improvements, whichever is shorter. h. Research and development costs: Research and development costs incurred in the process of software production before establishment of technological feasibility are charged to expenses as incurred. Costs incurred to develop software to be sold are capitalized after technological feasibility is established in accordance with ASC 985-20, "Software - Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased, or Marketed". Based on the Company's product development process, technological feasibility is established upon completion of a detailed program design. Costs incurred by the Company between completion of the detailed program design and the point at which the product is ready for general release, have been capitalized. Capitalized software development costs are amortized by the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software product (between 5-7 years). i. Other intangible assets, net: Technology and Patent are amortized over their estimated useful life on a straight-line basis. The acquired customer relationships are amortized over their estimated useful lives in proportion to the economic benefits realized or the straight-line method. The weighted average annual rates for other intangible assets are as follows: Technology Customer relationships Patent % 15 - 25 10 - 14 10 F - 17 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2: SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) j. Impairment of long-lived assets: SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. The Company's long-lived assets and identifiable intangibles that are subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC 360 "Property, Plant, and Equipment", whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. During 2013, 2014 and 2015, no impairment losses have been identified. k. Goodwill: Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price in a business combination over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. Under ASC 350,"Intangibles- Goodwill and Other" ("ASC 350"), goodwill is subject to an annual impairment test or more frequently if impairment indicators are present. Goodwill impairment is deemed to exist if the net book value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. The Company operates in four reporting units: Emerge, L&P, Decision and P&C. The Company applied the provisions of ASC 350 for the Company's annual impairment test. Under the provisions, an entity has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the qualitative assessment does not result in a more likely than not indication of impairment, no further impairment testing is required. The Company performed a qualitative assessment during the fourth quarter of each of 2013, 2014 and 2015 and concluded that the qualitative assessment did not result in a more likely than not indication of impairment, and therefore no further impairment testing was required. l. Revenue recognition: The Company generates revenues from sales of software licenses which normally include significant implementation services that are considered essential to the functionality of the software license. In addition, the Company generates revenues from post implementation consulting services and maintenance services. Revenues are recognized when persuasive evidence of an agreement exists, delivery of the product has occurred, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collectability is probable. The Company considers all arrangements with payment terms extending beyond six months from the delivery of the elements not to be fixed or determinable. If the fee is not fixed or determinable, revenue is recognized as payments become due from the customer, provided that all other revenue recognition criteria have been met. F - 18 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2: SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. The Company usually sells its software licenses as part of an overall solution offered to a customer that combines the sale of software licenses which normally include significant implementation that is considered essential to the functionality of the license. The Company accounts for revenues from the services (either fixed price or Time and Materials (T&M)) together with the software under contract accounting using the percentage-of-completion method in accordance with ASC 605-35, "Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts". The percentage of completion method is used when the required services are quantifiable, based on the estimated number of labor hours necessary to complete the project, and under that method revenues are recognized using labor hours incurred as the measure of progress towards completion. In accordance with ASC 985-605, the Company establishes Vendor Specific Objective Evidence ("VSOE") of fair value of maintenance services (PCS) based on the Bell-Shaped approach and determined VSOE for PCS, based on the price charged when the element is sold separately (that is, the actual renewal rate). The Company's process for establishing VSOE of fair value of PCS is through performance of VSOE compliance test which is an analysis of the entire population of PCS renewal activity for its installed base of customers. Provisions for estimated losses on contracts in progress are made in the period in which they are first determined, in the amount of the estimated loss on the entire contact. Maintenance revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the maintenance agreement. Deferred revenues and customer advances include unearned amounts received under maintenance and support agreements and amounts received from customers, for which revenues have not yet been recognized. In addition, the Company derives a significant portion of its revenues from post implementation consulting services provided on a "Time and Materials" ("T&M") basis which are recognized as services are performed. m. Income taxes: The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, "Income Taxes". This topic prescribes the use of the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax asset and liability account balances are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The Company provides a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to their estimated realizable value. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are classified as long-term in the balance sheets. See also note 2v for adoption of ASU 2015-17. The Company implements a two-step approach to recognize and measure uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that, on an evaluation of the technical merits, the tax position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% (cumulative basis) likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company classifies interest as financial expenses and penalties as selling, marketing, general and administration expenses. F - 19 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2: SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) n. Concentrations of credit risks: SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, trade receivables, marketable securities and foreign currency derivative contracts. The Company's cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash are invested in bank deposits mainly in dollars, with a significant portion also invested in NIS. Deposits in the U.S. may be in excess of insured limits and are not insured in other jurisdictions. Generally, these banks deposits may be redeemed upon demand and therefore bear minimal risk. The Company's trade receivables are generally derived from sales to large and solid organizations located mainly in North America, Israel, United Kingdom, Rest of Europe and Asia Pacific. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and to date has not experienced any material losses. In certain circumstances, the Company may require prepayment. An allowance for doubtful accounts is determined with respect to those amounts that the Company has determined to be doubtful of collection. Provisions for doubtful accounts were recorded in selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses. The Company's marketable securities include investment in corporate debentures. The Company's investment policy limits the amount that the Company may invest in any one type of investment or issuer, thereby reducing credit risk concentrations. The Company entered into forward contracts, and option contracts intended to protect against the increase in value of forecasted non-dollar currency cash flows. The derivative instruments hedge a portion of the Company's non-dollar currency exposure. No off-balance sheet concentrations of credit risk exist. o. Accrued severance pay: The Company's liability for severance pay for its Israeli employees is calculated pursuant to Israel's Severance Pay Law based on the most recent monthly salary of the employees multiplied by the number of years of employment as of the balance sheet date. Employees are entitled to one month's salary for each year of employment, or a portion thereof. The Company's liability is fully provided by monthly deposits with insurance policies and severance pay funds and by an accrual. The deposited funds include profits (losses) accumulated up to the balance sheet date. The deposited funds may be withdrawn only upon the fulfillment of the obligation pursuant to Israel's Severance Pay Law or employment agreements. The value of the deposited funds is based on the cash surrendered value of these policies and recorded as an asset in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. F - 20 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2: SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. In addition, the Company signed on a collective agreement with certain employees, according to which the Company's contributions for severance pay shall be instead of severance compensation and that upon release of the policy to the employee, no additional payments shall be made by the Company to the employee. Generally, the Company, under its sole discretion, pays to these employees the entire liability, irrespective of the collective agreement described per above. Therefore, the net obligation related to those employees is stated on the balance sheet as accrued severance pay. The Company's agreements with certain employees in Israel are in accordance with Section 14 of the Severance Pay Law, 1963, whereas, the Company's contributions for severance pay shall be instead of its severance liability. Upon contribution of the full amount of the employee's monthly salary, and release of the policy to the employee, no additional calculations shall be conducted between the parties regarding the matter of severance pay and no additional payments shall be made by the Company to the employee. Further, the related obligation and amounts deposited on behalf of such obligation are not stated on the balance sheet, as they are legally released from obligation to employees once the deposit amounts have been paid. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Israeli ministry of Economy has approved the Company's request to retroactively apply section 14 for part of the Company's Israeli employees which elected to be included under section 14. As part of the process, the Company deposited to these employees' severance pay funds all required amounts to cover the severance pay liabilities. Under the section 14, as mentioned above, the severance pay fund and liabilities are not stated on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2015. Severance expense for the years 2013, 2014 and 2015 amounted to $ 2,909, $ 3,022 and $3,518, respectively. p. Basic and diluted net earnings per share: Basic net earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each year. Diluted net earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each year plus dilutive potential equivalent common shares considered outstanding during the year, in accordance with ASC 260, "Earnings Per Share". q. Stock-based compensation: The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, "Compensation - Stock Compensation" ("ASC 718"), which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense based on estimated fair values for all share-based payment awards made. ASC 718 requires companies to estimate the fair value of equity-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option- pricing model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as an expense over the requisite service periods in the Company's consolidated statements of income. The Company uses the Binomial Lattice ("Binomial model") option-pricing model to estimate the fair value for any options granted. The Binomial model takes into account variables such as volatility, dividend yield rate, and risk free interest rate and also allows for the use of dynamic assumptions and considers the contractual term of the option, the probability that the option will be exercised prior to the end of its contractual life, and the probability of termination or retirement of the option holder in computing the value of the option. F - 21 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2: SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award. The Company recognizes compensation expenses for the value of its awards, which have graded vesting, based on the straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, net of estimated forfeitures. Estimated forfeitures are based on actual historical pre-vesting forfeitures. The fair value of each option granted in 2013, 2014 and 2015 using the Binomial model, was estimated on the date of grant with the following assumptions: Contractual life Expected exercise factor Dividend yield Expected volatility (weighted average) Risk-free interest rate Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 6 years 1.5-2 0% 54.3% 1.0%-2.1% 6 years 1.5-2 0% 48.9% 1.8%-1.9% 6 years 1.5 0% 43.0%-44.1% 1.6%-1.8% The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on the yield from U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds with an equivalent term as of the Company's employee stock options. Since dividend payment is applied to reduce the exercise price of the option, the effect of the dividend protection is reflected by using an expected dividend assumption of zero. The expected life of options granted is derived from the output of the option valuation model and represents the period of time the options are expected to be outstanding. The expected exercise factor is based on industry acceptable rates since no actual historical behavior by option holders exists. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company. r. Fair value of financial instruments: ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures" ("ASC 820"), defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the "exit price") in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining fair value, the Company uses various valuation approaches. ASC 820 establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company's assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. F - 22 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2: SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. As a basis for considering such assumptions, ASC 820 establishes a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value: Level 1 - Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets that the Company has the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 instruments. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these products does not entail a significant degree of judgment. Level 2 - Valuations based on one or more quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. The Company measures its marketable debt securities and foreign currency derivative instruments at fair value. The Company's marketable debts securities are traded in markets that are not considered to be active, but are valued based on quoted market prices, broker or dealer quotations, or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency and accordingly are categorized as Level 2. Foreign currency derivative contracts are classified within Level 2 as the valuation inputs are based on quoted prices and market observable data of similar instruments. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the short-term maturities of such instruments. s. Derivatives and hedging: The Company enters into option contracts and forward contracts to hedge certain transactions denominated in foreign currencies. The purpose of the Company's foreign currency hedging activities is to protect the Company from risk that the eventual dollar cash flows from international activities will be adversely affected by changes in the exchange rates. The Company's option and forward contracts do not qualify as hedging instruments under ASC 815, "Derivatives and hedging". Changes in the fair value of option strategies are reflected in the consolidated statements of income as financial income or expense. In 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Company entered into option strategies contracts in the notional amounts of $9,868, $33,270 and $9,250, respectively and in 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Company entered into forward contracts in the notional amounts of $299, $7,383 and $42,770, respectively, in order to protect against foreign currency fluctuations. F - 23 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2: SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the Company had outstanding options and forward contracts, in the notional amount of $25,772 and $21,876, respectively. In 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Company recorded an income (expenses) of $387, $(397) and $230, respectively, with respect to the above transactions, presented in the statements of income as financial income (expenses). t. Treasury shares: Repurchased common shares are held as treasury shares. The Company presents the cost to repurchase treasury stock as a reduction of shareholders’ equity. u. Comprehensive income (loss): The Company accounts for comprehensive income (loss) in accordance with ASC 220, "Comprehensive Income". Comprehensive income generally represents all changes in shareholders' equity during the period except those resulting from investments by, or distributions to, shareholders. The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), in the amount of $ (10,281) and $ (11,679) at December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively, were as follows: Foreign currency translation differences Unrealized losses on available-for-sale marketable securities, net of tax v. Impact of recently issued accounting standards: December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ (10,126) $ (155) (11,492) (187) (10,281) $ (11,679) In November 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-17 (ASU 2015-17) Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which requires that deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities be classified as noncurrent in the balance sheet. ASU 2015-17 is effective for the interim and annual periods ending after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted, and the Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-17 retrospectively as of December 31, 2015. Prior period information presented in the Company's consolidated financial statements was retrospectively adjusted, resulting in the reclassification of $2,319 of deferred tax assets from current assets to long- term assets within the Company's consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2014. On May 28, 2014, the FASB completed its Revenue Recognition project by issuing ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The new guidance establishes the principles to report useful information to users of financial statements about the nature, timing, and uncertainty of revenue from contracts with customers. The new Revenue Recognition guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016 including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. Early application is not permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the method of adoption, as well as the effect that adoption of this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases” (Topic 842), whereby, lessees will be required to recognize for all leases at the commencement date a lease liability, which is a lessee‘s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. Under the new guidance, lessor accounting is largely unchanged. A modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements must be applied. The modified retrospective approach would not require any transition accounting for leases that expired before the earliest comparative period presented. Companies may not apply a full retrospective transition approach. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early application is permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this pronouncement. F - 24 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 3: MARKETABLE SECURITIES As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the fair value, Amortized cost and gross unrealized holding gains and losses of available-for-sale marketable securities were as follows: SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. Government debentures – fixed interest rate Corporate debentures – fixed interest rate Government debentures – fixed interest rate Corporate debentures – fixed interest rate Amortized Cost 5,242 34,663 39,905 Amortized Cost 5,161 28,148 33,309 $ $ $ $ $ $ December 31, 2015 Gross unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized losses Fair value - - - $ $ $ (19) $ (235) $ 5,223 34,428 (254) $ 39,651 December 31, 2014 Gross unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized losses Fair value - - - $ $ $ (33) $ (178) $ 5,128 27,970 (211) $ 33,098 As of December 31, 2015, the contractual maturities of available-for-sale marketable securities are up to 3 years, an amount of $8,776 were classified as short-term marketable securities as part of the current assets due to contractual maturity of up to one year. Interest receivable included in other receivables and prepaid expenses amounted to $ 280 and $334 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively. NOTE 4: OTHER LONG TERM ASSETS Deferred tax assets Government authorities Other December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ $ 3,014 1,688 865 5,567 $ 2,779 - 1,473 4,252 As of December 31, 2015, the amounts receivable from government authorities were classified as current assets. F - 25 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 5: PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET Cost: Computers and peripheral equipment Office furniture, equipment and other Leasehold improvements Accumulated depreciation: Computers and peripheral equipment Office furniture, equipment and other Leasehold improvements SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ 13,762 4,235 2,811 20,808 11,716 2,652 1,429 15,797 15,477 4,228 2,780 22,485 12,712 2,607 1,491 16,810 5,675 Depreciated cost $ 5,011 $ Depreciation expense totaled $1,260, $1,582 and $2,080 for the years 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. NOTE 6: CAPITALIZED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT COSTS, NET The changes in capitalized software development costs during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 were as follows: Balance at the beginning of the year Capitalization Adjustment for acquisition under common control Amortization Functional currency translation adjustments Balance at the year end Year ended December 31, 2015 2014 $ $ 19,704 $ 19,243 6,094 563 (4,926) (2,192) 6,032 - (5,439) 20 19,243 $ 19,856 Amortization of capitalized software development costs for 2013, 2014 and 2015, was $4,500, $4,926 and $5,439, respectively. Amortization expense is included in cost of revenues. F - 26 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 7: OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET a. Other intangible assets, net, are comprised of the following: SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. Original amounts: Customer relationships Technology Patent Accumulated amortization: Customer relationships Technology Patent December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ 9,845 6,871 1,234 17,950 5,239 3,998 51 9,288 b. c. Other intangible assets, net $ 8,662 $ Amortization of other intangible assets was $2,127, $2,209 and $2,106 for 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Estimated amortization expense for future periods: For the year ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 and thereafter $ $ 1,768 1,728 1,461 858 1,869 7,684 F - 27 10,853 6,717 1,230 18,800 6,361 4,581 174 11,116 7,684 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 8:- GOODWILL The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 are as follows: SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. Balance at the beginning of the year Acquisition of subsidiaries Functional currency translation adjustments Balance at the year end NOTE 9: ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER LIABILITIES Government authorities Accrued royalties to the OCS (Note 10a) Accrued expenses NOTE 10: COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES Year ended December 31, 2015 2014 72,438 $ 67,698 613 (5,353) 2,588 (251) 67,698 $ 70,035 December 31, 2014 2015 $ 3,673 283 7,744 11,700 $ 3,419 251 11,223 14,893 $ $ $ $ a. Sapiens Technologies (1982) Ltd. ("Sapiens Technologies"), a subsidiary incorporated in Israel, was partially financed under programs sponsored by the Office of Chief Scientist ("OCS") for the support of certain research and development activities conducted in Israel. In exchange for participation in the programs by the OCS, the Company agreed to pay 3.5% of total net consolidated license and maintenance revenue and 0.35% of the net consolidated consulting services revenue related to the software developed within the framework of these programs based on an understanding with the OCS reached in January 2012. The royalties will be paid up to a maximum amount equaling 100%-150% of the grants provided by the OCS, linked to the dollar, and for grants received after January 1, 1999, bear annual interest at a rate based on LIBOR. F - 28 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 10: COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES (Cont.) SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. Royalties' expenses amounted to $514, $618 and $505 in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, and are included in cost of revenues. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had a contingent liability to pay royalties of $7,332. b. Lease commitments: The Company leases office space, office equipment and various motor vehicles under operating leases. 1. The Company's office space and office equipment are rented under several operating leases. Future minimum lease commitments under non-cancelable operating leases for the years ended December 31, were as follows: 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 and thereafter $ 4,590 3,989 3,746 3,363 1,356 $ 17,044 Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 was $3,370, $3,782 and $4,418 respectively. 2. The Company leases its motor vehicles under cancelable operating lease agreements. The minimum payment under these operating leases, upon cancellation of these lease agreements was $173 as of December 31, 2015. c. The Company has provided bank guarantees in the amount of $1,076 as security for the rent to be paid for its leased offices. The bank guarantees is valid through February 2016 and thereafter was renewed in an amount of approximately $600 which will be valid through February 2017. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had restricted bank deposits of $487 in favor of the bank guarantees. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has provided bank guarantees in the amount of $582 as security for the performance of various contracts with customers and suppliers. In order to secure a credit line for one of Sapiens' subsidiaries, the Company has created a general floating pledge on that subsidiary's assets in favor of the bank providing the line of credit. F - 29 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 10: COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES (Cont.) SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. d. On August 27, 2015, the Company's wholly-owned subsidiary was summoned to a hearing at a court in Amsterdam in connection with a claim initiated against it by one of its customers. Although the software system provided by the subsidiary has been used by the customer since 2008, the customer now claims that the software system furnished to the customer did not comply with the requirements of the customer and that the subsidiary failed to correct errors in the software systems in accordance with the service level agreement between the parties. The remedies sought by the customer are (i) termination of all contracts with the subsidiary and (ii) refund of all amounts paid by the customer to the subsidiary under the foregoing contracts plus damages in an aggregate amount of approximately €21.5 million. As of the date of publication of these financial statements, the Company is examining together with its advisors the foregoing claim, the obligations of the subsidiary under the contracts with the customer (including limitations on liability thereunder) and the availability of insurance coverage with respect to the claim. The Company has included in these financial statements a provision which reflects the current estimate of the potential outcome of the foregoing claim. NOTE 11: TAXES ON INCOME a. Parent taxation: Sapiens is governed under the laws of Curaçao. In addition, Sapiens is registered as an Israeli corporation for tax purposes only. b. Israeli taxation: 1. Corporate tax rates in Israel: Taxable income of Israeli companies is subject to tax at the rate of 25% in 2013 and 26.5% in 2014 and 2015. On January 4, 2016, the Israeli Parliament's Plenum approved by a second and third reading the Bill for Amending the Income Tax Ordinance (No. 217) (Reduction of Corporate Tax Rate), 2015, which consists of the reduction of the corporate tax rate from 26.5% to 25%. The Company estimates that the effect of the change in tax rates will result in a decrease in deferred tax balances as of December 31, 2015 in immaterial amounts. 2. Tax benefits under the Israel Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 ("the Law"): Certain of the Company's Israeli subsidiaries have been granted "Approved Enterprise" and "Beneficiary Enterprise" status, which provides certain benefits, including tax exemptions and reduced tax rates. Income not eligible for Approved Enterprise and Beneficiary Enterprise benefits is taxed at regular rates. The entitlement to the above benefits is conditional upon the fulfilling of the conditions stipulated by the Laws and regulations. Should the certain Israeli subsidiaries fail to meet such requirements in the future, income attributable to their Approved Enterprise and Beneficiary Enterprise programs could be subject to the statutory Israeli corporate tax rate and they could be required to refund a portion of the tax benefits already received, with respect to such programs. As of December 31, 2015, management believes that these subsidiaries are in compliance with all the conditions required by the Law. Effective January 1, 2011, the Knesset enacted the Law for Economic Policy for 2011 and 2012 (Amended Legislation), and among other things, amended the Law, ("the Amendment"). According to the Amendment, the benefit tracks in the Investment Law were modified and a flat tax rate applies to the Company's entire preferred income. The Company is able to opt to apply (the waiver is non- recourse) the Amendment and from then on it is subject to the amended tax rate of 16%. Under the terms of the Approved Enterprise program, income that is attributable to one of The Company's Israeli subsidiaries was exempt from income tax for a period of two years commencing 2014. The tax exemption has resulted in a tax savings of approximately $1,100 in the year ended December 31, 2015. If such tax-exempt income is distributed in a manner other than upon complete liquidation of the Company, it would be taxed at the reduced corporate tax rate applicable to such profits (25%), and an income tax liability of up to approximately $1,000 would be incurred as of December 31, 2015. F - 30 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 11: TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.) 3. Foreign Exchange Regulations: SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. Under the Foreign Exchange Regulations, some of the Company's Israeli subsidiaries calculate their tax liability in U.S. Dollars according to certain orders. The tax liability, as calculated in U.S. Dollars is translated into NIS according to the exchange rate as of December 31st of each year. c. Income taxes on non-Israeli subsidiaries: Non-Israeli subsidiaries are taxed according to the tax laws in their respective country of residence. Neither Israeli income taxes, foreign withholding taxes nor deferred income taxes were provided in relation to undistributed earnings of the non-Israelis subsidiaries. This is because the Company intends to permanently reinvest undistributed earnings in the foreign subsidiaries in which those earnings arose. If these earnings were distributed in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Company would be subject to additional Israeli income taxes (subject to an adjustment for foreign tax credits) and non-Israeli withholding taxes. The amount of undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries that are considered to be reinvested as of December 31, 2015 was $15,084 and the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability for temporary differences related to investments in foreign subsidiaries that were essentially permanent in duration as of December 31, 2015 was $1,100. d. Net operating losses carry forward: As of December 31, 2015, certain subsidiaries had tax loss carry-forwards totaling approximately $ 29,050. Most of these carry-forward tax losses have no expiration date. F - 31 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 11: TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.) e. Deferred tax assets and liabilities: Deferred taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for tax purposes. Significant components of the Company deferred tax assets are as follows: SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. Deferred tax assets: Net operating losses carry forward Research and development Other Deferred tax assets before valuation allowance Valuation allowance Deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Capitalized software development costs Acquired intangibles Property and equipment Other Deferred tax liabilities Deferred tax assets, net Long-term deferred tax assets Long-term deferred tax liabilities Deferred tax assets, net December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ 8,915 2,028 1,604 12,547 (6,136) 6,411 (2,474) (1,546) (68) (254) (4,342) 7,275 2,123 3,188 12,586 (6,212) 6,374 (2,804) (1,472) (53) (163) (4,492) $ 2,069 $ 1,882 December 31, 2014 2015 3,014 (945) $ 2,069 $ 2,779 (897) 1,882 Long-term deferred tax assets are included within other long-term assets in the balance sheets. Long-term deferred tax liabilities are included within other long-term liabilities in the balance sheets. F - 32 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 11: TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.) SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. The Company has provided valuation allowances in respect of certain deferred tax assets resulting from tax loss carry forwards and other reserves and allowances due to uncertainty concerning realization of these deferred tax assets. f. Income before taxes on income is comprised as follows: Domestic (Israel) Foreign Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ $ 10,444 1,959 $ 11,281 3,749 $ 12,403 $ 15,030 $ 19,478 5,035 24,513 g. A reconciliation between the theoretical tax expense, assuming all income is taxed at the statutory tax rate applicable to income for an Israeli company, and the actual tax expense as reported in the statements of income is as follows: Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 Income before taxes on income, as reported in the statements of income $ 12,403 $ 15,030 $ 24,513 Statutory tax rate in Israel 25% 26.5% 26.5% Theoretical taxes on income Increase (decrease) in taxes resulting from: Effect of different tax rates Effect of “Approved, Beneficiary or Preferred Enterprise” status Utilization of carry forward tax losses for which valuation allowance was provided Non-deductible expenses Recognition of deferred taxes during the year for which valuation allowance was provided in prior years Losses and temporary differences for which valuation allowance was provided Others $ 3,097 $ 3,983 $ 6,496 158 - (1,162) 9 (971) 222 (542) 362 (2,323) (1,177) 80 (1,496) 580 445 117 (2,406) (195) 569 - 127 (495) Taxes on income, as reported in the statements of income $ 811 $ 454 $ 4,213 Basic and diluted earnings per share amounts of the benefit resulting from the “Approved, Beneficiary or Preferred Enterprise” status - $ 0.05 $ 0.05 F - 33 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 11: TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.) h. Taxes on income are comprised as follows: Current Deferred Domestic (Israel) Foreign i. Uncertain tax positions: SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ 400 411 811 $ 1,474 (1,020) $ 454 $ Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ 1,172 (361) 811 $ (443) $ 897 454 $ 2,627 1,586 4,213 2,684 1,529 4,213 $ $ $ $ A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: Balance at the beginning of the year Increase in tax positions Decrease in tax positions Acquisition of subsidiary (*) Balance at the end of the year December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ $ 652 190 (137) - 705 570 (64) 154 705 $ 1,365 (*) The amount initially consolidated as part of the acquisition of subsidiary in 2015 is net of Tax Deducted at Source assets in an amount of $635. The entire balance of unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would reduce the Company's annual effective tax rate. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015 accrued interest related to uncertain tax positions amounted to $198 and $422, respectively. Part of the Company's Israeli subsidiaries received final tax assessments through the year 2011. F - 34 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 12: EQUITY SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. a. The common shares of the Company are traded on the NASDAQ and on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange. Common shares confer upon their holders voting rights, the right to receive cash dividends and the right to share in excess assets upon liquidation of the Company. On November 14, 2013 the Company completed a secondary public offering of its ordinary shares on the NASDAQ. The Company issued 6,497,400 shares at a price of $ 6.25 per share before issuance expenses. Total net proceeds from the issuance amounted to $ 37,791. b. Stock option plans: In 2011, the Company's board of directors approved its 2011 Share Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”) pursuant to which the Company's employees, directors, officers, consultants, advisors, suppliers, business partner, customer and any other person or entity whose services are considered valuable are eligible to receive awards of share options, restricted shares, restricted share units and other share-based awards. Options granted under the 2011 Plan may be exercised for a period of up to 6 years from the date of grant and become exercisable in four equal, annual installments, beginning with the first anniversary of the date of the grant, or pursuant to such other schedule as may provide in the option agreement. The total number of Common Shares available under the 2011 Plan was set at 4,000,000. Upon the approval of the 2011 Plan, the board of directors determined that no further awards would be issued under the Company's previously existing share incentive plans. As of December 31, 2015 140,444 common shares of the Company were available for future grant under the 2011 Plan. Any option granted under the 2011 Plan which are forfeited, cancelled, terminated or expired, will become available for future grant under the 2011 Plan. In February 2016, our Board of Directors approved the reservation of an additional 4,000,000 Common Shares for issuance under the 2011 Plan. F - 35 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 12: EQUITY (Cont.) A summary of the stock option activities in 2015 is as follows: SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. Outstanding at January 1, 2015 Granted Exercised Expired and forfeited Outstanding at December 31, 2015 Exercisable at December 31, 2015 Year ended December 31, 2015 Weighted average Weighted remaining average contractual life exercise (in years) price Aggregate intrinsic value 3.49 9.38 1.59 4.39 5.36 3.01 3.07 $ 10,957 3.49 2.52 $ 9,274 6,554 Amount of options 2,796,081 $ 673,408 (1,080,470) (213,531) 2,175,488 1,002,286 $ In 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Company granted 595,000, 340,000 and 673,408 stock options to employees and directors, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair values of the options granted during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 were $ 2.51, $ 3.19 and $ 3.79, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding at December 31, 2015 represents intrinsic value of 2,175,488 outstanding options that are in-the-money as of December 31, 2015. All outstanding options are in the money as of December 31, 2015. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercisable at December 31, 2015 represents intrinsic value of 1,002,286 exercisable options that are in-the-money as of December 31, 2015. All exercisable options are in the money as of December 31, 2015. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 was $2,839, $7,446 and $10,294, respectively. The options outstanding under the Company's stock option plans as of December 31, 2015 have been separated into ranges of exercise price as follows: Ranges of exercise price Options outstanding as of December 31, 2015 Weighted Average remaining contractual Term (Years) Weighted average exercise price $ Options Exercisable as of December 31, 2015 Weighted Average Exercise price of Options Exercisable $ 1.2-1.48 2.08-2.7 3.45-3.77 4.72-4.85 5.25-5.53 6.27-6.92 7.01-7.68 8.42 9.93-10.78 166,978 297,094 325,971 163,445 90,000 130,000 367,000 300,000 335,000 2,175,488 1.29 2.90 2.70 3.02 3.55 4.15 4.22 5.35 5.76 3.86 1.34 2.56 3.57 4.73 5.33 6.42 7.46 8.42 10.45 5.98 166,978 297,094 242,769 76,945 45,000 66,666 106,834 - - 1,002,286 1.34 2.56 3.58 4.74 5.33 6.27 7.43 - - 3.66 F - 36 SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 12: EQUITY (Cont.) c. d. As of December 31, 2015, there was $3,949 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested options, which is expected to be recognized over a period of up to four years. During 2015, 29,500 of the 88,500 restricted shares of Sapiens Decision, the Company's majority-owned subsidiary that were granted to one of the former shareholders of KPI in 2014 (as described in note 1(d)) vested, thereby reducing the Company's percentage ownership of Sapiens Decision from 97% to 95.7%. During 2015, Sapiens Decision issued options to certain of its employees to purchase shares of Sapiens Decision. e. Dividend: On April 22, 2015, the Company's extraordinary general meeting of shareholders approved the distribution of cash dividend of $0.15 per common share for a total amount of $7,186 that was paid during June and July 2015. NOTE 13: RELATED PARTIES TRANSACTIONS Agreements with controlling shareholder and its affiliates: The Company has in effect services agreements with certain companies that are affiliated with Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. (“Formula”), Sapiens' parent company (most recently since December 23, 2014 and thereafter), pursuant to which the Company has received services amounting to approximately $900, $1,100 and $2,600, in aggregate for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. In addition, during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Company purchased from those affiliated companies an aggregate of approximately $300, $200 and $1,100 of hardware and software. Furthermore, the Company paid to Formula $19 in the year ended December 31, 2015 in respect of the Company’s portion of the directors' fees payable to the Company’s Chairman of the Board, who serves as Chief Executive Officer of Formula. On August 18, 2015, Sapiens completed the acquisition from Asseco Poland S.A. (“Asseco”) of all issued and outstanding shares of Insseco. Asseco is the ultimate parent company of Sapiens, through its holdings in Formula. Please see note 1(c) above for further information concerning this acquisition. Under the share purchase agreement for that acquisition, Asseco committed to assign all customer contracts to Insseco that relate to the intellectual property that we acquired as part of the acquisition. In the event that Asseco cannot obtain the consent of any customer to the assignment of its contract to Insseco, Asseco will hold that customer's contract in trust for the benefit of Insseco. Under that arrangement, in 2015, Insseco invoiced Asseco in a back-to-back manner for all invoices issued by Asseco on Insseco's behalf to customers under those contracts that were not yet assigned by Asseco to Insseco. During the year ended December 31, 2015, Asseco provided back office services to Insseco in an amount totaling approximately $1,700. During the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014, Asseco provided to the Company professional services in amount of approximately $900 and $200. F - 37 SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 13: RELATED PARTIES TRANSACTIONS (Cont.) As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the Company had trade payables balances due to its related parties in amount of approximately $400 and $2,700, respectively. In addition, as of December 31, 2015, the Company had trade receivables balances due from its related parties in amount of approximately $3,200. NOTE 14:- BASIC AND DILUTED NET EARNINGS PER SHARE Numerator: Net income attributed to Sapiens shareholders Adjustment to redeemable non-controlling interest Net income used for earnings per share Denominator (thousands): Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 $ $ 11,604 - $ 14,463 - $ 20,016 224 11,604 $ 14,463 $ 20,240 Denominator for basic earnings per share - weighted average number of common shares, net of treasury stock Stock options and warrants 40,024 2,292 47,210 1,427 48,121 1,206 Denominator for diluted net earnings per share - adjusted weighted average number of shares 42,316 48,637 49,327 The weighted average number of shares related to outstanding anti-dilutive options and warrants excluded from the calculations of diluted net earnings per share was 466,534, 599,287 and 582,570 for the years 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. F - 38 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 15: GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. a. b. The Company operates in a single reportable segment as a provider of software solutions. See Note 1 for a brief description of the Company's business. The data below is presented in accordance with ASC 280, "Segment Reporting". Geographic information: The following table sets forth revenues by country based on the billing address of the customer. Other than as shown below, no other country accounted for more than 10% of the Company's revenues during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. 1. Revenues: North America* United Kingdom Rest of Europe Israel Asia Pacific Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ $ $ 44,237 31,115 24,862 23,009 12,154 $ 49,585 34,961 28,351 28,821 15,732 61,332 42,580 32,897 28,315 20,512 135,377 $ 157,450 $ 185,636 * Revenue amounts for North America that are shown in the above table consist primarily of revenues from the United States, except for approximately $1,100, $558 and $471 of revenues derived from Canada in the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. 2. Property and equipment: Israel North America Rest of the world c. Major customer data: December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ $ 3,722 146 1,143 5,011 $ 4,224 147 1,304 5,675 The following table sets forth revenues from major customers during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Customer A *) Less than 10%. F - 39 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 *) 11% 12% NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 16: SELECTED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS DATA a. Research and development expenses: Total costs Less - capitalized software development costs Research and development expenses b. Financial income, net: Financial income: Interest Derivatives gains Foreign currency translation Financial expenses: Derivatives losses Foreign currency translation Bank charges and other $ $ $ SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V. Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 17,238 (5,392) $ 17,446 (6,094) $ 16,267 (6,032) 11,846 $ 11,352 $ 10,235 $ 188 387 644 $ 356 - 883 1,219 - 155 544 (699) 1,239 397 586 132 657 230 556 1,443 - 981 299 (1,115) (1,280) Financial income, net $ 520 $ 124 $ 163 - - - - - - - - F - 40 MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2015 U.S. DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS INDEX Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Appendix to Consolidated Financial Statements - Details of Subsidiaries and Affiliate - - - - - - - - - - - - F-1 Page F-2 – F-4 F-5 - F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-10 - F-12 F-13 - F-53 F-54 Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer Tel: +972-3-6232525 Fax: +972-3-5622555 ey.com REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Magic Software Enterprises Ltd. ("the Company") and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015. These financial statements are the responsibility of Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We did not audit the financial statements of certain subsidiaries, which statements reflect total assets of 4% and 2% as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively, and total revenues of 14%, 11% and 6% for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively of the related consolidated totals. Those statements were audited by other auditors whose reports have been furnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to the amounts included for those subsidiaries, is based solely on the reports of the other auditors. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, based on our audits and the reports of the other auditors, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, and the related consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“the COSO criteria”) and our report dated April 27, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Tel-Aviv, Israel April 27, 2016 /s/ Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer KOST FORER GABBAY & KASIERER A Member of Ernst & Young Global F-2 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. We have audited Magic Software Enterprises Ltd. ("the Company") internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) ("the COSO criteria"). The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the COSO criteria. F-3 We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 and our report dated April 27, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Tel-Aviv, Israel April 27, 2016 /s/ Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer KOST FORER GABBAY & KASIERER A Member of Ernst & Young Global F-4 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS U.S. dollars in thousands ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS: Cash and cash equivalents Short-term bank deposits Available-for-sale marketable securities (Note 4) Trade receivables (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $ 2,380 and $ 1,885 at December 31, 2014 and $ 2015, respectively) Other accounts receivable and prepaid expenses (Note 6) Total current assets LONG-TERM RECEIVABLES: Severance pay fund Long term deferred tax asset (Note 12) Other long-term receivables Total long-term receivables PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET (Note 7) INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET (Note 8) GOODWILL (Note 9) Total assets The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F-5 MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES December 31, 2014 2015 $ 72,515 - 11,915 40,358 3,419 62,188 2,677 11,819 52,374 6,244 128,207 135,302 1,426 2,137 2,376 5,939 2,005 32,543 55,490 1,454 2,823 1,088 5,365 2,296 33,575 63,308 $ 224,184 $ 239,846 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) LIABILITIES AND EQUITY CURRENT LIABILITIES: Short term debt (Note 11) Trade payables Accrued expenses and other accounts payable (Note 10) Deferred revenues Total current liabilities ACCRUED SEVERANCE PAY LONG TERM LIABILITIES: Long term debt (Note 11) Liabilities due to acquisition activities and other (Note 3) Long term deferred tax liability (Note 12) COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 16) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ 2,853 3,861 15,013 3,431 25,158 2,562 490 474 4,846 5,810 13 6,331 17,921 4,092 28,357 2,616 3,257 1,039 5,726 10,022 REDEEMABLE NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST (Note 2) 2,930 5,745 EQUITY (Note 13): Magic Software Enterprises equity: Share capital: Ordinary shares of NIS 0.1 par value - Authorized: 50,000,000 shares at December 31, 2014 and 2015; Issued and Outstanding: 44,174,217 and 44,335,220 shares at December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive loss Accumulated earnings Total equity attributable to Magic Software Enterprises shareholders Non-controlling interests Total equity 1,029 182,114 (5,347) 7,269 185,065 2,659 187,724 Total liabilities, redeemable non-controlling interest and equity $ 224,184 $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 1,035 180,989 (6,695) 15,679 191,008 2,098 193,106 239,846 F-6 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME U.S. dollars in thousands (except per share data) Revenues (Note 18): Software Maintenance and technical support Consulting services Total revenues Cost of revenues: Software Maintenance and technical support Consulting services Total cost of revenues Gross profit Operating costs and expenses: Research and development, net (Note 15a) Selling and marketing General and administrative Total operating costs and expenses Operating income Financial expense, net (Note 15b) Other income (expense), net Income before taxes on income Taxes on income (Note 12) Net income Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests Net income attributable to non-controlling interests Net income attributable to Magic Software Enterprises Shareholders Net earnings per share attributable to Magic Software Enterprises' shareholders (Note 17): Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F-7 MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 $ 23,254 22,685 99,019 144,958 $ 25,351 22,780 116,173 164,304 6,648 2,949 76,296 85,893 59,065 3,706 23,066 13,166 39,938 19,127 (684) (12) 18,431 1,575 16,856 546 430 7,646 2,921 89,160 99,727 64,577 4,750 24,580 14,521 43,851 20,726 (1,786) (67) 18,873 2,307 16,566 425 621 15,880 $ 15,520 $ 21,598 22,908 131,524 176,030 7,836 2,466 102,919 113,221 62,809 4,888 23,062 13,425 41,375 21,434 (685) 8 20,757 3,681 17,076 639 239 16,198 0.43 0.43 $ $ 0.36 0.36 $ $ 0.37 0.36 $ $ $ $ CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME U.S. dollars in thousands (except per share data) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 Net income $ 16,856 $ 16,566 $ 17,076 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Foreign currency translation adjustments, net Unrealized gain from derivative instruments, net Unrealized gain (loss) from available-for-sale securities Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Total comprehensive income Comprehensive income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests 495 - (35) 460 17,316 807 476 (5,469) - (259) (5,728) 10,838 51 442 (1,513) 9 156 (1,348) 15,728 572 208 Comprehensive income attributable to Magic Software Enterprises' shareholders $ 16,033 $ 10,345 $ 14,948 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F-8 STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY U.S. dollars in thousands (except per share data) Balance as of January 1, 2013 Exercise of stock options Stock-based compensation expenses Dividend Other comprehensive income Net income Balance as of December 31, 2013 Issuance of shares Exercise of stock options Stock-based compensation expenses Dividend Other comprehensive loss Net income Balance as of December 31, 2014 Issuance of shares Exercise of stock options Stock-based compensation expenses Acquisition of non-controlling interests (Note 3) Dividend Other comprehensive loss Net income Number of Shares 36,626,728 528,627 - - - - 37,155,355 6,903,141 115,721 - - - - Share capital amount 811 15 - - - - 826 201 2 - - - - 44,174,217 - 161,003 1,029 - 6 - - - - - - - - - - 125,288 1,447 325 - - - 127,060 54,525 202 327 - - - 182,114 (50) 413 220 (1,708) - - - Balance as of December 31, 2015 44,335,220 1,035 180,989 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F-9 Attributable to the Company's shareholders Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Accumulated earnings (deficit) Additional paid-in capital MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Non- controlling interests Total equity 575 - - (64) 46 430 987 - - 1,230 - (179) 621 2,659 - - 14 (36) (747) (31) 239 118,361 1,462 325 (7,787) 460 16,310 129,131 54,726 204 1,557 (8,681) (5,354) 16,141 187,724 (50) 419 234 (1,744) (8,535) (1,379) 16,437 2,098 193,106 (586) - - - 414 - (172) - - - - (5,175) - (5,347) - - - - - (1,348) - (6,695) (7,727) - - (7,723) - 15,880 430 - - - (8,681) - 15,520 7,269 - - - - (7,788) - 16,198 15,679 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS U.S. dollars in thousands Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Loss on sale of property and equipment Stock-based compensation expenses Amortization of marketable securities premium and accretion of discount Decrease (increase) in trade receivables, net Increase in other long term and short term accounts receivable and prepaid expenses Increase (decrease) in trade payables Decrease in accrued expenses and other accounts payable Increase (decrease) in deferred revenues Change in deferred and other income taxes, net MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 $ 16,856 $ 16,566 $ 17,076 8,380 10 325 - 473 (397) (700) (1,589) (1,765) 687 8,660 - 1,557 62 (9,378) (23) (342) (303) 191 1,204 9,885 - 234 249 (8,756) (1,669) 1,866 (196) 684 245 Net cash provided by operating activities 22,280 18,194 19,618 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F-10 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS U.S. dollars in thousands Cash flows from investing activities: Capitalized software development costs Purchase of property and equipment Cash paid in conjunction with acquisitions, net of acquired cash Proceeds from sale of property and equipment Proceeds from maturity of marketable securities Proceeds from short-term bank deposits Change in loans to employees and other deposits ,net Investment in marketable securities and short-term bank deposits Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from exercise of options by employees Issuance of Ordinary shares, net Dividend paid Dividend paid to non-controlling interests Short-term credit, net Purchase of non-controlling interest Long term loan received Repayment of long-term loans Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 (4,713) (497) (16,557) 60 - - - - (21,707) 1,462 - (7,787) - (47) (168) 3,307 (95) (3,328) 145 (2,610) 37,744 (4,267) (993) (9,363) - 596 - (58) (11,976) (26,061) 204 54,726 (8,681) - 2,974 - - (2,905) 46,318 (1,070) 37,381 35,134 (3,847) (1,109) (9,182) - - 2,654 5 (5,153) (16,632) 419 - (7,788) (392) (2,840) (1,300) - (34) (11,935) (1,378) (10,327) 72,515 Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year $ 35,134 $ 72,515 $ 62,188 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F-11 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS U.S. dollars in thousands Supplementary information on investing and financing activities not involving cash flows: Non-cash activities: Deferred acquisition payment Contingent acquisition consideration Dividend in Redeemable Non-controlling interest Dividend in Non-controlling interest Supplemental disclosure of cash flow activities: Cash paid during the year for: Income taxes Interest The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F-12 MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,581 3,981 - - 1,519 34 $ $ $ $ $ $ 250 - - - 1,601 74 $ $ $ $ $ $ 355 1,048 2,294 355 2,024 (95) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 1:- GENERAL Magic Software Enterprises Ltd., an Israeli company, and its subsidiaries ("the Group") is a global provider of software platforms and professional services that accelerate the planning, development, deployment and integration of on-premise, mobile and cloud business applications ("the Magic technology"). Magic technology enables enterprises to accelerate the process of delivering business solutions that meet current and future needs and allow customers to dramatically improve their business performance and return on investment. To complement its software products and to increase its traction with customers, the Group also offers a complete portfolio of IT professional services in the areas of infrastructure design and delivery, application development, technology planning and implementation services, communications services and solutions, and supplemental IT professional outsourcing services. The Company reports its results on the basis of two reportable business segments: software services (which include proprietary and non-proprietary software solutions and related services) and IT professional services (see Note 18 for further details). The principal markets of the Group are United States, Europe, Israel and Japan (see Note 18). For information about the Company's holdings in subsidiaries and affiliates, see Appendix A to the consolidated financial statements. NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("U.S. GAAP"), applied on a consistent basis, as follows: Use of estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company's management believes that the estimates, judgments and assumptions used are reasonable based upon information available at the time they are made. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant assumptions are employed in estimates used in determining values of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets and their subsequent impairment analysis, revenue recognition, tax assets and tax positions, legal contingencies, research and development capitalization, contingent consideration related to acquisitions and stock-based compensation costs. Financial statements in United States dollars A substantial portion of the revenues and expenses of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries is generated in U.S. dollars ("dollar"). The Company's management believes that the dollar is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company and certain of its subsidiaries operate. Thus, the functional and reporting currency of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries is the dollar. F-13 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Accordingly, monetary accounts maintained in currencies other than the dollar are remeasured into dollars in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB) Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 830, "Foreign Currency Matters". All transaction gains and losses of the remeasurement of monetary balance sheet items are reflected in the statements of income as financial income or expenses, as appropriate. For those foreign subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the dollar, all balance sheet amounts have been translated using the exchange rates in effect at each balance sheet date. Statement of income amounts have been translated using the average exchange rate prevailing during each year. Such translation adjustments are reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) in equity. Principles of consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions, including profit from intercompany sales not yet realized outside the Group, have been eliminated upon consolidation. Changes in the parent's ownership interest in a subsidiary with no change of control are treated as equity transactions, with any difference between the amount of consideration paid and the change in the carrying amount of the non-controlling interest, recognized in equity. Non-controlling interests of subsidiaries represent the non-controlling share of the total comprehensive income (loss) of the subsidiaries and fair value of the net assets upon the acquisition of the subsidiaries. The non-controlling interests are presented in equity separately from the equity attributable to the equity holders of the Company. Redeemable non-controlling interests are classified as mezzanine equity, separate from permanent equity, on the consolidated balance sheets and measured at each reporting period at the higher of their redemption amount or the Non controlling interest book value, in accordance with the requirements of ASC 810 "Consolidation" and ASC 480-10-S99-3A, "Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity". The following table provides a reconciliation of the redeemable non-controlling interests: January 1, 2015 Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest Increase in redeemable non-controlling interest as part of acquisitions Decrease in redeemable non-controlling interest due to change in ownership in subsidiaries Dividend in Redeemable Non-controlling interest Foreign currency translation adjustments December 31, 2015 F-14 $ $ 2,930 639 4,159 378 (2,294) (67) 5,745 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) Cash and cash equivalents MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Cash and cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to cash with original maturities of three months or less, at the date acquired. Cash and cash equivalent includes amounts held primarily in NIS, U.S. dollars, Euro, Japanese Yen and British Pound. Short-term deposits and restricted deposits Short-term deposits include deposits with original maturities of more than three months and less than one year. Such deposits are presented at cost (including accrued interest) which approximates their fair value. Restricted deposits are used to secure certain Group's ongoing projects and are classified under other receivables. Marketable securities The Company accounts for investments in marketable securities in accordance with ASC No. 320, “Investments – Debt and Equity Securities”. Management determines the appropriate classification of its investments at the time of purchase and reevaluates such determinations at each balance sheet date. The Company classifies all of its marketable securities as available for sale. Available for sale securities are carried at fair value, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported in “accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” in equity. Realized gains and losses on sale of investments are included in “financial income, net” and are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities. The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Such amortization together with interest on securities is included in “financial income, net”. The Company recognizes an impairment charge when a decline in the fair value of its investments in debt securities below the cost basis of such securities is judged to be other-than-temporary. Factors considered in making such a determination include the duration and severity of the impairment, the reason for the decline in value, the potential recovery period and the Company’s intent to sell, including whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investment before recovery of cost basis. For securities that are deemed other-than- temporarily impaired, the amount of impairment is recognized in “net gain (impairment net of gains) on sale of marketable securities previously impaired” in the statements of income and is limited to the amount related to credit losses, while impairment related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income. F-15 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) Property and equipment, net MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, at the following annual rates: Computers and peripheral equipment Office furniture and equipment Motor vehicles Software Leasehold improvements Business combinations Years 3 7 - 15 (mainly 7) 7 3 – 5 (mainly 5) Over the shorter of the lease term or useful economic life The Company accounts for business combinations under ASC 805, "Business Combinations". ASC 805 requires recognition of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, contingent consideration, non-controlling interest and redeemable non-controlling interest in the acquiree at the acquisition date, measured at their fair values as of that date. As required by ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and disclosures" the Company applies assumptions that marketplace participants would consider in determining the fair value of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, non-controlling interest and redeemable non-controlling interest in the acquiree at the acquisition date. Any excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over purchase price and any subsequent changes in estimated contingencies are to be recorded in earnings. F-16 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) Research and development costs MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Research and development costs incurred in the process of software development before establishment of technological feasibility are charged to expenses as incurred. Costs incurred subsequent to the establishment of technological feasibility are capitalized according to the principles set forth in ASC 985-20, "Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased or Marketed". The Company and its subsidiaries establish technological feasibility upon completion of a detailed program design or working model. Research and development costs incurred in the process of developing product enhancements are generally charged to expenses as incurred. Capitalized software costs are amortized on a product by product basis by the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software product (between 4-5 years). The Company assesses the recoverability of these intangible assets on a regular basis by determining whether the amortization of the asset over its remaining economical useful life can be recovered through undiscounted future operating cash flows from the specific software product sold. During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, no such unrecoverable amounts were identified. Long-Lived Assets The Company long-lived, non-current assets are comprised mainly of goodwill, identifiable intangible assets and property, plants and equipment. Impairment of long-lived assets and intangible assets subject to amortization The Company's long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC 360, "Property, Plant and Equipment" whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. As required by ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and disclosures" the Company applies assumptions that marketplace participants would consider in determining the fair value of long-lived assets (or asset groups). F-17 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their economic useful life using a method of amortization that reflects the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed or otherwise used up. Distribution rights, acquired technology and non-compete were amortized on a straight line basis and customer relationships and backlog were amortized on an accelerated method basis over a period between 3.5 - 15 years based on the intangible assets identified. During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, no impairment indicators were identified. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price in a business combination over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. Under ASC 350,"Intangibles - Goodwill and Other", goodwill is subject to an annual impairment test or more frequently if impairment indicators are present. Goodwill impairment is deemed to exist if the net book value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. As of December 31, 2015, the Company operates in four reporting units within its operating segments. Goodwill reflects the excess of the consideration paid or transferred plus the fair value of contingent consideration and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree at the acquisition date over the fair values of the identifiable net assets acquired. The goodwill impairment test is performed according to the following principles: An initial qualitative assessment of the likelihood of impairment may be performed. If this step does not result in a more likely than not indication of impairment, no further impairment testing is required. If it does result in a more likely than not indication of impairment, the impairment test is performed. In step one of the impairment test, the Company compares the fair value of the reporting units to the carrying value of net assets allocated to the reporting units. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets allocated to that unit, goodwill is not impaired, and no further testing is required. Otherwise, the Company must perform the second step of the impairment test to measure the amount of the impairment. In the second step, the reporting unit’s fair value is allocated to all the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit, including any unrecognized intangible assets, in a hypothetical analysis that simulates the business combination principles to derive an implied goodwill value. If the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill is less than its carrying value, the difference is recorded as impairment. The Company performed an annual impairment tests as of December 31, of each of 2013, 2014 and 2015 and did not identify any impairment losses (see Note 9). F-18 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) Revenue recognition MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The Company derives its revenues from licensing the rights to use software (proprietary and non-proprietary), provision of related professional services, maintenance and technical support as well as from other IT professional services. The Company sells its products and services primarily through its direct sales force and indirectly through distributors and value added resellers. The Company accounts for its software sales in accordance with ASC 985-605, "Software Revenue Recognition". Software license revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the vendor's fee is fixed or determinable, no further obligation exists and collectability is probable. Maintenance and support includes annual maintenance contracts providing for unspecified upgrades for new versions and enhancements on a when- and-if-available basis for an annual fee. The right for an unspecified upgrade for new versions and enhancements on a when-and-if-available basis do not specify the features, functionality and release date of future product enhancements for the customer to know what will be made available and the general timeframe in which it will be delivered. Maintenance and support revenue included in multiple element arrangements is deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the maintenance and support agreement. As required by ASC 985-605, the Company allocates revenues to the software component of its multiple-element arrangements using the residual method when vendor specific objective evidence ("VSOE") of fair value exists for the undelivered elements of the support and maintenance agreements. VSOE is based on the price charged when an element is sold separately or renewed. Under the residual method, the fair value of the undelivered elements is deferred and the remaining portion of the arrangement fee is allocated to the delivered elements and is recognized as revenue. The Company generally does not grant a right of return to its customers. When a right of return exists, the Company defers revenue until the right of return expires, at which time revenue is recognized provided that all other revenue recognition criteria are met. Revenue from professional services related to both software and the IT professional services businesses consists of billable hours for services provided and is recognized as the services are rendered. F-19 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Arrangements that include professional services bundled with licensed software and other software related elements, are evaluated to determine whether those services are essential to the functionality of other elements of the arrangement. When services are considered essential to the software, revenues under the arrangement are recognized using contract accounting based on ASC 605-35, "Construction-Type and Production- Type Contracts", on a percentage of completion method based on inputs measures. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are made in the period in which such losses are first determined, in the amount of the estimated loss for the entire contract. During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, no such estimated losses were identified. When professional services are not considered essential to the functionality of other elements of the arrangement, revenue allocable to the services is recognized as the services are performed, using VSOE of fair value. In most cases, the Company has determined that the services are not considered essential to the functionality of other elements of the arrangement. Deferred revenue includes unearned amounts received under maintenance, support and services contracts, and amounts received from customers but not yet recognized as revenues. Revenue from third-party sales is recorded at a gross or net amount according to certain indicators. The application of these indicators for gross and net reporting of revenue depends on the relative facts and circumstances of each sale and requires significant judgment. Severance pay The Company's and its Israeli subsidiary's obligation for severance pay with respect to their Israeli employees (for the period for which the employees were not included under Section 14 of the Severance Pay Law, 1963) is calculated pursuant to the Israeli Severance Pay Law based on the most recent salary of the employees multiplied by the number of years of employment as of the balance sheet date, and are presented on an undiscounted basis (referred to as the "Shut Down Method"). Employees are entitled to one month's salary for each year of employment or a portion thereof. The Company's obligation for all of its Israeli employees is fully provided for by monthly deposits with insurance policies and by an accrual. The Group has a number of savings plans in the United States that qualify under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. U.S employees may contribute up to 100% of their pretax salary, but not more than statutory limits. Matching contributions are discretionary and are up to 3% of the participants contributions. When contributions are granted, they are invested in proportion to each participant's voluntary contributions in the investment options provided under the plan. The carrying value of deposited funds includes profits (losses) accumulated up to the balance sheet date. The deposited funds may be withdrawn only upon the fulfillment of the obligations pursuant to the Israeli Severance Pay Law or labor agreements and are recorded as an asset in the Company's consolidated balance sheet. F-20 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The Company and its Israeli subsidiaries’ agreements with most of their Israeli employees are in accordance with Section 14 of the Severance Pay Law -1963, mandating that upon termination of such employees' employment; all the amounts accrued in their insurance policies shall be released to them instead of severance compensation. Upon release of deposited amounts to the employee, no additional liability exists between the parties regarding the matter of severance pay and no additional payments shall be made by the Company or its subsidiaries to the employee. Further, the related obligation and amounts deposited on behalf of such obligation are not stated on the balance sheet, as the Company and its subsidiaries are is legally released from their obligations to employees once the deposit amounts have been paid. Severance expenses for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 amounted to approximately $ 1,371, $ 1,673 and $ 1,626, respectively. Advertising expenses Advertising expenses are charged to selling and marketing expenses, as incurred. Advertising expenses for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 amounted to $ 306, $ 466 and $ 377, respectively. Income taxes The Company and its subsidiaries account for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, "Income Taxes". The ASC prescribes the use of the liability method whereby deferred tax asset and liability account balances are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The Company and its subsidiaries provide a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to their estimated realizable value. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as current or non-current according to the expected reversal dates. The Company utilizes a two-step approach for recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions accounted for in accordance with an amendment of ASC 740 "Income Taxes." Under the first step the Company evaluates a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that, based on its technical merits, the tax position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authorities. The Company accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in its provisions for income taxes. F-21 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) Basic and diluted net earnings per share MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Basic net earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during each year. Diluted net earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during each year, plus dilutive potential ordinary shares considered outstanding during the year, in accordance with ASC 260, "Earnings Per Share." A portion of the outstanding stock options have been excluded from the calculation of the diluted earnings per share because such securities are anti-dilutive. The total weighted average number of Ordinary shares related to the outstanding options excluded from the calculations of diluted earnings per share was 536,877, 35,010 and 66,646 for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Stock-based compensation The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, "Compensation - Stock Compensation" which requires companies to estimate the fair value of equity-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as an expense over the requisite service periods in the Company's consolidated statement of income. The Company recognizes compensation expenses for the value of its awards, which have graded vesting based on the accelerated method over the requisite service period of each of the awards, net of estimated forfeitures. The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for share-based awards based on estimated fair values on the date of grant using the Binomial option-pricing model ("the Binomial model"). The Binomial model for option pricing requires a number of assumptions, of which the most significant are the suboptimal exercise factor and expected stock price volatility. The suboptimal exercise factor is estimated based on employees' historical option exercise behavior. The suboptimal exercise factor is the ratio by which the stock price must increase over the exercise price before employees are expected to exercise their stock options. Expected volatility is based upon actual historical stock price movements and was calculated as of the grant dates for different periods, since the Binomial model can be used for different expected volatilities for different periods. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield from U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds with an equivalent term to the contractual term of the options. Historically the Company did not hold any foreseeable plans to pay dividends and therefore used an expected dividend yield of zero in its past years option pricing models. In September 2012, the Company adopted a dividend distribution policy according to which it will distribute in each year a dividend of up to 50% of its annual distributable profits. F-22 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The expected term of options granted is derived from the output of the option valuation model and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. Estimated forfeitures are based on actual historical pre-vesting forfeitures. For awards with performance conditions, compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period if it is 'probable' that the performance conditions will be satisfied, as defined in ASC 450-20-20, "Loss Contingencies." The fair value for the Company's stock options granted to employees and directors was estimated using the following assumptions: Dividend yield Expected volatility Risk-free interest rate Expected forfeiture (employees) Expected forfeiture (executives) Contractual term of up to Suboptimal exercise multiple (employees) Suboptimal exercise multiple (executives) 2014 0% 32% - 59% 0.1% - 2.6% - - 10 years - 2 During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to employee stock options in the amount of $ 325, $ 1,557 and $ 234, respectively, as follows: Cost of revenue Research and development Selling and marketing General and administrative Total stock-based compensation expense Concentrations of credit risk Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ $ $ 11 67 85 162 $ 30 29 220 1,278 325 $ 1,557 $ 31 48 137 18 234 Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company and its subsidiaries to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short-term deposits, marketable securities, trade receivables and foreign currency derivative contracts. F-23 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The Company's cash and cash equivalents and short-term deposits are invested primarily in deposits with major banks worldwide, mainly in the United States and Israel, however, such cash and cash equivalents and short-term deposits in the United States may be in excess of insured limits and are not insured in other jurisdictions. The Company believes that such institutions are of high rating and therefore bear low risk. The Company's marketable securities include investments in commercial and government bonds and foreign banks. The Company's marketable securities are considered to be highly liquid and have a high credit standing. In addition, management considered its portfolios in foreign banks to be well-diversified (also refer to Note 4). Trade receivables of the Company and its subsidiaries are derived from sales to customers located primarily in the United States, Europe, Israel and Japan. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and excluding 2013 to date has not experienced any material losses. An allowance for doubtful accounts is determined with respect to those amounts that the Company has determined to be doubtful of collection. The expense related to doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 was $ 1,285, $ 735 and $ 346, respectively. From time to time the Company enters into foreign exchange forward contracts intended to protect against the changes in value of forecasted non- dollar currency cash flows related to salary and related expenses. These derivative instruments are designed to offset the Company's non-dollar currency exposure (see "Derivative instruments" below). Fair value measurements The Company accounts for certain assets and liabilities at fair value under ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures". Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, ASC 820 establishes a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value: Level 1 - Level 2 - Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; Includes other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions, or other inputs that are observable (model-derived valuations in which significant inputs are observable), or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data; F-24 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Level 3 - Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity; The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The Company categorized each of its fair value measurements in one of these three levels of hierarchy. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are comprised of marketable securities, foreign currency forward contracts and contingent consideration of acquisitions (see Note 5). The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for cash and cash equivalents, short term bank deposits, trade receivables, other accounts receivable, short-term bank credit, trade payables and other accounts payable approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities of such instruments. Comprehensive income (loss) The Company accounts for comprehensive income (loss) in accordance with ASC 220, "Comprehensive Income." This Statement establishes standards for the reporting and display of comprehensive income and its components in a full set of general purpose financial statements. Comprehensive income (loss) generally represents all changes in equity during the period except those resulting from investments by, or distributions to, shareholders. The Company determined that its items of other comprehensive income (loss) relate to gain and loss on foreign currency translation adjustments, unrealized gain and loss on derivative instruments designated as hedges and unrealized gain and loss on available- for-sale marketable securities. Derivative instruments A material portion of the Company's revenues, expenses and earnings is exposed to changes in foreign exchange rates. Depending on market conditions, foreign exchange risk is also managed through the use of derivative financial instruments. These financial instruments serve to protect net income against the impact of the translation into U.S. dollars of certain foreign exchange-denominated transactions. The derivative instruments hedge or offset exposures to Euro, Japanese Yen and NIS exchange rate fluctuations. ASC 815, "Derivatives and Hedging," requires companies to recognize all of their derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities in their balance sheet at fair value. Derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedges of forecasted transactions (i.e., cash flow hedges) are carried at fair value with the effective portion of a derivative's gain or loss recorded in other comprehensive income and subsequently recognized in earnings in the same period or periods in which the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. For derivative instruments that are not designated and qualified as hedging instruments, the gains or losses on the derivative instruments are recognized in current earnings during the period of the change in fair values. The derivative instruments used by the Company are designed to reduce the market risk associated with the exposure of its underlying transactions to fluctuations in currency exchange rates. F-25 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The Company has instituted a foreign currency cash flow hedging program in order to hedge against the risk of overall changes in future cash flows. The Company hedges portions of its forecasted expenses denominated in NIS with currency forwards contracts and put and call options. These forward and option contracts are designated as cash flow hedges. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge (i.e., hedging the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows that is attributable to a particular risk), the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as a component of other comprehensive income and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. The remaining gain or loss on the derivative instrument in excess of the cumulative change in the present value of future cash flows of the hedged item, if any, is recognized in current earnings during the period of change. For derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments, the gain or loss is recognized in current earnings during the period of change. The notional principal of foreign exchange contracts to purchase NIS with U.S. dollars was $ 1,736 as of December 31, 2014. At December 31, 2015, the Company did not have any cash flow hedges. The following tables present fair value amounts and gains and losses of derivative instruments and related hedged items: Fair values of derivative instruments Assets Balance sheet item December 31, 2014 2015 Assets Derivatives not designated as hedging "Other accounts receivable and prepaid Total derivatives expenses" F-26 $ $ 9 9 $ $ - - NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) Derivatives not designated as hedging: Foreign exchange forward contracts Total derivatives Reclassification MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Statements of income item Gain recognized in the statements of income Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 "Financial expenses, net" 139 $ 139 $ 24 24 $ 69 69 Certain amounts in prior years' financial statements have been reclassified to conform with the current year's presentation. The reclassification had no effect on previously reported net income, equity or cash flow. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncement: In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases” (Topic 842), whereby, lessees will be required to recognize for all leases at the commencement date a lease liability, which is a lessee‘s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. Under the new guidance, lessor accounting is largely unchanged. A modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements must be applied. The modified retrospective approach would not require any transition accounting for leases that expired before the earliest comparative period presented. Companies may not apply a full retrospective transition approach. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early application is permitted. The company is evaluating the potential impact of this pronouncement. In November 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-17 (ASU 2015-17) Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which requires that deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities be classified as noncurrent in the balance sheet. ASU 2015-17 is effective for the interim and annual periods ending after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted, and the Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-17 retrospectively as of December 31, 2015. As a result of the retrospective application, the Company reclassified on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2014 an amount of $ 554 of deferred tax assets from the current assets to the long-term assets as part of the Long term deferred tax asset and amount of $ 760 of deferred tax liabilities from the current liabilities to the long-term liabilities as part of the Long term deferred tax liability. F-27 MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) On May 28, 2014, the FASB completed its Revenue Recognition project by issuing ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The new guidance establishes the principles to report useful information to users of financial statements about the nature, timing, and uncertainty of revenue from contracts with customers. The new Revenue Recognition guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period, though early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company is currently evaluating the method of adoption, as well as the effect that adoption of this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements. NOTE 3:- BUSINESS COMBINATION, SIGNIFICANT TRANSACTION AND SALE OF BUSINESS a. In July 2012, the Company acquired an 80% interest in Comm-IT Group, (including "Comm-IT Technology Solutions" and "Comm-IT Software"), a software and systems development house that specializes in providing advanced IT and communications services and solutions, for a total consideration of $ 8,933, of which $ 4,990 was paid upon closing and the remaining $ 3,943 was paid during the following two years, of which, $ 1,192 were contingent upon the acquired business meeting certain operational targets in 2012 and 2013, and $ 2,751 in deferred payments. The Purchaser and the seller hold mutual Call and Put options respectively for the remaining 20% interest in the group. As a result of the Put option, the Company recorded redeemable non-controlling interest in the amount of $ 1,750. As of March 2014, the Company paid the sellers all the remaining deferred and contingent payments. The Company believes that the acquisition of this business will enable it to expand its professional services offering and leverage its relationships with top tier customers. Acquisition related costs were immaterial. In accordance with ASC 805-30-35-1, the Company re-measures the contingent consideration based on the fair value at each reporting date until the contingency is resolved or the payment is made, while the changes in fair value are recognized in earnings in the financial expenses using the interest method over the period. The contingent payment was recorded at present value and was amortized using the interest method during the relevant period into financial expenses. The acquisition was accounted for by the purchase method. The results of operations were included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company commencing July 1, 2012. On May 2013 the company finalized the process of identifying the tangible and intangible assets for its acquisition. The following table summarizes the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired: F-28 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 3:- BUSINESS COMBINATION, SIGNIFICANT TRANSACTION AND SALE OF BUSINESS (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Net assets Non-controlling interest Intangible assets Goodwill Deferred tax liability, net Net assets acquired As reported on December 31, 2012 Adjustment Modified $ $ $ 1,219 (1,880) 3,873 5,809 - $ 14 130 397 439 (1,068) 1,233 (1,750) 4,270 6,248 (1,068) 9,021 $ (88) $ 8,933 b. On February 26, 2013, the Company purchased Pilat Europe Limited Ltd. and Pilat (North America) Inc. which provides custom human capital management solutions, for a total consideration of $ 1,233. The Company believes the acquisition will broaden its application product portfolio, customer base and strengthen its presence in numerous global markets. Acquisition related costs were immaterial. The acquisition was accounted for by the purchase method. The results of operations of these entities were included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company commencing March 1, 2013. The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities at the date of acquisition: Net assets Intangible assets Total assets acquired $ $ 490 715 1,205 c. On May 16, 2013, the Company purchased Valinor Ltd, a consulting company specializing in project and product consultation, installation and implementation of databases for a total consideration of $ 1,618, of which $ 339 was paid upon closing, $ 339 was paid in November 2013, $340 paid on May 25, 2014, and $ 600 was contingently payable upon the business meeting certain operational targets in 2013 and 2014. The amounts related to operational targets of 2013 and 2014 were paid in September 2014 and April 2015, respectively. On December 2013 the company increased the total consideration according to 2013 results by $230 recorded in the Company’s statement of operations. The Company believes the acquisition will broaden its professional service offering to its existing and new customers in the fields of projects and product consultation and installation and implementation of databases. Acquisition related costs were immaterial. F-29 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 3:- BUSINESS COMBINATION, SIGNIFICANT TRANSACTION AND SALE OF BUSINESS (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The acquisition was accounted for by the purchase method. The results of operations of these entities were included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company commencing May 15, 2013. The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities at the date of acquisition: Net assets Intangible assets Goodwill Total assets acquired $ $ 119 464 1,035 1,618 d. On May 30, 2013, the Company purchased Dario Solutions IT Ltd, a consulting company specializing in integration services of Microsoft products in enterprise IT environments for a total consideration of $ 3,723, of which $ 1,100 was paid upon closing, $ 906 was to be paid by February 28, 2014 and the remaining $ 1,717 was contingently payable upon the business meeting certain operational targets in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The amount related to operational targets of 2013 was paid in September 2014. On September 2014 the company decreased the total consideration according to 2014 results by $997 recorded in the Company’s statement of operations and has concluded all amounts due to the seller. The company believes the acquisition will complement the company’s’ professional services offering to its existing and new customers in the field of software integration and advanced on target IT solutions for large and mid- range customers. Acquisition related costs were immaterial. The acquisition was accounted for by the purchase method. The results of operations of these entities were included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company commencing June 1, 2013. The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities at the date of acquisition: Net Assets Intangible assets Goodwill Total assets acquired $ $ 371 707 2,645 3,723 F-30 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 3:- BUSINESS COMBINATION, SIGNIFICANT TRANSACTION AND SALE OF BUSINESS (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES e. f. On November 11, 2013 the Company acquired the operations of Allstates Technical Services, LLC, a US-based full-service provider of consulting and outsourcing services for IT, Engineering and Telecom personnel, for a total consideration of $10,963. The company believes the acquisition will broadens its existing US footprint and adds leading Fortune 500 companies to its customer base, making an important contribution to its growth strategy in the IT professional services operating segment. The results of operations were included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company commencing November 11, 2013. The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities at the date of acquisition: Net Assets Intangible assets Goodwill Total assets acquired $ $ 3,063 2,874 5,026 10,963 On October 1, 2014 the Company acquired the operations Formula Telecom Solutions Ltd. (FTS), an Israel-based software vendor, for a total consideration of $5,800. FTS specializes in the development, sale, service and support of Business Support Systems (BSS), including convergent charging, billing, customer management, policy control and payment software solutions for the telecommunications. The Company believes the acquisition will broaden its professional service offering to its existing and new customers in the fields of Business Support Systems, including convergent charging, billing, customer management and policy control. Acquisition related costs were immaterial. The acquisition was accounted for by the purchase method. The results of operations were included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company commencing October 1, 2014. The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities at the date of acquisition: Net Assets Intangible assets Goodwill Total assets acquired $ $ (57) 2,951 2,906 5,800 F-31 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 3:- BUSINESS COMBINATION, SIGNIFICANT TRANSACTION AND SALE OF BUSINESS (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES g. On April 14, 2015 the Company acquired a 70% interest in Comblack IT Ltd., an Israeli-based company that specializes in software professional and outsource management services for mainframes and complex large-scale environments, for a total consideration of $1,812, of which $ 1,523 was paid upon closing and $ 289 is contingent upon the acquired business meeting certain operational targets in 2015. The Purchaser and the seller hold mutual Call and Put options respectively for the remaining 30% interest in the company. As a result of the Put option, the Company recorded redeemable non-controlling interest in the amount of $ 1,100. The Company believes the acquisition will broaden its professional service offering to its existing and new customers. Acquisition related costs were immaterial. The acquisition was accounted for by the purchase method. The results of operations were included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company commencing April 1, 2015. In March 2016, the Company paid the seller the remaining contingent payments for meeting 2015 operational targets. The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities at the date of acquisition: Net Assets, excluding cash acquired Non-controlling interest Intangible assets Goodwill Total assets acquired net of acquired cash $ $ (405) (1,100) 1,305 2,012 1,812 h. On June 30, 2015 the Company acquired a 70% interest in Infinigy Solutions LLC, a US-based services company focused on expanding the development and implementation of technical solutions throughout the telecommunications industry with offices over the US, providing nationwide coverage and support for wireless engineering, deployment services, surveying, environmental service and project management, for a total consideration of $6,360, of which $ 5,600 was paid upon closing and $ 760 is contingent upon the acquired business meeting certain operational targets in 2016 and 2017. The Purchaser and the seller hold mutual Call and Put options respectively for the remaining 30% interest in the company. As a result of the Put option, the Company recorded redeemable non-controlling interest in the amount of $ 3,273. The Company believes the acquisition will broaden its professional service offering to its existing and new customers in the fields of telecommunications industry. Acquisition related costs were immaterial. The acquisition was accounted for by the purchase method. The results of operations were included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company commencing July 1, 2015. F-32 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 3:- BUSINESS COMBINATION, SIGNIFICANT TRANSACTION AND SALE OF BUSINESS (Cont.) The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities at the date of acquisition: MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Net Assets, excluding cash acquired Non-controlling interest Intangible assets Goodwill Total assets acquired net of acquired cash $ $ 1,182 (3,273) 3,652 4,799 6,360 i. In addition, the Company acquired additional activities during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015, whose influence on the financial statements of the Company was immaterial, for a total consideration of $ 700 and $ 1,892, respectively and increased its share interest in Complete business solutions from 96.3% to 100% and in Comm IT Embedded Ltd. from 50.1% to 75%, for a total consideration of $ 244 and $ 1,412 of which $ 356 were paid in January 2016. NOTE 4:- MARKETABLE SECURITIES The Group invests in marketable debt and equity securities, which are classified as available-for-sale. The following is a summary of marketable securities: 2014 2015 December 31, Amortized cost Unrealized losses Unrealized gains Market value Amortized cost Unrealized losses Unrealized gains Market value Available-for-sale: Corporate bonds $ 11,916 $ (232) $ - $ 11,684 $ 11,666 $ (82) $ - $ 11,584 Equity funds 116 - 115 231 118 - 117 235 Total available-for- sale marketable securities $ 12,032 $ (232) $ 115 $ 11,915 $ 11,784 $ (82) $ 117 $ 11,819 Marketable securities with contractual maturities from one to three years are as follows: Due between one to three years $ 9,201 $ - $ (44) $ 9,157 Amortized cost Unrealized gains (losses) Gains Losses Market value F-33 MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 4:- MARKETABLE SECURITIES (Cont.) Marketable securities with contractual maturities from three to five years are as follows: Amortized cost Unrealized gains (losses) Gains Losses Market value Due between three to five years $ 2,465 $ - $ (38) $ 2,427 The following is the change in the other comprehensive income of available-for-sale securities during 2014: Other comprehensive income from available-for-sale securities as of January 1, 2014 Unrealized loss from available-for-sale securities Other comprehensive loss from available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2014 The following is the change in the other comprehensive income of available-for-sale securities during 2015: Other comprehensive loss from available-for-sale securities as of January 1, 2015 Unrealized gains from available-for-sale securities Other comprehensive income from available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2015 F-34 Other comprehensive income 138 (259) (121) Other comprehensive income (121) 156 35 $ $ $ $ NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 5:- FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES In accordance with ASC 820, the Company measures its investment in marketable securities and foreign currency derivative contracts at fair value. Generally marketable securities are classified within Level 1, this is because these assets are valued using quoted prices in active markets. Foreign currency derivative contracts and certain corporate bonds are classified within Level 2 as the valuation inputs are based on quoted prices and market observable data of similar instruments. Contingent consideration is classified within Level 3. The Company values the Level 3 contingent consideration using discounted cash flow of the expected future payments, whose inputs include interest rate. The Company's financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis, excluding accrued interest components, consisted of the following types of instruments as of the following dates: Assets: Corporate bonds Equity fund Total financial assets Liabilities: Contingent consideration Total financials liabilities Assets: Corporate bonds Equity fund Total financial assets Liabilities: Contingent consideration Total financials liabilities December 31, 2014 Fair value measurements using input type Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $ - 231 11,684 - $ 231 $ 11,684 $ - - $ $ - - $ $ - - - 382 382 December 31, 2015 Fair value measurements using input type Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 $ - 235 11,584 - $ 235 $ 11,584 $ - - $ $ - - $ $ - - - 1,220 1,220 F-35 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 11,684 231 11,915 382 382 Total 11,584 235 11,819 1,220 1,220 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 5:- FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Cont.) Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3): Opening balance Increase in contingent consideration Payment of contingent consideration Change in fair value of contingent consideration Amortization of interest and exchange rate Closing balance NOTE 6:- OTHER ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE AND PREPAID EXPENSES Prepaid expenses Government authorities Restricted deposits Related parties Other NOTE 7:- PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Cost: Leasehold improvements Computers and peripheral equipment Office furniture and equipment Motor vehicles Software Accumulated depreciation: Leasehold improvements Computers and peripheral equipment Office furniture and equipment Motor vehicles Software $ $ $ $ $ MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES December 31, 2014 2015 $ 3,981 250 (3,053) (948) 152 382 $ December 31, 2014 2015 $ 1,159 1,081 149 447 583 3,419 $ 382 1,048 (166) 3 (47) 1,220 2,132 2,317 - 1,022 773 6,244 December 31, 2014 2015 $ 523 12,942 2,620 177 3,478 19,740 175 12,426 1,985 133 3,016 17,735 816 13,505 2,917 255 2,851 20,344 379 13,040 2,063 140 2,426 18,048 2,296 Depreciated cost $ 2,005 $ F-36 MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 7:- PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT (Cont.) Depreciation expenses amounted to $ 656, $ 675 and $ 792 for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. NOTE 8:- INTANGIBLE ASSETS a. Intangible assets: December 31, 2014 2015 Original amounts: Capitalized software costs Customer relationships Backlog and non-compete agreement Acquired technology Accumulated amortization: Capitalized software costs Customer relationships Backlog and non-compete agreement Acquired technology $ $ 63,260 26,618 1,623 4,862 96,363 49,072 12,817 1,142 789 63,820 Intangible assets, net $ 32,543 $ 67,106 31,936 2,371 5,075 106,488 53,096 16,336 2,039 1,442 72,913 33,575 b. c. Amortization expenses amounted to $ 7,724, $ 7,919 and $ 9,093 for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The estimated future amortization expense of intangible assets as of December 31, 2015 is as follows: 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 and thereafter $ 9,699 7,820 6,075 4,405 3,213 2,363 $ 33,575 F-37 MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 9:- GOODWILL Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 according to the Company's reporting units are as follows (see also 16): As of January 1, 2014 $ 28,495 $ 26,818 $ 55,313 IT professional services Software services Total Business combination Classifications Foreign currency translation adjustments As of December 31, 2014 Business combination Classifications Foreign currency translation adjustments - - (1,906) 26,589 7,594 - (33) 3,664 (496) (1,085) 28,901 492 (90) (145) 3,664 (496) (2,991) 55,490 8,086 (90) (178) As of December 31, 2015 $ 34,150 $ 29,158 $ 63,308 The Company performed an annual impairment tests as of December 31, of each of 2013, 2014 and 2015 and did not identify any impairment losses (see Note 2). NOTE 10:- ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER ACCOUNTS PAYABLE Employees and payroll accruals Accrued expenses Deferred and contingent payments related to acquisitions Government authorities Other F-38 December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ $ 7,243 5,191 170 1,395 1,014 8,105 4,204 1,211 2,978 1,423 15,013 $ 17,921 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 11:- LONG TERM DEBT Loan from banks and other in NIS Dividend in Redeemable Non-controlling interest Other long term debt MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Interest rate as of December 31, 2015 % 5% $ December 31, 2014 2015 $ 481 - 8 $ 490 $ 787 2,294 176 3,257 (1) On November 2013, the Company entered into a credit line agreement with a U.S. bank, under which the bank provides the Company with a credit line of $ 3,000 for a period of three years. As of December 31, 2014, the Company had drawn down an amount of approximately $ 2,853 from the credit line, which is subject to interest equal to the Prime Rate in effect from time to time, plus 3% per annum; provided that the interest rate in effect on any day shall not be less than 6.0% per annum. In relation to this credit line, the Company is obliged by the bank to comply with certain financial covenants, as defined in the agreement. As of December 31, 2014, the Company was in full compliance with the financial covenants. During January 2015 the company fully repaid the credit line. NOTE 12:- TAXES ON INCOME a. Israeli taxation: 1. Corporate tax rate in Israel: Taxable income of Israeli companies is subject to tax at the rate of 25% in 2013, 26.5% in 2014 and 26.5% in 2015. On January 4, 2016, the Israeli Parliament's Plenum approved by a second and third reading the Bill for Amending the Income Tax Ordinance (No. 217) (Reduction of Corporate Tax Rate), 2015, which consists of the reduction of the corporate tax rate from 26.5% to 25%. The Company estimates that the effect of the change in tax rates will result in a decrease in deferred tax balances as of December 31, 2015 in immaterial amounts. 2. Tax benefits under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 ("the Law"): F-39 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 12:- TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Effective January 1, 2011, the Knesset enacted the Law for Economic Policy for 2011 and 2012 (Amended Legislation), and among other things, amended the Law, ("the Amendment"). According to the Amendment, the benefit tracks in the Investment Law were modified and a flat tax rate of 16% applies to the Company's entire preferred income. The profits of these “Industrial Companies” will be freely distributable as dividends, subject to a withholding tax of 25% (on distribution commencing January 1, 2015) or lower, under an applicable tax treaty. The Company and one of its Israeli subsidiaries have elected to apply the new incentives regime under the Amendment to their industrial activity in Israel, subject to meeting its requirements, starting in 2014. The Company's Israeli entities have received final tax assessments for their Israeli tax return filings through the year 2011. Tax benefits under the Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969: 3. 4. The Company qualifies as an Industrial Company within the meaning of the Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969 (the "Industrial Encouragement Law"). The Industrial Encouragement Law defines an "Industrial Company" as a company that is resident in Israel and that derives at least 90% of its income in any tax year, other than income from defense loans, capital gains, interest and dividends, from an enterprise whose major activity in a given tax year is industrial production. Under the Industrial Encouragement Law, the Company is entitled to amortization of the cost of purchased know-how and patents over an eight-year period for tax purposes as well as accelerated depreciation rates on equipment and buildings. Eligibility for the benefits under the Industrial Encouragement Law is not subject to receipt of prior approval from any governmental authority. 5. Foreign Exchange Regulations: Under the Foreign Exchange Regulations, some of the Company's Israeli subsidiaries calculate their tax liability in U.S. Dollars according to certain orders. The tax liability, as calculated in U.S. Dollars is translated into NIS according to the exchange rate as of December 31 of each year. b. Non-Israeli subsidiaries: Non-Israeli subsidiaries are taxed according to the tax laws in their respective domiciles of residence. If earnings are distributed to Israel in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Company may be subject to additional Israeli income taxes (subject to an adjustment for foreign tax credits) and foreign withholding tax rates. F-40 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 12:- TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The amount of the Company cash and cash equivalents that are currently held outside of Israel that would be subject to income taxes if distributed as dividends is $ 17,521. However, a determination of the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability for temporary difference related to those undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries is not practicable due to the complexity of the structure of our group of subsidiaries for tax purposes and the difficulty of projecting the amount of future tax liability. c. Net operating loss carryforwards: As of December 31, 2015, certain Israeli subsidiaries of the Company had operating loss carryforwards of $ 14,084, which can be carried forward and offset against taxable income in the future for an indefinite period. The Company's subsidiaries in Europe had estimated total available tax loss carryforwards of $ 4,673 as of December 31, 2015, to offset against future taxable income. The Company's subsidiaries in the U.S. had estimated total available tax loss carryforwards of $ 255 as of December 31, 2015, which can be carried forward and offset against taxable income for a period of up to 20 years, from the year the loss was incurred. Utilization of U.S. net operating losses may be subject to substantial annual limitations due to the "change in ownership" provisions ("annual limitations") of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and similar state provisions. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses before utilization. d. Income before taxes on income: Domestic Foreign Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 $ $ 16,165 2,266 $ 14,690 4,183 $ 18,431 $ 18,873 $ 18,350 2,407 20,757 F-41 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 12:- TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.) e. Taxes on income: Taxes on income (tax benefit) consist of the following: Current: Domestic Foreign Deferred taxes: Domestic Foreign MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 $ (1,277) $ 781 (496) 2,673 (602) 2,071 $ 241 689 930 2,575 (1,198) 1,377 3,466 880 4,346 (500) (165) (665) Taxes on income (tax benefit) $ 1,575 $ 2,307 $ 3,681 f. Deferred tax assets and liabilities: Deferred taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company and its subsidiaries deferred tax assets are as follows: Net operating loss carryforwards Allowances, reserves and intangible assets Deferred tax assets before valuation allowance Less - valuation allowance Deferred tax assets, net Long-term tax assets Long-term tax liabilities Net deferred tax liabilities December 31, 2014 2015 $ 4,627 1,080 5,707 (3,570) 5,104 1,826 6,930 (4,107) 2,137 $ 2,823 December 31, 2014 2015 2,137 (4,846) $ (2,709) $ 2,823 (5,726) (2,903) $ $ $ $ Deferred tax liabilities are in respect of acquired intangible assets and capitalized software costs. F-42 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 12:- TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.) g. Reconciliation of the theoretical tax expense to the actual tax expense: MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Reconciling items between the 2013, 2014 and 2015 statutory tax rate (25%, 26.5% and 26.5%, respectively) of the Company and the effective tax rate is presented in the following table: Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 Income before taxes, as reported in the consolidated statements of income $ 18,431 $ 18,873 $ 20,757 Statutory tax rate 25% 26.5% 26.5% Theoretical tax expenses on the above amount at the Israeli statutory tax rate Tax adjustment in respect of different tax rates Deferred taxes on losses for which full valuation allowance was provided in the past Tax-deductible costs, not included in the accounting costs Tax benefits in respect of prior years, net Nondeductible expenses Uncertain tax position and other differences $ 4,609 484 $ 5,001 80 $ (304) - 203 95 (3,512) 236 - (516) 82 (2,576) 5,501 (923) 131 (733) (133) 177 (339) Income tax $ 1,575 $ 2,307 $ 3,681 F-43 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 12:- TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES h. The Company applies ASC 740, "Income Taxes" with regards to tax uncertainties. During the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014, the Company recorded $ 2,811, $ 156 of tax income, respectively, and $ 324 of tax expenses recorded during the year ended December, 31, 2015, as a result of this application. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the total amounts of gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: Gross unrecognized tax benefits at January 1, 2013 $ 3,309 Decrease in tax positions taken in prior years Gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2013 Decrease in tax positions taken in prior years Gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2014 Increase in tax positions taken in prior years Decrease in tax positions taken in prior years Gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2015 $ (2,811) 498 (156) 342 469 (145) 666 As of December 31, 2015, the entire amount of unrecognized tax benefit could affect the Company's income tax provision and the effective tax rate. NOTE 13:- EQUITY a. b. The ordinary shares of the Company are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market in the United States and are traded on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange in Israel. Issuance of ordinary shares: On December 23, 2010, the Company issued 3,287,616 ordinary shares at a price of $ 6.5 per share and in a total amount of $ 20,290 net of issuance expenses. The shares were issued to institutional investors in a private placement. In addition, certain of the purchasers received warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,134,231 ordinary shares at an exercise price of $ 8.26 per share. The warrants are exercisable as of six months from the date of issuance, have a term of three years, and the exercise price is subject to future adjustment for various events, such as stock splits or dividend distributions. Following the Company's dividend distribution and in respect to warrants issuance agreement. The warrants expired on June 2014. On March 5, 2014, the Company issued in a secondary public offering 6,903,141 ordinary shares at a price of $ 8.5 per share. Total net proceeds from the issuance amounted to $ 54,726. F-44 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 13:- EQUITY (Cont.) c. Stock Option Plans: MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Under the Company's 2007 Stock Option Plan, as amended ("the Plan"), options may be granted to employees, officers, directors and consultants of the Company and its subsidiaries. Pursuant to the 2007 Stock Option Plan, the Company reserved for issuance 1,500,000 ordinary shares. In 2012, the Company increased the amount of ordinary shares reserved for issuance by additional 1,000,000 ordinary shares in connection with the 2007 Stock Option Plan (mentioned above). As of December 31, 2015, an aggregate of 1,000,000 ordinary shares of the Company are available for future grants under the Plan. Each option granted under the Plan is exercisable for a period of ten years from the date of the grant of the option. On December 31, 2015 the Company’s board of directors extended the plan by 10 years whereas the 2007 Plan will expire on August 8, 2027. The exercise price for each option is determined by the Board of Directors and set forth in the Company's award agreement. Unless determined otherwise by the Board of Directors, the option exercise price shall be equal to or higher than the share market price at the grant date. The options generally vest over 3-4 years. Any option that is forfeited or canceled before expiration becomes available for future grants under the Plans. A summary of employee option activity under the Plans as of December 31, 2015 and changes during the year ended December 31, 2015 are as follows: Number of options Weighted average exercise price 738,889 - $ $ (161,003) $ (83,969) $ 493,917 333,917 $ $ 4.26 - 2.60 6.21 4.47 3.37 Weighted average remaining contractual term (in years) Aggregate intrinsic value 6.42 $ 1,248 5.99 4.95 $ $ 523 720 Outstanding at January 1, 2015 Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding at December 31, 2015 Exercisable at December 31, 2015 The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014 was $6 and $ 3.76, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on December 31, 2015. This amount is changed based on the market value of the Company's Ordinary shares. Total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 was $ 529, $ 741 and $ 210, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, there was $ 163 of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share- based compensation arrangements granted under the Plans. This cost is expected to be recognized over a period of approximately three years. F-45 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 13:- EQUITY (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The options outstanding as of December 31, 2015, have been separated into ranges of exercise price categories, as follows: Exercise price Options outstanding Weighted average remaining contractual life (years) Weighted average exercise price Options exercisable Weighted average exercise price of exercisable options In $ 0-1 1.01-2 2.01-3 3.01-4 4.01-5 5.01-6 6.01-7 7.01-8 8.01-9 4,000 20,000 123,667 166,250 - 75,000 50,000 - 55,000 493,917 3.24 2.99 3.64 5.77 - 7.61 8.87 - 8.36 5.99 d. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): Accumulated realized and unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities, net Accumulated foreign currency translation adjustments Accumulated unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net Total other comprehensive income (loss) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ - 1.12 2.31 4.00 - 6.00 6.89 - 8.01 4.47 4,000 20,000 123,667 166,250 - - 6,250 - 13,750 333,917 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ - 1.12 2.31 4.00 - - 6.89 - 8.01 3.37 2013 December 31, 2014 2015 $ 138 (327) 17 (121) $ (5,243) 17 (172) $ (5,347) $ 35 (6,756) 26 (6,695) e. On September 4, 2012, the Company's Board of Directors adopted a dividend distribution policy, subject to any applicable law. According to this policy, each year the Company will distribute a dividend of up to 50% of its annual distributable profits. It is possible that the Board of Directors will decide, subject to the conditions stated above, to declare additional dividend distributions. The Company's Board of Directors may at its discretion and at any time, change, whether as a result of a one-time decision or a change in policy, the rate of dividend distributions and/or not to distribute a dividend, all at its discretion. F-46 MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 13:- EQUITY (Cont.) In respect to the policy mentioned above, on September 10, 2012 and on February 14, 2013 , the Company declared a dividend distribution of $ 0.10 per share ($ 3,661 in the aggregate) and $ 0.12 per share ($ 4,397 in the aggregate) which were paid on October 17, 2012 and on March 14, 2013, respectively. On August 12, 2013 the Company declared a dividend distribution of $ 0.09 per share ($ 3,390 in the aggregate) which was paid on September 3, 2013. On February 18, 2014, the Company declared a dividend distribution of $ 0.12 per share ($ 4,468 in the aggregate) which was paid on March 14, 2014. On August 19, 2014 the Company declared a dividend distribution of $ 0.095 per share ($ 4,195 in the aggregate) which was paid on September 4, 2014. On February 5, 2015, the Company declared a dividend distribution of $ 0.081 per share ($ 3,582 in the aggregate) which was paid on March 11, 2015. On August 12, 2015, the Company declared a dividend distribution of $ 0.095 per share ($ 4,204 in the aggregate) which was paid on September 10, 2015. On February 21, 2016, the Company declared a dividend distribution of $ 0.09 per share (see also note 19). f. On November 2014, a Company's subsidiary granted one of its executive options exercisable for 1,167 ordinary shares in its subsidiary if meeting a certain operational financial results. The exercise price of the options is NIS 1 per share. Total fair value of the grant was calculated based on the Company subsidiary’s fair value on the grant date and totaled NIS 5,910 thousand (NIS 5 thousand per share). On October 2015, the options were exercised and 1,167 ordinary shares were issued. NOTE 14:- RELATED PARTIES TRANSACTIONS Agreements with controlling shareholder and its affiliates: The Company has in effect agreements with affiliated companies pursuant to which the Company has rendered services amounting to approximately $353, $574 and $1,638, in aggregate for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively and acquired services and hardware amounting to approximately $100, $245 and $231 for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. F-47 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 15:- SELECTED STATEMENTS OF INCOME DATA a. Research and development costs, net: Total costs Less - capitalized software costs Research and development, net b. Financial income (expenses), net: Interest income net of bank charges Interest expenses related to liabilities in connection with acquisitions Interest income from marketable securities, net of amortization of premium on marketable securities Loss arising from foreign currency translation and other Financial income(expenses), net NOTE 16:- COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES a. Lease commitments: MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 8,419 (4,713) $ 9,017 (4,267) $ 8,735 (3,847) 3,706 $ 4,750 $ 4,888 (170) $ (407) 46 (153) (156) $ (152) 91 (1,569) (684) $ (1,786) $ 64 - 231 (980) (685) $ $ $ $ Certain of the motor vehicles, facilities and equipment of the Company and its subsidiaries are rented under long-term operating lease agreements. Future minimum lease commitments under non-cancelable operating leases as of December 31, 2015, are as follows: 2016 2017 2018 2019 and thereafter $ $ 1,839 1,131 816 769 4,555 Rent expenses for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 were approximately $ 1,911, $ 1,736 and $ 2,045, respectively. The Company leases motor vehicles under a cancelable lease agreement. The Company has an option to be released from this lease agreement, which may result in penalties in a maximum amount of $ 86. F-48 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 16:- COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES The Company currently occupies approximately 129,213 square feet of space based on a lease agreements as of December 31, 2015. The Company has an option to terminate the lease agreement in Israel and India upon six months prior written notice. The aggregated amount of lease commitment for the next 6 months in Israel and India mentioned above is approximately $ 246. b. Guarantees and Collaterals: As of December 31, 2015, the Company has provided bank guarantees in the amount of $116 as security for the performance of various contracts with customers. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has restricted bank deposits of $ 128 in favor of the bank guarantees. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has restricted bank deposits of $ 110 in favor of various contracts with customers. c. From time to time, the Company and/or its subsidiaries are subject to legal, administrative and regulatory proceedings, claims, demands and investigations in the ordinary course of business, including claims with respect to intellectual property, contracts, employment and other matters. The Company accrues a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability and the determination as to whether a loss is reasonably estimable. These accruals are reviewed and adjusted to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter. Lawsuits have been brought against the Company in the ordinary course of business. The Company intends to defend itself vigorously against those lawsuits. 1. In August 2009, a software company and one of its owners filed an arbitration proceeding against the company and one of its subsidiaries, claiming an alleged breach of a non-disclosure agreement between the parties. The plaintiffs sought damages in the amount of approximately NIS 52,000 (approximately $13,371). The arbitrator determined that both the Company and its subsidiary breached the non-disclosure agreement. In January 2015 the arbitrator rendered his ruling and determined that the company should pay damages to the plaintiffs. The company financial results of operations include a net impact of $1,553 resulting from the arbitration. In December 2015, the same software Company filed a motion to appoint another arbitrator to the district court in Tel Aviv in order to sue the Company for additional damages. The court decided against the company’s position, and appointed an arbitrator. In April 2016, the Company submitted a motion to overrule the District's court to the Supreme Court. The company is now waiting for a decision. F-49 MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 16:- COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Cont.) 2. In addition to the above mentioned legal proceedings, the Company is also involved in various legal proceedings arising in the normal course of its business. Based upon the advice of counsel, the Company does not believe that the ultimate resolution of these matters will have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. NOTE 17:- NET EARNINGS PER SHARE The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net earnings per share: 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 Numerator for basic and diluted earnings per share - net income available to Magic shareholders $ 15,880 $ 15,520 $ 16,198 Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding: Denominator for basic net earnings per share Effect of dilutive securities 36,835,163 458,753 43,287,523 17,291 44,247,556 204,510 Denominator for diluted net earnings per share 37,293,916 43,304,814 44,452,066 Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share $ $ 0.43 0.43 $ $ 0.36 0.36 $ $ 0.37 0.36 F-50 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 18:- SEGMENT GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION AND MAJOR CUSTOMERS MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES a. The Company reports its results on the basis of two reportable business segments: software services (which include proprietary and none proprietary software technology) and IT professional services. The Company evaluates segment performance based on revenues and operating income of each segment. The accounting policies of the operating segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. This data is presented in accordance with ASC 280, "Segment Reporting." Headquarters' general and administrative costs have not been allocated between the different segments. Software services The Company develops markets, sells and supports a proprietary and none proprietary application platform, software applications, business and process integration solutions and related services. IT professional services The Company offers advanced and flexible IT services in the areas of infrastructure design and delivery, application development, technology planning and implementation services, communications services and solutions, as well as supplemental outsourcing services. There are no significant transactions between the two segments. b. The following is information about reported segment results of operation: 2013 Total revenues Expenses Segment operating income (loss) Depreciation and amortization Software services IT professional services Unallocated expense Total 67,453 53,164 14,289 5,917 $ $ $ 77,505 68,846 8,659 2,210 $ $ $ $ - 3,821 144,958 125,831 (3,821) $ 19,127 253 $ 8,380 $ $ $ F-51 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 18:- SEGMENT GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION AND MAJOR CUSTOMERS (Cont.) MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES 2014 Total revenues Expenses Segment operating income (loss) Depreciation and amortization 2015 Total revenues Expenses Segment operating income (loss) Depreciation and amortization Software services IT professional services Unallocated expense Total $ $ $ $ $ $ 69,861 54,464 15,397 6,065 67,271 52,963 14,308 6,562 $ $ $ $ $ $ 94,443 84,873 9,570 2,263 108,759 98,384 10,375 3,042 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ - 4,241 164,304 143,578 (4,241) $ 20,726 266 $ 8,594 $ - 3,249 176,030 154,596 (3,249) $ 21,434 281 $ 9,885 c. The Company's business is divided into the following geographic areas: Israel, Europe, United States, Japan and other regions. Total revenues are attributed to geographic areas based on the location of the customers. The following table presents total revenues classified according to geographical destination for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015: Israel Europe United States Japan Other Year ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 $ $ $ 24,006 31,386 70,872 11,965 6,729 $ 29,198 37,409 82,470 11,299 3,928 36,401 29,084 92,577 10,092 7,876 144,958 $ 164,304 $ 176,030 F-52 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data) NOTE 18:- SEGMENT GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION AND MAJOR CUSTOMERS (Cont.) d. The Company's long-lived assets are located as follows: Israel Europe United States Japan Other MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES December 31, 2014 2015 $ $ $ 58,263 1,523 22,174 4,786 3,291 90,039 $ 59,770 1,402 29,990 4,765 3,253 99,180 e. f. The Company does not allocate its assets to its reportable segments; accordingly, asset information by reportable segments is not presented. In 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Company had one customer, included in the IT professional services segment, which accounted for 13%, 10% and 11% of the group revenues, respectively. NOTE 19:- SUBSEQUENT EVENTS a. On February 21, 2016, the Company declared a dividend distribution of $ 0.09 per share ($ 3,991 in the aggregate) which will be paid on March 17, 2016. The dividend distribution relates to the Company's earnings in the second half of 2015. F-53 APPENDIX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DETAILS OF SUBSIDIARIES AND AFFILIATE Details of the percentage of control of the share capital and voting rights of subsidiaries and an affiliate as of December 31, 2015: MAGIC SOFTWARE ENTERPRISES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES Name of Company Magic Software Japan K.K. Magic Software Enterprises Inc. Magic Software Enterprises (UK) Ltd. Hermes Logistics Technologies Limited. Magic Software Enterprises Spain Ltd. Coretech Consulting Group Inc. Coretech Consulting Group LLC. Fusion Solutions LLC. Fusion Technical Solutions LLC. Xsell Resources Inc. Magic Software Enterprises (Israel) Ltd. Magic Software Enterprises Netherlands B.V. Magic Software Enterprises France Magic Beheer B.V. Magic Benelux B.V. Magic Software Enterprises GMBH Magic Software Enterprises India Pvt. Ltd. Onyx Magyarorszag Szsoftverhaz . Magix Integration (Proprietary) Ltd Appbuilder Solutions Ltd Complete Business Solutions Ltd Comm-IT Technology Solutions Ltd Comm-IT Software Ltd Comm-IT Embedded Ltd (shares held by Comm-IT Technology Solutions Ltd) Pilat (North America), Inc Pilat Europe Ltd Valinor Ltd Dario Solutions IT Ltd BridgeQuest Labs, Inc BridgeQuest, Inc Allstates Consulting Services LLC Formula Telecom Solutions, Ltd FTS Bulgaria (FTS Global Ltd.) DataMind Technologies Ltd Comblack Ltd. Yes-IT Ltd. Infinigy (UK) holdings limited Infinigy (US) holding Inc. Infinigy Solutions LLC. Infinigy Solutions West Coast LLC. - - - - - - - - - - - - F-54 Percentage of ownership and control % Place of incorporation South Africa India 100 Japan 100 U.S.A. 100 U.K. 100 U.K. 100 Spain 100 U.S.A 100 U.S.A 100 U.S.A 49 U.S.A 100 U.S.A 100 Israel 100 Netherlands 100 France 100 Netherlands 100 Netherlands 100 Germany 100 100 Hungary 100 100 U.K. Israel 100 Israel 77.7 Israel 100 Israel 75 100 U.S.A 100 U.K. Israel 100 100 Israel 100 U.S.A 100 U.S.A 100 U.S.A 100 Israel 100 Bulgaria Israel 80 Israel 70 100 Israel 100 U.K. 100 U.S.A 70 U.S.A 100 U.S.A REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Magic Software Japan K.K. We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Magic Software Japan K.K. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, and the related statements of operations and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. We were not engaged to perform an audit of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, and the related statements of operations and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Tokyo, Japan January 28, 2016 /s/ KDA Audit Corporation KDA Audit Corporation F-55 EXHIBIT INDEX Exhibit No. 1.1 1.2 2.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 8 12.1 12.2 13.1 13.2 15.1 15.2 Memorandum of Association (1) Amended and Restated Articles of Association, as adopted by Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. on January 8, 2012 (2) Depositary Agreement by and among Formula Systems (1985) Ltd., Bank of New York Mellon and the holders of the American Depositary Shares of Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. (1) Form of Letter of Indemnification for officers and directors, adopted by Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. on January 8, 2012 (3) English translation of Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. Employees and Office Holders Share Option Plan (2008)(4) Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. 2011 Share Incentive Plan and amendment(5) Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. Compensation Policy(6) List of Subsidiaries* Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/Rule 15d-14(a) under the Exchange Act* Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/Rule 15d-14(a) under the Exchange Act* Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b)/Rule 15d-14(b) under the Exchange Act and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002* Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b)/Rule 15d-14(b) under the Exchange Act and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002* Consent of Kost, Forer, Gabbay & Kasierer, A Member of Ernst & Young Global* Consent of KDA Audit Corporation* *Filed herewith. (1) Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-8858). (2) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the report on Form 6-K filed by the registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 18, 2012. (3) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the report on Form 6-K filed by the registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 18, 2012. (4) Incorporated by reference to the annual report on Form 20-F for the 2008 fiscal year filed by the registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 27, 2009. (5) Incorporated by reference to the annual report on Form 20-F for the 2013 fiscal year filed by the registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2014. (6) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the report on Form 6-K filed by the registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 24, 2013. Name of Subsidiary InSync Staffing Services, Inc. Matrix IT Ltd. Magic Software Enterprises Ltd. Sapiens International Corporation N.V. TSG Advanced IT Systems, Ltd List of Subsidiaries Jurisdiction of Incorporation Exhibit 8 Delaware Israel Israel Curaçao Israel CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a)/RULE 15d-14(a) UNDER THE EXCHANGE ACT Exhibit 12.1 I, Guy Bernstein, certify that: 1. 2. 3. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2015 of Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. (the “Registrant”); Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The Registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The Registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the Registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: May 16, 2016 /s/ Guy Bernstein Guy Bernstein Chief Executive Officer CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a)/RULE 15d-14(a) UNDER THE EXCHANGE ACT Exhibit 12.2 I, Asaf Berenstin, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2015 of Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. (the “Registrant”); 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The Registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The Registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the Registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: May 16, 2016 /s/ Asaf Berenstin Asaf Berenstin Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 13.1 In connection with the annual report of Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the period ending December 31, 2015, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Guy Bernstein, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) (2) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: May 16, 2016 /s/ Guy Bernstein Guy Bernstein Chief Executive Officer CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 13.2 In connection with the annual report of Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the period ending December 31, 2015, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Asaf Berenstin, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) (2) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: May 16, 2016 /s/ Asaf Berenstin Asaf Berenstin Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-156686) of our reports dated May 16, 2016, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. included in this annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2015. Tel- Aviv, Israel May 16, 2016 /s/ Kost, Forer, Gabbay & Kasierer KOST, FORER, GABBAY & KASIERER A Member of Ernst & Young Global Exhibit 15.1 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS OF Magic Software Japan K.K Exhibit 15.2 We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-156686) of Formula Systems (1985) Ltd., of our report dated January 28, 2016, with respect to the financial statements of Magic Software Japan K.K as of December 31, 2015, which report appears in the annual report on Form 20-F of Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. for the year ended December 31, 2015. Tokyo, Japan May 12, 2016 /s/ KDA Audit Corporation KDA Audit Corporation Registered Auditors 

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