Genworth Financial Annual Report 2014

Plain-text annual report

2014 Annual Report Genworth Financial, Inc. Letter to Our Shareholders 2014 was a very difﬁcult year for Genworth as we worked through challenges in our old blocks of long term care insurance (LTC). These LTC challenges overshadowed strong operating performance in our Global Mortgage Insurance (MI) Division. While we remain committed to helping families become more ﬁnancially secure, self-reliant and prepared for the future, Genworth’s performance is not where we want it to be. As a result, we have made candid appraisals of our businesses’ strengths and weaknesses and are taking proactive measures to reposition our overall business portfolio to improve shareholder value. Performance in 2014 Compared to 2013, our overall operating results In our Global MI Division, our operating earnings in decreased signiﬁcantly in 2014. The poor operating 2014 increased over 2013, reﬂecting favorable loss performance was driven by two signiﬁcant pre-tax performance, improved housing markets in the United reserve charges, primarily in our older LTC blocks: States, Australia and Canada, and strong new business a $531 million increase in claim reserves in the third ﬂows at attractive margins. quarter, and a $729 million increase in reserves on our old acquired blocks of LTC business in the fourth Among the year’s other highlights: quarter. These two reserve charges also contributed to negative rating agency actions in the U.S. life 1. In May 2014, we completed the initial public insurance companies and parent holding company as offering (IPO) of our Australia MI business, a key well as several of our international MI companies. We priority in our effort to reduce our exposure to believe the updated assumptions for our LTC reserves mortgage insurance risk, rebalance the capital are reasonable and appropriate, given the experience levels in our three main mortgage insurance that has emerged and the reviews undertaken, and we platforms and generate capital for our holding will continue to monitor our experience, assumptions company. and resulting reserves closely. 2. U.S. MI’s net operating income increased We continue to make solid progress on premium rate signiﬁcantly in 2014, as new delinquencies increase approvals for several series of LTC policies decreased 19% from 2013 and solid execution of written from 1974 through 2007. As of December our commercial strategy increased our estimated 31, 2014, we have received approvals representing market share to 15% from 13% at year-end. The approximately $200 to $210 million of annual premium 2005 through 2008 books of business continue to increases and we expect to achieve $250 to $300 burn through, and our proﬁtable 2009 and forward million of annual premium increases when fully books of business represented 56% of our primary implemented by 2017. Additionally, in September risk in-force at year-end. 2013, we began ﬁling 6% to 13% rate increases on another series of LTC policies issued beginning in At the parent holding company, we maintained 2003 and written through 2012. As of December 31, signiﬁcant liquidity and a strong cash buffer, ending 2014, we have heard back from 30 states and received the year with approximately $1.1 billion in cash and approval from 22 states. The approvals received so far highly liquid securities. Our international subsidiaries on these newer LTC blocks should add an incremental paid approximately $630 million in ordinary and $20 to $30 million in annual premium increases once special dividends in 2014, including approximately fully implemented. $500 million in net proceeds from the Australia MI IPO. We expect our international subsidiaries to be the sole source of cash dividends paid to the holding company for the next several years as we continue to strengthen the capital positions of our U.S. life insurance and U.S. MI businesses. Positioning for the Future In addition to improving the operating and ﬁnancial stakeholders and external advisors to ensure a realistic performance of our Global Mortgage Insurance evaluation of growth opportunities, capital structure, Division and our U.S. Life Insurance Division, we regulatory actions and rating considerations. continue to analyze a broad range of strategic options designed to maximize shareholder value. As part of this process, we have engaged external ﬁnancial and strategic advisors to assist us in our Conclusion reviews. We believe that our mortgage insurance 2014 was indeed a very difﬁcult year for Genworth, businesses are our strongest businesses, and we but we are taking active measures to rationalize our expect them to continue to perform well in 2015 and overall business portfolio with a focus on improving beyond. However, we must continue to take steps shareholder value. While our challenges are both to signiﬁcantly improve our poor performing old complex and substantial, I can assure you that our LTC blocks and grow sales of higher margin new LTC management team is focused and determined to products. To that end, we continue to capitalize on transform and build value in Genworth’s businesses our industry leadership in order to drive regulatory for the beneﬁt of our stakeholders. and market changes that are necessary to sustain this business over the long term. Sincerely, We are pursuing cost and portfolio rationalization efforts that we believe will improve our ability to reduce debt levels, increase capital buffers, improve operating earnings and return on equity in the U.S. life insurance businesses and continue to grow proﬁts in the mortgage insurance businesses. Management remains actively engaged with our board, key Tom McInerney President & Chief Executive Ofﬁcer Genworth Financial, Inc. April 2015 FORM 10-K Genworth Financial, Inc. 2014 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 OR ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission file number 001-32195 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 6620 West Broad Street Richmond, Virginia (Address of principal executive offices) 80-0873306 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 23230 (Zip Code) (804) 281-6000 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act Title of Each Class Name of each exchange on which registered Class A Common Stock, par value $.001 per share New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes È No ‘ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ‘ No È Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes È No ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes È No ‘ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. È Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer È Accelerated filer ‘ Non-accelerated filer ‘ Smaller reporting company ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ‘ No È As of February 12, 2015, 496,996,382 shares of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share were outstanding. The aggregate market value of the common equity (based on the closing price of the Class A Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange) held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2014, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $8.6 billion. All executive officers and directors of the registrant have been deemed, solely for the purpose of the foregoing calculation, to be “affiliates” of the registrant. Certain portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in connection with the 2015 annual meeting of the registrant’s stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Table of Contents Business PART I Item 1. Item 1A. Risk Factors Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Properties Legal Proceedings Selected Financial Data PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Item 6. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Item 9B. Other Information Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Item 11. Executive Compensation Item 12. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Page 4 41 71 71 71 71 72 74 76 152 157 259 259 262 263 266 267 267 267 268 2 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-looking Statements This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contains certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements may be identified by words such as “expects,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “will,” or words of similar meaning and include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the outlook for our future business and financial performance. Forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and assumptions, which are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements due to global political, economic, business, competitive, market, regulatory and other factors and risks, including the items identified under “Part I—Item 1A—Risk Factors.” We therefore caution you against relying on any forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 3 Part I I T E M 1 . B U S I N E S S O V E R V I E W Inc. Financial, as Genworth Genworth Holdings, known (“Genworth Holdings”) Inc.) was (formerly incorporated in Delaware in 2003 in preparation for an initial public offering (“IPO”) of Genworth common stock, which was completed on May 28, 2004. On April 1, 2013, Genworth Holdings completed a holding company reorganization pur- suant to which Genworth Holdings became a direct, 100% owned subsidiary of a new public holding company that it had formed. The new public holding company was incorporated in in connection with the Delaware on December 5, 2012, reorganization, under the name Sub XLVI, Inc., and was renamed Genworth Financial, Inc. (“Genworth Financial”) upon the completion of the reorganization. We are dedicated to helping meet the insurance, retire- ment and homeownership needs of our customers, with a pres- ence in more than 25 countries. We are headquartered in Richmond, Virginia. We offer individual and group long-term care insurance products to meet growing consumer needs for long-term care. Our life insurance products protect people during unexpected events. In the United States, retirement products include various types of annuity and guaranteed retirement income products. We facilitate homeownership in the United States and internationally by providing mortgage insurance products that allow people to purchase homes with low down payments while protecting lenders against the risk of default. Through our homeownership education and assistance programs, we also help people keep their homes when they experience lifestyle protection insurance business provides payment protection coverages in several international markets to help consumers meet specified payment obligations in time of need. financial difficulties. Our We operate through three divisions: U.S. Life Insurance, Global Mortgage Insurance and Corporate and Other. The U.S. Life Insurance Division includes the U.S. Life Insurance segment. The Global Mortgage Insurance Division includes the International Mortgage and U.S. Mortgage Insurance Insurance segments. The Corporate and Other Division includes the International Protection and Runoff segments and Corporate and Other activities. The following reflects a dis- cussion of our operating segments: – U.S. Life Insurance. We offer and manage a variety of insurance and fixed annuity products in the United States. Our primary products include long-term care insurance, life insurance ended December 31, 2014, our U.S. Life Insurance segment had a net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common and fixed annuities. For year the stockholders and a net operating loss of $1,405 million and $641 million, respectively. – International Mortgage Insurance. We are a leading pro- vider of mortgage insurance products and related services in Canada and Australia and also participate in select European and other countries. Our products predominantly insure prime-based, individually underwritten residential mortgage loans, also known as flow mortgage insurance. We also selectively provide mortgage insurance on a structured, or bulk, basis that aids in the sale of mortgages to the capital markets and helps lenders manage capital and risk. Addition- ally, we offer services, analytical tools and technology that enable lenders to operate efficiently and manage risk. For the year ended December 31, 2014, our International Mortgage Insurance segment’s net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and net operating income were $169 million and $345 million, respectively. – U.S. Mortgage Insurance. In the United States, we offer mortgage insurance products predominantly insuring prime- based, individually underwritten residential mortgage loans, also known as flow mortgage insurance. We selectively pro- vide mortgage insurance on a bulk basis with essentially all of our bulk writings being prime-based. Additionally, we offer services, analytical tools and technology that enable lenders to operate efficiently and manage risk. For the year ended December 31, 2014, our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment’s net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and net operating income was $91 million for each measure. – International Protection. We provide payment protection coverages (referred to as lifestyle protection) in multiple European countries and have operations in select other coun- tries. Our lifestyle protection insurance products primarily help consumers meet specified payment obligations should they become unable to pay due to accident, illness, involuntary unemployment, disability or death. For the year ended December 31, 2014, our International Protection segment’s net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and net operating income were $116 million and $8 million, respectively. include our – Runoff. The Runoff segment includes the results of non- strategic products which are no longer actively sold. Our variable non-strategic products primarily annuity, variable life insurance, institutional, corporate- owned life insurance and other accident and health insurance products. Institutional products consist of: funding agree- ments, funding agreements backing notes (“FABNs”) and guaranteed investment contracts (“GICs”). We no longer offer retail and group variable annuities but continue to serv- ice our existing blocks of business. For the year ended December 31, 2014, our Runoff segment’s net income avail- able to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and net operating income were $14 million and $48 million, respectively. 4 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K We also have Corporate and Other activities which include debt financing expenses that are incurred at the Genworth Holdings level, unallocated corporate income and expenses, eliminations of inter-segment transactions and the results of other businesses that are managed outside of our operating segments, including discontinued operations. For the year ended December 31, 2014, Corporate and Other activities had a net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and a net operating loss of $229 million and $232 million, respectively. We had $14.9 billion of total Genworth Financial, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity and $111.4 billion of total assets as of December 31, 2014. For the year ended December 31, 2014, our revenues were $9.6 billion and we had a net loss available to Genworth Financial, common stockholders of Inc.’s $1.2 billion. Positioning for the Future We have two core businesses: (1) U.S. Life Insurance, which includes our long-term care insurance, life insurance, and fixed annuities businesses; and (2) Global Mortgage Insurance, which includes mortgage insurance in the United States, Canada, Australia and other markets. In our U.S. Life Insurance business, we are focused on the execution of our long-term care insurance strategy, which includes: obtaining significant premium rate increases and benefit reductions on certain of our in-force blocks of long- term care insurance to improve profitability and reduce the strain on capital; requesting smaller rate increases more proac- tively on newer in-force blocks of long-term care insurance as needed; and introducing new products with appropriately priced benefits. In our Global Mortgage Insurance business, we are work- ing to grow our businesses, with a focus on earnings growth of our U.S. mortgage insurance business, executing loss mitigation strategies, maintaining our distribution network and writing profitable new business. the government- sponsored enterprises (the “GSEs”) are currently considering changes to their respective capital standards which would impact our U.S. mortgage insurance business. We plan to address any new capital requirements once these changes are finalized primarily through reinsurance. In addition, We have identified the following businesses as non-core: (1) lifestyle protection insurance business and (2) businesses included in our Runoff segment, which primarily consist of our variable annuity and institutional products. We are pursuing the planned sale of our lifestyle protection insurance business and we are managing our runoff businesses to maximize their value. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we commenced a review of a broad range of strategic options to maximize long-term stockholder value. In assessing our options, we are considering, among other factors, the level of, and restrictions contained in, our existing indebtedness, tax considerations, the views of regulators and rating agencies, and the performance and prospects of our businesses. We are seeking to rebuild stock- holder value through the following key initiatives: – Cost and portfolio rationalization. We are embarking on a multi-step restructuring plan targeting cash savings in excess of $100 million over the next two years. In addition, we are evaluating potential changes to our portfolio of businesses that we believe will improve our ability to reduce debt levels, increase capital buffers and improve earnings and return on equity. – Improve business performance. We strive to improve operating income and return on equity, while maintaining appropriate risk thresholds in our product offerings. We re- priced products in our long-term care, life, U.S. mortgage and lifestyle protection insurance businesses, as well as in certain of our international mortgage insurance markets. We continue to review our pricing and underwriting guidelines and make adjustments as necessary. We further reduced our mortgage insurance risk in-force in Europe (driven primarily by reductions in Ireland) and we have limited new sales to four countries where we believe the market conditions are favorable. We maintain active loss mitigation efforts in our including pursuing U.S. mortgage appropriate loan and claim modifications, investigating loans for underwriting and master policy compliance and, where appropriate, executing loan rescissions. Additionally, we in mortgage pursue insurance markets outside the United States. targeted loss mitigation strategies insurance business, – Capital generation and deployment. Our objective is to maintain appropriate levels of capital in the event of unfore- seen events and potential in-force block volatility, while still meeting our targeted goals. We generate statutory capital from earnings on our in-force business, as well as from ongoing capital management and efficiency strategies such as use of reinsurance, management of new business mix and levels and cost reductions. We also continue to evaluate and pursue opportunities to redeploy capital from lower return- ing blocks of business. In our U.S. Life Insurance Division, we intend to increase capital by, among other things, at least over the near term, not paying dividends from our life insurance subsidiaries to the holding company, pursuing long-term care insurance rate actions, seeking additional opportunities to reduce risk in legacy long-term care insurance blocks of business, utilizing reinsurance to increase available capital, pursuing block transactions and sig- nificantly reducing expenses. In addition, we will manage our non-core businesses to enhance and generate capital. – Increase financial strength and flexibility. At Genworth Holdings, we anticipate continuing to maintain cash and highly liquid securities of at least one and one-half times debt service plus a $350 million buffer in the near term and focus on deleveraging over time. We also seek to increase financial flexibility by improving elements of our credit profile, including by reducing our debt levels, which impact our financial strength ratings. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 5 U . S . L I F E I N S U R A N C E D I V I S I O N U . S . L I F E I N S U R A N C E Through our U.S. Life Insurance segment, we offer various life insurance and fixed forms of long-term care insurance, annuities. The following table sets forth financial information regard- ing our U.S. Life Insurance segment as of or for the periods indicated. Additional selected financial information and operat- ing performance measures regarding our U.S. Life Insurance segment as of or for these periods are included under “Part II— Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—U.S. Life Insurance.” (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Long-term care insurance Life insurance Fixed annuities Total revenues Net operating income (loss): Long-term care insurance Life insurance Fixed annuities Total net operating income (loss) Net investment gains (losses), net Goodwill impairment, net Gains (losses) on early extinguishment of debt, net Gains (losses) from life block transactions, net Expenses related to restructuring, net Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders As of or for the years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 $ 3,523 1,981 1,083 $ 6,587 $ (815) 74 100 (641) 27 (791) — — — $ 3,316 1,982 1,032 $ 6,330 $ 3,207 1,926 1,117 $ 6,250 $ 129 173 92 394 (1) — — — (9) $ 101 151 82 334 (16) — 3 (47) — $ (1,405) $ 384 $ 274 Total segment assets $82,906 $77,261 $79,214 Long-term care insurance We established ourselves as a pioneer in long-term care insurance 40 years ago and remain a leading provider in the industry. Our experience helps us plan for disciplined growth built on a foundation of risk management, product innovation, a diversified distribution strategy and claims processing expertise. We believe our hedging strategies and reinsurance reduce some of the risks associated with these products. Products Our individual and group long-term care insurance prod- ucts provide defined levels of protection against the significant and escalating costs of long-term care services provided in the insured’s home or in assisted living or nursing facilities. In contrast to health insurance, long-term care insurance provides coverage for skilled and custodial care provided outside of a hospital or health-related facility. In July 2012, we introduced changes to our individual long-term care insurance product to improve profitability and reduce risk. Lifetime benefits coverage and limited pay options are no longer available, underwriting was further tightened and suspended, effectively certain discounts were reduced or increasing average pricing by more than 20% on the products impacted. In 2013, we introduced a product that includes gender distinct pricing for single applicants and blood and lab underwriting requirements for all applicants. In addition, in the fourth quarter of 2013, we began filing for regulatory approval of a new product which increased premium rates but gave consumers the flexibility to choose the right fit for their long- term care needs, combined with the simplicity of prepackaged benefits. As of December 31, 2014, this new product had been launched in 45 states. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we began filing for regulatory approval of an amended product to improve competitiveness, while meeting our targeted returns, by, among other things, reducing premium rates and adjusting coverage options. As of December 31, 2014, this amended product was filed in 38 states through the Interstate Insurance Compact. In 2015, the product either was, or we expect will be, directly filed in additional states. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we suspended sales of our individual long-term care insurance products in Massachusetts and New Hampshire because we were unable to obtain satisfactory rates and rate increases on in-force policies. We had previously suspended sales of our individual long-term care insurance products in Vermont. Effective June 1, 2013, we also no longer offer AARP-branded long-term care insurance products. Underwriting and pricing We employ medical underwriting procedures to assess and quantify risks before we issue our individual long-term care insurance policies, similar to, but separate from, those we use in underwriting life insurance products. Our group long-term care insurance product utilizes various underwriting processes, including modified guaranteed underwriting for actively at work employees, simplified underwriting for spouses of actively at work employees and full medical underwriting for employees outside their enrollment window, retirees or others. We have accumulated extensive pricing and claims experi- ence, and believe we have the largest claims database in the industry. The overall financial performance of our long-term care insurance business depends primarily on the accuracy of our pricing assumptions, including for claims experience, morbidity and mortality experience, persistency and investment yields. Our claims database provides us with substantial data that has helped us develop pricing methodologies for our newer policies. We tailor pricing based on segmented risk categories, including couples, gender, medical history and other factors. Financial performance on older policies issued without the full benefit of this experience has been lower than initially assumed in pricing of those blocks. We continually monitor trends and developments and update assumptions that may affect the risk, long-term care insurance pricing and profitability of our 6 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K products and adjust our new product pricing and other terms, as appropriate. We also work with a medical advisory board comprised of independent experts from the medical field that provides insights on emerging morbidity and medical trends, enabling us to be more proactive in our risk segmentation, pric- ing and product development strategies. As part of our strategy for our long-term care insurance business, we have been implementing, and expect to continue to pursue, significant premium rate increases on the older gen- eration blocks of business that were written before 2002 in order to bring those blocks closer to a break-even point over time and reduce the strain on our earnings and capital. We are also requesting premium rate increases on newer blocks of business, as needed, to help bring their loss ratios back towards their original pricing and introducing new products that are underwritten and priced to reflect our recent experience and updated assumptions. In the third quarter of 2012, we initiated a round of long- term care insurance in-force premium rate increases with an expectation of achieving an average premium increase in excess of 50% on three policy series of older generation policies and an average premium increase in excess of 25% on one early series of new generation policies. Subject to regulatory appro- val, this premium rate increase is expected to generate approx- imately $250 million to $300 million of additional annual premiums when fully implemented over the next several years. Reserve levels, and thus our expected profitability, have been impacted, and we expect they will continue to be impacted, by policyholder behavior which could include taking reduced benefits or non-forfeiture options within their policy coverage. The goal of our rate actions is to mitigate losses on the three older generation policy series and help offset higher than priced-for loss ratios due to unfavorable business mix and lower lapse rates than expected on one newer generation product, with returns expectations. As of than original December 31, 2014, the initial round of rate actions had been approved in whole or in part in 47 states and six of those states that had not approved the request in whole have approved additional incremental increases in a subsequent round of rate action filings. As of December 31, 2014, our estimate of the net premiums increase from these 47 initial state approvals and six subsequent approvals was approximately $200 million to $210 million when fully implemented by 2017. lower In the third quarter of 2013, we began filing for regulatory approval for premium rate increases ranging between 6% and 13% on more than $800 million in annualized in-force pre- miums on another series of new generation policies. As of December 31, 2014, we have been notified by 30 states of their initial decision, of which 22 states approved all or part of the requested increase. We continue to pursue these rate increases in the states that have either not responded or initially denied our rate increase request. The approval process for in-force rate increases and the amount and timing of the rate increases approved varies by state. In certain states, the decision to approve or disapprove a rate increase can take several years. Upon approval, insureds are provided with written notice of the increase and increases are generally applied on the insured’s next policy anniversary date. Therefore, the benefits of any rate increase are not fully realized until the implementation cycle is complete. For certain risks related to our long-term care insurance premiums and rate increases, see “Item 1A—Risk Factors—We may not be able to increase premiums or reduce benefits on our in-force long-term care insurance policies by enough or quickly enough and the rate actions or reduced benefits currently being implemented and any future rate actions may adversely affect demand for our long-term care insurance products, our reputation in the mar- ket, our results of operations and our financial condition.” Distribution We distribute our long-term care insurance products through diversified sales channels consisting of appointed independent producers, financial intermediaries and dedicated sales specialists. We have made significant investments in our servicing and support for both independent and dedicated sales specialists. Competition Competition in the long-term care insurance industry is primarily from a limited segment of insurance companies. Our products compete by providing consumers with an array of long-term care coverage solutions, coupled with long-term care support services. We offer a diverse product portfolio with a wide range of price points and benefits designed to appeal to a broad spectrum of the population who are concerned about mitigating the costs of future long-term care needs. Over the past several years, the competitive landscape of the long-term care insurance market has changed significantly, with several competitors announcing their intent to exit the market and several others re-entering in either targeted state markets or nationwide. Since 2012, several competitors have announced changes to their individual long-term care insurance product benefits and pricing similar to our product changes previously discussed. Continued changes in the competitive landscape of the long-term care insurance market will continue to impact our sales levels. Life insurance Our life insurance business provides a personal financial safety net for individuals and their families. These products provide protection against financial hardship after the death of an insured. Some of these products also offer a savings element that can help accumulate funds to meet future financial needs. Products Our current life insurance products include universal life insurance in the form of index universal life and linked-benefit products, combining a universal life insurance contract with a long-term care insurance rider, and term life insurance. Our life insurance products are designed to provide universal Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 7 permanent protection for the life of the insured. In addition, we also offer linked-benefits riders for all of our current indexed universal life products for customers who have traditionally self-funded long-term care risk or seek multiple benefits. We launched our first indexed universal life product, Asset Builder IUL, in the second quarter of 2013. This product was developed to provide the opportunity for greater policy value growth by linking the crediting strategy to an equity market index while protecting against negative market returns by floor- ing the crediting rate at 0% even if the index experiences a negative return. Monthly charges and fees will continue regard- less of the crediting rate and will reduce policy value. In December 2013, we launched our second indexed universal life insurance product, Foundation Builder IUL, designed to offer affordable death benefit protection plus the opportunity to build cash value. Since launching Foundation Builder in 2013, we have re-priced the product and added features to make it more competitive and we plan on doing the same for our Asset Builder IUL product. Our term life insurance products provide coverage with guaranteed level premiums for a specified period of time and generally have little or no buildup of cash value. We also have in-force blocks of term universal life and whole life insurance; however, we no longer solicit sales of these products. Underwriting and pricing Underwriting and pricing are significant drivers of profit- ability in our life insurance business, and we have established underwriting and pricing practices. We generally reinsure risks in excess of $5 million per individual life policy. We set pricing assumptions for expected claims, lapses, investment returns, expenses and customer demographics based on our historical experience and other factors. We target individuals primarily in standard or better risk categories, which include individuals who generally have family histories that do not present increased mortality risk. We also have expertise in evaluating applicants with health problems and offer coverage based on pre-established underwriting cri- teria. Distribution We offer life insurance products through an extensive network of independent brokerage general agencies (“BGAs”) throughout the United States and through financial inter- mediaries and insurance marketing organizations. Competition In our life insurance business, we compete against several life insurance companies, including several companies with overall stronger financial strength ratings. The life insurance market is highly fragmented. Some of these competitors have multiple access points to the market through BGAs, financial institutions, career sales agents, multi-line exclusive agents, e-retail and other life insurance distributors. We operate primarily in the BGA channel and have built additional capa- bilities in other channels. We have a long history of serving the life insurance market with a reputation for service and significant mortality experience. Fixed annuities We are focused on helping individuals create dependable income streams for life or for a specified period of time and helping them save and invest to achieve financial goals. We believe our product designs, investment strategy, hedging dis- ciplines and use of reinsurance reduce some of the risks asso- ciated with these products. Products Single premium deferred annuities We offer fixed single premium deferred annuities which require a single premium payment at time of issue and provide an accumulation period and an annuity payout period. The annuity payout period in these products may be either a defined number of years, the annuitant’s lifetime or the longer of a defined number of years and the annuitant’s lifetime. During the accumulation period, we credit the account value of the annuity with interest earned at a crediting rate guaranteed for no less than one year at issue, but which may be guaranteed for up to seven years, and thereafter is subject to annual credit- ing rate resets at our discretion. The crediting rate is based upon many factors including prevailing market rates, spreads and targeted returns, subject to statutory and contractual minimums. The majority of our fixed single premium deferred annuity contractholders retain their contracts for five to ten years. We also offer fixed indexed annuities as part of our prod- uct suite of single premium deferred annuities. Fixed indexed annuities provide an annual crediting rate that is based on the performance of a defined external index rather than a rate that is declared by the insurance company. The external index we use is the S&P 500®. We currently offer five separate index crediting strategies, each of which credits interest based on how the index performs and the limit for that strategy. In addition, we also offer multiple fixed interest rate options. Single premium immediate annuities We offer single premium immediate annuities which pro- vide a fixed amount of income for either a defined number of years, the annuitant’s lifetime or the longer of a defined num- ber of years and the annuitant’s lifetime in exchange for a single premium. Structured settlements Structured settlement annuity contracts provide an alter- native to a lump sum settlement, generally in a personal injury lawsuit or workers compensation claim, and typically are pur- chased by property and casualty insurance companies for the benefit of an injured claimant. The structured settlements pro- vide scheduled payments over a fixed period or, in the case of a the life-contingent structured settlement, the life of for 8 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K claimant with a guaranteed minimum period of payments. In 2006, we discontinued sales of our structured settlement annuities while continuing to service our retained and reinsured blocks of business. Distribution We distribute our fixed annuity products through BGAs, independent broker/dealers and select banks and national bro- kerage and financial firms. Competition We compete with a large number of life insurance compa- nies in the fixed annuity marketplace. Overall sales of fixed annuities are related to current interest rate yield curves, which affect the relative competitiveness of alternative products, such as certificates of deposit and money market funds. We have experienced fluctuations in sales levels for these products and we may experience fluctuations in the future based on changes in interest rates and other factors including our ability to achieve desired targeted returns. Following adverse rating actions in the fourth quarter of 2014, several of our distributors suspended distribution of our products. Those distributors made up approximately 16% of the sales of our fixed annuity products. We expect that our sales will continue to be adversely impacted by our current ratings. G L O B A L M O R T G A G E I N S U R A N C E D I V I S I O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L M O R T G A G E I N S U R A N C E Through our International Mortgage Insurance segment, we are a leading provider of mortgage insurance in Canada and Australia and also participate in select European and other countries. We have a presence in 15 countries. We expanded our international operations beginning in the mid-1990s and, today, we believe we are the largest overall provider of private mortgage insurance outside of the United States. Private mortgage insurance enables borrowers to buy homes with low-down-payment mortgages, which are usually defined as loans with a down payment of less than 20% of the home’s value. Low-down-payment mortgages are also referred to as high loan-to-value mortgages. Mortgage insurance pro- tects lenders against loss in the event of a borrower’s default. It also generally aids financial institutions in managing their capi- tal and risk profile in particular by reducing the capital required for low-down-payment mortgages. If a borrower defaults on mortgage payments, private mortgage insurance reduces and may eliminate losses to the insured institution. Private mort- gage insurance may also facilitate the sale of mortgage loans in the secondary mortgage market. The following table sets forth financial information regard- ing our International Mortgage Insurance segment as of or for the periods indicated. Additional selected financial information and operating performance measures regarding our Interna- tional Mortgage Insurance segment as of or for these periods are included under “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Dis- cussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—International Mortgage Insurance.” (Amounts in millions) 2014 2013 2012 As of or for the years ended December 31, Revenues: Canada Australia Other Countries Total revenues Net operating income (loss): Canada Australia Other Countries $ 669 537 34 $1,240 $ 760 555 46 $1,361 $ 786 567 55 $ 1,408 $ 170 200 (25) $ 170 228 (37) $ Total net operating income Net investment gains (losses), net Gains (losses) on early extinguishment of debt, net Tax impact from potential business portfolio changes Expenses related to restructuring, net Income from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Add: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests 345 — (2) (174) — 169 196 361 12 — — (1) 372 154 Net income Total segment assets $ 365 $8,815 $ 526 $9,194 234 142 (34) 342 7 — — — 349 200 549 $ $10,063 The mortgage loan markets in Canada and Australia are well developed, and mortgage insurance plays an important role in each of these markets. However, these markets vary sig- nificantly and are influenced by different economic, public policy, regulatory, distributor, credit, demographic and cultural conditions. We believe the following factors have contributed to mort- gage insurance demand in these countries: – a desire by lenders to offer low-down-payment mortgage loans; – the recognition of the higher default risk inherent in low- down-payment lending and the need for specialized under- writing expertise to conduct this business prudently; – government housing policies that support a high level of homeownership; – government policies that support the use of securitization and secondary market mortgage sales, in which third-party credit enhancement is often used to facilitate funding and liquidity for mortgage lending; and – bank regulatory capital policies that provide incentives to Canadian lenders and certain Australian lenders to transfer some or all of the default risk on low-down-payment mort- gages to third parties, such as mortgage insurers. Based upon our experience in these mature markets, we believe a favorable regulatory framework is important to the development of high loan-to-value lending and the use of Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 9 products such as mortgage insurance to protect against default risk or to obtain capital relief. As a result, we have advocated government and policymaking agencies throughout our mar- kets to adopt legislative and regulatory policies supporting increased homeownership and the use of private mortgage insurance. We have significant expertise in mature markets, and we leverage this experience in selected developing markets to encourage regulatory authorities to implement incentives to use private mortgage insurance as an important element of their housing finance systems. We believe the revisions to a set of regulatory rules and procedures governing global bank capital standards that were introduced by the Basel Committee of the Bank for Interna- tional Settlements, recently revised to strengthen regulatory capital requirements for banks and now referred to as Basel III, may impact the use of mortgage insurance as a risk and capital management tool in international markets. While Basel III was issued in December 2010, its adoption by individual countries internationally and in the United States has not concluded. Changes in national implementation could occur which might aid or detract from future demand for mortgage insurance. insurance Mortgage International Mortgage in our Insurance segment is predominantly single premium and pro- vides 100% coverage in the two largest markets, Canada and Australia. With single premium policies, the premium is usually included as part of the aggregate loan amount and paid to us as the mortgage insurer. We record the proceeds to unearned premium reserves, invest those proceeds and recognize the premiums over time in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. Canada We entered the Canadian mortgage insurance market in 1995 and operate in every province and territory. We are cur- rently the leading private mortgage insurer in the Canadian market. Residential mortgage financing in Canada is con- centrated in the country’s largest five banks and a limited number of other mortgage originators. The majority of our business in Canada comes from this group of residential mort- gage originators. For example, two major lender customers (defined as lenders that individually account for more than 10% of gross written premiums in our Canadian mortgage insurance business), together, represented 26% of total gross written premiums in our Canadian mortgage insurance busi- ness for the year ended December 31, 2014. In July 2009, Genworth MI Canada Inc. (“Genworth Canada”), our indirect subsidiary, completed the initial public offering (the “Offering”) of its common shares. Following completion of the Offering, we beneficially owned 57.5% of the common shares of Genworth Canada. Since the Offering, Genworth Canada has completed several share repurchases in which Genworth has participated proportionately to maintain its ownership. We currently hold approximately 57.3% of the outstanding common shares of Genworth Canada on a con- solidated basis, with Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited (“Brookfield”) holding 40.6% and our U.S. mortgage insurance business holding 16.7%. In addition, Brookfield has the right, exercisable at its discretion, to purchase for cash the common shares of Genworth Canada held by our U.S. mort- gage insurance companies at the then-current market price. Brookfield also has a right of first refusal with respect to the transfer of these common shares of Genworth Canada by the U.S. mortgage insurance companies. See note 24 in our con- II—Item 8— solidated financial Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information. statements under “Part Products insurance. Regulations Our main products are primary flow insurance and portfo- lio credit enhancement in Canada require the use of mortgage insurance for all mortgage loans extended by federally incorporated banks, trust companies and insurers, where the loan-to-value ratio exceeds 80%. Most mortgage lenders in Canada offer a portability feature, which allows borrowers to transfer their original mortgage loan to a new property, subject to certain criteria. Our flow insurance policies contain a portability feature which allows borrowers to also transfer the mortgage default insurance associated with the mortgage loan. We also provide portfolio credit enhancement insurance to lenders that have originated loans with loan-to-value ratios of less than or equal to 80%. These policies provide lenders with immediate capital relief from applicable bank regulatory capital requirements and facilitate the securitization of mortgages in the Canadian market. In both primary flow insurance and portfolio policies, our mortgage insurance in Canada provides insurance coverage for the entire unpaid loan balance, including interest, selling costs the Canadian and expenses. In the 2013 federal budget, government proposed to gradually limit the insurance of low loan-to-value mortgages to only those mortgages that will be used in government backed securitization programs. We are in dialogue with the Canadian government as it designs the struc- ture to implement the proposed changes. The final impact of these proposed changes on our business cannot be assessed at this time. Government guarantee loan because of We had an agreement with the Canadian government (the “Government Guarantee Agreement”) under which it guaran- teed the benefits payable under a mortgage insurance policy, less 10% of the original principal amount of an insured loan, in the event that we fail to make claim payments with respect to that insolvency. We paid the Canadian government a risk premium for this guarantee and made other payments to the government guarantee fund, a reserve fund in respect of the government’s obligation. Because banks are not required to maintain regulatory capital on an asset backed by a sovereign guarantee, our 90% sovereign guarantee permits lenders purchasing our mortgage insurance to reduce their 10 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K regulatory capital charges for credit risks on mortgages by 90%. Our primary government-sponsored competitor receives a 100% sovereign guarantee. The Canadian government passed the Protection of Resi- dential Mortgage or Hypothecary Insurance Act (Canada) (“PRMHIA”) in 2011 and PRMHIA came into force on Jan- uary 1, 2013. The purpose of PRMHIA was to formalize exist- ing mortgage insurance arrangements with private mortgage insurers and terminate the Government Guarantee Agreement, including the elimination of the Canadian government guaran- tee fund. The amount held in the Canadian government guar- antee fund reverted back to us on January 1, 2013. See “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—International Mortgage Insurance” for additional information regarding the elimination of the Canadian government guarantee fund. As a result of the elimination of the guarantee fund, we are required to hold higher regulatory capital under PRMHIA and the Insurance Companies Act of Canada. However, the increase in required capital was predominantly offset by the increase in available capital that results from the guarantee fund assets that reverted back to us. Under PRMHIA, all new mortgages that we insure and all mortgages that were previously insured and covered by the Government Guarantee Agreement will continue to be covered by the same 90% level of government guarantee under PRMHIA. The maximum outstanding insured exposure for private insured mortgages was increased from CAD$250.0 bil- lion to CAD$300.0 billion and the risk fee that we and other private mortgage insurers pay to the Canadian government is equal to 2.25% of gross premiums written for private mortgage insurers. Under PRMHIA, our direct insurance activities con- tinue to be restricted to insuring mortgages that meet the gov- reinsurance ernment mortgage business is not subject to PRMHIA restrictions. eligibility. Our insurance Over the past several years, the Canadian government also implemented a series of revisions to the rules for government guaranteed mortgages aimed at strengthening Canada’s housing finance system and ensuring the long-term stability of the Canadian housing market. Under PRMHIA, the regulations establish the following criteria a high loan-to-value mortgage has to meet in order to be insured: – a maximum mortgage amortization of 25 years – insurance of refinanced mortgage limited to loans with a loan-to-value of 80% or less – capping the maximum gross debt service ratios at 39% and total debt service ratios at 44% – capping home purchase price to less than $1 million – setting a minimum credit score of 600 We have incorporated these adjustments into our under- writing guidelines. Competition Our primary mortgage insurance competitor in Canada is the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (“CMHC”) which is owned by the Canadian government, although we have one other private competitor in the Canadian market. CMHC’s mortgage insurance provides lenders with 100% capital relief from bank regulatory requirements. We compete with CMHC primarily based upon our reputation for high quality customer service, quick decision making on insurance applications, strong underwriting expertise, and provision of support services. Australia largest mortgage originators We entered the Australian mortgage insurance market in 1997 and subsequently entered the New Zealand mortgage insurance market. In 2014, we were a leading provider of mortgage insurance in Australia based upon flow new insurance written. We maintain strong relationships within the major bank and regional bank channels, as well as building societies, credit unions and non-bank mortgage originators called mort- gage managers. The four in Australia provide the majority of the financing for residential mortgage financing in that country. Our Australian mortgage insurance business is concentrated in a small number of key customers. For the year ended December 31, 2014, approx- imately 54% and 64% of our new insurance written and gross in our Australian mortgage written premiums, respectively, insurance business was attributable to our three customers, with the largest customer representing 32% and 39% of new insurance written and gross written premiums, respectively, in our Australian mortgage insurance business during that year. Subsequent to December 31, 2014, one of our three largest customers notified us that it was terminating its relationship with respect to new business effective May 2015. For the year ended December 31, 2014, this customer represented 10% and 14% of new insurance written and gross written premiums, respectively. The term of the current supply and service contract with our largest customer expires on December 31, 2016, unless it is terminated earlier in certain circumstances, including, among other things, a downgrade of the strength rating of our principal mortgage insurance subsidiary in Australia by Standard & Poor’s Finan- cial Services, LLC (“S&P”) to below “A-” (subject to certain exceptions). The term of the current supply and service con- tract with our next remaining largest customer expires on Sep- tember 30, 2015. This contract may be terminated by either party by giving 90 days’ written notice. financial largest During 2011, we ceased writing new business in New Zealand, although we provided for a limited period of time flow insurance on top-up loans, which allowed a borrower to extend the credit limit on an existing loan. We no longer write any new business in New Zealand, including with respect to top-up loans. New Zealand represented approximately 2% of our insurance in-force for our mortgage insurance business in Australia as of December 31, 2014. On May 15, 2014, Genworth Mortgage Insurance Australia Limited (“Genworth Australia”), a holding company for Genworth’s Australian mortgage insurance business, priced its IPO of 220,000,000 of its ordinary shares at an initial pub- lic offering price of AUD$2.65 per ordinary share. The offering Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 11 closed on May 21, 2014. Following completion of the offering, Genworth Financial beneficially owns 66.2% of the ordinary shares of Genworth Australia. See note 24 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial State- ments and Supplementary Data” for additional information. In Australia, there is concentration among a small group of banks that write most of the mortgages. These banks continue to evaluate the utilization of mortgage insurance in connection with the implementation of the bank capital standards in Australia introduced by the Basel Committee, and this could impact both the size of the private mortgage insurance market in Australia and our market share. The response of banks to the new capital standards will develop over time and this response could impact our Australian mortgage insurance business. Products In Australia, our main products are primary flow mortgage insurance, also known as lenders mortgage insurance (“LMI”), and portfolio credit enhancement policies. Our principal prod- uct is LMI which is similar to single premium primary flow insurance we offer in Canada with 100% coverage. Unlike in Canada, LMI policies are not portable in Australia. Lenders remit the single premium to us as the mortgage insurer follow- ing settlement of the loan and, generally, either collect the equivalent amount from the borrower at the time the loan proceeds are advanced or capitalize it in the loan. Banks, building societies and credit unions generally acquire LMI only for residential mortgage loans with loan-to- value ratios above 80%. The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (“APRA”) regulations for authorized deposit-taking institutions (“ADIs”) using the standard Basel II approach provide reduced capital requirements for high loan-to-value residential mortgages if they have been insured by a mortgage insurance company regulated by APRA. The capital levels for Australian internal ratings-based ADIs are determined by their APRA-approved internal ratings-based models, which may or may not allocate capital credit for LMI. We believe that APRA and the internal ratings-based ADIs have not yet finalized internal models for residential mortgage risk, so we do not believe that the internal ratings-based ADIs currently benefit from an explicit reduction in their capital requirements for mortgages covered by mortgage insurance. APRA’s insurance authorization conditions require Australian mortgage insurance companies, including ours, to be monoline insurers, which are insurance companies that offer just one type of insurance product. We also provide portfolio credit enhancement policies mainly to APRA-regulated lenders who intend to securitize Australian residential loans they have originated. Portfolio mort- gage insurance serves as an important source of credit enhance- ment for the Australian securitization market, and our portfolio credit enhancement coverage is generally purchased for low loan- to-value, seasoned loans, and accounted for approximately 3% of new insurance written in our Australian mortgage insurance business for the year ended December 31, 2014. Competition The Australian flow mortgage insurance market is primar- ily served by us and one other private mortgage insurance company, as well as various lender-affiliated captive mortgage insurance companies. In addition, some lenders may self-insure certain high loan-to-value mortgage risks. We compete primar- ily based upon our reputation for high quality customer service, quick decision making on insurance applications, strong underwriting expertise and flexibility in terms of product development and provision of support services. Other Countries We began our European operations in the United King- dom, which is Europe’s largest market for mortgage loan origi- nations, and over time have expanded our presence to additional countries. We are a large private mortgage insurance provider in Europe and have a leading market presence in select markets, based upon flow new insurance written. Since 2009, we have reduced our risk in-force in Europe, driven primarily by reductions in Spain and Ireland as a result of our loss miti- gation activities, inclusive of normal course settlements. Cur- rently, we write new business in the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany and Finland. We are no longer writing new business in Spain and Ireland, which represented approximately 1% of our insurance in-force in our international mortgage insurance business and 18% of our insurance in-force in Other Countries as of December 31, 2014. Additionally, we have a presence in the private mortgage insurance market in Mexico, maintain a license in Korea with a small portfolio currently in runoff and continue to selectively assess other markets as well. During the second quarter of 2012, we became a minority shareholder of a newly-formed joint venture partnership in India. The joint venture offers mortgage guarantees against borrower defaults on housing loans from mortgage lenders in India. The financial impact of this joint venture was minimal during 2012, 2013 and 2014. Products Our mortgage insurance products in Europe consist princi- pally of primary flow insurance with single premium payments. Our primary flow insurance generally provides first-loss cover- age in the event of default on a portion (typically 10% to 20%) of the balance of an individual mortgage loan and our flow insurance policies are not portable. We also offer portfolio credit enhancement to facilitate the securitization of mortgage loans. Competition Our competition in Europe includes both public and pri- vate entities, including traditional insurance companies, as well as providers of alternative credit enhancement products and public mortgage guarantee facilities. Competition from alter- native credit enhancement products include personal guaran- tees on high loan-to-value loans, second mortgages and bank guarantees, captive insurance companies organized by lenders, 12 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K and alternative forms of risk transfer including capital markets solutions. We believe that our global expertise and coverage flexibility differentiate us from competitors and alternative products. Underwriting Loan applications for all flow loans we insure are reviewed to evaluate each individual borrower’s credit strength and his- tory, the characteristics of the loan and the value of the under- lying property. The credit strength of a borrower is evaluated by reviewing his or her credit history and credit score. Unlike in the United States where Fair Isaac Company (“FICO”) credit scores are broadly used, credit scores are not available in all countries. In countries, such as Canada, where scores are available, they are included in the underwriting guidelines used to evaluate the loan. Internal mortgage scoring models are also used in the underwriting processes of Canada and Australia. In addition, risk rules models, such as Blaze Advisor®, are used in Australia and Mexico to enhance the underwriter’s ability to evaluate the loan risk and make consistent underwriting deci- sions. Additional tools used by our international businesses include automated valuation models to evaluate property risk and fraud application prevention and management tools such as ModelMax® and Interceptor™ in Australia and Citadel™ in Canada. for insurance flow mortgage Loan applications are reviewed by our employees or by employees of qualified mort- gage lender customers who underwrite loan applications for mortgage insurance under a delegated underwriting program. This delegated underwriting program permits approved lenders to commit us to insure loans using underwriting guidelines we have previously approved. Each of our mortgage insurance plat- forms has established an audit plan to review delegated under- compliance with the approved written loans underwriting guidelines, operational procedures and master policy requirements. Samples (statistically valid and/or strati- fied) of performing loans are requested and reviewed by our audit teams. Once an audit review has been completed, find- ings are summarized and evaluated against targets. If non- compliance issues are detected, we work with the lender to develop appropriate corrective actions which may include rescinding coverage on non-compliant loans or discontinuing delegated underwriting. to ensure When underwriting bulk insurance transactions, we eval- uate characteristics of the loans in the portfolio and examine loan files on a sample basis. Loans that do not meet the approved bulk parameters are removed from the transaction. Each bulk transaction is assigned an overall claim rate based on a weighted-average of the expected claim rates for each strati- fied group of loans with similar characteristics that comprises the transaction. Since 2009, we have taken additional actions to reduce our new business risk profile, which included: tightening under- writing guidelines, product restrictions, reducing new business in geographic areas we believe are more economically sensitive, and terminating commercial relationships as a result of weaker business performance. We have also increased prices in certain markets based on periodic reviews of product performance. We believe these underwriting and pricing actions have improved our performance on new books of business. Loss mitigation Each of our international mortgage insurance platforms works closely with lenders to identify and monitor delinquent borrowers. When a delinquency cannot be cured through basic collections, we will work with the lender and, if permitted, with the borrower to identify an optimal loan workout solution. If it is determined that the borrower has the capacity to make a modified mortgage payment, we will work with the lender to implement the most appropriate payment plan to address the borrower’s hardship situation. If the borrower does not have the capacity to make payments on a modified loan, we work with the lender and borrower to sell the property at the best price to minimize the severity of our claim and provide the borrower with a reasonable resolution. In Canada, we continue to execute a strategy to accelerate and facilitate the conveyance of real estate properties to us in selected circumstances. This strategy allows for better control of the remediation and marketing processes, reduction in carrying costs during the sale process and potential realization of a higher sales price with the cumulative impact being lower losses. After a delinquency is reported to us, or after a claim is received, we review, and where appropriate conduct further investigations, to determine if there has been an event of relevant underwriting non-compliance, non-disclosure of information or any misrepresentation of information provided during the underwriting process. Our master policies provide that we may rescind coverage if there has been any failure to comply with agreed underwriting criteria or in the event of fraud or misrepresentation involving the lender or an agent of the lender. If such issues are identified, the claim or delinquent loan file is reviewed to determine the appropriate action, including potentially reducing the claim amount to be paid or rescinding the coverage. Generally, the issues we have initially identified are reviewed with the lender and the lender has an opportunity to provide further information or documentation to resolve the issue. We may also review a group or portfolio of insured loans if we believe there may be systemic misrepresentations or non- compliance issues. If such issues are detected, we generally will work with the lender to develop an agreed settlement in respect of the group of loans so identified or, if such discussions fail to result in an agreed settlement, the lender may institute arbi- tration or other legal proceedings with respect to the loans for which we have rescinded or reduced coverage that are subject to the dispute. We have expanded these reviews to include collec- tions activities in Mexico and Europe to determine compliance with our master policies. Where non-compliance is detected, we have negotiated settlements or have adjusted the claim for the impact of the servicing breach. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 13 Distribution We maintain dedicated sales that market our mortgage insurance products internationally to lenders. As in the U.S. market, our sales forces market to financial institutions and mortgage originators, who in turn offer mortgage insurance products to borrowers. forces U . S . M O R T G A G E I N S U R A N C E Through our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment, we pro- vide private mortgage insurance. Private mortgage insurance to buy homes with low-down-payment enables borrowers mortgages, which are usually defined as loans with a down payment of less than 20% of the home’s value. Low-down- payment mortgages are sometimes also referred to as high loan- to-value mortgages. Mortgage insurance protects lenders against loss in the event of a borrower’s default. It also generally aids financial institutions in managing their capital efficiently by, in some cases, low-down- payment mortgages. If a borrower defaults on mortgage pay- ments, private mortgage insurance reduces and may eliminate losses to the insured institution. Private mortgage insurance may also facilitate the sale of mortgage loans in the secondary mortgage market because of the credit enhancement it pro- vides. reducing the capital required for We have been providing mortgage insurance products and services in the United States since 1981 and operate in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Our principal mortgage insurance customers are originators of residential mortgage loans who typically determine which mortgage insurer or insurers they will use for the placement of mortgage insurance written on loans they originate. For the year ended December 31, 2014, approximately 26% of new insurance written in our U.S. mortgage insurance business was attributable to our largest five lender customers, with no customer representing more than 10% of new insurance written. The U.S. private mortgage insurance industry is affected in part by the requirements and practices of the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”). Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are government-sponsored enterprises and we refer to them collectively as the “GSEs.” The GSEs purchase and provide guarantees on residential mortgages as part of their governmental mandate to provide liquidity through the secon- dary mortgage market. The GSEs may purchase mortgages with unpaid principal amounts up to a specified maximum, known as the “conforming loan limit,” which is currently $417,000 (up to $625,000 in certain high-cost geographical areas of the country) and subject to annual adjustment. Each GSE’s Congressional charter generally prohibits it from purchasing a mortgage where the loan-to-value ratio exceeds 80% of home value unless the portion of the unpaid principal balance of the mortgage in excess of 80% of the value of the property securing the mortgage is protected against default by lender recourse, participation or by a qualified insurer. As a result, high loan-to-value mortgages purchased by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac generally are insured with private mortgage insurance. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac purchased the majority of the flow loans we insured as of December 31, 2014. In furtherance of their respective charter requirements, each GSE has adopted eligibility criteria to establish when a mortgage insurer is qualified to issue coverage that will be acceptable to the GSEs for purchase or guarantee of high loan- to-value mortgages (the “MI Eligibility Standards”). Each GSE has issued proposed changes to their respective MI Eligibility Standards as part of the draft private mortgage insurance eligi- bility requirements (“PMIERs”). See “Regulation—Mortgage Insurance Regulation—Federal additional information related to the revised draft PMIERs. regulation” for The table following forth selected financial sets information regarding our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment as of or for the periods indicated. Additional selected financial information and operating performance measures regarding our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment as of or for these periods are included under “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Oper- ations—U.S. Mortgage Insurance.” (Amounts in millions) Total revenues Net operating income (loss) Net investment gains (losses), net Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Total segment assets As of or for the years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 $ 639 $ 616 $ 91 — $ 37 — $ 676 $ (138) 24 $ 91 $2,324 $ 37 $2,361 $ (114) $2,357 Products and services The majority of our U.S. mortgage insurance policies pro- vide default loss protection on a portion (typically 10% to 40%) of the balance of an individual mortgage loan. Our pri- mary mortgage insurance policies are predominantly “flow” insurance policies, which cover individual loans at the time the loan is originated. We also from time to time enter into “bulk” insurance transactions or lender-paid insurance transactions with lenders and investors in selected instances, under which we insure individual loans on a flow basis or a portfolio of loans at or after origination for a negotiated price and terms. In addition to flow and bulk primary mortgage insurance, we have in prior years written mortgage insurance on a pool basis. Under pool insurance, the mortgage insurer provides coverage on a group of specified loans, typically for 100% of all losses on every loan in the portfolio, subject to an agreed aggregate loss limit contemporaneously with loan origination. Flow insurance Flow insurance is primary mortgage insurance placed on an individual loan pursuant to the terms and conditions of a 14 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K master policy. Our primary mortgage insurance covers default risk on first mortgage loans generally secured by one- to four- unit residential properties and can be used to protect mortgage lenders and investors from default on any type of residential that we have approved. Our mortgage loan instrument insurance covers a specified coverage percentage of a “claim amount” consisting of unpaid loan principal, delinquent inter- est and certain expenses associated with the default and sub- sequent foreclosure. As the insurer, we are generally required to pay the coverage percentage of a claim amount specified in the primary master policy, but we also have the option to pay the lender an amount equal to the unpaid loan principal, delin- quent interest and certain expenses incurred with the default and foreclosure, and acquire title to the property. In addition, the claim amount may be reduced or eliminated if the loss on the defaulted loan is reduced as a result of the lender’s dis- position of the property. The lender selects the coverage per- centage at the time the loan is originated, often to comply with investor requirements to reduce the loss exposure on loans purchased by the investor. Our master policies require that loans be underwritten to approved guidelines and provide for cancellation of coverage and return of premium for material breach of obligations. Our master policies generally do not extend to or cover material breach of obligations and mis- representations known to the insured or specified agents. From time to time, based on various factors, we request loan files to verify compliance with our master policies and required proce- dures. Where our review and any related investigation establish material non-compliance or misrepresentation or there is a fail- ure to deliver complete loan files as required, we rescind cover- age with a return of all premiums paid. Effective October 1, 2014, we issued a revised Master Policy to each of our actual and prospective insureds. The new Master Policy, among other things, adopted provisions sought for inclusion by the GSEs in every master policy in use by all mortgage insurers in the industry. While these changes resulted in the modification of a significant number of terms and con- ditions from our prior policy, we do not believe use of the new Master Policy will have a material impact on the financial con- dition or results of operations of our U.S. mortgage insurance business. We also perform fee-based contract underwriting services for mortgage lenders. The provision of underwriting services by mortgage insurers eliminates the duplicative lender and mort- gage insurer underwriting activities and speeds the approval process. Under the terms of our contract underwriting agree- ments, we agree to indemnify the lender against losses incurred in the event we make material errors in determining whether loans processed by our contract underwriters meet specified underwriting or purchase criteria, subject to contractual limi- tations on liability. In prior years, our U.S. mortgage insurance business entered into a number of reinsurance agreements in which we share portions of our flow mortgage insurance risk written on loans originated or purchased by lenders with captive reinsurers affiliated with these lenders. In return, we cede a predetermined portion of our gross premiums on insurance written to the captive reinsurers. Substantially all of our captive mortgage reinsurance arrangements are structured on an excess of loss basis. In April 2013, we agreed under the terms and conditions of a consent order with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) not to enter into any new captive reinsurance transactions for a period of 10 years without the prior consent of the CFPB. As of December 31, 2014, our U.S. mortgage insurance risk in-force reinsured to all captive reinsurers was $86 million, and the total capital held in trust for our benefit by all captive reinsurers was $260 million. These captive reinsurers are not rated, and their claims-paying obligations to us are secured by an amount of capital held in trust as determined by the underlying treaties. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we ceded U.S. mortgage insurance loss reserves of $24 million and $44 million, respectively, under these cap- tive reinsurance arrangements. We have exhausted certain cap- tive reinsurance tiers for our 2005 through 2008 book years based on loss development trends. Once the captive reinsurance or trust assets are exhausted, we are responsible for any addi- loss captive incurred. All of our excess of tional reinsurance arrangements are in runoff with no new insured books of business being added going forward; however, while this level of benefit is declining, we do continue to benefit from captive reinsurance on our 2005 through 2008 books of busi- ness. New insurance written through the bulk channel generally is not subject to these arrangements. losses The following financial sets information regarding our captive reinsurance arrangements as of or for the periods indicated: forth selected table Flow risk in-force subject to captive reinsurance arrangements, as a percentage of flow risk in- force Primary risk in-force subject to captive reinsurance arrangements, as a percentage of total primary risk in-force Gross written premiums ceded pursuant to captive reinsurance arrangements, as a percentage of total gross written premiums Primary new risk written subject to captive reinsurance arrangements, as a percentage of total primary new risk written As of or for the years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 6% 9% 14% 6% 9% 14% 3% 4% 9% — % 1% 2% Bulk insurance Under primary bulk insurance, we insure a portfolio of loans in a single, bulk transaction. Generally, in our bulk insurance, the individual loans in the portfolio are insured to specified levels of coverage and there may be deductible provi- sions and aggregate loss limits applicable to all of the insured loans. In addition, loans that we insure in bulk transactions with loan-to-value ratios above 80% typically are also covered by flow mortgage insurance, written either by us or another Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 15 private mortgage insurer, which helps mitigate our exposure under the bulk transactions. We base the premium on our bulk insurance upon our evaluation of the overall risk of the insured loans included in a transaction and we negotiate the premium directly with the securitizer or other owner of the loans. Pre- miums for bulk transactions generally are paid monthly by lenders, investors or a securitization vehicle in connection with a securitization transaction or the sale of a loan portfolio. Pool insurance Pool insurance generally covers the loss on a defaulted mortgage loan that either exceeds the claim payment under the primary coverage (if primary insurance is required on that loan) loan does not require primary or the total insurance), in each case up to a stated aggregate loss limit on the pool. We do not currently write pool insurance. that loss (if Underwriting and pricing Loan applications for all flow loans we insure are reviewed to evaluate each individual borrower’s credit strength and his- tory, the characteristics of the loan and the value of the under- lying property. Fair Isaac Company developed the FICO credit scoring model to calculate a score based upon a borrower’s credit his- tory. We use the FICO credit score as one indicator of a bor- rower’s credit quality. Typically, a borrower with a higher credit score has a lower likelihood of defaulting on a loan. FICO credit scores range up to 850, with a score of 620 or more generally viewed as a “prime” loan and a score below 620 generally viewed as a “sub-prime” loan. A minus loans generally are loans where the borrowers have FICO credit scores between 575 and 660, and where the borrower has a blemished credit history. As of December 31, 2014, on a risk in-force basis and at the time of loan closing, approximately 97% of our primary insurance loans were “prime” in credit quality with FICO credit scores of at least 620, approximately 2% had FICO credit scores between 575 and 619, and approximately 1% had FICO credit scores of 574 or less. Loan applications for flow mortgage insurance are either directly reviewed by us (or our contract underwriters), or as noted below, by lenders under delegated authority and either course may utilize automated underwriting systems. The majority of our mortgage lender customers underwrite loan applications for mortgage insurance under a delegated underwriting program, in which we permit approved lenders to commit us to insure loans using under- writing guidelines we have previously approved. When under- writing bulk insurance transactions, we evaluate credit scores and loan characteristics of the loans in the portfolio and exam- ine loan files on a sample basis. We previously offered mortgage insurance for Alt-A loans, which were originated under programs in which there was a reduced level of verification or disclosure of the borrower’s income or assets and a higher historical and expected default rate at origination than standard documentation loans; Interest Only loans, which allowed the borrower flexibility to pay inter- est only, or to pay interest and as much principal as desired, during an initial period of time; and payment option adjustable rate mortgages, which typically provided four payment options that a borrower could select for the first five years of a loan. Since 2007, we have made a number of adjustments to our underwriting and pricing guidelines intended to improve the risk and profitability profiles of new business written and the related effect on capital. These measures included exiting cer- tain products and types of coverages, changing prices, product levels and underwriting guidelines, imposing geographical and third-party loan origination guidelines, refining delegated underwriting guidelines, developing specific underwriting guidelines on lower-credit and higher loan-to-value risks and adjusting restrictions on FICO and debt-to-income ratios. Sequentially, in September and October 2013, we reduced pricing and expanded underwriting guidelines that we believe are generally competitive with prevailing industry prices and guideline standards. We continue to monitor current housing conditions and the performance of our books of business to determine if we need to make further changes in our under- writing guidelines and practices. Loss mitigation We request loan files to verify compliance with our master policies. Our master policy gives us the right to obtain a copy of the complete loan file for any insured loan. If no file is pro- duced in response to our request, the master policy provides that coverage may be canceled. If a file is delivered but lacks certain documents that are critical to demonstrating com- pliance with applicable underwriting standards (discussed below) or to our ability to investigate the loan for mis- representation, we issue a follow-up request and give the serv- icer an additional period of time (approximately 30 additional days) to produce the missing documents. If these documents are not received after the additional time period, the master policy provides that coverage may be canceled. file Where underwriting is delegated to counterparties under specified criteria, our master policy requires that an insured loan be underwritten “in strict accordance” with applicable guidelines. Where our review finds material non- compliance with the guidelines, the master policy provides that coverage may be canceled. The master policy also excludes coverage for fraud and misrepresentation, among other matters. Where our investigation establishes non-compliance or fraud or misrepresentation involving an agent of the lender, we invoke our rights by issuing a letter rescinding coverage on the loan. Following an action to rescind coverage on insured loan certificates, we permit reconsideration of our decision to rescind such coverage through an appeals process. If an insured counterparty appeals our decision to rescind coverage on given loan certificates and we concur that new or additional information is sufficient for us to reinstate coverage, we take the necessary steps to reinstate uninterrupted insurance cover- age and reactivate the loan certificate. If the parties are unable to resolve the dispute within the stated appeal period provided by us and such additional time as the parties may agree to, 16 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K lenders may choose to pursue arbitration or litigation under the master policies and challenge the results. If arbitrated, ultimate resolution of the dispute would be pursuant to a panel’s bind- ing arbitration award. Challenges to rescissions may be made several years after we have rescinded coverage on an insured loan certificate. As part of our loss mitigation efforts, we rou- tinely investigate insured loans and evaluate the related servic- ing to ensure compliance with applicable requirements under our master policy. As a result, from time to time, we curtail the amount of the claim payable based upon this evaluation. Cur- tailments are subject to the same dispute resolution procedures described above. Estimated savings related to rescissions are the reduction in carried loss reserves, net of premium refunds and reinstatement of prior rescissions. Estimated savings related to loan mod- ifications and other cure related loss mitigation actions repre- sent the reduction in carried loss reserves. Estimated savings represent amounts related to claims mitigation activities deducted or “curtailed” from claims due to acts or omissions by the insured or the servicer with respect to the servicing of an insured loan that is not in compliance with obligations under our master policy. For non-cure related actions, including pre- sales, the estimated savings represent the difference between the full claim obligation and the actual amount paid. If a loan certificate that was previously rescinded is reinstated and the underlying loan certificate remains delinquent, we record an accrual for any liabilities that were relieved in connection with our decision to rescind coverage on the loan certificate. Loans subject to our loss mitigation actions, the results of which have been included in our reported estimated loss mitigation savings, are subject to re-default and may result in a potential claim in future periods. Distribution We distribute our mortgage insurance products through our dedicated sales force throughout the United States. This sales force primarily markets to financial institutions and mort- gage originators, which impose a requirement for mortgage insurance as part of the borrower’s financing. In addition to our field sales force, we also distribute our products through a telephone sales force serving our smaller lenders, as well as through our “Action Center” which provides live phone and web chat-based support for all customer segments. Competition In recent years, our principal sources of competition comprised U.S. and state government agencies and other pri- vate mortgage insurers. Historically, we have also competed with mortgage lenders and other investors, the GSEs, the Federal Home Loan Banks (“FHLBs”), structured transactions in the capital markets and with other financial instruments designed to mitigate credit risk. U.S. and state government agencies. We and other private mortgage insurers compete for flow business directly with U.S. federal and state governmental and quasi-governmental agen- cies, principally the Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”) and, to a lesser degree, the Veteran’s Administration (“VA”). In addition to competition from the FHA and the VA, we and other private mortgage insurers face competition from state- supported mortgage insurance funds in several states, including California, Illinois and New York. Private mortgage insurers. Since the financial crisis, the competitive landscape of the U.S. private mortgage insurance industry has changed and continues to do so. Over that period, certain competitors ceased writing new business while other new entrants began writing business. While we cannot predict the level of impact, continued changes in the competitive land- scape of the U.S. private mortgage insurance industry will likely levels. The private mortgage insurance impact our industry currently consists of seven active mortgage insurers, including us. sales Mortgage lenders and other investors. We and other mort- gage insurers have competed with transactions structured by mortgage lenders to avoid mortgage insurance on low-down- payment mortgage loans. These transactions include self- insuring and simultaneous second loans, which separate a mortgage with a loan-to-value ratio of more than 80%, which in the absence of such a structure would require mortgage insurance, into two loans: a first mortgage with a loan-to-value ratio of 80% and a simultaneous second mortgage for the excess portion of the loan. The GSEs—Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and FHLBs. As the predominant purchasers of conventional mortgage loans in the United States, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac provide a direct link between mortgage origination and capital markets. As discussed above, most high loan-to-value mortgages purchased by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac are insured with private mort- gage insurance issued by an insurer deemed qualified by the GSEs. Private mortgage insurers may be subject to competition from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to the extent the GSEs are compensated for assuming default risk that would otherwise be insured by the private mortgage insurance industry. In Febru- ary 2011, the Obama Administration issued a white paper set- ting forth various proposals to gradually eliminate Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Since that date, members of Congress, vari- ous housing experts and others within the industry have also published similar proposals. We cannot predict whether or when any proposals will be implemented, and if so, in what if so form, nor can we predict the effect such proposals, implemented, would have on our business, results of operations or financial condition. We also compete with structured transactions in the capi- tal markets and other financial instruments designed to miti- gate the risk of mortgage defaults, such as credit default swaps and credit linked notes, with reinsurers of mortgage insurance risk and with lenders who forego mortgage insurance (self- insure) on loans held in their portfolios. The MI Eligibility Standards include specified insurance coverage levels established by the GSEs. The GSEs have the authority to change the pricing arrangements for purchasing retained-participation mortgages, or mortgages with lender Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 17 recourse, as compared to insured mortgages, increase or reduce required mortgage insurance coverage percentages, and alter or liberalize underwriting standards and pricing terms on low- down-payment mortgages they purchase. In addition to the GSEs, FHLBs purchase single-family conforming mortgage loans. Although not required to do so, the FHLBs currently use mortgage insurance on substantially all mortgage loans with a loan-to-value ratio above 80%. C O R P O R A T E A N D O T H E R D I V I S I O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L P R O T E C T I O N The following table sets forth financial information regard- ing our International Protection segment as of or for the peri- ods indicated. Additional selected financial information and operating performance measures regarding our International Protection segment as of or for these periods are included under “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— International Protection.” (Amounts in millions) Total revenues As of or for the years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 $ 837 $ 786 $ 822 Net operating income Net investment gains (losses), net Goodwill impairment, net Tax impact from potential business portfolio $ changes Expenses related to restructuring, net 8 — — 108 — $ 24 18 — — (3) $ 24 3 (86) — — Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Total segment assets $ 116 $1,833 $ 39 $2,061 $ (59) $2,145 Lifestyle protection insurance We currently provide lifestyle protection insurance that is principally offered by financial services companies at the point of sale of consumer products and we have a presence in more than 20 countries. Products and services Our lifestyle protection insurance products include primar- ily protection from illness, accident, involuntary unemploy- ment, disability and death. The benefits on these policies pay the periodic payments on a consumer loan or other form of committed payment for a limited period of time, typically 12 months, though they can be up to 84 months. In some cases, for certain coverages, we may make lump sum payments. Our policies that cover disability and unemployment include an exclusion period that is usually 30 to 90 days, respectively, and a waiting period (time between claim submission and claim payment) of typically 30 days. Our policies either require an upfront single premium or monthly premiums. We also provide third-party administrative services and administer non-risk premium with some relationships in Europe. Additionally, we have entered into structured portfolio transactions covering risks in Canada, Europe and Asia. Underwriting and pricing Our lifestyle protection insurance products are currently underwritten and priced on a program basis, by type of product and by distributor, rather than on an individual policyholder basis. In setting prices and in some cases the nature of coverage offered, we take into account the underlying obligation, the particular product features and the average customer profile of a given distributor. For our monthly premium policies, most contracts allow for monthly price adjustments after con- sultation with our distribution partners which help us to reduce our business risk profile when there are adverse changes in the market. Additionally, certain of our distribution contracts pro- vide for profit or loss sharing with our distribution partners, which provide our business and our distribution partners with risk protection and aligned economic interests over the life of the contract. We believe our experience in underwriting allows us to provide competitive pricing to distributors and generate targeted returns and profits for our business. Distribution We distribute our lifestyle protection insurance products primarily through financial institutions, including major Euro- pean banks, that offer our insurance products in connection with underlying loans or other financial products they sell to their customers. Under these arrangements, the distributors typically take responsibility for branding and marketing the products, while we take responsibility for pricing, underwriting and claims payment. We continue to pursue expanding our current geo- graphical distribution in Latin America and building new dis- tribution in China and have secured large insurance partners in both of these regions. We are currently working with these partners to establish product, distribution and servicing capa- bilities in order to bring our products and services to the mar- ket. Competition The lifestyle protection insurance market has several large, international participants, including both captive insurers of large financial institutions and independent providers. We compete through our high service levels, depth of expertise in providing tailored product and service solutions and our ability to service clients at a local level and across multiple countries. R U N O F F The Runoff segment includes the results of non-strategic products which are no longer actively sold. Our non-strategic products primarily include variable annuity, variable life institutional, corporate-owned life insurance and insurance, 18 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K other accident and health insurance products. Institutional products consist of funding agreements, FABNs and GICs. We no longer offer retail and group variable annuities but continue to service our existing blocks of business. The following table sets forth financial information regard- ing our Runoff segment as of or for the periods indicated. Additional selected financial information and operating per- formance measures regarding our Runoff segment as of or for II—Item 7— these periods Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Runoff.” included under “Part are As of or for the years ended December 31, 2014 275 48 (34) $ $ 2013 302 66 (17) $ $ 2012 381 46 12 $ $ $ 14 $12,971 $ 49 $14,062 $ 58 $15,308 (Amounts in millions) Total revenues Net operating income Net investment gains (losses), net Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Total segment assets Products Variable annuities and variable life insurance Our variable annuities provide contractholders the ability to allocate purchase payments and contract value to underlying investment options available in a separate account format. The contractholder bears the risk associated with the performance of investments in the separate account. In addition, some of our variable annuities permit customers to allocate assets to a guar- anteed interest account managed within our general account. Certain of our variable annuity products provide con- tractholders with lifetime guaranteed income benefits. Our variable annuity products generally provide guaranteed mini- mum death benefits (“GMDBs”) and may provide guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWBs”) and certain types of guaranteed annuitization benefits. Variable annuities generally provide us fees including mortality and expense risk charges and, in some cases, admin- istrative charges. The fees equal a percentage of the con- tractholder’s policy account value or related benefit base value, and as of December 31, 2014, ranged from 0.75% to 4.20% per annum depending on the features and options within a contract. Our variable annuity contracts with a basic GMDB pro- vide a minimum benefit to be paid upon the annuitant’s death, usually equal to the larger of account value and the return of net deposits. Some contractholders also have riders that provide enhanced death benefits. Assuming every annuitant died on December 31, 2014, as of that date, contracts with death bene- fit features not covered by reinsurance had an account value of $6,319 million and a related death benefit exposure, or net amount at risk, of $125 million. Some of our variable annuity products provide the con- tractholder with a guaranteed minimum income stream that they cannot outlive, along with an opportunity to participate in market appreciation. We no longer offer retail and group variable annuities or variable life insurance products; however, we continue to serv- ice our existing block of business which could include addi- tional deposits on existing annuity contracts. Institutional Our institutional products consist of funding agreements, FABNs and GICs, which are deposit-type products that pay a guaranteed return to the contractholder on specified dates. We explore periodic issuance of our institutional products for asset- liability management purposes. Corporate-owned life insurance We no longer offer our corporate-owned life insurance product; however, we continue to manage our existing block of business. Other accident and health insurance Our other accident and health insurance includes Medi- care supplement insurance reinsured to a third party, and cer- tain disability, accident and health insurance that we no longer sell. C O R P O R A T E A N D O T H E R A C T I V I T I E S Our Corporate and Other activities include debt financing expenses that are incurred at the Genworth Holdings level, unallocated corporate income and expenses, eliminations of inter-segment transactions and the results of other businesses that are managed outside our operating segments, including discontinued operations. accounted for On August 30, 2013, we sold our wealth management business to AqGen Liberty Acquisition, Inc., a subsidiary of AqGen Liberty Holdings LLC, a partnership of Aquiline Capi- tal Partners and Genstar Capital, for approximately $412 mil- lion. This business was as discontinued operations and its financial position, results of operations and cash flows were separately reported for all periods presented. We received net proceeds of approximately $360 million from the sale. Also included in discontinued operations was our tax and advisor unit, Genworth Financial Investment Services (“GFIS”), which was part of our wealth management business until its sale on April 2, 2012. See note 25 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial State- ments and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to discontinued operations. Effective April 1, 2013 (immediately prior to the holding company reorganization), Genworth Holdings completed the sale of its reverse mortgage business for total proceeds of $22 million. The gain on the sale was not significant. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 19 International Operations Our total revenues attributed to international operations for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 were approximately $2.1 billion, $2.1 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively. More information regarding our international operations and revenue in our largest countries is presented in note 20 to the consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Marketing As an insurance provider, we position, promote and differ- entiate our products and services through product value and innovation, risk management expertise, specialized support and technology for our distributors and marketing programs tail- ored to particular consumer groups. We offer a targeted set of products that are designed to meet key needs of consumers throughout the various stages of their lives, with a focus on consumers with household incomes of between $50,000 and $250,000. We are selective in the products we offer and seek to maintain appropriate return and risk thresholds on our product offerings. We also have devel- oped technological approaches that enhance performance by automating key processes times, expenses and process variations. We believe these approaches also make it easier for our customers and distributors to do business with us. and reducing response We have focused our marketing approach on promoting our products and services to key constituencies, including sales intermediaries, consumers, employees and investors. We seek to build recognition of our offerings and maintain deep relation- ships with leading distributors by providing specialized and differentiated distribution support, including product training, sales services and technology solutions that support the distrib- utors’ sales efforts. We also leverage technology to extend our presence and marketing communications, using interactive tools, search engine marketing expertise and efficient web serv- ices to enhance our customers’ experience. Our publications on financial security issues help build our reputation and inform our key constituencies, such as distrib- utors, consumers, policymakers and regulators, on relevant topics, including the cost of long-term care, the life insurance coverage gap, consumer financial security as well as mortgage and mortgage insurance trends. In addition, we sponsor various advisory councils with independent sales intermediaries and dedicated sales specialists to gather their feedback on industry trends, new product ideas, approaches to improve service and ways to enhance our relationships. Risk Management Risk management is a critical part of our business. We have an enterprise risk management framework that includes risk management processes relating to economic capital analy- sis, product development, product pricing and management of in-force business, credit risk management, asset-liability man- agement, liquidity management, investment activities, portfolio and operational capabilities. The diversification, underwriting and risk and loss mitigation, finan- cial databases and information systems, business acquisitions and dispositions, risk management framework includes the identification and assess- ment of risks, a proactive decision process to determine which risks are acceptable to be retained, based on risk and reward considerations, limit setting on major risks, emerging risk iden- tification and the ongoing monitoring, reporting and manage- ment of risks. We adhere to risk management disciplines and aim to leverage these efforts into a competitive advantage in distribution and management of our products. In our evaluation of in-force product performance, new product initiatives and risk mitigation alternatives includes monitoring regulatory and rating agency capital models as well as internal economic capital models to determine the appro- priate level of risk-adjusted capital. We utilize our internal economic capital model to assess the risk of loss to our capital resources based upon the portfolio of risks we underwrite and retain and upon our asset and operational risk profiles. Our commitment to risk management involves the ongoing review and expansion of internal risk management capabilities with a improved infrastructure and focus on utilizing top talent, modeling. Product development and management Our risk management process begins with the develop- ment and introduction of new products and services. We have established a product development process that specifies a series of required analyses, reviews and approvals for any new prod- uct. For each proposed product, this process includes a review of the market opportunity and competitive landscape, major pricing assumptions and methodologies, return expectations and variability of returns, sensitivity analysis, asset-liability management, reinsurance and other risk mitigating strategies, underwriting criteria, legal, compliance and business risks and potential mitigating actions. Before we introduce a new prod- uct, we establish a monitoring program with specific perform- ance targets and leading indicators, which we monitor frequently to identify any deviations from expected perform- ance so that we can take corrective action when necessary. Sig- nificant product introductions, measured either by volume, level or type of risk, require approval by our senior manage- ment team at either the business or enterprise level. We use a similar process to introduce changes to existing products and to offer existing products in new markets and through new distribution channels. Product performance reviews include an analysis of the major drivers of profitability, underwriting performance and variations from expected results including an in-depth experience analysis of the product’s major risk factors. Other areas of focus include the regulatory and competitive environments and other emerging factors that may affect product performance. In addition, we initiate special reviews when a product’s performance fails to meet the indicators we established during for subsequent introductory review process that product’s 20 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K reviews of in-force blocks of business. If a product does not meet our performance criteria, we consider adjustments in pric- ing, design and marketing or ultimately discontinuing sales of that product. We review our underwriting, pricing, distribution and risk selection strategies on a regular basis in an effort to ensure that our products remain competitive and consistent with our marketing and profitability objectives. For example, in our U.S. and international mortgage insurance and lifestyle protection insurance businesses, we review the profitability of lender accounts to assess whether our business with these lend- ers is achieving anticipated performance levels and to identify trends requiring remedial action, including changes to under- writing guidelines, product mix or other customer perform- ance. Asset-liability management We maintain segmented investment portfolios for the majority of our product lines. This enables us to perform an ongoing analysis of the interest rate, credit, foreign exchange, equity, volatility and liquidity risks associated with each major product line, in addition to credit risks for our overall enter- prise versus approved limits. We analyze the behavior of our liability cash flows across a wide variety of scenarios, reflecting policy features and expected policyholder behavior. We also analyze the cash flows of our asset portfolios across the same scenarios. We believe this analysis shows the sensitivity of both our assets and liabilities to changes in economic environments and enables us to manage our assets and liabilities more effec- tively. In addition, we deploy hedging programs to mitigate certain economic risks associated with our assets, liabilities and capital. For example, we partially hedge the equity, interest rate and market volatility risks in our variable annuity products, as well as interest rate risks in our long-term care insurance prod- ucts. Liquidity management We monitor the cash and highly marketable investment positions in each of our operating companies against operating targets that are designed to ensure that we will have the cash necessary to meet our obligations as they come due. The targets are set based on stress scenarios that have the effect of increas- ing our expected cash outflows and decreasing our expected cash inflows. In addition, we monitor the ability of our operat- ing companies to provide the dividends needed to meet the cash needs of our holding companies and analyze the impact of reduced dividend levels under stress scenarios. Portfolio diversification and investments We use new business and in-force product limits to man- age our risk concentrations and to manage product, business level, geographic and other risk exposures. We manage unique product exposures in our business segments. For example, in managing our mortgage insurance risk exposure, we monitor geographic concentrations in our portfolio and the condition of housing markets in each major area in the countries in which we operate. We also monitor fundamental price indicators and factors that affect home prices and their affordability at the national and regional levels. In addition, our assets are managed within limitations to control credit risk and to avoid excessive concentration in our investment portfolio using defined investment and concen- tration guidelines that help ensure disciplined underwriting and oversight standards. We seek diversification in our investment portfolio by investing in multiple asset classes and limiting size of exposures. The portfolios are tailored to match the cash flow characteristics of our liabilities, and actively monitoring exposures, changes in credit characteristics and shifts in mar- kets. We utilize surveillance and quantitative credit risk ana- lytics to identify concentrations and drive diversification of portfolio risks with respect to issuer, sector, rating and geo- graphic concentration. Issuer credit limits for the investment portfolios of each of our businesses (based on business capital, portfolio size and relative issuer cumulative default risk) govern and control credit concentrations in our portfolio. Derivatives counterparty risk and credit derivatives are integrated into issuer limits as well. We also limit and actively monitor country and sovereign exposures in our global portfolio and evaluate and adjust our risk profiles, where needed, in response to geo- political and economic developments in the relevant areas. Underwriting and risk and loss mitigation Underwriting guidelines for all products are routinely reviewed and adjusted as needed to ensure policyholders are provided with the appropriate premium and benefit structure. We seek external reviews from the reinsurance and consulting communities and to utilize their experience to calibrate our risk taking to expected outcomes. Our risk and loss mitigation activities include ensuring that new policies are issued based on accurate information that we receive and that policy benefit payments are paid in accord- ance with the policy contract terms. Financial databases and information systems Our financial databases and information systems technol- ogy are important tools in our risk management. For example, we believe we have the largest database for long-term care insurance claims with 40 years of experience in offering those products. We also have substantial experience in offering individual life insurance products with a large database of claims experience, particularly in preferred risk classes, which has significant predictive value. We have extensive data on the performance of mortgage originations in the United States and other major markets we operate in which we use to assess the drivers and distributions of delinquency and claims experience. We use technology, in some cases proprietary technology, to manage variations in our underwriting process. For example, in our mortgage insurance businesses, we use borrower credit bureau information, proprietary mortgage scoring models and/ or our extensive database of mortgage insurance experience Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 21 along with external data including rating agency data to eval- uate new products and portfolio performance. In the United States and Canada, our proprietary mortgage scoring models use the borrower’s credit score and additional data concerning the borrower, the loan and the property, including loan-to- value ratio, loan type, loan amount, property type, occupancy status and borrower employment to predict the likelihood of having to pay a claim. In addition, our models take into consideration macroeconomic variables such as unemployment, interest rate and home price changes. We believe assessing housing market and mortgage loan attributes across a range of economic outcomes enhances our ability to manage and price for risk. We perform portfolio analysis on an ongoing basis to determine if modifications are required to our product offer- ings, underwriting guidelines or premium rates. We rely extensively on complex models to calculate the value of assets and liabilities (including reserves), capital levels and other financial metrics, as well as for other purposes. We have a model risk management framework in place that is designed to ensure appropriate governance of model risk. Independent model validation teams assess on a systematic basis the appropriate use of models, taking into account the risks associated with assumptions, algorithms and process con- trols supporting the use of the models. Business acquisitions and dispositions When we consider an acquisition or a disposition of a block or book of business or entity, we use various business, financial and risk management disciplines to evaluate the merits of the proposals and assess its strategic fit with our current business model. We have a review process that includes a series of required analyses, reviews and approvals similar to those employed for new product introductions. In our International Mortgage Insurance and U.S. Mort- gage Insurance segments, we introduced technology enabled services to help our customers (lenders and servicers) as well as our consumers (borrowers and homeowners). Technology advancements have allowed us to reduce application approval turn-times, error rates and enhance our customers’ ease of doing business with us. Through our secure internet-enabled information systems and data warehouses, servicers can transact business with us in a timely manner. In the United States, proprietary, decision models have helped generate loss miti- gation strategies for distressed borrowers. Our models use information from various third-party sources, such as consumer credit agencies, to indicate borrower willingness and capacity to fulfill debt obligations. Identification of specific borrower groups that are likely to work their loans out allows us to create custom outreach strategies to achieve a favorable loss mitigation outcome. In our International Protection segment, we have existing operations in Europe and Mexico and have established new operations in Asia and South America. We have built a scalable operations model with the ability to customize service based on client and end user needs. We are continuously developing new processes and technologies (for example, an online integrated claims management experience) to reduce costs and enhance end user experience by reducing customer effort and cycle time. Operating centers We have established scalable, low-cost operating centers in Virginia, North Carolina and Ireland. In addition, through an arrangement with an outsourcing provider, we have a sub- stantial team of professionals in India who provide a variety of services to us, including data entry, transaction processing and functional support to our insurance operations. Operational capabilities Reserves We have risk management programs in place to review the continued operation of our businesses in the event of loss or other adverse consequences on business outcomes resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. We provide risk assessments, together with control reviews, to provide an indication as to how the risks need to be managed. Significant events impacting our businesses are assessed in terms of their impact on our risk pro- file. Controls are used to mitigate the likelihood of a risk occur- ring or minimizing the consequence of the risk if it did occur. Investigative teams are maintained in our various locations to address potential operational risk incidents from both internal and external sources. Operations and Technology Service and support In our U.S. Life Insurance segment, we interact directly with our independent sales intermediaries and dedicated sales specialists through secure websites that have enabled them to transact business with us electronically. We calculate and maintain reserves for estimated future payments of claims to our policyholders and contractholders in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and industry accounting practices. We build these reserves as the estimated value of those obligations increases, and we release these reserves as those future obliga- tions are paid, experience changes or the policy lapses. The reserves we establish reflect estimates and actuarial assumptions and methodologies with regard to our future experience. These estimates and actuarial assumptions and methodologies involve the exercise of judgment and are inherently uncertain. These estimates and actuarial assumptions and methodologies are subjected to a variety of internal reviews and, in some cases, external independent reviews. Our future finan- cial results depend significantly upon the extent to which our actual future experience is consistent with the assumptions we have used in determining our reserves as well as the assump- tions originally used in pricing our products. Small changes in assumptions or small deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past had, material impacts on significant 22 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K our reserves, results of operations and financial condition. Many factors, and changes in these factors, can affect future experience including, but not limited to: interest rates; market returns and volatility; economic and social conditions such as inflation, unemployment, home price appreciation or deprecia- tion, and healthcare experience (including type of care and cost of care); policyholder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next); insured life expectancy or longevity; insured mor- bidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates); and doctrines of legal liability and damage awards in litigation. Because these assumptions relate to factors that are not known in advance, change over time, are difficult to accurately predict and are inherently uncertain, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts we will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments. Moreover, we may not be able to mitigate the impact of unexpected adverse experience by increasing pre- miums and/or other charges to policyholders (where we have the right to do so) or by offering reduced benefits as an alter- native to increasing premiums. For additional information on reserves, see “Part II— Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates—Insurance liabilities and reserves.” Reinsurance We reinsure a portion of our annuity, life insurance, long- term care insurance, mortgage insurance and lifestyle protection insurance with unaffiliated reinsurers. In a reinsurance trans- action, a reinsurer agrees to indemnify another insurer for part or all of its liability under a policy or policies it has issued for an agreed upon premium. We participate in reinsurance activ- ities in order to minimize exposure to significant risks, limit losses, and provide additional capacity for future growth. We also obtain reinsurance to meet certain capital requirements, including reinsurance agreements to manage our statutory capital positions. However, these inter-company agreements do not have an effect on our consolidated U.S. GAAP financial statements. sometimes utilizing intercompany We enter into various agreements with reinsurers that cover individual risks, group risks or defined blocks of business, primarily on a coinsurance, yearly renewable term, excess of loss or catastrophe excess basis. These reinsurance agreements spread risk and minimize the effect or losses. For example, in addition to reinsuring mortality risk on our life insurance products, we are coinsuring approximately 20% of all our long- term care insurance sales. The extent of each risk retained by us depends on our evaluation of the specific risk, subject, in cer- tain circumstances, to maximum retention limits based on the characteristics of coverages. the terms of the reinsurer agrees to reimburse us for the ceded amount in the event a claim is paid. Cessions under reinsurance agreements do not discharge our obligations as the primary insurer. In the the reinsurance agreements, Under event that reinsurers do not meet their obligations under the terms of the reinsurance agreements, reinsurance recoverable balances could become uncollectible. Our amounts recoverable from reinsurers represent receivables from and/or reserves ceded to reinsurers. The amounts recoverable from reinsurers were $17.3 billion and $17.2 billion as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. We focus on obtaining reinsurance from a diverse group of reinsurers. We regularly evaluate the financial condition of our reinsurers and monitor concentration risk with our reinsurers at least annually. We have established standards and criteria for our use and selection of reinsurers. In order for a new reinsurer to participate in our current program, without collateralization, we require the reinsurer to have an S&P rating of “A-” or better or a Moody’s Investors Services Inc. (“Moody’s”) rating of “A3” or better and a minimum capital and surplus level of $350 million. If the reinsurer does not have these ratings, we generally require them to post collateral as described below. In addition, we may require collateral from a reinsurer to mitigate credit/collectability risk. Typically, in such cases, the reinsurer must either maintain minimum specified ratings and risk-based capital ratios or provide the specified quality and quantity of collateral. Similarly, we have also required collateral in con- nection with books of business sold pursuant to indemnity reinsurance agreements. We have been required to post collateral when purchasing books of business. Reinsurers that are not licensed, accredited or authorized in the state of domicile of the reinsured (“ceding company”) are required to post statutorily prescribed forms of collateral for the ceding company to receive reinsurance credit. The three pri- mary forms of collateral are: (i) qualifying assets held in a reserve credit trust; (ii) irrevocable, unconditional, evergreen letters of credit issued by a qualified U.S. financial institution; and (iii) assets held by the ceding company in a segregated funds withheld account. Collateral must be maintained in accordance with the rules of the ceding company’s state of domicile and must be readily accessible by the ceding company to cover claims under the reinsurance agreement. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries require unauthorized reinsurers that are not so licensed, accredited or authorized to post acceptable forms of collateral to support their reinsurance obligations to us. The following table sets forth our exposure to our princi- life insurance businesses as of pal reinsurers in our U.S. December 31, 2014: (Amounts in millions) UFLIC (1) RGA Reinsurance Company Munich American Reassurance Company Riversource Life Insurance Company (2) General Re Life Corporation Reinsurance recoverable $14,494 798 724 558 311 (1) We have several significant reinsurance transactions with Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (“UFLIC”), an affiliate of our former parent, General Electric Company (“GE”), which results in a significant concentration of reinsurance risk. UFLIC’s obligations to us are secured by trust accounts. See Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 23 note 9 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8— Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” (2) Our reinsurance arrangement with Riversource Life Insurance Company covers a runoff block of single premium term life insurance policies. In our international mortgage insurance business, the majority of the reinsurance treaties are on an excess of loss basis that are designed to attach only under stress loss events and are renewable (with the agreement of both us and the relevant reinsurers) on a periodic basis. The largest coverage amount from a single reinsurer was approximately $100 mil- lion. The top five reinsurers of our international mortgage insurance business represented approximately 45% of our reinsurance coverage in that business. As of December 31, 2014, we recorded international mortgage insurance ceded loss reserves of $23 million within reinsurance recoverable. We have also historically entered into reinsurance pro- grams in which we share portions of our U.S. mortgage insurance risk written on loans originated or purchased by lenders with captive reinsurance companies affiliated with these lenders. In return, we cede to the captive reinsurers a predetermined portion of our gross premiums on flow insurance written. New insurance written through the bulk regarding Insurance” channel generally is not subject to these arrangements. See additional “—Business—U.S. Mortgage information of December 31, 2014, we recorded U.S. mortgage insurance ceded loss reserves of $24 million within reinsurance recover- able where cumulative losses have exceeded the attachment points in several captive reinsurance arrangements. reinsurance captives. for As For additional information related to reinsurance, see statements under note 9 in our consolidated financial “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Financial Strength Ratings Ratings with respect to financial strength are an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. Ratings are important to maintaining public con- fidence in us and our ability to market our products. Rating organizations review the financial performance and condition of most insurers and provide opinions regarding financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet obliga- tions to policyholders. As of February 27, 2015, our principal life insurance subsidiaries were rated in terms of financial strength by S&P, Moody’s and A.M. Best Company, Inc. (“A.M. Best”) as follows: Company Genworth Life Insurance Company Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York S&P rating Moody’s rating A.M. Best rating BBB- (Good) BBB- (Good) BBB- (Good) Baa1 (Adequate) Baa1 (Adequate) Baa1 (Adequate) A- (Excellent) A- (Excellent) A- (Excellent) As of February 27, 2015, our principal mortgage insurance subsidiaries were rated in terms of financial strength by S&P, Moody’s and Dominion Bond Rating Service (“DBRS”) as follows: Company Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation Genworth Residential Mortgage Insurance Corporation of NC Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Pty. Limited (Australia) (1) Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Limited (Europe) Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Company Canada Genworth Seguros de Credito a la Vivienda S.A. de C.V. (2) (1) Also rated “A+” by Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”). (2) Rated at the local country level. S&P rating Moody’s rating DBRS rating BB- (Marginal) BB- (Marginal) A+ (Strong) BB- (Marginal) A+ (Strong) Not rated Ba1 (Questionable) Ba1 (Questionable) A3 (Good) Not rated Not rated Aa3.mx Not rated Not rated Not rated Not rated AA (Superior) Not rated As of February 27, 2015, our principal lifestyle protection insurance subsidiaries were rated in terms of financial strength by S&P as follows: Company Financial Assurance Company Limited Financial Insurance Company Limited S&P rating A- (Strong) A- (Strong) The S&P, Moody’s, A.M. Best and DBRS ratings included are not designed to be, and do not serve as, measures of protection or valuation offered to investors. These financial strength ratings should not be relied on with respect to making an investment in our securities. At our request, S&P and Moody’s no longer provide short-term ratings for Genworth Life Insurance Company and Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company. In addition, at our request, S&P no longer provides a rating on Genworth Seguros de Credito a la Vivienda S.A. de C.V. 24 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K S&P states that insurers rated “A” (Strong), “BBB” (Good) or “BB” (Marginal) have strong, good or marginal financial security characteristics, respectively. The “A,” “BBB” and “BB” ranges are the third-, fourth- and fifth-highest of nine financial strength rating ranges assigned by S&P, which range from “AAA” to “R.” A plus (+) or minus (-) shows relative standing within a major rating category. These suffixes are not added to ratings in the “AAA” category or to ratings below the “CCC” category. Accordingly, the “A+,” “A-,” “BBB-” and “BB-” rat- ings are the fifth-, seventh-, tenth- and thirteenth-highest of S&P’s 21 ratings categories. Moody’s states that insurance companies rated “A” (Good) offer good financial security, that insurance companies rated “Baa” (Adequate) offer adequate financial security and that insurance companies rated “Ba” (Questionable) offer ques- tionable financial security. The “A” (Good), “Baa” (Adequate) and “Ba” (Questionable) ranges are the third-, fourth- and fifth-highest, respectively, of nine financial strength rating ranges assigned by Moody’s, which range from “Aaa” to “C.” Numeric modifiers are used to refer to the ranking within the group, with 1 being the highest and 3 being the lowest. These modifiers are not added to ratings in the “Aaa” category or to ratings below the “Caa” category. Accordingly, the “A3”, “Baal” and “Ba1” ratings are the seventh-, eighth- and eleventh- highest, respectively, of Moody’s 21 ratings categories. Issuers or issues rated “Aa.mx” demonstrate very strong creditworthi- ness relative to other issuers in Mexico. A.M. Best states that the “A-” (Excellent) rating is assigned to those companies that have, in its opinion, an excellent ability their ongoing insurance obligations. The “A-” to meet (Excellent) rating is the fourth-highest of 15 ratings assigned by A.M. Best, which range from “A++” to “F.” DBRS states that long-term obligations rated “AA” are of superior credit quality. The capacity for the payment of finan- cial obligations is considered high and unlikely to be sig- nificantly vulnerable to future events. Credit quality differs from “AAA” only to a small degree. We also solicit a rating from Fitch for our Australian mortgage insurance subsidiary. Fitch states that “A” (Strong) rated insurance companies are viewed as possessing strong capacity to meet policyholder and contract obligations. The “A” rating category is the third-highest of nine financial strength rating categories, which range from “AAA” to “C.” The symbol (+) or (-) may be appended to a rating to indicate the relative position of a credit within a rating category. These suffixes are not added to ratings in the “AAA” category or to ratings below the “B” category. Accordingly, the “A+” rating is the fifth-highest of Fitch’s 21 ratings categories. On November 6, 2014, following our earnings announce- ment for the third quarter of 2014, which included a discussion of the completion of a comprehensive review of our long-term care insurance claim reserves conducted, Moody’s announced, among other things, it placed the credit ratings of Genworth Holdings and the financial strength ratings of its review for principal subsidiaries insurance that life on downgrade. Moody’s also announced that it placed the finan- cial strength rating of Genworth Seguros de Credit a la Viv- ienda S.A. de C.V. under review for downgrade and withdrew the rating and re-issued it at the local country level. On Febru- ary 11, 2015, following our earnings announcement for the fourth quarter of 2014, Moody’s announced, among other things, its downgrade of the financial strength ratings of our principal life insurance subsidiaries to “Baa1” (Adequate) from “A3” (Good). The announcement on February 11, 2015 con- cluded its review for downgrade initiated on November 6, 2014. The ratings of our U.S. and Australian mortgage insurance subsidiaries as well as Genworth Seguros de Credito a la Vivienda were not affected by this specific rating action. On November 6, 2014, S&P also announced that it had lowered the issuer credit and senior unsecured debt ratings on Genworth Holdings and lowered its financial strength ratings of our principal life insurance subsidiaries to “BBB+” from “A-,” in each case with a negative outlook, and had also low- ered its financial strength ratings of certain of our financing entities. As a result, because of their ratings approach linking ratings of affiliated companies, S&P also announced that it had lowered its financial strength ratings on our principal Cana- dian, Australian and European mortgage insurance subsidiaries lifestyle protection and placed its ratings of our principal insurance negative implications. On February 18, 2015, following our earnings announcement fourth quarter of 2014, S&P announced, among other things, its downgrade of the financial strength ratings of our principal life insurance subsidiaries to “BBB-” (Good) from “BBB+” (Good). S&P also announced the downgrade of the financial strength rating of our European mortgage insurance subsidiary to “BB-” (Marginal) from “BB+” (Marginal) due to the corporate guarantee from the parent. S&P affirmed the financial strength ratings of our Canadian, Australian and U.S. mortgage insurance and lifestyle protection insurance subsidiaries. credit-watch with subsidiaries the for on A.M. Best affirmed our life insurance subsidiaries ratings at “A” (Excellent) with stable outlook on November 6, 2014. However, on December 18, 2014, A.M. Best placed our life insurance subsidiaries under review with negative implications. On February 13, 2015, following our earnings announcement for the fourth quarter of 2014, A.M. Best announced its down- life insurance subsidiaries from “A” grade of our principal (Excellent) to “A-” (Excellent). S&P, Moody’s, A.M. Best, DBRS and Fitch review their ratings periodically and we cannot assure you that we will maintain our current ratings in the future. Other agencies may also rate our company or our insurance subsidiaries on a soli- cited or an unsolicited basis. We do not provide information to agencies issuing unsolicited ratings and we cannot ensure that any agencies that rate our company or our insurance sub- sidiaries on an unsolicited basis will continue to do so. For information on adverse credit rating actions related to Genworth Holdings, see “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Recent adverse rating agency actions have resulted in a loss of business Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 25 and adversely affected our results of operations, financial con- dition and business and future adverse rating actions could have a further and more significant adverse impact on us.” The following table sets forth our cash, cash equivalents and invested assets as of December 31: I N V E S T M E N T S Organization Our investment department includes asset management, portfolio management, derivatives, risk management, oper- ations, accounting and other functions. Under the direction of the investment committee and our Chief Investment Officer, it is responsible for managing the assets in our various portfolios, including establishing investment and derivatives policies and strategies, reviewing asset-liability management, performing asset allocation for our domestic subsidiaries and coordinating investment activities with our international subsidiaries. We use both internal and external asset managers to take advantage of expertise in particular asset classes or to leverage country-specific investing capabilities. We internally manage certain asset classes for our domestic insurance operations, including public corporate and municipal securities, structured securities, government securities, commercial mortgage loans, privately placed debt securities and derivatives. We utilize external asset managers primarily for our international portfo- lios and captive reinsurers, as well as select asset classes. Management of investments for our international operations is overseen by the investment committees reporting to the boards of directors of the applicable non-U.S. legal entities in con- sultation with our Chief Investment Officer. The majority of the assets in our lifestyle protection insurance business and European, Canadian and Australian mortgage insurance busi- nesses are managed by unaffiliated investment managers located in their respective countries. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, approximately 18% and 20%, respectively, of our invested assets were held by our international businesses and were invested primarily in non-U.S.-denominated securities. As of December 31, 2014, we had total cash, cash equiv- alents and invested assets of $78.2 billion. We manage our assets to meet diversification, credit quality, yield and liquidity requirements of our policy and contract liabilities by investing primarily in fixed maturity securities, including government, municipal and corporate bonds and mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities. We also hold mortgage loans on com- mercial real estate and other invested assets, which include derivatives, trading securities, limited partnerships and short- term investments. Investments for our particular insurance company subsidiaries are required to comply with our risk management requirements, as well as applicable laws and insurance regulations. (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities, available- for-sale: Public Private Commercial mortgage loans Other invested assets Policy loans Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities (1) Equity securities, available-for-sale Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities (1) Cash and cash equivalents Total cash, cash equivalents and 2014 2013 Carrying value % of total Carrying value % of total $46,636 15,811 6,100 2,296 1,501 60% $44,375 14,254 20 5,899 8 1,686 3 1,434 2 411 282 201 4,918 1 — — 6 391 341 233 4,214 61% 20 8 2 2 1 — — 6 invested assets $78,156 100% $72,827 100% (1) See note 18 to our consolidated financial statements under “Part II— Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. For a discussion of our see “Part II— Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Consolidated Balance Sheets.” investments, Our primary investment objective is to meet our obliga- tions to policyholders and contractholders while increasing value to our stockholders by investing in a diversified, high quality portfolio, comprising income producing securities and other assets. Our investment strategy focuses on: – managing interest rate risk, as appropriate, through monitor- relative to policyholder and con- ing asset durations tractholder obligations; – selecting assets based on fundamental, research-driven strat- egies; – emphasizing fixed-income, low-volatility assets while pursu- ing active strategies to enhance yield; – maintaining sufficient liquidity to meet unexpected financial obligations; – regularly evaluating our asset class mix and pursuing addi- tional investment classes; and – continuously monitoring asset quality and market conditions that could affect our assets. We are exposed to two primary sources of investment risk: – credit risk relating to the uncertainty associated with the continued ability of a given issuer to make timely payments of principal and interest and – interest rate risk relating to the market price and cash flow variability associated with changes in market interest rates. 26 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K We manage credit risk by analyzing issuers, transaction structures and any associated collateral. We continually eval- uate the probability of credit default and estimated loss in the event of such a default, which provides us with early notifica- tion of worsening credits. We also manage credit risk through industry and issuer diversification and asset allocation practi- ces. For commercial mortgage loans, we manage credit risk through property type, geographic region and product type diversification and asset allocation. We manage interest rate risk by monitoring the relation- ship between the duration of our assets and the duration of our liabilities, seeking to manage interest rate risk in both ris- ing and falling interest rate environments, and by utilizing various derivative strategies. For further information on our management of interest rate risk, see “Part II—Item 7A— Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” Fixed maturity securities Fixed maturity securities, which were primarily classified as available-for-sale, including tax-exempt bonds, consisted principally of publicly traded and privately placed debt secu- rities, and represented 80% and 81%, respectively, of total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets as of December 31, 2014 and 2013. We invest in privately placed fixed maturity securities to increase diversification and obtain higher yields than can ordi- narily be obtained with comparable public market securities. Generally, private placements provide us with protective cove- nants, call protection features and, where applicable, a higher level of collateral. However, our private placements are gen- erally not as freely transferable as public securities because of restrictions imposed by federal and state securities laws, the terms of the securities and the characteristics of the private market. The following table presents our public, private and total fixed maturity securities by the Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (“NRSRO”) designations and/or equivalent ratings, as well as the percentage, based upon fair value, that each designation comprises. Certain fixed maturity securities that are not rated by an NRSRO are shown based upon internally prepared credit evaluations. (Amounts in millions) NRSRO designation Public fixed maturity securities AAA AA A BBB BB B CCC and lower Total public fixed maturity securities Private fixed maturity securities AAA AA A BBB BB B CCC and lower Total private fixed maturity securities Total fixed maturity securities AAA AA A BBB BB B CCC and lower Total fixed maturity securities Genworth 2014 Form 10-K December 31, 2014 2013 Amortized cost Fair value % of total Amortized cost Fair value % of total $14,050 4,467 12,214 9,599 1,304 76 100 $41,810 $ 1,533 2,021 4,639 5,972 794 103 78 $15,140 $15,583 6,488 16,853 15,571 2,098 179 178 $56,950 $15,743 4,844 13,887 10,612 1,362 76 112 $46,636 $ 1,597 2,104 4,928 6,214 794 95 79 $15,811 $17,340 6,948 18,815 16,826 2,156 171 191 $62,447 34% 10 30 23 3 — — 100% 10% 14 31 39 5 1 — 100% 28% 11 30 27 4 — — 100% $14,724 4,531 11,621 10,164 1,114 121 115 $42,390 $ 1,464 1,536 4,217 5,832 711 61 98 $13,919 $16,188 6,067 15,838 15,996 1,825 182 213 $56,309 $15,148 4,627 12,488 10,720 1,148 132 112 $44,375 $ 1,483 1,570 4,331 5,984 736 56 94 $14,254 $16,631 6,197 16,819 16,704 1,884 188 206 $58,629 34% 11 28 24 3 — — 100% 11% 11 30 42 5 — 1 100% 28% 11 29 29 3 — — 100% 27 Based upon fair value, public fixed maturity securities represented 75% and 76%, respectively, of total fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2014 and 2013. Private fixed maturity securities represented 25% and 24%, respectively, of total fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2014 and 2013. We diversify our fixed maturity securities by security sec- tor. The following table sets forth the fair value of our fixed maturity securities by sector, as well as the percentage of the total fixed maturity securities holdings that each security sector comprised as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises Tax-exempt Government—non-U.S. U.S. corporate Corporate—non-U.S. Residential mortgage-backed Commercial mortgage-backed Other asset-backed 2014 2013 Fair value % of total Fair value % of total $ 6,000 362 2,106 27,200 15,132 5,240 2,702 3,705 10% $ 4,810 8% 1 3 44 24 8 4 6 295 — 4 43 26 9 5 5 2,146 25,035 15,071 5,225 2,898 3,149 Total fixed maturity securities $62,447 100% $58,629 100% The following table sets forth the major industry types that comprise our corporate bond holdings, based primarily on industry codes established in the Barclays Capital Aggregate Index, as well as the percentage of the total corporate bond holdings that each industry comprised as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Utilities and energy Finance and insurance Consumer—non-cyclical Technology and communications Industrial Capital goods Consumer—cyclical Transportation Other 2014 2013 Fair value % of total Fair value % of total $10,270 8,152 5,002 3,449 3,202 2,634 2,510 1,706 5,407 24% $ 9,510 7,719 19 4,863 12 3,183 8 2,862 8 2,533 6 2,353 6 1,600 4 5,483 13 24% 19 12 8 7 6 6 4 14 Total $42,332 100% $40,106 100% We diversify our corporate bond holdings by industry and issuer. As of December 31, 2014, our combined corporate bond holdings in the 10 issuers to which we had the greatest exposure were $2.3 billion, which was approximately 3% of our total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets. The exposure to the largest single issuer of corporate bonds held as of December 31, 2014 was $286 million, which was less than 1% of our total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets. We do not have material unhedged exposure to foreign currency risk in our invested assets of our U.S. operations. In our international insurance operations, both our assets and liabilities are generally denominated in local currencies. Further analysis related to our investments portfolio as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 is included under “Part II— Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Investment and Derivative Instruments.” Commercial mortgage loans and other invested assets Our mortgage loans are collateralized by commercial prop- erties, including multi-family residential buildings. Commercial mortgage loans are primarily stated at principal amounts out- standing, net of deferred expenses and allowance for loan loss. We diversify our commercial mortgage loans by both property type and geographic region. See note 4 to our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial State- ments and Supplementary Data” for additional information on distribution across property type and geographic region for commercial mortgage loans, as well as information on our interest in equity securities and other invested assets. Selected financial information regarding our other invested assets and derivative instruments as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 is included under “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Investment and Derivative Instruments.” R E G U L A T I O N Our businesses are subject to extensive regulation and supervision. General Our insurance operations are subject to a wide variety of laws and regulations. State insurance laws and regulations (“Insurance Laws”) regulate most aspects of our U.S. insurance businesses, and our U.S. insurers are regulated by the insurance departments of the states in which they are domiciled and licensed. Our non-U.S. insurance operations are principally regulated by insurance regulatory authorities in the jurisdictions in which they are domiciled. Our insurance products and busi- nesses also are affected by U.S. federal, state and local tax laws, and the tax laws of non-U.S. jurisdictions. Our securities oper- ations, including our insurance products that are regulated as securities, such as variable annuities and variable life insurance, also are subject to U.S. federal and state and non-U.S. securities laws and regulations. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), Industry Regulatory the Financial Authority (“FINRA”), state securities authorities and similar non-U.S. authorities regulate and supervise these products. The primary purpose of the Insurance Laws regulating our insurance businesses and their equivalents in the other coun- tries in which we operate, and the securities laws affecting our variable annuity products, variable life insurance products, registered FABNs and our broker/dealer, is to protect our poli- cyholders, contractholders and clients, not our stockholders. These laws and regulations are regularly re-examined and any 28 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K changes to these laws or new laws may be more restrictive or otherwise adversely affect our operations. Insurance and secu- rities regulatory authorities (including state law enforcement agencies and attorneys general or their non-U.S. equivalents) compliance with periodically make insurance, securities and other laws and regulations, and we cooperate with such inquiries and take corrective action when warranted. regarding inquiries Our distributors and institutional customers also operate in regulated environments. Changes in the regulations that affect their operations may affect our business relationships with them and their decision to distribute or purchase our sub- sidiaries’ products. In addition, the Insurance Laws of our U.S. insurers’ domiciliary jurisdictions and the equivalent laws in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and certain other jurisdictions in which we operate require that a person obtain the approval of the applicable insurance regulator prior to acquiring control, and in some cases prior to divesting its control, of an insurer. These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent an investment in or a change of control involving us, or one or more of our regulated sub- sidiaries, including transactions that our management and some or all of our stockholders might consider desirable. U.S. Insurance Regulation Our U.S. insurers are licensed and regulated in all juris- dictions in which they conduct insurance business. The extent of this regulation varies, but Insurance Laws generally govern the financial condition of insurers, including standards of sol- vency, types and concentrations of permissible investments, establishment for reinsurance and requirements of capital adequacy, and the business conduct of insurers, including marketing and sales practices and claims handling. In addition, Insurance Laws usually require the licensing of insurers and agents, and the approval of policy forms, related materials and the rates for certain lines of insurance. and maintenance of reserves, credit The Insurance Laws applicable to us or our U.S. insurers are described below. Our U.S. mortgage insurers are also sub- ject to additional Insurance Laws applicable specifically to mortgage “—Mortgage Insurance.” insurers discussed below under Insurance holding company regulation All U.S. jurisdictions in which our U.S. insurers conduct business have enacted legislation requiring each U.S. insurer (except captive insurers) in a holding company system to regis- ter with the insurance regulatory authority of its domiciliary regulatory authority various jurisdiction and furnish that the of, the information interrelationships and transactions among, companies within its holding company system that may materially affect the oper- ations, management or financial condition of the insurers within the system. These Insurance Laws regulate transactions concerning operations and these Insurance Laws between insurers and their affiliates, sometimes mandating prior notice to the regulator and/or regulatory approval. Gen- erally, transactions between an insurer and an affiliate be fair and reasonable, and that the insurer’s statutory surplus following such transaction be reasonable in relation to its outstanding liabilities and adequate to its financial needs. require that all As a holding company with no significant business oper- ations of our own, we depend on dividends or other dis- tributions from our subsidiaries as the principal source of cash to meet our obligations, including the payment of operating expenses, amounts we owe to GE under the Tax Matters Agreement and to our subsidiaries for tax sharing agreements and interest on, and repayment of principal of, any debt obliga- tions, among other things. Our U.S. insurers’ payment of divi- dends or other distributions is regulated by the Insurance Laws of their respective domiciliary states, and insurers may not pay an “extraordinary” dividend or distribution, or pay a dividend except out of earned surplus, without prior regulatory approval. In general, an “extraordinary” dividend or distribution is defined as a dividend or distribution that, together with other and distributions made within the preceding dividends 12 months, exceeds the greater (or, in some jurisdictions, the lesser) of: – 10% of the insurer’s statutory surplus as of the immediately prior year end or – the statutory net gain from the insurer’s operations (if a life insurer) or the statutory net income (if not a life insurer) during the prior calendar year. In addition, insurance regulators may prohibit the pay- ment of ordinary dividends or other payments by our insurers (such as a payment under a tax sharing agreement or for employment or other services) if they determine that such payment could be adverse to our policyholders or con- tractholders. The Insurance Laws require that a person obtain the appro- val of the insurance commissioner of an insurer’s domiciliary jurisdiction prior to acquiring control of such insurer. Control of an insurer is generally presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds with the power to vote, or holds proxies representing, 10% or more of the voting securities of the insurer or its ultimate parent entity. In considering an application to acquire control of an insurer, the insurance commissioner generally considers factors such as the experience, competence and financial strength of the applicant, the integrity of the applicant’s board of directors and executive officers, the acquirer’s plans for the management and operation of the insurer, and any anti-competitive results that may arise from the acquisition. Some states require a person seeking to acquire control of an insurer licensed but not domiciled in that state to make a filing prior to completing an acquisition if the acquirer and its affiliates and the target insurer and its affiliates have specified market shares in the same lines of insurance in that state. These provisions may not require acquisition appro- val but can lead to imposition of conditions on an acquisition that could delay or prevent its consummation. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 29 In December 2010, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (the “NAIC”) adopted significant changes to the insurance holding company act and regulations (the “NAIC Amendments”). The NAIC Amendments are designed to respond to perceived gaps in the regulation of insurance hold- ing company systems in the United States. One of the major changes is a requirement that an insurance holding company system’s ultimate controlling person submit annually to its lead state insurance regulator an “enterprise risk report” that identi- fies activities, circumstances or events involving one or more affiliates of an insurer that, if not remedied properly, are likely to have a material adverse effect upon the financial condition or liquidity of the insurer or its insurance holding company sys- tem as a whole. Other changes include requiring a controlling person to submit prior notice to its domiciliary insurance regu- lator of a divestiture of control, having detailed minimum requirements for cost sharing and management agreements between an insurer and its affiliates and expanding the agree- ments between an insurer and its affiliates to be filed with its domiciliary insurance regulator. The NAIC Amendments must be adopted by the individual state legislatures and insurance regulators in order to be effective. We expect most or all of the states will adopt them in whole or substantial part by January 2016. In 2012, the NAIC adopted the Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Model Act (the “ORSA Model Act”). The ORSA Model Act will require an insurance holding company system’s Chief Risk Officer to submit annu- ally to its lead state insurance regulator an Own Risk and Sol- vency Assessment (“ORSA”) Summary Report. The ORSA is a confidential internal assessment appropriate to the nature, scale and complexity of an insurer, conducted by that insurer of the material and relevant risks identified by the insurer associated with an insurer’s current business plan and the sufficiency of capital resources to support those risks. An insurer that is sub- ject to the ORSA requirements will be expected to: – regularly, no less than annually, conduct an ORSA to assess the adequacy of its risk management framework, and current and estimated projected future solvency position; – internally document the process and results of the assess- ment; and – provide a confidential high-level ORSA Summary Report annually to the lead state commissioner if the insurer is a member of an insurance group and, upon request, by the domiciliary state regulator. The ORSA Model Act must be adopted by the individual state legislatures and insurance regulators in order to be effec- tive in a particular state. In the states where the ORSA Model Act has been adopted, the ORSA Model Act’s requirements generally became effective on January 1, 2015. The NAIC recently has adopted new model laws and regu- lations as part of its Solvency Modernization Initiative. In November 2014, the NAIC adopted the Corporate Gover- nance Annual Disclosure Model Act and the Corporate Gover- nance Annual Disclosure Model Regulation (the “Corporate Governance Model Act and Regulation”), which would require insurers to disclose detailed information regarding their gover- nance practices. In December 2014, the NAIC adopted further amendments of the insurance holding company act and regu- lations (the “2014 NAIC Amendments”), which would author- ize U.S. regulators to, among other items, lead or participate in the group-wide supervision of certain international insurance groups. Both the Corporate Governance Model Act and Regu- lation and the 2014 NAIC Amendments must be adopted by individual state legislatures and insurance regulators in order to be effective in a particular state. During 2014, the NAIC also approved a new regulatory framework applicable to the use of captive insurers in con- nection with Regulation XXX and Regulation AXXX trans- actions. Among other things, the framework calls for more disclosure of an insurer’s use of captives in its statutory finan- cial statements, and narrows the types of assets permitted to back statutory reserves that are required to support the insurer’s future obligations. The NAIC has implemented the framework through a new actuarial guideline (“AG 48”), which requires the actuary of the ceding insurer that opines on the insurer’s reserves to issue a qualified opinion if the framework is not followed. The requirements of AG 48 became effective as of January 1, 2015 in all states, without any further action neces- sary by state legislatures or insurance regulators to implement it. The NAIC currently is developing a model regulation to be adopted by the states that is expected to contain the same sub- stantive provisions as the provisions of the adopted AG 48. We cannot predict the impact, if any, that the NAIC Amendments, the 2014 NAIC Amendments, compliance with the ORSA Model Act, the requirements of AG 48, and the Corporate Governance Model Act and Regulation will have on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Periodic reporting Our U.S. insurers must file reports, including detailed annual financial statements, with insurance regulatory author- ities in each jurisdiction in which they do business, and their operations and accounts are subject to periodic examination by such authorities. Policy forms Our U.S. insurers’ policy forms are subject to regulation in every U.S. jurisdiction in which they transact insurance busi- ness. In most U.S. jurisdictions, policy forms must be filed prior to their use, and in some U.S. jurisdictions, forms must be approved by insurance regulatory authorities prior to use. In our U.S. mortgage insurance business, partly in response to mandatory master policy changes issued by the GSEs, with the oversight of the Federal Housing Finance Agency (the “FHFA”), we have revised our master policy and related endorsements and they have been approved by the GSEs and filed as necessary in jurisdictions where we do busi- ness. Effective October 1, 2014, we issued a revised Master Policy to each of our actual and prospective insureds. The new 30 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Master Policy, among other things, adopted provisions sought for inclusion by the GSEs in every master policy in use in the industry. While these changes resulted in the modification of a significant number of terms and conditions from our prior policy, we do not believe use of the new Master Policy will have a material impact on the financial condition or results of oper- ations of our U.S. mortgage insurance business. Market conduct regulation The Insurance Laws of U.S. jurisdictions govern the mar- ketplace activities of insurers, affecting the form and content of disclosure to consumers, product illustrations, advertising, product replacement, sales and underwriting practices, and complaint and claims handling, and these provisions are gen- erally enforced through periodic market conduct examinations. Statutory examinations Insurance departments in U.S. jurisdictions conduct peri- odic detailed examinations of the books, records, accounts and business practices of domestic insurers. These examinations generally are conducted in cooperation with insurance depart- ments of two or three other states or jurisdictions representing each of the NAIC zones, under guidelines promulgated by the NAIC. Guaranty associations and similar arrangements Most jurisdictions in which our U.S. insurers are licensed require those insurers to participate in guaranty associations which pay contractual benefits owed under the policies of impaired or insolvent insurers. These associations levy assess- ments, up to prescribed limits, on each member insurer in a jurisdiction on the basis of the proportionate share of the pre- miums written by such insurer in the lines of business in which the impaired, insolvent or failed insurer is engaged. Some juris- dictions permit member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets. Aggregate assess- ments levied against our U.S. insurers were not material to our consolidated financial statements. Policy and contract reserve sufficiency analysis The Insurance Laws of their domiciliary jurisdictions require our U.S. life insurers to conduct annual analyses of the sufficiency of their life and health insurance and annuity reserves. Other jurisdictions where insurers are licensed may have certain reserve requirements that differ from those of their domiciliary jurisdictions. In each case, a qualified actuary must submit an opinion stating that the aggregate statutory reserves, when considered in light of the assets held with respect to such reserves, make good and sufficient provision for the insurer’s associated contractual obligations and related expenses. If such an opinion cannot be provided, the insurer must establish addi- tional reserves by transferring funds from surplus. Our U.S. life insurers submit these opinions annually to their insurance regu- latory authorities. Different reserve requirements exist for our U.S. mortgage “—Mortgage Insurance Regulation—State regulation—Reserves.” subsidiaries. See insurance Surplus and capital requirements Insurance regulators have the discretionary authority, in connection with maintaining the licensing of our U.S. insurers, to limit or restrict insurers from issuing new policies, or policies having a dollar value over certain thresholds, if, in the regu- lators’ judgment, the insurer is not maintaining a sufficient amount of surplus or is in a hazardous financial condition. We seek to maintain new business and capital management strat- egies to support meeting related regulatory requirements. Risk-based capital The NAIC has established risk-based capital (“RBC”) standards for U.S. life insurers, as well as a risk-based capital model act (“RBC Model Act”). All 50 states and the District of Columbia have adopted the RBC Model Act or a substantially similar law or regulation. The RBC Model Act requires that life insurers annually submit a report to state regulators regarding their RBC based upon four categories of risk: asset risk, insurance risk, interest rate and market risk, and business risk. The capital requirement for each is generally determined by applying factors which vary based upon the degree of risk to various asset, premium and reserve items. The formula is an early warning tool to identify possible weakly capitalized companies for purposes of initiating further regulatory action. If an insurer’s RBC fell below specified levels, it would be subject to different degrees of regulatory action depending upon the level, ranging from requiring the insurer to propose actions to correct the capital deficiency to placing the insurer under regulatory control. As of December 31, 2014, the RBC of each of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries exceeded the level of RBC that would require any of them to take or become subject to any corrective action. The consolidated RBC ratio of our U.S. domiciled life insurance subsidiaries was approx- imately 435% and 485% of the company action level as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Statutory accounting principles U.S. insurance regulators developed statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) as a basis of accounting used to monitor and regulate the solvency of insurers. Since insurance regulators are primarily concerned with ensuring an insurer’s ability to pay its current and future obligations statutory accounting conservatively values the assets and liabilities of insurers, generally in accordance with standards specified by the insurer’s domiciliary jurisdiction. Uniform statutory accounting practices are established by the NAIC and are generally adopted by regulators in the various U.S. jurisdictions. to policyholders, Due to differences in methodology between SAP and U.S. GAAP, the values for assets, liabilities and equity reflected in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP are materially different from those reflected in financial state- ments prepared under SAP. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 31 Regulation of investments Each of our U.S. insurers is subject to Insurance Laws that require diversification of its investment portfolio and which limit the proportion of investments in different asset categories. Assets invested contrary to such regulatory limitations must be treated as non-admitted assets for purposes of measuring sur- plus, and, in some instances, regulations require divestiture of such non-complying investments. We believe the investments made by our U.S. insurers comply with these Insurance Laws. Federal regulation of insurance products Most of our variable annuity products, some of our fixed guaranteed products, and all of our variable life insurance products, as well as our FABNs issued as part of our registered notes program are “securities” within the meaning of federal and state securities laws, are registered under the Securities Act of 1933 and are subject to regulation by the SEC. See “—Other Laws and Regulations—Securities regulation.” These products may also be indirectly regulated by FINRA as a result of FINRA’s regulation of broker/dealers and may be regulated by state securities authorities. Federal and state securities regu- lation similar to that discussed below under “—Other Laws and Regulations—Securities investment advice and sales and related activities with respect to these products. U.S. mortgage products and insurers are also subject regulation discussed below under “—Mortgage to federal Insurance.” In addition, although the federal government does not comprehensively regulate the business of insurance, federal legislation and administrative policies in several areas, including taxation, financial services regulation, and pension and welfare benefits regulation, can also significantly affect the insurance industry. regulation” affects Dodd-Frank Act and other federal initiatives including limitations on antitrust Although the federal government generally does not directly regulate the insurance business, federal initiatives often, and increasingly, have an impact on the business in a variety of tax ways, incentives for lifetime annuity payouts, simplification bills affecting tax-advantaged or tax-exempt savings and retirement vehicles, and proposals to modify the estate tax. In addition, various forms of direct federal regulation of insurance have been proposed in recent years. immunity, In July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) was enacted and signed into law. The Dodd-Frank Act made extensive changes to the laws regulating financial services firms and requires various federal agencies to adopt a broad range of new implementing rules and regulations, many of which have taken effect. Federal agencies were given significant discretion in drafting the rules and regulations to implement the Dodd- Frank Act. In addition, this legislation mandated multiple stud- ies and reports for Congress, which could in some cases result in additional legislative or regulatory action. Among other provisions, the Dodd-Frank Act provides for a new framework of regulation of over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives markets which requires us to clear certain types of derivative transactions through clearing organizations. We are subject to the clearing requirement which requires us to post highly liquid securities as initial margin and have cash available to meet daily variation margin demands for most of our new interest rate derivative transactions. The need for initial and variation margin requires us to hold additional liquid, lower- yielding securities as well as cash in our investment portfolio. In addition, over time, we will experience additional collateral requirements for derivative transactions that are not required to be cleared. Certain of our derivative transactions are required to be traded on swap execution facilities, regulated platforms for swap trading. Our derivatives activity is subject to greater transparency due to heightened reporting requirements. As a result of all of these changes which could make trading derivatives more expensive and difficult to execute, we may have to alter or limit the way we use derivatives in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. The Dodd-Frank Act also requires many of our swap trad- ing counterparties to register as OTC derivatives dealers. OTC derivatives dealers will be subject to provisions of the Dodd- Frank Act regarding minimum capital and margin posting and collection requirements. OTC derivatives dealers will also be subject to new business conduct standards, disclosure require- ments, reporting and recordkeeping requirements, transparency requirements, position limits, limitations on conflicts of inter- est, and other regulatory burdens (some of which are already in effect). These requirements may increase the overall costs for OTC derivative dealers, which are likely to be passed along, at least partially, to market participants in the form of higher fees or less advantageous dealer marks. Such additional obligations on dealers may make it more difficult and costly for us to enter into certain transactions. They may also render certain of our investment strategies impossible or so costly that they will no longer be economical to implement. In the case of our U.S. mortgage insurance business, the Dodd-Frank Act requires lenders to retain some of the risk associated with mortgage loans that they sell or securitize, unless the mortgage loans are “Qualified Residential Mort- gages” or unless the securitization or security is partially or fully exempted. Under regulations promulgated pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, loans which meet the definition of “Qualified Mortgages” are also eligible as Qualified Residential Mortgages. The legislation and regulations also prohibit a creditor from making a residential mortgage loan unless the creditor makes a reasonable and good faith determination that, at the time the loan is consummated, the consumer has a reasonable ability to repay the loan. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act created the CFPB, which regulates certain aspects of the offering and provision of consumer financial products or services but not the business of In January 2014, CFPB rules implementing the ability-to-repay and Qualified Mortgage insurance. 32 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K standards contained in the Dodd-Frank Act went into effect. The rules set requirements for how mortgage lenders can demonstrate that they have effectively considered the consum- er’s ability to repay a mortgage loan, establish when a mortgage may be classified as a Qualified Mortgage and determine when a lender is eligible for a safe harbor as a presumption that the lender has complied with the ability-to-repay requirements. We expect the rules to have a positive impact on the credit quality of mortgage loans which may benefit our delinquency rates but the rule may have the negative impact of reducing the number of loans originated and therefore available for the mortgage insurance market. The CFPB may issue additional rules or regulations that affect our U.S. mortgage insurance business and may assert jurisdiction over regulatory or enforcement matters in lieu of or in addition to the existing jurisdiction of other federal or state agencies. The Dodd-Frank Act also establishes a Financial Stability Oversight Council (“FSOC”), which is authorized to subject non-bank financial companies, which may include insurance companies, deemed systemically significant to stricter pruden- tial standards and other requirements and to subject such companies to a special orderly liquidation process outside the federal Bankruptcy Code, administered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. FSOC has adopted final rules for evaluating whether a non-bank financial company should be designated as systemically significant. We have not currently been designated as systemically significant by FSOC but this determination could change in the future. Insurance company subsidiaries of systemically significant companies would remain subject to liquidation and rehabilitation proceedings under state law, although the FSOC is authorized to direct that such a proceeding be commenced against the insurer under state law. Systemically significant companies are also required to prepare resolution plans, so-called “living wills,” that set out how they could most efficiently be liquidated if they endangered the U.S. financial system or the broader economy. Insurance companies that are found to be systemically significant are permitted, in some circumstances, to submit abbreviated versions of such plans. Existing and proposed rules regarding heightened for systemically significant companies prudential standards would impose new capital, liquidity, counterparty credit exposure and governance standards, and they would also sub- ject such companies to restrictions on their activities and man- agement if they appear to be at risk of liquidation. There are no exceptions for insurance companies in these regulations, except that in establishing minimum capital requirements for holding companies on a consolidated basis, the Federal Reserve is not required to include insurance activities that are regulated as insurance at the state level, and is expected to develop and adopt rules on capital standards for insurance companies. FSOC’s potential recommendation of measures to address sys- temic financial risk could affect our insurance operations as could a future determination that we or our counterparties are systemically significant. The Dodd-Frank Act establishes a Federal Insurance Office (“FIO”) within the Department of the Treasury. While not having a general supervisory or regulatory authority over the business of insurance, the director of this office will per- form various functions with respect to insurance, including serving as a non-voting member of the FSOC and making recommendations to the FSOC regarding insurers to be des- ignated for more stringent regulation. In December 2013, FIO issued a report on alternatives to modernize and improve the system of insurance regulation in the United States, including by increasing national uniformity through either a federal char- ter or effective action by the states, in particular recommending for mortgage federal insurers. If adopted, we cannot predict what effect, if any, such standards and regulations may have on our U.S. mortgage insurance business. Further, in December 2014, FIO delivered its report to Congress describing the global reinsurance market and its critical role in supporting the U.S. insurance system. standards and oversight regulations The Dodd-Frank Act imposes new restrictions on the sponsorship of and investment in private equity funds and hedge funds by companies that are affiliated with an insured depository institution. While we are not affiliated with such an institution or with anyone who is, these restrictions may affect the value and salability of any interest we may have in such funds. A Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities Working Group was formed in 2012 under President Obama’s Financial Fraud Enforcement Task Force to investigate misconduct con- tributing to the financial crisis through the pooling and sale of residential mortgage-backed securities. The principal focus of this Working Group has been directed at enforcement actions against issuers and servicers of mortgage-backed securities. As the activities of this Working Group are ongoing, we cannot predict what impact, if any, this Working Group may have on the mortgage insurance industry in general and our business in particular. We cannot predict the requirements of all of the regu- lations adopted under the Dodd-Frank Act, the effect such legislation or regulations will have on financial markets gen- erally, or on our businesses specifically, the additional costs associated with compliance with such regulations or legislation, or any changes to our operations that may be necessary to comply with the Dodd-Frank Act and the regulations there- under, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial con- dition. We also cannot predict whether other federal initiatives will be adopted or what impact, if any, such initiatives, if adopted as laws, may have on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Changes in tax laws In December 2014, the President signed the 2014 Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2014 which provided one year retroactive extensions through December 31, 2014 of certain tax benefits to individuals and businesses. Included in the Act Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 33 was a one-year extension allowing taxpayers whose mortgage debt was forgiven in 2014 to exclude the debt forgiveness from taxable income. Also included in the Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2014 was a provision to allow mortgage insurance pre- miums as deductible interest for 2014. It is unclear at this time whether these provisions will be extended past 2014 in future legislation. However, we believe that the impact on our U.S. mortgage insurance products will be immaterial regardless of whether or not the provisions are further extended. In November 2014, the American Business Competitive Act of 2014 was introduced. In general, if enacted, the Ameri- can Business Competitive Act of 2014 would reduce the corpo- rate tax rate to 25% over 10 years while eliminating certain tax credits and deductions for all businesses. In December 2014, the Republican Staff of the Committee on Finance of the U.S. Senate produced a white paper entitled “Comprehensive Tax Reform for 2015 and Beyond.” Five bipartisan working groups were created to make recommendations for tax reform. At this time, it is unknown what shape either of these legislative ini- tiatives might take and how any final legislation might affect us and our policyholders. However, if there is final legislation that adopts certain proposals that were previously made regarding taxation of insurance products and insurance companies, it could have a negative effect on the attractiveness of our prod- ucts. U.K. Insurance Regulation General Insurance and reinsurance businesses in the United King- dom are authorized by the Prudential Regulatory Authority (“PRA”), and regulated by the PRA and the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”). The PRA is responsible for prudential regulation of banks and insurers, building societies, credit unions and major investment firms, while the FCA is respon- sible for the conduct of business regulation and the wholesale and retail markets and the authorization of other financial serv- ices businesses. The PRA has authorized certain of our U.K. subsidiaries to effect and carry out contracts of insurance in the United Kingdom. Insurers authorized by the PRA in the United Kingdom are generally able to operate throughout the European Union, subject to satisfying certain PRA and FCA requirements and, in some cases, additional local regulatory provisions. Certain of our U.K. subsidiaries operate in other European Union member states through establishment of branch offices. Supervision The PRA has adopted a risk-based approach to the super- vision of insurers whereby it periodically performs a formal risk assessment of insurance companies or groups conducting busi- ness in the United Kingdom. After each risk assessment, the PRA will inform the insurer of its views on the insurer’s risk profile, including details of remedial action the PRA requires and the likely consequences of not taking such actions. The FCA also supervises the management of insurance companies through the “approved persons” regime, which requires insurance companies to obtain FCA approval for any person who performs certain specified “controlled functions” for or in relation to a regulated entity. In addition, the FCA supervises the sale of general insurance, including certain lifestyle protection and mortgage insurance products. Under FCA rules, persons involved in the sale of general insurance (including insurers and distributors) are prohibited from offering or accepting any inducement in connection with the sale of general insurance that is likely to conflict materially with their duties to insureds. Although the rules do not generally require disclosure of broker compensa- tion, the insurer or distributor must disclose broker compensa- tion at the insured’s request. The PRA and FCA were created in April 2013, replacing the Financial Services Authority which previously regulated both prudential and conduct of business matters. Solvency requirements Under PRA rules, insurers must maintain a minimum amount of capital resources for solvency purposes at all times, the calculation of which depends on the type of risk insured, amount of premiums received, and the type, amount and claims history of the insurer. Failure to maintain the required minimum amount of capital resources is one of the grounds on which the PRA may exercise its wide powers of intervention. In addition, an insurer that is part of a group is required to per- form and submit to the PRA a capital resources calculation return in respect of the following: – The solvency capital resources available to the U.K. insurer’s European group defined by reference to the U.K. insurer’s ultimate parent company domiciled in the European Eco- nomic Area. – The solvency capital resources available to the U.K. insurer’s worldwide group defined by reference to the U.K. insurer’s ultimate parent company domiciled outside the European Economic Area. This is only a reporting requirement requirement. Further, a U.K. insurer is required to report in its annual returns to the PRA all material related party transactions (e.g., intra-group reinsurance, whose value is more than 5% of the insurer’s general insurance business amount). There will be fundamental changes to the existing solvency capital regime for all insurers and reinsurers operating in Europe as a result of the implementation of the Solvency II directive. Currently, it is expected to become effective on Jan- uary 1, 2016. At this stage, it is not possible to predict the impact these changes will have on our operations. Restrictions on dividend payments The U.K. Companies Act 2006 prohibits U.K. companies from making a distribution such as a dividend to their stock- holders unless they have “profits available for distribution,” the determination of which is based on the company’s audited accumulated realized profits (so far as not previously utilized by 34 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K distribution) less its accumulated realized losses (so far as not previously written off). In addition, our European mortgage insurance and our lifestyle protection insurance businesses, both of which are regulated by the PRA, have committed to the PRA that they will obtain the prior consent of the PRA before taking any management action that has the effect of extracting capital to any company that is directly or indirectly held or controlled by Genworth Financial through either a dividend, return of capital, preference share, loan or otherwise. Intervention and enforcement The PRA and FCA have extensive powers to intervene in the affairs of an insurer or authorized person and have the power, among other things, to enforce and take disciplinary measures in respect of breaches of their respective rules. Such powers include the power to vary or withdraw any author- izations. Furthermore, a new feature of regulation of U.K. insurance companies was introduced in April 2013 when the Financial Services Act 2012 came into effect. This has created new powers for the FCA, PRA and the Bank of England to impose requirements on U.K. parent companies of certain regulated firms. The powers allow the regulators to: (i) direct qualifying parent undertakings to comply with specific requirements; (ii) take enforcement action against qualifying parent undertakings if those directions are breached; and (iii) gather information from qualifying parent undertakings. For example, if an authorized firm is in crisis, the new powers may allow a regulator to direct a parent company to provide that firm with capital or liquidity necessary to improve the position of the firm. The definition of “qualifying parent undertakings” could allow the regulators to exercise these powers against an intermediate U.K. parent company of an insurer that is not at the head of the ownership chain. How the FCA, PRA and Bank of England will exercise these powers over unregulated holding companies is currently uncertain but the FCA, PRA and HM Treasury have indicated that they will be used rarely and only where the other regulatory tools available to a regulator are ineffective. Bermuda Insurance Regulation The Bermuda Monetary Authority (the “BMA”) regulates all financial institutions operating in or from Bermuda, includ- ing our Bermudian captive insurance companies. Specific regu- lation varies in Bermuda depending on whether the insurance company has been granted a long-term business license or a general business license and by the class under which each company falls within such licenses. Regardless of license or class, all companies are required to maintain minimum capital and surplus levels and minimum solvency standards and are subject to auditing and reporting requirements. Under Bermuda’s Insurance Act 1978, in addition to the ability to pay dividends from retained earnings subject to cer- tain procedures and compliance with applicable financial mar- gins, Bermuda insurance companies may distribute up to 15% of their total paid-in or contributed capital without the prior approval of the BMA. Insurance companies may apply to the BMA to make distributions in excess of such level. In recent years, the BMA has adopted new solvency regu- lations and certain other regulations to enhance its governance and disclosure requirements for insurance companies. The BMA has indicated that such requirements have been proposed in order for Bermuda to achieve consistency with changes being developed by other leading insurance regulators worldwide, and in so doing achieve equivalence with the Solvency II direc- tive. Each of our Bermudian captive insurance companies meet or exceed the new minimum solvency requirements that have been adopted in Bermuda. The BMA continues to refine and adopt various regulations enhancing its governance and dis- closure requirements, which requirements have not had a mate- rial effect on our Bermudian captive insurance companies’ business, financial condition or results of operations. However, the BMA continues to propose revisions to its solvency, gover- nance and reporting regulations and we cannot be certain of the impact these revisions may have on our Bermudian captive insurance companies or the impact, if any, on our business, financial condition or results of operations. The BMA’s efforts to adopt these revisions are generally proceeding independently of the implementation timeline of the Solvency II directive in Europe. Mortgage Insurance Regulation State regulation General Mortgage insurers generally are limited by Insurance Laws to directly writing only mortgage insurance business to the exclusion of other types of insurance. Mortgage insurers are not subject to the NAIC’s RBC requirements but certain states and other regulators impose another form of capital requirement on mortgage insurers requiring maintenance of a risk-to-capital to exceed 25:1. Genworth Mortgage Insurance ratio not Corporation (“GMICO”), our primary U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiary, had a risk-to-capital ratio of 14.3:1 and 19.3:1 as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. If one of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries that is writing business in a particular state fails to maintain that state’s required minimum capital level, we would generally be required to stop writing new business immediately in the state until the insurer re-establishes the required regulatory level of capital or receives a waiver of such requirement from the state’s insurance regulator or, alternatively, until we establish an alternative source of underwriting capacity such as an affiliated insurer which meets state regulatory capital-related requirements and has been approved as an eligible mortgage guaranty insurer by the GSEs. Historically, when our U.S. mortgage insurance sub- sidiaries have exceeded the maximum state regulatory risk-to- capital ratio of 25:1, they have operated pursuant to regulatory forbearance (typically in the form of a waiver or the regulatory instead operated through affiliated equivalent thereof) or Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 35 to specified conditions). While it insurers that met applicable state regulatory requirements and where we had obtained GSE approval of the affiliates as eligible insurers (subject is our expectation that our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries will continue to meet their regulatory capital requirements, should GMICO in the future exceed required risk-to-capital levels, we would pursue required regulatory and GSE forbearance and approvals or pursue approval for the utilization of alternative insurance vehicles. However, there can be no assurance if, and on what such forbearance and approvals may be obtained. terms, capital standards, and risk-based During 2012, the NAIC established a Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Working Group (the “MGIWG”) to determine and make recommendations to the NAIC’s Financial Condition Committee as to what, if any, changes to make to the solvency and other regulations relating to mortgage guaranty insurers. During 2014, the MGIWG published a revised draft of the previously proposed amendments of the NAIC’s Mortgage Guaranty Insurers Model Act (the “MGI Model”) and solicited comments on these revised proposed amendments. The pro- posed amendments of the MGI Model relate to, among other things: (i) capital and reserve standards, including increased requirements, mortgage minimum capital surplus guaranty-specific dividend restrictions and contingency and premium deficiency reserves; (ii) limitations on the geographic concentration of mortgage guaranty risk, including state-based limitations; (iii) restrictions on mortgage insurers’ investments in notes secured by mort- gages; (iv) prudent underwriting standards and formal under- writing guidelines to be approved by the insurer’s board; (v) the establishment of formal, internal “Mortgage Guaranty Quality Control Programs” with respect in-force business; (vi) prohibitions on reinsurance with bank captive reinsurers; and (vii) incorporation of an NAIC “Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Standards Manual.” At this time we cannot predict the outcome of this process, the effect changes, if any, will have on the mortgage guaranty insurance market generally, or on our businesses specifically, the additional costs associated with compliance with any such changes, or any changes to our oper- ations that may be necessary to comply, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of oper- ations, cash flows or financial condition. We also cannot pre- dict whether other regulatory initiatives will be adopted or what impact, if any, such initiatives, if adopted as laws, may have on our business, financial condition or results of operations. to Reserves Insurance Laws require our U.S. mortgage insurers to estab- lish a special statutory contingency reserve in their statutory financial statements to provide for losses in the event of sig- nificant economic declines. Annual additions to the statutory contingency reserve must equal 50% of net earned premiums as defined by Insurance Laws. These contingency reserves gen- erally are held until the earlier of (i) the time that loss ratios exceed 35% or (ii) 10 years, although regulators have granted discretionary releases from time to time. This reserve reduces the policyholder surplus of our U.S. mortgage insurers, and therefore, their ability to pay dividends to us. Since the loss ratio of our U.S. mortgage insurers exceeded 35% in 2014, the regulator granted us approval to release a portion of the stat- utory contingency reserve in accordance with prescribed Insurance Laws. As a result, the statutory contingency reserve for our U.S. mortgage insurers was approximately $193 million as of December 31, 2014. Federal regulation In addition to federal laws directly applicable to mortgage insurers, the laws and regulations applicable to mortgage origi- nators and lenders, purchasers of mortgage loans such as Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, and governmental insurers such as the FHA and VA indirectly affect mortgage insurers. For example, changes in federal housing legislation and other laws and regu- lations that affect the demand for private mortgage insurance may have a material effect on private mortgage insurers. Legis- lation or regulation that increases the number of people eligible for FHA or VA mortgages could have a materially adverse effect on our ability to compete with the FHA or VA. The Homeowners Protection Act provides for the auto- matic termination, or cancellation upon a borrower’s request, of private mortgage insurance upon satisfaction of certain con- ditions. The Homeowners Protection Act applies to owner- occupied residential mortgage loans regardless of lien priority and to borrower-paid mortgage insurance closed after July 29, 1999. FHA loans are not covered by the Homeowners Pro- tection Act. Under the Homeowners Protection Act, automatic termination of mortgage insurance would generally occur once the loan-to-value ratio reaches 78%. A borrower generally may request cancellation of mortgage insurance once the actual payments reduce the loan balance to 80% of the home’s origi- nal value. For borrower-initiated cancellation of mortgage insurance, the borrower must have a “good payment history” as defined by the Homeowners Protection Act. The Real Estate Settlement and Procedures Act of 1974 (“RESPA”) applies to most residential mortgages insured by private mortgage insurers. Mortgage insurance has been considered in some cases to be a “settlement service” for pur- poses of loans subject to RESPA. Subject to limited exceptions, RESPA precludes us from providing services to mortgage lend- ers free of charge, charging fees for services that are lower than their reasonable or fair market value, and paying fees for serv- ices that others provide that are higher than their reasonable or fair market value. In addition, RESPA prohibits persons from giving or accepting any portion or percentage of a charge for a real estate settlement service, other than for services actually performed. Although many states prohibit mortgage insurers from giving rebates, RESPA has been interpreted to cover many non-fee services as well. Mortgage insurers and their customers are subject to the possible sanctions of this law, which may be enforced by the CFPB, state insurance departments, state attorneys general and other enforcement authorities. 36 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The Equal Credit Opportunity Act (“ECOA”) and the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”) also affect the business of mortgage insurance in various ways. ECOA, for example, pro- hibits discrimination against certain protected classes in credit transactions. FCRA governs the access and use of consumer credit information in credit transactions and requires notices to consumers in certain circumstances. Most originators of mortgage loans are required to collect and report data relating to a mortgage loan applicant’s race, nationality, gender, marital status and census tract to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Admin- istration or the Federal Reserve under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975 (“HMDA”). The purpose of HMDA is to detect possible impermissible discrimination in home lend- ing and, through disclosure, to discourage such discrimination. Mortgage insurers are not required to report HMDA data although, under the laws of several states, mortgage insurers currently are prohibited from discriminating on the basis of certain classifications. Mortgage insurers, through the U.S. Mortgage Insurers Trade Association, voluntarily submit to the Federal Financial Institutions Examinations Council data on loans submitted for insurance like that required for most mort- gage lenders under HMDA. of The North Carolina Department Insurance’s (“NCDOI”) current regulatory framework by which GMICO’s risk-to-capital ratio is calculated differs from the draft capital requirement methodology intended to be effective under the new PMIERs released publicly on July 10, 2014 by the FHFA. These requirements, as currently drafted, contemplate an effec- tive date for compliance 180 days after the final publication date and final publication currently is anticipated to be on or about the end of the first quarter of 2015. In addition, the guidelines permit a transition period, subject to GSE approval, of two years from the publication date to meet the required capital levels. We provided comments on September 8, 2014 pursuant to the public request for input and we will continue to work with the FHFA and GSEs in an effort to have appro- priate refinements made before the new guidelines are finalized. We previously disclosed our estimates of the additional capital required to meet the revised draft PMIERs in their cur- rent form and operate our business as being between $500 mil- lion and $700 million as of the date the new requirements are anticipated to become effective. Our estimate is based on the revised draft PMIERs, as we understand them, and is subject to change. In this regard, the amount of additional capital that will be required to meet the Net Asset Requirements, as defined in the revised draft PMIERs, and operate our business is dependent upon, among other things, (i) the extent the final PMIERs as ultimately adopted differ materially from the cur- rent draft, including with respect to the amount and timing of additional capital requirements and the amount of capital credit provided to various types of assets; (ii) the way the requirements are applied and interpreted by the GSEs and FHFA as and after they are implemented; (iii) the future per- formance of the U.S. housing market; (iv) our generating and having expected U.S. mortgage insurance business earnings, available assets and risk-based required assets (including as they relate to the value of the shares of our Canadian mortgage insurance subsidiary that are owned by our U.S. mortgage insurance business as a result of share price and foreign exchange movements or otherwise), reducing risk in-force and reducing delinquencies as anticipated, and writing anticipated amounts and types of new U.S. mortgage insurance business; and (v) our projected overall financial performance, capital and liquidity levels being as anticipated. As a result, the amount of required capital may vary significantly from the amounts cur- rently anticipated. We currently believe we have a variety of sources we could utilize to satisfy these capital requirements, and currently intend to utilize primarily reinsurance (or similar) transactions, together with cash available at the holding company, to satisfy them. Our use of reinsurance or similar transactions depends upon, among other things, the availability of the markets for these transactions, the costs and other terms of reinsurance or the other transactions, the GSEs’ approach to, and the capital treatment for, these reinsurance or the other transactions, the performance of the U.S. mortgage insurance business, and the absence of unforeseen developments. Another potential capital source includes, but is not limited to, the issuance of securities by Genworth Financial or Genworth Holdings. We currently intend that our U.S. mortgage insurance business will meet the additional capital requirements con- tained in the revised draft PMIERs by the anticipated effective date. We will seek to utilize the transition period provided for in the draft guidelines if we do not comply by the anticipated effective date (subject to GSE approval). In September 2014, we received a letter from Fannie Mae in conjunction with the revised draft PMIERs to supplement the existing MI Eligibility Standards. In that letter, our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries and other mortgage insurers in the U.S. mortgage insurance industry are required to, among other things, adhere to specified conditions beyond those con- tained in the MI Eligibility Standards as set forth in the letter. These new regulatory measures are expected to remain in effect until the PMIERs are finalized and effective. In particular, Fannie Mae is requiring our U.S. mortgage insurance sub- sidiaries to obtain their written approval prior to taking any of the following actions: – Enter into any new or alter any existing capital support agree- ment, assumption of liabilities, or guaranty agreement (except for contractual agreements in the normal course of business); – Enter into any new arrangements or alter any existing arrangements under lease, tax-sharing, and intercompany expense-sharing agreements; – Make any investment, contribution, or loan to any affiliates, subsidiaries or non-affiliated entities; – Pay dividends to its affiliates or its holding company; – Enter into any new risk novation or commutation trans- action; Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 37 – Incur or assume an obligation or indebtedness, contingent or otherwise, including, without limitation, an obligation to provide additional insurance, or related service or product, or to provide remedy to an obligation of a subsidiary; – Permit a material change in, or acquisition of, control or beneficial ownership (deemed to occur if any person or entity or group of persons or entities acquires or seeks to acquire 10% or more of the voting securities or securities convertible into voting securities); – Make changes to its corporate or legal structure; – Transfer or otherwise shift its assets, risk, or liabilities to any subdivision, segment, or segregated or separate account or a U.S. mortgage insurance affiliate or subsidiary; – Assume any material risk other than directly providing mort- gage guaranty insurance; – Provide capital, capital support, or financial guaranty to any U.S. mortgage insurance affiliate or subsidiary that is either an approved insurer or an exclusive affiliated reinsurer; – Enter into any new or alter any existing reinsurance or risk sharing transaction; and – With respect to lender captive reinsurance arrangements: – Allow lender captive reinsurance providers to pay divi- dends or distribute funds to the parent or affiliates of the lender captive reinsurer in amounts greater than permitted by the lender captive reinsurance contract; – Effect a material or economically adverse alteration or amendment to a lender captive reinsurance contract; and – Terminate any lender captive reinsurance contract unless it would receive at least 80% of the value of assets in the captive trust. While we currently do not believe that these new regu- latory measures imposed by Fannie Mae will have a material adverse impact on our financial condition or results of oper- ations, we continue to assess the potential impact, if any, that these new regulatory measures may have on our U.S. mortgage insurance business. International regulation Canada The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (“OSFI”) provides oversight to all federally incorporated finan- cial institutions, including our Canadian mortgage insurance companies, which are indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries of Genworth Canada. In June 2012, OSFI was given oversight responsibility for CMHC, our main competitor. OSFI does not have enforcement powers over market conduct issues in the insurance industry, which are a provincial responsibility. The Bank Act, Insurance Companies Act and Trust and Loan Companies Act prohibit Canadian banks, trust companies and insurers from extending mortgage loans where the loan value exceeds 80% of the property’s value, unless mortgage insurance is obtained in connection with the loan. As a result, all mort- gages issued by these financial institutions with a loan-to-value ratio exceeding 80% must be insured by a qualified insurer or CMHC. Legislation became effective in Canada in 2010 that, among other things, amended these statutes to prohibit such institutions from charging borrowers amounts for financial mortgage insurance that exceed the lender’s actual costs and impose disclosure obligations in respect of mortgage insurance. PRMHIA came into force on January 1, 2013 and termi- nates our pre-existing guarantee agreement with the govern- ment. Under PRMHIA, the Canadian government guarantees the benefits payable under mortgage insurance policies, less 10% of the original principal amount of an insured loan, in the event that we fail to make claim payments with respect to that loan because of insolvency. We pay the Canadian government a risk fee for this guarantee. Because banks are not required to maintain regulatory capital on an asset backed by a sovereign guarantee, our 90% sovereign guarantee permits lenders pur- chasing our mortgage insurance to reduce their regulatory capi- tal charges for credit risks on mortgages by 90%. As a result of the elimination of the guarantee fund, we are required to hold higher regulatory capital under PRMHIA and the Insurance Companies Act of Canada. However, the increase in required capital was predominantly offset by the increase in available capital that results from the guarantee fund assets reverting back to us. On November 6, 2014, OSFI published the final B-21 Residential Mortgage Insurance Underwriting Practices and Procedures Guideline (the “B-21 Guideline”). In the B-21 Guideline, OSFI set out principles that focus on three main areas: governance of the underwriting process, interactions with lenders and internal risk management of the underwriting process. The B-21 Guideline also enhances disclosure require- ments intended to support greater transparency, clarity and public confidence in mortgage insurers’ residential mortgage insurance underwriting practices. The implementation deadline of the B-21 Guideline is June 30, 2015 and Genworth Canada expects to be in compliance by this date. Under PRMHIA and the Insurance Companies Act of Canada, Genworth Canada is required to meet a minimum capital test (“MCT”) to support its outstanding mortgage insurance in-force. The MCT ratio is calculated based on a model developed by OSFI. On June 23, 2013, OSFI communicated that it has commenced an internal process aimed at developing a new capital framework for mortgage insurers expected to be effective in 2017. In the third quarter of 2014, OSFI published an interim MCT guideline for mortgage insurers effective January 1, 2015. This guideline was devel- oped by adjusting the 2015 MCT guideline applicable to prop- erty and casualty insurers to reflect the specific characteristics of the mortgage insurance business until the new capital frame- work for mortgage insurers is developed. The implementation of the interim MCT in 2015 is not expected to have a sig- nificant impact on Genworth Canada’s MCT ratio. The Insurance Companies Act of Canada provides that dividends may only be declared by the board of directors of the Canadian insurer and paid if there are reasonable grounds to believe that the payment of the dividend would not cause the insurer to be in violation of its minimum capital and liquidity requirements. Also, we are required to notify OSFI prior to the dividend payment. 38 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K As a public company that is traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (the “TSX”), Genworth Canada is subject to secu- rities laws and regulation in each province in Canada, as well as the reporting requirements of the TSX. Australia APRA regulates all ADIs in Australia and life, general and mortgage insurance companies. APRA’s license conditions require Australian mortgage insurers to be monoline insurers, which are insurers offering just one type of insurance product. APRA’s regulations apply to individual licensed insurers and to the relevant Australian-based holding company and group. the governance APRA also sets minimum capital levels and monitors corporate risk including requirements, management strategy for our Australian mortgage insurance business. In this regard, APRA reviews our management, con- trols, processes, reporting and methods by which all risks are managed, including an annual financial condition report and an annual report on insurance liabilities by an appointed actu- ary. APRA also requires us to submit our risk management strategy and reinsurance management strategy, which outlines our use of reinsurance in Australia, annually and more fre- quently if there are material changes. In setting minimum capital levels for mortgage insurers, APRA requires them to ensure they have sufficient capital to withstand a hypothetical three-year stress loss scenario defined by APRA. These regulations include increased mortgage insurers’ capital requirements for insured loans that are consid- ered to be non-standard. APRA also imposes quarterly report- to risk ing obligations on mortgage insurers with respect profiles, reinsurance arrangements and financial position. In addition, APRA determines the capital requirements for ADIs and has reduced capital requirements for certain ADIs that insure residential mortgages with an “acceptable” mortgage insurer for all non-standard mortgages and for standard mort- gages with loan-to-value ratios above 80%. APRA’s regulations currently set out a number of circumstances in which a loan may be considered to be non-standard from an ADI’s per- spective. The capital levels for Australian internal ratings-based ADIs are determined by their APRA-approved internal ratings- based models, which may or may not allocate capital credit for LMI. We believe that APRA and the internal ratings-based ADIs have not yet finalized internal models for residential mortgage risk, so we do not believe that the internal ratings- based ADIs currently benefit from an explicit reduction in their capital for mortgages covered by mortgage insurance. APRA rules also provide that LMI on a non- performing loan (90 days plus arrears) protects most ADIs from having to increase the regulatory capital on the loan to a risk- weighting of 100%. These regulations include a definition of an “acceptable” mortgage insurer and eliminate the reduced capital requirements for ADIs in the event that the mortgage insurer has contractual recourse to the ADI or a member of the ADI’s consolidated group. requirements In December 2013, the Australian government announced that there would be an inquiry into Australia’s financial system. The Financial System Inquiry (“FSI”) made a number of recommendations, which were released by the Australian gov- in December 2014. The FSI has recommended, ernment among other things, that capital levels for internal ratings-based ADIs be raised against residential real estate risks and that lenders mortgage insurance be recognized for bank capital credit purposes where appropriate. The FSI has also recom- mended narrowing the average risk-weight gap between average risk-weights for the internal ratings-based ADIs and other ADIs to help competition. In releasing the FSI’s recommendations, the Australian Treasurer commented that the FSI’s recom- mendations on bank capital are for APRA and the Reserve Bank of Australia (“RBA”) to be considered as independent regulators. APRA has the power to impose restrictions on Genworth Australia’s ability to declare and pay dividends based on a number of factors, including the impact on the minimum regu- latory capital ratio of our Australian mortgage insurance busi- ness. As a public company that is traded on the Australian Secu- rities Exchange (the “ASX”), Genworth Australia is subject to Australian securities laws and regulation, as well as the report- ing requirements of the ASX. United Kingdom and Europe The United Kingdom is a member of the European Union and applies the harmonized system of regulation set out in the European Union regulations and directives. Our authorization to provide mortgage insurance in the United Kingdom enables us to offer our products in all the European Union member states, subject to certain regulatory requirements of the PRA and FCA and, in some cases, local regulatory requirements. We can provide mortgage insurance only in the classes for which we have authorization under applicable regulations and must maintain required risk and capital reserves. We are also subject to the oversight of other regulatory agencies in other countries throughout Europe where we do business. For more information about U.K. insurance regulation that affects our mortgage subsidiaries that operate in the United Kingdom, see “—U.K. Insurance Regulation.” Other Non-U.S. Insurance Regulation We operate in a number of countries around the world in addition to the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom and Bermuda. Generally, our subsidiaries (and in some cases our branches) conducting business in these coun- tries must obtain licenses from local regulatory authorities and satisfy local regulatory requirements, including those relating to rates, forms, capital, reserves and financial reporting. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 39 Other Laws and Regulations Securities regulation Certain of our U.S. subsidiaries and certain policies, con- tracts and services offered by them, are subject to regulation under federal and state securities laws and regulations of the SEC, state securities regulators and FINRA. Most of our insurance company separate accounts are registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940. Most of our variable annuity contracts and all of our variable life insurance policies, as well as our FABNs issued by one of our U.S. subsidiaries as part of our registered notes program are registered under the Securities Act of 1933. One of our U.S. subsidiaries is regis- tered and regulated as a broker/dealer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and is a member of, and subject to regu- lation by FINRA, as well as by various state and local regu- lators. The registered representatives of our broker/dealer are also regulated by the SEC and FINRA and are subject to appli- cable state and local laws. These laws and regulations are primarily intended to pro- tect investors in the securities markets and generally grant supervisory agencies broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict the conduct of business for failure to comply with such laws and regulations. In such event, the possible sanctions that may be imposed include suspension of individual employees, limitations on the activities in which the broker/dealer may engage, suspension or revocation of the investment adviser or broker/dealer registration, censure or fines. We may also be subject to similar laws and regulations in the states and other countries in which we offer the products described above or conduct other securities-related activities. Certain of our U.S. subsidiaries also sponsor and manage investment vehicles that rely on certain exemptions from regis- tration under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the Securities Act of 1933. Nevertheless, certain provisions of the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the Securities Act of 1933 apply to these investment vehicles and the securities issued by such vehicles in certain circumstances. The Invest- ment Company Act of 1940, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Securities Act of 1933, including the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, are subject to change, which may affect our U.S. subsidiaries that sponsor and man- age such investment vehicles. examinations, in addition to special or The SEC, FINRA, state attorneys general, other federal offices and the New York Stock Exchange may conduct peri- odic targeted examinations of us and/or specific products. These examina- tions or inquiries may include, but are not necessarily limited to, product disclosures and sales issues, financial and account- ing disclosure and operational issues. Often examinations are “sweep exams” whereby the regulator reviews current issues facing the financial or insurance industry as a whole. Environmental considerations As an owner and operator of real property, we are subject to extensive U.S. federal and state and non-U.S. environmental liabilities and laws and regulations. Potential environmental costs in connection with any required remediation of such properties is also an inherent risk in property ownership and operation. In addition, we hold equity interests in companies, and have made loans secured by properties, that could poten- tially be subject to environmental liabilities. We routinely have environmental assessments performed with respect to real estate being acquired for investment and real property to be acquired through foreclosure. We that unexpected environmental liabilities will not arise. However, based upon information currently available to us, we believe that any costs associated with compliance with environmental laws and regulations or any remediation of such properties will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. cannot provide assurance ERISA considerations We provide certain products and services to employee benefit plans that are subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) or the Internal Rev- enue Code. As such, our activities are subject to the restrictions imposed by ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code, including the requirement under ERISA that fiduciaries must perform their duties solely in the interests of ERISA plan participants and beneficiaries, and fiduciaries may not cause or permit a covered plan to engage in certain prohibited transactions with persons who have certain relationships with respect to such plans. The applicable provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code are subject to enforcement by the U.S. Depart- ment of Labor, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. USA PATRIOT Act The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (the “Patriot Act”), enacted in response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, contains anti-money laundering and financial transparency laws and mandates the implementation of various new regu- lations applicable to broker/dealers and other financial services companies including insurance companies. The Patriot Act seeks to promote cooperation among financial institutions, regulators and law enforcement entities in identifying parties who may be involved in terrorism or money laundering. Anti-money launder- ing laws outside of the United States contain similar provisions. The increased obligations of financial institutions to identify their customers, watch for and report suspicious transactions, respond to requests for information by regulatory authorities and law enforcement agencies, and share information with other institutions, require the implementation and main- financial tenance of internal practices, procedures and controls. We believe that we have implemented, and that we maintain, appropriate internal practices, procedures and controls to enable us to com- ply with the provisions of the Patriot Act. Certain additional requirements became applicable under the Patriot Act in May 2006 through a U.S. Treasury regulation which required that certain insurers have anti-money laundering compliance plans in place. We believe our internal practices, procedures and controls comply with these requirements. 40 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Privacy of consumer information A V A I L A B L E I N F O R M A T I O N U.S. federal and state laws and regulations require financial institutions, including insurance companies, to protect the security and confidentiality of consumer financial information and to notify consumers about the companies’ policies and practices relating to their collection and disclosure of consumer information and their policies relating to protecting the security and confidentiality of that information. Similarly, federal and state laws and regulations also govern the disclosure and secu- rity of consumer health information. In particular, regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Federal Trade Commission and various states regulate the disclosure and use of protected health information by health insurers and others, the physical and procedural safe- guards employed to protect the security of that information, including certain notice requirements in the event of security breaches, and the electronic transmission of such information. Congress and state legislatures are expected to consider addi- tional legislation relating to privacy and other aspects of con- sumer information. In Europe, the collection and use of personal information is subject to strict regulation. The European Union’s Data Protection Directive establishes a series of privacy requirements that European Union member states are obliged to enact into their national legislation. Certain European Union countries have additional national law requirements regarding the use of private data. Other European countries that are not European Union member states have similar privacy requirements in their national laws. These requirements generally apply to all busi- nesses, including insurance companies. In general, companies may process personal information only if consent has been obtained from the individuals concerned or if certain other conditions are met. These other requirements include the provision of notice to customers and other persons concerning how their personal information is used and disclosed, limi- tations on the transfer of personal information to countries outside the European Union, registration with the national privacy authorities, where applicable, and the use of appropriate information security measures against the access or use of per- sonal information by unauthorized persons. Similar laws and regulations protecting the security and confidentiality of consumer and financial in information are also in effect Canada, Australia and other countries in which we operate. E M P L O Y E E S As of December 31, 2014, we had approximately 5,300 full-time and part-time employees. D I R E C T O R S A N D E X E C U T I V E O F F I C E R S See Part III, Item 10 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information about our directors and executive officers. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available, without charge, on our website, www.genworth.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file or furnish such reports with the SEC. The public may read and copy any materials we file or furnish with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. Copies of our SEC filed or furnished reports are also available, without charge, from Genworth Investor Relations, 6620 West Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23230. Our website also includes the charters of our Audit Committee, Nominating and Corporate Governance Commit- tee, Risk Committee, and Management Development and Compensation Committee, any key practices of these commit- tees, our Governance Principles, and our company’s code of ethics. Copies of these materials also are available, without charge, the above address. Within the time period required by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange, we will post on our website any amendment to our code of ethics and any waiver applicable to any of our directors, executive officers or senior financial offi- cers. from Genworth Investor Relations, at On June 9, 2014, our President and Chief Executive Offi- cer certified to the New York Stock Exchange that he was not aware of any violation by us of the New York Stock Exchange’s corporate governance listing standards. T R A N S F E R A G E N T A N D R E G I S T R A R Our Transfer Agent and Registrar is Computershare Share- owner Services LLC, P.O. Box 30170, College Station, TX 201-680-6578 77842-3170. Telephone: (outside the United States and Canada may call collect); and 800-231-5469 (for hearing impaired). 866-229-8413; I T E M 1 A . R I S K F A C T O R S You should carefully consider the following risks. These risks could materially affect our business, results of operations or finan- cial condition, cause the trading price of our common stock to decline materially or cause our actual results to differ materially from those expected or those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf. These risks are not exclusive, and additional risks to which we are subject include, but are not limited to, the factors mentioned under “Cautionary note regarding forward-looking statements” and the risks of our busi- nesses described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 41 R I S K S R E L A T I N G T O A L L O F O U R B U S I N E S S E S We may be unable to successfully develop and execute strategic plans to effectively address our current business challenges. In connection with the release of our results for the fourth quarter of 2014, we announced that we are conducting a thor- ough review of our portfolio exploring all options to maximize long-term stockholder value and that we are taking proactive measures to leverage our strengths, namely in our Global Mortgage Insurance Division, and rationalize our portfolio, including reducing costs and debt levels. As part of these meas- ures, we are embarking on a multi-step restructuring plan targeting significant cash savings over the next two years. In addition, we are progressing on our plan to sell our lifestyle protection insurance business, which had previously been des- ignated as a non-core business for us. We expect to realize a significant loss on any sale of our lifestyle protection insurance business given its current book value. We are also pursuing and considering other actions. We cannot be sure we will be able to successfully develop and execute strategic plans to effectively address our current business challenges (including with respect to our long-term care insurance business, ratings and capital), including as a result of: (a) our failure to attract buyers for our lifestyle protection insurance business and any other businesses or other assets we may seek to sell, or securities we may seek to issue (if any), in each case, in a timely manner on anticipated terms; (b) our inability to generate required capital; (c) our failure to obtain any required regulatory, stockholder and/or noteholder approvals or consents or anticipated credit or finan- cial strength ratings; (d) our challenges changing or being more costly or difficult to successfully address than we currently anticipate or the benefits achieved being less than we anticipate; (e) our inability to achieve anticipated cost-savings; and (f) adverse tax or accounting charges. In addition, even if we are successful in developing and executing our strategic plans, the execution of these plans may have expected or unexpected adverse consequences, including adverse rating actions and adverse tax and accounting charges (such as losses on sale). We may be unable to increase the capital needed in our businesses in a timely manner and on anticipated terms, including through improved business performance, reinsurance or similar transactions, asset sales, securities offerings or otherwise, in each case as and when required. We have in the past provided, and currently expect to provide, additional capital to our businesses as necessary (and to the extent we determine it is appropriate to do so) to meet regulatory capital requirements, comply with rating agency requirements, provide capital and liquidity buffers for our businesses to operate and meet unexpected cash flow obliga- tions. We may not be able to fund or raise the required capital as and when required and the amount of capital required may be higher than anticipated. Our inability to fund or raise the capital required in the anticipated timeframes and on the anticipated terms, could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition, includ- ing causing us to reduce our business levels or be subject to a variety of regulatory actions. For example, we intend to further increase capital in our U.S. life insurance business in order to (i) address the reduction in capital resulting from the completion of a comprehensive review of our long-term care insurance claim reserves and (ii) enhance our financial strength and flexibility to maintain our commercial presence and provide for unforeseen events or developments. To increase capital in our U.S. life insurance business, we intend, among other things, at least over the near term, not to pay dividends from our life insurance subsidiaries to the holding company, pursue additional long-term care insurance rate actions, seek opportunities to reduce risk in older long-term care insurance business, utilize blocks of our reinsurance, pursue block transactions or other sales and sig- nificantly reduce expenses. at cash holding available In addition, we intend to support the increased capital needs of our U.S. mortgage insurance business resulting from the revised draft PMIERs. To address the increased capital needs of our U.S. mortgage insurance business, we intend to utilize primarily reinsurance (or similar) transactions, together company. The the with implementation of these actions depends on market conditions, third-party approvals or other actions (including approval by regulators), and other factors which are outside of our control, and therefore we cannot be sure we will be able to successfully implement these actions on the anticipated timetable and terms or at all, or achieve the anticipated benefits. For a discussion of factors affecting our estimate of the amount of additional capi- tal that will be required to meet the revised draft PMIERs and operate our business and our ability to utilize reinsurance or similar transactions to satisfy these capital requirements, see “—If we are unable to meet the capital requirements mandated by the PMIERs in the form ultimately adopted because the capital requirements are higher than we currently anticipate or otherwise, we may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans sold to or guaranteed by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.” Although we do not currently intend to do so, if circum- stances change we may decide to issue equity at Genworth Financial, which would be dilutive to our shareholders, or debt at Genworth Financial or Genworth Holdings (including debt convertible into equity of Genworth Financial), which would increase our leverage. The availability of any additional debt or equity funding will depend on a variety of factors, including, market conditions, regulatory considerations, the general avail- ability of credit and particularly, to the financial services industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity and the performance of and outlook for our business. Market con- ditions may make it difficult to obtain funding or complete 42 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K asset sales to generate additional liquidity, especially on short notice and when the demand for additional funding in the market is high. Our access to funding may be further impaired if our credit or strength ratings are negatively impacted. financial If our reserves for future policy claims are inadequate as a result of deviations from our estimates and actuarial assumptions or other reasons, we may be required to increase our reserves, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. interest rates; We calculate and maintain reserves for estimated future payments of claims to our policyholders and contractholders in accordance with U.S. GAAP and industry accounting practices. We release these reserves as those future obligations are paid, experience changes or the policy lapses. The reserves we estab- lish reflect estimates and actuarial assumptions with regard to our future experience. These estimates and actuarial assump- tions involve the exercise of significant judgment. Our future financial results depend significantly upon the extent to which our actual future experience is consistent with the assumptions and methodologies we have used in pricing our products and calculating our reserves. Small changes in assumptions or small deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past had, material impacts on our reserves, results of operations and financial condition. Many factors, and changes in these factors, can affect future experience, including, but not limited to, investment returns and volatility; economic and social conditions, such as inflation, unemploy- ment, home price appreciation or depreciation, and health care experience (including type of care and cost of care); policy- holder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next); insured life expectancy or longevity; insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates); future premium increases; expenses; and doctrines of legal liability and damage awards in litigation. Because these factors are not known in advance, change over time, are difficult to accurately predict and are inherently uncertain, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts we will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments. In addition, we include assumptions for sig- nificant anticipated (but not yet filed) future premium rate increases or benefit reductions in our determination of loss recognition testing of our long-term care insurance reserves under U.S. GAAP and asset adequacy testing of our statutory long-term care insurance reserves (except for our New York insurance subsidiary). We may not be able to realize these anticipated rate increases or benefit reductions in the future as a result of our inability to obtain required regulatory approvals or other factors. In this event, we would have to increase our long- term care insurance reserves by amounts that could be material. Moreover, we may not be able to mitigate the impact of unexpected adverse experience by increasing premiums and/or other charges to policyholders (when we have the right to do so) or alternatively by reducing benefits. We regularly review our reserves and associated assump- tions as part of our ongoing assessment of our business performance and risks. If we conclude that our reserves are insufficient to cover actual or expected policy and contract benefits and claim payments (as we have on certain occasions in the past) as a result of changes in experience, assumptions or otherwise, we would be required to increase our reserves and incur charges in the period in which we make the determi- nation. The amounts of such increases may be significant (as they have been on occasions in the past) and this could materi- ally adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition and may require us to generate or fund additional capital in our businesses. The prices and expected future profitability of our long- term care insurance, life insurance and some annuity products are based upon expected claims and payment patterns, using assumptions for, among other things, projected interest rates and investment returns, morbidity rates, mortality rates (i.e., likelihood of death of our policyholders and contractholders), persistency, lapses and expenses. The long-term profitability of these products depends upon how our actual experience com- pares with our pricing and valuation assumptions. For example, if morbidity rates are higher than our pricing assumptions, we could be required to make greater payments and thus establish additional reserves under our long-term care insurance policies than we had projected, and such amounts could be significant. Likewise, if mortality rates are lower than our pricing assump- tions, we could be required to make greater payments and thus establish additional reserves under both our long-term care insurance policies and annuity contracts and such amounts could be significant. Conversely, if mortality rates are higher than our pricing and valuation assumptions, we could be required to make greater payments under our life insurance policies and annuity contracts with GMDBs than we had pro- jected. If any of our assumptions are inaccurate, our reserves may be inadequate, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business. The risk that our lapse experience may differ significantly from our pricing assumptions is significant for our term life insurance policies. These policies generally have a level pre- mium period for a specified period of years (e.g., 10 years to 30 years), after which the premium may increase significantly. The level premium period for a significant portion of our term life insurance policies will end in the next few years and policy- holders may lapse with greater frequency than we anticipate in our reserve assumptions. In addition, it may be that healthy policyholders are the ones who lapse (as they can more easily replace coverage at a lower cost), creating adverse selection where less healthy policyholders remain in our portfolio. If the frequency of lapses is higher than our reserve assumptions, we would experience higher DAC amortization and lower pre- miums and could experience higher benefit costs. We have somewhat limited experience on which to base both the lapse assumption and the mortality assumption after the end of the level premium period, which increases the uncertainty asso- ciated with our assumptions and reserve levels. However, we Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 43 have experienced both a greater frequency of policyholder lapses and more severe adverse selection, after the level pre- mium period, and this experience could continue or worsen. The risk that our claims experience may differ significantly from our pricing assumptions is particularly significant for our long-term care insurance products. Long-term care insurance policies provide for long-duration coverage and, therefore, our actual claims experience will emerge over many years after pric- ing and locked-in valuation assumptions have been established. For example, changes in economic and interest rate risk, socio- demographics, behavioral trends (e.g., location of care and level of benefit use) and medical advances, among other factors, may have a material adverse impact on our future loss trends. More- over, long-term care insurance does not have the extensive claims experience history of life insurance, and as a result, our ability to forecast long-term care future claim costs insurance is more limited than for life insurance. for We recently completed a comprehensive review of our long-term care insurance claim reserves. This review was commenced as a result of adverse claims experience during the second quarter of 2014 and in connection with our regular review of our claim reserve assumptions during the third quar- ter of each year. As a result of this review, we made changes to our assumptions and methodologies relating to our long-term care insurance claim reserves primarily impacting claim termi- nation rates, most significantly in later-duration claims, and benefit utilization rates, reflecting that claims are not terminat- ing as quickly and claimants are utilizing more of their available benefits in aggregate than had previously been assumed in our reserve calculations. As a result of these changes, we increased our long-term care insurance claim reserves by $604 million, before reinsurance, during the third quarter of 2014. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we completed our annual loss recognition testing of our long-term care insurance business and made changes to our assumptions and method- ologies primarily impacting claim termination rates, most sig- nificantly in later-duration claims, and benefit utilization rates. As a result, we recorded additional long-term care insurance reserves of $731 million, before reinsurance, during the fourth quarter of 2014 on our acquired block. Our loss recognition testing for our long-term care insurance products is reviewed in the aggregate, excluding our acquired block of long-term care insurance, which is tested separately. Our long-term care insurance business, excluding the acquired block, had positive margin which was dependent on the assumptions we made on our ability to successfully implement our in-force management strategy involving premium increases or reduced benefits. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we began including future rate actions in our loss recognition testing in addition to those rate actions that had already been filed and approved or awaiting regulatory approval. Favorable impacts on our margin from rate actions would primarily impact our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block. Our acquired block would not benefit significantly from additional rate actions as it is older. For our acquired block of long-term care insurance, the impacts of any adverse changes in assumptions would immedi- ately be reflected in net income (loss) as our margin for this block was zero after the reserve increase in the fourth quarter of 2014. For our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, any adverse changes in assumptions would only be reflected in net income (loss) to the extent the margin was reduced below zero. We also perform cash flow testing separately for each of our U.S. life insurance companies on a statutory accounting basis. To the extent that the cash flow testing margin is neg- ative, we would need to increase statutory reserves, which would decrease our risk-based capital ratios and we may be required to increase our capital within our U.S. life insurance companies. A need to significantly increase statutory reserves could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. The NYDFS, which regu- lates our New York domiciled insurance subsidiary, has histor- ically not allowed long-term care insurance cash flow testing results to be combined with other products and has required specific adequacy scenarios that are generally more severe than testing required in other states and have a disproportionate impact on our long-term care insurance products. Based on our annual statutory cash flow testing of our long-term care insurance business in 2014, our New York insurance subsidiary recorded $39 million of additional statutory reserves in the fourth quarter of 2014 and will record an aggregate of $156 million of additional statutory reserves over the next four years. For additional information regarding impacts to statutory capi- tal as a result of reserve increases, see “—An adverse change in our regulatory requirements, including risk-based capital, could result in a decline in our ratings and/or increased scrutiny by regulators and have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and business.” We will continue to regularly review our methodologies and assumptions in light of emerging experience and may be required to make further adjustments to our long-term care insurance reserves in the future. Any further changes to our long-term care insurance reserves may have a materially neg- ative impact on our results of operations, financial condition and business. For additional information on reserves, see “Part II— Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates—Insurance liabilities and reserves.” Our risk management programs may not be effective in identifying or adequate in controlling or mitigating the risks we face. We have developed risk management programs that include risk identification, quantification, governance, policies and procedures and seek to appropriately identify, monitor, measure, control, mitigate and report the types of risks to which we are subject. We regularly review our risk management programs and work to update them on an ongoing basis to be consistent with evolving global best market practices. However, 44 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K our risk management programs may not fully control or miti- gate all of the risks we face in our business. and customer behavior, macroeconomic Many of our methods of managing certain financial risks (e.g. credit, market, insurance and underwriting risks) are based on observed historical market behaviors and/or historical, statistically-based models. Historical measures may not accu- rately predict future exposures, which could be significantly greater than historical measures have indicated. We have also established internal risk limits based upon these historical, statistically-based models and we monitor compliance with these limits. Our internal risk limits may be insufficient and our monitoring may not detect all violations (inadvertent or otherwise) of these limits. Other risk management methods are based on our evaluation of information regarding markets, customers and environmental conditions, catastrophic occurrences and poten- tial changing paradigms that are publicly available or otherwise accessible to us. This collective information may not always be accurate, complete, up to date or properly considered, interpreted or evaluated in our analyses. Moreover, the models and other parts of our risk management programs we rely on in managing various aspects of our business may prove in practice to be less predictive than we expect for a variety of reasons, including as a result of issues arising in the construction, implementation, interpretation or use of the models or other programs or the use of inaccurate assumptions. The limitations of our models and other parts of our risk management pro- grams may be material, and could lead us to make wrong or sub-optimal decisions in managing our risk and other aspects of our business and this could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business. of arising settlement The risks related to our models often increase when we change assumptions or methodologies or add or change to new modeling systems. For example, with respect to our long-term care insurance business, we had an error related to claims in course in connection with the implementation of our updated assumptions and method- ologies as part of our comprehensive claims review completed in the third quarter of 2014. In addition, we intend to continue to enhance our modeling capabilities for various of our busi- nesses, including for our long-term care insurance business where we are migrating to a new modeling system in 2015 or later. We believe these enhancements will provide us with access to more timely information, more granular information and better forecasting capabilities. However, during or after the implementation of these enhancements, we may discover errors or other deficiencies in existing models, assumptions and methodologies. Moreover, we will use the additional, more granular and more detailed information in our reserving and other processes, which may cause us to refine or otherwise change existing assumptions and methodologies and associated reserve levels, all of which could have a material adverse impact on business, results of operations and financial condition. Management of operational, legal, franchise and global regulatory risks requires, among other things, methods to appropriately identify all such key risks, systems to record incidents and policies and procedures designed to detect, record and address all such risks and occurrences. If our risk manage- ment framework does not effectively identify, measure and control our risks, we could suffer unexpected losses or be adversely affected and that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We employ various including hedging and strategies, reinsurance, to mitigate financial risks inherent in our business and operations. These risks include current or future changes in the fair value of our assets and liabilities, current or future changes in cash flows, the effect of interest rates, changes in equity markets, credit spread movements, the occurrence of credit and counterparty defaults, currency fluctuations, changes in global housing prices, and changes in mortality, morbidity and lapses. We seek to control these risks by, among other things, entering in reinsurance contracts and derivative instru- ments. Such contracts and instruments may not always be available to us and subject us to counter party credit risk. Developing effective strategies for dealing with these risks is a complex process, and no strategy can fully insulate us from such risks. The execution of these strategies also introduces operational risks and considerations. See “—Reinsurance may not be available, affordable or adequate to protect us against losses” and “—Defaults by counterparties to our reinsurance arrangements or to derivative instruments we use to hedge our business risks, or defaults by us on agreements we have with these counterparties, may expose us to risks we sought to miti- gate, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition” for more information about risks inherent in our reinsurance and hedging strategies. We may choose to retain certain levels of financial risk, even when it is possible to mitigate these risks. The decision to retain certain levels of financial risk is predicated on our belief that the expected future returns that we will realize from retain- ing the risk, in relation to the level of risk retained, is favorable, but it may turn out that our expectations are incorrect and we incur material costs or suffer other adverse consequences that arise from the retained risk. Our performance is highly dependent on our ability to manage risks that arise from day-to-day business activities, including underwriting, claims processing, policy admin- istration and servicing, execution of our investment and hedg- ing strategy, actuarial estimates and calculations, financial and tax reporting and other activities, many of which are very complex. We seek to monitor and control our exposure to risks arising out of or related to these activities through a variety of internal controls, management review processes and other mechanisms. However, the occurrence of unforeseen events, or the occurrence of events of a greater magnitude than expected, including those arising from inadequate or ineffective controls, a failure in processes, procedures or systems implemented by us or a failure on the part of employees upon which we rely in this regard, may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 45 Past or future misconduct by our employees or employees of our vendors or suppliers could result in violations of laws by us, regulatory sanctions against us and/or serious reputational, legal or financial harm to our business, and the precautions we employ to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in all cases. Although we employ controls and procedures designed to monitor the business decisions and activities of these individuals to prevent us from engaging in inappropriate activities, excessive risk taking, fraud or security breaches, these individuals may take such risks regardless of such controls and procedures and such controls and procedures may fail to detect all such decisions and activities. Our compensation policies and procedures are reviewed by us as part of our overall risk management program, but it is possible that such compensa- tion policies and practices could inadvertently incentivize excessive or inappropriate risk taking. If these individuals take excessive or inappropriate risks, those risks could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Recent adverse rating agency actions have resulted in a loss of business and adversely affected our results of operations, financial condition and business and future adverse rating actions could have a further and more significant adverse impact on us. Financial strength ratings, which various rating agencies publish as measures of an insurance company’s ability to meet contractholder and policyholder obligations, are important to maintaining public confidence in our products, the ability to market our products and our competitive position. Credit rat- ings, which rating agencies publish as measures of an entity’s ability to repay its indebtedness, are important to our ability to raise capital through the issuance of debt and other forms of credit and to the cost of such financing. review could occur Over the last several years, the ratings of our holding company and several of our insurance companies have been downgraded, placed on negative outlook and/or put on review for potential downgrade on various occasions. A ratings down- grade, negative outlook or (and has occurred) for a variety of reasons, including reasons specifically related to our company, generally related to our industry or the broader financial services industry or as a result of changes by the rating agencies in their methodologies or rating criteria. We may be at risk of additional ratings downgrades in the future, particularly in light of the recent increases to our long-term care insurance reserves. A negative outlook on our ratings or a downgrade in any of our financial strength or credit ratings, the announcement of a potential downgrade, negative outlook or review, or customer, investor, regulator or other concerns about the possibility of a downgrade, negative outlook or review, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business. Following the release of our results for each of the third quarter of 2014 (including the increase of our long-term care insurance claim reserves) and the fourth quarter of 2014 that (including the increase of our long-term care insurance reserves as a result of loss recognition testing), rating agencies took a variety of adverse ratings actions with respect to Genworth Holdings. On November 6, 2014, Moody’s announced, among other things, that it has placed the credit ratings of Genworth Holdings on review for downgrade. On February 11, 2015, Moody’s announced, among other things, that it had down- graded the credit ratings of Genworth Holdings to “Ba1” from “Baa3.” This action concluded the review for downgrade of Genworth Holding’s credit ratings initiated on November 6, 2014. On November 6, 2014, S&P announced, among other things, it had lowered the issuer credit and senior unsecured debt ratings of Genworth Holdings to “BB+” from “BBB-” with a negative outlook. On February 18, 2015, S&P announced, among other things, that it that it had lowered the issuer credit and senior unsecured debt ratings on Genworth Holdings to “BB-” from “BB+” with a negative outlook. In December 2014, A.M. Best also placed Genworth Holdings issuer credit rating and existing debt ratings under review with negative credit implications. On February 13, 2015, A.M. Best announced that it downgraded the Genworth Holdings issuer credit rating and existing debt ratings to “bbb-” from “bbb.” The rating agencies also took a variety of adverse ratings actions with respect to the financial strength ratings of certain of our insurance subsidiaries after the announcement of our results for both the third and fourth quarters of 2014. See “Item 1— Business—Financial Strength Ratings” for information regard- ing these adverse rating actions and the current financial strength ratings of our principal insurance subsidiaries. The direct or indirect effects of such adverse ratings actions or any future actions could include, but are not limited to: – reducing new sales of our products; – adversely affecting our relationships with distributors, independent sales intermediaries and our dedicated sales specialists, including the loss of exclusivity under certain agreements with our independent sales intermediaries and distribution partners; – causing us to lose key distributors that have ratings require- ments that we may no longer satisfy (or resulting in our renegotiation of new, less favorable arrangements with those distributors); – requiring us to modify some of our existing products or serv- ices to remain competitive, or introduce new products or services; – materially increasing the number or amount of policy sur- renders, withdrawals and loans by contractholders and policyholders; – requiring us to post additional collateral for our derivatives or hedging agreements (including those providing us with pro- tection against certain foreign currency exchange movement, interest rate fluctuation and equity market risk) or enabling the counterparties to these agreements to exercise their right to terminate all transactions under the agreements; 46 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K – requiring us to provide support in the form of collateral, capital contributions or letters of credit under the terms of certain of our reinsurance, securitization and other agree- ments; – adversely affecting our ability to maintain reinsurance or obtain new reinsurance or obtain it on reasonable pricing and other terms; – regulators requiring certain of our subsidiaries to maintain additional capital, limiting thereby our financial flexibility and requiring us to raise additional capital; – adversely affecting our ability to raise capital; – increasing our cost of borrowing and making it more difficult to borrow in the public debt markets and replace our credit agreement when it expires in 2016; and – making it more difficult to execute strategic plans to effec- tively address our current business challenges. Following the adverse rating actions after the announce- ment of our results for the third quarter of 2014, several distributors suspended distribution related to our U.S. Life Insurance Division’s products. Those distributors represented, in aggregate, approximately 18%, 16% and 9%, respectively, of 2014 sales of our linked-benefits, annuities and long-term care insurance products. We expect we will continue to be adversely impacted by recent rating actions. Any further adverse ratings announcements or actions likely would have, or intensify, the adverse impact of the direct or indirect effects discussed above (among others), all of which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and business. In addition, the GSEs require maintenance of a financial strength rating by at least two out of three listed rating agencies (S&P, Fitch and Moody’s) of at least “AA-”/“Aa3” (as appli- cable) under the GSE MI Eligibility Standards. These MI Eligibility Standards provide that if these requirements are not met additional limitations or requirements may be imposed in the case of Fannie Mae or will be imposed in the case of Freddie Mac for eligibility to insure loans purchased by the GSEs. Currently, we do not meet the ratings requirements of the GSE MI Eligibility Standards. In February 2008, the GSEs temporarily suspended their ratings requirements for top tier mortgage insurers, subject to submission of an acceptable remediation plan. We have submitted remediation plans to both GSEs. The GSEs are reviewing the MI Eligibility Stan- dards and have proposed the revised draft PMIERs as mod- ifications to these standards. In conjunction with that review, and as a condition to us being eligible to continue to insure mortgage loans sold to Fannie Mae prior to the finalization of the PMIERs, Fannie Mae has imposed additional restrictions on us in addition to the existing MI Eligibility Standards. See “Item 1—Business—Regulation—Mortgage Insurance Regu- lation” for additional information. We cannot be sure those limitations will not have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and business. Our inability to insure new mortgage loans sold to the GSEs, or the transfer by the GSEs of our existing policies to an alternative mortgage insurer, would have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. If we are unable to retain, attract and motivate qualified employees and sales representatives our results of operations, financial condition and sales of our products may be adversely impacted. Our continued success is largely dependent on our ability to retain and attract qualified employees. We face intense competition in retaining and attracting key employees, includ- ing actuarial, finance, legal, investment, risk, compliance and other professionals. Additionally, we may not be able to meet regulatory requirements relating to required expertise in various professional positions. Our ability to retain, attract and motivate experienced and qualified employees has been more challenging in light of our recent financial difficulties and our announced expense reduc- tions, as well as the demands being placed on our employees. We cannot be sure we will be able to attract, retain and moti- vate the desired workforce, and our failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on results of operations, financial condition and business. Our retention challenges include our independent sales representatives. We rely on independent sales representatives to distribute our insurance products and services to independent brokers, banks, broker-dealers and other third-party distrib- utors. There is strong competition among financial services companies for effective sales representatives. We compete with other financial services companies for sales representatives primarily on the basis of our financial strengths, support serv- ices, compensation and product offerings. If we are unable to retain and attract sufficient sales representatives to sell our products, our ability to compete and generate revenues from new sales would be adversely impacted. An adverse change in our regulatory requirements, including risk-based capital, could result in a decline in our ratings and/ or increased scrutiny by regulators and have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and business. Our domestic life insurance subsidiaries are subject to the NAIC’s RBC standards and other minimum statutory capital and surplus requirements imposed under the laws of their respective states of domicile. The failure of our insurance sub- sidiaries to meet applicable RBC requirements or minimum statutory capital and surplus requirements could subject our insurance subsidiaries to further examination or corrective action imposed by state insurance regulators, including limi- tations on their ability to write additional business, or the addi- tion of state regulatory supervision, rehabilitation, seizure or liquidation. Our domestic mortgage insurers are not subject to the NAIC’s RBC requirements but are required by certain states and other regulators to maintain a certain risk-to-capital ratio. The Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 47 failure of our domestic mortgage insurance subsidiaries to meet their regulatory requirements, in addition to the proposed changes to the GSE MI Eligibility Standards, could limit our ability to write new business. For further discussion of the importance of risk-to-capital requirements to our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries, see “—If we are unable to meet the capital requirements mandated by the PMIERs in the form ultimately adopted because the capital requirements are higher than we currently anticipate or otherwise, we may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans sold to or guaranteed by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition” and “—Our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum stat- utory capital requirements and hazardous financial condition standards which, in restrictions or prohibitions on our doing business and could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.” if not met or waived, would result Additionally, our international insurance subsidiaries also have minimum regulatory requirements which vary by country. As described under “Item 1—Business—Regulation—U.K. Insurance Regulation—Solvency requirements,” there will be fundamental changes to the existing solvency capital regime for all insurers and reinsurers operating in Europe as a result of the introduction of the Solvency II directive, which is expected to become effective on January 1, 2016. Increases in capital requirements as a result of Solvency II may be required and may impact our operating results. Furthermore, as discussed in “Item 1—Business—Regulation—U.K. Insurance Regu- lation—Intervention and enforcement” above, the PRA, FCA and Bank of England have powers to impose certain require- ments on U.K. parent companies of insurers. Moreover, our Canadian regulator, OSFI, released a discussion paper on proposed changes to the Regulatory Capital Framework for Property and Casualty Insurers, and OSFI noted that it has commenced an internal process aimed at developing a new capital framework for mortgage insurers expected to be effective in 2017. At this stage, it is not possible to predict the impact these changes will have on our operations. An adverse change in our RBC, risk-to-capital ratio or other minimum regulatory requirements also could cause rating agencies to downgrade the financial strength ratings of our insurance subsidiaries and the credit ratings of Genworth Holdings, which would have an adverse impact on our ability to write and retain business and could cause regulators to take regulatory or supervisory actions with respect to our businesses, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business. As holding companies, we and Genworth Holdings depend on the ability of our respective subsidiaries to pay dividends and make other payments and distributions to each of us and to meet our obligations. We and Genworth Holdings each act as a holding com- pany for our respective subsidiaries and do not have any sig- nificant operations of our own. Dividends from our respective subsidiaries, permitted payments to us under tax sharing and expense reimbursement arrangements with our subsidiaries and proceeds from borrowings are our principal sources of cash to meet our obligations. These obligations include operating expenses and interest and principal on current and any future borrowings and amounts owed to GE under the Tax Matters Agreement. If the cash we receive from our respective sub- sidiaries pursuant to dividends and tax sharing and expense reimbursement arrangements is insufficient to fund any of these obligations, or if a subsidiary is unable or unwilling for any reason to pay dividends to either of us, we or Genworth Holdings may be required to raise cash through, among other (including convertible or things, exchangeable debt), the sale of assets or the issuance of equity. the incurrence of debt The payment of dividends and other distributions by our insurance subsidiaries is dependent on, among other things, the performance of the subsidiaries, is subject to corporate law restrictions, and is regulated by insurance laws and regulations. In general, dividends in excess of prescribed limits are deemed “extraordinary” and require insurance regulatory approval. In addition, insurance regulators may prohibit the payment of ordinary dividends or other payments by the insurance sub- sidiaries (such as a payment under a tax sharing agreement or for employee or other services) if they determine that such payment could be adverse to policyholders or contractholders. Moreover, as a consequence of our recent adverse financial results, the regulators who have governance over our interna- tional mortgage insurance subsidiaries may impose additional restrictions over such subsidiaries using the broad prudential authorities available to the major regulators. Courts typically grant regulators significant deference when considering chal- lenges of an insurance company to a determination by insurance regulators to grant or withhold approvals with respect to dividends and other distributions. In addition, as a public company that is traded on the TSX, Genworth Canada is subject to securities laws and regu- lations in each province in Canada, as well as the rules of the TSX. These applicable laws, regulations and rules include but are not limited to, obligations and procedures in respect of the equal and fair treatment of all shareholders of Genworth Canada. Although the board of directors of Genworth Canada is composed of a majority of Genworth nominees, under Canadian law each director has an obligation to act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of Genworth Canada. Moreover, as a public company that is traded on the ASX, Genworth Australia and its subsidiaries are subject to Australian securities laws and regulations, as well as the rules of the ASX. These applicable laws, regulations and rules include but are not limited to, obligations and procedures in respect of the equal and fair treatment of all shareholders of Genworth Australia. Although the board of directors of Genworth Australia is composed of a majority of Genworth designated directors, under Australian law each director has an obligation to exercise their powers and discharge their duties in good faith in the best interests of Genworth Australia and for a proper 48 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K purpose. Accordingly, actions taken by Genworth Canada and Genworth Australia and their respective boards of directors (including the payment of dividends to us) are subject to, and may be limited by, the laws, regulations and rules applicable to such entities. In connection with our plan to increase capital in our U.S. life insurance business, we intend, at least over the near term, not to pay dividends from our life insurance subsidiaries to Genworth Holdings. See “—We may be unable to increase the capital needed in our businesses in a timely manner and on anticipated terms, including through improved business per- formance, reinsurance or similar transactions, asset sales, secu- rities offerings or otherwise, in each case as and when required.” We expect our international subsidiaries to be the sole source of cash dividends paid to us at least in the near term as we con- tinue to strengthen the capital position of our U.S. life insurance and U.S. mortgage insurance businesses, and there- fore our liquidity and capital positions are particularly depend- ent on the performance of those subsidiaries and their ability to pay dividends to us as anticipated. Fifty percent of our in-force long-term care insurance business (excluding policies assumed from MetLife Insurance Company USA, a non-affiliate third-party reinsurer) of Genworth Life Insurance Company (“GLIC”), a Delaware insurance company and our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, is reinsured to Brookfield Life and Annuity Insurance Com- pany Limited (“BLAIC”), a Bermuda insurance company and our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary. Brookfield, a Bermuda insurance company and our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, has guaranteed BLAIC’s performance of its obligations under that reinsurance agreement. As of December 31, 2014, Brook- field directly or indirectly owns 66.2% of our Australian mort- gage insurance subsidiaries, 40.6% of our Canadian mortgage insurance subsidiary and 100% of our lifestyle protection insurance business. As a result of Brookfield’s guarantee, adverse developments in our reinsured long-term care insurance business (including the recent increases in our reserves of that business) have adversely impacted BLAIC’s financial condition, which could, in turn, adversely impact Brookfield’s willingness or ability to pay dividends to Genworth Holdings, including from the dividends it receives and is expected to receive in the future from our Canadian and Australian mortgage insurance businesses. We intend to seek regulatory approvals to effectively unwind the long-term care insurance reinsurance agreement between GLIC and BLAIC and release the related Brookfield guarantee thereof; however, we do not know whether or when the required approvals will be obtained and what conditions, if granted, may be imposed. Our inability to receive dividends related to our Australian and Canadian mortgage insurance businesses from Brookfield as anticipated or the inability of Brookfield to sell or otherwise dispose of shares of the busi- nesses it owns or distribute the proceeds from any such sale to us, would have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and business. An inability to borrow under our credit facility could result in a reduction in our liquidity. On September 26, 2013, we entered into a credit agree- ment that provides a $300 million multi-currency revolving credit facility, with a $100 million sublimit for letters of credit, available on a revolving basis until September 26, 2016. Cur- rently there are no borrowings outstanding under the credit facility. Our ability to borrow is subject to compliance with various financial and other covenants and conditions, including that, since June 30, 2013, there has been no event, develop- ment or circumstance that had or could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect (as defined in the credit agreement). We cannot predict whether we will be able to meet the borrowing conditions in the event we were to need or want to borrow in the future. Downturns and volatility in global economies and equity and credit markets could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. Our results of operations are materially affected by the state of the global economies in which we operate and con- ditions in the capital markets we access. Factors such as high unemployment, low consumer spending, low business invest- ment, high government spending, the volatility and strength of the global capital markets, and inflation all affect the business and economic environment and, ultimately, the demand for and terms of our products and results of operations of our business. The recessionary state and the volatility of many economies in the past have fueled uncertainty and downturns in global mortgage markets and have contributed to increased volatility in our business and results of operations. This uncertainty and volatility has impacted, and may impact in the the demand for certain financial and insurance future, products. As a result, we may experience an elevated incidence of claims and lapses or surrenders of policies, and some of our policyholders may choose to defer paying insurance premiums or stop paying insurance premiums altogether. Rising unemployment or underemployment rates can, for example, negatively impact a borrower’s ability to pay his or her mortgage, thereby increasing the likelihood that we could incur additional losses in our mortgage insurance businesses. We set loss reserves for our mortgage insurance businesses based in part on expected claims and delinquency cure rate patterns. These expectations reflect our assumptions regarding unemployment and underemployment levels are higher than those within our loss reserving assumptions, the claims frequency and severity for our mortgage insurance busi- nesses could be higher than we had projected. levels. If unemployment Downturns and volatility in equity markets may also cause some existing customers to withdraw cash values or reduce investments in our separate account products, which include variable annuities. In addition, if the performance of the under- lying mutual funds in our separate account products experience downturns and volatility for an extended period of time, the Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 49 payment of any living benefit guarantee available in certain variable annuity products may have an adverse effect on us, because more payments will be required to come from general account assets separate account than from contractholder investments. Continued equity market volatility could result in additional losses in our variable annuity products and asso- ciated hedging program, which will further challenge our abil- ity to recover deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) on these products and could lead to additional write-offs of DAC, as well as increased hedging costs. Interest rates and changes in rates could materially adversely affect our business and profitability. Our insurance and investment products are sensitive to interest rate fluctuations and expose us to the risk that falling interest rates or credit spreads will reduce our margin or the difference between the returns we earn on the investments that support our obligations under these products and the amounts that we must pay to policyholders and contractholders. We may reduce the interest rates we credit on most of these prod- ucts only at limited, pre-established intervals, and some con- tracts have guaranteed minimum interest crediting rates. As a result, historically low interest rates over the last few years have adversely impacted, and may continue to materially adversely impact, our business and profitability. During periods of increasing market interest rates, we may offer higher crediting rates on interest-sensitive products, such as universal life insurance and fixed annuities, and we may increase crediting rates on in-force products to keep these products competitive. In addition, rapidly rising interest rates may cause increased policy surrenders, withdrawals from life insurance policies and annuity contracts and requests for policy loans, as policyholders and contractholders shift assets into higher yielding investments. Therefore, increases in crediting rates, as well as surrenders and withdrawals, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, including the requirement to liquidate fixed-income investments in an unrealized loss position to satisfy surrenders or withdrawals. Our life insurance, long-term care insurance and fixed annuity products, as well as our guaranteed benefits on variable annuities, also expose us to the risk of interest rate fluctuations. The pricing and expected future profitability of these products are based in part on expected investment returns. Over time, life and long-term care insurance products are expected to generally produce positive cash flows as customers pay periodic premiums, which we invest as they are received. Low interest rates increase reinvestment risk and reduce our ability to achieve our targeted investment margins and have, and may further, adversely affect the profitability of our life insurance, long-term care insurance and fixed annuity products, as well as increase hedging costs on our in-force block of variable annuity products. A low interest rate environment negatively impacts the sufficiency of our margins on both our DAC and present value of future profits (“PVFP”). If interest rates remain low for a prolonged period, this could result in an impairment of these assets, and may reduce funds available to pay claims, including life and long-term care insurance claims, requiring an increase in our reserve liabilities, which could be significant (such as has been the case with our long-term care insurance business recently). In addition, certain statutory capital requirements are based on models that consider interest rates. Prolonged periods of low interest rates may increase the statutory reserves we are required to hold as well as the amount of assets and capital we must maintain to support statutory reserves. In certain products, in particular our long-term care insurance products, the average life of our assets is considerably shorter than the average life of the liabilities. This increases our reinvestment rate risk with respect to the assets. Should interest rates remain low or go lower, this will cause our net investment income to be lower which will negatively impact the profit- ability of our businesses. In addition, to the extent the assets are of a shorter average life than the liabilities (especially as is the case with our long-term care insurance products), changes in interest rates will impact assets and liabilities differently. As interest rates decline, the net present value of the liabilities will therefore increase more than the net present value of the assets and could require us to hold higher reserves. In both the U.S. and international mortgage markets, ris- ing interest rates generally reduce the volume of new mortgage originations. A decline in the volume of new mortgage origi- nations would have an adverse effect on our new insurance written. Rising interest rates also can increase the monthly mortgage payments for insured homeowners with adjustable rate mortgages (“ARMs”) that could have the effect of increas- ing default thereby increasing our exposure on our mortgage insurance policies. This is partic- ularly relevant in our international mortgage insurance business where ARMs are the predominant mortgage product. rates on ARM loans, Declining interest rates historically have increased the rate at which borrowers refinance their existing mortgages, thereby resulting in cancellations of the mortgage insurance covering the refinanced loans. Declining interest rates historically have also contributed to home price appreciation, which may pro- vide borrowers in the United States with the option of cancel- ling their mortgage than we anticipated when pricing that coverage. These cancellations could have a material adverse effect on the results of our U.S. mortgage insurance business. insurance coverage earlier Interest rate fluctuations could also have an adverse effect on the results of our investment portfolio. During periods of declining market interest rates like over the past few years, the interest we receive on variable interest rate investments decreases. In addition, during those periods, we have had to, and in the future may have to, reinvest the cash we receive as interest or return of principal on our investments in lower- yielding high-grade instruments or in lower-credit instruments to maintain comparable returns. Issuers of fixed-income secu- rities have also, and in the future may also decide to prepay their obligations in order to borrow at lower market rates, 50 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K these securities which exacerbates the risk that we have to invest the cash pro- ceeds of in lower-yielding or lower-credit instruments. During periods of increasing interest rates, market values of lower-yielding assets will decline. In addition, our interest rate hedges could decline which would require us to post additional collateral with our derivative counterparties. Increasing interest rates may require us to post additional collateral for derivatives that we hold to mitigate interest rate risk. Posting this collateral could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operation by reducing our liquidity and net investment income, to the extent that the additional collateral posting requires us to invest in higher- quality, lower-yielding investments. See “Part II—Item 7A—Quantitative and Qualitative information Disclosures About Market Risk” for additional about interest rate risk. Reinsurance may not be available, affordable or adequate to protect us against losses. As part of our overall risk and capital management strat- egy, we have historically purchased reinsurance from external reinsurers as well as provided internal reinsurance support for certain risks underwritten by our various business segments. These reinsurance arrangements enable our businesses to trans- fer risks in exchange for some of the associated economic bene- fits and, as a result, improve our statutory capital position and manage risk to within our tolerance level. Some of these reinsurance arrangements are indefinite, but others require periodic renewals. The availability and cost of reinsurance pro- tection are impacted by our operating and financial perform- including ratings, as well as conditions beyond our ance, control. For example, our recent financial challenges and adverse rating actions may reduce the availability of certain types of reinsurance and make it more costly when it is avail- able, as reinsurers are less willing to take on credit risk in a volatile market. Accordingly, we may be forced to incur addi- tional expenses for reinsurance or may not be able to obtain new reinsurance or renew existing reinsurance arrangements on acceptable terms, or at all, which could increase our risk and adversely affect our ability to write future business or obtain statutory capital credit for new reinsurance or could require us to make capital contributions to maintain regulatory capital requirements. See “—If we are unable to meet the capital requirements mandated by the PMIERs in the form ultimately adopted because the capital requirements are higher than we currently anticipate or otherwise, we may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans sold to or guaranteed by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our busi- ness, results of operations and financial condition.” Defaults by counterparties to our reinsurance arrangements or to derivative instruments we use to hedge our business risks, or defaults by us on agreements we have with these counterparties, may expose us to risks we sought to mitigate, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We routinely execute reinsurance and derivative trans- actions with reinsurers, brokers/dealers, commercial banks, investment banks and other institutional clients to mitigate our risks in various circumstances and to hedge various business risks. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client or change in collateral value. Reinsurance does not relieve us of our direct liability to our policyholders, even when the reinsurer is liable to us. Accordingly, we bear credit risk with respect to our reinsurers. We cannot be sure that our reinsurers will pay the reinsurance recoverable owed to us now or in the future or that they will pay these recoverables on a timely basis. A reinsurer’s insolvency, inability or unwillingness to make payments under the terms of its reinsurance agreement with us could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Collateral is often posted by the counterparty to offset this risk, however, we bear the risk that the collateral declines in value or otherwise is inadequate to fully compensate us in the event of a default. We also enter into a variety of derivative instruments, including options and interest rate and currency swaps with a number of counterparties. If our counterparties fail or refuse to honor their obligations under the derivative instruments, and collateral posted, is inadequate, our hedges of the related risk will be ineffective. In addition, if we trigger downgrade provisions on risk-hedging or reinsurance arrangements, the counterparties to these arrange- ments may be able to terminate our arrangements with them or require us to take other measures, such as post additional collateral, contribute capital or provide letters of credit. The loss of material risk-hedging or reinsurance arrangements could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We ceded to UFLIC our in-force struc- tured settlements block of business issued prior to 2004, certain variable annuity business issued prior to 2004 and the long- term care insurance assumed from MetLife Insurance Com- pany USA. UFLIC has established trust accounts for our benefit to secure its obligations under the reinsurance arrange- ments, and General Electric Capital Corporation, an indirect subsidiary of GE, has agreed to maintain UFLIC’s RBC above a specified minimum level. If UFLIC becomes insolvent not- withstanding this agreement, and the amounts in the trust accounts are insufficient to pay UFLIC’s obligations to us, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. if any, Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 51 Our valuation of fixed maturity, equity and trading securities uses methodologies, estimations and assumptions that are subject to change and differing interpretations which could result in changes to investment valuations that may materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Fixed maturity, equity and trading securities are reported at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets. They represent the majority of our total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets. Our portfolio of fixed maturity securities consists primarily of investment grade securities. Valuations use inputs and assumptions that are less observable or require greater estimation, as well as valuation methods that are more complex or require greater estimation, thereby resulting in values that are less certain and may vary significantly from the value at which the investments may be ultimately sold. The method- ologies, estimates and assumptions we use in valuing our investment securities evolve over time and are subject to differ- ent interpretation (including based on developments in relevant accounting literature), all of which can lead to changes in the value of our investment securities. Rapidly changing and unanticipated interest rate, credit and equity market conditions could materially impact the valuation of investment securities as reported within our consolidated financial statements, and the period-to-period changes in value could vary significantly. Decreases in value may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Defaults or other events impacting the value of our fixed maturity securities portfolio may reduce our income. We are subject to the risk that the issuers or guarantors of fixed maturity securities we own may default on principal or interest payments they owe us. As of December 31, 2014, fixed maturity securities of $62.4 billion in our investment portfolio represented 80% of our total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets. Events reducing the value of our investment portfolio other than on a temporary basis could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and finan- cial condition. Levels of write-downs or impairments are impacted by our assessment of the financial condition of the issuer, whether or not the issuer is expected to pay its principal and interest obligations or circumstances that would require us to sell securities which have declined in value. Our investment portfolio includes investments in securities issued by foreign issuers, including companies from the Euro- pean Union and Russia. Recently, certain European Union member states and Russia have experienced financial difficulties that have triggered, and in the future may trigger, adverse financial consequences in the United States and international markets. In particular, a number of large European banks hold significant amounts of sovereign financial institution debt of other European nations and could experience difficulties as a result of defaults or declines in the value of such debt. If we determine to reposition or realign portions of the portfolio or otherwise determine to sell certain securities in an unrealized loss position, we will incur an other-than-temporary impair- ment charge. Defaults on our commercial mortgage loans or the mortgage loans underlying our investments in commercial mortgage- backed securities and volatility in performance may adversely affect our profitability. face default Our commercial mortgage loans and investments in commercial mortgage-backed securities risk. Commercial mortgage loans are stated on our consolidated balance sheets at unpaid principal balance, adjusted for any unamortized premium or discount, deferred fees or expenses, and are net of impairments and valuation allowances. We establish valuation allowances for estimated impairments as of the balance sheet date based on information, such as the market value of the underlying real estate securing the loan, any third- party guarantees on the loan balance or any cross collateral agreements and their impact on expected recovery rates. Commercial mortgage-backed securities are stated on our con- solidated balance sheets at fair value. Further, any concentration of geographic, sector or coun- terparty exposure in our commercial mortgage loans or the mortgage loans underlying our investments in commercial mortgage-backed securities may have adverse effects on our investment portfolio and consequently on our consolidated results of operations or financial condition. While we seek to mitigate this risk by having a broadly diversified portfolio, events or developments that have a negative effect on any particular geographic region, sector or counterparty may have a greater adverse effect on the investment portfolios to the extent that the portfolios are exposed to such geographic region, sector or counterparty. Competitors could negatively affect our ability to maintain or increase our market share and profitability. Our businesses are subject to intense competition. We believe the principal competitive factors in the sale of our products are product features, product investment returns, price, commission structure, marketing and distribution arrangements, brand, reputation, financial strength ratings and service. In many of our product lines, we face competition from competitors that have greater market share or breadth of distribution, offer a broader range of products, services or fea- tures, assume a greater level of risk, have lower profitability expectations or have higher financial strength ratings than we do. Our recent financial challenges have adversely and directly impacted the competitiveness of our life, annuity and long- term care and indirectly adversely impacted our mortgage insurance business. In addition, many competitors offer similar products and use similar distribution channels. The appointment of a receiver to rehabilitate or liquidate or take other adverse regulatory actions against a sig- nificant competitor could also negatively impact our businesses if such actions were to impact consumer confidence in industry products and services. insurance businesses, 52 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Our reliance on key distribution relationships could cause us to lose significant sales if one or more of those relationships terminate or are reduced. We distribute our products through a wide variety of dis- tribution methods, including through relationships with key distribution partners (including lender customers of our mort- gage insurance businesses). These distribution partners are an integral part of our business model. We are at risk that key dis- tribution partners may merge, change their distribution model affecting how our products are sold, or terminate their dis- tribution contracts or relationships with us. In addition, timing of key distributor adoption of our new product offerings may impact sales of those products. Some distributors have, and in the future others may, elect to terminate or reduce their dis- tribution relationships with us for a variety of reasons, includ- ing as a result of our recent financial challenges (including adverse ratings actions). And in the future, other distributors may terminate or reduce their relationships with us as a result of, among other things, these challenges as well as future adverse developments in our business or adverse rating agency actions or concerns about market-related risks, commission levels or the breadth of our product offerings. As discussed in “Part 1—Business—International Mortgage Insurance,” our mortgage insurance businesses in Canada and Australia are concentrated in a small number of key dis- tribution partners, which increases our risks and exposure in the event one or more of these partners terminate or reduce their relationship with us. Any termination, reduction or material change in relationship with a key distribution partner could have a material adverse effect on our future sales for one or more products. I—Item Our insurance businesses are extensively regulated and changes in regulation may reduce our profitability and limit our growth. Our insurance operations are subject to a wide variety of laws and regulations and are extensively regulated. State insurance insurance laws regulate most aspects of our U.S. businesses, and our insurance subsidiaries are regulated by the insurance departments of the states in which they are domiciled and licensed. Our international operations are principally regu- lated by insurance regulatory authorities in the jurisdictions in which they are domiciled. Failure to comply with applicable regulations or to obtain or maintain appropriate authorizations or exemptions under any applicable laws could result in restrictions on our ability to do business or engage in activities regulated in one or more jurisdictions in which we operate and could subject us to fines and other sanctions which could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, the nature and extent of regulation of our activities in applicable jurisdictions could materially change causing a material adverse effect on our business. Insurance regulatory authorities in the United States and internationally have broad administrative powers including, but not limited to: – licensing companies and agents to transact business; – calculating the value of assets and determining the eligibility of assets to determine compliance with statutory require- ments; – mandating certain insurance benefits; – regulating certain premium rates; – reviewing and approving policy forms; – regulating unfair trade and claims practices, including through the imposition of restrictions on marketing and sales practices, distribution arrangements and payment of inducements; – establishing and revising statutory capital and reserve requirements and solvency standards; – fixing maximum interest rates on insurance policy loans and for guaranteed crediting rates on life minimum rates insurance policies and annuity contracts; – approving future rate increases; – approving changes in control of insurance companies; – restricting the payment of dividends and other transactions between affiliates; and – regulating the types, amounts and valuation of investments. to statutory accounting principles, State insurance regulators and the NAIC regularly re- examine existing laws and regulations, specifically focusing on modifications inter- pretations of existing laws and the development of new laws and regulations applicable to insurance companies and their products. Any proposed or future legislation or NAIC ini- tiatives, if adopted, may be more restrictive on our ability to conduct business than current regulatory requirements or may result in higher costs or increased statutory capital and reserve requirements. Further, because laws and regulations can be complex and sometimes inexact, there is also a risk that any particular regulator’s or enforcement authority’s interpretation of a legal, accounting or reserving issue may change over time to our detriment, or expose us to different or additional regu- latory risks. The application of these regulations and guidelines by insurers involves interpretations and judgments that may differ from those of state insurance departments. We cannot provide assurance that such differences of opinion will not result in regulatory, tax or other challenges to the actions we have taken to date. The result of those potential challenges could require us to increase levels of statutory capital and and/or have reserves or implications on certain tax positions. incur higher operating costs In addition, the Federal Housing Finance Agency, the regulatory body of the FHLBs, began exploring changes to federal regulations in December 2010, augmented by an addi- tional proposed advisory bulletin in 2012 on FHLB lending to insurers. These changes, if enacted, could impact our ability to effectively utilize FHLB products and services. FHLB member- ship provides a low-cost alternative funding source for our businesses. Changes in these laws and regulations, or in inter- pretations thereof in the United States, can be made for the benefit of the consumer, or for other reasons, at the expense of the insurer and thus could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 53 Regulators in the United States and internationally have developed criteria under which they are subjecting non-bank financial companies, including insurance companies, that are deemed systemically important to higher regulatory capital requirements and stricter prudential standards. Although nei- ther we nor any of our subsidiaries have been designated sys- temically important, we cannot predict whether we or any of our subsidiaries will be deemed systemically important in the future or how such a designation would impact our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. Litigation and regulatory investigations or other actions are common in the insurance business and may result in financial losses and harm our reputation. We face the risk of litigation and regulatory investigations or other actions in the ordinary course of operating our busi- nesses, including class action lawsuits. Our pending legal and regulatory actions include proceedings specific to us and others generally applicable to business practices in the industries in which we operate. In our insurance operations, we are, have been, or may become subject to class actions and individual suits alleging, among other things, issues relating to sales or underwriting practices, increases to in-force long-term care insurance pre- miums, payment of contingent or other sales commissions, claims payments and procedures, cancellation or rescission of coverage, product design, product disclosure, administration, additional premium charges for premiums paid on a periodic basis, denial or delay of benefits, charging excessive or recommending unsuitable impermissible fees on products, products to customers, our pricing structures and business practices in our mortgage insurance businesses, such as captive reinsurance arrangements with lenders and contract under- writing services, violations of RESPA or related state anti- inducement laws and breaching fiduciary or other duties to customers. In our investment-related operations, we are subject to litigation involving commercial disputes with counterparties. In addition, we are also subject to various regulatory inquiries, such as information requests, subpoenas, books and record examinations and market conduct and financial examinations, from state, federal and international regulators and other authorities. Plaintiffs in class action and other lawsuits against us, as well as regulators, may seek very large or indeterminate amounts, which may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. We are also subject to litigation arising out of our general business activities such as our contractual and employment relationships and we are currently subject to two shareholder putative class action lawsuits alleging securities law violations. legal A substantial liability or a significant regulatory action (including uncertainty about the outcome of pending legal and regulatory investigations and actions) against us could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, even if we ultimately prevail in the litigation, regulatory action or investigation, we could suffer significant reputational harm and incur legal significant expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. At this time, it is not feasible to predict, nor determine, the ultimate outcomes of any pending investigations and legal proceedings, nor to provide reasonable ranges of possible losses other than those that have been disclosed. For a further discussion of certain current investigations and proceedings in which we are involved, see “Item 3—Legal Proceedings.” We cannot assure you that these investigations and proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. It is also possible that we could become subject to further investigations and have lawsuits filed or enforcement actions initiated against us. In addition, increased regulatory scrutiny and any resulting investigations or legal proceedings could result in new legal precedents and industry-wide regulations or practices that could materially adversely affect our business, financial con- dition and results of operations. The material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting may adversely impact our company. are We As discussed in “Part II—Item 9A—Controls and Procedures,” we have concluded that we did not have adequate controls designed and in place to ensure that we correctly implemented changes made to one of our methodologies as part of our comprehensive long-term care insurance claim reserves review completed in the third quarter of 2014. As a result, we failed to identify a $44 million after-tax calculation error. Although this control deficiency did not result in a mate- rial misstatement in the consolidated financial statements, we have concluded a material weakness exists in the controls over the implementation of our long-term care insurance claim reserves assumption and methodology changes because such a misstatement could have occurred. We are currently working to remediate the material weakness. currently the implementation of the control enhancements during 2015. We will test the ongoing operating effectiveness of the new controls subsequent the material to implementation, and consider weakness remediated after the applicable remedial controls operate effectively for a sufficient period of time. We cannot be sure when we will successfully remediate the material weakness or whether compensating controls will be effective before then in preventing or detecting material errors. The remediation may require substantial time and resources to successfully implement. Moreover, this material weakness and the financial statement errors we have had in the past or may have in the future could cause investors, creditors, distributors, customers, rating agencies, regulators and others to lose confidence in the effectiveness of our internal controls and the accuracy of our financial statements and other information, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of oper- ations and financial condition. complete targeting to 54 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Our computer systems may fail or be compromised, and unanticipated problems could materially adversely impact our disaster recovery systems and business continuity plans, which could damage our reputation, impair our ability to conduct business effectively and materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our business is highly dependent upon the effective oper- ation of our computer systems. We also have arrangements in place with our partners and other third-party service providers through which we share and receive information. We rely on these systems throughout our business for a variety of func- tions, including processing claims and applications, providing information to customers and distributors, performing actuarial analyses the implementation of security and back-up measures, our com- puter systems and those of our partners and third-party service providers may be vulnerable to physical or electronic intrusions, computer viruses or other attacks, programming errors and similar disruptive problems. The failure of these systems for any reason could cause significant interruptions to our operations, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. and maintaining financial records. Despite those systems, We retain confidential information in our computer sys- tems, and we rely on commercial technologies to maintain the including computers or mobile security of devices. Anyone who is able to circumvent our security meas- ures and penetrate our computer systems or misuse authorized access could access, view, misappropriate, alter, or delete any information in the systems, including personally identifiable information, personal health information and proprietary busi- ness information. Our employees, distribution partners and other vendors may use portable computers or mobile devices which may contain similar information to that in our computer systems, and these devices have been and can be lost, stolen or damaged, and therefore subject to the same risks as our other computer systems. In addition, an increasing number of states and foreign countries require that affected parties be notified or other actions be taken (which could involve significant costs to us) if a security breach results in the inappropriate disclosure of personally identifiable information. Although we have experi- enced occasional, actual or attempted breaches of our cyberse- curity, none of these breaches has had a material effect on our business, operations or reputation. Any compromise of the security of our computer systems that results in inappropriate disclosure of personally identifiable customer information could damage our reputation in the marketplace, deter people from purchasing our products, subject us to significant civil and criminal liability and require us to incur significant techni- cal, legal and other expenses. In addition, unanticipated problems with, or failures of, our disaster recovery systems and business continuity plans could have a material adverse impact on our ability to conduct business and on our results of operations and financial con- dition, particularly if those problems affect our information technology systems and destroy, lose or otherwise compromise valuable data. In addition, in the event that a significant num- ber of our employees were unavailable in the event of a disaster, our ability to effectively conduct business could be severely compromised. The failure of our disaster recovery systems and business continuity plans could adversely impact our profit- ability and our business. The occurrence of natural or man-made disasters or a pandemic could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We are exposed to various risks arising out of natural dis- asters, including earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and tornadoes, and man-made disasters, including acts of terrorism and mili- tary actions and pandemics. For example, a natural or man- made disaster or a pandemic could disrupt our computer systems and our ability to conduct or process business, as well as lead to unexpected changes in persistency rates as policy- holders and contractholders who are affected by the disaster may be unable to meet their contractual obligations, such as payment of premiums on our insurance policies, deposits into our investment products, and mortgage payments on loans insured by our mortgage insurance policies. They could also significantly increase our mortality and morbidity experience above the assumptions we used in pricing our insurance and investment products. The continued threat of terrorism and ongoing military actions may cause significant volatility in global financial markets, and a natural or man-made disaster or a pandemic could trigger an economic downturn in the areas directly or indirectly affected by the disaster. These con- sequences could, among other things, result in a decline in business and increased claims from those areas, as well as an adverse effect on home prices in those areas, which could result in increased loss experience in our mortgage insurance busi- nesses. Disasters or a pandemic also could disrupt public and private infrastructure, including communications and financial services, which could disrupt our normal business operations. result A natural or man-made disaster or a pandemic could also disrupt in the operations of our counterparties or increased prices for the products and services they provide to us. For example, a natural or man-made disaster or a pandemic could lead to increased reinsurance prices or reduced avail- ability of reinsurance and potentially cause us to retain more risk than we otherwise would retain if we were able to obtain reinsurance at lower prices. In addition, a disaster or a pan- demic could adversely affect the value of the assets in our investment portfolio if it affects companies’ ability to pay principal or interest on their securities or the value of the underlying collateral of structured securities or the value of the underlying collateral of structured securities. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 55 The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act subjects us to additional federal regulation, and we cannot predict the effect of such regulation on our business, results of operations or financial condition. In July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act was enacted and signed into law. The Dodd-Frank Act made extensive changes to the laws regulating financial services firms and requires various federal agencies to adopt a broad range of new implementing rules and regulations, many of which have taken effect. Federal agencies were given significant discretion in drafting the rules and regulations to implement the Dodd-Frank Act. Although many of those regulations have now been adopted, many of the details and much of the impact of the Dodd-Frank Act may not be known for some time. In addition, this legislation mandated multiple studies and reports for Congress, which could result in additional legislative or regulatory action. Among other provisions, the Dodd-Frank Act provides for a new framework of regulation of OTC derivatives markets that requires us to clear certain types of transactions through clear- ing organizations. We are subject to the clearing requirement that requires us to post highly liquid securities as initial margin and have cash available to meet daily variation margin demands for most of our new interest rate derivative transactions. The need for initial and variation margin requires us to hold addi- tional liquid, lower-yielding securities as well as cash in our investment portfolio. In addition, over time, we will experience additional collateral requirements for derivative transactions that are not required to be cleared. Certain of our derivative transactions are required to be traded on swap execution facili- ties, regulated platforms for swap trading. Our derivatives activ- ity is transparency due to heightened reporting requirements. As a result of all of these changes which could make trading derivatives more expensive or difficult to the way we use execute, we may have to alter or limit derivatives in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. to greater subject The Dodd-Frank Act also requires many of our swap trad- ing counterparties to register as OTC derivatives dealers. OTC derivatives dealers will be subject to provisions of the Dodd- Frank Act regarding minimum capital and margin posting and collection requirements. OTC derivatives dealers are or will be subject to new business conduct standards, disclosure require- ments, reporting and recordkeeping requirements, transparency requirements, position limits, limitations on conflicts of inter- est, and other regulatory burdens (some of which are already in effect). These requirements may increase the overall costs for OTC derivative dealers, which are likely to be passed along, at least partially, to market participants such as us in the form of higher fees or less advantageous dealer marks. These additional obligations on dealers may make it more difficult and costly for us to enter into certain transactions. They may also render cer- tain of our investment strategies impossible or so costly that they will no longer be cost-effective to implement. The applicability of many of these regulations to us will depend to a large extent on whether the FSOC determines that we are systemically significant, in which case we would become subject to supervision by the Federal Reserve Board. FSOC has adopted final rules for evaluating whether a non-bank financial company should be designated as systemically significant. To date, the FSOC has not identified us as systemically significant. Since we are not affiliated with an insured depository institution, such supervision would probably have its greatest effect on requirements relating to capital, liquidity, stress test- ing, limits on counterparty credit exposure, compliance and governance, early remediation in the event of financial weak- ness and other prudential matters. Systemically significant companies are also required to prepare resolution plans, so- called “living wills,” that set out how they could most effi- ciently be liquidated if they endangered the U.S. financial system or the broader economy. Insurance companies that are found to be systemically significant are permitted, in some circumstances, to submit abbreviated versions of such plans. The Dodd-Frank Act establishes an FIO within the Department of the Treasury to perform various functions with respect to insurance, including serving as a non-voting member of the FSOC and making recommendations to the FSOC regarding insurers that may be designated for more stringent oversight by the FSOC. We have not been designated to receive oversight by the FSOC, but there can be no assurances that it will not happen in the future. We cannot predict the requirements that will be imposed under all the regulations adopted under the Dodd-Frank Act, the effect regulations will have on financial markets generally, or on our businesses specifically (directly or indirectly), the additional costs associated with compliance with such regu- lations, or any changes to our operations that may be necessary to comply with the Dodd-Frank Act and the regulations there- under, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial con- dition. Changes in accounting and reporting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other standard- setting bodies and insurance regulators could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our financial statements are subject to the application of U.S. GAAP, which is periodically revised and/or expanded. Accordingly, from time to time, we are required to adopt new or revised accounting standards issued by recognized author- itative bodies, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board. It is possible that future accounting and reporting stan- dards we are required to adopt could change the current accounting treatment that we apply to our financial statements and that such changes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, 56 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K the required adoption of future accounting and reporting stan- dards may result in significant costs to implement. For exam- ple, current proposals may change the accounting for insurance contracts and financial in increased volatility of net income as well as other compre- hensive income. In addition, these proposals could require us to make significant changes to systems and use additional resources, resulting in significant incremental costs to imple- ment the proposals. instruments and could result We have significant deferred tax assets, and any impairments of or valuation allowances against these deferred tax assets in the future could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We currently utilize significant deferred tax assets to offset income, particularly in our mortgage insurance businesses. The extent to which we can utilize deferred tax assets may be lim- ited for various reasons, including but not limited to changes in tax rules or regulations and if projected future taxable income becomes insufficient to recognize the full benefit of our net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards prior to their expiration. Additionally, our ability to fully use these tax assets will also be adversely affected if we have an “ownership change” within the meaning of Section 382 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. An ownership change is generally defined as a greater than 50% increase in equity ownership by “5% share- holders” (as that term is defined for purposes of Section 382) in any three-year period. Future changes in our stock ownership, depending on the magnitude, including the purchase or sale of our common stock by 5% shareholders, and issuances or redemptions of common stock by us, could result in an owner- ship change that would trigger the imposition of limitations under Section 382. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that in the future we will not experience limitations with respect to recognizing the benefits of our NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes for which limitations could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows or finan- cial condition. We may be required to accelerate the amortization of deferred acquisition costs and the present value of future profits, which would increase our expenses and reduce profitability. DAC represents costs related to the successful acquisition of our insurance policies and investment contracts, which are deferred and amortized over the estimated life of the related insurance policies and investment contracts. These costs primarily consist of commissions in excess of ultimate renewal commissions and underwriting and contract and policy issu- ance expenses incurred on policies and contracts successfully acquired. Under U.S. GAAP, DAC is subsequently amortized to income, over the lives of the underlying contracts, in relation to the anticipated recognition of premiums or gross profits. In addition, when we acquire a block of insurance policies or investment contracts, we assign a portion of the purchase price to the right to receive future net cash flows from the acquired block of insurance and investment contracts and policies. This intangible asset, called PVFP, represents the actuarially esti- mated present value of future cash flows from the acquired policies. We amortize the value of this intangible asset in a manner similar to the amortization of DAC. Our amortization of DAC and PVFP generally depends upon, among other items, anticipated profits from investments, surrender and other policy and contract charges, mortality, morbidity and maintenance expense margins. Unfavorable experience with regard to expected expenses, investment returns, mortality, morbidity, withdrawals or lapses may cause us to increase the amortization of DAC or PVFP, or both, or to record a charge to increase benefit reserves, and such increases could be material. We regularly review DAC and PVFP to determine if they are recoverable from future income. If these costs are not recoverable, they are charged as expenses in the financial period in which we make this determination. For example, if we determine that we are unable to recover DAC from profits over the life of a block of insurance policies or annuity contracts, or if withdrawals or surrender charges associated with early with- drawals do not fully offset the unamortized acquisition costs related to those policies or annuities, we would be required to recognize the additional DAC amortization as an expense in the current period. Equity market volatility could result in losses in our variable annuity products and associated hedging program which could challenge our ability to recover DAC on these products and could lead to further write-offs of DAC. We have significant international operations that could be adversely affected by changes in political or economic stability or government policies where we operate. We have a presence in more than 25 countries around the world. Global economic and regulatory developments could affect our business in many ways. For example, our operations are subject to local laws and regulations, which in many ways are similar to the state laws and regulations outlined above. Many of our international customers and independent sales intermediaries also operate in regulated environments. Changes in the regulations that affect their operations also may affect our business relationships with them and their ability to pur- chase or to distribute our products. These changes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, compliance with applicable laws and regulations is time consuming and personnel-intensive, and changes in these laws and regulations may increase materially our direct and indirect compliance and other expenses of doing business, thus having a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Local, regional and global economic conditions, including changes in housing markets, employment levels, government benefit levels, credit markets, trade levels, inflation, recession and currency fluctuations, as discussed above, also could have a material adverse effect on our international businesses. Political Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 57 changes, some of which may be disruptive, can also interfere with our customers and all of our activities in a particular loca- tion. Attempts to mitigate these risks can be costly and are not always successful. Many European countries which use the euro as a com- mon currency have experienced levels of economic stress. Fail- ure of European officials to resolve the current euro area debt situation may result in significant financial market volatility and instability and negatively influence our business within European countries, as well as other countries around the world. Our international businesses and operations are subject to the tax laws and regulations, and value added tax and other indirect taxes, in the countries in which they are organized and in which they operate. Foreign governments from time to time consider legislation and regulations that could increase the amount of taxes that we pay or impact the sales of our prod- ucts. An increase to tax rates in the countries in which we oper- ate could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and international securities markets could negatively affect our profitability. in primarily non-U.S.-denominated The results of our international operations are denomi- nated in local currencies, and because we derive a significant portion of our income from our international operations, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent the dollar value of foreign currencies is reduced due to a strengthening of the U.S. dollar. We generally invest cash gen- erated by our international operations in securities denomi- nated in local currencies. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, approximately 18% and 20%, respectively, of our invested assets were held by our international operations and were invested securities. Although investing in securities denominated in local curren- cies limits the effect of currency exchange rate fluctuation on local operating results, we remain exposed to the impact of fluctuations in exchange rates as we translate the operating results of our international operations into our consolidated financial statements. We currently do not hedge this exposure, other than for dividend and other expected cash payments from our Canadian and Australian mortgage insurance businesses, and, as a result, period-to-period comparability of our results of operations is affected by fluctuations in exchange rates. Our investments in non-U.S.-denominated securities are subject to fluctuations in non-U.S. securities and currency markets, and those markets can be volatile. Non-U.S. currency fluctuations also affect the value of any dividends paid by our non-U.S. subsidiaries to their parent companies in the United States. R I S K S R E L A T I N G P R I M A R I L Y T O O U R L O N G - T E R M C A R E I N S U R A N C E , L I F E I N S U R A N C E A N D A N N U I T I E S B U S I N E S S E S We may not be able to increase premiums or reduce benefits on our in-force long-term care insurance policies by enough or quickly enough and the rate actions or reduced benefits currently being implemented and any future rate actions may adversely affect demand for our long-term care insurance products, our reputation in the market, our results of operations and our financial condition. strategy for our The success of our long-term care insurance business is based on our ability to obtain significant price increases or benefit reductions, as warranted and actua- rially justified based on our experience, on our in-force block of long-term care insurance policies and price our new policies appropriately (at significantly higher prices than has historically been the case). The adequacy of our current long-term care insurance reserves also depends significantly on this assumption and our ability to successfully execute our in-force management plan through increased premiums or reduced benefits as antici- long-term care pated. Although the terms of all of our insurance policies permit us to increase premiums during the premium-paying period, these increases generally require regu- latory approval, which often takes a long time to obtain and may not be obtained in all relevant jurisdictions or for the full amounts requested. In addition, some states are considering adopting long-term care insurance rate increase legislation that would further limit increases in long-term care insurance pre- mium rates beyond the rate stability legislation previously adopted in certain states, which would adversely impact our ability to achieve anticipated rate increases. Rate increases by us or our competitors could also adversely affect our reputation in the markets in which we operate, adversely impact our ability to continue to market and sell new long-term care insurance products, make it more difficult for us to obtain future rate increases and adversely impact our ability to retain existing policyholders and agents. Policyholders may be unwilling or unable to pay the increased premiums we will seek to charge. We cannot predict how our policyholders (or potential future policyholders), agents, competitors and regulators may react to any rate increases, nor can we predict if regulators will approve regulated rate increases. If we are not able to increase rates or achieve associated benefit reductions for our in-force long-term care insurance policies to the extent we anticipate, we may be required to establish additional reserves and make greater payments under our long-term care insurance policies than we currently project. We may also be forced to stop selling our long-term care insurance products in markets where we cannot achieve satisfactory rate increases, which will cause a further 58 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K decrease in our sales. For discussion of risks relating to our reserves, see “—If our reserves for future policy claims are inadequate as a result of deviations from our estimates and actuarial assumptions or other reasons, we may be required to increase our reserves, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.” In addition, there can be no assurance that the premium levels of our current and future products will be well received by the market, and we may suffer from a decreased demand for our long-term care insurance products. If we are unable to sell our long-term care insurance products at such premium levels, we may not be able to sell them profitably or at all, and our results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected. If demand fails to increase for our long-term care insurance, life insurance or fixed annuity products, our business and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. risk tolerance of A large percentage of our revenue is derived from sales of life insurance and fixed annuity long-term care insurance, products. In recent years, industry sales of these products have varied; in some years, sales have significantly declined while in other years sales have grown moderately. Several factors can affect demand for these products, including changes in market and economic conditions, insurers and customers and legislative or regulatory changes. In the past, decisions by insurers to cease offering these products, to raise prices on in-force policies or new policies and/or to introduce new products with higher prices have negatively impacted sales for these products. These actions resulted in decreased pur- chases of some of these products and have caused some distrib- utors to reduce their sales focus on some of these products. Our success in these businesses depends on our ability to introduce and market products and services that are financially attractive and address our customers’ changing demands. If the market for life insurance, long-term care insurance and fixed annuity products remains flat or does not improve or if we are unable to compete effectively in that market with our product offerings, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. For the impact on sales of these products from recent rating changes, see “—Recent adverse rating agency actions have resulted in a loss of business and adversely affected our results of operations, financial condition and business and future adverse rating actions could have a further and more significant adverse impact on us.” If we have projected profits in earlier years followed by projected losses in later years (as is currently the case with our long-term care insurance business), we will be required to increase our reserve liabilities over time to offset the projected future losses, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We calculate and maintain reserves for estimated future payments of claims to our policyholders and contractholders in accordance with U.S. GAAP and industry accounting practices. When we conclude that our reserves are insufficient by line of business to cover actual or expected policy and contract benefits and claim payments as a result of changes in experience, assumptions or otherwise, we are required to increase our reserves and incur charges in the period in which we make the determination. We are also required to accrue additional reserves over time when the overall reserve is adequate by line of business, but profits are projected in earlier years followed by losses projected in later years. When this pattern of profits fol- lowed by losses exists, and we determine that an additional reserve liability is required, we increase reserves in the years we expect to be profitable by the amounts necessary to offset losses projected in later years. In our long-term care insurance products, projected profits followed by projected losses are anticipated to occur because U.S. GAAP requires that original assumptions be used in determining reserves for future policy claims unless and until a premium deficiency exists. Our existing locked-in reserve assumptions do not include assumptions for premium rate increases, which if included in reserves, could reduce or elimi- nate future projected losses. The amount of future increases in reserves may be significant and this could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. For example, the results of our loss recognition testing as of December 31, 2014 on our long-term care insurance products, excluding the acquired block, indicated that our DAC was recoverable and reserves were sufficient. However, the loss recognition testing for our long-term care insurance products, excluding the acquired block, indicated we had projected prof- its in earlier years benefitting from our in-force rate actions followed by projected losses in the later years given our updated view on claims severity. As a result of this pattern of projected profits followed by projected losses, we are required to accrue additional future policy benefit reserves in the profitable years, currently expected to be through approximately 2030 (before accruing for the additional liability), by the amounts necessary to offset losses in later years. Given there were no profits in our long-term care insurance business in 2014, no accrual was recorded. information, For additional II—Item 7— Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates— Insurance liabilities and reserves.” see “Part Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 59 We may face losses if there are deviations from our assumptions regarding the future persistency of our insurance policies and annuity contracts. regarding persistency experience from pricing expectations could have an adverse effect on the profitability of our prod- ucts. The prices and expected future profitability of our insurance and deferred annuity products are based in part upon expected patterns of premiums, expenses and benefits, using a number of assumptions, including those related to persistency, which is the probability that a policy or contract will remain in- force from one period to the next. The effect of persistency on profitability varies for different products. For most of our life insurance and deferred annuity products, actual persistency that is lower than our persistency assumptions could have an adverse impact on profitability, primarily because we would be required to accelerate the amortization of expenses we deferred in con- nection with the acquisition of the policy or contract. For our deferred annuities with GMWBs and guaranteed annuitization benefits, actual persistency that is higher than our persistency assumptions could have an adverse impact on profitability because we could be required to make withdrawal or annuitiza- tion payments for a longer period of time than the account value would support. For our universal life insurance policies, increased persistency that is the result of the sale of policies by the insured to third parties that continue to make premium payments on policies that would otherwise have lapsed, also known as life settlements, could have an adverse impact on profitability because of the higher claims rate associated with settled policies. For our long-term care insurance and some other health insurance policies, actual persistency in later policy durations that is higher than our persistency assumptions could have a negative impact on profitability. If these policies remain in- force longer than we assumed, then we could be required to make greater benefit payments than we had anticipated when we priced these products. This risk is particularly significant in our long-term care insurance business because we do not have the experience history that we have in many of our other busi- nesses. As a result, our ability to predict persistency and result- ing benefit experience for long-term care insurance is more limited than for many other products. Some of our long-term care insurance policies have experienced higher persistency than we had assumed, which has resulted in higher claims and an adverse effect on the profitability of that business. Because our assumptions regarding persistency experience are inherently uncertain, reserves for future policy benefits and claims may prove to be inadequate if actual persistency experi- ence is different from those assumptions. Although some of our products permit us to increase premiums during the life of the policy or contract, we cannot guarantee that these increases would be sufficient to maintain profitability or that such increases would be approved by regulators or approved in a timely manner. Moreover, many of our products either do not permit us to increase premiums or limit those increases during the life of the policy or contract. Significant deviations in Medical advances, such as genetic research and diagnostic imaging, and related legislation could materially adversely affect the financial performance of our life insurance, long- term care insurance and annuity businesses. Genetic testing research and discovery is advancing at a rapid pace. Though some of this research is focused on identifying the genes associated with rare diseases, much of the research is focused on identifying the genes associated with an increased risk of various diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Diagnostic testing utilizing various blood panels or imaging techniques may allow clini- cians to detect similar diseases during an earlier phase. We believe that if an individual learns through such testing that they are predisposed to a condition that may reduce their life expectancy or increase their chances of requiring long-term care, they potentially will be more likely to purchase our life and long-term care insurance policies or not permit their exist- ing policy to lapse. In contrast, if an individual learns that they lack the genetic predisposition to develop the conditions that reduce longevity or require long-term care, they potentially will be less likely to purchase our life and long-term care insurance products, but more likely to purchase certain annuity products and permit their life and long-term care insurance policies to lapse. Being able to access and use the medical information (including the results of genetic and diagnostic testing) known to our prospective policyholders is important to ensure that an underwriting risk assessment matches the anticipated risk priced into our life and long-term care insurance products, as well as our annuity products. Currently, there are some state level restrictions related to an insurer’s access and use of genetic information, and periodically new genetic testing legislation is being introduced. However, further restrictions on the access and use of such medical information could create a mismatch between an assessed risk and the product pricing. Such a mis- match has the potential to increase product pricing resulting in a decrease in sales and purchasers at increased risk becoming the more likely buyer. The net result of this could cause a deterioration in the risk profile of our portfolio which could lead to payments to our policyholders and contractholders that are materially higher than anticipated. In addition to earlier diagnosis or knowledge of disease risk, medical advances may also lead to newer forms of pre- ventive care which could improve an individual’s overall health and longevity. If this were to occur, the duration of payments made by us under certain forms of our annuity contracts likely would increase thereby reducing our profitability on those products. 60 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K We may not be able to continue to mitigate the impact of Regulations XXX or AXXX and, therefore, we may incur higher operating costs that could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We have increased term and universal life insurance stat- utory reserves in response to Regulations XXX and AXXX and have taken steps to mitigate the impact these regulations have had on our business, including increasing premium rates and implementing reserve funding structures, as well as changing our product offerings. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to continue to implement actions to mitigate fur- ther impacts of Regulations XXX or AXXX on our term and universal life insurance products. Market conditions and regu- latory constraints have, at times, limited the capacity of, and impacted pricing for, If capacity were to be limited for a prolonged period of time, our ability to obtain new funding for these structures could be hindered. Additionally, we cannot be sure that there will not be regulatory, tax or other challenges to the actions we have taken to date, which could require us to increase statutory reserves or incur higher operating and/or tax costs. these reserve funding structures. One way that we and other insurance companies have mitigated the impact of these regulations is through captive reinsurance companies and/or special purpose vehicles. During 2014, the NAIC approved a new regulatory framework appli- cable to the use of captive insurers in connection with Regu- lation XXX and Regulation AXXX transactions, and implemented the framework through AG 48, which requires the ceding company’s actuary who opines on the insurer’s reserves to issue a qualified opinion if the framework is not followed. The NAIC is also currently developing a model regu- lation to be implemented by states that is expected to contain the same substantive provisions as the provisions of the adopted AG 48. Further implementation of the framework remains with respect to risk-based capital calculations, financial report- ing by captives and other issues. Resolution of these issues, as well as potential additional requirements that could be imposed by individual regulators, could make it more difficult and/or expensive for us to mitigate the impact of Regulations XXX and AXXX, and this in turn, could affect our product prices and offerings. If we were to discontinue our use of captive life reinsurance subsidiaries to finance statutory reserves in response to regulatory changes on a prospective basis, the reasonably likely impact would be increased costs related to alternative financing, such as third-party reinsurance, and potential reduc- tions in or discontinuance of new term life insurance sales, all of which would adversely impact our consolidated results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we cannot be certain that affordable alternative financing would be available. R I S K S R E L A T I N G P R I M A R I L Y T O O U R M O R T G A G E I N S U R A N C E B U S I N E S S E S A deterioration in economic conditions or a decline in home prices may adversely affect our loss experience in mortgage insurance. Losses in our mortgage insurance businesses generally result from events, such as reduction of income, unemploy- ment, underemployment, divorce, illness, inability to manage credit, interest rate levels and home values that reduce a borrower’s ability to continue to make mortgage payments and disproportionate reliance of a local economy on a business sec- tor that experiences a decline. The amount of the loss we suffer, if any, depends in part on whether the home of a borrower who defaults on a mortgage can be sold for an amount that will cover unpaid principal and interest and the expenses of the sale. A deterioration in economic conditions generally increases the likelihood that borrowers will not have sufficient income to pay their mortgages and can also adversely affect housing values, which increases our risk of loss. A decline in home prices, whether or not in conjunction with deteriorating economic conditions, may also increase our risk of loss. In the past, the United States in particular experienced an economic slowdown and saw a pronounced weakness in its housing markets, as well as declines in home prices. This slow- down and the resulting impact on the housing markets have been reflected in our elevated level of delinquencies. In addi- tion, there has been a lag in the rate at which delinquent loans are going to foreclosure due to various local and lender fore- closure moratoria as well as servicer and court-related backlog issues. As these loans eventually go to foreclosure, our paid claims will increase. Ongoing delays in foreclosure processes could cause our losses to increase as expenses accrue for longer periods or if the value of foreclosed homes further decline dur- ing such delays. If we experience an increase in or the cost of delinquencies that are higher than expected, our financial con- dition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Premiums for the significant portion of our international mortgage insurance risk in-force with high loan-to-value ratios may not be sufficient to compensate us for the greater risks associated with those policies. A significant portion of our international mortgage insurance risk in-force consists of mortgage loans with high loan-to-value ratios, which typically have claim incidence rates substantially higher than mortgage loans with lower loan-to- value ratios. In Canada and Australia, the risks of having a portfolio with a significant portion of high loan-to-value mort- gages are greater than in the United States and Europe because we generally agree to cover 100% of the losses associated with mortgage defaults in those markets, compared to percentages in the United States and Europe that typically range between 10% and 35% of the loan amount. Although mortgage insurance premiums for higher loan-to-value ratio loans generally are Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 61 higher than for loans with lower loan-to-value ratios, the differ- ence in premium rates may not be sufficient to compensate us for the greater risks associated with mortgage loans bearing higher loan-to-value ratios. Our international mortgage insurance business is subject to substantial competition from government-owned and government-sponsored enterprises, and this may put us at a competitive disadvantage on pricing and other terms and conditions. Like our U.S. mortgage insurance business, our interna- tional mortgage insurance business competes with government- owned and government-sponsored enterprises. In Canada, we compete with CMHC, a Crown corporation owned by the Canadian government. In Europe, these enterprises include public mortgage guarantee facilities in a number of countries. Like government-owned and government-sponsored enterprises in the United States, these competitors may establish pricing terms and business practices that may be influenced by motives such as advancing social housing policy or stabilizing the mort- gage lending industry, which may not be consistent with maximizing return on capital or other profitability measures. In the event that a government-owned or sponsored entity in one of our markets determines to reduce prices significantly or alter the terms and conditions of its mortgage insurance or other credit enhancement products in furtherance of social or other goals rather than a profit motive, we may be unable to compete in that market effectively, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. See “—We compete with government-owned and government- sponsored enterprises in our U.S. mortgage insurance business, and this may put us at a competitive disadvantage on pricing and other terms and conditions.” In Canada, CMHC is a sovereign entity that provides mortgage lenders a lower capital charge and a 100% govern- ment guarantee as compared to loans covered by our policy which benefit from a 90% government guarantee. CMHC also operates the Canadian Mortgage Bond Program, which pro- vides lenders the ability to efficiently guaranty and securitize their mortgage loan portfolios. If we are unable to effectively distinguish ourselves competitively with our Canadian mort- gage lender customers, under current market conditions or in the future, we may be unable to compete effectively with CMHC as a result of the more favorable capital relief it can provide or the other products and incentives that it offers to lenders. Recent conditions in the international financial markets could lead other countries to nationalize our competitors or establish competing governmental agencies, which would fur- ther limit our competitive position in international markets and, therefore, materially affect our results of operations. Changes in regulations could affect our international operations significantly and could reduce the demand for mortgage insurance. regulatory risks In addition to the general that are described under “—Our insurance businesses are extensively regulated and changes in regulation may reduce our profit- ability and limit our growth,” we are also affected by various additional regulations relating particularly to our international mortgage insurance operations. All financial institutions that are federally regulated by OSFI are required to purchase mortgage insurance whenever the amount of a mortgage loan exceeds 80% of the value of the collateral property at the time the loan is made. From time to time, the Canadian government reviews the federal financial services regulatory framework and has in the past examined whether to remove, in whole or in part, the requirement for mortgage insurance on such high loan-to-value mortgages. High loan-to-value mortgage loans constitute a significant part of our portfolio of insured mortgages in Canada, and the removal, in whole or in part, of the regulatory requirement for mortgage insurance for such loans could result in a reduction in the amount of new insurance written by us in Canada in future years. In addition, any increase in the threshold loan-to-value ratio above which mortgage insurance is required could also result in a reduction in the amount of new insurance written by us in Canada in future years. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Over the past several years, the Canadian government implemented a series of revisions to the rules for government guaranteed mortgages aimed at strengthening Canada’s housing finance system and ensuring the long-term stability of the Canadian housing market. These revisions were formalized in amendments to the Government Guarantee Agreement and are now reflected in regulations under PRMHIA. If the Canadian government were to alter its policy in any manner adverse to us, including by managing its aggregate cap of CAD$300.0 billion on the outstanding principal amount of mortgages insured by private mortgage insurance providers in a manner that is detrimental to private mortgage insurance pro- viders, altering the terms of or terminating its guarantee of the including policies of private mortgage insurance providers, those with Genworth Canada, or varying the treatment of pri- vate mortgage insurance in the capital rules, Genworth Canada could lose its ability to compete effectively with CMHC and could effectively be unable to write new business as a private mortgage insurer in Canada. This could have an adverse effect on our ability to offer mortgage insurance products in Canada and could materially adversely affect our financial condition the and results of operations. For refer Government Guarantee Agreement, to “Item 1— Business—International Mortgage Insurance—Canada— Government Guarantee.” further discussion of APRA regulates all ADIs in Australia and life, general, and mortgage insurance companies. APRA also determines the 62 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K that minimum regulatory capital requirements for ADIs. APRA’s current regulations provide for reduced capital requirements for certain ADIs insure residential mortgages with an “acceptable” mortgage insurer (which include our Australian mortgage insurance companies) for all non-standard mortgages and for standard mortgages with loan-to-value ratios above 80%. APRA’s regulations currently set out a number of circumstances in which a loan may be considered to be non- standard from an ADI’s perspective. The capital levels for Aus- tralian internal ratings-based ADIs are determined by their APRA-approved internal ratings-based models, which may or may not allocate capital credit for LMI. We believe that APRA and the internal ratings-based ADIs have not yet finalized internal models for residential mortgage risk, so we do not believe that the internal ratings-based ADIs currently benefit from an explicit reduction in their capital requirements for mortgages covered by mortgage insurance. Under rules adopted by APRA effective January 1, 2008, in connection with the revisions to a set of regulatory rules and procedures governing global bank capital standards that were introduced by the Basel Committee of the Bank for Interna- tional Settlements, ADIs in Australia that are accredited as standardized now receive a reduced capital incentive for using mortgage insurance for high loan-to-value mortgage loans when compared to previous regulations in Australia. ADIs that are considered to be advanced accredited and determine their own capital estimates, are currently working with the mortgage insurers and APRA to determine the appropriate level of incentive mortgage insurance provides for high loan-to-value mortgage loans. The rules also provide that ADIs would be able to acquire mortgage insurance covering less of the exposure to the loan than existing requirements with reduced capital incentives. Accordingly, lenders in Australia may be able to reduce their use of mortgage insurance for high loan-to-value ratio mortgages, or limit their use to the higher risk portions of their portfolios, which may have an adverse effect on our Aus- tralian mortgage insurance business. requirements for banks, known as Basel In December 2010, revisions to a set of regulatory rules and procedures governing global bank capital standards were introduced by the Basel Committee of the Bank for Interna- liquidity tional Settlements to strengthen regulatory capital, and other III. Although we believe these revisions could support further use of mortgage insurance as a risk and capital management tool in international markets, their adoption by individual countries internationally and in the United States has not concluded and we cannot be sure that this will be the case. Since the Basel framework continues to evolve, we cannot predict the mortgage insurance benefits, if any, that ultimately will be provided to lenders, or how any such benefits may affect the opportunities for the growth of mortgage insurance. If countries implement Basel III in a manner that does not reward lenders for using mortgage insurance as a credit risk mitigant on high loan-to- value mortgage loans, or if lenders conclude that mortgage insurance does not provide sufficient capital incentives, then we may have to revise our product offerings to meet the new requirements and our results of operations may be materially adversely affected. for In December 2013, the Australian government announced that there would be an inquiry into Australia’s financial system. The FSI made a number of recommendations, which were released by the Australian government on December 7, 2014. The FSI has recommended, among other things, that capital levels for internal ratings-based ADIs be raised against resi- dential real estate risks and that lenders mortgage insurance be recognized for bank capital credit purposes where appropriate. The FSI has also recommended narrowing the average risk- the internal weight gap between average risk-weights ratings-based ADIs and other ADIs to help promote competi- tion. In releasing the FSI’s recommendations, the Australian Treasurer commented that the FSI’s recommendations on bank capital are for APRA and the RBA to be considered as independent regulators. The Australian government will con- sult with industry before making any recommendations. The Australian government, or the regulators, could change the way that ADIs manage residential real estate risk, including chang- ing the incentives to utilize mortgage insurance, damaging our ability to write new business in Australia. As part of the Australian potential implementation of the FSI’s recommendations, there may be other legal or regulatory changes that could impact our business negatively, including, but not limited to mandating that mort- gage insurance and the underlying mortgages become portable between lenders. government’s regulators and If we are unable to meet the capital requirements mandated by the PMIERs in the form ultimately adopted because the capital requirements are higher than we currently anticipate or otherwise, we may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans sold to or guaranteed by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Private mortgage insurers must satisfy the MI Eligibility Standards. Each GSE’s Congressional charter generally prohib- its it from purchasing or guaranteeing a mortgage where the loan-to-value ratio exceeds 80% of home value unless the por- tion of the unpaid principal balance of the mortgage, which is in excess of 80% of the value of the property securing the mortgage, is protected against default by lender recourse, participation or by a qualified insurer. In furtherance of their respective charter requirements, each GSE has adopted MI Eligibility Standards to establish when a mortgage insurer is qualified to issue coverage that will be acceptable to the respective GSE for purchase or guarantee of high loan-to-value mortgages. The GSEs have the authority to implement new require- ments at any time. In June 2013, the FHFA, in its capacity as conservator for the GSEs, announced strategic priorities for the GSEs and indicated that there could be changes to the guide- Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 63 lines contained within the PMIERs. On July 10, 2014, the FHFA released publicly a draft of the revised PMIERs. A 60- day public comment period commenced after publication of the revised draft PMIERs, after which the FHFA and the GSEs continue to review and consider any commentary received before the revised draft PMIERs are finalized. The guidelines contained within the current draft PMIERs contemplate an effective date for compliance 180 days after the final pub- lication date, which is anticipated to be toward the end of the first quarter or beginning of the second quarter of 2015. In addition, the guidelines permit a transition period, subject to GSE approval, of two years from the publication date to meet the revised capital levels. The amount of additional capital that will be required to meet the Net Asset Requirements, as defined in the revised draft PMIERs, and operate our business is dependent upon, among other things, (i) the extent the final PMIERs as ulti- mately adopted differ materially from the current draft, includ- ing with respect to the amount and timing of additional capital requirements and the amount of capital credit provided to various types of assets; (ii) the way the guidelines are applied and interpreted by the GSEs and FHFA as and after they are implemented; (iii) the future performance of the U.S. housing market; (iv) our generating and having expected U.S. mortgage insurance business earnings, available assets and risk-based required assets (including as they relate to the value of the shares of our Canadian mortgage insurance subsidiary that are owned by our U.S. mortgage insurance business as a result of share price and foreign exchange movements or otherwise), reducing risk in-force and reducing delinquencies as antici- pated, and writing anticipated amounts and types of new U.S. mortgage insurance business, and (v) our projected overall financial performance, capital and liquidity levels being as anticipated. As a result, the amount of capital required for our U.S. mortgage insurance business may be higher than currently anticipated, which would increase the associated risks. In the absence of a premium increase, the more capital we hold rela- tive to insured loans, the lower our returns will be. We may be unable to increase premium rates for various reasons, princi- pally due to competition. Our inability, on the other hand, to increase the capital as required in the anticipated timeframes and on the anticipated terms, and to realize the anticipated benefits, could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. cash available We expect to meet the increased capital needs of our U.S. mortgage insurance business resulting from the revised draft PMIERs. To address these increased capital needs, we intend to utilize primarily reinsurance (or similar) transactions, together with company. The the implementation of these actions depends on market conditions, third-party approvals or other actions (including approval by regulators), and other factors which are outside of our control and therefore, we cannot be sure we will be able to successfully implement these actions on the anticipated timetable and terms or at all, or achieve the anticipated benefits. Another potential holding at capital source includes, but is not limited to, the issuance of securities by Genworth Financial or Genworth Holdings, which could materially adversely impact our business, share- holders and debtholders. Although we believe we will be able to increase the capital of our U.S. mortgage insurance business as required so that we will continue to be an eligible mortgage insurer after the final PMIERs are fully effective, there can be no assurance this will be the case. If we are unable to meet the capital requirements mandated by the final PMIERs upon their becoming fully effective because the capital requirements are higher than we currently anticipate or otherwise, or we determine not to or are unable to utilize additional sources of capital to meet them, we may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans sold to or guaranteed by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial con- dition. Our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum statutory capital requirements and hazardous financial condition standards which, if not met or waived, would result in restrictions or prohibitions on our doing business and could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. The elevated levels of paid claims and increases in loss reserves have impacted the statutory capital base of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries. Certain states have insurance laws or regulations which require a mortgage insurer to main- tain a minimum amount of statutory capital relative to its level of risk in-force. While formulations of minimum capital vary in certain states, the most common measure applied allows for a maximum permitted risk-to-capital ratio of 25:1. If one of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries that is writing business in a particular state fails to maintain that state’s required mini- mum capital level, we would generally be required to immedi- ately stop writing new business in the state until the insurer re- establishes the required level of capital or receives a waiver of the requirement from the state’s insurance regulator, or until we establish an alternative source of underwriting capacity acceptable to the regulator. GMICO, our primary U.S. mort- gage insurance subsidiary, previously had exceeded the max- imum risk-to-capital ratio of 25:1 established under North Carolina law and enforced by the NCDOI, GMICO’s domes- tic insurance regulator, but as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, GMICO’s risk-to-capital ratio was approximately 14.3:1 and 19.3:1, respectively. While it is our expectation that our U.S. mortgage insurance business will continue to meet its regu- latory capital requirements, should GMICO in the future exceed required risk-to-capital levels, we would seek required regulatory and GSE forbearance and approvals or seek approval for the utilization of alternative insurance vehicles. However, there can be no assurance if, and on what terms, such for- bearance and approvals may be obtained. While we believe GMICO has sufficient claims-paying resources currently to meet its claims obligations on existing insurance in-force, we cannot provide assurance that this would 64 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K always be the case. Furthermore, our estimates of claims-paying resources and claim obligations are based on various assump- tions, which include the timing of the receipt of claims on loans in our delinquency inventory and future claims that we anticipate will ultimately be received, our anticipated loss miti- gation activities, premiums, housing prices and unemployment rates. These assumptions are subject to inherent uncertainty and require judgment by management. Current conditions in the domestic economy make the assumptions about when anticipated claims will be received, housing values, and unemployment rates uncertain, such that there is a wide range of reasonably possible outcomes. Also, our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries hold certain affiliate assets including, but not limited to, investments in the common stock of Genworth Canada and the European mortgage insurance subsidiary, as well as in preferred stock of GLIC, all of which are included in our reported statutory capital of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries. The statutory reported value of the Canadian and European mortgage insurance investments is subject to the operating performance of these affiliates as well as changes in foreign exchange rates and mark-to-market valuation on their investment portfolios. These exposures to foreign currency exchange rates are not currently hedged and, hence, the stat- utory capital of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries and their statutory risk-to-capital ratio may fluctuate because of variances in future reported values. The statutory reporting value of the GLIC preferred stock may be dependent on, among other factors, GLIC’s dividend-paying capacity. In addition, if the NCDOI decreases or no longer permits the admissibility of all or a portion of these affiliate assets, this could have a material adverse impact on the statutory capital and business of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries. In addition to the minimum statutory capital require- ments, our U.S. mortgage insurance business is subject to stan- dards by which insurance regulators in a particular state evaluate the financial condition of the insurer. Typically, regu- lators are required to evaluate specified criteria to determine whether or not a company may be found to be in hazardous financial condition, in which event restrictions on the business may be imposed. Among these criteria are formulas used in assessing trends relating to statutory capital. We can provide no assurance as to whether or when a regulator may make a determination of hazardous financial condition for one or more of our mortgage subsidiaries. Such a determination could likely lead to restrictions or prohibitions on our doing business in that state and could have a material adverse impact on results of operations depending on the number of states involved. During 2012, the NAIC established the MGIWG to determine and make recommendations to the NAIC’s Finan- cial Condition Committee as to what, if any, changes to make to the solvency and other regulations relating to mortgage guaranty insurers. During 2014, the MGIWG published a revised draft of the previously proposed amendments of the MGI Model and solicited comments on these revised proposed amendments. The proposed amendments of the MGI Model relate to, among other things: (i) capital and reserve standards, including increased minimum capital and surplus require- ments, mortgage guaranty-specific risk-based capital standards, dividend restrictions and contingency and premium deficiency reserves; (ii) limitations on the geographic concentration of including state-based limitations; mortgage guaranty risk, (iii) restrictions on mortgage insurers’ investments in notes secured by mortgages; (iv) prudent underwriting standards and formal underwriting guidelines to be approved by the insurer’s board; (v) the establishment of formal, internal “Mortgage Guaranty Quality Control Programs” with respect to in-force business; (vi) prohibitions on reinsurance with bank captive reinsurers; and (vii) incorporation of an NAIC “Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Standards Manual.” At this time we can- not predict the outcome of this process, the effect changes, if any, will have on the mortgage guaranty insurance market generally, or on our businesses specifically, the additional costs associated with compliance with any such changes, or any changes to our operations that may be necessary to comply, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. We also cannot predict whether other regulatory initiatives will be adopted or what impact, if any, such initiatives, if adopted as laws, may have on our business, results of operations or financial con- dition. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and a small number of large mortgage lenders exert significant influence over the U.S. mortgage insurance market and changes to the role or structure of Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae could have a material adverse impact on our U.S. mortgage insurance business. Our U.S. mortgage insurance products protect mortgage lenders and investors from default-related losses on residential first mortgage loans made primarily to home buyers with high loan-to-value mortgages, generally, those home buyers who make down payments of less than 20% of their home’s pur- chase price. We believe the mortgages purchased by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have increased the market size for flow private mortgage insurance during recent years. However, while Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s purchase activity increased in recent years, mortgage insurance penetration did not increase proportionately due to a combination of tighter mortgage insurance guidelines and the impact of GSE loan-level pricing on high loan-to-value loans. Changes by the GSEs in under- writing requirements or pricing terms on mortgage purchases could adversely affect the market size for private mortgage insurance. Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s charters generally prohibit them from purchasing any mortgage with a face amount that exceeds 80% of the home’s value, unless that mortgage is insured by a qualified insurer or the mortgage seller retains at least a 10% participation in the loan or agrees to repurchase the loan in the event of default. As a result, high loan-to-value mortgages purchased by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac generally are insured with private mortgage insurance. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac independently establish eligibility Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 65 standards for U.S. mortgage insurers. The provisions in Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s charters create much of the demand for private mortgage insurance in the United States. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are also subject to regulatory oversight by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Administration and the FHFA. remediation plan. We have Under the GSE-based MI Eligibility standards, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac require maintenance of a financial strength rating by at least two out of three listed rating agencies (S&P, Fitch and Moody’s) of at least “AA-”/“Aa3” (as applicable). These MI Eligibility Standards provide that if these requirements are not met additional limitations or require- ments may be imposed in the case of Fannie Mae or will be imposed in the case of Freddie Mac for eligibility to insure loans purchased by the GSEs. In February 2008, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac temporarily suspended their ratings require- ments for top tier mortgage insurers, subject to submission of submitted an acceptable remediation plans to both GSEs. The GSEs are reviewing the MI Eligibility Standards and have proposed the revised draft PMIERs as modifications to these standards. In conjunction with that review, and as a condition to us being eligible to con- tinue to insure mortgage loans sold to Fannie Mae prior to the finalization of the PMIERs, Fannie Mae has imposed addi- tional restrictions on us in addition to the existing MI Eligi- II—Item 7—Management’s bility Standards. See Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Business trends and conditions—Trends and conditions affecting our segments—U.S. Mortgage Insurance” for additional information. Any change in the charter provi- sions of the GSEs or other statutes or regulations relating to their purchase or guarantee activity, as well as to the mortgage insurer eligibility standards, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. “Part Increasing consolidation among mortgage lenders, includ- ing the recent mergers in the U.S. banking industry, will con- tinue to result in significant customer concentration for U.S. mortgage insurers. As a result of this significant concentration, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the largest mortgage lenders possess substantial market power, which enables them to influ- ence our business and the mortgage insurance industry in gen- eral. Although we and develop our actively monitor relationships with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and our largest mortgage lending customers, a deterioration in any of these relationships, or the loss of business from any of our key cus- tomers, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if the FHLBs reduce their purchases of mort- gage loans, purchase uninsured mortgage loans or use other credit-enhancement products, this could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In September 2008, the FHFA was appointed conservator of the GSEs. The U.S. Congress continues to examine the role of the GSEs in the U.S. housing market, and the Obama administration also continues to evaluate available options regarding the future status of the GSEs. If legislation is enacted that reduces or eliminates the need for the GSEs to obtain credit enhancement on above 80% loan-to-value loans or that otherwise reduces or eliminates the role of the GSEs in single- the demand for private mortgage family housing finance, insurance in the United States could be significantly reduced. In February 2011, the Obama Administration issued a white paper setting forth various proposals to gradually eliminate Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Since that date, members of Congress, various housing experts and others within the industry have also published similar proposals. We cannot predict whether or when any proposals will be implemented, and if so in what form, nor can we predict the effect of such a proposal, if so implemented, would have on our business, results of operations or financial condition. Our claims expenses and loss reserves in our U.S. mortgage insurance business could increase if the rate of defaults on mortgages covered by our mortgage insurance increases, and in some cases we expect that paid claims and loss reserves will increase. During the financial crisis, we experienced increases in paid claims and loss reserves as a result of a significant increase in delinquencies and foreclosures in certain of our books of business, particularly those of 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. This impact was evident in all products across all regions of the country and was particularly evident in our A minus, Alt-A, ARMs and certain 100% loan-to-value products in Florida, California, Arizona and Nevada. In addition, throughout the United States, we experienced an increase in the average loan balance of mortgage loans, including on delinquent loans, as well as a significant decline in home price appreciation in the majority of U.S. markets. The foregoing factors contributed to an increase in our incurred losses and loss reserves during the financial crisis. While approximately 97% of our primary risk in-force in the United States as of December 31, 2014 is considered prime, based on FICO credit scores of the underlying mortgage loans, continued low or negative home prices, coupled with weakened economic conditions, may cause further in our incurred losses and related loss ratios. Our loss experience may increase as policies continue to age. If the claim frequency on the risk in-force significantly exceeds the claim frequency that was assumed in setting premium rates, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows would be materially adversely affected. increases In previous years, we experienced higher levels of paid claims and a decline in the level of loan modifications for bor- rowers of mortgage loans underlying our delinquency pop- ulation. If the loan modification trend worsens in 2015 beyond our expectations, we would expect further aging of our delin- quent loan inventory, which would pressure our loss reserves. Additionally, if levels of unemployment or underemployment increase in 2015, we would expect further increases in delin- quencies and foreclosures to cause upward pressure on our paid 66 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K claims and loss reserves. With respect to home prices, while housing inventory has demonstrated some improvement in recent years, the inventory of available homes generally remains elevated. Since 2012, the level of existing housing inventory, as measured by the number of months it takes to sell a home, has stabilized at a level of less than six months, which is down over that of prior periods. However, a higher-than-usual level of foreclosure-related properties within the domestic housing market inventory still poses a risk to overall home prices. The inventory of homes on the market may rise substantially as vacant properties migrate their way through the foreclosure process. As these homes eventually make their way through an already strained and unpredictable foreclosure cycle and poten- tially increase an elevated level of inventory of homes available for sale, we expect that home prices may be pressured down- ward in certain geographic areas depending upon the level and timing of this process. These conditions could result in a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. income Our premium rates vary with the perceived risk of a claim on the insured loan, which takes into account factors such as the loan-to-value ratio, our long-term historical loss experience, whether the mortgage provides for fixed payments or variable payments, the term of the mortgage, the borrower’s credit his- tory and the level of documentation and verification of the ability to properly and assets. Our borrower’s determine eligibility and accurate pricing for the mortgage insurance we issue is dependent upon our underwriting and other operational routines. These underwriting routines may vary across the jurisdictions in which we do business. Deficien- cies in actual practice in this area could have a material adverse impact on our results. We establish renewal premium rates for the life of a mortgage insurance policy upon issuance, and we cannot cancel the policy or adjust the premiums after the policy is the impact of unanticipated claims with premium increases on policies in- force, and we cannot refuse to renew mortgage insurance coverage. The premiums we agree to charge upon writing a mortgage insurance policy may not adequately compensate us for the risks and costs associated with the coverage we provide for the entire life of that policy. issued. As a result, we cannot offset Certain types of mortgages have higher probabilities of claims. These include Alt-A loans, loans with an initial Interest Only payment option and other non-traditional loans that we have insured in prior years, including A minus loans and 100% loan-to-value products. Alt-A loans are originated under pro- grams in which there are a reduced level of verification or dis- closure of the borrower’s income or assets and a higher historical and expected default rate at origination than standard documentation loans. Standard documentation loans include loans with reduced or different documentation requirements that meet specifications of GSE approved or other lender proprietary underwriting systems and other reduced doc- umentation programs with historical and expected delinquency rates at origination consistent with our standard portfolio. The Interest Only payment option allows the borrower flexibility to pay interest only or pay interest and as much principal as desired, during an initial period of time. A minus loans gen- erally are loans where the borrowers have FICO credit scores between 575 and 660, and where the borrower has a blemished credit history. A material portion of our Alt-A and Interest Only loans was written in 2005 through 2007. At the end of 2007, we began to adopt changes to our underwriting guide- lines to substantially eliminate new insurance on these loans. However, the new guidelines only affect business written after those guidelines became effective. Business written before the effectiveness of those guidelines was insured in accordance with the guidelines in effect at time of the commitment, even though that business would not meet the new guidelines. We believe that Alt-A and Interest Only loans written prior to the adoption of the new guidelines may pose a higher risk of claims that would have a material adverse impact on our operating results due to features such as deferred amortization of the loan principal on an Interest Only product and Interest Only loans that contain an adjustable interest rate feature and may reset to a rate above the existing rate. If defaults on Alt-A or Interest loans are higher than the Only or other non-traditional assumptions we made in pricing our mortgage insurance on those loans, then we would be required to make greater claims payments than we had projected, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of oper- ations. We cannot be sure of the extent of benefits we will realize from rescissions, curtailments, loan modifications or other similar programs in our U.S. mortgage insurance business in the future. As part of our loss mitigation efforts, we routinely inves- tigate insured loans and evaluate the related servicing to ensure compliance with applicable guidelines and to detect possible fraud or misrepresentation. As a result, we have, and may in the future, rescind coverage on loans that do not meet our guide- the amount of claims payable for non- lines or curtail compliance. In the past, we recognized significant benefits from taking action on these investigations and evaluations under our master policy. While we believe these actions are valid and expect additional actions based on future investigations and evaluations, we can give no assurance on the extent to which we may continue to see such rescissions or curtailments. In addi- tion, insured lenders may object to our actions and we continue to have discussions with certain of those lenders regarding their objections to our actions that in the aggregate are material. If disputed by the insured and a legal proceeding were instituted, the validity of our actions would be determined by arbitration or judicial proceedings unless otherwise settled. Further, our loss reserving methodology includes estimates of the number of loans in our delinquency inventory that will be rescinded or have their claims curtailed. A variance between ultimate action rates and these estimates could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations. In the near Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 67 term, sales could be reduced or eliminated as a result of a dis- pute with one or more lenders and such disputes could have an adverse effect on our long-term relationships with those lenders that are impacted. The mortgage finance industry (with government support) has adopted various programs to modify loans to make them more affordable to borrowers with the goal of reducing the number of foreclosures. The effect on us of a loan modification depends on re-default rates, which in turn can be affected by factors such as changes in housing values and unemployment. We cannot predict what the actual volume of loan mod- ifications will be or the ultimate re-default rate, and therefore, we cannot be certain whether these programs will provide material benefits to us. Our estimates of the number of loans qualifying for modification programs are inherently uncertain. Although a moratorium does not affect the accrual of interest and other expenses on a loan, our master insurance policies contain covenants that require cooperation and loss mitigation by insured lenders. Unless a loan is modified during a mor- atorium to cure the default, at the expiration of the moratorium additional interest and expenses would be due which could result in our losses on loans subject to the moratorium being higher than if there had been no moratorium. Problems associated with foreclosure process defects in the United States may cause claim payments to be deferred to later periods. In the United States, some large mortgage lenders and servicers voluntarily suspended foreclosure actions in response to reports that certain mortgage servicers and other parties may have acted improperly in foreclosure proceedings. Where this occurred, we will evaluate our options under the applicable master policies to curtail interest and expense payments that could have been avoided absent a delay in the foreclosure action. While delays in foreclosure completion may temporarily delay the receipt of claims and increase the length of time a loan remains in our delinquent inventory, our estimated claim rates and claim amounts represent our best estimate of what we actually expect to pay on the loans in default as of the reserve date. We compete with government-owned and government- sponsored enterprises in our U.S. mortgage insurance business, and this may put us at a competitive disadvantage on pricing and other terms and conditions. Our U.S. mortgage insurance business competes with the FHA and, to a lesser degree, the VA, as well as, certain local- and state-level housing finance agencies. In particular, since 2008 there has been a significant increase in the number of loans insured by the FHA. Separately, the government-owned and government-sponsored enterprises, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, may also compete with our U.S. mortgage insurance business risk-sharing through certain of insurance programs. their Those competitors may establish pricing terms and busi- ness practices that may be influenced by motives such as advancing social housing policy or stabilizing the mortgage lending industry, which may not be consistent with max- imizing return on capital or other profitability measures. In addition, those governmental enterprises typically do not have the same capital requirements that we and other mortgage insurance companies have and therefore may have financial flexibility in their pricing and capacity that could put us at a competitive disadvantage. In the event that a government- owned or sponsored entity in one of our markets determines to change prices significantly or alter the terms and conditions of its mortgage insurance or other credit enhancement products in furtherance of social or other goals rather than a profit or risk management motive, we may be unable to compete in that market effectively, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Changes in regulations that adversely affect the U.S. mortgage insurance market could affect our operations significantly and could reduce the demand for mortgage insurance. regulatory risks In addition to the general that are described under “—Our insurance businesses are extensively regulated and changes in regulation may reduce our profit- ability and limit our growth” and under “—The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act subjects us to additional federal regulation, and we cannot predict the effect of such regulation on our business, results of operations or financial condition,” we are also affected by various addi- tional regulations relating particularly to our U.S. mortgage insurance operations. U.S. federal and state regulations affect the scope of our competitors’ operations, which has an effect on the size of the mortgage insurance market and the intensity of the competi- tion in our U.S. mortgage insurance business. This competition includes not only other private mortgage insurers, but also U.S. federal and state governmental and quasi-governmental agen- cies, principally the FHA, and to a lesser degree, the VA, which are governed by federal regulations. Increases in the maximum loan amount that the FHA can insure, and reductions in the mortgage insurance premiums the FHA charges, can reduce the demand for private mortgage insurance. Decreases in the maximum loan amounts the GSEs will purchase or guarantee, increases in GSE fees, or decreases in the maximum loan-to- value ratio for loans the GSEs will purchase can also reduce demand for private mortgage insurance. Legislative and regu- latory changes could cause demand for private mortgage insurance to decrease. If Basel III rules are implemented in the United States in their proposed form, the rules could discourage the use of mortgage insurance in the United States. If countries imple- ment Basel III rules in a manner that does not reward lenders for using mortgage insurance as a credit risk mitigant on high loan-to-value mortgage loans, or if lenders conclude that mort- 68 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K gage insurance does not provide sufficient capital incentives, then we may have to revise our product offerings to meet the new requirements and our results of operations may be materi- ally adversely affected. The heightened prudential standards for large bank holding companies and systemically significant financial companies that were proposed by the Federal Reserve Board in December 2011 may also increase the usefulness of mortgage insurance if insurance of that kind is treated as reducing counterparty credit exposure. However, if mortgage insurance is used in that way, it will create a new counterparty credit exposure to the issuer of the insurance, which could limit any usefulness it may otherwise have. Our U.S. mortgage insurance business, as a credit enhance- ment provider in the residential mortgage lending industry, is also subject to compliance with various federal and state con- sumer protection and insurance laws, including RESPA, the ECOA, the FHA, the Homeowners Protection Act, the FCRA, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act and others. Among other things, these laws prohibit payments for referrals of settlement service business, providing services to lenders for no or reduced fees or payments for services not actually performed, require fairness and non-discrimination in granting or facilitat- ing the granting of credit, require cancellation of insurance and refund of unearned premiums under certain circumstances, govern the circumstances under which companies may obtain and use consumer credit information, and define the manner in which companies may pursue collection activities. Changes in these laws or regulations could materially adversely affect the operations and profitability of our U.S. mortgage insurance business. A decrease in the volume of high loan-to-value home mortgage originations or an increase in the volume of mortgage insurance cancellations in the United States could result in a decline in our revenue. We provide mortgage insurance primarily for high loan-to- value mortgages. Factors that could lead to a decrease in the volume of high loan-to-value mortgage originations include, but are not limited to: – an increase in the level of home mortgage interest rates and a reduction or loss of mortgage interest deductibility for federal income tax purposes; – a decline in economic conditions generally, or in conditions in regional and local economies; – the level of consumer confidence, which may be adversely affected by economic instability, war or terrorist events; – an increase in the price of homes relative to income levels; – adverse population trends, including lower homeownership rates; – high rates of home price appreciation, which for refinancings affect whether refinanced loans have loan-to-value ratios that require mortgage insurance; and – changes in government housing policy encouraging loans to first-time home buyers. Many of these factors emerged during the recent economic downturn. A decline in the volume of high loan-to-value mort- gage originations would reduce the demand for mortgage insurance and, therefore, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, a significant percentage of the premiums we earn each year in our U.S. mortgage insurance business are renewal premiums from insurance policies written in previous years. We estimate that approximately 90%, 87% and 91%, respectively, of our U.S. gross premiums earned in each of the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 were renewal premiums. As a result, the length of time insurance remains in- force is an important determinant of our mortgage insurance revenues. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and many other mortgage investors in the United States generally permit a homeowner to ask his loan servicer to cancel his mortgage insurance when the principal amount of the mortgage falls below 80% of the home’s value. Factors that tend to reduce the length of time our mortgage insurance remains in-force include: – declining interest rates, which may result in the refinancing of the mortgages underlying our insurance policies with new mortgage loans that may not require mortgage insurance or that we do not insure; – significant appreciation in the value of homes, which causes the size of the mortgage to decrease below 80% of the value of the home and enables the borrower to request cancellation of the mortgage insurance; and – changes in mortgage insurance cancellation requirements under applicable federal law or mortgage insurance cancella- tion practices by mortgage lenders and investors. Our U.S. policy flow persistency rates increased from 46% for the year ended December 31, 2003 to elevated levels of 81%, 81% and 82% for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. A decrease in persistency in the U.S. market generally would reduce the amount of our insurance in-force and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. However, higher persistency on certain products, especially A minus, Alt- A, ARMs and certain 100% loan-to-value loans, could have a material adverse effect if claims generated by such products remain elevated or increase. The amount of mortgage insurance we write in the United States could decline significantly if alternatives to private mortgage insurance are used or lower coverage levels of mortgage insurance are selected. There are a variety of alternatives to private mortgage insurance that may reduce the amount of mortgage insurance we write in the United States. These alternatives include: – originating mortgages that consist of two simultaneous loans, known as “simultaneous seconds,” comprising a first mort- gage with a loan-to-value ratio of 80% and a simultaneous second mortgage for the excess portion of the loan, instead of a single mortgage with a loan-to-value ratio of more than 80%; Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 69 – using government mortgage insurance programs, including O T H E R R I S K S those of the FHA and the VA; – holding mortgages in the lenders’ own loan portfolios and self-insuring; – using programs, such as those offered by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, requiring lower mortgage insurance coverage levels; – originating and securitizing loans in mortgage-backed secu- rities whose underlying mortgages are not insured with pri- vate mortgage insurance or which are structured so that the risk of default lies with the investor, rather than a private mortgage insurer; and – using credit default swaps or similar instruments, instead of private mortgage insurance, to transfer credit risk on mort- gages. A decline in the use of private mortgage insurance in connection with high loan-to-value home mortgages for any reason would reduce the demand for flow mortgage insurance. Potential liabilities in connection with our U.S. contract underwriting services could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We offer contract underwriting services to certain of our mortgage lenders in the United States, pursuant to which our employees and contractors work directly with the lender to determine whether the data relating to a borrower and a pro- posed loan contained in a mortgage loan application file com- plies with the lender’s loan underwriting guidelines or the investor’s loan purchase requirements. In connection with that service, we also compile the application data and submit it to the automated underwriting systems of Fannie Mae and Fred- die Mac, which independently analyze the data to determine if the proposed loan complies with their investor requirements. Under the terms of our contract underwriting agreements, we agree to indemnify the lender against losses incurred in the event that we make material errors in determining whether loans processed by our contract underwriters meet specified underwriting or purchase criteria, subject to contractual limi- tations on liability. As a result, we assume credit and processing risk in connection with our contract underwriting services. If our reserves for potential claims in connection with our con- tract underwriting services are inadequate as a result of differ- ences from our estimates and assumptions or other reasons, we may be required to increase our underlying reserves, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We have agreed to make payments to GE based on the projected amounts of certain tax savings we expect to realize as a result of our IPO. We will remain obligated to make these payments even if we do not realize the related tax savings and the payments could be accelerated in the event of certain changes in control. respectively, equals 80% (subject Under the Tax Matters Agreement, we have an obligation to pay GE a fixed amount over approximately the next 9 years. This fixed obligation, the estimated present value of which was $216 million and $245 million as of December 31, 2014 and to a cumulative 2013, $640 million maximum amount) of the tax savings projected as a result of our IPO in 2004. Even if we fail to generate suffi- cient taxable income to realize the projected tax savings, we will remain obligated to pay GE, and this could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of oper- ations. We could also, subject to regulatory approval, be required to pay GE on an accelerated basis in the event of cer- tain changes in control of our company. Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and our Tax Matters Agreement with GE may discourage takeover attempts and business combinations that stockholders might consider in their best interests. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provi- sions that may have anti-takeover effects and may delay, deter or prevent a takeover attempt that our stockholders might con- sider in their best interests. For example, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws: – permit our Board of Directors to issue one or more series of preferred stock; – limit the ability of stockholders to remove directors; – limit the ability of stockholders to fill vacancies on our Board of Directors; – limit the ability of stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders and take action by written consent; and – impose advance notice requirements for stockholder pro- posals and nominations of directors to be considered at stockholder meetings. Under our Tax Matters Agreement with GE, if any person or group of persons other than GE or its affiliates gains the power to direct the management and policies of our company, we could become obligated immediately to pay to GE the total present value of all remaining tax benefit payments due to GE over the full term of the agreement. The estimated present value of our fixed obligation as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 was $216 million and $245 million, respectively. Sim- ilarly, if any person or group of persons other than us or our affiliates gains effective control of one of our subsidiaries, we could become obligated to pay to GE the total present value of all such payments due to GE allocable to that subsidiary, unless the subsidiary assumes the obligation to pay these future 70 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K amounts under the Tax Matters Agreement and certain con- ditions are met. The acceleration of payments would be subject to the approval of certain state insurance regulators, and we are obligated to use our reasonable best efforts to seek these appro- vals. This feature of the agreement could adversely affect a potential merger or sale of our company. It could also limit our flexibility to dispose of one or more of our subsidiaries, with adverse implications for any business strategy dependent on such dispositions. Stock price volatility and a decrease in our stock price could make it difficult for us to raise equity capital or, if we are able to raise equity capital, could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders. I T E M 1 B . U N R E S O L V E D S T A F F C O M M E N T S We have no unresolved comments from the staff of the R I S K S R E L A T I N G T O O U R C O M M O N S T O C K SEC. The Board of Directors has decided to suspend dividends on our common stock until further notice. I T E M 2 . P R O P E R T I E S We paid quarterly dividends on our common stock from our IPO in May 2004 until November 2008 when the Board of Directors decided to suspend the payment of dividends on our common stock to enhance our liquidity and capital posi- tion as a result of the global financial crisis and the challenging economic environment. We cannot assure you when, whether or at what level we will resume paying dividends on our common stock. Our stock price will fluctuate. Stock markets in general, and our common stock in partic- ular, have experienced significant price and volume volatility since late 2008. The market price and volume of our common stock may continue to be subject to significant fluctuations due not only to general stock market conditions but also to a change in sentiment in the market regarding our industry gen- erally, as well as investor concern about, among other things, some of our products (including long-term care insurance), our operations, reserves, ratings, business prospects, liquidity and capital positions. In addition to the risk factors discussed above, the price and volume volatility of our common stock may be affected by, among other issues: – our financial performance and condition and future pros- pects; – operating results that vary from the expectations of securities analysts and investors; – operating and securities price performance of companies that investors consider to be comparable to us; – announcements of strategic developments, acquisitions and other material events by us or our competitors; – changes in global financial markets and global economies and general market conditions; – rating agency announcements or actions with respect to the ratings of our company and our subsidiaries or our com- petitors; – changes in laws and regulations affecting our business; and – market prices for our equity securities. We own our headquarters facility in Richmond, Virginia, which consists of approximately 461,000 square feet in four buildings, as well as several facilities in Lynchburg, Virginia with approximately 450,000 square feet. In addition, we lease approximately 260,000 square feet of office space in 12 loca- tions throughout the United States. We also own two buildings outside the United States with approximately 108,000 square feet, and we lease approximately 318,000 square feet in 47 locations outside the United States. Most of our leases in the United States and other countries have lease terms of three to five years. Although some leases have longer terms, no lease has an expiration date beyond 2022. Our aggregate annual rental expense under all leases was $21 million during the year ended December 31, 2014. We believe our properties are adequate for our business as presently conducted. I T E M 3 . L E G A L P R O C E E D I N G S See note 22 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for a description of material pending litigation and regu- latory matters affecting us. I T E M 4 . M I N E S A F E T Y D I S C L O S U R E S Not applicable. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 71 Part II I T E M 5 . M A R K E T F O R R E G I S T R A N T ’ S C O M M O N E Q U I T Y , R E L A T E D S T O C K H O L D E R M A T T E R S A N D I S S U E R P U R C H A S E S O F E Q U I T Y S E C U R I T I E S Market for Common Stock Our Class A Common Stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “GNW.” The following table sets forth the high and low intra-day sales prices per share of our Class A Common Stock, as reported by the New York Stock Exchange, for the periods indicated: 2014 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter 2013 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter High Low $18.26 $18.74 $17.85 $14.10 $14.24 $15.66 $12.64 $ 7.17 High Low $10.74 $11.48 $13.79 $15.78 $ 7.66 $ 8.98 $11.48 $12.48 As of February 12, 2015, we had 297 holders of record of our Class A Common Stock. 72 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Common Stock Performance Graph The following performance graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” nor to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filings under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Secu- rities Exchange Act of 1934, each as amended, except to the extent we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing. The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our Class A Common Stock with the cumulative total stockholder return on the S&P 500 Insurance Index and the S&P 500 Stock Index. Genworth Financial S&P 500 Index S&P 500 Insurance Index $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0 12/31/09 12/31/10 12/31/11 12/31/12 12/31/13 12/31/14 Genworth Financial, Inc. S&P 500 Insurance Index S&P 500® Dividends In November 2008, to enhance our liquidity and capital position in the challenging market environment, our Board of Directors suspended the payment of dividends on our com- mon stock indefinitely. The declaration and payment of future dividends to holders of our common stock will be at the dis- cretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on many factors including our receipt of dividends from our operating subsidiaries, our financial condition and results of operations, the capital requirements of our subsidiaries, legal requirements, regulatory constraints, our credit and financial strength ratings and such other factors as the Board of Directors deems rele- 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 $100.00 $100.00 $100.00 $115.77 $115.80 $115.06 $ 57.71 $106.21 $117.49 $ 66.17 $126.49 $136.30 $136.83 $185.56 $180.44 $ 74.89 $200.94 $205.14 vant. We cannot assure you when, whether or at what level we will resume paying dividends on our common stock. See “Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional information. We act as a holding company for our subsidiaries and do not have any significant operations of our own. As a result, our ability to pay dividends in the future will depend on receiving dividends from our subsidiaries. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to the laws of the jurisdictions in which they are domi- ciled and licensed and consequently are limited in the amount they can pay. See “Part I—Item 1— of dividends that Business—Regulation.” Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 73 I T E M 6 . S E L E C T E D F I N A N C I A L D A T A The following table sets forth selected financial information. The selected financial information as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 and for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 has been derived from our consolidated financial statements, which have been audited by KPMG LLP and are included in “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” You should read this information in conjunction with the information under “Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” our consolidated financial statements, the related notes and the accompanying independent registered public accounting firm’s report, which are included in “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” (Amounts in millions) Consolidated Statements of Income Information Revenues: Premiums Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Insurance and investment product fees and other Total revenues Benefits and expenses: Benefits and operating expenses Interest expense Total benefits and expenses Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Income (loss) from continuing operations Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes (1) Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests (2) Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 $ 5,431 $ 3,242 (20) 912 5,148 $ 3,271 (37) 1,021 5,041 $ 3,343 27 1,229 5,688 $ 3,380 (195) 1,050 9,565 9,403 9,640 9,923 10,362 479 10,841 (1,276) (228) (1,048) — (1,048) 196 7,861 492 8,353 1,050 324 726 (12) 714 154 8,558 476 9,034 606 138 468 57 525 200 9,287 506 9,793 130 (11) 141 36 177 139 5,833 3,266 (143) 760 9,716 9,402 457 9,859 (143) (279) 136 45 181 143 38 Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders $ (1,244) $ 560 $ 325 $ 38 $ Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per common share: Basic Diluted (3) Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes, available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per common share: Basic (1) Diluted (1) Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per common share: Basic Diluted (3) Weighted-average common shares outstanding: (4) Basic Diluted (3) Cash dividends declared per common share $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (2.51) $ 1.16 $ 0.55 $ (2.51) $ 1.15 $ 0.54 $ — $ — $ (0.01) (0.01) — $ — $ (0.02) $ 0.12 $ 0.07 $ (0.02) $ 0.12 $ 0.07 $ (2.51) $ 1.13 $ 0.66 $ 0.08 $ (2.51) $ 1.12 $ 0.66 $ 0.08 $ 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 496.4 496.4 493.6 498.7 491.6 494.4 490.6 493.5 489.3 493.9 — $ — $ — $ — $ — 74 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K (Amounts in millions) Selected Segment Information Total revenues: U.S. Life Insurance International Mortgage Insurance U.S. Mortgage Insurance International Protection Runoff Corporate and Other Total Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders: U.S. Life Insurance International Mortgage Insurance U.S. Mortgage Insurance International Protection Runoff Corporate and Other Total Consolidated Balance Sheet Information Total investments All other assets (5) Assets associated with discontinued operations (1) Total assets Policyholder liabilities Non-recourse funding obligations Long-term borrowings All other liabilities Liabilities associated with discontinued operations (1) Total liabilities Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Noncontrolling interests (2) Total stockholders’ equity U.S. Statutory Financial Information (6) Statutory capital and surplus (7) Asset valuation reserve Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 $ $ $ $ $ 6,587 $ 1,240 639 837 275 (13) 6,330 $ 1,361 616 786 302 8 6,250 $ 1,408 676 822 381 103 6,130 $ 1,507 702 1,022 525 37 9,565 $ 9,403 $ 9,640 $ 9,923 $ (1,405) $ 169 91 116 14 (229) (1,244) $ 384 $ 372 37 39 49 (309) 572 $ 274 $ 349 (114) (59) 58 (240) 268 $ 356 $ 353 (494) 90 (37) (266) 2 $ 5,786 1,372 733 1,112 665 48 9,716 215 369 (578) 73 19 (105) (7) 73,238 $ 38,120 — 68,613 $ 39,432 — 74,379 $ 38,494 439 71,902 $ 39,779 506 68,433 41,432 517 $ 111,358 $ 108,045 $ 113,312 $ 112,187 $ 110,382 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 73,987 $ 1,996 4,639 13,939 — 70,544 $ 2,038 5,161 14,682 — 71,609 $ 2,066 4,776 17,019 61 70,363 $ 3,256 4,726 17,630 80 69,323 3,437 4,952 19,079 81 94,561 $ 92,425 $ 95,531 $ 96,055 $ 96,872 4,446 $ 1,874 $ 16,797 $ 2,542 $ 1,227 $ 15,620 $ 5,202 $ 1,288 $ 17,781 $ 4,047 $ 1,110 $ 16,132 $ 1,506 1,096 13,510 5,409 $ 311 $ 5,104 $ 272 $ 4,489 $ 218 $ 4,604 $ 149 $ 4,885 133 (1) On August 30, 2013, we sold our wealth management business. This business was accounted for as discontinued operations and its financial position and results of oper- ations were separately reported for all periods presented. Also included in discontinued operations was our tax and advisor unit, GFIS, which was part of our wealth management business until its sale on April 2, 2012. See note 25 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to discontinued operations. (2) Noncontrolling interests relate to the IPOs of our Australian and Canadian mortgage insurance businesses. On May 21, 2014, Genworth Australia, a holding company for Genworth’s Australian mortgage insurance business, completed its initial public offering of 220,000,000 of its ordinary shares. Following completion of the offering, we beneficially own 66.2% of the ordinary shares of Genworth Australia. We completed the IPO of our Canadian mortgage insurance business in July 2009 which reduced our ownership percentage to 57.5%. We currently hold approximately 57.3% of the outstanding common shares of Genworth Canada on a consolidated basis. See note 24 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to non- controlling interests. (3) Under applicable accounting guidance, companies in a loss position are required to use basic weighted-average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share. Therefore, as a result of our loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2014, we were required to use basic weighted-average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share for the year ended December 31, 2014, as the inclusion of shares for stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) of 5.6 million would have been antidilutive to the calculation. If we had not incurred a loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2014, dilu- tive potential weighted-average common shares outstanding would have been 502.0 million. Also, as a result of our loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2010, we used basic weighted-average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share. (4) The number of shares used in our calculation of diluted earnings per common share in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 was affected by stock options, RSUs and SARs and was calculated using the treasury method. (5) We have several significant reinsurance transactions with UFLIC, an affiliate of our former parent, in which we ceded certain blocks of structured settlement annuities, variable annuities and long-term care insurance. As a result of these transactions, we transferred investment securities to UFLIC and recorded a reinsurance recoverable that was included in “all other assets.” For a discussion of this transaction, refer to note 9 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” (6) We derived the U.S. Statutory Financial Information from Annual Statements of our U.S. insurance company subsidiaries that were filed with the insurance depart- ments in states where we are domiciled and were prepared in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the insurance departments in states where we are domiciled. These statutory accounting practices vary in certain material respects from U.S. GAAP. (7) Combined statutory capital and surplus for our U.S. domiciled insurance subsidiaries includes surplus notes issued by our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries and statutorily required contingency reserves held by our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 75 I T E M 7 . M A N A G E M E N T ’ S D I S C U S S I O N A N D A N A L Y S I S O F F I N A N C I A L C O N D I T I O N A N D R E S U L T S O F O P E R A T I O N S The following discussion and analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” O V E R V I E W Our business We are dedicated to helping meet the insurance, retire- ment and homeownership needs of our customers, with a pres- ence in more than 25 countries. We operate through three divisions: U.S. Life Insurance, Global Mortgage Insurance and Corporate and Other. Under these divisions, there are five operating business segments. The U.S. Life Insurance Division includes the U.S. Life Insurance segment. The Global Mort- gage Insurance Division includes the International Mortgage Insurance and U.S. Mortgage Insurance segments. The Corpo- rate and Other Division includes the International Protection and Runoff segments and Corporate and Other activities. Our financial information The financial information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been derived from our consolidated financial statements. Revenues and expenses Our revenues consist primarily of the following: – U.S. Life Insurance. The revenues Insurance segment consist primarily of: – net premiums earned on individual and group long-term care insurance, individual term life insurance and single premium immediate annuities with life contingencies; in our U.S. Life – net investment income and net investment gains (losses) on the segment’s separate investment portfolios; and – insurance and investment product fees and other, includ- ing surrender charges, mortality and expense risk charges, and other administrative charges. – International Mortgage Insurance. The revenues in our International Mortgage Insurance segment consist primarily of: – net premiums earned on international mortgage insurance policies; and – net investment income and net investment gains (losses) on the segment’s separate investment portfolio. – U.S. Mortgage Insurance. The revenues in our U.S. Mort- gage Insurance segment consist primarily of: – net premiums earned on U.S. mortgage insurance policies inter-segment assumed through our and premiums reinsurance with our international mortgage insurance business; – net investment income and net investment gains (losses) on the segment’s separate investment portfolio; and – fee revenues from contract underwriting services. – International Protection. The revenues in our International Protection segment consist primarily of: – net premiums earned on lifestyle protection insurance policies; – net investment income and net investment gains (losses) on the segment’s separate investment portfolio; and – insurance and investment product fees and other, primar- ily third-party administration fees. – Runoff. The revenues in our Runoff segment consist primar- ily of: – net investment income and net investment gains (losses) on the segment’s separate investment portfolios; and – insurance and investment product fees and other, includ- ing mortality and expense risk charges, primarily from variable administrative charges. annuity contracts, and other – Corporate and Other. The revenues in Corporate and Other consist primarily of: – unallocated net investment income and net investment gains (losses); and – insurance and investment product fees from non-core businesses and eliminations of inter-segment transactions. Our expenses consist primarily of the following: – benefits provided to policyholders and contractholders and changes in reserves; – interest credited on general account balances; – acquisition and operating expenses, including commissions, marketing expenses, policy and contract servicing costs, overhead and other general expenses that are not capitalized (shown net of deferrals); – amortization of DAC and other intangible assets; – goodwill impairment charges; – interest and other financing expenses; and – income taxes. We allocate corporate expenses to each of our operating segments using various methodologies, including based on the amount of capital allocated to each operating segment. Management’s discussion and analysis by segment contains selected operating performance measures including “sales” and “insurance in-force” or “risk in-force” which are commonly used in the insurance industry as measures of operating performance. long-term care Management regularly monitors and reports sales metrics as a measure of volume of new and renewal business generated in a period. Sales refer to: (1) annualized first-year premiums for insurance products; and term life (2) annualized first-year deposits plus 5% of excess deposits for universal and term universal life insurance products; (3) 10% of premium deposits for linked-benefits products; (4) new and (5) new additional premiums/deposits for fixed annuities; 76 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K insurance written for mortgage insurance; and (6) net written premiums for our lifestyle protection insurance business. Sales do not include renewal premiums on policies or contracts writ- ten during prior periods. We consider annualized first-year premiums/deposits, premium equivalents, new premiums/ deposits, new insurance written and net written premiums to be a measure of our operating performance because they repre- sent a measure of new sales of insurance policies or contracts during a specified period, rather than a measure of our revenues or profitability during that period. Management regularly monitors and reports insurance in- force and risk in-force. Insurance in-force for our life, interna- tional mortgage and U.S. mortgage insurance businesses is a measure of the aggregate face value of outstanding insurance policies as of the respective reporting date. For risk in-force in our international mortgage insurance business, we have com- puted an “effective” risk in-force amount, which recognizes that the loss on any particular loan will be reduced by the net pro- ceeds received upon sale of the property. Effective risk in-force has been calculated by applying to insurance in-force a factor of 35% that represents our highest expected average per-claim payment for any one underwriting year over the life of our businesses in Canada and Australia. Risk in-force for our U.S. mortgage insurance business is our obligation that is limited under contractual terms to the amounts less than 100% of the mortgage loan value. We consider insurance in-force and risk in-force to be measures of our operating performance because they represent measures of the size of our business at a specific date which will generate revenues and profits in a future period, rather than measures of our revenues or profitability during that period. We also include information related to loss mitigation activities for our U.S. mortgage insurance business. We define loss mitigation activities as rescissions, cancellations, borrower loan modifications, repayment plans, lender- and borrower- titled pre-sales, claims administration and other loan workouts. Estimated savings related to rescissions are the reduction in carried loss reserves, net of premium refunds and reinstatement of prior rescissions. Estimated savings related to loan mod- ifications and other cure related loss mitigation actions repre- sent the reduction in carried loss reserves. Estimated savings related to claims mitigation activities represent amounts deducted or “curtailed” from claims due to acts or omissions by the insured or the servicer with respect to the servicing of an insured loan that is not in compliance with obligations under our master policy. For non-cure related actions, including pre- sales, the estimated savings represent the difference between the full claim obligation and the actual amount paid. Loans subject to our loss mitigation actions, the results of which have been included in our reported estimated loss mitigation savings, are subject to re-default and may result in a potential claim in future periods, as well as potential future loss mitigation savings depending on the resolution of the re-defaulted loan. We believe that this information helps to enhance the under- standing of the operating performance of our U.S. mortgage specifically insurance business as impact current and future loss reserves and level of claim pay- ments. loss mitigation activities Management also regularly monitors and reports a loss ratio for our businesses. For our mortgage and lifestyle pro- tection insurance businesses, the loss ratio is the ratio of incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses to net earned premiums. For our long-term care insurance business, the loss ratio is the ratio of benefits and other changes in reserves less tabular interest on reserves less loss adjustment expenses to net earned premiums. We consider the loss ratio to be a measure of underwriting performance in these businesses and helps to enhance the understanding of the operating performance of our businesses. An assumed tax rate of 35% is utilized in certain adjust- ments to net operating income and in the explanation of specific variances of operating performance. These operating measures enable us to compare our operat- ing performance across periods without regard to revenues or profitability related to policies or contracts sold in prior periods or from investments or other sources. B U S I N E S S T R E N D S A N D C O N D I T I O N S Our business is, and we expect will continue to be, influ- industry-wide and product-specific enced by a number of trends and conditions. General conditions and trends affecting our businesses Financial and economic environment. The stability of both the financial markets and global economies in which we oper- ate impacts the sales, revenue growth and profitability trends of our businesses. Credit market volatility continued into 2014 and credit spreads generally widened for most fixed-income asset classes in the third and fourth quarters of 2014, reversing the trend from the first half of 2014. During 2014, the U.S. and several international financial markets have been impacted by concerns regarding global economies and the rate and strength of recovery, particularly given recent political and geographical events in Eastern Europe and the Middle East, as well as the decrease in oil prices experienced in the fourth quar- ter of 2014. While the U.S. housing market continues to recover with home affordability above historical levels in certain regions, an increase in mortgage interest rates more broadly may slow the overall housing recovery. Unemployment and underemploy- ment levels in the United States decreased in 2014 and we expect unemployment and underemployment levels in the United States to gradually decrease over time. In Canada, the housing market improved in 2014 driven by continued low interest rates that have maintained affordability as home prices have risen. Canadian employment data has generally been pos- itive in 2014 and we expect job creation to remain steady with unemployment expected to marginally increase in 2015. In Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 77 Australia, the overall housing market generally improved as modest economic growth and low interest rates persisted. The unemployment rate in Australia increased slightly during 2014 and we expect the unemployment rate to be relatively stable through 2015 as the economy continues to transition away from being commodity focused, impacting investment levels and mix in the economy. The Chinese economy had experi- enced significant growth over the past decade. This growth slowed during 2013 and into 2014 and the new Chinese administration began to implement economic and credit mar- ket reforms. Gross domestic product growth in China in 2014 was significantly lower than growth over the last decade with the slowest growth in the past five years being in 2014. Given the relative size of the Chinese economy, the impact of a sig- nificant change in the pace of economic expansion in China could impact global economies, partly as a result of lower commodity imports, particularly those from the Asia Pacific including Australia. Europe remained a challenging region, region with slow growth or a declining economic environment with lower lending activity and reduced consumer spending, particularly in Greece, Spain, Portugal, Ireland and Italy. While level of certain areas within Europe showed a modest improvement during 2014, unemployment was just below record highs and we expect future economic growth in Europe to be modest. Additionally, Germany’s economy could be impacted by the ongoing conflict in the Ukraine and sanctions imposed on Russia, which could negatively impact other Euro- pean markets. See “—Trends and conditions affecting our segments” below for a discussion regarding the impacts the financial markets and global economies have on our businesses. Slow or varied levels of economic growth, coupled with uncertain financial markets and economic outlooks, changes in government policy, regulatory reforms and other changes in market conditions, influenced, and we believe will continue to influence, investment and spending decisions by consumers and businesses as they adjust their consumption, debt, capital and risk profiles in response to these conditions. These trends change as investor confidence in the markets and the outlook for some consumers and businesses shift. As a result, our sales, revenues and profitability trends of certain insurance and investment products have been and could be further impacted negatively or positively going forward. In particular, factors such as government spending, monetary policies, the volatility and strength of the capital markets, anticipated tax policy changes and the impact of global financial regulation reform will continue to affect economic and business outlooks and consumer behaviors moving forward. The U.S. and international governments, the Federal Reserve, other central banks and other legislative and regulatory bodies have taken certain actions to support the economy and influence housing influence interest rates, capital markets, markets and mortgage servicing and provide liquidity to pro- mote economic growth. These include various mortgage restructuring programs implemented or under consideration by the GSEs, lenders, servicers and the U.S. government. Outside of the United States, various governments and central banks have taken and continue to take actions to stimulate econo- mies, stabilize financial systems and improve market liquidity. In aggregate, these actions had a positive effect in the short term on these countries and their markets; however, there can be no assurance as to the future level of impact these types of actions may have on the economic and financial markets, including levels of volatility. A delayed economic recovery period, a U.S. or global recession or regional or global financial crisis could materially and adversely affect our business, finan- cial condition and results of operations. Investments and derivatives Investments—credit and investment markets Weaker global growth forecasts, sharply declining com- modity prices and lower yields around the world marked the fourth quarter of 2014. In the United States, we believe mixed economic data and lower inflation expectations led the market to price in a Federal Funds target rate rise later in 2015. In Europe, the European Central Bank suggested it may increase stimulus through expanded asset purchases. A significant dis- ruption affecting nearly all markets was the severe move in oil prices, with Brent crude oil dropping over 40% in the fourth quarter of 2014. Credit spreads widened for most fixed-income asset classes during the fourth quarter of 2014, particularly in the energy sector where the oil price declines pressured the spreads of both investment grade and high yield issuers. In addition, declines in the price of oil and other commodities caused emerging market fixed-income indices to widen, further exacerbated by a corrup- tion scandal in Brazil and economic sanctions on Russia. Near the end of the fourth quarter of 2014, demand for non-energy related issuers began to differentiate the markets and spreads tightened modestly. We recorded net other-than-temporary impairments of $9 million during the year ended December 31, 2014 com- pared to $25 million during the year ended December 31, 2013. We believe low impairments across all asset classes are attributed to prevailing stable macroeconomic conditions and good credit risk management. Declines in interest rates and credit spreads have increased the value of our investments and derivatives, resulting in increases in net unrealized investment gains on securities of $1,583 million and derivatives qualifying as hedges of $751 million in other comprehensive income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2014. Economic conditions will continue to impact the valuation of our investment portfo- lios and the amount of other-than-temporary impairments. Looking ahead, while we view the current credit environ- ment as generally stable and expect corporate defaults to remain relatively low, company-specific spread widening could occur in part from an environment in which companies have strong incentives to increase debt to improve shareholder returns. In addition, we would expect prolonged weakness in oil prices to continue to pressure smaller or highly leveraged energy compa- nies, such as those in Russia. Our energy portfolio is predom- inantly investment grade. As such, the underlying credits have 78 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K lower oil prices. We strong capacity to weather sustained, believe the current credit environment provides us with oppor- tunities to invest across a variety of asset classes including expanding into a small allocation of alternative assets, but we anticipate our returns will continue to be pressured primarily “—Investments because of and rates. See low interest Derivative Instruments” for additional information on our investment portfolio. Derivatives Since December 31, 2014, we have taken several actions to mitigate the risk to our derivatives portfolio arising from our counterparties right to terminate their derivatives transactions with us following ratings downgrades. As of February 20, 2015, we have negotiated amendments to master swap agreements governing $6.1 billion notional of our derivatives portfolio, as a result of which the current ratings of Genworth Holdings and our life insurance subsidiaries are at least one-notch above the level at which counterparties could terminate the transactions under those agreements. Since December 31, 2014, we have moved $5.2 billion notional of our derivatives portfolio from bilateral over-the-counter agreements to clearing through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”), which has required us to post initial margin of $25 million to the CME through our clearing agent. The customer agreements that govern our cleared derivatives contain provisions that enable our clearing agents to request initial margin in excess of CME requirements. So far, they have not done so, but may do so in the future. Because our clearing agent serves as a guarantor of our obliga- tions to the CME, the termination provisions in customer agreements are not dependent on ratings. As of February 20, 2015, we continue to have $7.7 billion notional of bilateral over-the-counter derivatives under master swap agreements where the counterparty has the right to terminate all of its transactions with us based on our current ratings but has not done so. With respect to those trades, we are continuing to evaluate if additional actions to modify our master swap agreements or to replace current positions with new trans- actions are beneficial and possible at this time. Trends and conditions affecting our segments U.S. Life Insurance Long-term care insurance. Results of our long-term care insurance business are influenced by sales, competitor actions, morbidity, mortality, persistency, investment yields, expenses, ability to achieve rate actions, changes in regulations, actions from rating agencies and reinsurance. Additionally, sales of our products are impacted by the relative competitiveness of our offerings based on product features, pricing and commission levels, including the impact of in-force rate actions on dis- tribution and consumer demand. Changes in regulations or government programs, including long-term care insurance rate action legislation, could impact our long-term care insurance business positively or negatively. During the second quarter of 2014, we experienced mean- ingful increases in adverse claims experience for our long-term care insurance products, resulting in significant deterioration in operating income. During the third quarter of 2014, we com- pleted a comprehensive review of our long-term care insurance claim reserves. This review was commenced as a result of adverse claims experience during the second quarter of 2014 and in connection with our regular review of our claim reserve assumptions during the third quarter of each year. As a result of this review, we made changes to our assumptions and method- ologies relating to our long-term care insurance claim reserves primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later-duration claims, and benefit utilization rates, reflecting that claims are not terminating as quickly and claimants are utilizing more of their available benefits in aggregate than had previously been assumed in our reserve calculations. As a result of these changes, we increased our long-term care insurance claim reserves by $604 million, before reinsurance, during the third quarter of 2014. We will continue to regularly review our methodologies and assumptions in light of emerging experience and may be required to make further adjustments to our long- term care insurance claim reserves in the future. Any further changes to our claim reserves may have a materially negative impact on our results of operations, financial condition and business. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we completed our annual loss recognition testing of our long-term care insurance business and made changes to assumptions and methodologies primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later-duration claims, and benefit utilization rates. As a result, we recorded additional long-term care insurance reserves of $729 million, net of reinsurance, during the fourth quarter of 2014. In addition, as a result of our annual statutory cash flow testing of our long-term care insurance business in 2014, our New York insurance subsidiary recorded $39 million of additional statutory reserves in the fourth quarter of 2014 and will record an aggregate of $156 million of additional statutory reserves over the next four years. For a discussion of the actions we anticipate taking to address the increased capital needs of our U.S. life insurance business, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Oper- ations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Regulated insurance subsidiaries.” The annual loss ratios of certain of our long-term care insurance policies have been increasing over the past several years. We experience volatility in our loss ratios on a quarterly basis, caused by variances in claim terminations, claim severity and claim counts. Our rate actions may cause fluctuations in our loss ratios during the period when reserves are adjusted to reflect policyholders taking reduced benefits or non-forfeiture options within their policy coverage. In addition, we periodi- cally review our claim reserve assumptions and methodologies based upon developing experience, which may result in changes to claim reserves, causing volatility in our operating results and loss ratios. Our loss ratio in 2014 was 129%, compared to 66% in 2013, and was significantly impacted by the results of our Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 79 annual loss recognition testing in the fourth quarter of 2014 and our comprehensive claims review in the third quarter of 2014. The increase in reserves as a result of the reviews increased the loss ratio for our long-term care insurance busi- ness by 57 percentage points for the year ended December 31, 2014. Our long-term care insurance sales decreased 33% during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013 and decreased 21% in the fourth quarter of 2014 from the third quarter of 2014. Our lower sales year over year in part reflected the impact of the overall long-term care insurance industry sales trends which were down in the first nine months of 2014 approximately 25% as compared to the same period last year as companies have left the market over time, have introduced price increases and product changes, as well as from consumer concern tied to industry rate actions. In 2013, we took steps to improve our profit and risk profile with the introduction of a product that included gender distinct pricing for single applicants and blood and lab underwriting requirements for all applicants. In addition, in the fourth quar- ter of 2013, we began filing for regulatory approval of a new product which increased premium rates but gave consumers the flexibility to choose the right fit for their long-term care needs, combined with the simplicity of prepackaged benefits. As of December 31, 2014, this new product had been launched in 45 states. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we began filing for regulatory approval of an amended product to improve com- petitiveness, while meeting our targeted returns, by, among other things, reducing premium rates and adjusting coverage options. As of December 31, 2014, this amended product was filed in 38 states through the Interstate Insurance Compact. In 2015, the product either was or will be directly filed in addi- tional states. The decreased sales quarter over quarter were related to the higher pricing on the new product and certain distributors suspending sales of our products as a result of rat- ing agency actions in the fourth quarter of 2014. In support of this product, we are investing in key distribution and market- ing initiatives to increase long-term care insurance sales. In addition, we are evaluating market trends and sales and inves- ting in the development of products that we believe will help expand the long-term care insurance market over time and meet broader consumer needs. Given the observed sales trends, and that our investment in key distribution and marketing ini- tiatives are expected only to increase sales over time, and there- fore, have not been included in our projections until we experience the benefits of those actions, we recorded a goodwill impairment of $200 million during the third quarter of 2014. During the fourth quarter of 2014, given further uncertainty around sales projections, market realities and potential strategic options, we determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of our long-term care insurance reporting unit was less than the carrying amount and that our remaining goodwill was not recoverable. As a result, we recorded a good- will impairment of $154 million in the fourth quarter of 2014, reducing the goodwill balance to zero. We also manage risk and limit capital allocated to our long-term care insurance business through utilization of external reinsurance in the form of coinsurance. In the first quarter of 2014, we executed an external reinsurance agreement reinsuring 20% of all sales of the long-term care insurance product introduced in early 2013. In July 2014, we executed an external reinsurance agreement reinsuring 20% of all sales of the long-term care insurance product launched in July 2014. External new business reinsurance levels vary and are depend- ent on a number of factors, including price, availability, risk tolerance and capital levels. Over time, there can be no assur- ance that affordable, or any, reinsurance will continue to be available. In addition, we have a portion of our long-term care insurance business reinsured internally by BLAIC, one of our Bermuda-domiciled captive reinsurance subsidiaries. One of our strategic priorities is to repatriate our long-term care insurance business from BLAIC into GLIC, which would unwind the reinsurance agreement between BLAIC and GLIC and release the related Brookfield guarantee thereof, in 2015. When we implement this (following receipt of required regu- latory approvals), there will be no impact on our U.S. GAAP consolidated results of operations and financial condition as the financial impact of this reinsurance eliminates in consolidation, although we would anticipate an adverse impact on GLIC’s risk-based capital ratio, which would depend on the levels of capital in that company and that would transfer from BLAIC at the time. expense management; As a result of ongoing challenges in our long-term care insurance business, we continue pursuing initiatives to improve the risk and profitability profile of our business including: premium increases on, and benefit reductions in, our in-force policies; product refinements; changes to our current product offerings in certain states; investing in care coordination capa- bilities and service offerings; refining underwriting require- ments; maintaining tight actively exploring additional reinsurance strategies; executing invest- ment strategies targeting higher returns; enhancing our finan- cial and actuarial resources and analytical capabilities; and considering other actions to improve the performance of the overall business. These efforts have included evaluating the need for significant future in-force premium rate increases on issued policies. In the third quarter of 2012, we initiated a long-term care insurance in-force premium rate round of increases with an expectation of achieving an average premium increase in excess of 50% on three policy series of older gen- eration policies and an average premium increase in excess of 25% on one early series of new generation policies. Subject to regulatory approval, this premium rate increase is expected to generate approximately $250 million to $300 million of addi- tional annual premiums when fully implemented over the next several years. Reserve levels, and thus our expected profitability, have been impacted, and we expect they will continue to be impacted, by policyholder behavior in response to rate increases which could include taking reduced benefits or non-forfeiture options within their policy coverage. The goal of our rate 80 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K actions is to mitigate losses on the three older generation policy series and help offset higher than priced-for loss ratios due to unfavorable performance and lower lapse rates than expected on one newer generation product, with returns lower than original expectations. As of December 31, 2014, the initial round of rate actions had been approved in whole or in part in 47 states and six of those states that had not approved the request in whole have approved incremental rate increases in a subsequent round of rate action filings. As of December 31, 2014, our estimate of the net premium increase from these 47 initial state approvals and six subsequent approvals was approximately $200 million to $210 million when fully implemented by 2017. In the third quarter of 2013, we began filing for regulatory approval for premium rate increases rang- ing between 6% and 13% on more than $800 million in annualized in-force premiums on one of our new generation products. As of December 31, 2014, we have been notified by 30 states of their initial decision, of which 22 states approved all or part of the requested increase. We continue to pursue these rate increases in the states that have either not responded or initially denied our rate increase request. The approval proc- ess for in-force rate increases and the amount and timing of the rate increases approved varies by state. In certain states, the decision to approve or disapprove a rate increase can take sev- eral years. Upon approval, insureds are provided with written notice of the increase and increases are generally applied on the insured’s policy anniversary date. Therefore, the benefits of any rate increase are not fully realized until the implementation cycle is complete. Continued low interest rates have also put pressure on the profitability and returns of our long-term care insurance busi- ness as higher yielding investments have matured and been replaced with lower-yielding investments. We seek to manage the impact of low interest rates through asset-liability manage- ment and hedging strategies for a portion of our long-term care insurance product cash flows. Life insurance. Results of our life insurance business are impacted by sales, competitor actions, mortality, persistency, investment yields, expenses, reinsurance and statutory reserve requirements, among other factors. Additionally, sales of our products and persistency of our insurance in-force are depend- ent on competitive product features and pricing, underwriting, distribution and customer service. Shifts in consumer demand, competitors’ actions, relative pricing, return on capital or reinsurance decisions and other factors, such as regulatory matters affecting life insurance policy reserve levels, can also affect our sales levels. life and term universal In 2014, mortality experience was favorable to pricing expectations for term life insurance and unfavorable for univer- sal life insurance. Overall mortality results in 2014 were unfavorable compared to 2013. In 2013, we experienced favorable mortality results in our universal life, term universal life and term life insurance products as com- pared to priced for mortality assumptions. Mortality levels may deviate each period from historical trends. Between 1999 and 2009, we had a significant increase in term life insurance sales, as compared to 1998 and prior years. As our 15-year term life insurance policies written in 1999 have entered their post-level guaranteed premium rate period in 2014, we have experienced lower persistency compared to pricing. Due to the relatively small number of policies that have recently entered their post- level guaranteed premium rate period, the impact on our finan- cial statements has not been material. As additional policies enter their post-level guaranteed premium rate period, we would expect DAC amortization to accelerate and premiums to decline and reduce profitability in our term life insurance products, in amounts that could be material, if persistency is lower than our original assumptions. Life insurance sales increased 72% during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013 largely attributable to growth of the reintroduced term life insurance products, which we began offering in the fourth quarter of 2012. The business is transitioning to competitive indexed universal life insurance and linked-benefits products, and growth in sales on these products is expected to continue. However, the increase in permanent life product sales is not expected to exceed the moderation of sales in our term life insurance products in the near term. Given reduced overall sales projections and uncertainty in those projections from market realities and potential strategic actions, we determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of our life insurance reporting unit was less than the carrying amount and that our remaining goodwill was not recoverable. As a result, we recorded goodwill impairments of $495 million during the second half of 2014, reducing the goodwill balance to zero. Regulations XXX and AXXX require insurers to establish additional statutory reserves for term life insurance policies with long-term premium rate guarantees and for certain life insurance policies with secondary guarantees, universal respectively. This increases the capital required to write these products. We have committed funding sources for approx- imately 95% of our anticipated peak level reserves currently required under Regulations XXX and AXXX. The NAIC adopted revised statutory reserving requirements for new and in-force secondary guarantee universal life business subject to Actuarial Guideline 38 (“AG 38”) provisions, which became effective December 31, 2012. These requirements reflected an agreement reached and developed by a NAIC Joint Working Group which included regulators from several states, including New York. The financial impact related to the revised statutory reserving requirements on our in-force reserves subject to the new guidance was not significant as of December 31, 2012. On September 11, 2013, the New York Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”) announced that it no longer supported the agreement reached by the NAIC Working Group and that it would require New York licensed companies, including our New York domiciled insurance subsidiary, to use an alternative interpretation of AG 38 for universal life insurance products with secondary guarantees. We finalized our discussions with the NYDFS about its alternative interpretation and recorded Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 81 $70 million and $80 million of additional statutory reserves as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. During 2014, the NAIC adopted a new regulatory frame- work for the insurance industry’s use of captive life reinsurance subsidiaries, specifically those used to finance Regulations XXX and AG 38 reserves. The framework adopted by the NAIC does not apply to captive life reinsurance subsidiaries effective on or before December 31, 2014 and allows for their continued use prospectively. The framework assumes that Principles Based Reserving (“PBR”) will be adopted and requires captives to hold collateral at a level that approximates PBR. Accordingly, it is unclear if the NAIC will continue to allow the use of captives if PBR is not eventually adopted. If we were to discontinue our use of captive life reinsurance subsidiaries to finance statutory reserves in response to regulatory changes on a prospective basis, the reasonably likely impact would be increased costs related to alternative financing, such as third-party reinsurance, and potential reductions in or discontinuance of new term life or universal life with secondary guarantees insurance sales, all of which would adversely impact our consolidated results of oper- ations and financial condition. In addition, we cannot be cer- tain that affordable alternative financing would be available. Fixed annuities. Results of our fixed annuities business are affected by investment performance, interest rate levels, slope of the interest rate yield curve, net interest spreads, equity market conditions, mortality, policyholder surrenders, expense and commission levels, new product sales, competitor actions and competitiveness of our offerings. Our competitive position within many of our distribution channels and our ability to grow this business depends on many factors, including product offerings, relative pricing and our overall ratings. In fixed annuities, sales may fluctuate as a result of consumer demand, competitor actions, changes in interest rates, credit spreads, relative pricing, return on capital decisions and our approach to managing risk. We monitor and change prices and crediting rates on fixed annuities on a regular basis to maintain spreads and targeted returns. We have targeted distributors and producers and maintained sales capabilities that align with our strategy. We expect to continue to manage these distribution relationships while selectively adding or shift- ing towards other product offerings, including fixed indexed annuities. Equity market performance and volatility could result in additional gains or losses, although associated hedging activities are expected to mitigate these impacts. Following adverse rating actions after the announcement of our results for the third quarter 2014, several of our distrib- utors suspended distribution of our products. Those distrib- utors made up approximately 16% of the sales of our fixed annuity products. We expect that we will continue to be adversely impacted by these recent rating actions. In addition, we cannot predict the outcome of pending rating agency reviews and their potential impacts on our fixed annuity sales. Refinements of product offerings and related pricing, including ongoing evaluation of commission structures and changes in investment strategies, support our objective of ach- ieving appropriate risk-adjusted returns. Sales of fixed annuities increased $6 million during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase in sales was a function of increased penetration in the fixed indexed annuity market, higher overall interest rate environ- ment in 2014 compared to the first nine months of 2013, and relatively low sales in the first half of 2013 due to price competition. Sales of fixed annuities increased $124 million during the fourth quarter of 2014 compared to the third quar- ter of 2014 mainly as a result of competitors lowering crediting rates, leading to more competitive product positioning for our products. International Mortgage Insurance Results of our international mortgage insurance business are affected by changes in regulatory environments, employ- ment levels, consumer borrowing behavior, lender mortgage- related strategies, including lender servicing practices, and other economic and housing market influences, including interest rate trends, home price appreciation or depreciation, mortgage origination volume, levels and aging of mortgage delinquencies and movements in foreign currency exchange rates. Canada and Australia comprise approximately 99% of our international mortgage insurance primary risk in-force. These established markets will continue to be key drivers of revenues and earnings in our international mortgage insurance business. During 2014, many foreign currencies weakened against the U.S. dollar, in particular the Canadian dollar and Australian dollar, which negatively impacted the underlying reported results of our international mortgage insurance business. Any future movement in foreign exchange rates could impact future results. In Canada, the housing market improved in 2014 driven by continued low interest rates that have maintained afford- ability as home prices have risen. Canadian employment data has generally been positive in 2014 with the unemployment rate closing the year at 6.6%. We expect job creation to remain steady but modest with unemployment expected to marginally increase in 2015 primarily driven by concerns of decreasing oil prices and its impact to the oil producing provinces of Canada. In response to the recent sharp drop in oil prices, the Bank of Canada decreased the overnight interest rate to 0.75% in Jan- uary 2015, with the expectation that the low interest rate envi- ronment will continue through 2015. Home sales in Canada increased 5% in 2014, with tight supply continuing to pressure prices in select urban markets with the resale market remaining at or near balanced market conditions. We expect a slight decrease in resale activity as the housing market moderates in 2015, while we expect national home prices to increase slightly during 2015. Going forward, we expect the growth rate of the high loan-to-value market to keep pace with the change in housing resale activity and home price appreciation. Economic growth as measured by the Canadian gross domestic product is expected to grow by 2.1% in 2015 based 82 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K on the recent Bank of Canada forecast as released in the Mone- tary Policy Report in January 2015, down slightly from an estimated 2.4% in 2014. We expect the Canadian gross domes- tic product growth in 2015 to be fueled by a stronger U.S. economy and a weaker Canadian dollar that benefits exports in Central Canada and British Columbia, offset by the negative impact of lower oil prices. The recent decline in oil prices is an emerging risk due to its potential impact on employment and housing, especially in the provinces of Alberta, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan. We will continue to monitor the impact of oil prices as part of our proactive portfolio risk management strategy. the anticipate In the 2013 federal budget, the Canadian government proposed to gradually limit the insurance of low loan-to-value mortgages to only those mortgages that will be used in CMHC securitization programs. In addition, the Canadian government has indicated an intention to prohibit the use of any taxpayer- backed insured mortgage, both high and low loan-to-value, as collateral in securitization vehicles that are not sponsored by CMHC. We related legislation will be introduced in 2015. On December 1, 2014, CMHC announced a price increase to its National Housing Act Mortgage-Backed Securities (“NHA MBS”) guarantee fees effective April 1, 2015. Under the NHA MBS Program, CMHC guarantees timely payment of principal and interest to purchasers of the mortgage-backed securities backed by pools of eligible insured mortgages. The NHA MBS fees are paid by lenders in addition to the mortgage insurance premium. Although it is difficult to determine the full impact of these changes at this time, we believe these fees will decrease demand for low loan-to-value mortgage insurance. on six focus principles On November 6, 2014, OSFI published the B-21 Guideline. In the B-21 Guideline, OSFI set out principles that promote and support sound residential mortgage insurance underwriting. These three main themes: i) governance, development of business objectives and strategy, and oversight; ii) interaction with lenders as part of the underwriting process; and iii) internal underwriting operations and risk management. The B-21 Guideline also enhances disclosure requirements, which will support greater transparency, clarity and public confidence in mortgage insurers’ residential mortgage insurance underwriting practi- ces. Genworth Canada is positioned to comply with the B-21 Guideline by the implementation deadline of June 30, 2015. In Australia, the overall economy continued to expand during 2014, though at a more modest pace than in prior years, with ongoing evidence of variation in economic activity across sectors and regions. At the same time, housing activity improved primarily from sustained low interest rates. The unemployment rate was 6.1% at the end of 2014 after reaching a 12 year high in November 2014 of 6.3%. We expect unemployment to be relatively stable through 2015 as the economy continues to transition away from being commodity focused, impacting investment levels and mix in the economy. The Australian housing market is moving into 2015 with substantial momentum, with home values 7.9% higher than a year ago. The Sydney housing market continues to be the major driver with an annual growth rate of 12%. We expect home prices in 2015 will continue to rise, albeit at subdued levels, due to strong immigration, limited housing supply and the record low interest rates supporting improved affordability. The Reserve Bank of Australia reduced the official cash rate from 2.50% to 2.25% in February 2015 as Australian economic conditions are somewhat weaker than expected. The Reserve Bank of Australia expect the current reduction to add further support to demand, to foster sustainable growth and inflation outcomes consistent with their targets. On May 15, 2014, Genworth Australia, a holding com- pany for Genworth’s Australian mortgage insurance business, priced its IPO of 220,000,000 of its ordinary shares at an ini- tial public offering price of AUD$2.65 per ordinary share. The offering closed on May 21, 2014. Following completion of the offering, Genworth Financial beneficially owns 66.2% of the ordinary shares of Genworth Australia. The third quarter of 2014 was the first full quarter reflecting a minority interest, which reduced net income by 33.8% for portions attributable to third parties. 2013, In December the Australian Government announced that there would be an inquiry into Australia’s financial system. The FSI made a number of recommendations, which were released by the Australian government in December 2014. The FSI has recommended, among other things, that capital levels for internal ratings-based ADIs be raised against residential real estate risks. The FSI has also recommended narrowing the average risk-weight gap between average risk- weights for the internal ratings-based ADIs and other ADIs to help competition. In releasing the FSI’s recommendations, the recom- commented that Australian Treasurer mendations on bank capital are for APRA and the Reserve Bank of Australia to consider as independent regulators. At this time, it is difficult to determine the impact of these recom- mendations. the FSI’s The overall economic environment in Europe remains fragile as unemployment is hovering just below record highs and we expect future economic growth to be modest. We are seeing a slow resurgence in high loan-to-value lending in our target countries in Europe as lenders begin to slowly retest these markets for the first time since the global financial crisis. As a result of the lingering economic recession, we have seen an elevated number of delinquencies and lower cures in our older books of business, most notably in Ireland, contributing to higher losses over the last few years. However, these books are well seasoned now and as a result we saw a reduction in net new delinquencies on these books during 2014. Even though they are our newer books of business are less performing well in comparison to pricing expectations. In the fourth quarter of 2014, lender settlements reduced active delinquencies by approximately 40% and capped our exposure in Ireland to approximately $60 million or about 3% of our seasoned, Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 83 total outstanding risk in-force in Europe. Going into 2015, we expect to continue our strategy of only writing new business in Italy, Finland, Germany and the United Kingdom. U.S. Mortgage Insurance the factors: following competitor Results of our U.S. mortgage insurance business are affected by actions; unemployment or underemployment levels; other economic including interest rates, home and housing market trends, prices, mortgage origination volume mix and practices; the lev- els and aging of mortgage delinquencies, which may be affected by seasonal variations; the inventory of unsold homes; lender modification and other servicing efforts; and resolution of pending or any future litigation, among other items. The impact of prior years’ weakness and uncertainty in the domestic economy, related levels of unemployment and underemploy- ment and resulting increase in foreclosures, the number of borrowers seeking loan modifications and the level of housing inventories with the related impact on home values, all com- bined to contribute adversely to the performance of our insured portfolio relating to our 2005 through 2008 book years. Going forward, we expect moderate economic growth characterized by ongoing modest improvement in home values coupled with an expectation that unemployment and underemployment levels will continue to gradually decrease over time. Our results are subject to the continued recovery of the U.S. housing market and the extent of the adverse impact of seasonality that we have experienced historically in the second half of the year. the mortgage originations market Driven by lower interest rates and a strong refinancing recovered and market, strengthened during 2012 and 2013. During this same period, we continued to benefit from an improved private mortgage market penetration rate as the private mortgage insurance industry became more competitive against the FHA alternative that was driven in part by FHA price, risk management and cancelability actions. While mortgage originations were down in the fourth quarter of 2014 as a result of expected seasonal trends and were lower overall compared to the prior year, pur- chase originations were higher year over year. This increase in the purchase originations market, which resulted in an increase in the private mortgage insurance penetration rate in 2014 over the prior year, was driven in part by a market shift towards higher levels of purchase originations and away from refinanc- ing activities. We continue to believe that, as the mortgage originations market has moved from the higher level of refinancing activities to that of a larger purchase originations market, the private mortgage insurance industry market share has strengthened over time. However, in January 2015, the FHA announced a reduction in annual mortgage insurance premiums charged to borrowers under its mortgage insurance program. This premium cut will make the FHA more com- petitive in the market and may have a material adverse effect on private mortgage insurers’ ability to sustain market share. We continue seeing a modest easing of lender credit policy standards for loans that fall within our own credit guidelines. of the director appointed In December 2013, the acting director of the FHFA published a proposal to increase GSE loan fees. In January 2014, the newly FHFA suspended implementation of the proposed increases. FHFA subsequently published a request for input on a series of questions related to GSE fee policy and implementation, to which we responded by way of a comment letter at the FHFA’s request in August 2014. A final rule is still pending. Potential changes stemming from a FHFA review of proposed increases to existing GSE fees could have an impact on mortgage originations and on the com- petitiveness of private mortgage insurance versus that of FHA insurance. In late 2013, we announced reduced pricing and expanded underwriting guidelines that are more in line with industry prices and guideline standards, which we believe, notwithstand- ing recent FHA price reductions, over time may continue to maintain our competitiveness in the mortgage insurance market while maintaining what we believe will be a profitable book of business. As a result, our U.S. mortgage insurance market share has grown approximately two percentage points since the fourth quarter of 2013 driven in part by the impact of favorable pricing changes that went into effect over these periods and the quality of our service offering. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we increased the level of single premium lender-paid new insurance written reflecting our participation in this product market. Future volumes of this insurance product will vary depending upon the evaluation of the underlying risk profile associated with these transactions. While home affordability is above historical levels in cer- tain regions of the United States, an increase in mortgage inter- est rates more broadly may slow the overall housing recovery. Meanwhile, we continue to manage the quality of new business through prudent underwriting guidelines, which we modify from time to time when circumstances warrant in a manner we expect will limit the amount of coverage we write on riskier loans. As of December 31, 2014, loans modified through the Home Affordable Refinance Program (“HARP”), accounted for approximately $0.3 billion of insurance in the fourth quarter of 2014, and approximately $18.9 billion of insurance for the inception to date period through December 31, 2014. For financial reporting purposes, we report HARP modified loans as a modification of the coverage on existing insurance in-force rather than new insurance written. Loans modified through HARP have extended amortization periods and reduced inter- est rates, which reduce borrower’s monthly payments. Over time, we expect these modified loans to result in extended premium streams and a lower incidence of default. The government has recently extended HARP through the year ending December 31, 2016. On July 10, 2014, the FHFA released publicly a draft of the revised PMIERs. These requirements, as drafted, con- template an effective date for compliance 180 days after the final publication date and final publication currently is antici- pated to be towards the end of the first quarter or beginning of the second quarter of 2015. In addition, the requirements 84 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K permit a transition period, subject to GSE approval, of two years from the publication date to meet the required capital levels. We provided comments on September 8, 2014 pursuant to the public request for input and we will continue to work with the FHFA and GSEs in an effort to have appropriate refinements made before the new requirements are finalized. We previously disclosed our estimates of the additional capital required to meet the revised draft PMIERs in their cur- rent form and operate our business as being between $500 mil- lion and $700 million as of the date the new requirements are anticipated to become effective. Our estimate is based on the revised draft PMIERs, as we understand them, and is subject to change. In this regard, the amount of additional capital that we believe will be required to meet the Net Asset Requirements, as defined in the revised draft PMIERs, and operate our business is dependent upon, among other things, (i) the extent the final PMIERs as ultimately adopted differ materially from the cur- rent draft, including with respect to the amount and timing of additional capital requirements and the amount of capital credit provided to various types of assets; (ii) the way the requirements are applied and interpreted by the GSEs and FHFA as and after they are implemented; (iii) the future per- formance of the U.S. housing market; (iv) our generating and having expected U.S. mortgage insurance business earnings, available assets and risk-based required assets (including as they relate to the value of the shares of our Canadian mortgage insurance subsidiary that are owned by our U.S. mortgage insurance business as a result of share price and foreign exchange movements or otherwise), reducing risk in-force and reducing delinquencies as anticipated, and writing anticipated amounts and types of new U.S. mortgage insurance business; and (v) our projected overall financial performance, capital and liquidity levels being as anticipated. As a result, the amount of required capital may vary significantly from the amounts cur- rently anticipated. We currently believe we have a variety of sources we could utilize to satisfy these capital requirements, and currently intend to utilize primarily reinsurance (or similar) transactions, together with cash available at the holding company, to satisfy them. We have continued to make progress on potential reinsurance transactions. We are awaiting finalization of the PMIERs and ultimate reinsurance transaction terms remain subject to modification. Our use of reinsurance or similar transactions depends upon, among other things, the availability of the markets for these transactions, the costs and other terms of reinsurance or the other transactions, the GSEs’ approach to, and the capital treatment for, these reinsurance or the other transactions, the performance of the U.S. mortgage insurance business, and the absence of unforeseen developments. Another potential capital source includes, but is not limited to, the issu- ance of securities by Genworth Financial or Genworth Hold- ings. We currently intend that our U.S. mortgage insurance business will meet the additional capital requirements con- tained in the revised draft PMIERs by the date such guidelines become effective. We will seek to utilize the transition period provided for in the draft guidelines if we do not comply by the anticipated effective date (subject to GSE approval). senior notes In December 2013, Genworth Holdings issued $400 mil- increased capital in anticipation of lion of requirements then expected to be imposed by the GSEs in connection with the revised draft PMIERs. Following the issu- ance of the senior notes in December 2013, Genworth Finan- cial contributed $100 million of the proceeds to GMICO, our primary U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiary, with an additional $300 million contributed to Genworth Mortgage Holdings, LLC, a U.S. mortgage holding company. In advance of the release of the draft PMIERs, in May 2014, we contributed the $300 million that was being held at the U.S. mortgage holding company to GMICO. As of December 31, 2014, reflecting the favorable impact of the above-referenced $300 million capital contribution in May 2014, GMICO’s risk-to-capital ratio under the current regulatory framework as established under North Carolina law and enforced by the NCDOI, GMICO’s domestic insurance regulator, was approximately 14.3:1, compared with a risk-to- capital ratio of approximately 19.3:1 as of December 31, 2013. This risk-to-capital ratio remains below the NCDOI’s max- imum risk-to-capital ratio of 25:1. The NCDOI’s current regu- latory framework by which GMICO’s risk-to-capital ratio is calculated differs from the capital requirement methodology in the revised draft PMIERs. GMICO’s ongoing risk-to-capital ratio will depend principally on the magnitude of future losses incurred by GMICO, the effectiveness of ongoing loss miti- gation activities, new business volume and profitability, as well as the amount of policy lapses and the amount of additional capital that is generated within the business or capital support (if any) that we provide. Our estimate of the amount and tim- ing of future losses and these foregoing factors are inherently uncertain, require significant judgment and may change sig- nificantly over time. for mortgage insurers The NAIC is reviewing the current Mortgage Guaranty Model Act, including minimum capital and surplus require- ments through the MGIWG. The MGIWG has not established a date by which it must make proposals to change such requirements. However, as we learn more specific information about these NAIC activities, we continue to assess the potential impact, if any, that these new requirements may have on our U.S. mortgage insurance busi- ness and evaluate the options potentially available to meet any legislative or regulatory measures adopted as a result of the NAIC recommendations. In December 2014, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac announced that they would resume purchases of certain loans with down payments as low as 3%. This change in policy could result in the GSEs purchasing more loans with private mort- gage insurance. However, the recent move by the FHA to lower its annual premium may limit the ability of private mortgage insurers to compete in this market. In addition, FHFA issued for comment a proposal to reduce GSE loan limits. Comments Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 85 on that proposal were due in March 2014, to which we filed a comment letter response and to date the FHFA has not yet issued a final determination. If implemented, lower loan limits could also limit demand for mortgage loans with private mort- gage insurance coverage. In October 2014, U.S. federal regu- lators published a final rule regarding the credit risk retention provision under the Dodd-Frank Act. The revised rules propose to define “qualified residential mortgages” to include low- down-payment mortgage loans, which is consistent with the definition of “qualified mortgages” that is already adopted by the CFPB. We also continue to believe that the mortgage insurance industry level of market penetration and eventual market size will continue to be affected by any actions taken by the GSEs, the U.S. government impacting housing or housing finance policy, underwriting standards, loan limits or related reforms. the FHFA, U.S. Congress or the FHA, a in part result of While we continue to experience an ongoing decrease in the level of new delinquencies, the performance of our portfolio in recent periods continues to be adversely affected by our 2005 through 2008 book years, although we believe these loans peaked in their delinquency development during the first quar- ter of 2010. While this amount has declined from prior years, delinquencies for these book years continue as the principal source of new delinquencies reported to us. Beginning in mid- 2010, we saw an increase in foreclosure starts as well as an increase in our paid claims as late stage delinquency loans go through foreclosure. While foreclosure starts continue at a pace higher than foreclosure start levels in periods before mid-2010, we are seeing a decline in the number of foreclosure starts cur- the is rently, which we believe implementation of a new CFPB mortgage servicing rule (the “CFPB Rule”) that requires lenders and servicers to defer fore- closure starts until a borrower is at least 120-days delinquent to permit possible loan modification or workout solutions. We believe the deferral of the foreclosure start date, coupled with the CFPB Rule’s early intervention provisions that require a lender or servicer to utilize good faith efforts to establish live contact with delinquent borrowers and provide written notice of available loss mitigation options, may result in additional loan workout or modification solutions that would ultimately reduce the number of foreclosure actions from these early stage delinquencies. in performance among loan servicers regarding the ability to modify loans and avoid foreclosure. Moreover, a lengthening of the foreclosure process itself particularly in judicial foreclosure states has led to increased claims expense relative to foreclosures conducted in the pre-financial crisis environment. Depending on how experience evolves going forward, we may need to adjust our reserve frequency or severity assumptions that could either increase or decrease reserves over time as experience from these programs continues to emerge. In addition, we have seen differences Expanded efforts in the mortgage servicing market to modify loans and improved underwriting guidelines and mort- gage servicing practices have combined to improve performance of our 2009 through 2014 book years compared with the per- formance of insured loans from prior book years that remain within our insured loan portfolio. This improved performance level, coupled with the diminished impact of our 2005 through 2008 book years as new delinquencies related to those insured loans continue to moderate, has resulted in ongoing reductions in overall delinquency levels through 2013 and 2014. While we continue to see benefits from loan modification actions on newer delinquencies within our portfolio, loan modification efforts have continued to remain more difficult to complete on the older delinquencies within our delinquent loan population. We have seen the older delinquencies that remain unresolved within our portfolio, particularly those from the 2005 through 2008 book years, continue to age through 2014. Both fore- closures and liquidations remained elevated through the same period, thereby resulting in ongoing elevated levels of loss reserves and claims. We believe that the ability to cure delin- quent loans is dependent upon such things as employment lev- els, home values and mortgage interest rates. In addition, while we continue to execute on our loan modification strategy, which cures the underlying delinquencies and improves the ability of borrowers to meet the debt service on the mortgage loans going forward, we have seen the level of ongoing loan modification actions decline moderately during the period from 2011 through 2014 compared with the levels we experienced during preceding periods. We expect our level of loan mod- ifications to continue to decline going forward in line with the expected reduction in delinquent loans and because of the con- tinuing aging of delinquencies. However, we further expect the rate at which we modify newly delinquent loans to remain steady as new programs take effect and the overall economy continues improving over time. Our loss mitigation activities, including those relating to workouts, loan modifications, pre-sales, rescissions, claims admin- istration (including curtailment of claim amounts) and targeted settlements, net of reinstatements or adjustments, resulted in an estimated reduction of expected losses of $342 million and $563 million, including $265 million and $347 million, respectively, from workouts and loan modifications, during the year ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. respectively, During the four-year period ended December 31, 2014, benefits from loss mitigation activities within our delinquent loan population have shifted from rescission actions that took place in years prior to 2011 to other loan modification activities and reviews of loan servicing and claims administration com- pliance from which we expect a majority of our loss mitigation benefits to arise going forward. While we expect to continue evaluating compliance of the insured or its loan servicer with respect to its servicing obligations under our master policy for loans insured thereunder and may curtail claim amounts pay- able based on our evaluations of such compliance, we cannot predict the extent or level at which such claim curtailments will continue. Although loan servicers continue to pursue a wide range of approaches loan modifications, appropriate government-sponsored programs such as Home Affordable execute to 86 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Modification Program (“HAMP”) continue to result in fewer modifications as alternative programs have gained momentum. As a result of lower benefits from these government-sponsored programs, we have experienced higher levels of loss reserves and paid claims. In 2014, the Obama Administration announced that it would extend HAMP through December 31, 2015, and expand borrower eligibility by adjusting certain underwriting requirements. In addition, incentives paid to the owner of a loan that qualifies for principal reduction under HAMP were increased and, for the first time, offered to the GSEs. However, to date, the GSEs are not participating in this program. While the impact of the these program extensions to date has remained positive, there can be no assurance that the increase in the num- ber of loans that are modified under HAMP, including mortgage loans we insure currently, is sustainable over time or that any such modifications will succeed in ultimately avoiding fore- closure. In addition, while borrowers who benefitted from loan modifications under HAMP were provided mortgage payment relief through substantial interest rate reductions, beginning in the third quarter of 2014, those same borrowers began to experi- ence a gradual interest rate increase of up to 1% a year, known as interest rate resets, until their mortgage interest rate adjusts to the market rate at the time of their loan modification. These interest rate resets are in accordance with the terms and conditions agreed to at the time of the underlying HAMP loan modification. While the government and the mortgage services industry remain committed to working with borrowers under this program, we cannot predict how these HAMP interest rate resets will affect the successes achieved under this program or if the resulting effect of avoiding foreclosure is sustainable over time once the impact of the rate reset process evolves. Depending upon the mix of loss mitigation activity, market trends, employment levels in future periods and other general economic impacts which influ- ence the U.S. residential housing market, we could see additional adverse loss reserve development going forward. We expect the primary source of new loss reserves for expected claims to come from new delinquencies. We have lender captive reinsurance programs in place in which we share portions of our premiums associated with flow insurance written on loans originated or purchased by lenders with captive insurance entities of these lenders in exchange for an agreed upon level of loss coverage above a specified attachment point. We have exhausted certain captive reinsurance tiers for our 2004 through 2008 book years based on loss development trends. While we continue to receive cash benefits from these captive arrange- ments at the time of claim payment, the level of benefit is expected to continue to decline going forward due to exhaustion of reinsurance as more reinsurers satisfy their contractual obligations such that remaining risk is borne by GMICO. All of our captive reinsurance arrangements are in runoff with no new books of business being added going forward. However, while we have no plans currently to expand our lender captive reinsurance program, we continue to consider appropriate new third-party reinsurance arrangements as potential available sources of capital for our U.S. mortgage insurance business. International Protection Growth and performance of our lifestyle protection insurance business is dependent on economic conditions and other factors, including competitor actions, consumer lending and spending levels, unemployment trends, client account penetration and mortality and morbidity trends. Additionally, the types and mix of our products will vary based on regulatory and consumer acceptance of our products. Although consumer lending levels in Europe have stabi- lized, the region remains challenged particularly given concerns regarding various European economies and the lingering effect of the European debt crisis. Unemployment rates in the fourth quarter of 2014 remained at levels experienced since the second quarter of 2014 with regional variation but have declined since the fourth quarter of 2013. In aggregate, European gross domestic product continued to grow in 2014, building on the growth in the second half of 2013 and reversing the negative trend experienced in the first half of 2013. Net operating income of our lifestyle protection insurance business for the year ended December 31, 2014 decreased from the year ended December 31, 2013 as higher claim reserves, higher commissions and lower net investment income were partially offset by higher premiums in 2014. In the fourth quarter of 2014, our lifestyle protection insurance business reported a net operating loss of $4 million from the negative impact of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Euro and currencies in the United Kingdom, as well as higher reserve strengthening. New claim registrations decreased 14% in the year ended December 31, 2014 from 2013 levels. We could experience higher losses if claim registrations increase, partic- ularly with continued high unemployment in Europe. Our loss ratio for the year ended December 31, 2014 was 28% com- pared to 25% for the year ended December 31, 2013 as losses increased, partially offset by higher premiums in 2014. We have strengthened our focus in Europe on key strategic client relationships and are de-emphasizing our distribution with some other distributors, which had failed to achieve desired sales and profitability levels. This focus has enabled us to better serve our strategic clients and promote improved prof- itability and a lower cost structure. Additionally, we continue to pursue expanding our geographical distribution into Latin America and have secured an agreement with a large insurance partner. We are currently working with this partner to establish product, distribution and servicing capabilities and are now actively selling products in Peru, Colombia and Mexico. Assuming the economies and lending environment in Europe are stable and do not improve in the near term, we expect our lifestyle protection insurance business to produce only slightly positive earnings in 2015. With our focus on enhanced distribution capabilities in Europe and growth in select new markets, we anticipate these efforts, coupled with sound risk and cost management disciplines, should, over time, improve profit- ability and help offset the impact of economic or employment pressures as well as lower levels of consumer lending in Europe. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 87 However, depending on the economic situation in Europe, we could experience declines in sales and operating results. Distributor conduct associated with the sale of payment protection insurance products is currently under regulatory these reviews is scrutiny in Italy. While the outcome of unknown at this time and our distributors are not Genworth employees, the outcome could impact how the product is dis- tributed and could have a negative impact on our sales. Runoff conditions, mortality, policyholder Results of our Runoff segment are affected by investment performance, interest rate levels, net interest spreads, equity loan activity, market policyholder surrenders and scheduled maturities. In addition, the results of our Runoff segment can significantly impact our operating requirements, regulatory performance, distributable earnings and liquidity. capital We have discontinued sales of our individual and group variable annuities; however, we continue to service our existing block of business and accept additional deposits on existing contracts. Since then, equity market volatility has caused fluctuations in the results of our variable annuity products and regulatory capital requirements. In the future, equity and inter- est rate market performance and volatility could result in addi- tional gains or losses in our variable annuity products although associated hedging activities are expected to partially mitigate these impacts. Volatility in the results of our variable annuity products can result in favorable or unfavorable impacts on earnings and statutory capital. In addition to the use of hedging activities to help mitigate impacts related to equity market vola- tility and interest rate risks, in the future, we may pursue reinsurance opportunities to further mitigate volatility in results and manage capital. The results of our institutional products are impacted by scheduled maturities, as well as liquidity levels. However, we believe our liquidity planning and our asset-liability manage- ment will mitigate this risk. While we do not actively sell institutional products, we may periodically issue funding agreements for asset-liability matching purposes. Several factors may impact the time period for these prod- ucts to runoff including the specific policy types, economic conditions and management strategies. C R I T I C A L A C C O U N T I N G E S T I M A T E S The accounting estimates (including sensitivities) discussed in this section are those that we consider to be particularly crit- ical to an understanding of our consolidated financial state- ments because their application places the most significant inherently demands on our ability to judge the effect of uncertain matters on our financial results. The sensitivities included in this section involve matters that are also inherently uncertain and involve the exercise of significant judgment in selecting the factors and amounts used in the sensitivities. Small changes in the amounts used in the sensitivities or the use of different factors could result in materially different outcomes from those reflected in the sensitivities. For all of these account- ing estimates, we caution that future events seldom develop exactly as estimated and management’s best estimates may require adjustment. Valuation of fixed maturity securities. Our portfolio of fixed maturity securities comprises primarily investment grade secu- rities, which are carried at fair value. Estimates of fair values for fixed maturity securities are obtained primarily from industry-standard pricing method- ologies utilizing market observable inputs. For our less liquid securities, such as our privately placed securities, we utilize independent market data to employ alternative valuation methods commonly used in the financial services industry to estimate fair value. Based on the market observability of the inputs used in estimating the fair value, the pricing level is assigned. The following tables summarize the primary sources of data considered when determining fair value of each class of fixed maturity securities as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 2014 Fixed maturity securities: Pricing services Broker quotes Internal models Total fixed maturity securities $56,000 1,840 4,607 $ — $56,000 — 683 — — $ — 1,840 3,924 $62,447 $ — $56,683 $ 5,764 (Amounts in millions) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 2013 Fixed maturity securities: Pricing services Broker quotes Internal models Total fixed maturity securities $52,451 1,488 4,690 $ — $52,451 — 654 — — $ — 1,488 4,036 $58,629 $ — $53,105 $ 5,524 See notes 2, 4 and 17 in our consolidated financial state- ments under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supple- mentary Data” for additional information related to the valuation of fixed maturity securities and a description of the fair value measurement requirements and level assignments. impairments Other-than-temporary on available-for-sale securities. As of each balance sheet date, we evaluate securities in an unrealized loss position for other-than-temporary impair- ments. For debt securities, we consider all available information including relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reason- collectability of security, to the the 88 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K able and supportable forecasts, when developing the estimate of cash flows expected to be collected. For equity securities, we recognize an impairment charge in the period in which we determine that the security will not recover to book value within a reasonable period. See notes 2 and 4 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” information related to other-than- temporary impairments on available-for-sale securities. for additional securities, Derivatives. We enter into freestanding derivative trans- actions primarily to manage the risk associated with variability in cash flows or changes in fair values related to our financial assets and liabilities. We also use derivative instruments to hedge certain currency exposures. Additionally, we purchase investment issue certain insurance policies and engage in certain reinsurance contracts that have embedded derivatives. The associated financial statement risk is the vola- tility in net income which can result from among other things: (i) changes in the fair value of derivatives not qualifying as accounting hedges; (ii) changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives required to be bifurcated from the related host con- and of tract; (iv) counterparty default. Accounting for derivatives is com- plex, as evidenced by significant authoritative interpretations of the primary accounting standards which continue to evolve. See notes 2, 5 and 17 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for an additional description of derivative instruments and fair value measurements of derivative instruments. ineffectiveness designated hedges; (iii) Deferred acquisition costs. DAC represents costs that are directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance policies and investment contracts which are deferred and amortized over the estimated life of the related insurance policies. These costs primarily include commissions in excess of ultimate renewal commissions and underwriting and contract and policy issuance expenses for policies successfully acquired. DAC is subsequently amortized to expense in relation to the anticipated recognition of premiums or gross profits. insurance, The amortization of DAC for traditional long-duration insurance products life- (including term life contingent structured settlements and immediate annuities and long-term care insurance) is determined as a level proportion of premium based on accepted actuarial methods and reasonable assumptions including related to investment returns, health care experience (including type of care and cost of care), policyholder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next), insured life expectancy or longevity, insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termi- nation rates and benefit utilization rates) and expenses, estab- lished when the contract or policy is issued. U.S. GAAP requires that assumptions for these types of products not be modified (or unlocked) unless recoverability testing deems them to be inadequate. Amortization is adjusted each period to lapses or terminations. Accordingly, we could reflect actual experience accelerated amortization of DAC if policies lapse or terminate earlier than originally assumed. Amortization of DAC for deferred annuity and universal life insurance contracts is based on expected gross profits. Expected gross profits are adjusted quarterly to reflect actual experience to date or for the unlocking of underlying key assumptions including related to interest rates, policyholder persistency or lapses, insured life expectancy or longevity and expenses. The estimation of expected gross profits is subject to change given the inherent uncertainty as to the underlying key assumptions employed and the long duration of our policy or contract liabilities. Changes in expected gross profits reflecting the unlocking of underlying key assumptions could result in a material increase or decrease in the amortization of DAC depending on the magnitude of the change in underlying assumptions. Significant factors that could result in a material increase or decrease in DAC amortization for these products include material changes in withdrawal or lapse rates, invest- ment spreads or mortality assumptions. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, key assumptions were unlocked in our U.S. Life Insurance and Runoff segments to reflect our current expectation of future investment spreads, lapse rates and mortality. The amortization of DAC for mortgage insurance is based on expected gross margins. Expected gross margins, defined as premiums less losses, are set based on assumptions for future persistency and loss development of the business. These assumptions are updated for actual experience to date or as our expectations of future experience are revised based on experi- ence studies. Due to the inherent uncertainties in making assumptions about future events, materially different experience from expected results in persistency or loss development could result in a material increase or decrease to DAC amortization for this business. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, key assumptions were unlocked in our interna- tional mortgage insurance business to reflect our current expectation of future persistency and loss projections. The following table sets forth the increase (decrease) in amortization of DAC related to unlocking of underlying key assumptions by segment for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2014 2013 2012 U.S. Life Insurance International Mortgage Insurance Runoff Total $ 4 — (9) $ (5) $21 1 1 $23 $(45) 4 4 $(37) (variable annuities The DAC amortization methodology for our variable products life insurance) includes a long-term average appreciation assump- tion of 7.5% to 8.0%. When actual returns vary from the expected 7.5% to 8.0%, we assume a reversion to the expected return over a three-year period. and variable universal Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 89 if We review DAC for recoverability at least annually. For deferred annuity and universal life insurance contracts, if the present value of estimated future gross profits is less than the unamortized DAC for a line of business, a charge to income is recorded for additional DAC amortization. For traditional long-duration and short-duration contracts, the benefit reserves plus anticipated future premiums and interest income for a line of business are less than the current estimate of future benefits and expenses (including any unamortized DAC), a charge to income is recorded for additional DAC amortization or for increased benefit reserves. The evaluation of DAC recov- erability is subject to inherent uncertainty and requires sig- nificant judgment and estimates to determine the present values of future premiums, estimated gross profits and expected losses and expenses of our businesses. As of December 31, 2014, we believe all of our businesses have sufficient future income where the related DAC is recoverable based on our best estimate assumptions. Continued low interest rates have impacted the margins on our fixed immediate annuity products. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we had margin of approximately $31 million respectively, on $6,204 million and and $78 million, $6,526 million, respectively, of net U.S. GAAP liability related to our fixed immediate annuity products. The risks we face include adverse variations in interest rates and/or mortality. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we had DAC of $22 million and $28 million, respectively, related to our immediate annuity products. Adverse experience in one or both of these risks could result in the DAC associated with our immediate annuity products being no longer fully recoverable as well as the estab- lishment of additional benefit reserves. As of December 31, 2014, for our immediate annuity products, 50 basis points lower interest rates and 2% lower mortality would result in margin reduction of approximately $23 million and $24 mil- lion, respectively. Margin reduction below zero results in a charge to current period earnings. Any favorable variation would result in additional margin in our DAC loss recognition analysis and would result in higher income recognition over the remaining duration of the in-force block. As of December 31, 2014, we believe all of our other businesses have sufficient future income where the related DAC would be recoverable under selected adverse variations in our assumptions. For a see discussion of our “—Insurance liabilities and reserves—Future policy benefits” below. long-term care insurance margins, For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, there were no charges to income as a result of our DAC loss recog- nition testing. As part of a life block transaction in the third quarter of 2012, we recorded $39 million of additional DAC amortization to reflect loss recognition on certain term life insurance policies under a reinsurance treaty. See notes 2 and 6 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8— Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to DAC. Present value of future profits. In conjunction with the acquisition of a block of insurance policies or investment con- tracts, a portion of the purchase price is assigned to the right to receive future gross profits arising from existing insurance and investment contracts. This intangible asset, called PVFP, repre- sents the actuarially estimated present value of future cash flows from the acquired policies. PVFP is amortized, net of accreted interest, in a manner similar to the amortization of DAC. We regularly review our assumptions and periodically test PVFP for recoverability in a manner similar to our treatment of DAC. During the fourth quarter of 2014, the loss recognition testing for our acquired block of long-term care insurance business resulted in a premium deficiency. As a result, we wrote off the entire PVFP balance for our long-term care insurance business of $6 million through amortization with a correspond- ing change to net unrealized investment gains (losses). The results of the test were primarily driven by changes in our expectations for future severity of claims, including higher uti- lization of available benefits and lower rates at which claims terminate. As of December 31, 2014, we believe all of our other businesses have sufficient future income where the related PVFP is recoverable based on our best estimate assumptions. For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, there were no charges to income as a result of our PVFP recover- ability testing. See notes 2 and 7 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supple- mentary Data” for additional information related to PVFP. Goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess of the amounts paid to acquire a business over the fair value of its net assets at the date of acquisition. Subsequent to acquisition, goodwill could become impaired if the fair value of a reporting unit as a whole were to decline below the value of its individually identi- fiable assets and liabilities. This may occur for various reasons, including changes in actual or expected income or cash flows of a reporting unit or generation of income by a reporting unit at a lower rate of return than similar businesses. Under U.S. GAAP, we test the carrying value of goodwill for impairment at least annually at the “reporting unit” level, which is either an operating segment or a business one level below the operating segment. Under certain circumstances, interim impairment tests may be required if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. The determination of fair value for our reporting units is primarily based on an income approach whereby we use dis- counted cash flows for each reporting unit. When available, and as appropriate, we use market approaches or other valu- ation techniques to corroborate discounted cash flow results. The discounted cash flow model used for each reporting unit is based on either operating income or statutory distributable income, depending on the reporting unit being valued. For the operating income model, we determine fair value based on the present value of the most recent income projec- tions for each reporting unit and calculate a terminal value uti- lizing a terminal growth rate. We primarily utilize the operating 90 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K income model to determine fair value for our Canadian and Australian mortgage insurance reporting units. In addition to the operating income model, we also consider the valuation of our Canadian and Australian mortgage insurance subsidiaries’ publicly traded stock price in determining fair value for those reporting units. The significant assumptions in the operating income model include: income projections, which are depend- ent on new business production, customer behavior, operating expenses and market conditions; discount rate; and terminal growth rate. For income model, we determine fair value based on the present value of projected to statutory net determine distributable income for the respective reporting unit. We utilize the statutory distributable income model to determine fair value for our life and long-term care insurance reporting units. The significant assumptions in the statutory levels; distributable income model income projections, which are dependent on mortality or morbidity, new business production growth, new business projection period, reinsurance, policyholder behavior and other specific industry and market conditions; and discount rate. include: required capital statutory distributable income and changes in required capital the expectations of The cash flows used to determine fair value are dependent on a number of significant assumptions based on our historical experience, our future performance and expected economic environment. We determine the best esti- mate of our income projections based on current market con- ditions as well as our expectation of future market conditions. Our estimates of projected income are subject to change given the inherent uncertainty in predicting future results. Addition- ally, the discount rate used to determine fair value is based on our judgment of the appropriate rate for each reporting unit based on the relative risk associated with the projected cash flows as well as our expectation of the discount rate that would be utilized by a hypothetical market participant. During the third quarter of 2014, we completed our annual goodwill impairment analysis as of July 1, 2014. As a result of this analysis, we determined fair value was lower than book value for our life and long-term care insurance reporting units discussed further below. Our Canadian and Australian mortgage insurance reporting units had fair values in excess of their respective book values. As part of our annual goodwill impairment testing, we noted that our long-term care and life insurance reporting uni- ts’ fair values were less than their respective book value. If fair value is lower than book value, the reporting unit’s fair value is allocated to assets and liabilities as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination with the amount of goodwill being established representing the “implied goodwill” amount that is recoverable. If this “implied goodwill” exceeds is the reporting unit’s recorded goodwill balance, goodwill deemed recoverable. See below for additional details on the significant assumptions used in our goodwill impairment test for our long-term care and life insurance reporting units. The key assumptions impact our evaluation of that implied goodwill for our long-term care and life insurance reporting units under our goodwill impairment assessment primarily relate to the valuation of new business. While the valuation of our in-force business is included in the fair value of the reporting unit, the in-force value does not contribute sig- nificant, incremental value to support goodwill. Based on a hypothetical impairment acquisition under our goodwill assessment, any difference in our current carrying value and the fair value of our in-force business would be associated with an intangible asset for PVFP and would not create additional implied goodwill. The valuation of new business is determined by utilizing several inputs such as discount rate, expected new business sales for the next 10 years, and expected new business profitability, which is primarily dependent on policyholder behavior assumptions, expected benefit payments, reinsurance, expected investment returns and targeted capital levels. The inclusion of 10 years of new business production is based on our experience of actuarial appraisals for life insurance compa- nies where this is a common assumption. For our long-term care and life insurance reporting units, we utilized discount rates of 14% and 10%, respectively, based on our estimate of the weighted-average cost of capital that a hypothetical market participant would use in assessing the value of the businesses. For the first half of 2014, overall market sales for the long- term care insurance industry declined approximately 30% as compared to the same period last year. During the third quarter of 2014, we introduced a new long-term care insurance prod- uct with higher premiums and lower maximum benefits, and anticipate that it will take time for this new product to gain momentum in our distribution channels. Given these trends, our annual sales projections included in our determination of fair value for our long-term care insurance reporting unit were lower than the prior year’s goodwill testing analysis. Based on the fair value of projected new business for our long-term care insurance reporting unit, we recorded a goodwill impairment of $200 million during the third quarter of 2014, with the remaining goodwill balance of $154 million deemed recover- able as of September 30, 2014 based on our determination of implied goodwill. During the third quarter of 2014, in connection with our strategic planning process, we revisited our prior strategy of focusing on term life insurance, given the capital-intensive nature of the product and our revised capital plan. We are in the process of transitioning to higher return permanent prod- ucts, including universal life insurance, indexed universal life insurance and linked-benefit products. Given this transition, our annual sales projections included in the determination of fair value for our life insurance reporting unit were significantly lower than sales levels expected in prior year’s goodwill testing analysis. Based on the fair value of projected new business for our life insurance reporting unit, we recorded a goodwill impairment of $350 million during the third quarter of 2014, with the remaining goodwill balance of $145 million deemed Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 91 recoverable as of September 30, 2014 based on our determi- nation of implied goodwill. loss the completion of our As a result of current market conditions, decreases in sales projections from negative rating actions taken in the fourth quarter of 2014 and distributor actions and overall uncertainty in those projections from market realities and potential strategic actions, we evaluated the impact of these factors on the fair value of our long-term care and life insurance reporting units in connection with the preparation of financial statements. Addi- tionally, recognition testing introduced risk of further rating downgrades that would sig- nificantly impact our ability to meet sales projections in our long-term care insurance business, as well as our life insurance business, where our primary new business value relates to our long-term care insurance and life linked-benefits product. These potential lower sales, combined with the factors noted above, bring uncertainty around whether a hypothetical market participant would be willing to pay for any new business asso- ciated with our long-term care and life insurance reporting units in a current market transaction. After consideration of the items noted above, we determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of both our long-term care and life insurance reporting units was less than the carrying amount and that our remaining goodwill was not recoverable. As a result, we recorded a goodwill impairment of $154 million in our long-term care insurance business and $145 million in our life insurance business. These impairments reduced the good- will balances of these businesses to zero. The uncertainty asso- ciated with the level and value of new business that a market long-term care and life participant would place on our insurance businesses resulted in the conclusion that the good- will balances were no longer recoverable. In the third quarter of 2012, considering current market conditions, including the market environment in Europe, lower trading multiples of European financial services companies and the impact of those conditions on our international protection reporting unit in a market transaction that may require a higher risk premium, we determined the fair value of the reporting unit was below book value and determined the goodwill asso- ciated with this reporting unit was not recoverable. Therefore, we recorded a goodwill impairment of $89 million for the write-off of all the goodwill associated with our international protection reporting unit in the third quarter of 2012. Deteriorating or adverse market conditions for certain businesses may have a significant impact on the fair value of our reporting units and could result in future impairments of goodwill. See notes 2 and 8 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to goodwill. Insurance liabilities and reserves. We calculate and maintain reserves for the estimated future payment of claims to our poli- cyholders and contractholders based on actuarial assumptions and in accordance with U.S. GAAP and industry practice. Many factors can affect these reserves, including, but not lim- rates; interest returns and volatility; investment ited to: economic and social conditions, such as inflation, unemploy- ment, home price appreciation or depreciation, and health care experience (including type of care and cost of care); policy- holder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next); insured life expectancy or longevity; insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates); future premium increases; expenses; and doctrines of legal liability and damage awards in litigation. Because these factors are not known in advance, change over time, are difficult to accurately predict and are inherently uncertain, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts we will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments. Small changes in assumptions or small devia- tions of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past had, material impacts on our reserve levels, results of operations and financial condition. Insurance reserves differ for long- and short-duration insurance policies. Measurement of reserves for long-duration insurance contracts (such as life insurance, annuities and long- term care insurance products) is based on approved actuarial methods, and includes assumptions about mortality, morbidity, lapses, interest rates and other factors. Short-duration contracts (such as lifestyle protection insurance) are accounted for based on actuarial estimates of the amount of loss inherent in that period’s claims, including losses incurred for which claims have not been reported. Short-duration contract loss estimates rely on actuarial observations of ultimate loss experience for similar historical events. Future policy benefits The liability for future policy benefits is equal to the pres- ent value of future benefits and expenses, less the present value of expected future net premiums based on assumptions including investment returns, health care experience (including type of care and cost of care), policyholder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in- force from one period to the next), insured life expectancy or longevity, insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates) and expenses. The liability for future policy benefits is reviewed at least annually as a part of our loss recognition test- ing using current assumptions based on the manner of acquir- ing, servicing and measuring the profitability of the insurance contracts. Loss recognition testing is generally performed at the level, with acquired blocks and certain line of business reinsured blocks tested separately. Changes in how we manage certain polices could require separate loss recognition testing and could result in future charges to income. We perform loss recognition testing for the liability for future policy benefits for our long-term care insurance products in the aggregate, excluding our acquired block of long-term care insurance, which is tested separately. The results of our loss recognition test for our long-term care insurance products in 2014 were driven by changes to assumptions and method- 92 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K ologies primarily impacting claim termination rates, most sig- nificantly in later-duration claims, and benefit utilization rates. Claim termination rates refer to the expected rates at which claims end. Benefit utilization rates estimate how much of the available policy benefits are expected to be used. Changes to our claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates in our long-term care insurance business decreased our margin by approximately $5.4 billion. We also included an assumption for future anticipated rate actions which increased our margin by approximately $4.9 billion. Our assumption for future anticipated rate actions is based on our best estimate of the rate increases we expect given our claims cost expectations and uses our historical experience from rate increase approvals. In addi- tion, we reviewed other assumptions, particularly related to claim frequency, lapse rates, morbidity, mortality improvement and expenses, and updated these assumptions as appropriate, which had a modestly favorable impact on our margin in the aggregate. For our acquired block of long-term care insurance, we performed our loss recognition testing as of December 31, 2014 and determined that we had negative margin of $716 million. As a result, we wrote off the remaining PVFP balance of $6 million and increased our future policy benefit reserves by $710 million. The results of the test were driven by changes to assumptions and methodologies primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later-duration claims, and benefit utilization rates. Additionally, our discount rate assumption decreased from 7.65% in 2013 to 7.13% in 2014, mainly due to the additional lower-yielding assets needed to fund the increase in reserves during the year. We will measure future policy benefit reserves on our acquired block of long- term care insurance going forward using updated assumptions that are current as of December 31, 2014. These updated assumptions will be locked-in until such time as another premium deficiency exists. As of December 31, 2014, the liability for future policy benefits associated with our acquired block of long-term care insurance, including additional reserves established in the fourth quarter of 2014, was $2.8 billion. The results of our loss recognition testing on our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, indicated that our DAC was recoverable and reserves were sufficient, with a margin of $2.3 billion as of December 31, 2014. Our loss recognition testing margin decreased $0.8 billion from December 31, 2013 mainly due to changes to assumptions and methodologies primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later-duration claims, and benefit utilization rates. We lowered our assumptions for claim termination rates, most significantly in later-duration claims. We assume a static discount rate that is in line with our current portfolio yield. Our discount rate assumption for our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, decreased from 5.57% in 2013 to 5.23% in 2014, mainly due to lower-yielding assets needed to fund the increase in reserves during the year. This rate represents our expected investment returns based on the portfolio of assets supporting the net U.S. GAAP liability as of the calculation date and, therefore, excluded the benefits of qualifying hedge gains in-force management that are not currently amortizing. Our positive margin for our long-term care insurance business, excluding the acquired block, was dependent on the assumptions we made on our ability to successfully implement our strategy involving premium increases or reduced benefits. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we began including future rate actions in our loss recognition testing in addition to those rate actions that had already been filed and approved or awaiting regulatory approval. As of December 31, 2014, the liability for future policy benefits associated with our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, was $16.5 billion. While we had margin of $2.3 billion on our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, loss recog- nition testing for this block indicated we had projected profits in earlier years followed by projected losses in the later years. As a result of this pattern of projected profits followed by pro- jected losses, we are required to accrue additional future policy benefit reserves in the profitable years, currently expected to be through approximately 2030 (before accruing for the additional liability), by the amounts necessary to offset losses in later years. Given there were no profits in our long-term care insurance business in 2014, no accrual was recorded. The present value of projected losses was $1.2 billion as of December 31, 2014. As of December 31, 2014, the impact on our long-term select recognition testing margins for care insurance loss sensitivities were as follows: (Amounts in billions) Acquired Block Other Block (Excluding the Acquired Block) 2014 loss recognition testing margins Sensitivities on 2014 loss recognition test margin: 5% relative increase in future claims costs Discount rate decrease of 25 basis points 10% reduction in benefit of future in-force rate actions $ — $ 2.3 (0.2) (0.1) — (1.8) (1.0) (0.5) The margin impacts in the table above are each discrete and do not reflect the impact one factor may have on another. For example, the increases in claims costs do not include any offsetting impacts from potential future rate actions. Any such offset from rate actions would primarily impact our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block. Our acquired block would not benefit significantly from additional rate actions as it is older, and therefore, there is a higher like- lihood that adverse changes could result in additional losses on that block. Any future adverse changes in our assumptions could result in both the DAC associated with our long-term care insurance products being no longer fully recoverable as well as the establishment of additional future policy benefit reserves. Any favorable changes would result in additional margin in our loss recognition test and higher income over the remaining duration of the in-force block. For our acquired block of long- term care insurance, the impacts of adverse changes in assump- Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 93 tions would be immediately reflected in net income (loss) as our margin for this block was zero after the reserve increase in the fourth quarter of 2014. For our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, any adverse changes in assumptions would only be reflected in net income (loss) to the extent the margin was reduced below zero. Liability for policy and contract claims The liability for policy and contract claims represents the amount needed to provide for the estimated ultimate cost of settling claims relating to insured events that have occurred on or before the end of the respective reporting period. The esti- mated liability includes requirements for future payments of: (a) claims that have been reported to the insurer; (b) claims related to insured events that have occurred but that have not been reported to the insurer as of the date the liability is esti- mated; and (c) claim adjustment expenses. Claim adjustment expenses include costs incurred in the claim settlement process such as legal fees and costs to record, process and adjust claims. Our liability for policy and contract claims is reviewed future claims regularly, with changes in our estimates of recorded through net income (loss). The following table sets forth our recorded liability for policy and contract claims by business as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Long-term care insurance U.S. mortgage insurance International mortgage insurance Life insurance Lifestyle protection insurance Fixed annuities Runoff Total liability for policy and contract claims 2014 $6,216 1,180 308 197 106 21 15 $8,043 2013 $4,999 1,482 378 188 108 29 20 $7,204 The liability for policy and contract claims, also known as claim reserves, for our long-term care insurance products repre- sents the present value of the amount needed to provide for the estimated ultimate cost of settling claims relating to insured events that have occurred on or before the end of the respective reporting period. Key assumptions include investment returns, health care experience (including type of care and cost of care), policyholder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next), insured life expectancy or longevity, insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termi- nation rates and benefit utilization rates) and expenses. Our discount rate assumption assumes a static discount rate in-line with our current portfolio yield. During the third quarter of 2014, we completed a compre- hensive review of our long-term care insurance claim reserves. This review was commenced as a result of adverse claims experience during the second quarter of 2014 and in con- nection with our regular review of our claim reserve assump- tions during the third quarter of each year. As a result of this review, we made changes to our assumptions and method- ologies relating to our long-term care insurance claim reserves primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later-duration claims, and benefit utilization rates, reflecting that claims are not terminating as quickly and claimants are utilizing more of their available benefits in aggregate than had previously been assumed in our reserve calculations. As a result of these changes, we increased our long-term care insurance claim reserves by $604 million, before reinsurance, during the third quarter of 2014. The changes in our assumptions relating to our long-term care insurance claim reserves also informed the review of and changes to assumptions and methodologies used in our fourth quarter of 2014 loss recognition testing, as discussed above. inventory that will be Estimates of mortgage insurance reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses are based on notices of mortgage loan defaults and estimates of defaults that have been incurred but have not been reported by loan servicers, using assumptions developed based on past experience and our expectation of future development. These assumptions include claim rates for loans in default, the average amount paid for loans that result in a claim and an estimate of the number of loans in our delin- rescinded or modified quency (collectively referred to as “loss mitigation actions”) based on the effects that such loss mitigation actions have had on our historical claim frequency rates, including an estimate for reinstatement of previously rescinded coverage. Each of these assumptions is established by management based on historical and expected experience. We have established processes, as well as contractual rights, to ensure we receive timely information from loan servicers to aid us in the establishment of our esti- mates. In addition, when we have obtained sufficient facts and circumstances through our investigative process, we have the unilateral right under our master policies and at law to rescind coverage ab initio on the underlying loan certificate as if cover- age never existed. As is common accounting practice in the mortgage insurance industry and in accordance with U.S. GAAP, loss reserves are not established for future claims on insured loans that are not currently in default. loss reserves Management for reviews quarterly the adequacy, and if indicated, updates the assumptions used for estimating and calculating such reserves based on actual experi- ence and our historical frequency of claim and severity of loss rates that are applied to the current population of delin- quencies. Factors considered in establishing loss reserves include claim frequency patterns (reflecting the loss mitigation actions on such claim patterns), the aged category of the delin- quency (i.e., age and progression of delinquency to claim) and loan coverage percentage. The establishment of our mortgage insurance loss reserves is subject to inherent uncertainty and requires judgment. The actual amount of the claim payments may vary significantly from the loss reserve estimates. Our estimates could be adversely affected by several factors, includ- ing, but not limited to, a deterioration of regional or national economic conditions leading to a reduction in borrowers’ income and thus their ability to make mortgage payments, a 94 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K drop in housing values that could expose us to greater loss on resale of properties obtained through foreclosure proceedings and an adverse change in the effectiveness of loss mitigation actions that could result in an increase in the frequency of expected claim rates. Our estimates are also affected by the extent of fraud and misrepresentation that we uncover in the loans that we have insured and the coverage upon which we have consequently rescinded or may rescind going forward. the Our loss reserving methodology includes estimates of number of loans in our delinquency inventory that will be rescinded or modified, as well as estimates of the number of loans for which coverage may be reinstated under certain con- ditions following a rescission action. In considering the potential sensitivity of the factors under- lying management’s best estimate of our U.S. and international mortgage insurance reserves for losses, it is possible that even a relatively small change in estimated delinquency-to-claim rate (“frequency”) or a relatively small percentage change in esti- mated claim amount (“severity”) could have a significant impact on reserves and, correspondingly, on results of oper- ations. Based on our actual experience during the three-year period ended December 31, 2014 in our U.S. mortgage insurance business, a quarterly change of, for example, 3% in the average frequency reserve factor would change the gross reserve amount for such quarter by approximately $64 million for our U.S. mortgage insurance business. Based on our actual experience during 2014 in our international mortgage insurance business, a quarterly change of, for example, $1,000 in the average severity reserve factor combined with a 1% change in the average frequency reserve factor would change the gross reserve amount by approximately $18 million for our international mortgage insurance business based on current exchange rates. In addition to the sensitivities discussed above, certain books of business in both our U.S. and certain international mortgage insurance businesses have experienced higher losses as a result of the global economic environment. In our U.S. mortgage insurance business, our 2005 through 2008 books of business have been experiencing delinquencies and incurred losses substantially higher than those generated from previous book years we have written. Early loss development patterns from these book years indicate that we would expect a higher level of total losses generated. For example, an increase of 10% in these expected losses over a three-year period ending December 31, 2017 would result in a decrease in after-tax operating results of approximately $22 million. Additional adverse variation could result in additional negative impacts while favorable variations would result in improved margins. Regardless of the ultimate loss development pattern on these books, we expect they will continue to generate significant paid and incurred losses for at least the next two years and thus will continue to have a significant adverse impact on our operating results over these same periods. In our international mortgage insurance business, we anticipate reduced levels of losses as a result of stable housing if housing markets and markets and economies. However, economies do not remain stable and instead deteriorate, we may experience increased losses. For example, an increase in projected losses for our international mortgage insurance busi- ness of between 30% and 40% over the next year would neg- atively impact after-tax operating results by approximately $40 million to approximately $55 million over this same period based on current foreign exchange rates and leaving other for either additional assumptions constant. The potential adverse loss development or favorable loss development exists that could further impact our business underwriting margins. Unearned premiums. international mortgage In our insurance business, the majority of our insurance contracts are single premium. For single premium insurance contracts, we recognize premiums over the policy life in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. We recognize a portion of the revenue in premiums earned in the current period, while the remaining portion is deferred as unearned premiums and earned over time in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. If single premium policies are cancelled and the premium is non-refundable, then the remaining unearned premium related to each cancelled policy is recognized as earned premiums upon notification of the cancellation, if not included in our expected earnings pattern. The expected pat- tern of risk emergence on which we base premium recognition is inherently judgmental and is based on actuarial analysis of historical and expected experience. Changes in market con- ditions could cause a decline in mortgage originations, mort- gage insurance penetration rates or our market share, all of which could impact new insurance written. For example, a decline in flow new insurance written of $1.0 billion would result in a reduction in earned premiums of approximately $4 million in the first full year based on current pricing and expected pattern of risk emergence. However, this decline would be partially offset by the recognition of earned premiums from established unearned premium reserves primarily from the last three years of business. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we had $4.0 billion and $4.1 billion, respectively, of unearned premiums, of which $2.7 billion and $2.8 billion, respectively, related to our international mortgage insurance business. We recognize inter- national mortgage insurance unearned premiums over a period of up to 20 years, most of which are recognized between three and seven years from issue date. The recognition of earned premiums for our international mortgage insurance business involves significant estimates and assumptions as to future loss development and policy cancellations. These assumptions are based on our historical experience and our expectations of future performance, which are highly dependent on assump- tions as to long-term macroeconomic conditions including rates, home price appreciation and the rate of interest unemployment. We regularly review our expected pattern of risk emergence and make adjustments based on actual experi- ence and changes in our expectation of future performance with any adjustments reflected in current period income. For Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 95 the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, increases to earned premiums in our international mortgage insurance business as a result of adjustments made to our expected pat- tern of risk emergence and policy cancellation assumptions were $6 million, $12 million and $36 million, respectively. Our expected pattern of risk emergence for our interna- tional mortgage insurance business is subject to change given the inherent uncertainty as to the underlying loss development and policy cancellation assumptions and the long duration of our international mortgage insurance policy contracts. Actual experience that is different than expected for loss development or policy cancellations could result in a material increase or decrease in the recognition of earned premiums depending on the magnitude of the difference between actual and expected experience. Loss development emergence and policy cancella- tion variations could result in an increase or decrease in after- tax operating results depending on the magnitude of variation experienced (assuming other assumptions held constant). In our U.S. mortgage insurance business, the majority of our insurance contracts have recurring premiums. We recognize recurring premiums over the terms of the related insurance policy on a pro-rata basis (i.e., monthly). Changes in market conditions could cause a decline in mortgage originations, mortgage insurance penetration rates and our market share, all of which could impact new insurance written. For example, a decline in flow new insurance written of $1.0 billion would result in a reduction in earned premiums of approximately $5 million in the first full year. Likewise, if flow persistency declined on our existing insurance in-force by 10%, earned premiums would decline by approximately $60 million during the first full year, potentially offset by lower reserves due to policies no longer being in force. The remaining portion of our unearned premiums relates to our lifestyle protection and long-term care insurance busi- nesses where the underlying assumptions are not subject to significant uncertainty. Accordingly, changes in underlying assumptions as to premium recognition we consider being rea- sonably possible for these businesses would not result in a material impact on our results of operations. Valuation of deferred tax assets. Deferred tax assets represent the tax benefit of future deductible temporary differences and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such benefits are realized if there is no change in tax law. Under U.S. GAAP, we test the value of deferred tax assets for impairment on a quarterly basis at our taxpaying component level within each tax jurisdiction, consistent with our filed tax returns. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allow- ance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In determining the need for a valu- ation allowance, we consider carryback capacity, reversal of existing temporary differences, future taxable income and tax planning strategies. Tax planning strategies are actions that are prudent and feasible, that an entity ordinarily might not take, subject to change given the but would take to prevent an operating loss or tax credit carry- forward from expiring unused. The determination of the valu- ation allowance for our deferred tax assets requires management to make certain judgments and assumptions regarding future operations that are based on our historical experience and our judgments and expectations of future performance. Our assumptions inherent are uncertainty in predicting future performance, which is impacted by, but not limited to, policyholder behavior, com- petitor pricing, new product introductions, and specific industry and market conditions. Tax planning strategies are incorporated into our analysis and assessment. Based on our analysis, we believe it is more likely than not that the results of future operations and the implementation of tax planning strategies will generate sufficient taxable income to enable us to realize the deferred tax assets for which we have not established valuation allowances. As of December 31, 2014, we had a net deferred tax liability of $908 million with a $301 million valuation allow- ance related to state deferred tax assets, foreign net operating losses and a specific federal separate tax return net operating loss deferred tax asset. We had a consolidated gross deferred tax asset of $1,803 million related to NOL carryforwards of $5,191 million as of December 31, 2014, which, if unused, will expire beginning in 2021. Foreign tax credit carryforwards amounted to $666 million as of December 31, 2014, which, if unused, will begin to expire in 2015. Deferred taxes on permanently reinvested foreign income. We do not record U.S. deferred taxes on foreign income that we do not expect to remit or repatriate to U.S. corporations within our consolidated group. Under U.S. GAAP, we are generally required to record U.S. deferred taxes on the anticipated repa- triation of foreign income as the income is recognized for reporting purposes. An exception under certain financial accounting guidance permits us not to record a U.S. deferred tax liability for foreign income that we expect to reinvest in our foreign operations and for which remittance will be postponed indefinitely. If it becomes apparent that we cannot positively assert that some or all undistributed income will be invested in the foreseeable future, the related deferred taxes are recorded in that period. In determining indefinite reinvestment, we regu- larly evaluate the capital needs of our domestic and foreign including operations considering all available information, operating and capital plans, regulatory capital requirements, parent company financing and cash flow needs, as well as the applicable tax laws to which our domestic and foreign sub- sidiaries are subject. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and our expectation of future performance. Our judgments and assumptions are subject to change given the inherent uncertainty in predicting future capital needs, which are impacted by such things as regulatory requirements, policy- holder product introductions, and specific industry and market conditions. As of December 31, 2014, U.S. deferred income taxes were not provided on approximately $1,642 million of unremitted for- competitor behavior, pricing, new 96 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K that we eign income related to our Canadian mortgage insurance busi- ness reinvested. Our considered permanently Canadian mortgage insurance business held cash and short- term investments of $124 million related to the unremitted earnings of foreign operations considered to be permanently reinvested as of December 31, 2014. if Contingent liabilities. A liability is contingent the amount is not presently known, but may become known in the future as a result of the occurrence of some uncertain future event. We estimate our contingent liabilities based on management’s estimates about the probability of outcomes and their ability to estimate the range of exposure. Accounting standards require that a liability be recorded if management determines that it is probable that a loss has occurred and the loss can be reasonably estimated. In addition, it must be prob- able that the loss will be confirmed by some future event. As part of the estimation process, management is required to make assumptions about matters that are by their nature highly uncertain. regarding the ultimate outcome of The assessment of contingent liabilities, including legal and income tax contingencies, involves the use of estimates, assumptions and judgments. Management’s estimates are based on their belief that future events will validate the current assumptions these exposures. However, there can be no assurance that future events, such as court decisions or IRS positions, will not differ from management’s assessments. Whenever practicable, man- agement consults with third-party experts (including attorneys, accountants and claims administrators) to assist with the gath- ering and evaluation of information related to contingent liabilities. Based on internally and/or externally prepared evaluations, management makes a determination whether the potential exposure requires accrual in the consolidated finan- cial statements. C O N S O L I D A T E D R E S U L T S O F O P E R A T I O N S The following is a discussion of our consolidated results of operations and should be read in conjunction with “—Business trends and conditions.” For a discussion of our segment results, see “—Results of Operations and Selected Financial and Operating Performance Measures by Segment.” The following table sets forth the consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Premiums Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Insurance and investment product fees and other Total revenues Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves Interest credited Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Goodwill impairment Interest expense Total benefits and expenses Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Income (loss) from continuing operations Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $ 5,431 3,242 (20) 912 $5,148 3,271 (37) 1,021 9,565 9,403 $5,041 3,343 27 1,229 9,640 $ 283 (29) 17 (109) 162 6,620 737 1,585 571 849 479 10,841 (1,276) (228) (1,048) — (1,048) 196 4,895 738 1,659 569 — 492 8,353 1,050 324 726 (12) 714 154 5,378 775 1,594 722 89 476 9,034 606 138 468 57 525 200 1,725 (1) (74) 2 849 (13) 2,488 (2,326) (552) (1,774) 12 (1,762) 42 5% (1)% 46% (11)% 2% 35% —% (4)% —% NM(1) (3)% 30% NM(1) (170)% NM(1) 100% NM(1) 27% $ 107 (72) (64) (208) (237) (483) (37) 65 (153) (89) 16 (681) 444 186 258 (69) 189 (46) Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders $ (1,244) $ 560 $ 325 $(1,804) NM(1) $ 235 (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 2% (2)% NM(1) (17)% (2)% (9)% (5)% 4% (21)% (100)% 3% (8)% 73% 135% 55% (121)% 36% (23)% 72% 97 2014 compared to 2013 Premiums. Premiums consist primarily of premiums earned on insurance products for long-term care, life and accident and health insurance, single premium immediate annuities and lifestyle pro- structured settlements with life contingencies, tection insurance and mortgage insurance. – Our U.S. Life Insurance segment increased $212 million. Our long-term care insurance business increased $127 mil- lion largely from $90 million of increased premiums from in- force rate actions, growth of our in-force block from new sales in 2014 and unfavorable adjustments of $14 million in 2013 that did not life insurance business increased $38 million primarily related to our term life insurance products due to the recapture of a reinsurance agreement and higher sales in 2014. Our fixed annuities business increased $47 million principally driven by higher sales of our life-contingent products in 2014. recur. Our – Our International Protection segment increased $95 million, including an increase of $7 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, primarily driven by an amendment to in 2014 that was previously a reinsurance agreement accounted for under the deposit method of accounting which increased premiums by $56 million. The increase was also attributable to higher volume driven by a new distributor in France, partially offset by lower premiums from our runoff clients in 2014. – Our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment increased $24 million mainly attributable to higher average flow insurance in-force and lower ceded reinsurance premiums in 2014. – Our International Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $46 million. Our Canadian mortgage insurance business decreased $45 million primarily driven by a decrease of $37 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates and the smaller in-force blocks of business. Other Countries decreased $9 million primarily as a result of lower premiums attributable to lender settlements in 2013 and higher ceded reinsurance premiums in 2014. Our Australian mortgage insurance business increased $8 million primarily as a result of the seasoning of our in-force block of business as larger, newer books reach their peak earnings period. The increase was also attributable to higher premiums resulting from higher policy cancellations and new insurance written, parti- ally offset by a decrease of $31 million attributable to changes ceded in foreign exchange reinsurance premiums in 2014. and higher rates Net investment income. Net investment income represents the income earned on our investments. – Weighted-average investment yields decreased to 4.6% for the year ended December 31, 2014 from 4.7% for the year ended December 31, 2013. The overall weighted-average investment yields decreased primarily attributable to lower reinvestment yields on higher average invested assets, a $14 million unfavorable prepayment speed adjustment on structured securities and $4 million of lower gains related to limited partnerships. These decreases were partially offset by $5 million of higher gains related to bond calls and mortgage loan prepayments in 2014. – The year ended December 31, 2014 included a decrease of $22 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Net investment gains (losses). Net investment gains (losses) consist primarily of realized gains and losses from the sale or impairment of our investments, unrealized and realized gains and losses from our trading securities and derivative instru- ments. For further discussion of the change in net investment gains (losses), see the comparison for this line item under “—Investments and Derivative Instruments.” – We recorded $9 million of net other-than-temporary impair- ments in 2014 compared to $25 million in 2013. In 2014 and 2013, we recorded $3 million and $4 million, respectively, of impairments related to commercial mortgage loans. Of total impairments in 2014 and 2013, $2 million and $15 million, respectively, related to structured securities, including $1 million and $6 million, respectively, related to sub-prime and Alt-A residential mortgage-backed and asset- backed securities. Impairments related to financial hybrid securities as a result of certain banks being downgraded to below investment grade were $4 million in 2014. Impair- ments related to corporate fixed maturity securities which were a result of bankruptcies, receivership or concerns about the issuer’s ability to continue to make contractual payments or intent to sell were $6 million in 2013. – Net investment losses related to derivatives of $103 million in 2014 were primarily associated with GMWB losses, including decreases in the values of instruments used to pro- tect statutory surplus from equity market fluctuation. We also had losses related to derivatives used to hedge foreign currency risk associated with assets held and proceeds from the IPO of our Australian mortgage insurance business and losses related to a non-qualified derivative strategy to mitigate interest rate risk with our statutory capital positions. These related to hedge losses were partially offset by gains ineffectiveness from our cash flow hedge programs for our long-term care insurance business due to a decrease in long- term interest rates. We also had gains related to derivatives used to hedge foreign currency risk associated with expected dividend payments from certain foreign subsidiaries. Net investment losses related to derivatives of $49 million in 2013 were primarily associated with derivatives used to protect statutory surplus from equity market fluctuation on embedded derivatives related to variable annuity products with GMWB riders. We also had net losses on the change in derivatives and GMWB embedded derivatives as a result of adjustments to the GMWB embedded derivative related to and updating policyholder funds underperforming as compared to market indices. In addition, there were losses related to hedge ineffectiveness from our cash flow hedge programs for our long-term care insurance business due to an increase in long- and mortality assumptions lapse our 98 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K term interest rates and losses related to derivatives used to hedge foreign currency risk associated with assets held and derivatives used to hedge macroeconomic conditions in foreign markets. These losses were partially offset by gains driven by tightening credit spreads on credit default swaps where we sold protection to improve diversification and portfolio yield, gains related to a non-qualified derivative strategy to mitigate interest rate risk associated with our statutory capital positions and gains related to derivatives used to hedge foreign currency risk associated with near-term expected dividend payments from certain subsidiaries. – We recorded net gains of $28 million related to the sale of available-for-sale securities in 2014 compared to net losses of $8 million in 2013. During 2014, we recorded a gain on a previously impaired financial hybrid security that was called by the issuer. During 2014, we recorded $39 million of gains related to trading securities compared to $23 million of losses in 2013 due to higher unrealized gains resulting from changes in the long-term interest rate environment. We recorded $53 million of lower net gains related to securitiza- tion entities during 2014 primarily due to lower gains on derivatives, partially offset by gains on trading securities in 2014 compared to losses in 2013. In 2013, we recorded $4 million of net losses related to limited partnerships. Insurance and investment product fees and other. Insurance and investment product fees and other consist primarily of fees assessed against policyholder and contractholder account val- ues, surrender charges, cost of insurance assessed on universal and term universal life insurance policies, advisory and admin- istration service fees assessed on investment contractholder account values, broker/dealer commission revenues and other fees. – Corporate and Other activities decreased $46 million mainly attributable to a decrease of $43 million as a result of the sale of our reverse mortgage business on April 1, 2013 and higher losses from non-functional currency transactions attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates related to intercompany transactions in 2014. – Our U.S. Life Insurance segment decreased $43 million predominantly from our life insurance business related to mortality experience in our universal life insurance products, a less favorable unlocking of $7 million related to interest assumptions and a $4 million unfavorable correction in 2014. – Our International Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $14 million primarily due to non-functional currency trans- actions attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates on remeasurement and partial payments of intercompany loans related to our Australian mortgage insurance business in 2014. – Our Runoff segment decreased $7 million mainly attribut- able to lower average account values in our variable annuity products in 2014. Benefits and other changes in policy reserves. Benefits and other changes in policy reserves consist primarily of benefits paid and reserve activity related to current claims and future policy bene- fits on insurance and investment products for long-term care insurance, life insurance, accident and health insurance, struc- tured settlements and single premium immediate annuities with life contingencies, lifestyle protection insurance and claim costs incurred related to mortgage insurance products. – Our U.S. Life Insurance segment increased $1,845 million. Our long-term care insurance business increased $1,606 mil- lion primarily from the completion of our annual loss recog- nition testing in the fourth quarter of 2014 which resulted in an increase of $729 million of reserves, net of reinsurance, driven by changes to assumptions and methodologies primar- ily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later-duration claims, and benefit utilization rates. In the third quarter of 2014, we completed a comprehensive review of our claim reserves, which increased claim reserves by $531 million, net of reinsurance. As a result of this review, we made changes to our assumptions and methodologies relating to our long-term care insurance claim reserves primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later- duration claims, and benefit utilization rates, reflecting that claims are not terminating as quickly and claimants are utiliz- ing more of their available benefits in aggregate than had previously been assumed in our reserve calculations. During the third quarter of 2014, we also recorded a $54 million unfavorable correction, net of reinsurance, related to a calcu- lation of benefit utilization for policies with a benefit inflation option. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we also recorded a $67 million unfavorable correction, net of reinsurance, related to claims in course of settlement arising in connection with the implementation of our updated assumptions and methodologies as part of our comprehensive claims review completed in the third quarter of 2014, parti- ally offset by a $43 million favorable refinement, net of reinsurance, of assumptions for claim termination rates. The increase was also attributable to $15 million of net favorable adjustments in 2013 that did not recur, aging and growth of the in-force block, higher severity and frequency on new claims and higher benefits paid on existing claims. These increases were partially offset by reduced benefits of $75 mil- lion from in-force rate actions in 2014. Our life insurance business increased $201 million primarily related to unfavorable mortality in 2014 and an unfavorable correction of $49 million in our term life insurance products related to reserves on a reinsurance transaction recorded in the fourth quarter of 2014 compared to a $28 million favorable reserve correction in our term universal life insurance product in 2013. The increase was also attributable to a less favorable unlocking of $47 million in our term universal and universal life insurance products related to mortality and interest assumptions and the recapture of a reinsurance agreement related to our term life insurance products in 2014. These increases were partially offset by slower reserve growth related Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 99 to our term universal life insurance reserves and higher lapses of our older term life insurance products in 2014. Our fixed annuities business increased $38 million predominantly attributable to higher sales of our life-contingent products and unfavorable mortality, partially offset by lower interest credited on reserves in 2014. – Our International Protection segment increased $43 million, including an increase of $3 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, mainly driven by higher reserves in France from a new distributor and lower favorable claim reserve adjustments, partially offset by a decline in new claim registrations in 2014. The increase was also related to an amendment to a reinsurance agreement in 2014 that was previously accounted for under the deposit method of accounting which increased benefits and other changes in policy reserves by $14 million. – Our International Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $113 million. Our Australian mortgage insurance business decreased $56 million primarily driven by improved aging on our existing delinquencies from higher home price apprecia- tion and a lower volume of existing delinquencies converting to mortgages in possession, as well as a lower number of new delinquencies in 2014. Paid claims were also lower as a result of a decrease in both the number of claims and the average claim payment. The year ended December 31, 2014 also included a decrease of $6 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates in our Australian mortgage insurance business. Our Canadian mortgage insurance business decreased $37 million primarily from lower new delinquencies as a result of improved performance of our smaller in-force blocks of business and stable economic environment. The year ended December 31, 2014 included a decrease of $7 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates in our Cana- dian mortgage insurance business. Other Countries decreased $20 million primarily from lender settlements in 2013 and a lower number of new delinquencies, net of cures, in 2014. – Our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $55 mil- lion driven by a decline in new delinquencies, as well as lower reserves on new delinquencies in 2014. These decreases were partially offset by an aggregate increase in our claim reserves in 2014 of $53 million in connection with the settlement agreement with Bank of America, N.A. and the resolution of a second matter involving a dispute with another servicer over loss mitigation activities. In addition, we recorded a net reserve strengthening of $17 million in the first quarter of 2014 to reflect the expectation in future peri- ods of increased claim severity primarily for late-stage delin- quencies, partially offset by lower claim rates for early-stage delinquencies. Overall delinquencies continued to decline from fewer new delinquencies from factors such as lower foreclosure starts and ongoing loss mitigation efforts. Interest credited. Interest credited represents interest credited on behalf of policyholder and contractholder general account balances. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, represent costs and expenses related to the acquisition and ongoing maintenance of insurance and investment contracts, including commissions, policy issuance expenses and other underwriting and general operating costs. These costs and expenses are net of amounts that are capitalized and deferred, which are costs and expenses that are related directly to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance policies and investment contracts, such as first-year commissions in excess of ultimate renewal commis- sions and other policy issuance expenses. – Corporate and Other activities decreased $84 million primar- ily as a result of a decrease of $46 million associated with our reverse mortgage business which was sold on April 1, 2013, make-whole expenses of $30 million paid related to the debt redemption in 2013 that did not recur and lower net expenses after allocations to our operating segments in 2014. – Our International Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $18 million. Our Australian mortgage insurance business decreased $13 million primarily from a decrease of $7 mil- lion attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates and lower operating expenses related to contract fees in 2014. Our Canadian mortgage insurance business decreased $3 million mainly driven by a decrease of $5 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Excluding the effects of foreign exchange, our Canadian mortgage insurance business increased from an early redemption payment of $6 million in May 2014 related to the redemption of Genworth Canada’s senior notes that were scheduled to mature in 2015, partially offset by lower stock-based compensation expense in 2014. Other Countries decreased $2 million primarily from lower operating expenses in 2014 and a $1 million restructuring charge in 2013 that did not recur, partially offset by an increase of $1 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. – Our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $4 million primarily from a settlement of approximately $4 million with the CFPB to end its review of industry captive reinsurance arrangements in 2013 that did not recur. – Our International Protection segment increased $29 million, including an increase of $5 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, largely from higher commissions of $35 million related to an amendment to a reinsurance agreement in 2014 that was previously accounted for under the deposit method of accounting. This increase was partially offset by lower operating expenses in 2014 and a restructur- ing charge of $3 million in 2013 that did not recur. Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles. Amortization of DAC and intangibles consists primarily of the amortization of acquisition costs that are capitalized, PVFP and capitalized software. – Our Runoff segment increased $33 million from higher net investment gains and less favorable equity market perform- ance, partially offset by higher net investment losses on 100 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K embedded derivatives associated with our variable annuity products with GMWBs and $9 million in favorable unlock- ings in 2014 compared to $1 million in unfavorable unlock- ings in 2013. – Our International Protection segment increased $12 million, including an increase of $1 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, mainly as a result of higher premium volume driven by a new distributor in France in 2014. – Our U.S. Life Insurance segment decreased $39 million mainly related to a decrease of $52 million in our life insurance business largely from a less unfavorable unlocking of $47 million in our term universal and universal life insurance products related to mortality and interest assump- tions and from mortality experience in our universal life insurance products, partially offset by higher lapses in our term life insurance products in 2014. Our long-term care insurance business increased $5 million largely related to the write-off of $6 million of PVFP in connection with our annual loss recognition testing completed in the fourth quar- ter of 2014. Our fixed annuities business increased $8 mil- lion largely from growth of our fixed indexed annuities account values in 2014. – Corporate and Other activities decreased $4 million mainly related to higher software allocations to our operating seg- ments in 2014. Goodwill impairment. Charges for impairment of goodwill are as a result of declines in the fair value of the reporting units. The goodwill impairment charges in 2014 were $354 million in our long-term care insurance business and $495 million in our life insurance business. Interest expense. Interest expense represents interest related to our borrowings that are incurred at Genworth Holdings or subsidiaries and our non-recourse funding obligations and interest expense related to the Tax Matters Agreement and cer- tain reinsurance arrangements being accounted for as deposits. – Our U.S. Life Insurance segment decreased $10 million driven by our life insurance business principally from lower fees related to refinancing the funding of a portion of our life insurance reserves. – Corporate and Other activities decreased $4 million mainly driven by the repayment of $485 million of senior notes in June 2014 and the repurchase of $350 million of senior notes in August 2013, partially offset by debt issuances in August and December of 2013. – Our International Protection segment increased $4 million as a result of reinsurance arrangements accounted for under the deposit method of accounting as certain of these arrange- ments were in a higher loss position in 2014, partially offset by an amendment to a reinsurance agreement in 2014 that was previously accounted for under the deposit method of accounting. Provision (benefit) for income taxes. The effective tax rate decreased to 17.9% for the year ended December 31, 2014 from 30.9% for the year ended December 31, 2013. The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily attributable to non-deductible goodwill impairments in 2014 and a charge of $174 million in the fourth quarter of 2014 associated with our Australian mortgage insurance business as we can no longer assert our intent to permanently reinvest earnings in that busi- ness, partially offset by a net $108 million benefit in the fourth quarter of 2014 in our lifestyle protection insurance business primarily from an internal debt restructuring related to the planned sale of that business. The year ended December 31, 2014 included a decrease of $15 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. income attributable Net to noncontrolling interests. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests represents the portion of equity in a subsidiary attributable to third parties. The increase primarily related to the IPO of our Australian mortgage insurance business in May 2014, which reduced our ownership percentage to 66.2%, resulting in lower net income of $56 million in 2014. The year ended December 31, 2014 included a decrease of $12 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s Net common stockholders. We had a net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in 2014 compared to net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in 2013 largely driven by losses in our U.S. Life Insurance segment. We increased reserves in our long-term care insurance business by $478 million as a result of our loss recognition testing completed in the fourth quarter of 2014 and by $345 million related to the completion of a review of our claim reserves in the third quarter of 2014. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded a $44 million unfavorable correc- tion related to claims in course of settlement arising in con- nection with the implementation of our updated assumptions and methodologies as part of our comprehensive claims review completed in the third quarter of 2014, partially offset by a $28 million favorable refinement of assumptions for claim termi- nation rates. In our long-term care insurance business, we also recorded a $35 million unfavorable correction related to a calculation of benefit utilization for policies with a benefit inflation option in the third quarter of 2014. We also recorded goodwill impairments of $791 million in our U.S. Life Insurance segment in 2014. As we consider potential business portfolio changes, we recognized a charge of $174 million in the fourth quarter of 2014 associated with our Australian mortgage insurance business as we can no longer assert our intent to permanently reinvest earnings in that business. There was also a decrease of $56 million attributable to the IPO of 33.8% of our Australian mortgage insurance business in 2014. The decrease in 2014 was also attributable to an aggregate Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 101 increase in our claim reserves in our U.S. mortgage insurance business of $34 million in connection with the settlement agreement with Bank of America, N.A. and the resolution of a second matter involving a dispute with another servicer over loss mitigation activities and a correction of $32 million in our life insurance business related to reserves on a reinsurance transaction. These decreases were partially offset by a net $108 million of tax benefits in the fourth quarter of 2014 in our lifestyle protection insurance business primarily from an internal debt restructuring related to the planned sale of that business and $102 million of increased premiums and reduced benefits from in-force rate actions in our long-term care insurance business in 2014. For a discussion of each of our segments the “—Results of Operations and Selected Financial and Operating Performance Measures by Segment.” Included in the net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2014 was a decrease of $34 million, net of taxes, attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. and Corporate and Other activities, see 2013 compared to 2012 Premiums – Our U.S. Life Insurance segment increased $168 million primarily as a result of an increase of $142 million in our life insurance business from higher ceded reinsurance premiums on certain term life insurance policies as part of a life block transaction in 2012 that did not recur. This increase was partially offset by lapses and higher ceded reinsurance pre- miums of older term life insurance policies that outpaced sales of our new term life insurance products in 2013. Our long- term care insurance business increased $66 million mainly attributable to $42 million of increased premiums from in- force rate actions and growth of our in-force block from new sales, partially offset by $14 million of unfavorable adjustments in 2013. Our fixed annuities business decreased $40 million driven by lower sales of our life-contingent products in 2013. – Our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment increased $5 million principally driven by lower ceded reinsurance premiums related to our captive arrangements and a lower accrual for premium refunds on delinquent in 2013. These increases were partially offset by lower premiums assumed from an affiliate under an intercompany reinsurance agree- ment that was terminated effective July 1, 2012. loans – Our International Protection segment decreased $46 million, including an increase of $16 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, primarily due to lower premiums from our runoff clients and lower premium volume driven by con- tinued reduced levels of consumer lending in Europe in 2013. – Our International Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $20 million, including a decrease of $33 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Excluding the effects of foreign exchange, premiums increased. In Australia, premiums increased $10 million primarily as a result of a larger in-force portfolio and lower ceded reinsurance premiums, partially offset by lower premiums from policy cancellations in 2013. In Canada, premiums decreased $27 million principally from the seasoning of our larger 2007 and 2008 in-force blocks of business which are past their peak earning potential, partially offset by the elimination of the risk premium related to the Government Guarantee Agreement in 2013. In Other Coun- tries, premiums decreased $3 million primarily as a result of the seasoning of our in-force block of business and higher ceded reinsurance premiums, partially offset by higher pre- miums as result of lender settlements in Ireland in 2013. Net investment income – Weighted-average investment yields decreased to 4.7% for the year ended December 31, 2013 from 4.8% for the year ended December 31, 2012. The decrease in overall weighted- average investment yields was primarily attributable to lower reinvestment yields and $4 million of lower gains related to limited partnerships, partially offset by higher average invested assets in longer duration products. – Net investment income for the year ended December 31, 2013 also included $11 million of higher bond calls and mortgage loan prepayments. – The year ended December 31, 2013 included a decrease of $9 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. item under “—Investments Net investment gains (losses). For further discussion of the change in net investment gains (losses), see the comparison for this and Derivative line Instruments.” – We recorded $25 million of net other-than-temporary impair- ments in 2013 as compared to $106 million in 2012. Of total impairments in 2013 and 2012, $15 million and $80 million, respectively, related to structured securities, including $6 million and $50 million, respectively, related to sub-prime and Alt-A residential mortgage-backed and asset- backed securities. Impairments related to corporate fixed maturity securities which were a result of bankruptcies, receivership or concerns about the issuer’s ability to continue to make contractual payments or intent to sell were $6 mil- lion in 2013. Impairments related to corporate securities were $20 million in 2012 predominantly attributable to a financial hybrid security related to a bank in the United Kingdom that was downgraded to below investment grade. – Net investment losses related to derivatives of $49 million in 2013 were primarily associated with derivatives used to pro- tect statutory surplus from equity market fluctuation on embedded derivatives related to variable annuity products with GMWB riders. We also had net losses on the change in derivatives and GMWB embedded derivatives as a result of adjustments to the GMWB embedded derivative related to updating our lapse and mortality assumptions and policy- funds underperforming as compared to market holder indices. In addition, there were losses related to hedge ineffectiveness from our cash flow hedge programs for our 102 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K long-term care insurance business due to an increase in long- term interest rates and losses related to derivatives used to hedge foreign currency risk associated with assets held and derivatives used to hedge macroeconomic conditions in for- eign markets. These losses were partially offset by gains driven by tightening credit spreads on credit default swaps where we sold protection to improve diversification and portfolio yield, gains related to a non-qualified derivative strategy to mitigate interest rate risk associated with our stat- utory capital positions and gains related to derivatives used to hedge foreign currency risk associated with near-term expected dividend payments from certain subsidiaries. Net investment gains related to derivatives of $4 million in 2012 were primarily due to gains from the narrowing of credit spreads associated with credit default swaps where we sold protection to improve diversification and portfolio yield. These gains were partially offset by losses related to derivatives used to hedge foreign currency risk associated with near-term expected dividend payments from certain subsidiaries and to mitigate foreign subsidiary macro- economic risk. Additionally, there were losses on embedded derivatives related to variable annuity products with GMWB riders primarily due to the policyholder funds under- performance of underlying variable annuity funds as com- pared to market indices and market losses resulting from volatility. – Net losses related to the sale of available-for-sale securities were $8 million in 2013 compared to net gains of $29 million in 2012. During 2013, we recorded $23 million of losses related to trading securities compared to $21 million of gains in 2012 due to higher unrealized losses offsetting gains on sales of securities. We recorded $12 million of lower net gains related to securitization entities during 2013 com- pared to 2012 primarily due to losses on trading securities in 2013 compared to gains in 2012. In 2013, we recorded $4 million of net losses related to limited partnerships. We also recorded $6 million of contingent consideration adjust- ments in 2012. Insurance and investment product fees and other – Our U.S. Life Insurance segment decreased $120 million mainly driven by our life insurance business related predom- inantly to $124 million of gains on the repurchase of notes secured by our non-recourse funding obligations in 2012 that did not recur and from a decrease in our universal life insurance in-force block. These decreases were partially offset by an $8 million favorable unlocking in our universal life insurance products related to interest assumptions in 2013 and an unfavorable valuation adjustment in 2012 that did not recur. – Corporate and Other activities decreased $76 million primar- ily attributable to lower income related to our reverse mort- gage business, which was sold on April 1, 2013. – Our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $21 mil- lion principally from a gain related to the termination of an external reinsurance arrangement in 2012. – Our Runoff segment increased $9 million mainly attribut- able to the recapture of a reinsurance agreement related to our corporate-owned life insurance products in 2013, parti- ally offset by lower average account values from outflows of our variable annuity products in 2013. Benefits and other changes in policy reserves – Our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $313 mil- lion primarily driven by a decline in new delinquencies and improvements in net cures and aging on existing delin- quencies in 2013. Overall delinquencies continued to decline from factors such as increased cure rates resulting from improvements in the overall housing market, fewer new delinquencies and ongoing loss mitigation efforts. Reserves for prior year delinquencies benefited $63 million during 2013 from improvements in net cures and aging. – Our International Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $199 million, including a decrease of $7 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Australia decreased $140 million primarily driven by a reserve strengthening of $82 million in the first quarter of 2012 that did not recur and lower new delinquencies in 2013. In 2013, paid claims also decreased as a result of a decrease in both the number of claims and the average claim payment. In Canada, losses decreased $54 million mainly driven by lower new delin- quencies, net of cures, and lower paid claims due to a shift in regional mix, with fewer claims from Alberta where the severity on paid claims has been higher than other regions. Higher benefits from loss mitigation activities also con- tributed to the decrease in losses in 2013. Other Countries decreased $5 million primarily from lower new delin- quencies, net of cures, particularly in Ireland, and benefits from ongoing loss mitigation activities in 2013. – Our Runoff segment decreased $5 million predominantly from lower GMDB reserves in our variable annuity products due to favorable equity market performance in 2013. – Our U.S. Life Insurance segment increased $25 million primarily attributable to an increase of $77 million in our long-term care insurance business primarily from the aging and growth of our in-force block, partially offset by reduced benefits of $76 million from in-force rate actions. Addition- ally, benefits and changes in reserves in 2013 included $22 million of favorable reserve and other adjustments pri- marily related to the continuation of a multi-stage system conversion, a $17 million favorable adjustment for the refinement of the methodology for calculating incurred but not reported reserves to more fully reflect product-specific incidence rates and a $24 million unfavorable correction that increased reserves to reflect a benefit for policyholders related to an accumulated benefit option, totaling a net favorable adjustment of $15 million. In 2012, benefits and changes in reserves included $60 million of favorable reserve adjust- Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 103 ments primarily related to the continuation of a multi-stage system conversion and an $8 million unfavorable adjustment related to a change in interest rate assumptions on claim reserves. Our life insurance business increased $22 million principally related to higher ceded reinsurance as we initially ceded $209 million of certain term life insurance reserves under a new reinsurance treaty as part of a life block trans- action in 2012. This increase was partially offset by a $70 million favorable unlocking in our term universal and universal life insurance products related to mortality and interest assumptions in 2013 compared to a $31 million unfavorable unlocking related to interest assumptions in 2012. The increase was also partially offset by a $28 million favorable reserve correction in our life insurance product, a $7 million favorable adjustment related to a refinement of the incurred but not reported reserve calculation in 2013 and mortality which was favorable to pricing and to the prior year. Our fixed annuities business decreased $74 million largely attributable to lower sales of our life-contingent products and favorable mortality in 2013 compared to 2012. term universal – Our International Protection segment increased $9 million, including an increase of $4 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, primarily driven by lower favorable claim reserve adjustments, partially offset by lower paid claims from a decrease in new claim registrations in 2013. Interest credited – Our U.S. Life Insurance segment decreased $24 million mainly related to a decrease in our fixed annuities business primarily from lower crediting rates in a low interest rate environment in 2013. – Our Runoff segment decreased $13 million largely related to our institutional products as a result of lower interest paid on our floating rate policyholder liabilities due to a decrease in outstanding liabilities of $1.3 billion in 2013, partially offset by our corporate-owned life insurance products primarily from higher account values in 2013. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals – Our International Mortgage Insurance segment increased $186 million, including a decrease of $8 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Canada increased $173 million mainly related to a favorable adjustment of $186 million from the reversal of the accrued liability for exit fees related to the modification of the Government Guaran- tee Agreement in the fourth quarter of 2012 that did not recur and higher stock-based compensation expense in 2013. Australia increased $11 million primarily from higher operat- ing expenses, including a $6 million charge related to a cus- tomer contract in the fourth quarter of 2013, and higher employee compensation and benefit expenses in 2013. Other Countries increased $2 million primarily from higher employee compensation and benefit expenses, including a $1 million restructuring charge in 2013. – Corporate and Other activities decreased $55 million primar- ily attributable to a decrease of $87 million as a result of the sale of our reverse mortgage business on April 1, 2013. This decrease was partially offset by a $30 million make-whole payment related to the debt redemption in 2013. – Our International Protection segment decreased $50 million, including an increase of $9 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, largely from lower profit commis- sions, lower paid commissions related to a decline in new business and lower operating expenses as a result of an ongoing cost-saving initiative. The decrease was also attributable to $3 million of reduced benefit costs driven by the U.K. pension plan in 2013. These the closure of decreases were partially offset by a restructuring charge of $3 million in 2013. – Our U.S. Life Insurance segment decreased $19 million from a decrease of $14 million in our long-term care insurance business predominantly from lower production, partially offset by a $7 million restructuring charge in 2013. Our life insurance business decreased $11 million largely from lower expenses in our term universal life insurance product that we no longer offer, partially offset by higher expenses in our term life insurance products as we began offering these products in the fourth quarter of 2012 and a restructuring charge of $3 million in 2013. Our fixed annuities business increased $6 million largely related to guarantee funds from an accrual of $4 million in 2013 compared to a favorable adjustment of $4 million in 2012 and from a restructuring charge in 2013. Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles – Our U.S. Life Insurance segment decreased $93 million. Our life insurance business decreased $101 million primarily from the initial write-off of $142 million of DAC associated with certain term life insurance policies under a reinsurance treaty as part of a life block transaction in the first quarter of 2012 that did not recur. The decrease was also attributable to higher amortization of DAC of $39 million reflecting loss recognition on certain term life insurance policies under a reinsurance treaty as part of a life block transaction in the third quarter of 2012 that did not recur. These decreases were partially offset by a $60 million unfavorable unlocking related to mortality and interest assumptions in our term universal and universal life insurance products in 2013 compared to a $19 million favorable unlocking related to interest assumptions in 2012. Our fixed annuities business decreased $17 million primarily related to higher net invest- ment losses largely driven by lower derivative gains in 2013. Our long-term care insurance business increased $25 million largely from growth of our in-force block, higher amor- tization of $4 million from an unfavorable adjustment pri- marily related to the continuation of a multi-stage system conversion and the write-off of computer software included in a restructuring charge in 2013. 104 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K – Our Runoff segment decreased $45 million related to our variable annuity products largely from favorable equity market performance in 2013 and $3 million less of unfavorable unlockings in 2013. These decreases were parti- ally offset by higher net investment gains on embedded derivatives associated with our variable annuity products with GMWBs in 2013. – Our International Protection segment decreased $7 million, including an increase of $2 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, mainly as a result of lower premium volume in 2013. – Corporate and Other activities decreased $5 million primar- ily attributable to lower software amortization in 2013. to be realized, state income taxes and the proportion of lower taxed foreign income to pre-tax income in 2013 compared to 2012, partially offset by a non-deductible goodwill impairment in 2012. The year ended December 31, 2013 included a decrease of $4 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. income attributable Net to noncontrolling interests. The decrease was primarily from a favorable adjustment of $58 mil- lion from the reversal of the accrued liability for exit fees related to the modification of the Government Guarantee Agreement in the fourth quarter of 2012 that did not recur, partially offset by lower losses in 2013. Goodwill impairment. The goodwill impairment charge in the third quarter of 2012 wrote off the entire goodwill balance for our lifestyle protection insurance business. Interest expense – Our U.S. Life Insurance segment increased $11 million prin- cipally driven by our life insurance business largely related to a $20 million favorable adjustment in 2012 related to the Tax Matters Agreement with our former parent company that did not recur. This increase was partially offset by the write-off of $8 million in deferred borrowing costs from the repurchase and repayment of non-recourse funding obliga- tions associated with a life block transaction in 2012 that did not recur. – Corporate and Other activities increased $10 million largely attributable to a favorable adjustment of $20 million in 2012 related to the Tax Matters Agreement with our former parent company that did not recur and from debt issuances in August and December of 2013. These increases were parti- ally offset by the maturity of Genworth Holdings’ senior notes in June 2012 and repurchases of Genworth Holdings’ senior notes that mature in June 2014 of $100 million in the fourth quarter of 2012 and $15 million during June and also redeemed August of 2013. Genworth Holdings $350 million of its senior notes that were due in 2015. – Our International Protection segment decreased $3 million, including an increase of $1 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, mainly due to reinsurance arrange- ments accounted for under the deposit method of accounting as certain of these arrangements were in a lower loss position in 2013. Provision (benefit) for income taxes. The effective tax rate increased to 30.9% for the year ended December 31, 2013 from 22.8% for the year ended December 31, 2012. Included in 2013 was additional tax expense of $25 million, including $13 million from a correction of prior years, related to non- deductible stock compensation expense resulting from cancella- tions. The increase in the effective tax rate was also attributable to a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset on a specific separate tax return net operating loss that is no longer expected Net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders. We had higher net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in 2013 primarily related to significantly lower losses in our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment in 2013 and from a goodwill impairment in 2012 that did not recur. Our long-term care insurance business also bene- fited from in-force rate actions from increased premiums and reduced benefits of $74 million in 2013. Our life insurance business also increased from favorable unlockings and an $18 million favorable reserve correction in 2013. The prior year also included a reserve strengthening in our Australian mortgage insurance business and $47 million of net losses related to life block transactions completed by our life insurance business that did not recur. These increases were partially offset by a favorable adjustment of $78 million in our Canadian mortgage insurance business from the reversal of the accrued liability for exit fees related to the modification of the Government Guarantee Agreement in the fourth quarter of 2012 that did not recur and $40 million of prior year favorable adjustments in our long-term care insurance business that did not recur. There was also a $13 million restructuring charge in 2013 related to an expense reduction plan. For a discussion of each of our segments and Corporate and Other activities, see the “—Results of Operations and Selected Financial and Operating Performance Measures by Segment.” Included in net income available to Genworth Finan- cial, ended December 31, 2013 was a decrease of $17 million, net of taxes, attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. common stockholders Inc.’s year the for Reconciliation of net income (loss) to net operating income (loss) We had a net operating loss of $381 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to net operating income of $616 million and $403 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. We define net operating income (loss) as income (loss) from continuing operations excluding the after-tax effects of income attributable to non- controlling interests, net investment gains (losses), goodwill impairments, gains (losses) on the sale of businesses, gains (losses) on the early extinguishment of debt, gains (losses) on insurance block transactions and infrequent or unusual non- Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 105 resulting gains operating items. Gains (losses) on insurance block transactions are defined as gains (losses) on the early extinguishment of non- recourse funding obligations, early termination fees for other financing restructuring and/or (losses) on reinsurance restructuring for certain blocks of business. We exclude net investment gains (losses) and infrequent or unusual non-operating items because we do not consider them to be related to the operating performance of our segments and Corporate and Other activities. A component of our net investment gains (losses) is the result of impairments, the size and timing of which can vary significantly depending on mar- ket credit cycles. In addition, the size and timing of other investment gains (losses) can be subject to our discretion and are influenced by market opportunities, as well as asset-liability matching considerations. Goodwill impairments, gains (losses) on the sale of businesses, gains (losses) on the early extinguish- ment of debt and gains (losses) on insurance block transactions are also excluded from net operating income (loss) because in our opinion, they are not indicative of overall operating trends. Other non-operating items are also excluded from net operat- ing income (loss) if, in our opinion, they are not indicative of overall operating trends. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded goodwill impairments of $129 million, net of taxes, in our long-term care insurance business and $145 million, net of taxes, in our life insurance business. In the third quarter of 2014, we recorded goodwill impairments of $167 million, net of taxes, in our long-term care insurance business and $350 million, net of taxes, in our life insurance business. We recorded a goodwill impairment of $86 million, net of taxes, related to our lifestyle protection insurance business in the third quarter of 2012. The following transactions were excluded from net operating income (loss) for the periods presented as they related to the loss on the early extinguishment of debt. In the second quarter of 2014, we paid an early redemption payment of approximately $2 million, net of taxes and portion attributable to noncontrolling interests, related to the early redemption of Genworth Canada’s notes that were scheduled to mature in 2015. In the third quarter of 2013, we paid a make-whole expense of approximately $20 mil- lion, net of taxes, related to the early redemption of Genworth Holdings’ 4.95% senior notes that were scheduled to mature in 2015 (the “2015 Notes”). In the fourth quarter of 2012, we repurchased principal of approximately $100 million of Genworth Holdings’ notes that mature in June 2014 for a loss of $4 million, net of taxes. In the fourth quarter of 2012, we also repurchased $20 million of non-recourse funding obligations resulting in a gain of approximately $3 million, net of taxes. In the third quarter of 2012, we completed a life block transaction resulting in a loss of $6 million, net of taxes. In January 2012, we also completed a life block transaction result- ing in a loss of approximately $41 million, net of taxes. There were no infrequent or unusual items excluded from net operating income (loss) during the periods presented other than the following items. There was a $66 million net tax impact in the fourth quarter of 2014 from potential business portfolio changes. Although no decisions have been made, we recognized a tax charge of $174 million in the fourth quarter of 2014 associated with our Australian mortgage insurance busi- ness as we can no longer assert our intent to permanently reinvest earnings in that business. In addition, in the fourth quarter of 2014, we recognized a net $108 million of tax bene- fit in our lifestyle protection insurance business primarily from an internal debt restructuring related to the planned sale of that business. Also, in the second quarter of 2013, we recorded a $13 million, net of taxes, expense related to restructuring costs. While some of these items may be significant components of net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we believe that net operating income (loss), and measures that are derived from or incorporate net operating income (loss), are appropriate measures that are useful to investors because they identify the income (loss) attributable to the ongoing oper- ations of the business. Management also uses net operating income (loss) as a basis for determining awards and compensa- tion for senior management and to evaluate performance on a basis comparable to that used by analysts. However, the items excluded from net operating income (loss) have occurred in the past and could, and in some cases will, recur in the future. Net operating income (loss) is not a substitute for net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, our definition of net operating income (loss) may differ from the definitions used by other companies. Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) attributable to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and net operating income (loss) assume a 35% tax rate and are net of the portion attributable to noncontrolling interests. Net investment gains (losses) are also adjusted for DAC and other intangible amortization and certain benefit reserves. The following table includes a reconciliation of net income (loss) to net operating income (loss) for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Adjustments to net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders: Net investment (gains) losses, net Goodwill impairment, net (Gains) losses on early extinguishment of debt, net (Gains) losses from life block transactions, net Tax impact from potential business portfolio changes Expenses related to restructuring, net (Income) loss from discontinued operations, net 2014 $(1,048) 2013 $714 196 154 (1,244) 560 4 791 2 — 66 — — 11 — 20 — — 13 12 Net operating income (loss) $ (381) $616 2012 $525 200 325 1 86 1 47 — — (57) $403 106 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Earnings (loss) per share The following table provides basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share for the years ended December 31: 2014 2013 2012 shares were required to use basic weighted-average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share for the year ended December 31, 2014, as the inclusion of for stock options, RSUs and SARs of 5.6 million would have been antidilutive to the calculation. If we had not incurred a loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders, net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and net operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2014, dilutive potential weighted-average common shares outstanding would have been 502.0 million. (Amounts in millions, except per share amounts) Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per common share: Basic Diluted Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per common share: Basic Diluted Net operating income (loss) per common share: Basic Diluted Weighted-average common shares outstanding: Basic Diluted (1) (1) Under applicable accounting guidance, companies in a loss position are required to use basic weighted-average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share. Therefore, as a result of our loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders, net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stock- holders and net operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2014, we U . S . L I F E I N S U R A N C E D I V I S I O N Division results of operations $ (2.51) $ (2.51) $ 1.16 $ 1.15 $ 0.55 $ 0.54 Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding reflect the effects of potentially dilutive securities including stock options, RSUs and other equity-based compensation. $ (2.51) $ (2.51) $ 1.13 $ 1.12 $ 0.66 $ 0.66 $ (0.77) $ (0.77) $ 1.25 $ 1.24 $ 0.82 $ 0.82 496.4 496.4 493.6 498.7 491.6 494.4 R E S U L T S O F O P E R A T I O N S A N D S E L E C T E D F I N A N C I A L A N D O P E R A T I N G P E R F O R M A N C E M E A S U R E S B Y S E G M E N T Our chief operating decision maker evaluates segment performance and allocates resources on the basis of net operat- ing income (loss). See note 20 in our consolidated financial statements under and “Item 8—Financial Supplementary Data” for a reconciliation of net operating income (loss) of our segments and Corporate and Other activ- ities to net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders. Statements The following discussions of our segment results of oper- ations should be read in conjunction with the “—Business trends and conditions.” The following table sets forth the results of operations relating to our U.S. Life Insurance Division. See below for a discussion by segment. (Amounts in millions) Net operating income (loss): U.S. Life Insurance segment: Long-term care insurance Life insurance Fixed annuities Total U.S. Life Insurance segment Total net operating income (loss) Adjustments to net operating income (loss): Net investment gains (losses), net Goodwill impairment, net Gains (losses) on early extinguishment of debt, net Gains (losses) from life block transactions, net Expenses related to restructuring, net Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $ (815) 74 100 (641) (641) 27 (791) — — — $129 173 92 394 394 (1) — — — (9) $101 151 82 334 334 (16) — 3 (47) — $ (944) NM(1) $ 28 (57)% 22 10 (99) 8 9% (1,035) NM(1) (1,035) NM(1) 60 60 28% 15% 12% 18% 18% 28 NM(1) 94% 15 —% (791) NM(1) — (100)% (3) 47 100% (9) NM(1) — —% — —% 100% 9 Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders $(1,405) $384 $274 $(1,789) NM(1) $110 40% (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 107 U . S . L I F E I N S U R A N C E S E G M E N T Segment results of operations The following table sets forth the results of operations relating to our U.S. Life Insurance segment for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Premiums Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Insurance and investment product fees and other Total revenues Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves Interest credited Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Goodwill impairment Interest expense Total benefits and expenses Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Income (loss) from continuing operations Adjustments to income (loss) from continuing operations: Net investment (gains) losses, net Goodwill impairment, net (Gains) losses on early extinguishment of debt, net (Gains) losses from life block transactions, net Expenses related to restructuring, net Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $ 3,169 2,665 41 712 $2,957 2,621 (3) 755 $2,789 2,594 (8) 875 $ 7% $ 168 212 27 44 2% 5 44 NM(1) (120) (6)% (43) 6% 1% 63% (14)% 6,587 6,330 6,250 257 4% 80 1% 5,820 618 658 345 849 87 8,377 (1,790) (385) (1,405) (27) 791 — — — 3,975 619 658 384 — 97 5,733 597 213 384 1 — — — 9 3,950 643 677 477 — 86 5,833 417 143 274 16 — (3) 47 — 1,845 46% (1) —% —% — (10)% (39) 849 NM(1) (10)% (10) 25 (24) (19) (93) — 11 1% (4)% (3)% (19)% —% 13% 2,644 46% (100) (2)% (2,387) NM(1) (598) NM(1) (1,789) NM(1) 180 70 110 43% 49% 40% (28) NM(1) 791 NM(1) —% —% (100)% — — (9) (15) — 3 (47) (94)% —% 100% (100)% 9 NM(1) Net operating income (loss) $ (641) $ 394 $ 334 $(1,035) NM(1) $ 60 18% (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. The following table sets forth net operating income (loss) for the businesses included in our U.S. Life Insurance segment for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Net operating income (loss): Long-term care insurance Life insurance Fixed annuities Total net operating income (loss) (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. 2014 compared to 2013 Net operating income (loss) – Our long-term care insurance business had a net operating loss of $815 million in 2014 compared to net operating income of $129 million in 2013. In the fourth quarter of loss recognition testing 2014, we completed our annual which resulted in an increase of $478 million of reserves and amortization of PVFP driven by changes to assumptions and methodologies primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later-duration claims, and benefit uti- lization rates. In the third quarter of 2014, we completed a Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $(815) 74 100 $129 173 92 $(641) $394 $101 151 82 $334 $ (944) (99) 8 NM(1) (57)% 9% $(1,035) NM(1) $28 22 10 $60 28% 15% 12% 18% comprehensive review of our claim reserves, which increased claim reserves by $345 million. As a result of this review, we made changes to our assumptions and methodologies relat- ing to our long-term care insurance claim reserves primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later-duration claims, and benefit utilization rates, reflecting that claims are not terminating as quickly and claimants are utilizing more of their available benefits in aggregate than had previously been assumed in our reserve calculations. During the third quarter of 2014, we also recorded a $35 million unfavorable correction related to a calculation 108 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K settlement of benefit utilization for policies with a benefit inflation option. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we also recorded a $44 million unfavorable correction related to claims in course of arising in connection with the implementation of our updated assumptions and method- ologies as part of our comprehensive claims review completed in the third quarter of 2014, partially offset by a $28 million favorable refinement of assumptions for claim termination rates. These increases were partially offset by $102 million of increased premiums and reduced benefits from in-force rate actions in 2014. – Our life insurance business decreased $20 million largely from unfavorable prepayment speed adjustments of $6 mil- lion on structured securities in 2014 compared to favorable prepayment speed adjustments of $7 million in 2013 and lower gains of $8 million from limited partnerships. – Our fixed annuities business was flat as higher bond calls and mortgage loan prepayments of $7 million and higher gains of $2 million from limited partnerships were offset by unfavorable prepayment speed adjustments of $2 million on structured securities in 2014 compared to favorable prepay- ment speed adjustments of $6 million in 2013. – Our life insurance business decreased $99 million principally due to higher mortality experience, an unfavorable reserve correction of $32 million in our term life insurance products related to reserves on a reinsurance transaction recorded in the fourth quarter of 2014 compared to an $18 million favorable reserve correction in our life insurance product in 2013. The decrease was also attribut- able income driven largely by unfavorable prepayment speed adjustments on structured securities in 2014 compared to favorable adjustments in 2013. These decreases were partially offset by slower reserve growth in our term universal life insurance reserves and a $12 million unfavorable tax valuation allowance in 2013 that did not recur. term universal investment to lower – Our fixed annuities business increased $8 million primarily related to higher customer account values and lower operat- ing expenses, partially offset by unfavorable mortality in 2014. Revenues Premiums – Our long-term care insurance business increased $127 mil- lion largely from $90 million of increased premiums from in- force rate actions, growth of our in-force block from new sales in 2014 and unfavorable adjustments of $14 million in 2013 that did not recur. – Our life insurance business increased $38 million primarily related to our term life insurance products due to the recapture of a reinsurance agreement and higher sales in 2014. – Our fixed annuities business increased $47 million princi- pally driven by higher sales of our life-contingent products in 2014. Net investment income – Our long-term care insurance business increased $64 million largely related to higher average invested assets due to growth of our in-force block and a favorable correction of $8 million to investment amortization for preferred stock in 2014. These increases were partially offset by unfavorable prepay- ment speed adjustments of $5 million on structured secu- rities in 2014 compared to favorable prepayment speed adjustments of $9 million in 2013. item under “—Investments Net investment gains (losses). For further discussion of the change in net investment gains (losses), see the comparison for this and Derivative line Instruments.” – Our long-term care insurance business had $8 million of net investment gains in 2014 primarily from derivative gains. Net investment losses of $11 million in 2013 were mainly from impairments and net losses from the sale of investment securities, partially offset by derivative gains. – Net investment gains in our life insurance business increased $21 million largely attributable to higher net gains from the sale of investment securities, a gain on a previously impaired financial hybrid security that was called by the issuer and lower impairments in 2014. – Net losses investment fixed annuities business in our decreased $4 million predominantly as a result of lower impairments and higher derivative gains, partially offset by higher losses on embedded derivatives related to our fixed indexed annuities and a gain on a call of an investment secu- rity in 2013 that did not recur. Insurance and investment product fees and other. The decrease was primarily attributable to our life insurance business largely related to mortality experience in our universal life insurance products, a less favorable unlocking of $7 million related to interest assumptions and a $4 million unfavorable correction in 2014. Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves – Our long-term care insurance business increased $1,606 mil- lion. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we completed our annual loss recognition testing which resulted in an increase of $729 million of reserves, net of reinsurance, driven by changes to assumptions and methodologies primarily impact- ing claim termination rates, most significantly in later- duration claims, and benefit utilization rates. In the third quarter of 2014, we completed a comprehensive review of our claim reserves, which increased claim reserves by $531 million, net of reinsurance. As a result of this review, we made changes to our assumptions and methodologies relating to our long-term care insurance claim reserves primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later- Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 109 duration claims, and benefit utilization rates, reflecting that claims are not terminating as quickly and claimants are utiliz- ing more of their available benefits in aggregate than had previously been assumed in our reserve calculations. During the third quarter of 2014, we also recorded a $54 million unfavorable correction, net of reinsurance, related to a calcu- lation of benefit utilization for policies with a benefit inflation option. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we also recorded a $67 million unfavorable correction, net of reinsurance, related to claims in course of settlement arising in connection with the implementation of our updated assumptions and methodologies as part of our comprehensive claims review completed in the third quarter of 2014, parti- ally offset by a $43 million favorable refinement, net of reinsurance, of assumptions for claim termination rates. The increase was also attributable to $15 million of net favorable adjustments in 2013 that did not recur, aging and growth of the in-force block, higher severity and frequency on new claims and higher benefits paid on existing claims. These increases were partially offset by reduced benefits of $75 mil- lion from in-force rate actions in 2014. – Our life insurance business increased $201 million primarily related to unfavorable mortality in 2014 and an unfavorable correction of $49 million in our term life insurance products related to reserves on a reinsurance transaction recorded in the fourth quarter of 2014 compared to a $28 million favorable reserve correction in our term universal life insurance product in 2013. The increase was also attributable to a less favorable unlocking of $47 million in our term universal and universal related to mortality and interest life insurance products assumptions and the recapture of a reinsurance agreement related to our term life insurance products in 2014. These increases were partially offset by slower reserve growth related to our term universal life insurance reserves and higher lapses of our older term life insurance products in 2014. – Our fixed annuities business increased $38 million predom- inantly attributable to higher sales of our life-contingent products and unfavorable mortality, partially offset by lower interest credited on reserves in 2014. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals – Our long-term care insurance business increased $14 million primarily from growth of our in-force block and higher marketing costs, partially offset by a $7 million restructuring charge in 2013 that did not recur and lower production in 2014. – Our life insurance business decreased $2 million largely from an unfavorable adjustment to reflect lower deferrals on our term universal life insurance product that we no longer offer, mostly offset by a restructuring charge of $3 million in 2013 that did not recur. – Our fixed annuities business decreased $12 million predom- inantly as a result of a favorable adjustment related to guarantee funds in 2014 and a restructuring charge in 2013 that did not recur. Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles – Our long-term care insurance business increased $5 million largely related to the write-off of $6 million of PVFP in connection with our annual loss recognition testing com- pleted in the fourth quarter of 2014. – Our life insurance business decreased $52 million largely from a less unfavorable unlocking of $47 million in our term universal and universal life insurance products related to mortality and interest assumptions and from mortality experience in our universal life insurance products, partially offset by higher lapses in our term life insurance products in 2014. – Our fixed annuities business increased $8 million largely from growth of our fixed indexed annuities account values in 2014. Goodwill impairment. See “Critical Accounting Estimates” for additional information. – We recorded goodwill impairments of $354 million in our long-term care insurance business in 2014. – We recorded goodwill impairments of $495 million in our life insurance business in 2014. Interest expense. Interest expense decreased driven by our life insurance business principally from lower related to refinancing the funding of a portion of our life insurance reserves. fees Provision (benefit) for income taxes. The effective tax rate decreased to 21.5% for the year ended December 31, 2014 from 35.7% for the year ended December 31, 2013. The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily attributable to non-deductible goodwill impairments in 2014 and a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset on a specific separate tax return net operating loss that was no longer expected to be real- ized in 2013. 2013 compared to 2012 Net operating income – Our long-term care insurance business increased $28 million principally attributable to $74 million of increased premiums and reduced benefits from in-force rate actions, partially off- set by lower investment yields in 2013. In addition, the prior year included $40 million of favorable reserve adjustments primarily related to the continuation of a multi-stage system conversion. – Our life insurance business increased $22 million principally from an $11 million net favorable unlocking in our term universal and universal life insurance products primarily related to mortality and interest assumptions in 2013 com- pared to a $9 million unfavorable unlocking related to inter- est assumptions in 2012. The increase was also attributable to an $18 million favorable reserve correction in our term universal in 2013 and favorable increases were partially offset by a mortality. These life insurance product 110 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K $13 million favorable adjustment related to the Tax Matters Agreement with our former parent company in 2012 that did not recur and a $12 million unfavorable tax valuation allowance in 2013. – Our fixed annuities business increased $10 million primarily related to favorable mortality and lower interest credited in 2013, partially offset by lower investment income and from an accrual related to guarantee funds of $3 million in 2013 compared to a favorable adjustment of $3 million in 2012. Revenues Premiums – Our long-term care insurance business increased $66 million mainly attributable to $42 million of increased premiums from in-force rate actions and from growth of our in-force block from new sales, partially offset by $14 million of unfavorable adjustments in 2013. – Our life insurance business increased $142 million primarily from higher ceded reinsurance premiums on certain term life insurance policies as part of a life block transaction in 2012 that did not recur. This increase was partially offset by lapses and higher ceded reinsurance premiums of older term life insurance policies that outpaced sales of our new term life insurance products in 2013. – Our fixed annuities business decreased $40 million primarily driven by lower sales of our life-contingent products in 2013. Net investment income – Our long-term care insurance business increased $54 million largely from an increase in average invested assets due to growth of our in-force block and higher bond calls and pre- payments of $5 million, partially offset by lower reinvest- ment yields and lower gains of $8 million from limited partnerships in 2013. – Our life insurance business increased $16 million primarily from higher gains of $5 million from limited partnerships and higher bond calls and mortgage loan prepayments of $2 mil- lion. The increase was also attributable to a favorable impact from prepayment speed adjustments on structured securities in 2013. These increases were partially offset by lower average invested assets and lower reinvestment yields in 2013. – Our fixed annuities business decreased $43 million primarily attributable to lower reinvestment yields, partially offset by higher bond calls and prepayments of $6 million in 2013. item under “—Investments Net investment gains (losses). For further discussion of the change in net investment gains (losses), see the comparison for this and Derivative line Instruments.” – In 2013, net investment losses of $11 million in our long- term care insurance business were largely related to impair- ments and net losses from the sale of investment securities, partially offset by derivative gains. In 2012, impairments were offset by derivative gains and net gains from the sale of investment securities. – In 2013, net investment gains of $13 million in our life insurance business were primarily related to net gains from the sale of investment securities, partially offset by impair- ments. Net investment losses of $6 million in 2012 were mainly from impairments, partially offset by net gains from the sale of investment securities. – Net losses investment fixed annuities business in our increased $3 million primarily driven by higher net losses from the sale of investment securities and lower derivative gains in 2013, partially offset by lower impairments. Insurance and investment product fees and other. The decrease was principally attributable to our life insurance business related predominantly to $124 million of gains on the repurchase of notes secured by our non-recourse funding obligations in 2012 that did not recur and from a decrease in our universal life insurance in-force block. These decreases were partially offset by an $8 million favorable unlocking in our universal life insurance products related to interest assumptions in 2013 and an unfavorable valuation adjustment in 2012 that did not recur. Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves – Our long-term care insurance business increased $77 million primarily from the aging and growth of our in-force block, partially offset by reduced benefits of $76 million from in- force rate actions. Additionally, benefits and changes in reserves in 2013 included $22 million of favorable reserve and other adjustments primarily related to the continuation of a multi-stage system conversion, a $17 million favorable adjustment for the refinement of the methodology for calcu- lating incurred but not reported reserves to more fully reflect product-specific and a $24 million unfavorable correction that increased reserves to reflect a benefit for policyholders related to an accumulated benefit option, totaling a net favorable adjustment of $15 million. In 2012, benefits and changes in reserves included $60 million of favorable reserve adjustments primarily related to the con- tinuation of a multi-stage system conversion and an $8 mil- lion unfavorable adjustment related to a change in interest rate assumptions on claim reserves. incidence rates – Our life insurance business increased $22 million primarily from a life block transaction in 2012 when we initially ceded $209 million of certain term life insurance reserves under a new reinsurance treaty. This increase was partially offset by a $70 million favorable unlocking in our term universal and universal life insurance products related to mortality and interest assumptions in 2013 compared to a $31 million unfavorable unlocking related to interest assumptions in 2012. The increase was also partially offset by a $28 million favorable reserve correction in our life insurance product, a $7 million favorable adjustment related to a refinement of the incurred but not reported reserve calculation in 2013 and mortality which was favorable to pricing and to the prior year. term universal Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 111 – Our fixed annuities business decreased $74 million largely attributable to lower sales of our life-contingent products and favorable mortality in 2013 compared to 2012. Interest credited. The decrease in interest credited was princi- pally related to our fixed annuities business driven by lower crediting rates in a low interest rate environment in 2013. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals – Our long-term care insurance business decreased $14 mil- lion predominantly from lower production, partially offset by a $7 million restructuring charge in 2013. – Our life insurance business decreased $11 million largely from lower expenses in our term universal life insurance product that we no longer offer, partially offset by higher expenses in our term life insurance products as we began offering these products in the fourth quarter of 2012 and a restructuring charge of $3 million in 2013. – Our fixed annuities business increased $6 million largely related to guarantee funds from an accrual of $4 million in 2013 compared to a favorable adjustment of $4 million in 2012 and from a restructuring charge in 2013. Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles – Our long-term care insurance business increased $25 mil- lion largely from growth of our in-force block, higher amor- tization of $4 million from an unfavorable adjustment primarily related to the continuation of a multi-stage system conversion and the write-off of computer software included in a restructuring charge in 2013. – Our life insurance business decreased $101 million primar- ily from the initial write-off of $142 million of DAC asso- ciated with certain term life insurance policies under a U.S. Life Insurance selected operating performance measures Long-term care insurance reinsurance treaty as part of a life block transaction in the first quarter of 2012 that did not recur. The decrease was also attributable to higher amortization of DAC of $39 mil- lion reflecting loss recognition on certain term life insurance policies under a reinsurance treaty as part of a life block transaction in the third quarter of 2012 that did not recur. These decreases were partially offset by a $60 million unfavorable unlocking related to mortality and interest life assumptions insurance products in 2013 compared to a $19 million favorable unlocking related to interest assumptions in 2012. – Our fixed annuities business decreased $17 million primar- ily related to lower amortization of DAC attributable to higher net largely driven by lower losses investment derivative gains in 2013. term universal and universal in our Interest expense. Interest expense increased principally driven by our life insurance business largely related to a $20 million favorable adjustment in 2012 related to the Tax Matters Agreement with our former parent company that did not recur. This increase was partially offset by the write-off of $8 million in deferred borrowing costs from the repurchase and repayment of non-recourse funding obligations associated with a life block transaction in 2012 that did not recur. Provision for income taxes. The effective tax rate increased to 35.7% for the year ended December 31, 2013 from 34.3% for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase in the effec- tive tax rate was primarily attributable to a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset on a specific separate tax return net operating loss that is no longer expected to be realized and changes in uncertain tax positions in 2012, partially offset by lower state income taxes in 2013. The following table sets forth selected operating performance measures regarding our individual and group long-term care insurance products for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Net earned premiums: Individual long-term care insurance Group long-term care insurance Total Annualized first-year premiums and deposits: Individual long-term care insurance Group long-term care insurance Total Loss ratio 112 Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $2,234 102 $2,115 $2,069 74 94 $2,336 $2,209 $2,143 $ 90 10 $ 134 $ 221 20 15 $ 100 $ 149 $ 241 $119 8 $127 $ (44) (5) $ (49) 6% $ 46 20 9% 6% $ 66 2% 27% 3% (33)% $(87) (5) (33)% (39)% (25)% (33)% $(92) (38)% 129% 66% 68% 63% (2)% Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The loss ratio is the ratio of benefits and other changes in reserves less tabular interest on reserves less loss adjustment expenses to net earned premiums. 2014 compared to 2013 Net earned premiums increased primarily from in-force rate actions of $90 million, growth of our in-force block from new sales in 2014 and net unfavorable adjustments of $14 million in 2013 that did not recur. Annualized first-year premiums and deposits decreased principally from the impact of the overall long-term care insurance industry, which has experienced decreased sales in 2014 largely the result of companies leaving the market, the introduction of higher prices, product changes and consumer concerns tied to industry rate actions. The decrease was also attributable to higher pricing on the new product introduced in 2014 and certain distributor suspensions driven by rating agency actions in the fourth quarter of 2014. The loss ratio increased largely as a result of our annual loss recognition testing completed in the fourth quarter of 2014 which resulted in an increase of $729 million in reserves, net of reinsurance, driven by changes to assumptions and methodologies primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later-duration claims, and benefit uti- lization rates. In the third quarter of 2014, we completed a comprehensive review of our claim reserves, which increased claim reserves by $531 million, net of reinsurance. As a result of this review, we made changes to our assumptions and methodologies relating to our long-term care insurance claim reserves primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later-duration claims, and benefit utilization rates, reflecting that claims are not terminating as quickly and claimants are utilizing more of their available benefits in aggregate than had previously been assumed in our reserve calculations. During the third quarter of 2014, we also recorded a $54 million unfavorable correction, net of reinsurance, related to a calculation of benefit utilization for policies with a benefit inflation option. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we also recorded a $67 million unfavorable correction, net of reinsurance, related to claims in course of settlement arising in connection with the implementation of our updated assumptions and methodologies as part of our comprehensive claims review completed in the third quarter of 2014, partially offset by a $43 million favorable refinement, net of reinsurance, of assumptions for claim termination rates. The increase was also attributable to aging and growth of the in-force block, higher severity and frequency on new claims and higher benefits paid on existing claims. These increases were partially offset by $165 million of increased premiums and reduced benefits from in-force rate actions in 2014. 2013 compared to 2012 Net earned premiums increased mainly attributable to growth of our in-force block from new sales and $42 million of increased premiums from in-force rate actions, partially offset by $14 million of unfavorable adjustments in 2013. Annualized first-year premiums and deposits decreased principally from changes in pricing and product options pre- viously announced. The loss ratio decreased largely from $118 million of increased premiums and reduced benefits from in-force rate actions and a $17 million favorable adjustment for the refine- ment of the methodology for calculating incurred but not reported reserves fully reflect product-specific incidence rates in 2013. These decreases were partially offset by $52 million of less favorable reserve and other adjustments and a $24 million correction that increased reserves to reflect a benefit for policyholders related to an accumulated benefit option in 2013. to more Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 113 Life insurance The following table sets forth selected operating performance measures regarding our life insurance business as of or for the dates indicated: (Amounts in millions) Term and whole life insurance Net earned premiums Sales Life insurance in-force, net of reinsurance Life insurance in-force before reinsurance Term universal life insurance Net deposits Sales Life insurance in-force, net of reinsurance Life insurance in-force before reinsurance Universal life insurance Net deposits Sales: Universal life insurance Linked-benefits Life insurance in-force, net of reinsurance Life insurance in-force before reinsurance Total life insurance Net earned premiums and deposits Sales: Term life insurance Term universal life insurance Universal life insurance Linked-benefits Life insurance in-force, net of reinsurance Life insurance in-force before reinsurance As of or for years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $ 722 51 353,631 522,761 $ 269 — 128,289 129,296 $ 684 22 336,015 523,694 $ 280 1 132,293 133,348 $ 542 1 340,394 539,317 $ 280 93 137,359 138,436 $ $ 6% $ 38 29 17,616 132% 5% (933) —% 142 26% 21 NM(1) (1)% (3)% (4,379) (15,623) (11) (1) (4,004) (4,052) (4)% $ (100)% (3)% (3)% — —% (99)% (92) (4)% (5,066) (4)% (5,088) $ 561 $ 528 $ 686 $ 33 6% $ (158) (23)% 31 16 41,959 48,570 24 10 43,150 49,790 67 12 44,129 50,954 7 6 (1,191) (1,220) 29% 60% (3)% (2)% (43) (2) (979) (1,164) (64)% (17)% (2)% (2)% $ 1,552 $ 1,492 $ 1,508 $ 60 4% $ (16) (1)% 51 — 31 16 523,879 700,627 22 1 24 10 511,458 706,832 1 93 67 12 521,882 728,707 29 (1) 7 6 12,421 (6,205) 21 NM(1) 132% (99)% (92) (100)% (64)% (43) 29% (17)% (2) 60% (2)% 2% (10,424) (3)% (1)% (21,875) (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. 2014 compared to 2013 Term and whole life insurance 2013 compared to 2012 Term and whole life insurance Net earned premiums increased primarily due to the recapture of a reinsurance agreement related to our term life insurance products in 2014. Sales of our term life insurance product have increased in 2014 from growth of reintroduced term life insurance products that we began offering in the fourth quarter of 2012. Term universal life insurance We no longer solicit sales of term universal life insurance products; however, we continue to service our existing block of business. Net earned premiums increased primarily from higher ceded reinsurance premiums on certain term life insurance policies as part of a life block transaction in 2012 that did not recur. This increase was partially offset by lapses and higher ceded reinsurance premiums of older term life insurance policies that outpaced sales of our new term life insurance products in 2013. Sales of our term life insurance products increased because we began offering these products in the fourth quarter of 2012. Our life insurance in-force decreased from the runoff of our term life insurance products issued prior to resuming sales in the fourth quarter of 2012 and the runoff of our whole life insurance products. Universal life insurance Term universal life insurance Net deposits and sales increased during 2014 primarily from higher sales of our new indexed universal life insurance product and our linked-benefits product consistent with our focus on reducing term life insurance products with higher capital requirements in favor of a broader portfolio of com- petitive universal life insurance products. Our life insurance in-force decreased primarily from higher lapses of older issued policies, partially offset by an increase in deposits and sales in 2014. Our life insurance in-force decreased as we discontinued sales of this product in the fourth quarter of 2012 which resulted in lower sales in 2013. Universal life insurance Net deposits and sales decreased from our modification and re-pricing of certain product offerings that we announced in the fourth quarter of 2012 in response to regulatory changes. Our life insurance in-force decreased primarily from lower sales and deposits in 2013. 114 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Fixed annuities The following table sets forth selected operating performance measures regarding our fixed annuities as of or for the dates indicated: (Amounts in millions) Single Premium Deferred Annuities Account value, beginning of period Deposits Surrenders, benefits and product charges Net flows Interest credited Account value, end of period Single Premium Immediate Annuities Account value, beginning of period Premiums and deposits Surrenders, benefits and product charges Net flows Interest credited Effect of accumulated net unrealized investment gains (losses) Account value, end of period Structured Settlements Account value, net of reinsurance, beginning of period Surrenders, benefits and product charges Net flows Interest credited As of or for years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $11,807 1,699 (1,383) $11,038 1,634 (1,176) $10,831 1,161 (1,285) 316 314 458 311 (124) 331 $ 769 65 (207) (142) 3 7% $ 207 473 4% 109 (18)% 2% 41% 8% (31)% 1% 582 (20) NM(1) (6)% $12,437 $11,807 $11,038 $ 630 5% $ 769 7% $ 5,837 274 (852) $ 6,442 307 (898) $ 6,433 370 (929) (578) 266 238 (591) 285 (299) (559) 305 263 $(605) (33) 46 13 (19) 537 (9)% $ (11)% 5% 2% (7)% 180% 9 (63) 31 —% (17)% 3% (6)% (32) (20) (7)% (562) NM(1) $ 5,763 $ 5,837 $ 6,442 $ (74) (1)% $(605) (9)% $ 1,093 (72) $ 1,101 (66) $ 1,107 (64) $ (72) 57 (66) 58 (64) 58 (8) (6) (6) (1) (1)% $ (9)% (9)% (2)% (6) (2) (2) — (1)% (3)% (3)% —% (1)% Account value, net of reinsurance, end of period $ 1,078 $ 1,093 $ 1,101 $ (15) (1)% $ (8) Total premiums from fixed annuities Total deposits on fixed annuities $ 111 $ 64 $ 104 $ 47 73% $ (40) (38)% $ 1,862 $ 1,877 $ 1,427 $ (15) (1)% $ 450 32% (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. 2014 compared to 2013 Single Premium Deferred Annuities Account value of our single premium deferred annuities increased as deposits and interest credited outpaced surrenders. Sales increased driven by competitive pricing while maintain- ing targeted returns. Single Premium Immediate Annuities Account value of our single premium immediate annuities decreased as benefits exceeded premiums and deposits, interest credited and net unrealized investment gains. Sales continued to be pressured under current market conditions and from continued low interest rates. Structured Settlements We no longer solicit sales of structured settlements; how- ever, we continue to service our existing block of business. 2013 compared to 2012 Single Premium Deferred Annuities Account value of our single premium deferred annuities increased as deposits and interest credited outpaced surrenders. Sales increased driven by competitive pricing while maintain- ing targeted returns and from a rise in interest rates in 2013. Single Premium Immediate Annuities Account value of our single premium immediate annuities decreased as benefits and net unrealized investment losses exceeded premiums and deposits and interest credited. Sales continued to be pressured under current market conditions and from the low interest rate environment in spite of the rise in interest rates in 2013. Structured Settlements We no longer solicit sales of structured settlements; how- ever, we continue to service our existing block of business. Valuation systems and processes Our U.S. Life Insurance segment will continue to migrate to a new valuation and projection platform for certain lines of business, while we upgrade platforms for other lines of busi- ness. The migration and upgrades are part of our ongoing efforts to improve the infrastructure and capabilities of our information systems and our routine assessment and refine- Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 115 ment of financial, actuarial, investment and risk management capabilities enterprise wide. These efforts will also provide our U.S. Life Insurance segment with improved platforms to support emerging accounting guidance and ongoing changes in capital regulations. Concurrently, valuation processes and methodologies will be reviewed. Any material changes in balances, margins or income trends that may result from these activities will be disclosed accordingly. G L O B A L M O R T G A G E I N S U R A N C E D I V I S I O N Division results of operations The following table sets forth the results of operations relating to our Global Mortgage Insurance Division. See below for a discussion by segment. (Amounts in millions) Net operating income (loss): International Mortgage Insurance segment: Canada Australia Other Countries Total International Mortgage Insurance segment U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment Total net operating income Adjustments to net operating income: Net investment gains (losses), net Gains (losses) on early extinguishment of debt, net Tax impact from potential business protfolio changes Expenses related to restructuring, net Net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Add: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $ 170 200 (25) $170 228 (37) 345 91 436 — (2) (174) — 260 196 361 37 398 12 — — (1) 409 154 $ 234 142 (34) 342 (138) 204 31 — — — 235 200 $ — (28) 12 —% $ (64) 86 (12)% (3) 32% (16) (4)% 54 38 146% 10% (12) (2) (174) 1 (149) 42 (100)% NM(1) NM(1) 100% (36)% 27% 19 175 194 (19) — — (1) 174 (46) $ 456 $563 $ 435 $(107) (19)% $128 (27)% 61% (9)% 6% 127% 95% (61)% —% —% NM(1) 74% (23)% 29% 116 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K I N T E R N A T I O N A L M O R T G A G E I N S U R A N C E S E G M E N T Segment results of operations The following table sets forth the results of operations relating to our International Mortgage Insurance segment for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Premiums Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Insurance and investment product fees and other Total revenues Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Interest expense Total benefits and expenses Income from continuing operations before income taxes Provision for income taxes Income from continuing operations Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Income from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Adjustments to income from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders: Net investment (gains) losses, net (Gains) losses on early extinguishment of debt, net Tax impact from potential business portfolio changes Expenses related to restructuring, net Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $ 950 303 1 (14) $ 996 333 32 — $1,016 375 16 1 $ (46) (30) (31) (14) (5)% $ (20) (42) (9)% 16 (97)% (1) NM(1) (2)% (11)% 100% (100)% 1,240 1,361 1,408 (121) (9)% (47) (3)% 204 223 59 31 517 723 358 365 196 169 — 2 174 — 317 241 60 33 651 710 184 526 154 372 (12) — — 1 516 55 64 36 671 737 188 549 200 (113) (18) (1) (2) (134) 13 174 (161) 42 (36)% (7)% (2)% (6)% (21)% 2% 95% (31)% 27% (199) 186 (4) (3) (20) (27) (4) (23) (46) (39)% NM(1) (6)% (8)% (3)% (4)% (2)% (4)% (23)% 349 (203) (55)% 23 7% (7) — — — 12 2 174 (1) 100% NM(1) NM(1) (100)% (5) — — 1 (71)% —% —% NM(1) Net operating income $ 345 $ 361 $ 342 $ (16) (4)% $ 19 6% (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. The following table sets forth net operating income (loss) for the businesses included in our International Mortgage Insurance segment for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Net operating income (loss): Canada Australia Other Countries Total net operating income 2014 compared to 2013 Net operating income – Our Canadian mortgage insurance business was flat as lower losses and taxes were offset by a decrease of $13 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates and lower premiums in 2014. Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $170 200 (25) $345 $170 228 (37) $361 $234 142 (34) $342 $ — (28) 12 $(16) —% (12)% 32% $(64) 86 (3) (27)% 61% (9)% (4)% $ 19 6% – Our Australian mortgage insurance business decreased $28 million primarily from the IPO of the business in May 2014 which reduced our ownership percentage to 66.2%, resulting in lower net operating income of $55 million, higher taxes and a decrease of $19 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates in 2014. These decreases were partially offset by lower losses and higher premiums in 2014. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 117 – Other Countries’ net operating loss decreased $12 million primarily from lower losses, partially offset by lower pre- miums and a decrease of $1 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates in 2014. Revenues Premiums – Our Canadian mortgage insurance business decreased $45 million primarily driven by a decrease of $37 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates and the smaller in-force blocks of business. – Our Australian mortgage insurance business increased $8 million primarily as a result of the seasoning of our in- force block of business as larger, newer books reach their peak earnings period. The increase was also attributable to higher premiums resulting from higher policy cancellations and new insurance written, partially offset by a decrease of $31 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates and higher ceded reinsurance premiums in 2014. – Other Countries decreased $9 million primarily as a result of lower premiums attributable to lender settlements in 2013 and higher ceded reinsurance premiums in 2014. Net investment income. Net investment income decreased $30 million, including a decrease of $23 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. The decrease was also primarily due to lower reinvestment yields in Canada and Aus- tralia during 2014. line item under Net investment gains (losses). For further discussion of the change in net investment gains (losses), see the comparison for this and Derivative Instruments.” The decrease was primarily related to our Cana- dian mortgage insurance business driven by lower net invest- ment gains related to sales of securities in 2014 and derivative losses largely from hedging non-functional currency trans- actions. “—Investments Insurance and investment product fees and other. The decrease was primarily due to non-functional currency transactions attributable rates on remeasurement and partial payments of intercompany loans related to our Australian mortgage insurance business in 2014. in foreign exchange to changes Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves – Our Canadian mortgage insurance business decreased $37 million primarily from lower new delinquencies as a result of improved performance of our smaller in-force blocks of business and a stable economic environment. The year ended December 31, 2014 also included a decrease of $7 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. – Our Australian mortgage insurance business decreased $56 million primarily driven by improved aging on our exist- ing delinquencies from higher home price appreciation and a lower volume of existing delinquencies converting to mort- gages in possession, as well as a lower number of new delin- quencies in 2014. Paid claims were also lower as a result of a decrease in both the number of claims and the average claim payment. The year ended December 31, 2014 also included a decrease of $6 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. – Other Countries decreased $20 million primarily from lender settlements in 2013 and a lower number of new delinquencies, net of cures, in 2014. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals – Our Canadian mortgage insurance business decreased $3 million mainly driven by a decrease of $5 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Excluding foreign exchange, our Canadian mortgage the effects of insurance business increased from an early redemption payment of $6 million in May 2014 related to the redemption of Genworth Canada’s senior notes that were scheduled to mature in 2015, partially offset by lower stock- based compensation expense in 2014. – Our Australian mortgage insurance business decreased $13 million primarily from a decrease of $7 million attribut- able to changes in foreign exchange rates and lower operating expenses related to contract fees in 2014. – Other Countries decreased $2 million primarily from lower operating expenses in 2014 and a $1 million restructuring charge in 2013 that did not recur, partially offset by an increase of $1 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Provision for income taxes. The effective tax rate increased to 49.5% for the year ended December 31, 2014 from 25.9% for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase in the effec- tive tax rate was primarily attributable to a charge of $174 mil- lion in the fourth quarter of 2014 associated with our Australian mortgage insurance business as we can no longer assert our intent to permanently reinvest earnings in that busi- ness. The year ended December 31, 2014 included a decrease of $15 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. income attributable to noncontrolling interests. The Net increase primarily related to the IPO of our Australian mort- gage insurance business in May 2014, which reduced our ownership percentage to 66.2%, resulting in lower net income of $56 million in 2014. 2013 compared to 2012 Net operating income – Our Canadian mortgage insurance business decreased primar- ily from a favorable adjustment of $78 million associated with the finalization of the government guarantee framework in the fourth quarter of 2012 that did not recur, as well as lower premiums and net investment income, partially offset by lower losses in 2013. – Our Australian mortgage insurance business increased primarily from higher premiums and lower losses as 2012 included a reserve strengthening that did not recur, partially offset by lower net investment income and higher operating expenses in 2013. 118 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K – Other Countries’ net operating loss increased primarily from lower premiums and net investment income, partially offset by lower losses in 2013. – The year ended December 31, 2013 also included a decrease of $20 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates primarily in Australia. Revenues Premiums – Our Canadian mortgage insurance business decreased $27 million, including a decrease of $12 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, primarily from the sea- soning of our larger 2007 and 2008 in-force blocks of busi- ness which are past their peak earning potential, partially offset by the elimination of the risk premium related to the Government Guarantee Agreement in 2013. – Our Australian mortgage insurance business increased $10 million, including a decrease of $22 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, primarily as a result of a larger in-force portfolio and lower ceded reinsurance pre- miums, partially offset by lower premiums from policy can- cellations in 2013. – Other Countries decreased $3 million, including an increase of $1 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, primarily as a result of the seasoning of our in-force block of business and higher ceded reinsurance premiums, partially offset by higher premiums as result of lender settle- ments in Ireland in 2013. Net investment income. The decrease in net investment income was primarily driven by Australia and Canada from lower reinvestment yields and lower average invested assets in Australia. The year ended December 31, 2013 included a decrease of $12 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. item under Net investment gains (losses). For further discussion of the change in net investment gains (losses), see the comparison for and Derivative line this Instruments.” – Our Canadian mortgage increased $19 million from higher net investment gains from the sale of securities in 2013. insurance business “—Investments – Other Countries decreased $3 million primarily from lower net investment gains from the sale of securities in 2013. Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves – Our Canadian mortgage insurance business decreased $54 million, including a decrease of $2 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, primarily driven by lower new delinquencies, net of cures, and lower paid claims due to a shift in regional mix, with fewer claims from Alberta where the severity on paid claims has been higher than other regions. Higher benefits from loss mitigation activities also contributed to the decrease in losses in 2013. – Our Australian mortgage insurance business decreased $140 million, including a decrease of $6 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, primarily driven by a reserve strengthening in 2012 that did not recur and lower new delinquencies in 2013. In the first quarter of 2012, we strengthened reserves by $82 million due to higher than anticipated frequency and severity of claims paid from later stage delinquencies from prior years, particularly in coastal tourism areas of Queensland as a result of regional economic pressures as well as our 2007 and 2008 books of business which have a higher concentration of self-employed bor- rowers. In 2013, paid claims were lower as a result of a decrease in both the number of claims and the average claim payment. – Other Countries decreased $5 million, including an increase of $1 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, primarily from lower new delinquencies, net of cures, particularly in Ireland, and benefits from ongoing loss miti- gation activities in 2013. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals – Our Canadian mortgage insurance business increased $173 million, including a decrease of $2 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, primarily from a favor- able adjustment of $186 million from the reversal of the accrued liability for exit fees related to the modification of the Government Guarantee Agreement in the fourth quarter of 2012 that did not recur and higher stock-based compensa- tion expense in 2013. – Our Australian mortgage insurance business increased $11 million, including a decrease of $6 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates, primarily from higher operating expenses including a $6 million charge related to a customer contract in the fourth quarter of 2013 and higher employee compensation and benefit expenses in 2013. – Other Countries increased $2 million primarily from higher employee compensation and benefit expenses, including a $1 million restructuring charge in 2013. Provision for income taxes. The effective tax rate increased to 25.9% for the year ended December 31, 2013 from 25.5% for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase in the effec- tive tax rate was primarily attributable to decreased tax benefits from lower taxed foreign income, partially offset by changes in uncertain tax positions ended December 31, 2013 included a decrease of $4 million attribut- able to changes in foreign exchange rates. in Australia. The year income attributable Net to noncontrolling interests. The decrease was primarily from a favorable adjustment of $58 mil- lion from the reversal of the accrued liability for exit fees related to the modification of the Government Guarantee Agreement in the fourth quarter of 2012 that did not recur, partially offset by lower losses in 2013. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 119 International Mortgage Insurance selected operating performance measures The following table sets forth selected operating performance measures regarding our International Mortgage Insurance seg- ment as of or for the dates indicated: (Amounts in millions) Primary insurance in-force: Canada Australia Other Countries Total Risk in-force: Canada Australia Other Countries (1), (2) Total New insurance written: Canada Australia Other Countries Total Net premiums written: Canada Australia Other Countries Total As of or for the years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $306,600 256,000 21,900 $298,000 267,900 26,300 $303,400 295,600 32,200 $ 8,600 (11,900) (4,400) 3% $ (5,400) (4)% (27,700) (17)% (5,900) (2)% (9)% (18)% $584,500 $592,200 $631,200 $ (7,700) (1)% $(39,000) (6)% $107,300 89,600 2,500 $104,300 93,800 3,600 $106,200 103,500 4,300 $ 3,000 (4,200) (1,100) 3% $ (1,900) (4)% (9,700) (700) (31)% (2)% (9)% (16)% $199,400 $201,700 $214,000 $ (2,300) (1)% $(12,300) (6)% $ 38,500 32,900 1,800 $ 34,100 34,600 2,400 $ 41,100 34,900 1,700 $ 4,400 (1,700) (600) 13% $ (7,000) (300) (5)% 700 (25)% (17)% (1)% 41% $ 73,200 $ 71,100 $ 77,700 $ 2,100 3% $ (6,600) (8)% $ 583 509 19 $ 499 519 24 $ 548 493 20 $ 1,111 $ 1,042 $ 1,061 $ $ 84 (10) (5) 69 17% $ (2)% (21)% 7% $ (49) 26 4 (19) (9)% 5% 20% (2)% (1) As of December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, risk in-force excluded $296 million, $316 million and $213 million, respectively, of risk in-force in Europe ceded under quota share reinsurance agreements. (2) Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2014, risk in-force reflects a maximum risk exposure of approximately $60 million with one lender in Ireland as a result of a settle- ment completed during the fourth quarter of 2014. 2014 compared to 2013 Primary insurance in-force and risk in-force Our businesses in Australia and Canada currently provide 100% coverage on the majority of the loans we insure in those markets. For the purpose of representing our risk in-force, we have computed an “effective” risk in-force amount, which recognizes that the loss on any particular loan will be reduced by the net proceeds received upon sale of the property. Effec- tive risk in-force has been calculated by applying to insurance in-force a factor that represents our highest expected average per-claim payment for any one underwriting year over the life of our businesses in Australia and Canada. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, this factor was 35%. In Canada, primary insurance in-force and risk in-force increased primarily as a result of bulk transactions and flow new insurance written during 2014, partially offset by decreases of $28.6 billion and $10.0 billion, respectively, attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. In Australia, primary insurance in-force and risk in-force decreased $24.2 billion and $8.5 billion, respectively, attribut- able to changes in foreign exchange rates. Excluding the effects of foreign exchange, primary insurance in-force and risk in- force increased primarily from flow new insurance written during 2014. In Other Countries, primary insurance in-force and risk in-force decreased mainly attributable to a lender settlement in Ireland in the fourth quarter of 2014, which reduced risk in- force by $600 million and decreases of $2.9 billion and $0.3 billion, respectively, attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. New insurance written New insurance written in Canada increased primarily as a result of bulk activity and higher flow new insurance written. The increase in flow new insurance written was driven by a larger mortgage originations market in 2014 and increased market penetration. The year ended December 31, 2014 included a decrease of $2,500 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates in Canada. New insurance written in Australia decreased driven by a change of $2,500 million in foreign exchange rates. Excluding the effects of foreign exchange, new insurance written increased mainly attributable to improved housing market activity as interest rates remained low in 2014. New insurance written in Other Countries decreased primary as a result of a bulk transaction in 2013 that did not recur. 120 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Net premiums written Most of our international mortgage insurance policies provide for single premiums at the time that loan proceeds are advanced. We initially record the single premiums to unearned premium reserves and recognize the premiums earned over time in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. As of December 31, 2014, our unearned premium reserves were $2,723 million, including a decrease of $200 million attribut- in foreign exchange rates, compared to able to changes $2,815 million as of December 31, 2013. Excluding the effects of foreign exchange, unearned premium reserves were slightly higher as a result of premiums from new business volume. In Canada, net premiums written increased primarily from higher flow volume attributable to a larger mortgage origi- nations market, bulk activity in 2014 and increased market penetration. In addition, the price increase on high loan-to- value premiums effective May 1, 2014 resulted in higher net premiums written. The year ended December 31, 2014 included a decrease of $39 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates in Canada. In Australia, net premiums written decreased driven by a change of $40 million in foreign exchange rates. Excluding the effects of foreign exchange, net premiums written increased primarily from higher flow average price and volume, partially offset by lower loan-to-value mortgage originations and higher ceded reinsurance premiums in 2014. In Other Countries, net premiums written decreased primar- ily from higher ceded reinsurance premiums in the current year. In Other Countries, primary insurance in-force and risk in-force included increases of $900 million and $100 million, respectively, attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. The decrease in Other Countries was mainly attributable to lender settlements in Ireland. New insurance written New insurance written in Canada decreased primarily as a result of lower bulk transactions in 2013. Flow new insurance written in Canada also declined mainly attributable to a smaller mortgage originations market, particularly for high loan-to- value refinance transactions, as a result of the changes to mort- gage insurance eligibility rules under the government guarantee which took effect in July 2012. The year ended December 31, 2013 included a decrease of $800 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates in Canada. New insurance written in Australia decreased driven by changes in foreign exchange rates. The year ended December 31, 2013 included a decrease of $1.9 billion attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates in Australia. Excluding the effects of foreign exchange, new insurance written in Australia increased mainly attributable to improved housing affordability as interest rates have remained low in 2013. New insurance written in Other Countries increased primary as a result of a bulk transaction in 2013. Flow new insurance writ- ten increased slightly but remained at low levels as the mortgage originations market in Europe continued to be pressured by high unemployment rates and a weak economic environment. 2013 compared to 2012 Net premiums written Primary insurance in-force and risk in-force Our businesses in Australia and Canada currently provide 100% coverage on the majority of the loans we insure in those markets. For the purpose of representing our risk in-force, we have computed an “effective” risk in-force amount, which recognizes that the loss on any particular loan will be reduced by the net proceeds received upon sale of the property. Effec- tive risk in-force has been calculated by applying to insurance in-force a factor that represents our highest expected average per-claim payment for any one underwriting year over the life of our businesses in Australia and Canada. For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, this factor was 35%. In Canada, primary insurance in-force and risk in-force included decreases of $20.8 billion and $7.2 billion, respectively, attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Excluding the effects of foreign exchange, primary insurance in- force and risk in-force increased primarily as a result of flow new insurance written and bulk transactions in 2013. In Australia, primary insurance in-force and risk in-force included decreases of $43.9 billion and $15.4 billion, respectively, attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Excluding the effects of foreign exchange, the increase in Aus- tralia was mainly attributable to flow new insurance written driven by improved housing affordability as interest rates remained low in 2013. Most of our international mortgage insurance policies provide for single premiums at the time that loan proceeds are advanced. We initially record the single premiums to unearned premium reserves and recognize the premiums earned over time in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. As of December 31, 2013, our unearned premium reserves were $2,815 million, including a decrease of $300 million attribut- in foreign exchange rates, compared to able to changes $3,051 million as of December 31, 2012. Excluding the effects of foreign exchange, unearned premium reserves were slightly higher as a result of premiums from new business volume. Net premiums written in Australia increased primarily from higher flow volume and premium rates. The year ended December 31, 2013 included a decrease of $30 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates in Australia. In Canada, net premiums written decreased primarily from lower flow volume attributable to a smaller mortgage origi- nations market and lower bulk transactions in 2013. The year ended December 31, 2013 included a decrease of $12 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates in Canada. In Other Countries, net premiums written increased pri- marily from lower ceded reinsurance premiums and a bulk transaction in 2013. The year ended December 31, 2013 included an increase of $1 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates in Other Countries. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 121 Loss and expense ratios The following table sets forth the loss and expense ratios for our International Mortgage Insurance segment for the dates indicated: Loss ratio: Canada Australia Other Countries Total Expense ratio: Canada Australia Other Countries Total Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 20% 19% 83% 21% 22% 23% 186% 25% 25% 34% 115% 32% 26% 25% 158% 29% 33% 70% 122% 51% (7)% 25% 185% 11% (5)% (15)% (32)% (11)% (4)% (2)% 28% (4)% (8)% (36)% (7)% (19)% 33% —% (27)% 18% The loss ratio is the ratio of incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses to net earned premiums. The expense ratio is the ratio of general expenses to net premiums written. In our international mortgage insurance business, general expenses consist of acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, and amortization of DAC and intangibles. 2014 compared to 2013 Loss ratio The loss ratio in Canada decreased primarily from lower new delinquencies as a result of improved performance of our smaller in-force blocks of business and a stable economic envi- ronment. Partially offsetting this decrease was lower premiums primarily driven by the smaller in-force blocks of business. The loss ratio in Australia decreased primarily driven by improved aging on our existing delinquencies from higher home price appreciation and a lower volume of existing delin- quencies converting to mortgages in possession, as well as a lower number of new delinquencies in 2014. Paid claims were also lower as a result of a decrease in both the number of claims and the average claim payment. In Other Countries, the loss ratio decreased primarily from lender settlements in 2013 and a lower number of new delinquencies, net of cures. These decreases were partially off- set by lower premiums driven by lender settlements in 2013 and higher ceded reinsurance premiums in 2014. Expense ratio In Canada, the expense ratio decreased as higher net premiums written more than offset the impact of higher operating expenses from an early redemption payment of $6 million in May 2014 related to the redemption of Genworth Canada’s that were scheduled to mature in 2015, partially offset by lower stock-based compen- sation expense in 2014. The early redemption payment of $6 million increased the loss ratio by one percentage point in 2014. senior notes The expense ratio in Australia decreased primarily from lower operating expenses related to contract fees in 2014. In Other Countries, the expense ratio increased primarily from higher ceded reinsurance premiums in 2014, partially offset by lower operating expenses in 2014 and a $1 million restructuring charge in 2013 that did not recur. 2013 compared to 2012 Loss ratio The loss ratio in Australia decreased primarily attributable to a reserve strengthening in 2012 that did not recur and lower new delinquencies in 2013. In the first quarter of 2012, we strengthened reserves by $82 million due to higher than anticipated frequency and severity of claims paid from later stage delinquencies from prior years, particularly in coastal tourism areas of Queensland as a result of regional economic pressures as well as our 2007 and 2008 books of business which have a higher concentration of self-employed borrowers. The loss ratio in Canada decreased primarily due to lower new delinquencies, net of cures, and lower paid claims due to a shift in regional mix, with fewer claims from Alberta. Higher benefits from loss mitigation activities also contributed to the decrease in the loss ratio. In Other Countries, the loss ratio decreased from lower new delinquencies, net of cures, partic- ularly in Ireland, and benefits from ongoing loss mitigation activities in 2013. Expense ratio The increase in the overall expense ratio primarily resulted from an increase in Canada. In Canada, the expense ratio increased primarily from a favorable adjustment of $186 mil- lion from the reversal of the accrued liability for exit fees related to the modification of the Government Guarantee Agreement in the fourth quarter of 2012 that did not recur and lower net premiums written. Excluding the favorable adjustment, the expense ratio for Canada and the International Mortgage Insurance segment was 27% and 29%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2012. The expense ratio in Australia was flat as the increase in net premiums written was offset by higher operating expenses, including a $6 million charge related to a customer contract in the fourth quarter of 122 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K risk in-force in all In Canada, risk in-force in the 80.00% and below category increased primarily as a result of bulk activity in 2014. In Aus- tralia, overall risk in-force decreased primarily as a result of changes in foreign exchange rates in 2014. Excluding the effects of foreign exchange, risk in-force increased in Australia primar- ily as a result of flow new insurance written. In Other Coun- tries, overall loan-to-value categories decreased primarily as a result of a lender settlement in Ireland in the fourth quarter of 2014, partially offset by new business volume. Risk in-force included a decrease of $18.8 billion attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2014. following financial sets information regarding the risk in-force of our international mortgage insurance loan portfolio as of December 31: forth selected table The (Amounts in millions) 2014 2013 2012 Loan type: (1) Fixed rate mortgage Adjustable rate mortgage Total Mortgage term: 15 years and under More than 15 years Total $ 4,157 195,288 $ 4,580 197,109 $ 4,487 209,475 $199,445 $201,689 $213,962 $108,806 90,639 $106,039 95,650 $108,336 105,626 $199,445 $201,689 $213,962 (1) For loan type in this table, any loan with an interest rate that is fixed for an initial term of five years or less is categorized as an adjustable rate mortgage. 2013. In Other Countries, the expense ratio decreased primar- ily as the increase in net premiums written was higher than the increase in employee compensation and benefit expenses, including a $1 million restructuring charge in the second quar- ter of 2013. The following International mortgage insurance loan portfolio table financial sets information regarding the loan-to-value ratio of effective risk in-force of our international mortgage insurance loan portfolio as of December 31: forth selected (Amounts in millions) Canada: 95.01% and above 90.01% to 95.00% (1) 80.01% to 90.00% (1) 80.00% and below (1) Total Australia: 95.01% and above 90.01% to 95.00% 80.01% to 90.00% 80.00% and below Total Other Countries: 95.01% and above 90.01% to 95.00% 80.01% to 90.00% 80.00% and below Total Total: 95.01% and above 90.01% to 95.00% 80.01% to 90.00% 80.00% and below Total 2014 2013 2012 $ 37,991 24,836 15,499 28,999 $ 37,366 25,589 16,256 25,085 $ 36,229 25,865 16,685 27,400 $107,325 $104,296 $106,179 $ 17,143 22,207 23,482 26,758 $ 17,901 22,139 24,290 29,425 $ 18,930 23,348 26,651 34,520 $ 89,590 $ 93,755 $103,449 $ 534 1,217 617 163 $ 593 1,770 1,047 228 $ 737 2,063 1,284 250 $ 2,531 $ 3,638 $ 4,334 $ 55,668 48,260 39,598 55,920 $ 55,860 49,498 41,593 54,738 $ 55,896 51,276 44,620 62,170 $199,446 $201,689 $213,962 (1) As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, lender paid premiums were utilized in the calculation of the loan-to-value ratio for effective bulk risk in-force loans and should have been excluded. Prior period amounts have been updated to reflect the correction to this calculation. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 123 Delinquent loans and claims Our delinquency management process begins with notification by the loan servicer of a delinquency on an insured loan. “Delinquency” is defined in our master policies as the borrower’s failure to pay when due an amount equal to the scheduled monthly mortgage payment under the terms of the mortgage. Generally, the master policies require an insured to notify us of a delinquency no later than 30 days after the borrower has been in default by three monthly payments. We generally consider a loan to be delinquent and establish required reserves if the borrower has failed to make a scheduled mortgage payment. Borrowers default for a variety of reasons, including a reduction of income, unemployment, divorce, illness, inability to manage credit and interest rate levels. Borrowers may cure delinquencies by making all of the delinquent loan payments, agreeing to a loan modification, or by sell- ing the property in full satisfaction of all amounts due under the mortgage. In most cases, delinquencies that are not cured result in a claim under our policy. The following table sets forth the number of loans insured, the number of delinquent loans and the delin- quency rate for our international mortgage insurance portfolio as of December 31: Canada: Primary insured loans in-force Delinquent loans Percentage of delinquent loans (delinquency rate) Flow loan in-force Flow delinquent loans Percentage of flow delinquent loans (delinquency rate) Bulk loans in-force Bulk delinquent loans (1) Percentage of bulk delinquent loans (delinquency rate) Australia: Primary insured loans in-force Delinquent loans Percentage of delinquent loans (delinquency rate) Flow loan in-force Flow delinquent loans Percentage of flow delinquent loans (delinquency rate) Bulk loans in-force Bulk delinquent loans (1) Percentage of bulk delinquent loans (delinquency rate) Other Countries: Primary insured loans in-force Delinquent loans Percentage of delinquent loans (delinquency rate) Flow loan in-force Flow delinquent loans Percentage of flow delinquent loans (delinquency rate) Bulk loans in-force Bulk delinquent loans (1) Percentage of bulk delinquent loans (delinquency rate) Total: Primary insured loans in-force Delinquent loans Percentage of delinquent loans (delinquency rate) Flow loan in-force Flow delinquent loans Percentage of flow delinquent loans (delinquency rate) Bulk loans in-force Bulk delinquent loans (1) Percentage of bulk delinquent loans (delinquency rate) 2014 2013 2012 1,673,505 1,756 0.10% 1,255,050 1,493 0.12% 418,455 263 0.06% 1,496,616 4,953 0.33% 1,378,584 4,714 0.34% 118,032 239 0.20% 180,781 7,806 4.32% 109,910 4,591 4.18% 70,871 3,215 4.54% 1,527,554 1,830 0.12% 1,187,753 1,591 0.13% 339,801 239 0.07% 1,474,181 4,980 0.34% 1,350,571 4,760 0.35% 123,610 220 0.18% 193,647 10,049 5.19% 113,616 6,442 5.67% 80,031 3,607 4.51% 1,502,858 2,153 0.14% 1,126,468 1,924 0.17% 376,390 229 0.06% 1,440,719 5,851 0.41% 1,311,052 5,567 0.42% 129,667 284 0.22% 199,914 12,443 6.22% 141,589 8,537 6.03% 58,325 3,906 6.70% 3,350,902 14,515 3,195,382 16,859 3,143,491 20,447 0.43% 0.53% 0.65% 2,743,544 10,798 2,651,940 12,793 2,579,109 16,028 0.39% 607,358 3,717 0.61% 0.48% 543,442 4,066 0.75% 0.62% 564,382 4,419 0.78% (1) Included loans where we were in a secondary loss position for which no reserve was established due to an existing deductible. Excluding these loans, bulk delinquent loans were 3,690, 4,030 and 4,395 as of December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. In Canada, flow loans in-force increased from new poli- cies written and bulk loans in-force increased from bulk activ- ity in 2014. In Australia, flow loans in-force increased as a result of new policies written, partially offset by policy cancellations in 2014. In Other Countries, flow loans in-force and flow delin- quent loans decreased compared to December 31, 2013 mainly attributable to a lender settlement in Ireland in the fourth quarter of 2014, which resulted in a decrease of 2,634 delinquent loans. 124 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K U . S . M O R T G A G E I N S U R A N C E S E G M E N T Segment results of operations The following table sets forth the results of operations relating to our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Premiums Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Insurance and investment product fees and other Total revenues Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Total benefits and expenses Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Adjustment to income (loss) from continuing available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders: Net investment (gains) losses, net Net operating income (loss) 2014 compared to 2013 Net operating income Net operating income increased in 2014 mainly attribut- able to the decline in new delinquencies, lower reserves on new delinquencies and higher premiums in 2014. Results in 2014 also included an aggregate increase in our claim reserves of $34 million in connection with the settlement agreement with Bank of America, N.A. and the resolution of a second matter involving a dispute with another servicer over loss mitigation activities as well as a net reserve strengthening of $11 million. Revenues Premiums increased driven by higher average flow insurance in-force and lower ceded reinsurance premiums in 2014. Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves decreased driven by a decline in new delinquencies, as well as lower reserves on new delinquencies in 2014. These decreases were partially offset by an aggregate increase in our claim reserves in 2014 of $53 million in connection with the settlement agree- ment with Bank of America, N.A. and the resolution of a second matter involving a dispute with another servicer over loss mitigation activities. In addition, we recorded a net reserve strengthening of $17 million in the first quarter of 2014 to reflect the expectation in future periods of increased claim Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $ 549 68 36 23 676 725 143 5 873 (197) (83) $ 24 (1) — — 23 (55) (4) 1 (58) 81 27 4% $ (2)% —% —% 4% 5 (8) (36) (21) (60) (13)% (3)% 17% (10)% 150% 159% (313) 1 1 (311) 251 100 1% (12)% (100)% (91)% (9)% (43)% 1% 20% (36)% 127% 120% (114) 54 146% 151 132% $578 59 — 2 639 357 140 7 504 135 44 91 — $554 60 — 2 616 412 144 6 562 54 17 37 — (24) — —% 24 $ 91 $ 37 $(138) $ 54 146% $ 175 100% 127% severity primarily for late-stage delinquencies, partially offset by lower claim rates for early-stage delinquencies. Overall delinquencies continued to decline from fewer new delin- quencies from factors such as lower foreclosure starts and ongoing loss mitigation efforts. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, decreased primarily from a settlement of approximately $4 million with the CFPB to end its review of industry captive reinsurance arrangements in 2013 that did not recur. Provision for income taxes. The effective tax rate increased to 32.6% for the year ended December 31, 2014 from 31.5% for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase in the effec- tive tax rate was primarily attributable to changes in tax favored investment benefits in relation to pre-tax income and changes in the state tax valuation allowance, partially offset by the non-deductibility of the CFPB settlement in 2013, favor- able prior year true ups in 2014 and the loss of foreign tax credits. 2013 compared to 2012 Net operating income (loss) We had net operating income of $37 million in 2013 compared to a net operating loss of $138 million in 2012 mainly attributable to the decline in new delinquencies and improvements in net cures and aging on existing delinquencies in 2013. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 125 Revenues Premiums increased driven by lower ceded reinsurance premiums related to our captive arrangements and a lower accrual for premium refunds on delinquent loans in 2013. These increases were partially offset by lower premiums assumed from an affiliate under an intercompany reinsurance agreement that was terminated effective July 1, 2012. Net investment income decreased primarily from lower average invested assets in 2013. The decrease in net investment gains was primarily driven by higher gains on the sale of investment securities in 2012. Insurance and investment product fees and other income decreased primarily from a gain related to the termination of an external reinsurance arrangement in 2012. Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves decreased due to lower net paid claims of $201 million and a change in reserves of $112 million. The decrease was primarily driven by a decline in new delinquencies and improvements in net cures and aging on existing delinquencies in 2013. Overall delin- quencies continued to decline from factors such as increased cure rates resulting from improvements in the overall housing market, fewer new delinquencies and ongoing loss mitigation efforts. Reserves for prior year delinquencies benefited $63 million during 2013 from improvements in net cures and aging. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, increased slightly primarily from a settlement of $4 million with the CFPB to end its industry captive reinsurance arrangements that was largely offset by lower operating expenses in 2013. review of Provision (benefit) for income taxes. The effective tax rate decreased to 31.5% for the year ended December 31, 2013 from 42.1% for the year ended December 31, 2012. The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily attributable to the effect of tax favored investment benefits on pre-tax income in 2013 compared to the effect of tax favored investment benefits on a pre-tax loss in 2012 and state income taxes. U.S. Mortgage Insurance selected operating performance measures The following table sets forth selected operating performance measures regarding our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment as of or for the dates indicated: (Amounts in millions) Primary insurance in-force Risk in-force New insurance written Net premiums written As of or for the years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $114,400 28,700 24,400 628 $109,300 27,000 22,300 567 $110,000 26,400 16,400 554 $5,100 1,700 2,100 61 5% $ (700) 600 6% 9% 5,900 13 11% (1)% 2% 36% 2% 2014 compared to 2013 Net premiums written Primary insurance in-force and risk in-force Primary insurance in-force increased as the result of an increase in flow insurance in-force, which increased from $104.8 billion as of December 31, 2013 to $110.8 billion as of December 31, 2014 as a result of new insurance written and higher persistency in 2014. This increase was partially offset by cancellations and lapses in bulk insurance in-force, which decreased from $4.5 billion as of December 31, 2013 to $3.6 billion as of December 31, 2014. In addition, risk in- force increased primarily as a result of higher flow new insurance written. Flow persistency was 82% and 81% for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. New insurance written New insurance written increased primarily driven by an increase in our market share, partially offset by a decline in the mortgage insurance originations market. While mortgage interest rates from refinance originations to purchase originations. flattened in 2014, there was a shift Net premiums written increased due to higher average flow insurance in-force and lower ceded reinsurance premiums in 2014. 2013 compared to 2012 Primary insurance in-force and risk in-force Primary insurance in-force decreased as the result of can- in-force, which cellation and lapses in bulk insurance decreased from $7.6 billion as of December 31, 2012 to $4.5 billion as of December 31, 2013. This decrease was partially offset by the increase in flow insurance in-force, which increased from $102.4 billion as of December 31, 2012 to $104.8 billion as of December 31, 2013 as a result of new insurance written. In addition, risk in-force increased primarily as a result of higher flow new insurance written, partially offset by the decline in bulk risk in-force. Flow persistency was 81% for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. 126 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K New insurance written Net premiums written New insurance written increased primarily driven by increased penetration in the mortgage insurance origination market in 2013. Net premiums written increased due to lower ceded reinsurance premiums related to our captive arrangements in 2013, partially offset by lower premiums assumed from an affiliate under an intercompany reinsurance agreement that was terminated effective July 1, 2012. Loss and expense ratios The following table sets forth the loss and expense ratios for our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment for the dates indicated: Loss ratio Expense ratio Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 62% 23% 74% 27% 132% 27% (12)% (4)% (58)% —% The loss ratio is the ratio of incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses to net earned premiums. The expense ratio is the ratio of general expenses to net premiums written. In our U.S. mortgage insurance business, general expenses consist of acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, and amortization of DAC and intangibles. gation efforts. The decrease in the loss ratio was also related to an increase in net earned premiums from higher average flow insurance in-force and lower ceded reinsurance premiums in 2014. The charges of $53 million increased the loss ratio by nine percentage points in 2014. The expense ratio decreased primary from higher net 2014 compared to 2013 The decrease in the loss ratio was primarily attributable to a decline in new delinquencies, as well as lower reserves on new delinquencies in 2014. These decreases were partially offset by an aggregate increase in our claim reserves in 2014 of $53 million in connection with the settlement agreement with Bank of America, N.A. and the resolution of a second matter involving a dispute with another servicer over loss mitigation activities. In addition, we recorded a net reserve strengthening of $17 million in the first quarter of 2014 to reflect the expectation in future periods of increased claim severity primarily for late-stage delinquencies, partially offset by lower claim rates for early-stage delinquencies. Overall delinquencies continued to decline from fewer new delinquencies from fac- tors such as lower foreclosure starts and ongoing loss miti- premiums written in 2014. 2013 compared to 2012 The decrease in loss ratio was primarily driven by a decline in new delinquencies and improvements in net cures and aging on existing delinquencies in 2013. Overall delin- quencies continued to decline from factors such as increased cure rates resulting from improvements in the overall housing market, fewer new delinquencies and ongoing loss mitigation efforts. Reserves for prior year delinquencies benefited $63 million during 2013 from improvements in net cures and aging levels. The expense ratio was flat as the settlement of approx- imately $4 million with the CFPB to end its review of industry captive reinsurance arrangements was offset by lower operating expenses and higher net premiums written in 2013. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 127 U.S. mortgage insurance loan portfolio The following table sets forth selected financial information regarding our U.S. primary mortgage insurance loan portfolio as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Primary risk in-force lender concentration (by original applicant) Top 10 lenders Top 20 lenders Loan-to-value ratio: 95.01% and above 90.01% to 95.00% 80.01% to 90.00% 80.00% and below Total Loan grade: Prime A minus and sub-prime Total Loan type: (1) Fixed rate mortgage: Flow Bulk Adjustable rate mortgage: Flow Bulk Total Type of documentation: Alt-A: (2) Flow Bulk Standard: (3) Flow Bulk Total Mortgage term: 15 years and under More than 15 years Total 2014 2013 2012 $28,514 12,306 14,322 $ 6,763 12,008 9,383 360 $28,514 $26,775 12,603 14,447 $ 7,377 9,966 9,032 400 $26,775 $26,207 12,835 14,521 $ 7,238 9,297 9,242 430 $26,207 $27,262 1,252 $25,320 1,455 $24,527 1,680 $28,514 $26,775 $26,207 $27,845 388 $25,996 432 $25,293 473 267 14 331 16 423 18 $28,514 $26,775 $26,207 $ 392 29 $ 475 30 $ 593 35 27,720 373 25,852 418 25,123 456 $28,514 $26,775 $26,207 $ 1,072 27,442 $28,514 $ 1,111 25,664 $26,775 $ 816 25,391 $26,207 (1) For loan type in this table, any loan with an interest rate that is fixed for an initial term of five years or more is categorized as a fixed rate mortgage. (2) Alt-A loans are originated under programs in which there is a reduced level of verification or disclosure of the borrower’s income or assets and a higher historical and expected delinquency rate than standard documentation loans. (3) Standard also includes loans with reduced or different documentation requirements that meet specifications of GSE approved underwriting systems with historical and expected delinquency rates consistent with our standard portfolio. 128 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Delinquent loans and claims The claim process in our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment is similar to the process we follow in our international mortgage insurance business except that in the United States, the master policies generally require an insured to notify us of a delinquency no later than 10 days after the borrower has been in default by three monthly payments. See “—International Mortgage Insurance— Delinquent loans and claims.” The following table sets forth the number of loans insured, the number of delinquent loans and the delinquency rate for our U.S. mortgage insurance portfolio as of December 31: Primary insurance: Insured loans in-force Delinquent loans Percentage of delinquent loans (delinquency rate) Flow loan in-force Flow delinquent loans Percentage of flow delinquent loans (delinquency rate) Bulk loans in-force Bulk delinquent loans (1) Percentage of bulk delinquent loans (delinquency rate) A minus and sub-prime loans in-force A minus and sub-prime loans delinquent loans Percentage of A minus and sub-prime delinquent loans (delinquency rate) Pool insurance: Insured loans in-force Delinquent loans Percentage of delinquent loans (delinquency rate) 2014 2013 2012 630,852 39,786 624,236 51,459 6.31% 8.24% 658,527 69,239 10.51% 599,206 38,177 586,546 49,255 6.37% 8.40% 595,348 66,340 11.14% 31,646 1,609 5.08% 33,529 7,851 23.42% 37,690 2,204 5.85% 39,307 10,023 25.50% 63,179 2,899 4.59% 46,631 12,817 27.49% 8,282 521 6.29% 11,354 628 5.53% 12,949 721 5.57% (1) Included loans where we were in a secondary loss position for which no reserve was established due to an existing deductible. Excluding these loans, bulk delinquent loans were 1,109, 1,491 and 1,415 as of December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Delinquency and foreclosure levels that developed principally in our 2005 through 2008 book years have declined as the United States has continued to experience improvement in its residential real estate market. We also have seen a further decline in new delinquencies and lower foreclosure starts in 2014. The following tables set forth flow delinquencies, direct case reserves and risk in-force by aged missed payment status in our U.S. mortgage insurance portfolio as of December 31: (Dollar amounts in millions) Payments in default: 3 payments or less 4 - 11 payments 12 payments or more Total 2014 Delinquencies Direct case reserves (1) Risk in-force Reserves as % of risk in-force 10,849 9,368 17,960 38,177 $ 76 238 751 $1,065 $ 426 383 895 $1,704 18% 62% 84% 63% (1) Direct flow case reserves exclude loss adjustment expenses, incurred but not reported and reinsurance reserves. (Dollar amounts in millions) Payments in default: 3 payments or less 4 - 11 payments 12 payments or more Total (1) Direct flow case reserves exclude loss adjustment expenses, incurred but not reported and reinsurance reserves. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 2013 Delinquencies Direct case reserves (1) Risk in-force Reserves as % of risk in-force 13,436 11,854 23,965 49,255 $ 121 305 851 $1,277 $ 523 486 1,178 $2,187 23% 63% 72% 58% 129 Primary insurance delinquency rates differ from region to region in the United States at any one time depending upon economic conditions and cyclical growth patterns. The tables below set forth our primary delinquency rates for the various regions of the United States and the 10 largest states by our risk in-force as of the dates indicated. Delinquency rates are shown by region based upon the location of the underlying property, rather than the location of the lender. By Region: Southeast (2) South Central (3) Northeast (4) Pacific (5) North Central (6) Great Lakes (7) New England (8) Mid-Atlantic (9) Plains (10) Total Percent of primary risk in-force as of December 31, 2014 Percent of total reserves as of December 31, 2014 (1) Delinquency rate as of December 31, 2014 2013 2012 20% 16 15 12 12 10 6 5 4 100% 28% 7.89% 4.50% 10.83% 4.51% 5.35% 4.48% 6.34% 6.32% 4.39% 8 27 10 10 5 5 5 2 11.02% 5.85% 12.30% 6.47% 7.39% 6.03% 7.74% 8.18% 5.46% 100% 6.31% 8.24% 14.69% 7.71% 13.32% 9.72% 9.81% 7.78% 9.63% 9.87% 6.62% 10.51% (1) Total reserves were $1,180 million as of December 31, 2014. (2) Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio. (7) (8) Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Carolina and Tennessee. Vermont. (3) Arizona, Colorado, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas and Utah. (4) New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania. (5) Alaska, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon and Washington. (6) Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri and Wisconsin. (9) Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Washington D.C. and West Virginia. (10) Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wyoming. By State: California Texas New York Florida Illinois New Jersey Pennsylvania Ohio Georgia North Carolina Percent of primary risk in-force as of December 31, 2014 Percent of total reserves as of December 31, 2014 (1) Delinquency rate as of December 31, 2014 2013 2012 7% 7% 6% 6% 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% 3% 4% 3% 12% 19% 6% 11% 4% 2% 3% 2% 3.09% 4.55% 10.88% 12.61% 6.76% 15.15% 7.78% 5.06% 6.39% 5.59% 4.27% 5.68% 11.90% 19.50% 9.67% 16.76% 9.73% 6.69% 8.48% 7.43% 7.25% 6.86% 11.85% 26.24% 14.29% 19.44% 11.23% 8.03% 11.88% 9.99% (1) Total reserves were $1,180 million as of December 31, 2014. The frequency of delinquencies may not correlate directly with the number of claims received because the rate at which delin- quencies are cured is influenced by borrowers’ financial resources and circumstances and regional economic differences. Whether an uncured delinquency leads to a claim principally depends upon the borrower’s equity at the time of delinquency and the borrower’s or the insured’s ability to sell the home for an amount sufficient to satisfy all amounts due under the mortgage loan. When we receive notice of a delinquency, we use a proprietary model to determine whether a delinquent loan is a candidate for workout. When the model identifies such a candidate, our loan workout specialists prioritize cases for loss mitigation based upon the like- lihood that the loan will result in a claim. Loss mitigation actions include loan modification, extension of credit to bring a loan current, foreclosure forbearance, pre-foreclosure sale and deed-in-lieu. These loss mitigation efforts often are an effective way to reduce our claim exposure and ultimate payouts. 130 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The following table sets forth the dispersion of our total reserves and primary insurance in-force and risk in-force by year of policy origination and average annual mortgage interest rate as of December 31, 2014: (Amounts in millions) Policy Year 2003 and prior 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total portfolio Average rate (1) Percent of total reserves (2) Primary insurance in-force Percent of total Primary risk in-force Percent of total 6.31% 5.73% 5.68% 5.92% 5.84% 5.37% 4.98% 4.69% 4.50% 3.79% 3.96% 4.39% 4.98% 7.2% $ 4.9 12.0 17.6 37.5 18.1 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.1 3,237 2,245 4,616 7,202 17,356 15,297 2,571 3,384 4,570 11,315 19,086 23,566 2.8% $ 2.0 4.0 6.3 15.2 13.4 2.2 2.9 4.0 9.9 16.7 20.6 723 527 1,231 1,833 4,355 3,868 588 805 1,141 2,843 4,726 5,874 2.5% 1.8 4.3 6.4 15.3 13.6 2.1 2.8 4.0 10.0 16.6 20.6 100.0% $114,445 100.0% $28,514 100.0% (1) Average rate represents average annual mortgage interest rate. (2) Total reserves were $1,180 million as of December 31, 2014. Typically, claim activity is not spread evenly throughout the coverage period of a primary insurance book of business. Based upon our experience, the majority of claims on primary U.S. mortgage insurance loans occur in the third through seventh years after loan origination. Historically, few claims were paid during the first two years after loan origination. However, the pattern of claims frequency can be affected by factors such as deteriorating economic conditions that can result in increasing claims which was the case with our 2005 through 2008 books, but we expect the pattern of claims fre- quency for our newer books in and after 2009 to return to that of a more traditional claim trend level. Primary insurance writ- the period from January 1, 2007 through ten for December 31, 2011 represented 38% of our primary insurance in-force as of December 31, 2014. Historically, traditional primary loans reach their expected peak claim level within a three- to seven-year period. Therefore, the primary loans writ- ten during the five-year period ended December 31, 2011, are now within or past their peak claim period. Our A minus and sub-prime loans continue to have earlier incidences of default than our prime loans. Based upon FICO at loan closing, A minus and sub-prime loans represented 4% and 5% of our primary risk in-force as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Primary mortgage insurance claims paid, including loss adjustment expenses, for the year ended December 31, 2014 were $634 million, compared to $899 million and $1,098 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Pool insurance claims paid were $5 million, $5 million and $7 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The ratio of the claim paid to the current risk in-force for a loan is referred to as “claim severity.” The current risk in- force is equal to the unpaid principal amount multiplied by the coverage percentage. The main determinants of claim severity are the age of the mortgage loan, the value of the underlying property, accrued interest on the loan, expenses advanced by the insured and foreclosure expenses. These amounts depend partly upon the time required to complete foreclosure, which varies depending upon state laws. Pre- foreclosure sales, acquisitions and other early workout and claim administration actions help to reduce overall claim severity. Our average primary flow mortgage insurance claim severity was 111%, 102% and 95% for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 131 C O R P O R A T E A N D O T H E R D I V I S I O N Division results of operations The following table sets forth the results of operations relating to our Corporate and Other Division. See below for a discussion by segment and Corporate and Other activities. (Amounts in millions) Net operating income (loss): International Protection segment Runoff segment Corporate and Other activities Total net operating loss Adjustments to net operating loss: Net investment gains (losses), net Goodwill impairment, net Gains (losses) on early extinguishment of debt, net Tax impact from potential business portfolio changes Expenses related to restructuring, net Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $ 8 48 (232) $ 24 66 (266) $ 24 46 (205) $ (16) (18) 34 (67)% $ — (27)% 20 13% (61) (176) (176) (135) — —% (41) (31) — — 108 — — (22) — (20) — (3) (12) (16) (86) (4) — — 57 (9) — 20 108 3 12 (41)% (6) 86 —% 100% (16) NM(1) — (3) 100% 100% (69) —% 43% (30)% (30)% (38)% 100% NM(1) —% NM(1) (121)% Net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders $ (99) $(233) $(184) $134 58% $(49) (27)% (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. I N T E R N A T I O N A L P R O T E C T I O N S E G M E N T Segment results of operations The following table sets forth the results of operations relating to our International Protection segment for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Premiums Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Insurance and investment product fees and other Total revenues Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Goodwill impairment Interest expense Total benefits and expenses Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Income (loss) from continuing operations Adjustments to income (loss) from continuing operations: Net investment (gains) losses, net Goodwill impairment, net Tax impact from potential business portfolio changes Expenses related to restructuring, net Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $ 731 101 — 5 837 $636 119 27 4 786 $682 131 6 3 822 202 462 118 — 46 828 9 (107) 116 — — (108) — 159 433 106 — 42 740 46 7 39 (18) — — 3 150 483 113 89 45 880 (58) 1 (59) (3) 86 — — $ 95 (18) (27) 1 15% $ (46) (15)% (12) 21 1 (100)% 25% (7)% (9)% NM(1) 33% 51 43 29 12 — 4 88 6% (36) (4)% 27% 7% 11% —% 10% 9 (50) (7) (89) (3) 6% (10)% (6)% (100)% (7)% 12% (140) (16)% (37) (114) NM(1) (80)% 104 6 179% NM(1) 77 197% 98 166% 18 — 100% —% (15) NM(1) (100)% (86) —% (108) NM(1) — NM(1) 3 (100)% (3) Net operating income $ 8 $ 24 $ 24 $ (16) (67)% $ — —% (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. 132 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 2014 compared to 2013 Net operating income Net operating income decreased as higher claim reserves, higher commissions and lower net investment income were partially offset by higher premiums in 2014. The year ended December 31, 2014 included a decrease of $1 million attribut- able to changes in foreign exchange rates. Revenues Premiums increased $95 million primarily driven by an amendment to a reinsurance agreement in 2014 that was pre- viously accounted for under the deposit method of accounting which increased premiums by $56 million. The increase was also attributable to higher volume driven by a new distributor in France, partially offset by lower premiums from our runoff clients in 2014. The year ended December 31, 2014 included an increase of $7 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Net investment income decreased $18 million principally as a result of an amendment to a reinsurance agreement in 2014 that was previously accounted for under the deposit method of accounting. The year ended December 31, 2014 included an increase of $1 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Net investment gains decreased $27 million mainly due to higher gains from the sale of investments in 2013. Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves increased mainly driven by higher reserves in France from a new distrib- utor and lower favorable claim reserve adjustments, partially offset by a decline in new claim registrations in 2014. The increase was also related to an amendment to a reinsurance agreement in 2014 that was previously accounted for under the deposit method of accounting which increased benefits and other changes in policy reserves by $14 million. The year ended December 31, 2014 included an increase of $3 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, increased largely from higher commissions of $35 million related to an amendment to a reinsurance agreement in 2014 that was previously accounted for under the deposit method of accounting. This increase was partially offset by lower operat- ing expenses in 2014 and a restructuring charge of $3 million in 2013 that did not recur. The year ended December 31, 2014 included an increase of $5 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles increased primarily as a result of higher premium volume driven by a new distributor in France in 2014. The year ended December 31, 2014 included an increase of $1 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Interest expense increased mainly due to reinsurance arrangements accounted for under the deposit method of accounting as certain of these arrangements were in a higher loss position in 2014, partially offset by an amendment to a reinsurance agreement in 2014 that was previously accounted for under the deposit method of accounting. Provision (benefit) for income taxes. The income tax benefit in 2014 was primarily attributable to a net $108 million benefit in the fourth quarter of 2014 primarily from an internal debt restructuring related to the planned sale of our lifestyle pro- tection insurance business. 2013 compared to 2012 Net operating income Net operating income was flat as lower premiums and net investment income were offset by lower operating expenses in 2013. The year ended December 31, 2013 included an increase of $3 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Revenues Premiums decreased primarily due to lower premiums from our runoff clients and lower premium volume driven by continued reduced levels of consumer lending in Europe in 2013. The year ended December 31, 2013 included an increase of $16 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Net investment income decreased principally attributable to lower reinvestment yields and lower average invested assets, partially offset by reinsurance arrangements accounted for under the deposit method as certain of these arrangements were in a higher gain position in 2013. The year ended December 31, 2013 included an increase of $3 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Net investment gains increased mainly due to higher gains from the sale of investment securities in 2013. Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves increased primarily driven by lower favorable claim reserve adjustments, partially offset by lower paid claims from a decrease in new claim registrations in 2013. The year ended December 31, 2013 included an increase of $4 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, decreased largely from lower profit commissions, lower paid commissions related to a decline in new business and lower operating expenses as a result of an ongoing cost-saving ini- tiative. The decrease was also attributable to $3 million of reduced benefit costs driven by the closure of the U.K. pension plan in 2013. These decreases were partially offset by a restructuring charge of $3 million in 2013. The year ended December 31, 2013 included an increase of $9 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Amortization of DAC and intangibles decreased primarily as a result of lower premium volume in 2013. The year ended December 31, 2013 included an increase of $2 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 133 The goodwill impairment charge recorded during the third quarter of 2012 wrote off the entire goodwill balance for our lifestyle protection insurance business. Interest expense decreased mainly due to reinsurance arrangements accounted for under the deposit method of accounting as certain of these arrangements were in a lower loss position in 2013. The year ended December 31, 2013 included an increase of $1 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Provision for income taxes. The effective tax rate increased to 15.2% for the year ended December 31, 2013 from (1.7)% for the year ended December 31, 2012. This increase in the effec- tive tax rate was primarily attributable to a goodwill impair- ment in 2012, partially offset by changes in lower taxed foreign income. International Protection selected operating performance measures The following table sets forth selected operating performance measures regarding our International Protection segment for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Net premiums written: Northern Europe Southern Europe Structured deals (1) New markets Pre-deposit accounting basis (1) Deposit accounting adjustments (1) Total Loss ratio Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $398 341 14 41 794 85 $709 $429 295 33 53 810 202 $608 $429 316 122 31 898 279 $619 $ (31) 46 (19) (12) (7)% $ — (21) 16% (89) (58)% 22 (23)% (16) (2)% (117) (58)% (88) (77) —% (7)% (73)% 71% (10)% (28)% $ 101 17% $(11) (2)% 28% 25% 22% 3% 3% (1) Amounts for the year ended December 31, 2013 have been re-presented as a result of classification differences between pre-deposit accounting amounts and deposit accounting adjustments. There was no impact on total net premiums written from the classification changes. The loss ratio is the ratio of incurred losses and loss 2013 compared to 2012 adjustment expenses to net earned premiums. 2014 compared to 2013 Net premiums written increased primarily driven by an amendment to a reinsurance agreement in 2014 that was pre- viously accounted for under the deposit method of accounting. The increase was also driven by growth in France from a new distributor and to sales growth in Germany and Italy. The year ended December 31, 2014 included an increase of $8 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. The loss ratio increased mainly driven by an amendment in 2014 that was previously to a reinsurance agreement accounted for under the deposit method of accounting, which impacted both benefits and premiums. The increase was also driven by higher reserves in France from a new distributor and lower favorable claim reserve adjustments in 2014. Net premiums written declined primarily due to lower premiums from our runoff clients and from reduced levels of consumer lending as a result of deteriorating economic con- ditions in certain regions, partially offset by sales growth in Germany, Italy, Sweden and Norway in 2013. The year ended December 31, 2013 included an increase of $15 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. The loss ratio increased mainly driven by a decrease in premiums from our runoff clients and lower premium volume driven by reduced levels of consumer lending in Europe in 2013. 134 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K R U N O F F S E G M E N T Segment results of operations The following table sets forth the results of operations relating to our Runoff segment for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Premiums Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Insurance and investment product fees and other Total revenues Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves Interest credited Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Interest expense Total benefits and expenses Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Income from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Adjustment to income from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders: Net investment (gains) losses, net Net operating income Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $ 3 129 (66) 209 275 5 $ 139 (58) 216 302 $ 5 145 24 207 381 $ (2) (10) (8) (7) (27) (40)% $ — (7)% (6) —% (4)% (14)% (82) NM(1) 4% 9 (3)% (9)% (79) (21)% 37 119 84 39 1 280 (5) (19) 14 34 32 119 81 6 2 240 62 13 49 17 37 132 79 51 1 300 81 23 58 5 — 3 33 (1) 40 16% (5) —% (13) 2 4% (45) NM(1) 1 (50)% (14)% (10)% 3% (88)% 100% 17% (60) (20)% (67) (32) NM(1) (108)% (19) (10) (23)% (43)% (35) (71)% (9) (16)% (12) 17 100% 29 NM(1) $ 48 $ 66 $ 46 $(18) (27)% $ 20 43% (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. 2014 compared to 2013 Net operating income Net operating income decreased primarily related to our variable annuity products largely driven by less favorable equity market performance and lower investment income, partially offset by favorable taxes in 2014. Revenues The decrease in net investment income was predom- inantly driven by lower average invested assets in 2014. The increase in net investment losses was primarily related to losses on embedded derivatives associated with our variable annuity products with GMWBs in 2014 compared to gains in 2013, partially offset by derivative gains and net gains from the sale of investment securities in 2014 compared to derivative losses and net losses from the sale of investment securities in 2013. Insurance and investment product and other decreased mainly attributable to lower average account values in our variable annuity products in 2014. fees Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves increased primarily attributable to an increase in our GMDB reserves in our variable annuity products due to less favorable equity market performance in 2014. Amortization of DAC and intangibles increased related to our variable annuity products primarily from higher net investment gains and less favorable equity market perform- ance, partially offset by higher net losses on embedded derivatives associated with our variable annuity products with GMWBs and $9 million in favorable unlock- ings in 2014 compared to $1 million in unfavorable unlock- ings in 2013. investment Provision (benefit) for income taxes. The effective tax rate was not meaningful for the year ended December 31, 2014. The effective tax rate was 21.0% for the year ended December 31, 2013 and was primarily related to changes in tax favored investment benefits and changes in uncertain tax positions in 2013. 2013 compared to 2012 Net operating income Net operating income increased primarily related to our variable annuity products from favorable equity market per- formance in 2013. The increase was also attributable to favor- able tax benefits and lower interest credited related to our institutional products in 2013. Revenues Net investment income decreased primarily from lower average invested assets in 2013. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 135 Net investment losses in 2013 were principally from derivative losses and net losses from the sale of investment securities, partially offset by gains on embedded derivatives associated with our variable annuity products with GMWBs. Net investment gains in 2012 were largely related to gains on embedded derivatives associated with our variable annuity products with GMWBs, partially offset by derivative losses, net losses from the sale of investment securities and impair- ments. Insurance and investment product and other increased mainly attributable to the recapture of a reinsurance agreement related to our corporate-owned life insurance prod- ucts in 2013, partially offset by lower average account values from outflows of our variable annuity products in 2013. fees Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves decreased predominantly from lower GMDB reserves in our variable annuity products due to favorable equity market performance in 2013. Runoff selected operating performance measures Variable annuity products Interest credited decreased largely related to our institu tional products as a result of lower interest paid on our floating rate policyholder liabilities due to a decrease in outstanding liabilities of $1.3 billion in 2013, partially offset by our corporate-owned life insurance products primarily from higher account values in 2013. Amortization of DAC and intangibles decreased related to our variable annuity products largely from favorable equity in 2013 and $3 million less of market performance unfavorable unlockings in 2013. These decreases were partially offset by higher net investment gains on embedded derivatives associated with our variable annuity products with GMWBs in 2013. Provision for income taxes. The effective tax rate decreased to 21.0% for the year ended December 31, 2013 from 28.4% for the year ended December 31, 2012. The decrease in the effec- tive tax rate was primarily related to tax favored investment benefits, partially offset by changes in uncertain tax positions and a valuation allowance on foreign tax credit carryforwards. The following table sets forth selected operating performance measures regarding our variable annuity products as of or for the dates indicated: (Amounts in millions) Variable Annuities—Income Distribution Series (1) Account value, beginning of period Deposits Surrenders, benefits and product charges Net flows Interest credited and investment performance Account value, end of period Traditional Variable Annuities Account value, net of reinsurance, beginning of period Deposits Surrenders, benefits and product charges Net flows Interest credited and investment performance Account value, net of reinsurance, end of period Variable Life Insurance Account value, beginning of period Deposits Surrenders, benefits and product charges Net flows Interest credited and investment performance Account value, end of period As of or for the years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $6,061 $6,141 76 (754) 50 (820) $6,265 85 (710) (770) 375 (678) 598 (625) 501 $ (80) (26) (66) (92) (223) (1)% (34)% (9)% (14)% (37)% $(124) (9) (44) (53) 97 $5,666 $6,061 $6,141 $(395) (7)% $ (80) $1,643 $1,662 13 (299) 10 (309) $1,766 13 (326) (299) 111 (286) 267 (313) 209 $ (19) (3) (10) (13) (156) $1,455 $1,643 $1,662 $(188) $ 316 $ 292 9 (39) 8 (38) $ 284 9 (39) (30) 27 (30) 54 (30) 38 $ 24 (1) 1 — (27) (1)% (23)% (3)% (5)% (58)% (11)% 8% (11)% 3% —% (50)% $(104) — 27 27 58 $ (19) $ 8 — — — 16 $ 313 $ 316 $ 292 $ (3) (1)% $ 24 (2)% (11)% (6)% (8)% 19% (1)% (6)% —% 8% 9% 28% (1)% 3% —% —% —% 42% 8% (1) The Income Distribution Series products are comprised of our deferred and immediate variable annuity products, including those variable annuity products with rider options that provide guaranteed income benefits, including GMWBs and certain types of guaranteed annuitization benefits. These products do not include fixed single premium immediate annuities or deferred annuities, which may also serve income distribution needs. 136 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 2014 compared to 2013 2013 compared to 2012 Variable Annuities—Income Distribution Series Variable Annuities—Income Distribution Series Account value related to our Income Distribution Series products decreased mainly attributable to surrenders outpacing favorable equity market performance during 2014 and interest credited. We no longer solicit sales of our variable annuities; however, we continue to service our existing block of business and accept additional deposits on existing contracts. Traditional Variable Annuities In our traditional variable annuities, the decrease in account value was primarily the result of surrenders outpacing favorable equity market performance during 2014. We no longer solicit sales of our variable annuities; however, we con- tinue to service our existing block of business and accept addi- tional deposits on existing contracts. Account value related to our Income Distribution Series products decreased mainly attributable to surrenders outpacing interest credited and favorable equity market performance, deposits during 2013. We no longer solicit sales of our variable annuities; however, we continue to service our existing block of business and accept additional deposits on existing con- tracts. Traditional Variable Annuities In our traditional variable annuities, the decrease in account value was primarily the result of surrenders outpacing favorable equity market performance and interest credited. We no longer solicit sales of our variable annuities; however, we continue to service our existing block of business and accept additional deposits on existing contracts. Variable Life Insurance We no longer solicit sales of variable life insurance; how- Variable Life Insurance ever, we continue to service our existing block of business. increased primarily from favorable Account value related to our variable life insurance prod- equity market ucts performance in 2013. We no longer solicit sales of variable life insurance; however, we continue to service our existing block of business. Institutional products The following table sets forth selected operating performance measures regarding our institutional products as of or for the dates indicated: (Amounts in millions) GICs, FABNs and Funding Agreements Account value, beginning of period Deposits Surrenders and benefits Net flows Interest credited Foreign currency translation Account value, end of period As of or for the years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $ 896 — (408) $ 2,153 — (1,252) $2,623 84 (630) (408) 5 — (1,252) 26 (31) (546) 73 3 $(1,257) (58)% $ (470) (84) (622) — —% 67% 844 (18)% (100)% (99)% 844 (21) 31 67% (81)% 100% (129)% (706) (47) (64)% (34) NM(1) $ 493 $ 896 $2,153 $ (403) (45)% $(1,257) (58)% (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. 2014 compared to 2013 2013 compared to 2012 Account value related to our institutional products decreased mainly attributable to scheduled maturities of these products. Interest credited declined due to a decrease in aver- age outstanding liabilities. We consider the issuance of our institutional contracts on an opportunistic basis. Account value related to our institutional products decreased mainly attributable to scheduled maturities of these products. Interest credited declined due to a decrease in aver- age outstanding liabilities. Deposits in 2012 related to our participation in the Federal Home Loan Bank program. We explore periodic issuance of our institutional contracts for asset-liability management purposes. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 137 C O R P O R A T E A N D O T H E R A C T I V I T I E S Results of operations The following table sets forth the results of operations relating to Corporate and Other activities for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Insurance and investment product fees and other Total revenues Benefits and expenses: Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Interest expense Total benefits and expenses Loss from continuing operations before income taxes Benefit for income taxes Loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Adjustments to loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders: Net investment (gains) losses, net (Gains) losses on early extinguishment of debt, net Net operating loss (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 $ (15) 4 (2) (13) $ (1) (35) 44 8 $ 30 (47) 120 $(14) NM(1) $(31) 111% 12 (105)% (76) 39 (46) (103)% 26% (63)% 103 (21) NM(1) (95) (92)% 18 3 314 335 (348) (119) (229) 102 7 318 427 (419) (110) (309) 157 12 308 477 (374) (134) (240) (84) (4) (4) (92) 71 (9) 80 (82)% (55) (57)% (5) (1)% 10 (22)% (50) 17% (45) (8)% 24 26% (69) (35)% (42)% 3% (10)% (12)% 18% (29)% (3) — 23 20 31 4 (26) (20) (113)% (8) (100)% 16 (26)% NM(1) $(232) $(266) $(205) $ 34 13% $(61) (30)% 2014 compared to 2013 Net operating loss We reported a lower net operating loss primarily attribut- able to higher tax benefits in 2014. Revenues Net investment income decreased primarily from the sale of our reverse mortgage business on April 1, 2013 and lower average invested assets in 2014. We had net investment gains primarily attributable to gains from the sale of investment securities in 2014 compared to losses in 2013, partially offset by derivative losses in 2014 compared to derivative gains in 2013. fees Insurance and investment product and other decreased $43 million as a result of the sale of our reverse mortgage business on April 1, 2013 and higher losses from non-functional currency transactions attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates related to intercompany transactions in 2014. Benefits and expenses Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, decreased $46 million as a result of the sale of our reverse mortgage business on April 1, 2013, make-whole expenses of $30 million paid related to the debt redemption in 2013 that did not recur and lower net expenses after allocations to our operating segments in 2014. Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles decreased mainly related to higher software allocations to our operating segments in 2014. Interest expense decreased largely driven by the repayment of $485 million of senior notes in June 2014 and the repurchase of $350 million of senior notes in August 2013, partially offset by debt issuances in August and December of 2013. The increase in the income tax benefit was mainly attribut- able to an adjustment related to non-deductible stock compensation expense resulting from cancellations in the prior year that did not recur. 2013 compared to 2012 Net operating loss We reported a higher net operating loss in 2013 of $266 million primarily attributable to lower investment income and tax benefits mainly from a correction of non-deductible stock compensation expense in 2013. Higher interest expense also contributed to the higher net operating loss in 2013. Revenues Net investment income decreased primarily from the sale of our reverse mortgage business on April 1, 2013, as well as from lower average invested assets and lower gains of $4 mil- lion related to limited partnerships in 2013. 138 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Net investment losses decreased primarily related to derivative gains in 2013 compared to derivative losses in 2012 and lower impairments in 2013. These increases were partially offset by higher net losses from the sale of investment securities in 2013. Insurance and investment product and other decreased mainly attributable to our reverse mortgage business, which was sold on April 1, 2013. fees Benefits and expenses Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, decreased primarily attributable to a decrease of $87 million as a result of the sale of our reverse mortgage business on April 1, 2013. This decrease was partially offset by a $30 million make- whole payment related to the debt redemption in 2013. Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles decreased from lower software amortization in 2013. Interest expense increased largely attributable to a favor- able adjustment of $20 million in 2012 related to the Tax Matters Agreement with our former parent company that did not recur and from debt issuances in August and December of 2013. These increases were partially offset by the maturity of Genworth Holdings’ in June 2012 and senior notes repurchases of Genworth Holdings’ senior notes that mature in June 2014 of $100 million in the fourth quarter of 2012 and $15 million during June and August of 2013. Genworth Holdings also redeemed $350 million of its senior notes that were due in 2015. The decrease in the income tax benefit was mainly attrib- utable to an adjustment in 2013 of $25 million, including $13 million from a correction of prior years, related to non- deductible from cancellations. stock compensation expense resulting I N V E S T M E N T S A N D D E R I V A T I V E I N S T R U M E N T S Investment results The following table sets forth information about our investment income, excluding net investment gains (losses), for each component of our investment portfolio for the periods indicated: Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2014 2013 2012 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 (Amounts in millions) Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Fixed maturity securities—taxable Fixed maturity securities—non-taxable Commercial mortgage loans Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization 4.6% $ 2,631 12 3.5% 333 5.6% 4.8% $ 2,642 9 3.1% 335 5.7% 4.8% $ 2,666 11 2.9% 340 5.7% (0.2)% $ (11) —% $ (24) (2) 0.4% (5) (0.1)% 3 0.2% (2) —% entities (1) Equity securities Other invested assets (2) Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities (1) Policy loans Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments 6.6% 4.8% 33.6% 1.3% 8.7% 0.5% 14 14 174 5 129 24 7.6% 4.2% 24.5% 1.1% 8.1% 0.5% 23 17 185 4 129 20 8.5% 4.4% 15.9% 0.3% 7.7% 0.8% 32 19 206 1 123 (1.0)% 0.6% 9.1% 0.2% 0.6% 35 —% (9) (0.9)% (3) (0.2)% (11) 8.6% 0.8% 1 — 0.4% (0.3)% 4 (9) (2) (21) 3 6 (15) Gross investment income before expenses and fees Expenses and fees Net investment income 3,336 4.7% (0.1)% (94) 4.6% $ 3,242 3,364 4.8% (0.1)% (93) 4.7% $ 3,271 4.9% 3,433 (0.1)% 4.8% $ 3,343 (0.1)% (90) —% (0.1)% $ (29) (28) (0.1)% (1) —% (69) (3) (0.1)% $ (72) Average invested assets and cash $70,311 $69,145 $69,720 $1,166 $(575) (1) See note 18 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to consolidated (2) securitization entities. Included in other invested assets was $68 million, $80 million and $83 million of net investment income related to reinsurance arrangements accounted for under the deposit method in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Yields are based on net investment income as reported under U.S. GAAP and are consistent with how we measure our investment performance for management purposes. Yields are annualized, for interim periods, and are calculated as net investment income as a percentage of average quarterly asset carrying values except for fixed maturity and equity securities, derivatives counterparty collateral, which exclude unrealized fair value adjustments, and securities lend- ing activity, which is included in other invested assets and is calculated net of the corresponding securities lending liability. and derivative average The decrease in overall weighted-average investment yields in 2014 was primarily attributable to lower reinvestment yields on higher invested assets, $14 million unfavorable prepayment speed adjustment on structured secu- rities and $4 million of lower gains related to limited partner- ships. These decreases were partially offset by $5 million of higher gains related to bond calls and mortgage loan prepay- ments ended in 2014 compared to 2013. The year December 31, 2014 included a decrease of $22 million attrib- utable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 139 The decrease in overall weighted-average investment yields in 2013 was primarily attributable to lower reinvestment yields and $4 million of lower gains related to limited partnerships, partially offset by higher average invested assets in longer dura- tion products. Net investment income in 2013 also included $11 million of higher bond calls and mortgage loan prepay- ments compared to 2012. The following table sets forth net investment gains (losses) for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Available-for-sale securities: Realized gains Realized losses Net realized gains (losses) on available- for-sale securities Impairments: Total other-than-temporary impairments Portion of other-than-temporary impairments included in other comprehensive income (loss) Net other-than-temporary impairments Trading securities Commercial mortgage loans Net gains (losses) related to securitization entities (1) Derivative instruments Contingent consideration adjustment Other 2014 2013 2012 $ 74 (46) $ 176 (184) $ 172 (143) 28 (8) 29 (9) (16) (62) — (9) 39 11 16 (103) (2) — (9) (25) (23) 4 69 (49) — (5) (44) (106) 21 4 81 4 (6) — Net investment gains (losses) $ (20) $ (37) $ 27 (1) See note 18 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8— Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. 2014 compared to 2013 – We recorded $9 million of net other-than-temporary impair- ments in 2014 as compared to $25 million in 2013. In 2014 and 2013, we recorded $3 million and $4 million, respectively, of impairments related to commercial mortgage loans. Of total impairments in 2014 and 2013, $2 million and $15 million, respectively, related to structured securities, including $1 million and $6 million, respectively, related to sub-prime and Alt-A residential mortgage-backed and asset- backed securities. Impairments related to financial hybrid securities as a result of certain banks being downgraded to below investment grade were $4 million in 2014. Impair- ments related to corporate fixed maturity securities which were a result of bankruptcies, receivership or concerns about the issuer’s ability to continue to make contractual payments or intent to sell were $6 million in 2013. – Net investment losses related to derivatives of $103 million in 2014 were primarily associated with GMWB losses, including decreases in the values of instruments used to pro- tect statutory surplus from equity market fluctuation. We also had losses related to derivatives used to hedge foreign currency risk associated with assets held and proceeds from the IPO of our Australian mortgage insurance business and losses related to a non-qualified derivative strategy to mitigate interest rate risk with our statutory capital positions. These losses were partially offset by gains related to hedge ineffectiveness from our cash flow hedge programs for our long-term care insurance business due to a decrease in long- term interest rates. We also had gains related to derivatives used to hedge foreign currency risk associated with expected dividend payments from certain foreign subsidiaries. Net investment losses related to derivatives of $49 million in 2013 were primarily associated with derivatives used to pro- tect statutory surplus from equity market fluctuation on embedded derivatives related to variable annuity products with GMWB riders. We also had net losses on the change in derivatives and GMWB embedded derivatives as a result of adjustments to the GMWB embedded derivative related to updating our lapse and mortality assumptions and policy- funds underperforming as compared to market holder indices. In addition, there were losses related to hedge ineffectiveness from our cash flow hedge programs for our long-term care insurance business due to an increase in long- term interest rates and losses related to derivatives used to hedge foreign currency risk associated with assets held and derivatives used to hedge macroeconomic conditions in for- eign markets. These losses were partially offset by gains driven by tightening credit spreads on credit default swaps where we sold protection to improve diversification and portfolio yield, gains related to a non-qualified derivative strategy to mitigate interest rate risk associated with our stat- utory capital positions and gains related to derivatives used to hedge foreign currency risk associated with near-term expected dividend payments from certain subsidiaries. – We recorded net gains of $28 million related to the sale of available-for-sale securities in 2014 compared to net losses of $8 million in 2013. During 2014, we recorded a gain on a previously impaired financial hybrid security that was called by the issuer. During 2014, we recorded $39 million of gains related to trading securities compared to $23 million of losses in 2013 due to higher unrealized gains resulting from changes in the long-term interest rate environment. We recorded $53 million of lower net gains related to securitiza- tion entities during 2014 primarily due to lower gains on derivatives, partially offset by gains on trading securities in 2014 compared to losses in 2013. In 2013, we recorded $4 million of net losses related to limited partnerships. 2013 compared to 2012 – We recorded $25 million of net other-than-temporary impair- ments in 2013 as compared to $106 million in 2012. Of total impairments in 2013 and 2012, $15 million and $80 million, respectively, related to structured securities, includ- ing $6 million and $50 million, respectively, related to sub- prime and Alt-A residential mortgage-backed and asset- backed securities. Impairments related to corporate fixed maturity securities which were a result of bankruptcies, 140 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K receivership or concerns about the issuer’s ability to continue to make contractual payments or intent to sell were $6 mil- lion in 2013. Impairments related to corporate securities were $20 million in 2012 predominately attributable to a financial hybrid security related to a bank in the United Kingdom that was downgraded to below investment grade. – Net investment losses related to derivatives of $49 million in 2013 were primarily associated with derivatives used to pro- tect statutory surplus from equity market fluctuation on embedded derivatives related to variable annuity products with GMWB riders. We also had net losses on the change in derivatives and GMWB embedded derivatives as a result of adjustments to the GMWB embedded derivative related to updating our lapse and mortality assumptions and policy- funds underperforming as compared to market holder indices. In addition, there were losses related to hedge ineffectiveness from our cash flow hedge programs for our long-term care insurance business due to an increase in long- term interest rates and losses related to derivatives used to hedge foreign currency risk associated with assets held and derivatives used to hedge macroeconomic conditions in for- eign markets. These losses were partially offset by gains driven by tightening credit spreads on credit default swaps where we sold protection to improve diversification and portfolio yield, gains related to a non-qualified derivative strategy to mitigate interest rate risk associated with our stat- utory capital positions and gains related to derivatives used to hedge foreign currency risk associated with near-term expected dividend payments from certain subsidiaries. Net investment gains related to derivatives of $4 million in 2012 were primarily due to gains from the narrowing of credit spreads associated with credit default swaps where we sold protection to improve diversification and portfolio yield. These gains were partially offset by losses related to derivatives used to hedge foreign currency risk associated with near-term expected dividend payments from certain subsidiaries and to mitigate foreign subsidiary macro- economic risk. Additionally, there were losses on embedded derivatives related to variable annuity products with GMWB riders primarily due to the policyholder funds under- performance of underlying variable annuity funds as com- pared to market indices and market losses resulting from volatility. – Net losses related to the sale of available-for-sale securities were $8 million in 2013 compared to net gains of $29 million in 2012. During 2013, we recorded $23 million of losses related to trading securities compared to $21 million of gains in 2012 due to higher unrealized losses offsetting gains on sales of securities. We recorded $12 million of lower net gains related to securitization entities during 2013 com- pared to 2012 primarily due to losses on trading securities in 2013 compared to gains in 2012. In 2013, we recorded $4 million of net losses related to limited partnerships. We also recorded $6 million of contingent consideration adjustments in 2012. Investment portfolio The following table sets forth our cash, cash equivalents and invested assets as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities, available-for- sale: Public Private Commercial mortgage loans Other invested assets Policy loans Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities (1) Equity securities, available-for-sale Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities (1) Cash and cash equivalents Total cash, cash equivalents and 2014 2013 Carrying value % of total Carrying value % of total $46,636 15,811 6,100 2,296 1,501 60% 20 8 3 2 $44,375 14,254 5,899 1,686 1,434 61% 20 8 2 2 1 411 282 — 1 391 341 — 201 — 6 4,918 233 — 6 4,214 invested assets $78,156 100% $72,827 100% (1) See note 18 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8— Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. For a discussion of the change in cash, cash equivalents and invested assets, see the comparison for this line item under “—Consolidated Balance Sheets.” See note 4 to our con- “Item 8—Financial statements under solidated financial Statements additional Supplementary Data” information related to our investment portfolio. and for We hold fixed maturity, equity and trading securities, derivatives, embedded derivatives, securities held as collateral and certain other financial instruments, which are carried at fair value. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As of December 31, 2014, approx- imately 9% of our investment holdings recorded at fair value was based on significant inputs that were not market observable and were classified as Level 3 measurements. See note 17 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements additional Supplementary Data” and information related to fair value. for Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 141 Fixed maturity and equity securities As of December 31, 2014, the amortized cost or cost, gross unrealized gains (losses) and fair value of our fixed maturity and equity securities classified as available-for-sale were as follows: (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises Tax-exempt (1) Government—non-U.S. (2) U.S. corporate (2), (3) Corporate—non-U.S. ( 2) Residential mortgage-backed (4) Commercial mortgage-backed Other asset-backed (4) Total fixed maturity securities Equity securities Total available-for-sale securities Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Amortized cost or cost Not other-than- temporarily impaired Other-than- temporarily impaired Not other-than- temporarily impaired Other-than- temporarily impaired Fair value $ 5,006 347 1,952 24,251 14,214 4,881 2,564 3,735 56,950 253 $57,203 $ 995 29 156 3,017 1,015 362 143 23 5,740 36 $5,776 $ — — — 20 — 15 4 1 40 — $ 40 $ (1) (14) (2) (88) (97) (17) (9) (54) (282) (7) $(289) $ — $ 6,000 362 — — 2,106 — 27,200 — 15,132 5,240 (1) 2,702 — 3,705 — (1) — 62,447 282 $ (1) $62,729 (1) Fair value included municipal bonds of $277 million related to special revenue bonds, $80 million related to general obligation bonds and $5 million related to other municipal bonds. (2) Fair value included European periphery exposure of $238 million in Ireland, $201 million in Spain, $145 million in Italy and $16 million in Portugal. (3) Fair value included municipal bonds of $1,303 million related to special revenue bonds and $546 million related to general obligation bonds. (4) Fair value included $56 million collateralized by sub-prime residential mortgage loans and $86 million collateralized by Alt-A residential mortgage loans. As of December 31, 2013, the amortized cost or cost, gross unrealized gains (losses) and fair value of our fixed maturity and equity securities classified as available-for-sale were as follows: (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises Tax-exempt (1) Government—non-U.S. (2) U.S. corporate (2), (3) Corporate—non-U.S. (2) Residential mortgage-backed (4) Commercial mortgage-backed Other asset-backed (4) Total fixed maturity securities Equity securities Total available-for-sale securities Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Amortized cost or cost Not other-than- temporarily impaired Other-than- temporarily impaired Not other-than- temporarily impaired Other-than- temporarily impaired Fair value $ 4,710 324 2,057 23,614 14,489 5,058 2,886 3,171 56,309 318 $56,627 $ 331 7 104 1,761 738 232 75 35 3,283 36 $3,319 $— — — 19 — 9 2 — 30 — $30 $(231) (36) (15) (359) (156) (70) (62) (57) (986) (13) $(999) $— $ 4,810 295 — — 2,146 — 25,035 — 15,071 5,225 (4) 2,898 (3) 3,149 — (7) — 58,629 341 $ (7) $58,970 (1) Fair value included municipal bonds of $218 million related to special revenue bonds, $72 million related to general obligation bonds and $5 million related to other municipal bonds. (2) Fair value included European periphery exposure of $211 million in Spain, $210 million in Ireland, $155 million in Italy and $15 million in Portugal. (3) Fair value included municipal bonds of $1,089 million related to special revenue bonds and $476 million related to general obligation bonds. (4) Fair value included $69 million collateralized by sub-prime residential mortgage loans and $98 million collateralized by Alt-A residential mortgage loans. 142 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Fixed maturity securities increased $3.8 billion principally from higher net unrealized gains attributable to the change in interest rates in 2014 and as purchases exceeded sales and maturities. The majority of our unrealized losses were related to secu- rities held in our U.S. Life Insurance segment. Our U.S. Mort- gage Insurance segment had gross unrealized losses of $21 million and $44 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Our exposure in peripheral European countries consists of fixed maturity securities and trading bonds in Portugal, Ireland, Italy and Spain. Investments in these countries are primarily made to support our international businesses and to diversify our U.S. corporate fixed maturity securities with European bonds denominated in U.S. dollars. During 2014, we increased our exposure to the peripheral European countries by $9 mil- lion to $600 million with unrealized gains of $51 million. As of December 31, 2014, our exposure was diversified with direct exposure to local economies of $239 million, indirect exposure through debt issued by subsidiaries outside of the European periphery of $91 million and exposure to multi-national companies where the majority of revenues come from outside of the country of domicile of $270 million. Commercial mortgage loans The following tables set regarding our commercial mortgage loans as of December 31: forth additional information (Dollar amounts in millions) Total recorded investment Number of loans Loan-to- value (1) Delinquent principal balance Number of delinquent loans 2014 Loan Year 2004 and prior 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 $ 722 875 802 664 230 — 115 264 647 845 959 393 225 215 148 51 — 54 53 94 138 150 Total $6,123 1,521 37% 53% 59% 68% 63% —% 44% 56% 60% 64% 69% 59% $ — — 2 — 6 — — — — — — $ 8 (1) Represents weighted-average loan-to-value as of December 31, 2014. — — 1 — 1 — — — — — — 2 (Dollar amounts in millions) Total recorded investment Number of loans Loan-to- value (1) Delinquent principal balance Number of delinquent loans 2013 Loan Year 2004 and prior 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total $ 941 1,025 964 812 237 — 142 273 673 865 $5,932 486 253 242 157 51 — 63 54 97 138 1,541 41% 55% 62% 70% 68% —% 44% 58% 63% 67% 59% $ — — 32 1 6 — — — — — $ 39 — — 6 1 1 — — — — — 8 (1) Represents weighted-average loan-to-value as of December 31, 2013. Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities See notes 4 and 18 to our consolidated financial state- ments under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supple- mentary Data” for additional information related to restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities. Other invested assets The following table sets forth the carrying values of our other invested assets as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Derivatives Short-term investments Securities lending collateral Limited partnerships Trading securities Derivatives counterparty collateral Other investments 2014 2013 Carrying value % of total Carrying value % of total $1,132 300 289 252 241 — 82 49% 13 13 11 10 — 4 $ 471 220 187 282 239 199 88 28% 13 11 17 14 12 5 Total other invested assets $2,296 100% $1,686 100% Our investments in derivatives increased primarily attribut- able to changes in the long-term interest rate environment in 2014. Securities lending collateral also increased primarily driven by market demand. Short-term investments increased from net purchases in 2014. Derivatives counterparty collateral decreased as result of the reclassification of cash collateral from other invested assets to cash and cash equivalents in 2014. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 143 Derivatives The activity associated with derivative instruments can generally be measured by the change in notional value over the periods presented. However, for GMWB and fixed index annuity embedded derivatives, the change between periods is best illustrated by the number of policies. The following tables represent activity associated with derivative instruments as of the dates indicated: (Notional in millions) Derivatives designated as hedges Cash flow hedges: Interest rate swaps Inflation indexed swaps Foreign currency swaps Forward bond purchase commitments Total cash flow hedges Fair value hedges: Interest rate swaps Total fair value hedges Total derivatives designated as hedges Derivatives not designated as hedges Interest rate swaps Interest rate swaps related to securitization entities (1) Credit default swaps Credit default swaps related to securitization entities (1) Equity index options Financial futures Equity return swaps Foreign currency swaps Other foreign currency contracts Total derivatives not designated as hedges Total derivatives December 31, Measurement 2013 Additions Maturities/ terminations December 31, 2014 Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional $13,926 561 35 237 14,759 6 6 14,765 4,822 91 639 312 777 1,260 110 — 487 8,498 15 — — 15 508 — 5 — 1,276 5,723 231 104 788 8,635 $ — $ (1,965) (5) — (237) 15 — — (2,207) (6) (6) $11,961 571 35 — 12,567 — — (2,213) 12,567 (256) (14) (250) — (1,059) (5,652) (233) — (850) (8,314) 5,074 77 394 312 994 1,331 108 104 425 8,819 $23,263 $8,650 $(10,527) $21,386 (1) See note 18 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. (Number of policies) Derivatives not designated as hedges GMWB embedded derivatives Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives Indexed universal life embedded derivatives Measurement December 31, 2013 Additions Maturities/ terminations December 31, 2014 Policies Policies Policies 42,045 7,705 29 — 6,436 394 (3,030) (240) (2) 39,015 13,901 421 The decrease in the notional value of derivatives was primarily attributable to a $2.2 billion notional decrease in qualified interest rate swaps and forward bond purchase commitments related to our interest rate hedging strategy associated with our long-term care insurance products and a $0.2 billion notional decrease from matured credit default swaps. The decrease was partially offset by a $0.5 billion notional increase related to hedges of the GMWB liability on our variable annuity products. The number of policies related to our GMWB embedded derivatives decreased as variable annuity products are no longer being offered. The number of policies related to our fixed index annuity and indexed universal life embedded derivatives increased as a result of product sales. C O N S O L I D A T E D B A L A N C E S H E E T S as 31, 2013 Total assets. Total assets increased $3,313 million from to $108,045 million of December $111,358 million as of December 31, 2014. – Cash, cash equivalents and invested assets increased $5,329 million primarily from an increase of $4,625 million in invested assets and $704 million in cash and cash equiv- alents. Our fixed maturity securities portfolio increased $3,818 million principally from higher net unrealized gains attributable to the change in interest rates in 2014 and as purchases exceeded sales and maturities. Other invested assets increased $610 million primarily driven by an increase in derivatives largely attributable to changes in the long- term interest rate environment in 2014. Securities lending collateral also increased primarily driven by market demand. Short-term investments increased from net purchases in 2014. These increases in other invested assets were partially 144 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K offset by a decrease in derivatives counterparty collateral as a result of the reclassification of cash collateral from other invested assets to cash and cash equivalents in 2014. – Goodwill decreased $851 million largely as result of goodwill impairments of $354 million in our long-term care insurance business and $495 million in our life insurance business recorded in 2014. – Separate account assets decreased $930 million as death and surrender benefits exceeded favorable market performance in 2014. Total liabilities. Total liabilities increased $2,136 million from $92,425 million as of December 31, 2013 to $94,561 million as of December 31, 2014. – Our future policy benefits increased $2,210 million primarily driven by an increase in our long-term care insurance busi- ness from the aging and growth of the in-force block. During the fourth quarter of 2014, loss recognition testing indicated that a premium deficiency exists in our acquired block of long-term care insurance business and we increased reserves by $710 million. The results of the test were driven by changes to our assumptions and methodologies primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later- duration claims, and benefit utilization rates. – Our policyholder account balances increased $515 million primarily driven by an increase in our fixed annuities from growth of our account values and an increase in our life insurance businesses from aging of our in-force blocks. These increases were partially offset by the continued runoff of our institutional products. – Our liability for policy and contract claims increased $839 million primarily driven by our long-term care insurance business largely as a result of a $604 million increase primar- ily related to the completion of a comprehensive review of our long-term care insurance claim reserves in the third quar- ter of 2014. This review was commenced as a result of adverse claims experience during the second quarter of 2014 and in connection with our regular review of our claim reserve assumptions during the third quarter of each year. As a result of this review, we made changes to our assumptions and methodologies to our long-term care insurance claim reserves primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later-duration claims, and benefit utilization rates, reflecting that claims are not terminating as quickly and claimants are utilizing more of their available benefits in aggregate than had previously been assumed in our reserve calculations. During the third quarter of 2014, we also recorded a $61 million unfavorable correction related to a calculation of benefit utilization for policies with a benefit inflation option. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded an $81 million unfavorable correction primarily related to claims in course of settlement arising in connection with the implementation of our updated assumptions and methodologies as part of our comprehensive claims review completed in the third quarter of 2014 as well as a $21 mil- lion unfavorable adjustment related to a revised interest rate assumption, partially offset by a $49 million favorable refinement of assumptions for claim termination rates. The remaining increase was attributable to aging and growth of the in-force block. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in our mortgage insurance businesses due to lower delinquencies in 2014. – Other liabilities decreased $492 million mainly related to a decrease in derivatives in 2014. – Long-term borrowings decreased $522 million largely related to the repayment of $485 million on our senior notes that matured in June 2014. In addition, Genworth Canada issued CAD$160 million of senior notes due in 2024 and used the proceeds to repay CAD$150 million of senior notes that were scheduled to mature in 2015. The remaining change related to changes in foreign exchange rates on our Canadian and Australian debt. – Deferred tax liability increased $702 million primarily from an increase in unrealized net investment gains in 2014. – Separate account liabilities decreased $930 million as death and surrender benefits exceeded favorable market perform- ance in 2014. Total stockholders’ stockholders’ equity equity. Total increased $1,177 million from $15,620 million as of December 31, 2013 to $16,797 million as of December 31, 2014. – Additional paid-in capital decreased $130 million largely attributable to the IPO of 33.8% of our Australian mortgage insurance business in May 2014. – Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) increased $1,904 million predominantly attributable to higher net unrealized investment gains and derivatives qualifying as hedges mainly related to changes in the long-term interest rate environment, partially offset by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar in 2014. – We reported a net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $1,244 million in 2014. – Noncontrolling interests increased $647 million predom- inantly attributable to the IPO of 33.8% of our Australian mortgage insurance business in May 2014. L I Q U I D I T Y A N D C A P I T A L R E S O U R C E S Liquidity and capital resources represent our overall finan- cial strength and our ability to generate cash flows from our businesses, borrow funds at competitive rates and raise new capital to meet our operating and growth needs. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 145 Genworth and subsidiaries The following table sets forth our condensed consolidated cash flows for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2014 2013 2012 Net cash from operating activities Net cash from investing activities Net cash from financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash before $ 2,438 (1,836) 205 $1,399 (580) (149) $ 962 (722) (1,101) foreign exchange effect $ 807 $ 670 $ (861) Our principal sources of cash include sales of our products and services, income from our investment portfolio and pro- ceeds from sales of investments. As an insurance business, we typically generate positive cash flows from operating activities, as premiums collected from our insurance products and income received from our investments exceed policy acquisition costs, benefits paid, redemptions and operating expenses. These pos- itive cash flows are then invested to support the obligations of our insurance and investment products and required capital supporting these products. Our cash flows from operating activities are affected by the timing of premiums, fees and investment income received and benefits and expenses paid. We had higher net cash inflows from operating activities during 2014 compared to 2013 primarily from lower claim payments and cash collateral received from counterparties primarily as a result of the change in the derivative, partially offset by higher tax payments in 2014. In analyzing our cash flow, we focus on the change in the amount of cash available and used in investing activities. We had higher net cash outflows from investing activities during 2014 compared to 2013 from higher purchases in excess of maturities and sales of fixed maturity securities in 2014 and net cash received from the sale of our wealth management and reverse mortgage businesses and higher proceeds from policy loan payoffs in 2013 that did not recur. Changes in cash from financing activities primarily relate to the issuance of, and redemptions and benefit payments on, universal life insurance and investment contracts; the issuance and acquisition of debt and equity securities; the issuance and repayment or repurchase of borrowings and non-recourse fund- ing obligations; and dividends to our stockholders and other capital transactions. We had net cash inflows from financing activities during 2014 as deposits exceeded withdrawals of our investment contracts. In addition, the proceeds from the IPO of 33.8% of our Australian mortgage insurance business and issuance of senior notes by Genworth Canada were mostly off- set by the repayment of senior notes in 2014. We had net cash outflows from financing activities during 2013 as withdrawals exceeded deposits on our investment contracts from scheduled institutional products. See “—Capital maturities of our resources and financing activities” for further discussion of the uses of proceeds from our long-term debt issuances. In the United States and Canada, we engage in certain securities lending transactions for the purpose of enhancing the yield on our investment securities portfolio. We maintain effec- tive control over all loaned securities and, therefore, continue to report such securities as fixed maturity securities on the con- solidated balance sheets. We are currently indemnified against counterparty credit risk by the intermediary. See note 2 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements additional Supplementary Data” information related to our securities lending program. and for We also have a repurchase program in which we sell an investment security at a specified price and agree to repurchase that security at another specified price at a later date. See note 2 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8— Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to our repurchase program. Genworth—holding company Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings each acts as a holding company for their respective subsidiaries and do not have any significant operations of their own. Dividends from their respective subsidiaries, payments to them under tax sharing and expense reimbursement arrangements with their subsidiaries and proceeds from borrowings or securities issuances are their principal sources of cash to meet their obligations. Insurance laws and regulations regulate the payment of dividends and other dis- tributions to Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings by their insurance subsidiaries. We expect dividends paid by the insurance subsidiaries will vary depending on strategic objectives, regulatory requirements and business performance. The primary uses of funds at Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings include payment of holding company general operating expenses (including taxes), payment of principal, interest and other expenses on current and any future borrowings, payments under current and any future guarantees (including guarantees of certain subsidiary obligations), pay- ment of amounts owed to GE under the Tax Matters Agree- ment, payments to subsidiaries (and, in the case of Genworth Holdings, to Genworth Financial) under tax sharing agree- ments, contributions to subsidiaries, repurchases of debt and equity securities and, in the case of Genworth Holdings, loans, dividends or other distributions to Genworth Financial. In deploying future capital, such as proceeds from the IPO of our Australian mortgage in May 2014, important current priorities include focusing on our operating businesses so they remain appropriately capitalized, and accel- erating progress on reducing overall indebtedness. We may from time to time seek to repurchase or redeem outstanding notes for cash (with cash on hand, proceeds from the issuance of new debt and/or the proceeds from asset or stock sales) in open market purchases, tender offers, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. We currently seek to reduce our indebtedness over time through repurchases, redemptions and/ or repayments at maturity. insurance business Our Board of Directors has suspended the payment of dividends on our common stock indefinitely. The declaration and payment of future dividends to holders of our common 146 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K stock will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent on many factors including the receipt of dividends from our operating subsidiaries, our financial con- dition and operating results, the capital requirements of our legal requirements, regulatory constraints, our subsidiaries, credit and financial strength ratings and such other factors as the Board of Directors deems relevant. In addition, our Board of Directors has suspended repurchases of our common stock stock repurchase program indefinitely. The under our resumption of our stock repurchase program will be at the dis- cretion of our Board of Directors. Genworth Holdings had $953 million and $1,219 million of cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Genworth Holdings also held $150 million in U.S. government securities as of December 31, 2014 and 2013. During the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, Genworth Holdings received cash dividends from its subsidiaries of $630 million, $497 million and $545 million, respectively. Genworth Holdings’ international subsidiaries paid dividends of $630 million, $317 million and $240 million during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Divi- from our international subsidiaries in 2014 included dends approximately $500 million from the net proceeds of the IPO of our Australian mortgage insurance business. There were no divi- dends paid to Genworth Holdings by its domestic subsidiaries during the year ended December 31, 2014. Genworth Holdings’ domestic subsidiaries paid dividends of $180 million and $305 million, respectively, during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. We expect our international subsidiaries to be the sole source of cash dividends paid to us at least in the near term as we continue to strengthen the capital position of our U.S. life insurance and U.S. mortgage insurance businesses. On April 1, 2013, immediately prior to the distribution of the U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries to Genworth Finan- cial in connection with the holding company reorganization, Genworth Holdings also contributed $100 million in cash to the U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries as part of the capital plan for those subsidiaries. Genworth Holdings also con- tributed the shares of its European mortgage insurance sub- sidiaries with an estimated value of $230 million to the U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries to increase the statutory capital in those companies. During the year ended December 31, 2013, Genworth Holdings paid $414 million of dividends to Genworth Financial. During the year ended December 31, 2013, Genworth Financial made cash capital contributions to its subsidiaries of $410 million. Genworth Holdings provided capital support to some of its insurance subsidiaries in the form of guarantees of certain obligations, in some cases subject to annual scheduled adjust- ments, totaling up to $717 million as of December 31, 2014. We believe Genworth Holdings’ insurance subsidiaries have adequate reserves to cover the underlying obligations. This capital support primarily included: – A capital support agreement of up to $205 million with one of Genworth Holdings’ insurance subsidiaries domiciled in Bermuda relating to an intercompany reinsurance agreement; – A capital support agreement of up to $260 million with one of Genworth Holdings’ insurance subsidiaries to fund claims to support its international mortgage insurance business in Mexico; – A capital support agreement of up to $100 million, as part of the capital plan for the U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries, to be provided to GMICO in the future in the event that certain adverse events occur; and – A capital support agreement of up to $67 million, as part of the capital plan for the U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries, to guarantee the receipt by GMICO of intercompany pay- ments in the normal course from our subsidiaries by June 30, 2017. Genworth Holdings provides a limited guarantee to Riv- ermont Life Insurance Company I (“Rivermont I”), an indirect subsidiary, which is accounted for as a derivative carried at fair value and is eliminated in consolidation. As of December 31, 2014, the fair value of this derivative was $5 million. As of December 31, 2013, the fair value of this derivative was zero. Genworth Holdings also provides an unlimited guarantee for the benefit of policyholders for the payment of valid claims by a mortgage insurance affiliate located in the United King- dom. However, based on risk in-force as of December 31, 2014, we believe our mortgage insurance affiliate located in the United Kingdom has sufficient reserves and capital to cover its policyholder obligations. Genworth Holdings has a Tax Matters Agreement with GE, our former parent company, which represents an obliga- tion of Genworth Holdings to GE. The balance of this obliga- tion was $216 million as of December 31, 2014. Genworth Financial provides a full and unconditional guar- antee to the trustee of Genworth Holdings’ outstanding senior notes and the holders of the senior notes, on an unsecured unsubordinated basis, of the full and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any and interest on, and all other amounts payable under, each outstanding series of senior notes, and the full and punctual payment of all other amounts payable by Genworth Holdings under the senior notes indenture in respect of such senior notes. Genworth Financial also provides a full and unconditional guarantee to the trustee of Genworth Holdings’ outstanding subordinated notes and the holders of the subordinated notes, on an unsecured subordinated basis, of the full and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any and interest on, and all other amounts payable under, the out- standing subordinated notes, and the full and punctual payment of all other amounts payable by Genworth Holdings under the subordinated notes indenture in respect of the subordinated notes. Genworth Financial also provides a full and unconditional guarantee of Genworth Holdings’ obligations associated with Rivermont I and the Tax Matters Agreement. The obligations under Genworth Holdings’ credit agree- ment are unsecured and payment of Genworth Holdings’ obli- gations is fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Genworth Financial. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 147 We also provided guarantees to third parties for the per- formance of certain obligations of our subsidiaries. We estimate that our potential obligations under such guarantees were $28 million as of December 31, 2014. Regulated insurance subsidiaries Insurance laws and regulations regulate the payment of dividends and other distributions to us by our insurance sub- sidiaries. In general, dividends in excess of prescribed limits are deemed “extraordinary” and require insurance regulatory approval. Based on estimated statutory as of December 31, 2014, in accordance with applicable dividend restrictions, our subsidiaries could pay dividends of approx- imately $0.5 billion to us in 2015 without obtaining regulatory approval. However, we do not expect our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to us in 2015 at this level as they retain capital for growth and to meet capital requirements. results Our international insurance subsidiaries paid dividends of $630 million, $317 million and $240 million during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Our domestic insurance subsidiaries paid dividends of $108 million (none of which were deemed “extraordinary”), $418 million (none of which were deemed “extraordinary”) and $374 mil- lion ($175 million of which were deemed “extraordinary”), respectively, during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012. The liquidity requirements of our regulated insurance subsidiaries principally relate to the liabilities associated with their various insurance and investment products, operating costs and expenses, the payment of dividends to us, con- tributions to their subsidiaries, payment of principal and inter- est on their outstanding debt obligations and income taxes. Liabilities arising from insurance and investment products include the payment of benefits, as well as cash payments in connection with policy surrenders and withdrawals, policy loans and obligations to redeem funding agreements. Our insurance subsidiaries have used cash flows from operations and investment activities to fund their liquidity requirements. Our insurance subsidiaries’ principal cash inflows from operating activities are derived from premiums, annuity deposits and insurance and investment product fees and other income, including commissions, cost of insurance, mortality, expense and surrender charges, contract underwriting fees, investment management fees and dividends and distributions from their from investment activities from repayments of principal, investment income and, as necessary, sales of invested assets. subsidiaries. The principal cash inflows result Our insurance subsidiaries maintain investment strategies intended to provide adequate funds to pay benefits without forced sales of investments. Products having liabilities with longer durations, such as certain life insurance and long-term care insurance policies, are matched with investments having similar duration such as long-term fixed maturity securities and commercial mortgage are matched with fixed maturity securities that have short- and loans. Shorter-term liabilities medium-term fixed maturities. In addition, our insurance sub- sidiaries hold highly liquid, high quality short-term investment securities and other liquid investment grade fixed maturity securities to fund anticipated operating expenses, surrenders and withdrawals. In June 2014, one of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries completed a life reinsurance transaction that gen- erated approximately $90 million in additional unassigned surplus on a U.S. statutory basis. As of December 31, 2014, our total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets were $78.2 billion. Our investments in privately placed fixed maturity securities, commercial mortgage loans, policy loans, limited partnership investments and select mortgage-backed and asset- backed securities are relatively illiquid. These asset classes repre- sented approximately 31% of the carrying value of our total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets as of December 31, 2014. As of December 31, 2014, each of our life insurance sub- sidiaries exceeded the minimum required RBC levels. The consolidated RBC ratio of our U.S. domiciled life insurance subsidiaries was approximately 435% of the company action level as of December 31, 2014. in our U.S. We intend to further increase capital life insurance business to (i) address the reduction in capital resulting from the completion of a comprehensive review of our long-term care insurance claim reserves and (ii) enhance our financial strength and flexibility to maintain our commercial presence in our businesses and provide for unforeseen events or develop- ments. We intend to increase capital by, among other things, at least over the near term, not paying dividends from our life insurance subsidiaries to the holding company, pursuing addi- tional long-term care insurance rate actions, seeking oppor- tunities to reduce risk in legacy long-term care insurance blocks of business, utilizing reinsurance to increase available capital, pursuing block transactions and significantly reducing expenses. Fifty percent of our in-force long-term care insurance business (excluding policies assumed from a non-affiliate third- party reinsurer) of GLIC, a Delaware insurance company and our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, is reinsured to BLAIC, a Bermuda insurance company and our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary. Brookfield, a Bermuda insurance company and our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, has guaranteed BLAIC’s performance of its obligations under that reinsurance agree- ment. As of December 31, 2014, Brookfield directly or indirectly owns 66.2% of our Australian mortgage insurance subsidiaries, 40.6% of our Canadian mortgage insurance sub- sidiary and 100% of our lifestyle protection insurance business. As a result of Brookfield’s guarantee, adverse developments in our reinsured long-term care insurance business (including the recent increases in our reserves of that business) have adversely impacted BLAIC’s financial condition, which could, in turn, adversely impact Brookfield’s willingness or ability to pay divi- dends to Genworth Holdings. As of December 31, 2014, one of our wholly-owned life insurance subsidiaries provides security in an aggregate amount 148 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K of $583 million for the benefit of certain of its wholly-owned life insurance subsidiaries that have issued non-recourse fund- ing obligations to collateralize the obligation to make future payments on their behalf under certain tax sharing agreements. During 2014, Genworth Canada repurchased 1.9 million shares for CAD$75 million through a Normal Course Issuer Bid (“NCIB”) authorized by its board for up to 4.7 million shares. We participated in the NCIB in order to maintain our overall ownership percentage at its current level and received $38 million in cash. In May 2014, our U.S. mortgage holding company con- tributed $300 million to GMICO, our primary U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiary. On July 10, 2014, the FHFA released publicly a draft of the revised PMIERs. We currently estimate that the amount of additional capital required to meet these requirements and operate our business will be between $500 million and $700 million. We currently believe we have a variety of sources we could utilize to satisfy these capital requirements, and currently intend to utilize primarily reinsurance (or similar) transactions, together with cash available at the holding company, to satisfy them. For a discussion of the factors that may affect our esti- mate of the amount of additional capital that may be required to meet the revised draft PMIERs and the availability of reinsurance and other transactions to satisfy these capital requirements, see “—Business trends and conditions—Trends and conditions segments—U.S. Mortgage Insurance.” affecting our We currently intend that our U.S. mortgage insurance business will meet the additional capital requirements con- tained in the revised draft PMIERs by the anticipated effective date. We will seek to utilize the transition period provided for in the draft requirements if we do not comply by the antici- pated effective date (subject to GSE approval). During 2013, Genworth Canada repurchased 3.9 million shares for CAD$105 million through a NCIB authorized by its board for up to 4.9 million shares. We participated in the NCIB in order to maintain our overall ownership percentage at its then-current level and received $58 million in cash. On January 31, 2013, our European mortgage insurance subsidiaries received a $21 million cash capital contribution. We then subsequently contributed the shares of our European mortgage insurance subsidiaries with an estimated value of $230 million to our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries to increase the statutory capital in those companies as part of the capital plan for our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries. Capital resources and financing activities We repaid $485 million of our 5.75% senior notes that matured in June 2014 with cash on hand. On April 1, 2014, Genworth Canada, our majority-owned subsidiary, issued CAD$160 million of 4.24% senior notes due 2024. The senior notes are redeemable at the option of Genworth Canada, in whole or in part, at any time. The net proceeds of the offering were used to redeem, in full, its exist- ing senior notes due December 2015 with a principal amount of CAD$150 million and bearing a fixed annual interest rate of 4.59%. In conjunction with the redemption, Genworth Canada made an early redemption payment to existing note- holders of approximately CAD$7 million and accrued interest of approximately CAD$2 million in the second quarter of 2014. In the second quarter of 2013, we terminated our $1.0 billion commercial paper program. There was no amount out- standing under the commercial paper program when termi- nated and none outstanding since February 2009. On September 26, 2013, Genworth Holdings entered into a $300 million multi-currency revolving credit facility, which matures in September 2016, with a $100 million sublimit for letters of credit. The proceeds of the loans may be used for work- ing capital and general corporate purposes. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, there were no amounts outstanding under the credit facility. The obligations under the credit agreement are unsecured and payment of Genworth Holdings’ obligations is fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Genworth Financial. In December 2013, Genworth Holdings issued $400 mil- lion aggregate principal amount of senior notes, with an inter- est rate of 4.80% per year payable semi-annually, and maturing in 2024 (“2024 Notes”). With the net proceeds from the issu- ance of the 2024 Notes of $397 million and cash on hand, Genworth Financial contributed $100 million of the proceeds to GMICO and an additional $300 million was contributed to a U.S. mortgage holding company to be used to satisfy all or part of the higher capital requirements expected to be imposed by the GSEs as part of the anticipated revisions to the MI Eligibility Standards. In May 2014, the U.S. mortgage holding company contributed the additional $300 million to GMICO. In August 2013, Genworth Holdings issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of senior notes, with an interest rate of 4.90% per year payable semi-annually, and maturing in 2023 (“2023 Notes”). The net proceeds of $396 million from the issuance of the 2023 Notes, together with cash on hand at Genworth Holdings, were used to redeem all $346 million of the remaining outstanding aggregate principal amount of Genworth Holdings’ 2015 Notes, and pay accrued and unpaid interest on such notes and pay a make-whole payment of approximately $30 million pre-tax. During 2013, Genworth Holdings repurchased $15 mil- lion aggregate principal amount of the 5.75% senior notes that mature in 2014, and paid accrued and unpaid interest thereon. In June 2013, Genworth Holdings repurchased $4 million the 2015 Notes, and paid aggregate principal amount of accrued and unpaid interest thereon. During 2014 and 2013, River Lake Insurance Company, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, repaid $26 million and $28 million, respectively, of its total outstanding floating rate subordinated notes due in 2033. During 2014, River Lake Insurance Company II, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, repaid $16 million of its total outstanding floating rate subordinated notes due in 2035. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 149 For further information about our borrowings, refer to statements under note 13 in our consolidated financial “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” We believe existing cash held at Genworth Holdings combined with dividends from subsidiaries, payments under tax sharing and expense reimbursement arrangements with subsidiaries and proceeds from borrowings or securities issu- ances will provide us with sufficient capital flexibility and future operating requirements. We liquidity to meet our actively monitor our liquidity position, liquidity generation options and the credit markets given changing market con- ditions. We manage liquidity at Genworth Holdings to main- tain a minimum balance one and one- half times expected annual debt interest payments plus the additional excess of $350 million, although the excess amount may be lower during the quarter due to the timing of cash inflows and outflows. We will evaluate the target level of the excess amount as circum- stances warrant. We cannot predict with any certainty the impact to us from any future disruptions in the credit markets or the recent or any further downgrades by one or more of the rating agencies of the financial strength ratings of our insurance company subsidiaries and/or the credit ratings of our holding companies. The availability of additional funding will depend on a variety of factors such as market conditions, regulatory considerations, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to the financial services industry, the level of activity and availability of reinsurance, our credit ratings and credit capacity and the performance of and outlook for our business. Contractual obligations and commercial commitments We enter into obligations with third parties in the ordinary course of our operations. These obligations, as of December 31, 2014, are set forth in the table below. However, we do not believe that our cash flow requirements can be assessed based upon this analysis of these obligations as the funding of these future cash obligations will be from future cash flows from pre- fees and investment income that are not miums, deposits, reflected in the following table. Future cash outflows, whether they are contractual obligations or not, also will vary based upon our future needs. Although some outflows are fixed, others depend on future events. Examples of fixed obligations include our obligations to pay principal and interest on fixed rate borrowings. Examples of obligations that will vary include obligations to pay interest on variable rate borrowings and insurance liabilities that depend on future interest rates and market performance. Many of our obligations are linked to cash- generating contracts. These obligations include payments to contractholders that assume those contractholders will continue to make deposits in accordance with the terms of their contracts. In addition, our operations involve significant expenditures that are not based upon “commitments.” (Amounts in millions) Total 2015 2016- 2017 2018- 2019 2020 and thereafter Payments due by period Borrowings and interest (1) Operating lease obligations Other purchase liabilities (2) Securities lending and repurchase obligations (3) Commercial mortgage loan commitments (4) Limited partnership commitments (4) Private placement $ 9,685 $ 335 $ 930 $1,132 $ 80 74 26 45 852 852 128 128 53 31 31 27 — — 19 18 2 — — 2 7,288 5 — — — 1 commitments (4) Insurance liabilities (5) Tax matters agreement (6) Unrecognized tax benefits (7) 27 108,565 250 49 27 3,655 40 14 — 5,827 89 9 — 4,808 61 5 — 94,275 60 21 Total contractual obligations $119,763 $5,153 $6,932 $6,028 $101,650 (1) (2) Includes payments of principal and interest on our long-term borrowings and non-recourse funding obligations, as described in note 13 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” For our U.S. domiciled insurance companies, any payment of principal, including by redemption, or interest on our non-recourse funding obligations are subject to regulatory approval. The total amount for borrowings and interest in this table does not equal the amounts on our consolidated balance sheet due to interest included in the table that is expected to be payable in future years. In addition, the total amount does not include borrowings related to securitization entities. See note 18 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8— Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for information related to the timing of payments and the maturity dates of these borrowings. Includes contractual purchase commitments for goods and services entered into in the ordinary course of business and includes obligations under our pension liabilities. (5) (4) established for contracts. Also includes amounts (3) The timing for the return of the collateral associated with our securities lend- ing program is uncertain; therefore, the return of collateral is reflected as being due in 2015. Includes amounts we are committed to fund for U.S. commercial mortgage loans, interests in limited partnerships and private placement investments. Includes estimated claim and benefit, policy surrender and commission obligations offset by expected future deposits and premiums on in-force insurance policies and investment recourse and indemnification related to our U.S. mortgage insurance contract underwriting business. Estimated claim and benefit obligations are based on mortality, morbid- ity, lapse and other assumptions. The obligations in this table have not been dis- counted at present value. In contrast to this table, our obligations reported in our consolidated balance sheet are recorded in accordance with U.S. GAAP where the liabilities are discounted consistent with the present value concept under account- ing guidance related to accounting and reporting by insurance enterprises, as applicable. Therefore, the estimated obligations for insurance liabilities presented in this table significantly exceed the liabilities recorded in reserves for future policy benefits and the liability for policy and contract claims. Due to the significance of the assumptions used, the amounts presented could materially differ from actual results. We have not included separate account obligations as these obligations are legally insulated from general account obligations and will be fully funded by cash flows from separate account assets. We expect to fully fund the obligations for insurance liabilities from cash flows from general account investments and future deposits and premiums. (6) Because their future cash outflows are uncertain, the following non-current liabilities are excluded from this table: deferred taxes (except the Tax Matters Agreement, which is included, as described in note 14 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supple- mentary Data”), derivatives, unearned premiums and certain other items. Includes the settlement of uncertain tax positions, with related interest, based on the estimated timing of the resolution of income tax examinations in multiple jurisdictions. See notes 2 and 14 to our consolidated financial state- ments under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for a discussion of uncertain tax positions. (7) 150 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K O F F - B A L A N C E S H E E T T R A N S A C T I O N S We have used off-balance sheet securitization transactions to mitigate and diversify our asset risk position and to adjust the asset class mix in our investment portfolio by reinvesting securitization proceeds in accordance with our approved investment guidelines. The transactions we have used involved securitizations of some of our receivables and investments that were secured by commercial mortgage loans, fixed maturity securities or other receivables, consisting primarily of policy loans. Total securitized assets remaining as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 were $442 million and $461 million, respectively, including $300 million and $314 million, respectively, of securitized assets required to be consolidated. Securitization transactions typically result in gains or losses that are included in net investment gains (losses) in our con- solidated financial statements. There were no off-balance sheet securitization transactions executed in 2014, 2013 or 2012. We have arranged for the assets that we have transferred in securitization transactions to be serviced by us directly, or pur- suant to arrangements with a third-party service provider. Serv- icing activities include ongoing review, credit monitoring, reporting and collection activities. Financial support for certain securitization entities was provided under credit support agreements that remain in place throughout the life of the related entities. Assets with credit support were funded by demand notes that were further enhanced with support provided by a third party. See note 18 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8— Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to securitization entities. S E A S O N A L I T Y in In general, our business as a whole is not seasonal nature. However, in our U.S. mortgage insurance business, the level of delinquencies, which increases the likelihood of losses, generally tends to decrease in mid-first quarter and continue through second quarter while increasing in the third and fourth quarters of the calendar year. Therefore, we typically experience lower levels of losses resulting from delinquencies in the first and second quarters, as compared with those in the third and fourth quarters. However, as a result of the downturn in the U.S. housing market that began in 2008, delinquencies have remained elevated above historical levels in each of the calendar quarters through 2014. Currently, as the U.S. housing market continues to show signs of stabilization and recovery, delin- quency levels have been trending downward and returning to more normal seasonal trends. While the U.S. economy con- tinues recovering, we may see higher than usual delinquencies as the housing market returns to a more normal development pattern long-term. There is also modest delinquency seasonality in our international mortgage insurance business in Australia and Canada. In Australia, we generally experience higher new delinquencies and lower cure rates in the first and second quar- ters of each calendar year. In Canada, we generally experience modestly higher delinquencies in the winter months. See “—Business trends and conditions” for additional information related to our businesses. I N F L A T I O N We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our results of operations, except insofar as inflation may affect interest rates. N E W A C C O U N T I N G S T A N D A R D S For a discussion of recently adopted and not yet adopted accounting standards, see note 2 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supple- mentary Data.” Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 151 I T E M 7 A . Q U A N T I T A T I V E A N D Q U A L I T A T I V E D I S C L O S U R E S A B O U T M A R K E T R I S K Market risk is the risk of the loss of fair value resulting from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as inter- est rates, foreign currency exchange rates and equity prices. Market risk is directly influenced by the volatility and liquidity in the markets in which the related underlying financial instruments are traded. The following is a discussion of our market risk exposures and our risk management practices. Credit market volatility continued into 2014 and credit spreads generally widened for most fixed-income asset classes in the third and fourth quarters of 2014, reversing the trend from the first half of 2014. Additionally, U.S. Treasury yields remained at historically low levels during 2014. See “—Business trends and conditions” and “—Investments and Derivative Instruments” in “Item 7—Management’s Dis- cussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for further discussion of recent market conditions. In 2014 compared to 2013, the U.S. dollar strengthened against currencies in Australia, Canada and the United King- dom, as well as the Euro. The overall strengthening of the U.S. dollar in 2014 has generally resulted in lower levels of reported revenues and net income (loss), assets, liabilities and accumu- lated other comprehensive income (loss) in our U.S. dollar consolidated financial statements. See “Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for further discussion on the impact changes in foreign currency exchange rates have had during the year. While we enter into derivatives to mitigate certain market risks, our agreements with derivative counterparties typically require that we provide collateral when our net derivative liability position with a particular counterparty reaches a certain level. As a result, we may be required to post collateral due to fluctuations in the fair value of our derivatives and may result in us holding more high quality securities to ensure we have sufficient collateral to post derivative counterparties in the event of adverse changes in fair value of our derivative instru- ments. In the event we do not have sufficient high quality secu- rities to provide as collateral, we may need to sell certain other securities to purchase assets that would be eligible for collateral posting, which could adversely impact our future investment income. Interest Rate Risk We enter into market-sensitive instruments primarily for purposes other than trading. Our life insurance, long-term care insurance and deferred annuity products have significant inter- est rate risk and are associated with our U.S. life insurance sub- sidiaries. Our international mortgage insurance business and immediate annuity products have moderate interest rate risk, while our lifestyle protection and U.S. mortgage insurance businesses have relatively low interest rate risk. amounts that we must pay to policyholders Our insurance and investment products are sensitive to interest rate fluctuations and expose us to the risk that falling interest rates or tightening credit spreads will reduce our mar- gin (the difference between the returns we earn on the invest- ments that support our obligations under these products and the and contractholders). Because we may reduce the interest rates we credit on most of these products only at limited, pre-established intervals, and because some contracts have guaranteed mini- mum interest crediting rates, declines in earned investment returns can impact the profitability of these products. As of December 31, 2014, of our $12.4 billion deferred annuity products, $1.0 billion have guaranteed minimum interest crediting rate floors greater than or equal to 3.5%, with no guaranteed minimum interest crediting rate floors greater than 5.5%. Most of these products were sold prior to 1999. Our universal life insurance products also have guaranteed mini- mum interest crediting rate floors, with no guaranteed mini- mum interest crediting rate floors greater than 6.0%. Of our $6.8 billion of universal insurance products as of life December 31, 2014, $3.5 billion have guaranteed minimum interest crediting rate floors ranging between 3% and 4%. During periods of increasing market interest rates, we may offer higher crediting rates on interest-sensitive products, such as universal life insurance and fixed annuities, and we may increase crediting rates on in-force products to keep these products competitive. In addition, rapidly rising interest rates may cause increased policy surrenders, withdrawals from life insurance policies and annuity contracts and requests for policy loans, as policyholders and contractholders shift assets into higher yielding investments. Increases in crediting rates, as well as surrenders and withdrawals, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, including the in an requirement unrealized loss position to satisfy surrenders or withdrawals. to liquidate fixed-income investments Our life and long-term care insurance products as well as our guaranteed benefits on variable annuities also expose us to the risk of interest rate fluctuations. The pricing and expected future profitability of these products are based in part on expected investment returns. Over time, life and long-term care insurance products are expected to generally produce positive cash flows as customers pay periodic premiums, which we invest as they are received. Low interest rates increase reinvest- ment risk and reduce our ability to achieve our targeted investment margins and may adversely affect the profitability of our life and long-term care insurance products and may increase hedging costs on our in-force block of variable annuity products. A prolonged low interest rate environment may neg- atively impact the sufficiency of our margins on our DAC and PVFP, which could result in an impairment. In addition, cer- tain statutory capital requirements are based on models that consider interest rates. Prolonged periods of low interest rates may increase the statutory capital we are required to hold as well as the amount of assets we must maintain to support stat- utory reserves. 152 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The significant interest rate risk that is present in our life insurance, long-term care insurance and deferred annuity products is a result of longer duration liabilities where a sig- nificant portion of cash flows to pay benefits comes from investment returns. Additionally, certain of these products have implicit and explicit rate guarantees or optionality that is sig- nificantly impacted by changes in interest rates. We seek to minimize interest rate risk by purchasing assets to better align the duration of our assets with the duration of the liabilities or utilizing derivatives to mitigate interest rate risk for product lines where asset durations are not sufficient to align with the related liability. Additionally, we also minimize certain of these risks through product design features. The carrying value of our investment portfolio as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 was $73.2 billion and $68.6 bil- lion, respectively, of which 85% for both periods was invested in fixed maturity securities. The primary market risk to our investment portfolio is interest rate risk associated with invest- ments in fixed maturity securities. We mitigate the market risk associated with our fixed maturity securities portfolio by matching the duration of our fixed maturity securities with the duration of the liabilities that those securities are intended to support. Interest rate fluctuations also could have an adverse effect on the results of our investment portfolio. During periods of declining market interest rates, the interest we receive on varia- ble interest rate investments decreases. In addition, during those periods, we are forced to reinvest the cash we receive as interest or return of principal on our investments in lower- yielding high-grade instruments or in lower-credit instruments to maintain comparable returns. Issuers of fixed-income secu- rities may also decide to prepay their obligations in order to borrow at lower market rates, which exacerbates the risk that we may have to invest the cash proceeds of these securities in lower-yielding or lower-credit instruments. During periods of increasing interest rates, market values of lower-yielding assets will decline. In addition, our interest rate hedges will decline which will require us to post additional collateral with our derivative counterparties. The primary market risk for our long-term borrowings is interest rate risk at the time of maturity or early redemption, when we may be required to refinance these obligations. We continue to monitor the interest rate environment and to eval- uate refinancing opportunities as maturity dates approach. While we are exposed to interest rate risk from certain variable rate long-term borrowings and non-recourse funding obliga- tions, in certain instances we invest in variable rate assets to back those obligations to mitigate the interest rate risk from the variable interest payments. We use derivative instruments, such as interest rate swaps, financial futures and option-based financial instruments, as part of our risk management strategy. We use these derivatives to mitigate certain interest rate risk by: – reducing the risk between the timing of the receipt of cash and its investment in the market; – extending or shortening the duration of assets to better align with the duration of the liabilities; and – protecting against the early termination of an asset or liability. As a matter of policy, we have not and will not engage in derivative market-making, speculative derivative trading or other speculative derivatives activities. Assuming investment yields remain at the 2014 year end levels and based on our existing policies and investment portfo- lio as of December 31, 2014, the impact from investing in that lower interest rate environment could reduce our margin of investment income above our interest credited or interest accre- tion related to our liabilities (“investment margins”) by approx- imately $30 million, $70 million and $115 million in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively, compared to our 2014 investment margins before considering the impact from taxes, non- controlling interests or DAC and other adjustments. The impact includes additional expected benefits from qualifying interest rate hedges for our U.S. Life Insurance segment. In determining the potential impact, we have included potential changes in crediting rates to policyholders, limited by any restrictions on our ability to adjust policyholder rates due to guaranteed crediting rates or floors. The above impacts do not contemplate any evaluation of reserve adequacy or unlocking of DAC and primarily relate to our U.S. Life Insurance and International Mortgage Insurance segments. Our U.S. Life Insurance segment represents approximately 55%, 50% and 50% of this impact in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The impact on our International Mortgage Insurance segment results from the shorter duration of its investment portfolio. Equity Market Risk Our exposure to equity market risk within our insurance companies primarily relates to variable annuities and certain equity linked products. Certain variable annuity products have living benefit guarantees that expose us to equity market risk if the performance of the underlying mutual funds in the separate account products experience downturns and volatility for an extended period of time potentially resulting in more payments from general account assets than from contractholder separate account investments. Additionally, continued equity market volatility could result losses in our variable in additional annuity products and associated hedging program which will further challenge our ability to recover DAC on these products and could lead to write-offs of DAC, as well as increased hedg- ing costs. Downturns in equity markets could also lead to an increase in liabilities associated with secondary guarantee fea- tures, such as guaranteed minimum benefits on separate account products, where we have equity market risk exposure. We are exposed to equity risk on our holdings of common stocks and other equities, as well as risk on products where we have equity market risk exposure. We manage equity price risk through industry and issuer diversification, asset allocation techniques and hedging strategies. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 153 We use derivative instruments, such as financial futures and option-based financial instruments, as part of our risk management strategy. We use these derivatives to mitigate equity risk by reducing our exposure to fluctuations in equity market indices that underlie some of our products. Foreign Currency Risk We also have exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. Our international operations generate revenues denominated in local currencies, and we invest cash generated outside the United States in non-U.S.-denominated securities. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, approximately 18% and 20%, respectively, of our invested assets were held by our interna- tional operations and we invest cash generated in those oper- ations in securities denominated in the same local currencies. Although investing in securities denominated in local curren- cies limits the effect of currency exchange rate fluctuation on local operating results, we remain exposed to the impact of fluctuations in exchange rates as we translate the operating results of our foreign operations in our consolidated financial statements. We currently do not hedge the translation of operating results for our international operations. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, 46%, 70% and 106%, respectively, of our income (loss) from continuing oper- ations, excluding net investment gains (losses), was generated by our international operations. Our investments in non-U.S.- denominated securities are subject to fluctuations in non-U.S. securities and currency markets, and those markets can be vola- tile. Non-U.S. currency fluctuations also affect the value of any dividends paid by our non-U.S. subsidiaries to their parent companies in the United States. We use derivative instruments, such as foreign currency swaps, financial futures and option-based financial instruments, strategy. We use these risk management as part of our derivatives to mitigate certain foreign currency risks by – matching the currency of invested assets with the liabilities they support; – converting certain non-functional currency investments into functional currency; and – hedging certain near-term foreign currency dividends or cash flows expected from international subsidiaries. Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity analysis measures the impact of hypothetical changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates and other market rates or prices on the profitability of market-sensitive financial instruments. The following discussion about the potential effects of changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and equity market prices is based on so-called “shock-tests,” which model the effects of interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate and equity market price shifts on our financial condition and results of operations. Although we believe shock-tests provide the most meaningful analysis permitted by the rules and regu- lations of the SEC, they are constrained by several factors, including the necessity to conduct the analysis based on a single point in time and by their inability to include the extra- ordinarily complex market reactions that normally would arise from the market shifts modeled. Although the following results of shock-tests for changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and equity market prices may have some limited use as benchmarks, they should not be viewed as forecasts. These forward-looking disclosures also are selective in nature and address only the potential impacts on our financial instru- ments. For the purpose of this sensitivity analysis, we excluded the potential impacts on our insurance liabilities that are not considered financial instruments, with the exception of those insurance liabilities that have embedded derivatives that are required to be bifurcated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, this sensitivity analysis does not include a variety of other potential factors that could affect our business as a result of these changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and equity market prices. Interest Rate Risk One means of assessing exposure to interest rate changes is a duration-based analysis that measures the potential changes in fair value resulting from a hypothetical change in interest rates of 100 basis points across all maturities. This is referred to as a parallel shift in the yield curve. Note that all impacts noted below exclude any effects of deferred taxes, DAC and PVFP unless otherwise noted. Under this model, with all other factors constant and assuming no offsetting change in the value of our liabilities, we estimated that such an increase in interest rates would cause the fair value of our fixed-income securities portfolio to decrease by approximately $4.4 billion based on our securities positions as of December 31, 2014, as compared to an estimated decrease of $3.9 billion under this model as of December 31, 2013. The increase in the impact of the parallel shift in the yield curve in 2014 was due to the increase in the fair value of our investment portfolio as well as the increase in duration of fixed maturity securities to better align with the liabilities being backed by these investments. Additionally, the results of this parallel shift in the yield curve would cause the fair value of our commercial mortgage loans to decrease by approximately $334 million based on our commercial mortgage loans as of December 31, 2014, as compared to an estimated decrease of $272 million as of December 31, 2013. We performed a similar sensitivity analysis on our derivatives portfolio and noted that a 100 basis point increase in interest rates resulted in a decrease in fair value of $773 mil- lion based on our derivatives portfolio as of December 31, 2014, as compared to an estimated decline of $647 million under this model as of December 31, 2013. The estimated decrease in fair value of our derivatives portfolio would also require us to post collateral to certain derivative counterparties of approximately $418 million and would require us to post cash margin related to our futures contracts of $77 million based on our derivatives portfolio as of December 31, 2014. Of 154 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K the $773 million estimated decrease in fair value on our derivatives portfolio as of December 31, 2014, $104 million related to non-qualified derivatives used to mitigate interest rate risk associated with our GMWB embedded derivative liabilities as of December 31, 2014. We also performed a similar sensi- tivity analysis on our embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities and noted that a 100 basis point increase in interest rates resulted in a decrease of $103 million based on our GMWB embedded derivative liabilities as of December 31, 2014, as compared to an estimated decline of $75 million under as of December 31, 2013. As of December 31, 2014, we performed a similar sensitivity analysis on our fixed index annuity embedded derivatives and noted that a 100 basis point increase in interest rates resulted in an increase of $5 million. this model The impact on our insurance liabilities is not included in the sensitivities above. The principal amount, weighted-average interest rate and fair value by maturity, of our variable rate debt were as follows as of December 31, 2014: (Amounts in millions) Maturity: (1) Non-recourse funding obligations: River Lake Insurance Company, 2033 River Lake Insurance Company II, 2035 Rivermont Life Insurance Company I, 2050 Total non-recourse Principal amount Weighted-average interest rate Fair value (2) $1,005 1.41% $ 751 676 315 0.95% 2.16% 513 174 funding obligations 1,996 1.51% 1,438 Floating rate junior notes, 2021 (3) 114 7.49% 119 Total floating rate debt $2,110 $1,557 (1) There are no maturities over the next five years. (2) The valuation methodology used is based on the then-current coupon, revalued based on the London Interbank Offered Rate rate set and current spread assumption based on commercially available data. The model is a floating rate coupon model using the spread assumption to derive the valuation. (3) Subordinated floating rate notes issued in June 2011 by our indirect wholly- owned subsidiary, Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Pty Limited, with an interest rate of three-month Bank Bill Swap reference rate plus a margin of 4.75%. As of December 31, 2013, the weighted-average interest rate on our non-recourse funding obligations was 1.50% based on $2,038 million of principal. The weighted-average interest rate on subordinated floating rate notes issued by Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Pty Limited was 7.65% based on $125 million of principal as of December 31, 2013. Equity Market Risk One means of assessing exposure to changes in equity market prices is to estimate the potential changes in market values on our equity investments resulting from a hypothetical broad-based decline in equity market prices of 10%. Under this model, with all other factors constant, we estimated that such a decline in equity market prices would cause the fair value of our equity investments to decline by approximately $19 million based on our equity positions as of December 31, 2014, as compared to an estimated decline of $26 million under this model for the year ended December 31, 2013. equity market derivatives We performed a similar sensitivity analysis on our equity market derivatives and noted that a 10% decline in equity market prices would result in an increase in fair value of $39 million based on our as of December 31, 2014, as compared to an estimated increase of $65 million under this model as of December 31, 2013. The estimated increase in fair value primarily relates to non- qualified derivatives used to mitigate equity market risk asso- ciated with our GMWB and fixed index annuity embedded derivative liabilities. We also performed a similar sensitivity analysis on our embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities and noted that a 10% decline in equity market prices would result in an estimated increase in fair value of $60 million based on our GMWB embedded derivative liabilities as of December 31, 2014, as compared to an esti- mated increase of $52 million under this model as of December 31, 2013. As of December 31, 2014, we performed a similar fixed index annuity embedded derivatives and noted that a 10% decline in equity market prices would result in an estimated decrease in fair value of $28 million. sensitivity analysis on our Foreign Currency Risk international operations One means of assessing exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates is to model effects on reported income using a sensitivity analysis. We analyzed our combined cur- rency exposure for the year ended December 31, 2014, includ- ing the results of our financial instruments designated and effective as hedges to identify assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than their rele- vant functional currencies. Net unhedged exposures in each currency were then remeasured, generally assuming a 10% decrease in foreign currency exchange rates compared to the U.S. dollar. Under this model, with all other factors constant, we estimated that such a decrease would reduce our results, before taxes and noncontrolling interests, by approximately $69 million under this model for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. We also performed a similar sensitivity analysis on our foreign currency derivative portfolio and noted that a 10% decrease in currency exchange rates resulted in a decrease in fair value of $8 million as of December 31, 2014, as compared to an estimated increase of $31 million under this model for the year ended December 31, 2013. The change in fair value of derivatives may not result in a direct impact to our income as a result of certain derivatives that may be designated as qualifying hedge relationships. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 155 Derivative Counterparty Credit Risk For all derivative instruments except for derivatives asso- ciated with our consolidated securitization entities, a counter- party (or its guarantor, as applicable) may not have a long- term unsecured debt rating below “A-/A3” as rated by S&P and Moody’s, respectively, at the date of execution of the derivative instrument. The same requirement applies where a Credit Support Annex (“CSA”) to an International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) Master Agreement has been obtained such that the counterparty is obligated to pro- vide collateral. In the case of a split or single rating, the lowest or the single rating will apply. In the case of foreign exchange transactions with a tenor of exposure of less than one year, a counterparty must have short-term credit rating of “A-1/P-1” or its equivalent. In the case of a split or single rating, the lowest or the single rating will apply. All counterparty exposure is measured on a net mark-to- market basis where the valuation of a derivative is adjusted to reflect current market values. This is achieved by estimating the net present value of derivatives positions contracted and outstanding with each counterparty and calculating the gross loss (excluding recoveries) that would be sustained in the event of a counterparty bankruptcy (taking into account netting and pledged collateral under the applicable ISDA Master Agree- ment and CSA). Investment exposure limits to counterparties take into account all exposures (through derivatives, bond investments, repurchase transactions or otherwise). We also engage in derivatives transactions traded on regu- lated exchanges or clearinghouses where the exchanges or clearinghouse ensure the performance of the contracts. 156 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K I T E M 8 . F I N A N C I A L S T A T E M E N T S A N D S U P P L E M E N T A R Y D A T A Genworth Financial, Inc. Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Annual Financial Statements: Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Financial Statements as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 and for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012: Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements: Note 1—Nature of Business and Formation of Genworth Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Note 3—Earnings (Loss) Per Share Note 4—Investments Note 5—Derivative Instruments Note 6—Deferred Acquisition Costs Note 7—Intangible Assets Note 8—Goodwill and Dispositions Note 9—Reinsurance Note 10—Insurance Reserves Note 11—Liability for Policy and Contract Claims Note 12—Employee Benefit Plans Note 13—Borrowings and Other Financings Note 14—Income Taxes Note 15—Supplemental Cash Flow Information Note 16—Stock-Based Compensation Note 17—Fair Value of Financial Instruments Note 18—Variable Interest and Securitization Entities Note 19—Insurance Subsidiary Financial Information and Regulatory Matters Note 20—Segment Information Note 21—Quarterly Results of Operations (Unaudited) Note 22—Commitments and Contingencies Note 23—Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Note 24—Noncontrolling Interests Note 25—Discontinued Operations Note 26—Condensed Consolidating Financial Information Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, on Financial Statement Schedules Financial Statement Schedules as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 and for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012: Schedule I, Summary of Investments—Other Than Investments in Related Parties Schedule II, Financial Statements of Genworth Financial, Inc. (Parent Only) Schedule III, Supplemental Insurance Information Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Page 158 159 160 161 162 164 165 165 177 177 187 194 195 196 197 199 200 201 202 206 208 208 211 224 225 228 233 234 237 238 239 240 249 250 251 257 157 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders Genworth Financial, Inc.: We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Genworth Financial, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2014. These consolidated financial state- ments are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits pro- vide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial posi- tion of Genworth Financial, Inc. as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2014, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Genworth Financial, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commis- sion (COSO), and our report dated March 2, 2015, expressed an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. /s/ KPMG LLP Richmond, Virginia March 2, 2015 158 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Genworth Financial, Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets (Amounts in millions, except per share amounts) Assets Investments: Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value Equity securities available-for-sale, at fair value Commercial mortgage loans Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities Policy loans Other invested assets Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities, at fair value Total investments Cash and cash equivalents Accrued investment income Deferred acquisition costs Intangible assets Goodwill Reinsurance recoverable Other assets Separate account assets Total assets Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Liabilities: Future policy benefits Policyholder account balances Liability for policy and contract claims Unearned premiums Other liabilities ($45 and $50 of other liabilities are related to securitization entities) Borrowings related to securitization entities ($85 and $75 are carried at fair value) Non-recourse funding obligations Long-term borrowings Deferred tax liability Separate account liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ equity: Class A common stock, $0.001 par value; 1.5 billion shares authorized; 585 million and 583 million shares issued as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively; 497 million and 495 million shares outstanding as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): Net unrealized investment gains (losses): Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than-temporarily impaired Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than-temporarily impaired securities Net unrealized investment gains (losses) Derivatives qualifying as hedges Foreign currency translation and other adjustments Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Retained earnings Treasury stock, at cost (88 million shares as of December 31, 2014 and 2013) Total Genworth Financial, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Genworth 2014 Form 10-K December 31, 2014 2013 $ 62,447 282 6,100 201 1,501 2,296 411 73,238 4,918 685 5,042 272 16 17,346 633 9,208 $ 58,629 341 5,899 233 1,434 1,686 391 68,613 4,214 678 5,278 399 867 17,219 639 10,138 $111,358 $108,045 $ 35,915 26,043 8,043 3,986 3,604 219 1,996 4,639 908 9,208 $ 33,705 25,528 7,204 4,107 4,096 242 2,038 5,161 206 10,138 94,561 92,425 1 11,997 1 12,127 2,431 22 2,453 2,070 (77) 4,446 1,179 (2,700) 14,923 1,874 16,797 914 12 926 1,319 297 2,542 2,423 (2,700) 14,393 1,227 15,620 $111,358 $108,045 159 Genworth Financial, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Income (Amounts in millions, except per share amounts) Revenues: Premiums Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Insurance and investment product fees and other Total revenues Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves Interest credited Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Goodwill impairment Interest expense Total benefits and expenses Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Income (loss) from continuing operations Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 $ 5,431 3,242 (20) 912 $5,148 3,271 (37) 1,021 9,565 9,403 $5,041 3,343 27 1,229 9,640 6,620 737 1,585 571 849 479 10,841 (1,276) (228) (1,048) — (1,048) 196 4,895 738 1,659 569 — 492 8,353 1,050 324 726 (12) 714 154 5,378 775 1,594 722 89 476 9,034 606 138 468 57 525 200 Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders $ (1,244) $ 560 $ 325 Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per common share: Basic Diluted Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per common share: Basic Diluted Weighted-average common shares outstanding: Basic Diluted Supplemental disclosures: Total other-than-temporary impairments Portion of other-than-temporary impairments included in other comprehensive income (loss) Net other-than-temporary impairments Other investment gains (losses) Total net investment gains (losses) See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements $ (2.51) $ (2.51) $ (2.51) $ (2.51) 496.4 496.4 $ $ (9) — (9) (11) (20) $ 1.16 $ 1.15 $ 1.13 $ 1.12 493.6 498.7 $ (16) (9) (25) (12) $ 0.55 $ 0.54 $ 0.66 $ 0.66 491.6 494.4 $ (62) (44) (106) 133 $ (37) $ 27 160 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Genworth Financial, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Amounts in millions) Net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than-temporarily impaired Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than-temporarily impaired securities Derivatives qualifying as hedges Foreign currency translation and other adjustments Total other comprehensive income (loss) Total comprehensive income (loss) Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 $(1,048) $ 714 $ 525 1,573 10 751 (537) 1,797 749 32 (1,817) 66 (590) (442) (2,783) (2,069) 31 1,078 78 (100) 126 1,182 1,707 227 Total comprehensive income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders $ 717 $(2,100) $1,480 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 161 Genworth Financial, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Amounts in millions) Common stock Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Retained earnings Treasury stock, at cost Total Genworth Financial, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total stockholders’ equity Balances as of December 31, 2013 $ 1 $12,127 $ 2,542 $ 2,423 $(2,700) $14,393 $1,227 $15,620 Initial sale of subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interests Repurchase of subsidiary shares Comprehensive income (loss): Net income (loss) Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than- temporarily impaired Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than-temporarily impaired securities Derivatives qualifying as hedges Foreign currency translation and other adjustments Total comprehensive income (loss) Dividends to noncontrolling interests Stock-based compensation expense and exercises and other — — — — — — — — — (145) — — — — — — — 15 (57) — — — — (1,244) 1,539 10 751 (339) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (202) — (1,244) 1,539 10 751 (339) 717 — 15 713 (28) 196 34 — — (198) 32 (75) 5 511 (28) (1,048) 1,573 10 751 (537) 749 (75) 20 Balances as of December 31, 2014 Balances as of December 31, 2012 Repurchase of subsidiary shares Comprehensive income (loss): Net income Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than- temporarily impaired Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than-temporarily impaired securities Derivatives qualifying as hedges Foreign currency translation and other adjustments Total comprehensive income (loss) Dividends to noncontrolling interests Stock-based compensation expense and exercises and other $ 1 $ 1 $11,997 $12,127 $ 4,446 $ 1,179 $(2,700) $14,923 $ 5,202 $ 1,863 $(2,700) $16,493 $1,874 $1,288 $16,797 $17,781 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (1,778) 66 (590) (358) — — — 560 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 560 (1,778) 66 (590) (358) (2,100) — — (43) 154 (39) — — (84) 31 (52) 3 (43) 714 (1,817) 66 (590) (442) (2,069) (52) 3 Balances as of December 31, 2013 $ 1 $12,127 $ 2,542 $ 2,423 $(2,700) $14,393 $1,227 $15,620 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 162 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Genworth Financial, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity—(Continued) (Amounts in millions) Common stock Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Retained earnings Treasury stock, at cost Total Genworth Financial, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total stockholders’ equity $ 1 $12,136 $4,047 $1,538 $(2,700) $15,022 $1,110 $16,132 — — — — — — — — — — — — — (9) — 325 1,075 78 (100) 102 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 325 1,075 78 (100) 102 1,480 — (9) 200 525 3 — — 24 227 (50) 1 1,078 78 (100) 126 1,707 (50) (8) Balances as of December 31, 2011 Comprehensive income (loss): Net income Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than- temporarily impaired Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than-temporarily impaired securities Derivatives qualifying as hedges Foreign currency translation and other adjustments Total comprehensive income (loss) Dividends to noncontrolling interests Stock-based compensation expense and exercises and other Balances as of December 31, 2012 $ 1 $12,127 $5,202 $1,863 $(2,700) $16,493 $1,288 $17,781 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 163 Genworth Financial, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Amounts in millions) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss) Less (income) loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash from operating activities: Amortization of fixed maturity discounts and premiums and limited partnerships Net investment (gains) losses Charges assessed to policyholders Acquisition costs deferred Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Goodwill impairment Deferred income taxes Net increase (decrease) in trading securities, held-for-sale investments and derivative instruments Stock-based compensation expense Change in certain assets and liabilities: Accrued investment income and other assets Insurance reserves Current tax liabilities Other liabilities, policy and contract claims and other policy-related balances Cash from operating activities—discontinued operations Net cash from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Proceeds from maturities and repayments of investments: Fixed maturity securities Commercial mortgage loans Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities Proceeds from sales of investments: Fixed maturity and equity securities Purchases and originations of investments: Fixed maturity and equity securities Commercial mortgage loans Other invested assets, net Policy loans, net Proceeds from sale of a subsidiary, net of cash transferred Cash from investing activities—discontinued operations Net cash from investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Deposits to universal life and investment contracts Withdrawals from universal life and investment contracts Redemption and repurchase of non-recourse funding obligations Proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt Repayment and repurchase of long-term debt Repayment of borrowings related to securitization entities Repurchase of subsidiary shares Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests Proceeds from the sale of subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interests Other, net Cash from financing activities—discontinued operations Net cash from financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period Less cash and cash equivalents of discontinued operations at end of period Cash and cash equivalents of continuing operations at end of period See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 164 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 $(1,048) — $ 714 12 $ (97) 20 (777) (473) 571 849 (487) 206 30 (129) 3,212 (180) 741 — 2,438 5,364 765 32 2,490 (9,492) (967) (40) 12 — — (1,836) 2,993 (2,588) (42) 144 (621) (32) (28) (75) 517 (63) — 205 (103) 704 4,214 4,918 — (97) 37 (812) (457) 569 — (79) (59) 41 (43) 2,256 288 (1,039) 68 1,399 5,040 896 60 4,436 (10,805) (873) 89 242 365 (30) (580) 2,999 (3,269) (28) 793 (365) (108) (43) (52) — (73) (3) (149) (109) 561 3,653 4,214 — 525 (57) (88) (27) (801) (611) 722 89 82 191 26 (68) 2,330 (234) (1,166) 49 962 5,176 891 67 5,735 (12,322) (692) 416 (29) 77 (41) (722) 2,810 (2,781) (1,056) 361 (322) (72) — (50) — 54 (45) (1,101) 26 (835) 4,488 3,653 21 $ 4,918 $ 4,214 $ 3,632 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Genworth Financial, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 ( 1 ) N A T U R E O F B U S I N E S S A N D F O R M A T I O N O F G E N W O R T H Inc. Financial, as Genworth Genworth Holdings, known (“Genworth Holdings”) (formerly Inc.) was incorporated in Delaware in 2003 in preparation for an initial public offering (“IPO”) of Genworth common stock, which was completed on May 28, 2004. On April 1, 2013, Genworth Holdings completed a holding company reorganization pur- suant to which Genworth Holdings became a direct, 100% owned subsidiary of a new public holding company that it had formed. The new public holding company was incorporated in in connection with the Delaware on December 5, 2012, reorganization, under the name Sub XLVI, Inc., and was renamed Genworth Financial, Inc. (“Genworth Financial”) upon the completion of the reorganization. References to “Genworth,” the “Company,” “we” or “our” in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and these notes thereto have the following meanings, unless the context otherwise requires: – For periods prior to April 1, 2013: Genworth Holdings and its subsidiaries – For periods from and after April 1, 2013: Genworth Finan- cial and its subsidiaries The accompanying financial statements include on a con- solidated basis the accounts of Genworth and our affiliate companies in which we hold a majority voting interest or where we are the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (“VIE”). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. We have the following operating segments: – U.S. Life Insurance. We offer and manage a variety of insurance and fixed annuity products in the United States. Our primary products include long-term care insurance, life insurance and fixed annuities. – International Mortgage Insurance. We are a leading pro- vider of mortgage insurance products and related services in Canada and Australia and also participate in select European and other countries. Our products predominantly insure prime-based, individually underwritten residential mortgage loans, also known as flow mortgage insurance. We also selectively provide mortgage insurance on a structured, or bulk, basis that aids in the sale of mortgages to the capital markets and helps lenders manage capital and risk. Addition- ally, we offer services, analytical tools and technology that enable lenders to operate efficiently and manage risk. – U.S. Mortgage Insurance. In the United States, we offer mortgage insurance products predominantly insuring prime- based, individually underwritten residential mortgage loans, also known as flow mortgage insurance. We selectively pro- vide mortgage insurance on a bulk basis with essentially all of our bulk writings being prime-based. Additionally, we offer services, analytical tools and technology that enable lenders to operate efficiently and manage risk. – International Protection. We provide payment protection coverages (referred to as lifestyle protection) in multiple European countries and have operations in select other coun- tries. Our lifestyle protection insurance products primarily help consumers meet specified payment obligations should they become unable to pay due to accident, illness, involuntary unemployment, disability or death. include our – Runoff. The Runoff segment includes the results of non- strategic products which are no longer actively sold. Our variable non-strategic products primarily annuity, variable life insurance, institutional, corporate- owned life insurance and other accident and health insurance products. Institutional products consist of: funding agree- ments, funding agreements backing notes (“FABNs”) and guaranteed investment contracts (“GICs”). We no longer offer retail and group variable annuities but continue to serv- ice our existing blocks of business. We also have Corporate and Other activities which include debt financing expenses that are incurred at the Genworth Holdings level, unallocated corporate income and expenses, eliminations of inter-segment transactions and the results of other businesses that are managed outside of our operating segments, including discontinued operations. See note 25 for additional information related to discontinued operations. ( 2 ) S U M M A R Y O F S I G N I F I C A N T A C C O U N T I N G P O L I C I E S Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). Preparing financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assump- tions that affect reported amounts and related disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. a) Premiums For traditional long-duration insurance contracts, we report premiums as earned when due. For short-duration insurance contracts, we report premiums as revenue over the terms of the related insurance policies on a pro-rata basis or in proportion to expected claims. For single premium mortgage insurance contracts, we report premiums over the estimated policy life in accordance Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 165 with the expected pattern of risk emergence as further described in our accounting policy for unearned premiums. In addition, we have a practice of refunding the post-delinquent premiums in our U.S. mortgage insurance business to the insured party if the delinquent loan goes to claim. We record a liability for premiums received on the delinquent loans where our practice is to refund post-delinquent premiums. Premiums received under annuity contracts without sig- nificant mortality risk and premiums received on investment and universal life insurance products are not reported as rev- enues but rather as deposits and are included in liabilities for policyholder account balances. b) Net Investment Income and Net Investment Gains and Losses Investment income is recognized when earned. Income or losses upon call or prepayment of available-for-sale fixed maturity securities is recognized in net investment income, except for hybrid securities where the income or loss upon call is recognized in net investment gains and losses. Investment gains and losses are calculated on the basis of specific identi- fication. Investment income on mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities is initially based upon yield, cash flow and prepay- ment assumptions at the date of purchase. Subsequent revisions in those assumptions are recorded using the retrospective or prospective method. Under the retrospective method used for mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities of high credit quality (ratings equal to or greater than “AA” or that are backed by a U.S. agency) which cannot be contractually prepaid in such a manner that we would not recover a substantial portion of the initial investment, amortized cost of the security is adjusted to the amount that would have existed had the revised assumptions been in place at the date of purchase. The adjust- ments to amortized cost are recorded as a charge or credit to net investment income. Under the prospective method, which is used for all other mortgage-backed and asset-backed secu- rities, future cash flows are estimated and interest income is recognized going forward using the new internal rate of return. c) Insurance and Investment Product Fees and Other Insurance and investment product fees and other consist primarily of insurance charges assessed on universal and term universal life insurance contracts and fees assessed against cus- tomer account values. For universal and term universal life insurance contracts, charges to policyholder accounts for cost of insurance are recognized as revenue when due. Variable prod- uct fees are charged to variable annuity contractholders and variable life insurance policyholders based upon the daily net assets of the contractholder’s and policyholder’s account values and are recognized as revenue when charged. Policy surrender fees are recognized as income when the policy is surrendered. d) Investment Securities At the time of purchase, we designate our investment secu- rities as either available-for-sale or trading and report them in our consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Our portfolio of fixed maturity securities comprises primarily investment grade securities. Changes in the fair value of available-for-sale invest- ments, net of the effect on deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”), present value of future profits (“PVFP”), benefit reserves and deferred income taxes, are reflected as unrealized investment gains or losses in a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Realized and unrealized gains and losses related to trading securities are reflected in net investment gains (losses). Trading securities are included in other invested assets in our consolidated balance sheets and primarily represent fixed maturity securities where we utilized the fair value option. Other-Than-Temporary Impairments On Available-For-Sale Securities As of each balance sheet date, we evaluate securities in an unrealized loss position for other-than-temporary impairments. For debt securities, we consider all available information rele- vant to the collectability of the security, including information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts, when developing the estimate of cash flows expected to be collected. More specifically for mortgage- backed and asset-backed securities, we also utilize performance indicators of the underlying assets including default or delin- quency rates, loan to collateral value ratios, third-party credit enhancements, current levels of subordination, vintage and other relevant characteristics of the security or underlying assets to develop our estimate of cash flows. Estimating the cash flows expected to be collected is a quantitative and qualitative process that incorporates information received from third-party sources along with certain internal assumptions and judgments regard- ing the future performance of the underlying collateral. Where possible, this data is benchmarked against third-party sources. We recognize other-than-temporary impairments on debt securities in an unrealized loss position when one of the follow- ing circumstances exists: – we do not expect full recovery of our amortized cost based on the estimate of cash flows expected to be collected, – we intend to sell a security or – it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a security prior to recovery. For other-than-temporary impairments recognized during the period, we present the total other-than-temporary impair- ments, the portion of other-than-temporary impairments included in other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) and the net other-than-temporary impairments as supplemental disclosure presented on the face of our consolidated statements of income. Total other-than-temporary impairments are calculated as the difference between the amortized cost and fair value that emerged in the current period. For other-than-temporarily impaired securities where we do not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security prior to recovery, total other-than-temporary 166 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K impairments are adjusted by the portion of other-than- temporary impairments recognized in OCI (“non-credit”). Net other-than-temporary impairments recorded in net income (loss) represent the credit loss on the other-than-temporarily impaired securities with the offset recognized as an adjustment to the amortized cost to determine the new amortized cost basis of the securities. For securities that were deemed to be other-than- temporarily impaired and a non-credit loss was recorded in OCI, the amount recorded as an unrealized gain (loss) repre- sents the difference between the current fair value and the new amortized cost for each period presented. The unrealized gain (loss) on an other-than-temporarily impaired security is recorded as a separate component in OCI until the security is sold or until we record an other-than-temporary impairment where we intend to sell the security or will be required to sell the security prior to recovery. To estimate the amount of other-than-temporary impair- ment attributed to credit losses on debt securities where we do not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security prior to recovery, we determine our best estimate of the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from a security using the effective yield on the security prior to recording any other-than- temporary impairment. If the present value of the discounted cash flows is lower than the amortized cost of the security, the difference between the present value and amortized cost repre- sents the credit loss associated with the security with the remaining difference between fair value and amortized cost recorded as a non-credit other-than-temporary impairment in OCI. The evaluation of other-than-temporary impairments is subject to risks and uncertainties and is intended to determine the appropriate amount and timing for recognizing an impair- ment charge. The assessment of whether such impairment has occurred is based on management’s best estimate of the cash flows expected to be collected at the individual security level. We regularly monitor our investment portfolio to ensure that securities that may be other-than-temporarily impaired are identified in a timely manner and that any impairment charge is recognized in the proper period. While the other-than-temporary impairment model for debt securities generally includes fixed maturity securities, there are certain hybrid securities that are classified as fixed maturity securities where the application of a debt impairment model depends on whether there has been any evidence of deterio- ration in credit of the issuer, such as a downgrade to below investment grade. Under certain circumstances, evidence of deterioration in credit of the issuer may result in the applica- tion of the equity securities impairment model. For equity securities, we recognize an impairment charge in the period in which we determine that the security will not recover to book value within a reasonable period. We determine what constitutes a reasonable period on a security- by-security basis based upon consideration of all the evidence available to us, including the magnitude of an unrealized loss and its duration. In any event, this period does not exceed 18 months for common equity securities. We measure other-than- temporary impairments based upon the difference between the amortized cost of a security and its fair value. e) Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly trans- action between market participants at the measurement date. We have equity and trading securities, derivatives, embedded derivatives, securities held as collateral, separate account assets and certain other financial instruments, which are carried at fair value. fixed maturity, Fair value measurements are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our view of market assumptions in the absence of observable market information. We utilize valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. All assets and liabilities carried at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories: – Level 1—Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. – Level 2—Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable. – Level 3—Instruments whose significant value drivers are unobservable. Level 1 primarily consists of financial instruments whose value is based on quoted market prices such as exchange-traded derivatives and actively traded mutual fund investments. Level 2 includes those financial instruments that are valued using industry-standard pricing methodologies, models or other valuation methodologies. These models are primarily industry- standard models that consider various inputs, such as interest rate, credit spread and foreign exchange rates for the underlying financial instruments. All significant inputs are observable, or derived from observable, information in the marketplace or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are exe- cuted in the marketplace. Financial instruments in this category primarily include: certain public and private corporate fixed maturity and equity securities; government or agency securities; certain mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities; securities held as collateral; and certain non-exchange-traded derivatives such as interest rate or cross currency swaps. Level 3 comprises financial instruments whose fair value is estimated based on industry-standard pricing methodologies and internally developed models utilizing significant inputs not based on, nor corroborated by, readily available market information. In limited instances, this category may also utilize non-binding broker quotes. This category primarily consists of Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 167 certain less liquid fixed maturity, equity and trading securities and certain derivative instruments or embedded derivatives where we cannot corroborate the significant valuation inputs with market observable data. that input level of is significant As of each reporting period, all assets and liabilities recorded at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability, such as the relative impact on the fair value as a result of including a particular input. We review the fair value hierarchy classifications each reporting period. Changes in the observ- ability of the valuation attributes may result in a reclassification of certain financial assets or liabilities. Such reclassifications are reported as transfers in and out of Level 3 at the beginning fair value for the reporting period in which the changes occur. See information related to fair value note 17 for additional measurements. f) Commercial Mortgage Loans The carrying value of commercial mortgage loans is stated at original cost, net of principal payments, amortization and allow- ance for loan losses. Interest on loans is recognized on an accrual basis at the applicable interest rate on the principal amount out- standing. Loan origination fees and direct costs, as well as pre- miums and discounts, are amortized as level yield adjustments over the respective loan terms. Unamortized net fees or costs are recognized upon early repayment of the loans. Loan commit- ment fees are deferred and amortized on an effective yield basis over the term of the loan. Commercial mortgage loans are considered past due when contractual payments have not been received from the borrower by the required payment date. “Impaired” loans are defined by U.S. GAAP as loans for which it is probable that the lender will be unable to collect all amounts due according to original contractual terms of the loan agreement. In determining whether it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due, we consider current payment status, debt service coverage ratios, occupancy levels and current loan-to-value. Impaired loans are carried on a non- accrual status. Loans are placed on non-accrual status when, in management’s opinion, the collection of principal or interest is unlikely, or when the collection of principal or interest is 90 days or more past due. Income on impaired loans is not recog- nized until the loan is sold or the cash received exceeds the carrying amount recorded. We evaluate the impairment of commercial mortgage loans first on an individual loan basis. If an individual loan is not deemed impaired, then we evaluate the remaining loans collec- tively to determine whether an impairment should be recorded. For individually impaired loans, we record an impairment charge when it is probable that a loss has been incurred. The impairment is recorded as an increase in the allowance for loan losses. All losses of principal are charged to the allowance for loan losses in the period in which the loan is deemed to be uncollectible. For loans that are not individually impaired where we evaluate the loans collectively, the allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level that we determine is adequate to absorb estimated probable incurred losses in the loan portfolio. Our process to determine the adequacy of the allowance utilizes an analytical model based on historical loss experience adjusted for current events, trends and economic conditions that would result in a loss in the loan portfolio over the next 12 months. Key inputs into our evaluation include debt service coverage ratios, loan-to-value, property-type, occupancy levels, geo- graphic region, and probability weighting of the scenarios gen- erated by the model. The actual amounts realized could differ in the near term from the amounts assumed in arriving at the allowance for loan losses reported in the consolidated financial statements. Additions and reductions to the allowance through periodic provisions or benefits are recorded in net investment gains (losses). For commercial mortgage loans classified as held-for-sale, each loan is carried at the lower of cost or market and is included in commercial mortgage loans in our consolidated balance sheets. See note 4 for additional disclosures related to commercial mortgage loans. g) Securities Lending Activity In the United States and Canada, we engage in certain securities lending transactions for the purpose of enhancing the yield on our investment securities portfolio. We maintain effec- tive control over all loaned securities and, therefore, continue to report such securities as fixed maturity securities on the con- solidated balance sheets. We are currently indemnified against counterparty credit risk by the intermediary. Under the securities lending program in the United States, the borrower is required to provide collateral, which can consist of cash or government securities, on a daily basis in amounts equal to or exceeding 102% of the applicable securities loaned. Currently, we only accept cash collateral from borrowers under the program. Cash collateral received by us on securities lend- ing transactions is reflected in other invested assets with an offsetting liability recognized in other liabilities for the obliga- tion to return the collateral. Any cash collateral received is reinvested by our custodian based upon the investment guide- lines provided within our agreement. In the United States, the is primarily invested in a money reinvested cash collateral market fund approved by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”), U.S. and foreign government secu- rities, U.S. government agency securities, asset-backed securities and corporate debt securities. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the fair value of securities loaned under our securities lending program in the United States was $288 million and $191 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the fair value of collateral held under our securities lend- ing program in the United States was $289 million and $187 million, respectively, and the offsetting obligation to return collateral of $299 million and $199 million, respectively, was included in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. 168 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K We did not have any non-cash collateral provided by the bor- rower in our securities lending program in the United States as of December 31, 2014 and 2013. Under our securities lending program in Canada, the borrower is required to provide collateral consisting of govern- ment securities on a daily basis in amounts equal to or exceed- ing 105% of the fair value of the applicable securities loaned. Securities received from counterparties as collateral are not recorded on our consolidated balance sheet given that the risk and rewards of ownership is not transferred from the counter- parties to us in the course of such transactions. Additionally, there was no cash collateral as cash collateral is not permitted as an acceptable form of collateral under the program. In Canada, the lending institution must be included on the approved Secu- rities Lending Borrowers List with the Canadian regulator and the intermediary must be rated at least “AA-” by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the fair value of securities loaned under our securities lending program in Canada was $371 million and $229 mil- lion, respectively. h) Repurchase Agreements We have a repurchase program in which we sell an invest- ment security at a specified price and agree to repurchase that security at another specified price at a later date. Repurchase agreements are treated as collateralized financing transactions and are carried at the amounts at which the securities will be subsequently reacquired, including accrued interest, as specified in the respective agreement. The market value of securities to be repurchased is monitored and collateral levels are adjusted where appropriate to protect the counterparty against credit exposure. Cash received is invested in fixed maturity securities. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the fair value of securities pledged under the repurchase program was $592 million and $890 million, respectively, and the repurchase obligation of $553 million and $919 million, respectively, was included in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. i) Cash and Cash Equivalents Certificates of deposit, money market funds and other time deposits with original maturities of 90 days or less are considered cash equivalents in the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of cash flows. Items with matur- ities greater than 90 days but less than one year at the time of acquisition are considered short-term investments. j) Deferred Acquisition Costs Acquisition costs include costs that are directly related to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance con- tracts. Acquisition costs are deferred and amortized to the extent they are recoverable from future profits. Long-Duration Contracts. Acquisition costs include commissions in excess of ultimate renewal commissions and for contracts issued, certain other costs such as underwriting, medical inspection and issuance expenses. DAC for traditional including, including term life and long-duration insurance contracts, long-term care insurance, is amortized as a level percentage of premiums based on assumptions, investment returns, health care experience (including type of care and cost of care), policyholder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next), insured life expectancy or longevity, insured mor- bidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates) and expenses, established when the contract issued. Amortization is adjusted each period to reflect actual lapse or termination rates. Amortization for deferred annuity and universal life insurance contracts is based on expected gross profits. Expected gross profits are adjusted quarterly to reflect actual experience to date or for changes in underlying assumptions relating to future gross profits. Estimates of gross profits for DAC amor- tization are based on assumptions including interest rates, poli- insured life expectancy or cyholder persistency or longevity and expenses. lapses, is Short-Duration Contracts. Acquisition costs primarily consist of commissions and premium taxes and are amortized ratably over the terms of the underlying policies. if life insurance contracts, We regularly review our assumptions and test DAC for least annually. For deferred annuity and recoverability at universal the present value of expected future gross profits is less than the unamortized DAC for a line of business, a charge to income is recorded for addi- tional DAC amortization. For traditional long-duration and short-duration contracts, if the benefit reserve plus anticipated future premiums and interest income for a line of business are less than the current estimate of future benefits and expenses (including any unamortized DAC), a charge to income is recorded for additional DAC amortization or for increased benefit reserves. See note 6 for additional information related to DAC including loss recognition and recoverability. k) Intangible Assets Present Value of Future Profits. In conjunction with the acquisition of a block of insurance policies or investment con- tracts, a portion of the purchase price is assigned to the right to receive future gross profits arising from existing insurance and investment contracts. This intangible asset, called PVFP, repre- sents the actuarially estimated present value of future cash flows from the acquired policies. PVFP is amortized, net of accreted interest, in a manner similar to the amortization of DAC. We regularly review our PVFP assumptions and periodi- cally test PVFP for recoverability similar to our treatment of DAC. See note 7 for additional information related to PVFP including loss recognition and recoverability. Deferred Sales Inducements to Contractholders. We defer sales inducements to contractholders for features on variable annuities that entitle the contractholder to an incremental amount to be credited to the account value upon making a deposit, and for fixed annuities with crediting rates higher than the contract’s expected ongoing crediting rates for periods after the inducement. Deferred sales inducements to contractholders Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 169 are reported as a separate intangible asset and amortized in benefits and other changes in policy reserves using the same methodology and assumptions used to amortize DAC. Other Intangible Assets. We amortize the costs of other intangibles over their estimated useful lives unless such lives are deemed indefinite. Amortizable intangible assets are tested for impairment based on undiscounted cash flows, which requires the use of estimates and judgment, and, if impaired, written down to fair value based on either discounted cash flows or appraised values. Intangible assets with indefinite lives are tested at least annually for impairment using a qualitative or quantita- tive assessment and are written down to fair value as required. l) Goodwill Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment annually or between annual tests if an event occurs or circum- stances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value. We are permitted to utilize a qualitative impairment assessment if the fair value of the reporting unit is not more likely than not lower than its carrying value. If a qualitative impairment assessment is not performed, we are required to determine the fair value of the reporting unit. The determination of fair value requires the use of estimates and judgment, at the “reporting unit” level. A reporting unit is the operating segment, or a business, one level below that operating segment (the “component” level) if dis- crete financial information is prepared and regularly reviewed by management at the component level. If the reporting unit’s fair value is below its carrying value, we must determine the amount of implied goodwill that would be established if the reporting unit was hypothetically purchased on the impairment assessment date. We recognize an impairment charge for any amount by which the carrying amount of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds the amount of implied goodwill. The determination of fair value for our reporting units is primarily based on an income approach whereby we use dis- counted cash flows for each reporting unit. When available and as appropriate, we use market approaches or other valuation techniques to corroborate discounted cash flow results. The discounted cash flow model used for each reporting unit is based on either operating income or statutory distributable income, depending on the reporting unit being valued. The cash flows used to determine fair value are dependent on a number of significant management assumptions based on our historical experience, our expectations of future perform- ance and expected economic environment. Our estimates are subject to change given the inherent uncertainty in predicting future performance and cash flows, which are impacted by such things as policyholder behavior, competitor pricing, new prod- uct introductions and specific industry and market conditions. Additionally, the discount rate used in our discounted cash flow approach is based on management’s judgment of the appropriate rate for each reporting unit based on the relative risk associated with the projected cash flows. See note 8 for additional information related to goodwill and impairments recorded. m) Reinsurance Premium revenue, benefits and acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, are reported net of the amounts relat- ing to reinsurance ceded to and assumed from other companies. Amounts due from reinsurers for incurred and estimated future claims are reflected in the reinsurance recoverable asset. Amounts received from reinsurers that represent recovery of acquisition costs are netted against DAC so that the net amount is capitalized. The cost of reinsurance is accounted for over the terms of the related treaties using assumptions con- sistent with those used to account for the underlying reinsured policies. Premium revenue, benefits and acquisition and operat- ing expenses, net of deferrals, for reinsurance contracts that do not qualify for reinsurance accounting are accounted for under the deposit method of accounting. n) Derivatives Derivative instruments are used to manage risk through one of four principal risk management strategies including: (i) liabilities; (ii) invested assets; (iii) portfolios of assets or liabilities; and (iv) forecasted transactions. On the date we enter into a derivative contract, manage- ment designates the derivative as a hedge of the identified exposure (fair value, cash flow or foreign currency). If a derivative does not qualify for hedge accounting, the changes in its fair value and all scheduled periodic settlement receipts and payments are reported in income. We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as our risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge trans- actions. In this documentation, we specifically identify the asset, liability or forecasted transaction that has been designated as a hedged item, state how the hedging instrument is expected to hedge the risks related to the hedged item, and set forth the method that will be used to retrospectively and prospectively assess the hedging instrument’s effectiveness and the method that will be used to measure hedge ineffectiveness. We generally determine hedge effectiveness based on total changes in fair value of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk and the total changes in fair value of the derivative instrument. We discontinue hedge accounting prospectively when: (i) it is determined that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of a hedged terminated or item; (ii) the derivative expires or is sold, exercised; the derivative is de-designated as a hedge instrument; or (iv) it is no longer probable that the forecasted transaction will occur. (iii) For all qualifying and highly effective cash flow hedges, the effective portion of changes in fair value of the derivative instrument is reported as a component of OCI. The ineffective portion of changes in fair value of the derivative instrument is 170 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K reported as a component of income. When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is probable that a forecasted transaction will not occur, the derivative continues to be carried in the consolidated balance sheets at its fair value, and gains and losses that were accumulated in OCI are recognized immediately in income. When the hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable, but is reasonably possible, the accumulated gain or loss remains in OCI and is recognized when the transaction affects income; however, prospective hedge accounting for the transaction is terminated. In all other situations in which hedge accounting is discontinued on a cash flow hedge, amounts pre- viously deferred in OCI are reclassified into income when income is impacted by the variability of the cash flow of the hedged item. For all qualifying and highly effective fair value hedges, the changes in fair value of the derivative instrument are reported in income. In addition, changes in fair value attributable to the hedged portion of the underlying instrument are reported in income. When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is determined that the derivative no longer qualifies as an effective fair value hedge, the derivative continues to be carried in the consolidated balance sheets at its fair value, but the hedged asset or liability will no longer be adjusted for changes in fair value. In all other situations in which hedge accounting is dis- continued, the derivative is carried at its fair value in the con- fair value solidated balance sheets, with changes recognized in current period income. in its We may enter into contracts that are not themselves derivative instruments but contain embedded derivatives. For each contract, we assess whether the economic characteristics of the embedded derivative are clearly and closely related to those of the host contract and determine whether a separate instru- ment with the same terms as the embedded instrument would meet the definition of a derivative instrument. If it is determined that the embedded derivative possesses economic characteristics that are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract, and that a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is separated from the host contract and accounted for as a stand-alone derivative. Such embedded derivatives are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value and are classified con- sistent with their host contract. Changes in their fair value are recognized in current period income. If we are unable to prop- erly identify and measure an embedded derivative for separa- tion from its host contract, the entire contract is carried in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in current period income. Changes in the fair value of non-qualifying derivatives, including embedded derivatives, changes in fair value of certain in fair value hedge derivatives and related hedged items relationships and hedge ineffectiveness on cash flow hedges are reported in net investment gains (losses). The majority of our derivative arrangements require the posting of collateral upon meeting certain net exposure thresholds. The amounts recognized for derivative counterparty collateral received by us was recorded in cash and cash equiv- alents with a corresponding amount recorded in other liabilities to represent our obligation to return the collateral retained by us. We also receive non-cash collateral that is not recognized in our balance sheet unless we exercise our right to sell or re- pledge the underlying asset. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the fair value of non-cash collateral received was $287 million and $70 million, respectively, and the underlying assets were not sold or re-pledged. Additionally, we have pledged $49 million and $394 million of fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. We have not pledged any cash as collateral to derivative counterparties. Fixed maturity securities that we pledge as collateral remain on our balance sheet within fixed maturity securities available-for-sale. Any cash collateral pledged to a derivative counterparty is der- ecognized with a receivable recorded in other assets for the right to receive our cash collateral back from the counterparty. o) Separate Accounts and Related Insurance Obligations Separate account assets represent funds for which the investment income and investment gains and losses accrue directly to the contractholders and are reflected in our con- solidated balance sheets at fair value, reported as summary total separate account assets with an equivalent summary total the con- reported for liabilities. Amounts assessed against tractholders for mortality, administrative and other services are included in revenues. Changes in liabilities for minimum guar- antees are included in benefits and other changes in policy reserves. Net investment income, net investment gains (losses) and the related liability changes associated with the separate account are offset within the same line item in the consolidated statements of income. There were no gains or losses on trans- fers of assets from the general account to the separate account. We offer certain minimum guarantees associated with our variable annuity contracts. Our variable annuity contracts usu- ally contain a basic guaranteed minimum death benefit (“GMDB”) which provides a minimum benefit to be paid upon the annuitant’s death equal to the larger of account value and the return of net deposits. Some variable annuity contracts permit contractholders to purchase through riders, at an addi- tional charge, enhanced death benefits such as the highest con- tract anniversary value (“ratchets”), accumulated net deposits at a stated rate (“rollups”), or combinations thereof. Additionally, some of our variable annuity contracts pro- vide the contractholder with living benefits such as a guaran- teed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”) or certain types of guaranteed annuitization benefits. The GMWB allows con- tractholders to withdraw a pre-defined percentage of account value or benefit base each year, either for a specified period of time or for life. The guaranteed annuitization benefit generally provides for a guaranteed minimum level of income upon annuitization accompanied by the potential for upside market participation. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 171 Most of our reserves for additional insurance and annuitiza- tion benefits are calculated by applying a benefit ratio to accu- mulated contractholder and then deducting assessments, accumulated paid claims. The benefit ratio is equal to the ratio of benefits to assessments, accumulated with interest and con- sidering both past and anticipated future experience. The pro- jections utilize stochastic scenarios of separate account returns incorporating reversion to the mean, as well as assumptions for mortality and lapses. Some of our minimum guarantees, mainly GMWBs, are accounted for as embedded derivatives; see notes 5 and 17 for additional information on these embedded derivatives and related fair value measurement disclosures. p) Insurance Reserves Future Policy Benefits The liability for future policy benefits is equal to the pres- ent value of expected benefits and expenses less the present value of expected future net premiums based on assumptions, including, investment returns, health care experience (including type of care and cost of care), policyholder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in- force from one period to the next), insured life expectancy or longevity, insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates) and expenses, all of which are locked-in at the time the policies are issued or acquired. Claim termination rates refer to the expected rates at which claims end. Benefit utilization rates estimate how much of the available policy benefits are expected to be used. The liability for future policy benefits is evaluated at least annually to determine if a premium deficiency exists. Loss recognition testing is generally performed at the line of business level, with acquired blocks and certain reinsured blocks tested separately. If the liability for future policy benefits plus the current present value of expected future premiums are less than the current present value of expected future benefits and expenses (including any unamortized DAC), a charge to income is recorded for accelerated DAC amortization and, if necessary, a premium deficiency reserve is established. If a charge is recorded, DAC amortization and the liability for future policy benefits are measured using updated assumptions, which become the new locked-in assumptions utilized going forward unless another premium deficiency charge is recorded. Our estimates of future premiums used in loss recognition test- ing for our long-term care insurance business include assump- tions for significant premium rate increases that have been filed and approved or are anticipated to be approved. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2014, estimates of future premiums also include significant anticipated (but not yet filed) future rate reductions. These anticipated future increases or benefit increases are based on our best estimate of the rate increases we expect to obtain, considering, among other factors, our histor- ical experience from prior rate increase approvals and based on our best estimate of expected claim costs. We are also required to accrue additional future policy benefit reserves when the overall reserve is adequate, but profits are projected in earlier years followed by losses projected in later years. When this pattern of profits followed by losses exists, we increase reserves in the profitable years by the amounts necessary to offset losses in later years. For long-term care insurance products, benefit reductions are treated as partial lapse of coverage with the balance of our future policy benefits and deferred acquisition costs both reduced in proportion to the reduced coverage. For level pre- mium term life insurance products, we floor the liability for future policy benefits on each policy at zero. significant Estimates and actuarial assumptions used for establishing the liability for future policy benefits and in loss recognition testing involve the exercise of judgment, and changes in assumptions or deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have material impacts on our liability for future policy benefits and net income (loss). Because these assumptions relate to factors that are not known in advance, change over time, are difficult to accurately predict and are inherently uncertain, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts we will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments. Small changes in assumptions or small devia- tions of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past have had, material impacts on our reserves, results of operations and financial condition. The risk that our claims experience may differ significantly from our pricing and valu- ation assumptions is particularly significant for our long-term care insurance products. Long-term care insurance policies provide for long-duration coverage and, therefore, our actual claims experience will emerge over many years after pricing and locked-in valuation assumptions have been established. Policyholder Account Balances The liability for policyholder account balances represents the contract value that has accrued to the benefit of the policy- holder as of the balance sheet date for investment-type and universal life insurance contracts. We are also required to estab- lish additional benefit reserves for guarantees or product fea- tures in addition to the contract value where the additional benefit reserves are calculated by applying a benefit ratio to accumulated contractholder assessments, and then deducting accumulated paid claims. The benefit ratio is equal to the ratio of benefits to assessments, accumulated with interest and con- sidering both past and anticipated future experience. Investment-type contracts are broadly defined to include significant mortality or morbidity risk. contracts without Payments received from sales of investment contracts are recognized by providing a liability equal to the current account value of the policyholders’ contracts. Interest rates credited to investment contracts are guaranteed for the initial policy term with renewal rates determined as necessary by management. 172 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K q) Liability for Policy and Contract Claims The liability for policy and contract claims, or claim reserves, represents the amount needed to provide for the estimated ultimate cost of settling claims relating to insured events that have occurred on or before the end of the respective reporting period. The estimated liability includes requirements for future payments of: (a) claims that have been reported to the insurer; (b) claims related to insured events that have occurred but that have not been reported to the insurer as of the date the liability is estimated; and (c) claim adjustment expenses. Claim adjustment expenses include costs incurred in the claim settlement process such as legal fees and costs to record, process and adjust claims. Our liability for policy and contract claims is reviewed regularly, with changes in our estimates of future claims recorded through net income (loss). Estimates and actuarial assumptions used for establishing the liability for policy and contract claims involve the exercise of significant judgment, and changes in assumptions or deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have material impacts on our liability for policy and contract claims and net income (loss). Because these assumptions relate to factors that are not known in advance, change over time, are difficult to accurately predict and are inherently uncertain, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts we will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments. Small changes in assumptions or small devia- tions of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past have had, material impacts on our reserves, results of operations and financial condition. The liability for policy and contract claims for our long- term care insurance products represents the present value of the amount needed to provide for the estimated ultimate cost of settling claims relating to insured events that have occurred on or before the end of the respective reporting period. Key assumptions include investment returns, health care experience (including type of care and cost of care), policyholder persis- tency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next), insured life expectancy or longevity, insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates) and expenses. Claim termination rates refer to the expected rates at which claims end. Benefit utilization rates estimate how much of the available policy benefits are expected to be used. Both claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates are influenced by, among other things, gender, age at claim, diagnosis, type of care needed, benefit period, and daily benefit amount. Because these assumptions relate to factors that are not known in advance, change over time, are difficult to accurately predict and are inherently uncertain, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts we will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments. Small changes in assumptions or small deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past have had, material impacts on our reserves, results of operations and financial condition. The liabilities for our mortgage insurance policies repre- sent our best estimates of the liabilities at the time based on known facts, trends and other external factors, including eco- nomic conditions, housing prices and employment rates. For our mortgage insurance policies, reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses are based on notices of mortgage loan defaults and estimates of defaults that have been incurred but have not been reported by loan servicers, using assumptions of claim rates for loans in default and the average amount paid for loans that result in a claim. As is common accounting practice in the mortgage insurance industry and in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we begin to provide for the ultimate claim pay- ment relating to a potential claim on a defaulted loan when the status of that loan first goes delinquent. Over time, as the status of the underlying delinquent loans move toward foreclosure and the likelihood of the associated claim loss increases, the amount of the loss reserves associated with the potential claims may also increase. Management considers the liability for policy and contract claims provided to be satisfactory to cover the losses that have occurred. Management monitors actual experience, and where circumstances warrant, will revise its assumptions. The meth- ods of determining such estimates and establishing the reserves are reviewed periodically and any adjustments are reflected in operations in the period in which they become known. Future developments may result in losses and loss expenses greater or less than the liability for policy and contract claims provided. r) Unearned Premiums For single premium insurance contracts, we recognize premiums over the policy life in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. We recognize a portion of the rev- enue in premiums earned in the current period, while the remaining portion is deferred as unearned premiums and earned over time in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. If single premium policies are cancelled and the premium is non-refundable, then the remaining unearned premium related to each cancelled policy is recognized to earned premiums upon notification of the cancellation. Expected pattern of risk emergence on which we base premium recognition is inherently judgmental and is based on actuarial analysis of historical experience. We periodically review our premium earnings recognition models with any adjustments to the estimates reflected in current period income. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, we updated our premium recognition factors for our international mortgage insurance business. These updates included the consideration of recent and projected loss experience, policy cancellation experience and refinement of actuarial methods. In 2014, 2013 and 2012, adjustments associated with this update resulted in an increase in earned premiums of $6 million, $12 million and $36 million, respectively. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 173 s) Stock-Based Compensation We determine a grant date fair value and recognize the related compensation expense, adjusted for expected forfeitures, through the income statement over the respective vesting period of the awards. t) Employee Benefit Plans We provide employees with a defined contribution pen- sion plan and recognize expense throughout the year based on the employee’s age, service and eligible pay. We make an annual contribution to the plan. We also provide employees with defined contribution savings plans. We recognize expense for our contributions to the savings plans at the time employees make contributions to the plans. Some employees participate in defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans. We recognize expense for these plans based upon actuarial valuations performed by external experts. We estimate aggregate benefits by using assumptions for employee turnover, future compensation increases, rates of return on pension plan assets and future health care costs. We recognize an expense for differences between actual experience and estimates over the average future service period of partic- ipants. We recognize the overfunded or underfunded status of a defined benefit plan as an asset or liability in our consolidated balance sheets and recognize changes in that funded status in the year in which the changes occur through OCI. u) Income Taxes We determine deferred tax assets and/or liabilities by multi- plying the differences between the financial reporting and tax reporting bases for assets and liabilities by the enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such differences are recovered or settled if there is no change in law. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets are estimated based on our assessment of the realizability of such amounts. We do not record U.S. deferred taxes on foreign income that we do not expect to remit or repatriate to U.S. corpo- rations within our consolidated group. Under U.S. GAAP, we are generally required to record U.S. deferred taxes on the anticipated repatriation of foreign income as the income is recognized for financial reporting purposes. An exception under certain accounting guidance permits us not to record a U.S. deferred tax liability for foreign income that we expect to reinvest in our foreign operations and for which remittance will be postponed indefinitely. If it becomes apparent that we can- not positively assert that some or all undistributed income will be invested in the foreseeable future, the related deferred taxes are In determining indefinite reinvestment, we regularly evaluate the capital needs of our domestic and foreign operations considering all available information, including operating and capital plans, regulatory capital requirements, parent company financing and cash flow needs, as well as the applicable tax laws to which our domestic and foreign subsidiaries are subject. Our estimates are based on recorded in that period. our historical experience and our expectation of future perform- ance. Our judgments and assumptions are subject to change given the inherent uncertainty in predicting future capital needs, which are impacted by such things as regulatory requirements, policyholder behavior, competitor pricing, new product introductions, and specific industry and market con- ditions. Effective with the period beginning January 1, 2011, our companies elected to file a single U.S. consolidated income tax return (the “life/non-life consolidated return”). The election was made with the filing of the first life/non-life consolidated return, which was filed in September 2012. All companies domesticated in the United States and our Bermuda and Guernsey subsidiaries which have elected to be taxed as U.S. domestic companies were included in the life/non-life con- solidated return as allowed by the tax law and regulations. The tax sharing agreement previously applicable only to the U.S. life insurance entities was terminated with the filing of the life/non- life consolidated return and those entities adopted the tax shar- ing agreement previously applicable to only the non-life entities (hereinafter the “life/non-life tax sharing agreement”). The two agreements were identical in all material respects. The life/non- life tax sharing agreement was provided to the appropriate state insurance regulators for approval. Intercompany balances relat- ing to the impacts of the life/non-life tax sharing agreement were settled with the insurance companies after approval was received from the insurance regulators. Intercompany balances under all agreements are settled at least annually. For years before 2011, our U.S. non-life insurance entities were included in the consolidated federal income tax return of Genworth and subject to a tax sharing arrangement that allocated tax on a separate company basis but provided benefit for current uti- lization of losses and credits. Also, our U.S. life insurance enti- ties filed a consolidated life insurance federal income tax return, and were subject to a separate tax sharing agreement, as approved by state insurance regulators, which allocated taxes on a separate company basis but provided benefit for current uti- lization of losses and credits. Our subsidiaries based in Bermuda and Guernsey are treated as U.S. insurance companies under provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, are included in the life/non-life consolidated return, and have adopted the life-non/life tax shar- ing agreement. Jurisdictions outside the United States in which our various subsidiaries incur significant taxes include Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. v) Foreign Currency Translation economic appropriate The determination of the functional currency is made based on the and management indicators. The assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Translation adjustments are included as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Revenues and expenses of the foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average rates of exchange 174 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K during the period of the transaction. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are reported in income and have not been material in any years presented in our consolidated statements of income. w) Variable Interest Entities We are involved in certain entities that are considered VIEs as defined under U.S. GAAP, and, accordingly, we eval- uate the VIE to determine whether we are the primary benefi- ciary and are required to consolidate the assets and liabilities of the entity. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the enterprise that has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impacts the VIE’s economic performance and has the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The determination of the primary beneficiary for a VIE can be complex and requires management judgment regarding the expected results of the entity and how those results are absorbed by beneficial interest holders, as well as which party has the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the performance of the VIEs. Our primary involvement related to VIEs includes securiti- zation transactions, certain investments and certain mortgage insurance policies. We have retained interests in VIEs where we are the serv- icer and transferor of certain assets that were sold to a newly for certain securitization trans- created VIE. Additionally, actions, we were the transferor of certain assets that were sold to a newly created VIE but did not retain any beneficial interest in the VIE other than acting as the servicer of the underlying assets. We hold investments in certain structures that are consid- ered VIEs. Our investments represent beneficial interests that are primarily in the form of structured securities or alternative investments. Our involvement in these structures typically represent a passive investment in the returns generated by the VIE and typically do not result in having significant influence over the economic performance of the VIE. We also provide mortgage insurance on certain residential mortgage loans originated and securitized by third parties using VIEs to issue mortgage-backed securities. While we provide mortgage insurance on the underlying loans, we do not typi- cally have any ongoing involvement with the VIE other than our mortgage insurance coverage and do not act in a servicing capacity for the underlying loans held by the VIE. See note 18 for additional information related to these consolidated entities. x) Accounting Changes Investment Companies On January 1, 2014, we adopted new accounting guidance on the scope, measurement and disclosure requirements for investment companies. The new guidance clarified the charac- teristics of an investment company, provided comprehensive guidance for assessing whether an entity is an investment company, required investment companies to measure non- controlling ownership interest in other investment companies at fair value rather than using the equity method of accounting and required additional disclosures. The adoption of this accounting guidance did not have any impact on our con- solidated financial statements. Benchmarking Interest Rates Used When Applying Hedge Accounting In July 2013, we adopted new accounting guidance to provide additional flexibility in the benchmark interest rates used when applying hedge accounting. The new guidance permits the use of the Federal Funds Effective Swap Rate as a benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes and removes certain restrictions on being able to apply hedge accounting for similar hedges using different benchmark inter- est rates. The adoption of this accounting guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial state- ments. Offsetting Assets And Liabilities On January 1, 2013, we adopted new accounting guidance for disclosures about offsetting assets and liabilities. This guid- ance requires an entity to disclose information about offsetting and related arrangements to enable users to understand the effect of those arrangements on its financial position. The adoption of this accounting guidance impacted our disclosures only and did not impact our consolidated results. Reclassification Of Items Out Of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income On January 1, 2013, we adopted new accounting guidance related to the presentation of the reclassification of items out of accumulated other comprehensive income into net income. The adoption of this accounting guidance impacted our dis- closures only and did not impact our consolidated results. Testing Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets For Impairment On October 1, 2012, we adopted new accounting guid- ance on testing indefinite-lived intangible assets for impair- ment. The new guidance permits the use of a qualitative assessment prior to, and potentially instead of, the quantitative for indefinite-lived intangible assets. The impairment adoption of this accounting guidance did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements. test Fair Value Measurements On January 1, 2012, we adopted new accounting guidance related to fair value measurements. This new accounting guid- ance clarified existing fair value measurement requirements and changed certain fair value measurement principles and dis- closure requirements. The adoption of this accounting guid- ance impacted our disclosures only and did not impact our consolidated results. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 175 Repurchase Agreements and Other Agreements On January 1, 2012, we adopted new accounting guidance related to repurchase agreements and other agreements that both entitle and obligate a transferor to repurchase or redeem financial assets before their maturity. The new guidance removed the requirement to consider a transferor’s ability to fulfill its contractual rights from the criteria used to determine effective control and was effective for us prospectively. The adoption of this accounting guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. y) Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued new accounting guidance related to measuring the financial assets and financial liabilities of a con- solidated collateralized financing entity. The guidance is intended to address the accounting for the measurement differ- ence between the fair value of financial assets and the fair value of financial liabilities of a collateralized financing entity. The new guidance provides an alternative whereby a reporting entity could measure the financial assets and financial liabilities of the collateralized financing entity in its consolidated finan- cial statements using the more observable of the fair val- ues. This guidance is effective for us on January 1, 2016, with early adoption permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. We plan to early adopt this new guidance during the first quarter of 2015 and do not expect any impact on our consolidated financial statements. In June 2014, the FASB issued new accounting guidance related to the accounting for repurchase-to-maturity trans- actions and repurchase financings, and added disclosure requirements for all repurchase agreements, securities lending transactions and repurchase-to-maturity transactions. The new guidance changes the accounting for repurchase-to-maturity transactions and repurchase financing such that they will be consistent with secured borrowing accounting. In addition, the guidance requires new disclosures for all repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions. We do not have repurchase- to-maturity transactions, but have repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions that will be subject to additional disclosures. These new requirements will be effective for us on January 1, 2015 and early adoption is not permitted. This new guidance will only impact our disclosures. In May 2014, the FASB issued new accounting guidance related to revenue from contracts with customers. The key principle of the new guidance is that entities should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for such goods or services. The guidance also includes disclosure requirements that provide information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. The guidance is effective for us on January 1, 2017 and early adoption is not permitted. Although insurance contracts are specifically excluded from this new guidance, we have minor services that may be subject to the new revenue recognition guidance. In addition, there is uncertainty whether mortgage insurance and investment contracts are subject to this new guidance, which could result in a significant change in revenue recognition for these contracts. As such, we are still in the process of evaluating the impact, if any, the guidance may have on our consolidated financial statements. In January 2014, the FASB issued new accounting guid- ance related to the accounting for investments in affordable housing projects that qualify for the low-income housing tax credit. The new guidance permits reporting entities to make an accounting policy election to account for investments in quali- fied affordable housing projects by amortizing the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax benefits received and recognize the net investment performance as a component of income tax expense (called the proportional amortization method) if certain conditions are met. The new guidance requires use of the equity method or cost method for invest- ments in qualified affordable housing projects not accounted for using the proportional amortization method. This new guidance will be effective for us and we will adopt the guidance on January 1, 2015. We do not expect this new guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated financial state- ments. 176 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K ( 3 ) E A R N I N G S ( L O S S ) P E R S H A R E Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share are calculated by dividing each income (loss) category presented below by the weighted-average basic and diluted common shares outstanding for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions, except per share amounts) Weighted-average common shares used in basic earnings (loss) per common share calculations Potentially dilutive securities: Stock options, restricted stock units and stock appreciation rights Weighted-average common shares used in diluted earnings (loss) per common share calculations (1) Income (loss) from continuing operations: Income (loss) from continuing operations Less: income from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Basic per common share Diluted per common share Income (loss) from discontinued operations: Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes Less: income from discontinued operations, net of taxes, attributable to noncontrolling interests Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes, available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Basic per common share Diluted per common share Net income (loss): Income (loss) from continuing operations Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Basic per common share Diluted per common share 2014 2013 2012 496.4 493.6 491.6 — 5.1 2.8 496.4 498.7 494.4 $(1,048) $ 726 154 196 $ 468 200 $(1,244) $ 572 $ 268 $ (2.51) $ 1.16 $ 0.55 $ (2.51) $ 1.15 $ 0.54 $ — $ (12) $ — — $ — $ (12) $ 57 — 57 $ — $ (0.02) $ 0.12 $ — $ (0.02) $ 0.12 $(1,048) $ 726 (12) — $ 468 57 (1,048) 196 714 154 525 200 $(1,244) $ 560 $ 325 $ (2.51) $ 1.13 $ 0.66 $ (2.51) $ 1.12 $ 0.66 (1) Under applicable accounting guidance, companies in a loss position are required to use basic weighted-average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share. Therefore, as a result of our loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2014, we were required to use basic weighted-average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share for the year ended December 31, 2014, as the inclusion of shares for stock options, restricted stock units and stock appreciation rights of 5.6 million would have been antidilutive to the calculation. If we had not incurred a loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2014, dilutive potential weighted- average common shares outstanding would have been 502.0 million. ( 4 ) I N V E S T M E N T S (a) Net Investment Income Sources of net investment income were as follows for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities—taxable Fixed maturity securities—non-taxable Commercial mortgage loans Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities (1) Equity securities Other invested assets (2) Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities (1) Policy loans Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments Gross investment income before expenses and fees Expenses and fees Net investment income 2014 2013 2012 $2,631 12 333 14 14 174 5 129 24 $2,642 9 335 23 17 185 4 129 20 $2,666 11 340 32 19 206 1 123 35 3,336 (94) 3,364 (93) 3,433 (90) $3,242 $3,271 $3,343 (1) See note 18 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. (2) Included in other invested assets was $8 million, $13 million and $21 million of net investment income related to trading securities for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 177 (b) Net Investment Gains (Losses) The following table sets forth net investment gains (losses) for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Available-for-sale securities: Realized gains Realized losses Net realized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities Impairments: Total other-than-temporary impairments Portion of other-than-temporary impairments included in other comprehensive income (loss) Net other-than-temporary impairments Trading securities Commercial mortgage loans Net gains (losses) related to securitization entities (1) Derivative instruments (2) Contingent consideration adjustment Other 2014 2013 2012 $ 74 $ 176 (184) (46) $ 172 (143) 28 (8) 29 (9) (16) (62) — (9) 39 11 16 (103) (2) — (9) (44) (25) (106) (23) 21 4 4 69 81 (49) 4 (6) — (5) — market or other unforeseen developments. In such instances, we sell securities in the ordinary course of managing our portfolio to meet diversification, credit quality, yield and liq- uidity requirements. If a loss is recognized from a sale sub- sequent to a balance sheet date due to these unexpected developments, the loss is recognized in the period in which we determined that we have the intent to sell the securities or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the secu- rities prior to recovery. The aggregate fair value of securities sold at a loss during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 was $873 million, $1,794 million and $1,491 million, respectively, which was approximately 95%, 91% and 92%, respectively, of book value. The following represents the activity for credit losses recog- nized in net income (loss) on debt securities where an other- than-temporary impairment was identified and a portion of other-than-temporary impairments was included in OCI as of and for the years ended December 31: Net investment gains (losses) $ (20) $ (37) $ 27 (Amounts in millions) (1) See note 18 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. (2) See note 5 for additional information on the impact of derivative instruments included in net investment gains (losses). We generally intend to hold securities in unrealized loss positions until they recover. However, from time to time, our intent on an individual security may change, based upon Beginning balance Additions: Other-than-temporary impairments not previously recognized Increases related to other-than- temporary impairments previously recognized Reductions: Securities sold, paid down or disposed Ending balance 2014 $101 2013 $ 387 2012 $ 646 1 1 4 11 16 55 (20) $ 83 (301) $ 101 (330) $ 387 (c) Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses Net unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investment securities reflected as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Net unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities: Fixed maturity securities Equity securities Other invested assets Subtotal Adjustments to DAC, PVFP, sales inducements and benefit reserves Income taxes, net Net unrealized investment gains (losses) Less: net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests 2014 2013 2012 $ 5,560 32 (2) 5,590 (1,656) (1,372) 2,562 109 $2,346 23 (4) 2,365 (869) (517) 979 53 $ 6,086 34 (8) 6,112 (1,925) (1,457) 2,730 92 Net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to Genworth Financial, Inc. $ 2,453 $ 926 $ 2,638 178 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The change in net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale investment securities reported in accumulated other compre- hensive income (loss) was as follows as of and for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Beginning balance Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period: Unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities Adjustment to DAC Adjustment to PVFP Adjustment to sales inducements Adjustment to benefit reserves Provision for income taxes Change in unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities Reclassification adjustments to net investment (gains) losses, net of taxes of $7, $(12) and $(27) Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) Less: change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests Ending balance 2014 2013 2012 $ 926 $ 2,638 $1,485 3,244 (172) (66) (15) (534) (862) 1,595 (12) 1,583 56 (3,780) 248 95 40 673 952 (1,772) 21 (1,751) (39) 2,318 (159) (6) (33) (424) (590) 1,106 50 1,156 3 $2,453 $ 926 $2,638 (d) Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities As of December 31, 2014, the amortized cost or cost, gross unrealized gains (losses) and fair value of our fixed maturity and equity securities classified as available-for-sale were as follows: (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises Tax-exempt Government—non-U.S. U.S. corporate Corporate—non-U.S. Residential mortgage-backed Commercial mortgage-backed Other asset-backed Total fixed maturity securities Equity securities Total available-for-sale securities Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Amortized cost or cost Not other-than- temporarily impaired Other-than- temporarily impaired Not other-than- temporarily impaired Other-than- temporarily impaired Fair value $ 5,006 347 1,952 24,251 14,214 4,881 2,564 3,735 56,950 253 $57,203 $ 995 29 156 3,017 1,015 362 143 23 5,740 36 $5,776 $— — — 20 — 15 4 1 40 — $40 $ (1) (14) (2) (88) (97) (17) (9) (54) (282) (7) $(289) $— $ 6,000 362 — — 2,106 — 27,200 — 15,132 5,240 (1) 2,702 — 3,705 — (1) — 62,447 282 $ (1) $62,729 As of December 31, 2013, the amortized cost or cost, gross unrealized gains (losses) and fair value of our fixed maturity and equity securities classified as available-for-sale were as follows: (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises Tax-exempt Government—non-U.S. U.S. corporate Corporate—non-U.S. Residential mortgage-backed Commercial mortgage-backed Other asset-backed Total fixed maturity securities Equity securities Total available-for-sale securities Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Amortized cost or cost Not other-than- temporarily impaired Other-than- temporarily impaired Not other-than- temporarily impaired Other-than- temporarily impaired Fair value $ 4,710 324 2,057 23,614 14,489 5,058 2,886 3,171 56,309 318 $56,627 $ 331 7 104 1,761 738 232 75 35 3,283 36 $3,319 $— — — 19 — 9 2 — 30 — $30 $(231) (36) (15) (359) (156) (70) (62) (57) (986) (13) $(999) $— $ 4,810 — 295 2,146 — — 25,035 — 15,071 5,225 (4) 2,898 (3) 3,149 — (7) — 58,629 341 $ (7) $58,970 179 The following table presents the gross unrealized losses and fair values of our investment securities, aggregated by investment type and length of time that individual investment securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of December 31, 2014: Less than 12 months 12 months or more Gross unrealized losses Fair value Number of securities Fair value Gross unrealized losses (1) Number of securities Fair value Total Gross unrealized losses (1) Number of securities (Dollar amounts in millions) Description of Securities Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises Tax-exempt Government—non-U.S. U.S. corporate Corporate—non-U.S. Residential mortgage-backed Commercial mortgage-backed Other asset-backed Subtotal, fixed maturity securities Equity securities $ — — 67 1,656 1,568 180 163 1,551 5,185 30 $ — — (1) (31) (69) (1) — (12) (114) (3) — $ — 18 240 239 24 21 215 75 111 22 1,359 515 254 362 487 3,185 48 $ (1) (14) (1) (57) (28) (17) (9) (42) (169) (4) Total for securities in an unrealized loss position $5,215 $(117) % Below cost—fixed maturity securities: <20% Below cost 20%-50% Below cost >50% Below cost Total fixed maturity securities % Below cost—equity securities: <20% Below cost 20%-50% Below cost Total equity securities Total for securities in an unrealized loss position Investment grade Below investment grade (2) Total for securities in an unrealized loss position $5,148 37 — 5,185 26 4 30 $5,215 $4,623 592 $5,215 $(103) (11) — (114) (2) (1) (3) $(117) $ (75) (42) $(117) 757 46 803 753 4 — 757 40 6 46 803 675 128 803 $3,233 $(173) $3,054 131 — 3,185 48 — 48 $3,233 $2,936 297 $3,233 $(115) (53) (1) (169) (4) — (4) $(173) $(146) (27) $(173) 10 10 4 210 70 90 49 55 498 6 504 477 15 6 498 6 — 6 504 431 73 504 $ 75 111 89 3,015 2,083 434 525 2,038 8,370 78 $ (1) (14) (2) (88) (97) (18) (9) (54) (283) (7) $8,448 $(290) $8,202 168 — 8,370 74 4 78 $8,448 $7,559 889 $8,448 $(218) (64) (1) (283) (6) (1) (7) $(290) $(221) (69) $(290) 10 10 22 450 309 114 70 270 1,255 52 1,307 1,230 19 6 1,255 46 6 52 1,307 1,106 201 1,307 (1) Amounts included $1 million of unrealized losses on other-than-temporarily impaired securities. (2) Amounts that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more included $1 million of unrealized losses on other-than-temporarily impaired securities. As indicated in the table above, the majority of the secu- rities in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months were investment grade and less than 20% below cost. These unrealized losses were primarily attributable to lower credit ratings since acquisition for corporate securities across various industry sectors and an increase in U.S. Treas- ury yields since these securities were purchased. For securities that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months, the average fair value percentage below cost was approximately 2% as of December 31, 2014. Fixed Maturity Securities In A Continuous Unrealized Loss Position For 12 Months Or More Of the $115 million of unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities in a continuous unrealized loss for 12 months or more that were less than 20% below cost, the weighted- average rating was “A-” and approximately 86% of the unreal- ized losses were related to investment grade securities as of December 31, 2014. These unrealized losses were attributable to the lower credit ratings for these securities since acquisition, primarily associated with corporate securities in the finance and insurance and utilities and energy sectors and structured securities, in addition to U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises securities resulting from an increase in U.S. Treasury yields since these securities were purchased. The average fair value percentage below cost for these securities was approximately 4% as of December 31, 2014. See below for additional discussion related to fixed maturity securities that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more with a fair value that was more than 20% below cost. 180 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The following tables present the concentration of gross unrealized losses and fair values of fixed maturity securities that were more than 20% below cost and in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more by asset class as of December 31, 2014: (Dollar amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: Tax-exempt U.S. corporate Structured securities: Residential mortgage-backed Other asset-backed Total structured securities Total (Dollar amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: U.S. corporate Corporate—non-U.S. Structured securities: Residential mortgage-backed Other asset-backed Total structured securities Total Investment Grade 20% to 50% Gross unrealized losses % of total gross unrealized losses Number of securities Fair value Greater than 50% Gross unrealized losses % of total gross unrealized losses Number of securities Fair value $ 10 25 5 71 76 $ (3) (10) (4) (26) (30) 1% 3 1 9 10 $111 $(43) 14% 1 1 3 4 7 9 $— — — — — $— $— — — — — $— —% — — — — —% — — — — — — Below Investment Grade 20% to 50% Gross unrealized losses Fair value % of total gross unrealized losses Number of securities Fair value Greater than 50% Gross unrealized losses % of total gross unrealized losses Number of securities $ 8 3 — 9 9 $ (2) (2) — (6) (6) 1% 1 — 2 2 $20 $(10) 4% 1 1 — 4 4 6 $— — — — — $— $— — (1) — (1) $ (1) —% — — — — —% — — 6 — 6 6 For all securities in an unrealized loss position, we expect to recover the amortized cost based on our estimate of the amount and timing of cash flows to be collected. We do not intend to sell nor do we expect that we will be required to sell these securities prior to recovering our amortized cost. See below for further discussion of gross unrealized losses by asset class. Structured Securities Of the $37 million of unrealized losses related to struc- tured securities that have been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or more and were more than 20% below cost, $1 million related to other-than-temporarily impaired secu- rities where the unrealized losses represented the portion of the other-than-temporary impairment recognized in OCI. The extent and duration of the unrealized loss position on our structured securities was primarily due to credit spreads that have widened since acquisition. Additionally, the fair value of certain structured securities has been impacted from high risk premiums being incorporated into the valuation as a result of the amount of potential losses that may be absorbed by the security in the event of additional deterioration in the U.S. economy. While we considered the length of time each security had been in an unrealized loss position, the extent of the unrealized loss position and any significant declines in fair value sub- sequent to the balance sheet date in our evaluation of impair- ment for each of these individual securities, the primary factor in our evaluation of impairment is the expected performance for each of these securities. Our evaluation of expected per- formance is based on the historical performance of the asso- ciated securitization trust as well as the historical performance of the underlying collateral. Our examination of the historical performance of the securitization trust included consideration of the following factors for each class of securities issued by the trust: i) the payment history, including failure to make sched- uled payments; ii) current payment status; iii) current and levels of sub- historical outstanding balances; ordination and losses incurred to date; and v) characteristics of the underlying collateral. Our examination of the historical iv) current Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 181 performance of the underlying collateral included: i) historical default rates, delinquency rates, voluntary and involuntary prepayments and severity of losses, including recent trends in this information; iii) loan to collateral value ratios, as applicable; iv) vintage; and v) other underlying characteristics such as current financial condition. ii) current payment status; We used our assessment of the historical performance of both the securitization trust and the underlying collateral for each security, along with third-party sources, when available, to develop our best estimate of cash flows expected to be col- lected. These estimates reflect projections for future delin- quencies, prepayments, defaults and losses for the assets that collateralize the securitization trust and are used to determine the expected cash flows for our security, based on the payment structure of the trust. Our projection of expected cash flows is primarily based on the expected performance of the underlying assets that collateralize the securitization trust and is not directly impacted by the rating of our security. While we con- sider the rating of the security as an indicator of the financial condition of the issuer, this factor does not have a significant impact on our expected cash flows for each security. In limited include expected circumstances, our expected cash flows payments from reliable financial guarantors where we believe the financial guarantor will have sufficient assets to pay claims under the financial guarantee when the cash flows from the securitization trust are not sufficient to make scheduled pay- ments. We then discount the expected cash flows using the effective yield of each security to determine the present value of expected cash flows. Based on this evaluation, the present value of expected cash flows was greater than or equal to the amortized cost for each security. Accordingly, we determined that the unrealized losses on each of our structured securities represented tempo- rary impairments as of December 31, 2014. Despite the considerable analysis and rigor employed on our structured securities, it is at least reasonably possible that the underlying collateral of these investments will perform worse than current market expectations. Such events may lead to adverse changes in cash flows on our holdings of structured securities and future write-downs within our portfolio of struc- tured securities. 182 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The following table presents the gross unrealized losses and fair values of our investment securities, aggregated by investment type and length of time that individual investment securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of December 31, 2013: Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total Gross unrealized losses Fair value Number of securities Fair value Gross unrealized losses (1) Number of securities Gross unrealized losses (1) Fair value Number of securities (Dollar amounts in millions) Description of Securities Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises Tax-exempt Government—non-U.S. U.S. corporate Corporate—non-U.S. Residential mortgage-backed Commercial mortgage-backed Other asset-backed Subtotal, fixed maturity securities Equity securities $ 796 82 479 4,774 3,005 1,052 967 1,089 12,244 95 $(109) (3) (15) (260) (127) (55) (42) (17) (628) (13) 32 26 60 707 379 139 107 133 1,583 41 $ 335 97 — 663 287 157 370 145 2,054 — $(122) (33) — (99) (29) (19) (23) (40) (365) — Total for securities in an unrealized loss position $12,339 $(641) 1,624 $2,054 $(365) % Below cost—fixed maturity securities: <20% Below cost 20%-50% Below cost >50% Below cost Total fixed maturity securities % Below cost—equity securities: <20% Below cost 20%-50% Below cost Total equity securities Total for securities in an unrealized loss position Investment grade Below investment grade (2) Total for securities in an unrealized loss position $12,009 235 — 12,244 87 8 95 $12,339 $11,896 443 $12,339 $(547) (81) — (628) (11) (2) (13) $(641) $(616) (25) $(641) 1,571 12 — 1,583 $1,575 466 13 2,054 40 1 41 — — — 1,624 $2,054 1,515 109 $1,631 423 1,624 $2,054 $(163) (187) (15) (365) — — — $(365) $(315) (50) $(365) 13 9 — 82 34 92 62 17 309 — 309 238 51 20 309 — — — 309 208 101 309 $ 1,131 179 479 5,437 3,292 1,209 1,337 1,234 14,298 95 $ (231) (36) (15) (359) (156) (74) (65) (57) (993) (13) $14,393 $(1,006) $13,584 701 13 14,298 $ (710) (268) (15) (993) 87 8 95 (11) (2) (13) $14,393 $(1,006) $13,527 866 $ (931) (75) $14,393 $(1,006) 45 35 60 789 413 231 169 150 1,892 41 1,933 1,809 63 20 1,892 40 1 41 1,933 1,723 210 1,933 (1) Amounts included $7 million of unrealized losses on other-than-temporarily impaired securities. (2) Amounts that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more included $7 million of unrealized losses on other-than-temporarily impaired securities. The scheduled maturity distribution of fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2014 is set forth below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. (Amounts in millions) Due one year or less Due after one year through five years Due after five years through ten years Due after ten years Subtotal Residential mortgage-backed Commercial mortgage-backed Other asset-backed Total Amortized cost or cost $ 2,307 10,858 11,888 20,717 45,770 4,881 2,564 3,735 Fair value $ 2,326 11,410 12,496 24,568 50,800 5,240 2,702 3,705 $56,950 $62,447 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 183 As of December 31, 2014, $6,713 million of our invest- ments (excluding mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities) were subject to certain call provisions. As of December 31, 2014, securities issued by utilities and energy, finance and insurance, and consumer—non-cyclical industry groups represented approximately 24%, 19% and 12%, respectively, of our domestic and foreign corporate fixed maturity securities portfolio. No other industry group com- prised more than 10% of our investment portfolio. This portfolio is widely diversified among various geographic regions in the United States and internationally, and is not dependent on the economic stability of one particular region. As of December 31, 2014, we did not hold any fixed maturity securities in any single issuer, other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, which exceeded 10% of stockholders’ equity. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, $49 million and $50 million, respectively, of securities were on deposit with various state or foreign government insurance departments in order to comply with relevant insurance regulations. (e) Commercial Mortgage Loans Our mortgage loans are collateralized by commercial properties, including multi-family residential buildings. The carrying value of commercial mortgage loans is stated at origi- nal cost net of principal payments, amortization and allowance for loan losses. We diversify our commercial mortgage loans by both property type and geographic region. The following tables set forth the distribution across property type and geographic region for commercial mortgage loans as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Property type: Retail Office Industrial Apartments Mixed use/other Subtotal 2014 2013 Carrying value % of total Carrying value % of total $2,150 1,643 1,597 494 239 35% $2,073 1,558 27 1,581 26 491 8 229 4 35% 26 27 8 4 6,123 100% 5,932 100% Unamortized balance of loan origination fees and costs Allowance for losses Total (1) (22) — (33) $6,100 $5,899 (Amounts in millions) Geographic region: South Atlantic Pacific Middle Atlantic Mountain East North Central West North Central West South Central New England East South Central Subtotal 2014 2013 Carrying value % of total Carrying value % of total $1,673 1,636 826 536 397 382 268 264 141 27% $1,535 1,590 27 828 14 478 9 404 7 377 6 241 4 337 4 142 2 26% 27 14 8 7 6 4 6 2 6,123 100% 5,932 100% Unamortized balance of loan origination fees and costs Allowance for losses Total (1) (22) — (33) $6,100 $5,899 The following tables set forth the aging of past due commercial mortgage loans by property type as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Property type: Retail Office Industrial Apartments Mixed use/other Total recorded investment % of total commercial mortgage loans 31 - 60 days past due 61 - 90 days past due Greater than 90 days past due Total past due Current Total 2014 $— — — — — $— $— — — — — $— $— 6 2 — — $ 8 $— $2,150 1,637 1,595 494 239 6 2 — — $2,150 1,643 1,597 494 239 $ 8 $6,115 $6,123 —% —% —% —% 100% 100% 184 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K (Amounts in millions) Property type: Retail Office Industrial Apartments Mixed use/other Total recorded investment % of total commercial mortgage loans As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we had no commer- cial mortgage loans that were past due for more than 90 days and still accruing interest. We also did not have any commer- cial mortgage loans that were past due for less than 90 days on non-accrual status as of December 31, 2014 and 2013. We evaluate the impairment of commercial mortgage loans on an individual loan basis. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, our commercial mortgage loans greater than 90 days past due included loans with appraised values in excess of the recorded investment and the current recorded investment of these loans was expected to be recoverable. During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, we modified or extended 28 and 33 commercial mortgage loans, respectively, with a total carrying value of $254 million and $165 million, respectively. All of these modifications or extensions were based on current market interest rates, did not result in any forgiveness in the outstanding principal amount owed by the borrower and were not considered troubled debt restructurings. The following table sets forth the allowance for credit losses and recorded investment in commercial mortgage loans as of or for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Allowance for credit losses: Beginning balance Charge-offs Recoveries Provision Ending balance Ending allowance for individually impaired loans Ending allowance for loans not individually impaired that were evaluated collectively for impairment Recorded investment: Ending balance 2014 2013 2012 $ $ 33 (1) — (10) $ 22 $ 42 (2) — (7) 33 $ $ 51 (2) — (7) 42 $ — $ — $ — $ 22 $ 33 $ 42 $6,123 $5,932 $5,912 Ending balance of individually impaired loans $ 15 $ 2 $ — Ending balance of loans not individually impaired that were evaluated collectively for impairment $6,108 $5,930 $5,912 31 - 60 days past due 61 - 90 days past due Greater than 90 days past due Total past due Current Total 2013 $— — 2 — 1 $ 3 $— — 2 — — $ 2 $10 6 16 — — $32 $10 6 20 — 1 $37 $2,063 1,552 1,561 491 228 $2,073 1,558 1,581 491 229 $5,895 $5,932 —% —% 1% 1% 99% 100% As of December 31, 2014, we had individually impaired commercial mortgage loans included within the industrial property type with a recorded investment of $15 million, an unpaid principal balance of $16 million, charge-offs of $1 million and an average recorded investment of $15 million. As of December 31, 2013, we had individually impaired commercial mortgage loans included within the retail property type with a recorded investment of $2 million, an unpaid principal balance of $3 million, charge-offs of $1 million and an average recorded investment of $2 million. In evaluating the credit quality of commercial mortgage loans, we assess the performance of the underlying loans using both quantitative and qualitative criteria. Certain risks asso- ciated with commercial mortgage loans can be evaluated by reviewing both the loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratio to understand both the probability of the borrower not being able to make the necessary loan payments as well as the ability to sell the underlying property for an amount that would enable us to recover our unpaid principal balance in the event of default by the borrower. The average loan-to-value ratio is based on our most recent estimate of the fair value for the underlying property which is evaluated at least annually and updated more frequently if necessary to better indicate risk associated with the loan. A lower loan-to-value indicates that our loan value is more likely to be recovered in the event of default by the borrower if the property was sold. The debt service coverage ratio is based on “normalized” annual net operating income of the property compared to the payments required under the terms of the loan. Normalization allows for the removal of annual one-time events such as capital expenditures, prepaid or late real estate tax payments or non- recurring third-party fees (such as legal, consulting or contract fees). This ratio is evaluated at least annually and updated more frequently if necessary to better indicate risk associated with the loan. A higher debt service coverage ratio indicates the borrower is less likely to default on the loan. The debt service coverage ratio should not be used without considering other factors associated with the borrower, such as the borrow- er’s liquidity or access to other resources that may result in our expectation that the borrower will continue to make the future scheduled payments. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 185 The following tables set forth the loan-to-value of commercial mortgage loans by property type as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Property type: Retail Office Industrial Apartments Mixed use/other Total recorded investment % of total Weighted-average debt service coverage ratio 2014 0% - 50% 51% - 60% 61% - 75% 76% - 100% $ 671 383 451 211 45 $1,761 $ 419 278 285 76 43 $1,101 $ 967 782 778 199 145 $2,871 $ 75 164 60 8 6 $ 313 Greater than 100% (1) $ 18 36 23 — — $ 77 Total $2,150 1,643 1,597 494 239 $6,123 29% 2.27 18% 1.75 47% 1.61 5% 1.02 1% 100% 0.72 1.78 (1) Included $15 million of impaired loans, $6 million of loans past due and not individually impaired and $56 million of loans in good standing, where borrowers con- tinued to make timely payments, with a total weighted-average loan-to-value of 120%. (Amounts in millions) Property type: Retail Office Industrial Apartments Mixed use/other Total recorded investment % of total Weighted-average debt service coverage ratio 2013 0% - 50% 51% - 60% 61% - 75% 76% - 100% $ 596 397 430 201 71 $1,695 28% 2.14 $ 336 191 237 86 36 $ 886 15% 1.79 $1,024 716 748 176 110 $2,774 47% 1.66 Greater than 100% (1) $ 22 63 20 1 — $ 106 Total $2,073 1,558 1,581 491 229 $5,932 $ 95 191 146 27 12 $ 471 8% 1.03 2% 100% 0.63 1.75 (1) Included $2 million of impaired loans, $5 million of loans past due and not individually impaired and $99 million of loans in good standing, where borrowers con- tinued to make timely payments, with a total weighted-average loan-to-value of 119%. The following tables set forth the debt service coverage ratio for fixed rate commercial mortgage loans by property type as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Property type: Retail Office Industrial Apartments Mixed use/other Total recorded investment % of total Weighted-average loan-to-value 2014 Less than 1.00 1.00 - 1.25 1.26 - 1.50 1.51 - 2.00 $ 80 119 158 1 6 $364 6% 77% $253 101 142 48 1 $545 9% 64% $ 524 247 246 88 61 $1,166 $ 870 780 706 186 135 $2,677 19% 64% 44% 59% 22% 45% 100% 59% Greater than 2.00 $ 423 389 343 171 36 $1,362 Total $2,150 1,636 1,595 494 239 $6,114 186 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K (Amounts in millions) Property type: Retail Office Industrial Apartments Mixed use/other Total recorded investment % of total Weighted-average loan-to-value 2013 Less than 1.00 1.00 - 1.25 1.26 - 1.50 1.51 - 2.00 $106 131 195 3 16 $451 8% 80% $314 181 100 31 9 $635 11% 68% $ 374 225 270 107 32 $1,008 $ 779 637 721 187 106 $2,430 17% 63% 42% 60% 22% 43% 100% 59% Greater than 2.00 $ 399 376 295 163 66 $1,299 Total $1,972 1,550 1,581 491 229 $5,823 As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we had floating rate commercial mortgage loans of $9 million and $109 million, respectively. (f) Restricted Commercial Mortgage Loans Related To Securitization Entities We have a consolidated securitization entity that holds commercial mortgage loans that are recorded as restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities. See note 18 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. (g) Restricted Other Invested Assets Related To Securitization Entities We have consolidated securitization entities that hold certain investments restricted other that are recorded as invested assets related to securitization entities. The con- solidated securitization entities hold certain investments as trading securities whereby the changes in fair value are recorded in current period income (loss). The trading secu- rities comprise asset-backed securities, including residual inter- est in certain policy loan securitization entities and highly rated bonds that are primarily backed by credit card receiv- ables. See note 18 for additional information related to con- solidated securitization entities. ( 5 ) D E R I V A T I V E I N S T R U M E N T S Our business activities routinely deal with fluctuations in interest rates, equity prices, currency exchange rates and other asset and liability prices. We use derivative instruments to mitigate or reduce certain of these risks. We have established policies for managing each of these risks, including prohib- itions on derivatives market-making and other speculative derivatives activities. These policies require the use of derivative instruments in concert with other techniques to reduce or mitigate these risks. While we use derivatives to mitigate or reduce risks, certain derivatives do not meet the accounting requirements to be designated as hedging instru- ments and are denoted as “derivatives not designated as hedges” in the following disclosures. For derivatives that meet the accounting requirements to be designated as hedges, the following disclosures for these derivatives are denoted as “derivatives designated as hedges,” which include both cash flow and fair value hedges. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 187 The following table sets forth our positions in derivative instruments as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Derivatives designated as hedges Cash flow hedges: Interest rate swaps Inflation indexed swaps Foreign currency swaps Forward bond purchase commitments Total cash flow hedges Fair value hedges: Interest rate swaps Total fair value hedges Total derivatives designated as hedges Derivatives not designated as hedges Interest rate swaps Interest rate swaps related to securitization entities (1) Credit default swaps Credit default swaps related to securitization entities (1) Foreign currency swaps Equity index options Financial futures Equity return swaps Other foreign currency contracts GMWB embedded derivatives Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives Indexed universal life embedded derivatives Total derivatives not designated as hedges Total derivatives Derivative assets Derivative liabilities Balance sheet classification Fair value 2014 2013 Balance sheet classification Fair value 2014 2013 Other invested assets Other invested assets Other invested assets Other invested assets Other invested assets $ 639 — 6 — 645 — — 645 $121 — 4 — 125 1 1 126 Other liabilities Other liabilities Other liabilities Other liabilities Other liabilities $ 27 42 — — 69 — — 69 Other invested assets 452 314 Other liabilities 177 Restricted other invested assets Other invested assets — 4 — 11 Other liabilities Other liabilities Restricted other invested assets Other invested assets Other invested assets Other invested assets Other invested assets Other invested assets Reinsurance recoverable (2) Other assets Reinsurance recoverable — — 17 — — 14 13 — — 500 $1,145 — — 12 — — 8 (1) — — 344 $470 Other liabilities Other liabilities Other liabilities Other liabilities Other liabilities Other liabilities Policyholder account balances (3) Policyholder account balances (4) Policyholder account balances (5) 26 — 17 7 — — 1 13 291 276 7 815 $884 $569 60 2 13 644 — — 644 6 16 — 32 — — — 1 4 96 143 — 298 $942 (1) See note 18 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. (2) Represents embedded derivatives associated with the reinsured portion of our GMWB liabilities. (3) Represents the embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities, excluding the impact of reinsurance. (4) Represents the embedded derivatives associated with our fixed index annuity liabilities. (5) Represents the embedded derivatives associated with our indexed universal life liabilities. 188 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The fair value of derivative positions presented above was not offset by the respective collateral amounts received or provided under these agreements. The activity associated with derivative instruments can generally be measured by the change in notional value over the periods presented. However, for GMWB, fixed index annuity embedded derivatives and indexed universal life embedded derivatives, the change between periods is best illustrated by the number of policies. The following tables represent activity associated with derivative instruments as of the dates indicated: (Notional in millions) Derivatives designated as hedges Cash flow hedges: Interest rate swaps Inflation indexed swaps Foreign currency swaps Forward bond purchase commitments Total cash flow hedges Fair value hedges: Interest rate swaps Total fair value hedges Total derivatives designated as hedges Derivatives not designated as hedges Interest rate swaps Interest rate swaps related to securitization entities (1) Credit default swaps Credit default swaps related to securitization entities (1) Equity index options Financial futures Equity return swaps Foreign currency swaps Other foreign currency contracts Total derivatives not designated as hedges Total derivatives Measurement December 31, 2013 Additions Maturities/ terminations December 31, 2014 Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional $13,926 561 35 237 14,759 6 6 14,765 4,822 91 639 312 777 1,260 110 — 487 8,498 $ — 15 — — 15 — — 15 508 — 5 — 1,276 5,723 231 104 788 8,635 $ (1,965) (5) — (237) (2,207) (6) (6) $11,961 571 35 — 12,567 — — (2,213) 12,567 (256) (14) (250) — (1,059) (5,652) (233) — (850) (8,314) 5,074 77 394 312 994 1,331 108 104 425 8,819 $23,263 $8,650 $(10,527) $21,386 (1) See note 18 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. (Number of policies) Derivatives not designated as hedges GMWB embedded derivatives Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives Indexed universal life embedded derivatives Measurement December 31, 2013 Additions Maturities/ terminations December 31, 2014 Policies Policies Policies 42,045 7,705 29 — 6,436 394 (3,030) (240) (2) 39,015 13,901 421 Cash Flow Hedges Certain derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges. The changes in fair value of these instruments are recorded as a component of OCI. We designate and account for the following as cash flow hedges when they have met the effectiveness requirements: (i) various types of interest rate swaps to convert floating rate investments to fixed rate invest- ments; (ii) various types of interest rate swaps to convert float- ing rate liabilities into fixed rate liabilities; (iii) receive U.S. dollar fixed on foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency cash flow exposure of foreign currency denominated investments; (iv) forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge against changes in interest rates associated with future fixed rate bond purchases and/or interest income; (v) forward bond purchase commitments to hedge against the variability in the anticipated cash flows required to purchase future fixed rate bonds; and (vi) other instruments to hedge the cash flows of various forecasted transactions. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 189 The following table provides information about the pre-tax income (loss) effects of cash flow hedges for the year ended December 31, 2014: (Amounts in millions) Interest rate swaps hedging assets Interest rate swaps hedging assets Interest rate swaps hedging liabilities Inflation indexed swaps Foreign currency swaps Forward bond purchase commitments Total Gain (loss) recognized in OCI Gain (loss) reclassified into net income (loss) from OCI Classification of gain (loss) reclassified into net income (loss) Gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) (1) Classification of gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) $1,229 — (69) 17 4 34 $1,215 $63 Net investment income 2 Net investment gains (losses) Interest expense 1 Net investment income (9) — Interest expense Net investment income — $15 Net investment gains (losses) — Net investment gains (losses) — Net investment gains (losses) — Net investment gains (losses) — Net investment gains (losses) — Net investment gains (losses) $57 $15 (1) Represents ineffective portion of cash flow hedges as there were no amounts excluded from the measurement of effectiveness. The following table provides information about the pre-tax income (loss) effects of cash flow hedges for the year ended December 31, 2013: (Amounts in millions) Interest rate swaps hedging assets Interest rate swaps hedging assets Interest rate swaps hedging liabilities Inflation indexed swaps Foreign currency swaps Forward bond purchase commitments Total Gain (loss) recognized in OCI Gain (loss) reclassified into net income (loss) from OCI Classification of gain (loss) reclassified into net income (loss) Gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) (1) Classification of gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) $(892) — 42 45 (1) (60) $(866) $47 Net investment income 1 Net investment gains (losses) 2 Interest expense Net investment income (5) Interest expense — Net investment income — $(14) Net investment gains (losses) — Net investment gains (losses) — Net investment gains (losses) — Net investment gains (losses) — Net investment gains (losses) — Net investment gains (losses) $45 $(14) (1) Represents ineffective portion of cash flow hedges, as there were no amounts excluded from the measurement of effectiveness. The following table provides information about the pre-tax income (loss) effects of cash flow hedges for the year ended December 31, 2012: (Amounts in millions) Interest rate swaps hedging assets Interest rate swaps hedging assets Interest rate swaps hedging liabilities Inflation indexed swaps Foreign currency swaps Forward bond purchase commitments Total Gain (loss) recognized in OCI Gain (loss) reclassified into net income (loss) from OCI Classification of gain (loss) reclassified into net income (loss) Gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) (1) Classification of gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) $ (74) — — (58) 3 14 $(115) $40 Net investment income 2 Net investment gains (losses) Interest expense 2 Net investment income (9) — Interest expense Net investment income — $(12) Net investment gains (losses) — Net investment gains (losses) — Net investment gains (losses) — Net investment gains (losses) — Net investment gains (losses) — Net investment gains (losses) $35 $(12) (1) Represents ineffective portion of cash flow hedges, as there were no amounts excluded from the measurement of effectiveness. The following table provides a reconciliation of current period changes, net of applicable income taxes, for these designated derivatives presented in the separate component of stockholders’ equity labeled “derivatives qualifying as hedges,” for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Derivatives qualifying as effective accounting hedges as of January 1 Current period increases (decreases) in fair value, net of deferred taxes of $(427), $305 and $38 Reclassification to net (income) loss, net of deferred taxes of $20, $16 and $12 Derivatives qualifying as effective accounting hedges as of December 31 2014 2013 2012 $1,319 788 (37) $2,070 $1,909 (561) (29) $1,319 $2,009 (77) (23) $1,909 190 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The total of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges of $2,070 million, net of taxes, recorded in stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2014 is expected to be reclassified to net income (loss) in the future, concurrently with and primarily offsetting changes in interest expense and interest income on floating rate instruments and interest income on future fixed rate bond purchases. Of this amount, $57 million, net of taxes, is expected to be reclassified to net income (loss) in the next 12 months. Actual amounts may vary from this amount as a result of market conditions. All forecasted transactions associated with qualifying cash flow hedges are expected to occur by 2047. There were immaterial amounts reclassified to net income (loss) during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 in connection with forecasted transactions that were no longer considered probable of occurring. Fair Value Hedges Certain derivative instruments are designated as fair value hedges. The changes in fair value of these instruments are recorded in net income (loss). In addition, changes in the fair value attributable to the hedged portion of the underlying instrument are reported in net income (loss). We designate and account for the following as fair value hedges when they have met the effectiveness requirements: (i) interest rate swaps to convert fixed rate liabilities into floating rate liabilities; (ii) cross currency swaps to convert non-U.S. dollar fixed rate liabilities to floating rate U.S. dollar liabilities; and (iii) other instruments to hedge various fair value exposures of invest- ments. There were no pre-tax income (loss) effects of fair value ended and related hedged items the year for hedges December 31, 2014. The following table provides information about the pre-tax income (loss) effects of fair value hedges and related hedged items for the year ended December 31, 2013: (Amounts in millions) Interest rate swaps hedging liabilities Foreign currency swaps Total Derivative instrument Hedged item Classification of gain (losses) recognized in net income (loss) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) $(11) (31) $(42) Other impacts to net income (loss) Classification of other impacts to net income (loss) Gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) Interest credited Interest credited $13 — $13 $11 31 $42 Classification of gain (losses) recognized in net income (loss) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) The following table provides information about the pre-tax income (loss) effects of fair value hedges and related hedged items for the year ended December 31, 2012: (Amounts in millions) Interest rate swaps hedging assets Interest rate swaps hedging liabilities Foreign currency swaps Total Derivative instrument Hedged item Gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) $ 1 (30) (1) $(30) Classification of gain (losses) recognized in net income (loss) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Other impacts to net income (loss) Classification of other impacts to net income (loss) Gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) Net investment income Interest credited Interest credited $ (4) 38 2 $36 $ (1) 30 — $ 29 Classification of gain (losses) recognized in net income (loss) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) The difference between the gain (loss) recognized for the derivative instrument and the hedged item presented above represents the net ineffectiveness of the fair value hedging rela- tionships. The other impacts presented above represent the net income (loss) effects of the derivative instruments that are presented in the same location as the income (loss) activity from the hedged item. There were no amounts excluded from the measurement of effectiveness. Derivatives Not Designated As Hedges We also enter into certain non-qualifying derivative instru- ments such as: (i) interest rate swaps and financial futures to mitigate interest rate risk as part of managing regulatory capi- tal positions; (ii) credit default swaps to enhance yield and reproduce characteristics of investments with similar terms and credit risk; (iii) equity index options, equity return swaps, interest rate swaps and financial futures to mitigate the risks Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 191 fixed index annuities and indexed universal associated with liabilities that have guaranteed minimum bene- fits, life; (iv) interest rate swaps where the hedging relationship does not qualify for hedge accounting; (v) credit default swaps to miti- gate loss exposure to certain credit risk; (vi) foreign currency swaps, options and forward contracts to mitigate currency risk associated with non-functional currency investments held by certain foreign subsidiaries and future dividends or other cash flows from certain foreign subsidiaries to our holding com- pany; and (vii) equity index options to mitigate certain macro- economic risks associated with certain foreign subsidiaries. Additionally, we provide GMWBs on certain variable annuities that are required to be bifurcated as embedded derivatives. We also offer fixed index annuity and indexed universal life products and have reinsurance agreements with certain features that are required to be bifurcated as embedded derivatives. We also have derivatives related to securitization entities where we were required to consolidate the related securitiza- tion entity as a result of our involvement in the structure. The counterparties for these derivatives typically only have recourse to the securitization entity. The interest rate swaps used for these entities are typically used to effectively convert the inter- est payments on the assets of the securitization entity to the same basis as the interest rate on the borrowings issued by the securitization entity. Credit default swaps are utilized in cer- tain securitization entities to enhance the yield payable on the borrowings issued by the securitization entity and also include a settlement feature that allows the securitization entity to provide the par value of assets in the securitization entity for the amount of any losses incurred under the credit default swap. The following table provides the pre-tax gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) for the effects of derivatives not designated as hedges for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2014 2013 2012 Interest rate swaps Interest rate swaps related to securitization entities (1) Credit default swaps Credit default swaps related to securitization entities (1) Equity index options Financial futures Equity return swaps Other foreign currency contracts Foreign currency swaps Reinsurance embedded derivatives GMWB embedded derivatives Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives Indexed universal life embedded derivatives $ 1 (9) 1 19 (31) 90 5 (4) (7) — (147) (27) (1) $ (7) 9 14 77 (43) (232) (33) 6 — — 277 (18) — Total derivatives not designated as hedges $(110) $ 50 (1) See note 18 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. $ 21 (4) 57 76 (58) (121) (37) (19) — 3 170 (1) — $ 87 Classification of gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Derivative Counterparty Credit Risk Most of our derivative arrangements with counterparties require the posting of collateral upon meeting certain net exposure thresholds. For derivatives related to securitization entities, there are no arrangements that require either party to provide collateral and the recourse of the derivative counter- party is typically limited to the assets held by the securitization entity and there is no recourse to any entity other than the securitization entity. 192 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The following table presents additional information about derivative assets and liabilities subject to an enforceable master net- ting arrangement as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Amounts presented in the balance sheet: Gross amounts recognized Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet Net amounts presented in the balance sheet Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet: Financial instruments (3) Collateral received Collateral pledged Over collateralization Net amount 2014 2013 Derivatives assets (1) Derivatives liabilities (2) Net derivatives Derivatives assets (1) Derivatives liabilities (2) Net derivatives $1,157 — 1,157 (227) (884) — 1 $ 273 — 273 (227) — (49) 5 $ 884 — 884 — (884) 49 (4) $ 4 96 — 496 (286) (199) — 16 $ 662 — 662 (286) — (394) 23 $(166) — (166) — (199) 394 (7) $ 47 $ 2 $ 45 $ 27 $ 5 $ 22 (1) (2) Included $25 million of accruals on derivatives classified as other assets and does not include amounts related to embedded derivatives as of December 31, 2014 and 2013. Included $6 million and $7 million of accruals on derivatives classified as other liabilities and does not include amounts related to embedded derivatives and derivatives related to securitization entities as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. (3) Amounts represent derivative assets and/or liabilities that are presented gross within the balance sheet but are held with the same counterparty where we have a master netting arrangement. This adjustment results in presenting the net asset and net liability position for each counterparty. Except for derivatives related to securitization entities, almost all of our master swap agreements contain credit downgrade provisions that allow either party to assign or terminate derivative transactions if the other party’s long-term unsecured debt rating or financial strength rating is below the limit defined in the applicable agreement. If the downgrade provisions had been triggered as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we could have been allowed to claim $47 million and $27 million, respectively, or required to disburse up to $2 mil- lion and $5 million, respectively. The chart above excludes embedded derivatives and derivatives related to securitization entities as those derivatives are not subject to master netting arrangements. Credit Derivatives We sell protection under single name credit default swaps and credit default swap index tranches in combination with purchasing securities to replicate characteristics of similar investments based on the credit quality and term of the credit default swap. Credit default triggers for both indexed reference entities and single name reference entities follow the Credit Derivatives Physical Settlement Matrix published by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association. Under these terms, credit default triggers are defined as bankruptcy, failure to pay or restructuring, if applicable. Our maximum exposure to credit loss equals the notional value for credit default swaps. In the event of default for credit default swaps, we are typically required to pay the protection holder the full notional value less a recovery rate determined at auction. In addition to the credit derivatives discussed above, we also have credit derivative instruments related to securitization entities that we consolidate. These derivatives represent a cus- tomized index of reference entities with specified attachment points for certain derivatives. The credit default triggers are similar to those described above. In the event of default, the securitization entity will provide the counterparty with the par value of assets held in the securitization entity for the amount of incurred loss on the credit default swap. The maximum exposure to loss for the securitization entity is the notional value of the derivatives. Certain losses on these credit default swaps would be absorbed by the third-party noteholders of the securitization entity and the remaining losses on the credit default swaps would be absorbed by our portion of the notes issued by the securitization entity. The following table sets forth our credit default swaps where we sell protection on single name reference entities and the fair values as of the dates indicated: (Amounts in millions) Investment grade Matures in less than one year Matures after one year through five years Total credit default swaps on single name reference entities Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 2014 2013 Notional value Assets Liabilities Notional value Assets Liabilities $— 39 $39 $— 1 $ 1 $— — $— $— 39 $39 $— 1 $ 1 $— — $— 193 The following table sets forth our credit default swaps where we sell protection on credit default swap index tranches and the fair values as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Original index tranche attachment/detachment point and maturity: 7% - 15% matures after one year through five years (1) 9% - 12% matures in less than one year (2) 9% - 12% matures after one year through five years (2) 10% - 15% matures in less than one year (3) Total credit default swap index tranches Customized credit default swap index tranches related to securitization entities: Portion backing third-party borrowings maturing 2017 (4) Portion backing our interest maturing 2017 (5) Total customized credit default swap index tranches related to securitization entities Total credit default swaps on index tranches 2014 2013 Notional value Assets Liabilities Notional value Assets Liabilities $100 250 — — 350 12 300 312 $662 $ 1 2 — — 3 — — — $ 3 $ — — — — — — 17 17 $ 17 $100 — 250 250 600 12 300 312 $912 $ 3 — 5 2 10 — — — $10 $ — — — — — 1 31 32 $ 32 (1) The current attachment/detachment as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 was 7% - 15%. (2) The current attachment/detachment as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 was 9% - 12%. (3) The current attachment/detachment as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 was 10% - 15%. (4) Original notional value was $39 million. (5) Original notional value was $300 million. ( 6 ) D E F E R R E D A C Q U I S I T I O N C O S T S The following table presents the activity impacting DAC as of and for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Unamortized balance as of January 1 Impact of foreign currency translation Costs deferred Amortization, net of interest accretion Unamortized balance as of December 31 Accumulated effect of net unrealized investment (gains) losses Balance as of December 31 2014 2013 2012 $5,454 (44) 473 (493) 5,390 (348) $5,460 (12) 457 (451) 5,454 (176) $5,458 9 611 (618) 5,460 (424) $5,042 $5,278 $5,036 We regularly review DAC to determine if it is recoverable from future income. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we believe all of our businesses have sufficient future income and therefore the related DAC is recoverable. As part of a life block transaction in the third quarter of 2012, we recorded $39 mil- lion of additional DAC amortization to reflect loss recognition on certain term life insurance policies under a reinsurance treaty. As of December 31, 2012, we believed all of our other businesses had sufficient future income and therefore the related DAC was recoverable. In the first quarter of 2012, we also wrote off $142 mil- lion of DAC associated with certain term life insurance poli- cies under a new reinsurance treaty as part of a life block transaction. The write-off was included in amortization, net of interest accretion. 194 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K ( 7 ) I N T A N G I B L E A S S E T S The following table presents our intangible assets as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) PVFP Capitalized software Deferred sales inducements to contractholders Other Total for intangible the years and other Amortization expense related to PVFP, capitalized soft- ware ended assets December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 was $78 million, $118 million and $104 million, respectively. Amortization expense related to deferred sales inducements of $30 million, $24 mil- lion and $29 million, the years ended respectively, December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 was included in benefits and other changes in policy reserves. for Present Value of Future Profits The following table presents the activity in PVFP as of and for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Unamortized balance as of January 1 Interest accreted at 5.89%, 5.52% and 5.66% Amortization Unamortized balance as of December 31 Accumulated effect of net unrealized 2014 $ 246 2013 $297 2012 $ 339 14 (31) 229 15 (66) 246 18 (60) 297 investment (gains) losses (151) (85) (180) Balance as of December 31 $ 78 $161 $ 117 We regularly review our assumptions and periodically test PVFP for recoverability in a manner similar to our treatment of DAC. During the fourth quarter of 2014, the loss recog- nition testing for our acquired block of long-term care insurance business resulted in a premium deficiency. As a result, we wrote off the entire PVFP balance for our long-term 2014 2013 Gross carrying amount $1,995 736 209 55 $2,995 Accumulated amortization $(1,917) (604) (153) (49) $(2,723) Gross carrying amount $2,061 704 195 54 $3,014 Accumulated amortization $(1,900) (545) (123) (47) $(2,615) care insurance business of $6 million through amortization with a corresponding change to net unrealized investment gains (losses). The results of the test were driven by changes to assumptions and methodologies primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later-duration claims, and benefit utilization rates. As of December 31, 2014, we believe all of our other businesses have sufficient future income and therefore the related PVFP is recoverable. For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, there were no charges to income as a result of our PVFP recoverability testing. The percentage of the December 31, 2014 PVFP balance net of interest accretion, before the effect of unrealized investment gains or losses, estimated to be amortized over each of the next five years is as follows: 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 9.1% 11.1% 9.5% 7.7% 6.2% Amortization expense for PVFP in future periods will be affected by acquisitions, dispositions, net investment gains (losses) or other factors affecting the ultimate amount of gross profits realized from certain lines of business. Similarly, future amortization expense for other intangibles will depend on future acquisitions, dispositions and other business trans- actions. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 195 ( 8 ) G O O D W I L L A N D D I S P O S I T I O N S Goodwill The following is a summary of our goodwill balance by segment and Corporate and Other activities as of the dates indicated: (Amounts in millions) Balance as of December 31, 2012: Gross goodwill Accumulated impairment losses Goodwill Foreign exchange translation Balance as of December 31, 2013: Gross goodwill Accumulated impairment losses Goodwill Impairment losses Foreign exchange translation Balance as of December 31, 2014: Gross goodwill Accumulated impairment losses Goodwill Goodwill impairments During 2014, we recorded goodwill impairments of $849 million in our U.S. Life Insurance segment, including $354 million for our long-term care insurance reporting unit and $495 million for our life insurance reporting unit. For the first half of 2014, overall market sales for the long-term care insurance industry declined approximately 30% as compared to the same period last year. Given these trends, our annual sales projections included in our determination of fair value for our long-term care insurance reporting unit were lower than the prior year’s goodwill testing analysis. Based on the fair value of projected new business for our long-term care insurance reporting unit, we recorded a goodwill impairment of $200 million during the third quarter of 2014, with the remaining goodwill balance of $154 million deemed recover- able as of September 30, 2014 based on our determination of implied goodwill. During the third quarter of 2014, in connection with our strategic planning process, we revisited our prior strategy of focusing on term life insurance, given the capital-intensive nature of the product and our revised capital plan. We are in the process of transitioning to higher return permanent prod- ucts, including universal life insurance, indexed universal life insurance and linked-benefit products. Given this transition, our annual sales projections included in the determination of fair value for our life insurance reporting unit were sig- nificantly lower than sales levels expected in prior year’s good- will testing analysis. Based on the fair value of projected new business for our life insurance reporting unit, we recorded a U.S. Life Insurance International Mortgage Insurance U.S. Mortgage Insurance International Protection Runoff Corporate and Other Total $ 1,034 (185) 849 — 1,034 (185) 849 (849) — 1,034 (1,034) $ — $19 — 19 (1) 18 — 18 — (2) 16 — $16 $ 22 (22) — — 22 (22) — — — 22 (22) $ — $ 89 (89) $ 70 (70) $ 29 $ 1,263 (395) (29) — — 89 (89) — — — 89 (89) — — 70 (70) — — — 70 (70) — — 868 (1) — 1,233 — (366) — 867 — (849) (2) — — 1,231 — (1,215) $ — $ — $ — $ 16 goodwill impairment of $350 million during the third quarter of 2014, with the remaining goodwill balance of $145 million deemed recoverable as of September 30, 2014 based on our determination of implied goodwill. During the fourth quarter of 2014 and in connection with the preparation of the financial statements, due to neg- ative actions taken by rating agencies and suspension of sales by certain distributors, we performed an interim goodwill impairment analysis for our long-term care and life insurance businesses. As a result of current market conditions, decreases in sales projections from negative rating actions and overall uncertainty created as a result of the recent long-term care insurance reserve increases, we recorded a goodwill impair- ment of $154 million in our long-term care insurance business and $145 million in our life insurance business. The goodwill impairments reduced the goodwill balances of these businesses to zero. The current uncertainty associated with the level and value of new business that a market participant would place on our long-term care and life insurance businesses resulted in concluding the goodwill balances were no longer recoverable. There were no goodwill impairment charges recorded in 2013. During the third quarter of 2012, as part of our annual goodwill impairment analysis based on data as of July 1, 2012, we recorded a goodwill impairment of $89 million associated with our international protection reporting unit. Considering current market conditions, including the market environment in Europe and lower trading multiples of European financial services companies, and the impact of those conditions on our 196 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K international protection reporting unit in a market transaction that may require a higher risk premium, we determined the fair value of the reporting unit was below book value and determined the goodwill associated with this reporting unit was not recoverable. Therefore, we recognized a goodwill impairment for all of the goodwill associated with our interna- tional protection reporting unit during the third quarter of 2012. Deteriorating or adverse market conditions for certain businesses may have a significant impact on the fair value of our reporting units and could result in future impairments of goodwill. Dispositions Effective April 1, 2013 (immediately prior to the holding company reorganization), Genworth Holdings completed the sale of its reverse mortgage business (which had been part of Corporate and Other activities) for total proceeds of $22 mil- lion. The gain on the sale was not significant. ( 9 ) R E I N S U R A N C E We reinsure a portion of our policy risks to other insurance companies in order to reduce our ultimate losses, diversify our exposures and provide capital flexibility. We also assume certain policy risks written by other insurance compa- nies. Reinsurance accounting is followed for assumed and ceded transactions when there is adequate risk transfer. Otherwise, the deposit method of accounting is followed. Reinsurance does not relieve us from our obligations to policyholders. In the event that the reinsurers are unable to meet their obligations, we remain liable for the reinsured claims. We monitor both the financial condition of individual reinsurers and risk concentrations arising from similar geo- graphic regions, activities and economic characteristics of reinsurers to lessen the risk of default by such reinsurers. Other than the relationship discussed below with Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (“UFLIC”), we do not have significant concentrations of reinsurance with any one reinsurer that could have a material impact on our financial position. As of December 31, 2014, the maximum amount of individual ordinary life insurance normally retained by us on any one individual life policy was $5 million. We have several reinsurance transactions significant (“Reinsurance Transactions”) with UFLIC. In these trans- actions, we ceded to UFLIC in-force blocks of structured settlements issued prior to 2004, substantially all of our in- force blocks of variable annuities issued prior to 2004 and a block of long-term care insurance policies that we reinsured in 2000 from MetLife Insurance Company USA. Although we remain directly liable under these contracts and policies as the ceding insurer, the Reinsurance Transactions have the effect of transferring the financial results of the reinsured blocks to UFLIC. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we had a reinsurance recoverable of $14,494 million and $14,622 mil- lion, respectively, associated with those Reinsurance Trans- actions. To secure the payment of its obligations to us under the reinsurance agreements governing the Reinsurance Trans- actions, UFLIC has established trust accounts to maintain an aggregate amount of assets with a statutory book value at least equal to the statutory general account reserves attributable to the reinsured business less an amount required to be held in certain claims-paying accounts. A trustee administers the trust accounts and we are permitted to withdraw from the trust accounts amounts due to us pursuant to the terms of the reinsurance agreements that are not otherwise paid by UFLIC. In addition, pursuant to a Capital Maintenance Agreement, General Electric Capital Corporation, an indirect subsidiary of General Electric Company (“GE”), agreed to maintain suffi- cient capital in UFLIC to maintain UFLIC’s risk-based capital (“RBC”) at not less than 150% of its company action level, as defined from time to time by the NAIC. Under the terms of certain reinsurance agreements that our life insurance subsidiaries have with external parties, we pledged assets in either separate portfolios or in trust for the benefit of external reinsurers. These assets support the reserves ceded to those external reinsurers. We had pledged fixed maturity securities and commercial mortgage loans of $8,737 million and $544 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2014 and $7,823 million and $603 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2013 in connection with these reinsurance agreements. However, we maintain the ability to substitute these pledged assets for other qualified collateral, and may use, the commingle, encumber or dispose of any portion of collateral as long as there is no event of default and the remaining qualified collateral to satisfy the collateral maintenance level. sufficient is Under the terms of certain reinsurance agreements that insurance subsidiaries have with external our international parties, we deposited $33 million of assets in an authorized account the external reinsurers. These pledged assets support the reserves and certain expenses in accordance with the reinsurance agreement. for the benefit of Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 197 The following table sets forth net domestic life insurance in-force as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Direct life insurance in-force Amounts assumed from other companies Amounts ceded to other companies (1) Net life insurance in-force Percentage of amount assumed to net (1) Includes amounts accounted for under the deposit method. 2014 2013 2012 $ 701,797 935 (393,244) $ 708,271 1,070 (313,593) $ 730,016 1,148 (331,909) $ 309,488 $ 395,748 $ 399,255 —% —% —% The following table sets forth the effects of reinsurance on premiums written and earned for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Direct: Life insurance Accident and health insurance Property and casualty insurance Mortgage insurance Total direct Assumed: Life insurance Accident and health insurance Property and casualty insurance Mortgage insurance Total assumed Ceded: Life insurance Accident and health insurance Property and casualty insurance Mortgage insurance Total ceded Net premiums Percentage of amount assumed to net Written Earned 2014 2013 2012 2014 2013 2012 $ 1,241 3,063 108 1,814 $ 1,199 2,944 97 1,682 $ 1,284 2,853 95 1,720 $ 1,257 3,087 97 1,588 $ 1,214 2,945 85 1,608 $ 1,304 2,840 84 1,645 6,226 5,922 5,952 6,029 5,852 5,873 45 568 2 20 635 (351) (790) (3) (95) 9 403 — 19 431 (342) (735) — (92) 9 419 — 27 455 (528) (690) — (132) 39 559 1 31 630 (351) (783) (3) (91) 8 414 — 33 455 (343) (725) — (91) 7 440 — 42 489 (527) (672) — (122) (1,239) (1,169) (1,350) (1,228) (1,159) (1,321) $ 5,622 $ 5,184 $ 5,057 $ 5,431 $ 5,148 $ 5,041 12% 9% 10% Reinsurance recoveries recognized as a reduction of benefits and other changes in policy reserves amounted to $2,872 million, $2,645 million and $2,951 million during 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. 198 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K ( 1 0 ) I N S U R A N C E R E S E R V E S Future Policy Benefits The following table sets forth our recorded liabilities and the major assumptions underlying our future policy benefits as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Long-term care insurance contracts Structured settlements with life contingencies Annuity contracts with life contingencies Traditional life insurance contracts Supplementary contracts with life contingencies Accident and health insurance contracts Total future policy benefits Mortality/ morbidity assumption (a) (b) (b) (c) (b) (d) Interest rate assumption 3.75% - 7.50% 1.50% - 8.00% 1.50% - 8.00% 3.00% - 7.50% 1.50% - 8.00% 3.50% - 7.00% 2014 2013 $19,310 9,133 4,470 2,733 265 4 $35,915 $17,023 9,267 4,425 2,736 249 5 $33,705 (a) The 1983 Individual Annuitant Mortality Table or 2000 U.S. Annuity Table, or 1983 Group Annuitant Mortality Table and the 1985 National Nursing Home Study and company experience. (b) Assumptions for limited-payment contracts come from either the U.S. Population Table, 1983 Group Annuitant Mortality Table, 1983 Individual Annuitant Mortal- ity Table or Annuity 2000 Mortality Table. (c) Principally modifications based on company experience of the Society of Actuaries 1965-70 or 1975-80 Select and Ultimate Tables, 1941, 1958, 1980 and 2001 Commissioner’s Standard Ordinary Tables, 1980 Commissioner’s Extended Term table and (IA) Standard Table 1996 (modified). (d) The 1958 and 1980 Commissioner’s Standard Ordinary Tables, or 2000 U.S. Annuity Table, or 1983 Group Annuitant Mortality. We regularly review our assumptions and perform loss recognition testing at least annually. During the fourth quarter of 2014, loss recognition testing for our acquired block of long-term care insurance business resulted in a premium defi- ciency. As a result, we wrote off the PVFP balance of $6 mil- lion and increased reserves $710 million. The results of the test were driven by changes to assumptions and methodologies primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later-duration claims, and benefit utilization rates. The liability for future policy benefits for our acquired block of long-term care insurance business represents our current best estimate; however, there may be future adjustments to this estimate and related assumptions. Such adjustments, reflecting any variety of new and adverse trends, could possibly be sig- nificant and result in further increases in the related future policy benefit reserves for this block of business by an amount that could be material to our results of operations and financial condition and liquidity. Policyholder Account Balances The following table sets forth our recorded liabilities for policyholder account balances as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2014 2013 Annuity contracts GICs, funding agreements and FABNs Structured settlements without life contingencies Supplementary contracts without life contingencies Other Total investment contracts Universal life insurance contracts $14,406 493 1,828 742 28 17,497 8,546 $13,730 896 1,956 714 34 17,330 8,198 Total policyholder account balances $26,043 $25,528 Certain of our U.S. life insurance companies are members of the Federal Home Loan Bank (the “FHLB”) system in their respective regions. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we held $33 million and $70 million, respectively, of FHLB common stock related to those memberships which was included in equity securities. We have outstanding funding agreements with the FHLBs and also have letters of credit which have not been drawn upon. The FHLBs have been granted a lien on certain of our invested assets to collateralize our obligations; however, we maintain the ability to substitute these pledged assets for other qualified collateral, and may use, commingle, encumber or dispose of any portion of the collateral as long as there is no event of default and the remaining qualified collateral to satisfy the collateral maintenance level. Upon any event of default by us, the FHLB’s recovery on the collateral is limited to the amount of our funding agreement liabilities to the FHLB. The amount of funding agreements outstanding with the FHLB was $199 million and $493 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 which was included in policyholder account balances. We had letters of credit related to the FHLB of $583 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013. These funding agreements and letters of credit were collateralized by fixed maturity securities with a fair value of $854 million and $1,153 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2014 and 2013. sufficient is Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 199 Certain Non-Traditional Long-Duration Contracts ( 1 1 ) L I A B I L I T Y F O R P O L I C Y A N D The following table sets forth information about our varia- ble annuity products with death and living benefit guarantees as of December 31: (Dollar amounts in millions) 2014 2013 Account values with death benefit guarantees (net of reinsurance): Standard death benefits (return of net deposits) account value Net amount at risk Average attained age of contractholders Enhanced death benefits (ratchet, rollup) account value Net amount at risk Average attained age of contractholders Account values with living benefit guarantees: GMWBs Guaranteed annuitization benefits $2,877 5 $ 72 $3,443 $ 119 73 $3,675 $1,362 $3,164 6 $ 72 $3,853 $ 114 72 $4,054 $1,508 Variable annuity contracts may contain more than one death or living benefit; therefore, the amounts listed above are not mutually exclusive. Substantially all of our variable annuity contracts have some form of GMDB. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, our total liability associated with variable annuity contracts with minimum guar- antees was approximately $7,108 million and $7,704 million, respectively. The liability, net of reinsurance, for our variable annuity contracts with GMDB and guaranteed annuitization benefits was $55 million and $39 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. is greater The contracts underlying the lifetime benefits such as GMWB and guaranteed annuitization benefits are considered “in the money” if the contractholder’s benefit base, or the pro- tected value, than the account value. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, our exposure related to GMWB and guaranteed annuitization benefit contracts that were considered “in the money” was $532 million and $467 million, respectively. For GMWBs and guaranteed annuitization bene- fits, the only way the contractholder can monetize the excess of the benefit base over the account value of the contract is through lifetime withdrawals or lifetime income payments after annuitization. Account balances of variable annuity contracts with death or living benefit guarantees were invested in separate account investment options as follows as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Balanced funds Equity funds Bond funds Money market funds Total 2014 2013(1) $3,848 1,639 707 96 $6,290 $4,187 1,778 897 98 $6,960 (1) The balances as of December 31, 2013 have been represented as a result of classification changes and to exclude fixed account assets from bond funds. C O N T R A C T C L A I M S The following table sets forth our recorded liability for policy and contract claims by business as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Long-term care insurance U.S. mortgage insurance International mortgage insurance Life insurance Lifestyle protection insurance Fixed annuities Runoff Total liability for policy and contract claims 2014 $6,216 1,180 308 197 106 21 15 $8,043 2013 $4,999 1,482 378 188 108 29 20 $7,204 The liability for policy and contract claims represents our current best estimate; however, there may be future adjust- ments to this estimate and related assumptions. Such adjust- ments, reflecting any variety of new and adverse trends, could possibly be significant, and result in increases in reserves by an amount that could be material to our results of operations and financial condition and liquidity. Long-term care insurance The following table sets forth changes in the liability for policy and contract claims for our long-term care insurance business for the dates indicated: (Amounts in millions) 2014 2013 2012 Beginning balance as of January 1 Less reinsurance recoverables $ 4,999 (1,707) $ 4,655 (1,574) $ 4,130 (1,387) Net balance as of January 1 3,292 3,081 2,743 Incurred related to insured events of: Current year Prior years Total incurred Paid related to insured events of: Current year Prior years Total paid Interest on liability for policy and contract claims Net balance as of December 31 Add reinsurance recoverables 1,474 726 2,200 (134) (1,263) (1,397) 195 4,290 1,926 1,323 3 1,326 (131) (1,160) (1,291) 176 3,292 1,707 1,271 93 1,364 (111) (1,068) (1,179) 153 3,081 1,574 Ending balance as of December 31 $ 6,216 $ 4,999 $ 4,655 The liability for policy and contract claims of our long- term care insurance business increased in 2014 largely as a result of the completion of a comprehensive review of our long- term care insurance claim reserves conducted during the third quarter of 2014 which resulted in recording higher reserves of $604 million and an increase in reinsurance recoverable of $73 million. This review was commenced as a result of adverse claims experience during the second quarter of 2014 and in connection with our regular review of our claim reserves 200 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K assumptions during the third quarter of each year. As a result of this review, we made changes to our assumptions and method- ologies relating to our long-term care insurance claim reserves primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later-duration claims, and benefit utilization rates, reflecting that claims are not terminating as quickly and claimants are utilizing more of their available benefits in aggregate than had previously been assumed in our In conducting the review, we increased the population of claims reviewed, utilizing more of our recent data. reserve calculations. During the third quarter of 2014, we also recorded a $61 million unfavorable correction to claim reserves related to a calculation of benefit utilization for policies with a benefit inflation option. This error arose prior to 2011 and was not material to earnings in any interim or annual period. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded an $81 million unfavorable correction to claim reserves primarily related to claims in course of settlement arising in connection with the implementation of our updated assumptions and method- ologies as part of our comprehensive claims review completed in the third quarter of 2014 and a $21 million unfavorable adjustment related to a revised interest rate assumption, parti- ally offset by a $49 million favorable refinement of assumptions for claim termination rates. As a result of these items, we also recorded an increase in reinsurance recoverable of $17 million in 2014. The remaining increase was attributable to aging and growth of the in-force block. These impacts related to insured events for prior years. In 2013, the increase in the liability for policy and contract claims of our long-term care insurance business was predom- inantly related to growth and aging of the in-force block. In 2012, the increase in the liability for policy and contract claims and the increase in prior year claim reserves of our long- term care insurance business was mostly driven by growth and aging of the in-force block, an increase in severity and duration of claims associated with observed loss development and higher average reserve costs on new claims. U.S. mortgage insurance The following table sets forth changes in the liability for policy and contract claims for our U.S. mortgage insurance business for the dates indicated: (Amounts in millions) 2014 2013 2012 Beginning balance as of January 1 Less reinsurance recoverables $1,482 (44) $2,009 (80) $ 2,488 (178) Net balance as of January 1 1,438 1,929 2,310 Incurred related to insured events of: Current year Prior years Total incurred Paid related to insured events of: Current year Prior years Total paid Net balance as of December 31 Add reinsurance recoverables 328 29 357 (21) (618) (639) 1,156 24 476 (63) 413 (45) (859) (904) 1,438 44 717 7 724 (92) (1,013) (1,105) 1,929 80 Ending balance as of December 31 $1,180 $1,482 $ 2,009 The liability for policy and contract claims of our U.S. mortgage insurance business decreased in 2014 predominantly from a decline in new delinquencies, as well as lower reserves on new delinquencies, partially offset by an aggregate increase in our claim reserves in 2014 in connection with the settlement agreement with Bank of America, N.A. and the resolution of a second matter involving a dispute with another servicer over loss mitigation activities. These settlements related to insured events for prior years. In 2013, the liability for policy and contract claims of our U.S. mortgage insurance business decreased due to lower new delinquencies and improvements in net cures and aging on existing delinquencies in 2013. We also decreased prior year claim reserves related to our U.S. mortgage insurance business in 2013 primarily from improvements in net cures. In 2012, the liability for policy and contract claims of our U.S. mortgage insurance business decreased due to lower new delinquencies in 2012, increased loss mitigation efforts and a reserve strengthening in 2011 that did not recur, partially offset by the continued aging of delinquencies. ( 1 2 ) E M P L O Y E E B E N E F I T P L A N S (a) Pension and Retiree Health and Life Insurance Benefit Plans Essentially all of our employees are enrolled in a qualified defined contribution pension plan. The plan is 100% funded by Genworth. We make annual contributions to each employ- ee’s pension plan account based on the employee’s age, service and eligible pay. Employees are vested in the plan after three years of service. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we recorded a liability related to these benefits of $13 million. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 201 In addition, certain employees also participate in non- qualified defined contribution plans and in qualified and non- qualified defined benefit pension plans. The plan assets, projected benefit obligation and accumulated benefit obligation liabilities of these plans were not material to our consolidated financial statements individually or in the aggregate. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we recorded a liability related to these plans of $71 million and $38 million, respectively, which we accrued in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. The increase in the liability was largely driven by a decrease in the discount rate assumption in 2014. In 2014, we recognized a decrease of $34 million in OCI related to these plans. In 2013, we recognized an increase of $23 million in OCI related to these plans and also recognized a $4 million gain for the closure of the U.K. pension plan to future service accruals. We provide retiree health benefits to domestic employees hired prior to January 1, 2005 who meet certain service requirements. Under this plan, retirees over 65 years of age receive a subsidy towards the purchase of a Medigap policy, and retirees under 65 years of age receive medical benefits sim- ilar to our employees’ medical benefits. In December 2009, we announced that eligibility for retiree medical benefits will be limited to associates who are within 10 years of retirement eligibility as of January 1, 2010. This resulted in a negative plan amendment which will be amortized over the average future service of the participants. We also provide retiree life and long- term care insurance benefits. The plans are funded as claims are incurred. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation associated with these benefits was $90 million and $79 million, respectively, which we accrued in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. In 2014, we recognized a decrease of $10 million in OCI. In 2013, we recognized an increase of $11 million in OCI and also recognized a $1 million gain related to reduced benefit costs driven by fewer participants due to the sale of our wealth management and reverse mortgage businesses and from an expense reduction plan announced in June 2013. Our cost associated with our pension, retiree health and life insurance benefit plans was $21 million, $22 million and $28 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. (b) Savings Plans Our domestic employees participate in qualified and non- qualified defined contribution savings plans that allow employ- ees to contribute a portion of their pay to the plan on a pre-tax basis. We match these contributions, which vest immediately, up to 6% of the employee’s pay. Employees hired on or after January 1, 2011 will not vest immediately in Genworth match- ing contributions but will fully vest in the matching con- tributions after two complete years of service. One option available to employees in the defined contribution savings plan is the ClearCourse® variable annuity option offered by certain of our life insurance subsidiaries. The amount of deposits recorded by our life insurance subsidiaries in 2014 and 2013 in relation to this plan option was $1 million for each year. Employees also have the option of purchasing a fund which invests primarily in Genworth stock as part of the defined con- tribution savings plan. Our cost associated with these plans was $16 million, $17 million and $20 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. (c) Health and Welfare Benefits for Active Employees We provide health and welfare benefits to our employees, including health, life, disability, dental and long-term care insurance. Our long-term care insurance is provided through our group long-term care insurance business. The premiums recorded by these businesses related to these benefits were insignificant during 2014, 2013 and 2012. ( 1 3 ) B O R R O W I N G S A N D O T H E R F I N A N C I N G S (a) Short-Term Borrowings Commercial Paper Facility In the second quarter of 2013, we terminated our $1.0 billion commercial paper program. There was no amount out- standing under the commercial paper program when termi- nated and none outstanding since February 2009. Revolving Credit Facility In September 2013, Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) which provides Genworth Holdings with a $300 million multi-currency revolving credit facility, with a $100 million sublimit for letters of credit. The credit facility is avail- able on a revolving basis until September 26, 2016, unless the commitments are terminated earlier either at the request of Genworth Holdings or by the lenders as a result of any event of default. On no more than two occasions during the term of the facility, Genworth Holdings may request each lender to extend the maturity date of its commitment for an additional one-year period. Genworth Holdings’ request will be granted if lenders (including any new lenders replacing non-consenting lenders) holding more than 50% of the commitments consent to the requested extension(s). The proceeds of the loans may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, there was no amount out- standing under the credit facility. The obligations under the Credit Agreement are unsecured and payment of Genworth Holdings’ obligations is fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Genworth Financial. Any borrowings under the revolving credit facility will bear the option of to, at interest at a rate per annum equal Genworth Holdings, (i) a rate based on the greater of JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.’s prime rate, the federal funds rate and the one-month adjusted London interbank offered rate 202 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K from time to time, or (ii) with respect to euro currency borrowings, a rate based on the London interbank offered rate from time to time, plus in each case a margin that fluctuates based upon the ratings assigned from time to time by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and Standard & Poor’s Rating Group to Genworth Holdings’ senior unsecured long-term indebtedness for borrowed money that is not guaranteed by any other person other than Genworth Financial or subject to any other credit enhancement. Genworth Holdings will also pay a commitment fee at a rate that varies with Genworth Holdings’ senior unsecured long-term indebtedness ratings and that is calculated on the average daily unused amount of the commitments, payable quarterly in arrears. The Credit Agreement contains representations, warran- ties, covenants, terms and conditions customary for trans- actions of this type. These include negative covenants limiting the ability of Genworth Holdings and its subsidiaries, to: (1) create liens other than permitted liens; (2) in the case of Genworth Holdings and Genworth Life Insurance Company (“GLIC”), merge into or consolidate with any other person or permit any person to merge into or consolidate with them is the unless Genworth Holdings or GLIC, as applicable, surviving person; (3) sell, transfer, lease, or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the assets of Genworth Holdings and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, and the equity interest in or to certain excluded transactions; assets of GLIC, (4) enter into certain transactions with affiliates; and (5) enter into certain restrictive agreements. In addition, Genworth Financial agrees not to permit Priority Indebtedness (as defined in the Credit Agreement) to exceed 7.5% of its consolidated total capitalization (as defined in the Credit Agreement) as of the end of any fiscal quarter ending on and after September 30, 2013. subject The Credit Agreement also contains financial covenants that require Genworth Financial not to permit (i) its capital- ization ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) to be greater than 0.35 to 1.00, and (ii) its consolidated net worth (as defined in the Credit Agreement) to be less than the sum of $8.9 billion plus 50% of its consolidated net income (as defined in the Credit Agreement), in each case as of the end of each fiscal quarter ending on and after September 30, 2013. to customary grace periods, The Credit Agreement contains certain customary events including, of default, subject among others: (1) failure to pay when due principal, interest or any other amounts due and payable under the Credit Agree- ment; (2) incorrectness in any material respect of representa- tions and warranties when made or deemed made; (3) breach of specified covenants; (4) cross-defaults with other material indebtedness (as defined in the Credit Agreement) exceeding an aggregate principal amount of $100 million; (5) certain ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974) events, (6) bankruptcy and insolvency events, (7) occurrence of a change in control of either Genworth Financial or Genworth Holdings; (8) inability to pay debts as they become due; (9) certain undischarged judgments; (10) Genworth Financial’s guarantee ceases to be valid, binding and enforceable in accord- ance with its terms; or (11) issuance by any insurance regu- latory official of any material corrective order or initiation by any such official of any material regulatory proceeding to over- see or direct management, if such order of proceeding con- tinues undismissed for a period of 30 days. (b) Long-Term Borrowings The following table sets forth total long-term borrowings as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Genworth Holdings 5.75% Senior Notes, due 2014 8.625% Senior Notes, due 2016 6.52% Senior Notes, due 2018 7.70% Senior Notes, due 2020 7.20% Senior Notes, due 2021 7.625% Senior Notes, due 2021 4.90% Senior Notes, due 2023 4.80% Senior Notes, due 2024 6.50% Senior Notes, due 2034 6.15% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Junior Suboridinated Notes, due 2066 Canada 4.59% Senior Notes, due 2015 5.68% Senior Notes, due 2020 4.24% Senior Notes, due 2024 Australia Floating Rate Junior Notes, due 2021 2014 2013 $ — 300 600 400 399 758 399 400 297 598 — 236 138 114 $ 485 300 600 400 399 759 399 400 297 598 141 258 — 125 Total $4,639 $5,161 Genworth Holdings Long-Term Senior Notes As of December 31, 2014, Genworth Holdings had out- standing eight series of fixed rate senior notes with varying interest rates between 4.80% and 8.625% and maturity dates between 2016 and 2034. The senior notes are Genworth Hol- dings’ direct, unsecured obligations and rank equally in right of payment with all of its existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated obligations. Genworth Financial provides a full and unconditional guarantee to the trustee of Genworth Hol- dings’ outstanding senior notes and the holders of the senior notes, on an unsecured unsubordinated basis, of the full and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any and interest on, and all other amounts payable under, each out- standing series of senior notes, and the full and punctual pay- ment of all other amounts payable by Genworth Holdings under the senior notes indenture in respect of such senior notes. We have the option to redeem all or a portion of each series of senior notes at any time with notice to the noteholders at a price equal to the greater of 100% of principal or the sum of the present value of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest discounted at the then-current treasury rate plus an applicable spread. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 203 We repaid $485 million of our 5.75% senior notes due 2014 issued in June 2004 (the “2014 Notes”) in June 2014 from cash on hand. In December 2013, Genworth Holdings issued $400 mil- lion aggregate principal amount of senior notes, with an inter- est rate of 4.80% per year payable semi-annually, and maturing in 2024 (“2024 Notes”). The net proceeds of $397 million from the issuance of the 2024 Notes, together with cash on hand at Genworth Financial, were used to contribute $100 million to Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation (“GMICO”), our primary U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiary, and an additional $300 million was contributed to a U.S. mortgage holding company to be used to satisfy all or part of the higher capital requirements expected to be imposed by the government-sponsored enterprises (“GSEs”) as part of the anticipated revisions to their asset-and capital-related require- ments. In May 2014, our U.S. mortgage holding company contributed the additional $300 million to GMICO. In August 2013, Genworth Holdings issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of 4.90% senior notes due 2023 (the “2023 Notes”). The net proceeds of $396 million from the issuance of the 2023 Notes, together with cash on hand at Genworth Holdings, were used to redeem all $346 million of the remaining outstanding aggregate principal amount of Genworth Holdings’ 4.95% senior notes due 2015 (the “2015 Notes”) and pay accrued and unpaid interest on such notes and pay a make-whole payment of approximately $30 million pre- tax. During 2013, Genworth Holdings repurchased $15 mil- lion aggregate principal amount of the 2014 Notes, and paid accrued and unpaid interest thereon. In June 2013, Genworth Holdings repurchased $4 million aggregate principal amount of the 2015 Notes, and paid accrued and unpaid interest thereon. During the fourth quarter of 2012, we completed a tender offer for up to $100 million of 2014 Notes. As a result of this tender offer, we repurchased principal of approximately $100 million of these notes, plus accrued interest on the notes repurchased, for a pre-tax loss of $6 million. In March 2011, we issued $400 million of 7.625% senior notes due 2021 (the “2021 Notes”) and in March 2012, we issued an additional $350 million aggregate principal amount of the 2021 Notes. The 2021 Notes issued in March 2012 were issued at a public offering price of 103% of principal amount, with a yield to maturity of 7.184%. The net proceeds of $358 million from the issuance of these 2021 Notes were used for general corporate purposes, including increasing liquidity at the Genworth Holdings level. 2016, at which point the annual interest rate will be equal to the three-month London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus 2.0025% payable quarterly, until the notes mature in November 2066 (“2066 Notes”). Subject to certain conditions, Genworth Holdings has the right, on one or more occasions, to defer the payment of interest on the 2066 Notes during any period of up to 10 years without giving rise to an event of default and without permitting acceleration under the terms of the 2066 Notes. Genworth Holdings will not be required to settle deferred interest payments until it has deferred interest for five years or made a payment of current interest. In the event of our bankruptcy, holders will have a limited claim for deferred interest. Genworth Holdings may redeem the 2066 Notes on November 15, 2036, the “scheduled redemption date,” but only to the extent that it has received net proceeds from the sale of certain qualifying capital securities. Genworth Holdings may redeem the 2066 Notes (i) in whole or in part, at any time on or after November 15, 2016 at their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of redemption or (ii) in whole or in part, prior to November 15, 2016 at their principal to the date of amount plus accrued and unpaid interest redemption or, if greater, a make-whole price. The 2066 Notes will be subordinated to all existing and future senior, subordinated and junior subordinated debt of Genworth Holdings, except for any future debt that by its terms is not superior in right of payment, and will be effectively subordinated to all liabilities of our subsidiaries. Genworth Financial provides a full and unconditional guarantee to the trustee of the 2066 Notes and the holders of the 2066 Notes, on an unsecured subordinated basis, of the full and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any and interest on, and all other amounts payable under, the outstanding 2066 Notes, and the full and punctual payment of all other amounts payable by Genworth Holdings under the 2066 Notes indenture in respect of the 2066 Notes. into a Replacement Capital Covenant In connection with the issuance of the 2066 Notes, we (the entered “Replacement Capital Covenant”), whereby we agreed, for the benefit of holders of our 6.5% Senior Notes due 2034, that Genworth Holdings will not repay, redeem or repurchase all or any part of the 2066 Notes on or before November 15, 2046, unless such repayment, redemption or repurchase is made from the proceeds of the issuance of certain replacement capital secu- rities and pursuant to the other terms and conditions set forth in the Replacement Capital Covenant. In June 2012, we repaid $222 million of our 5.65% senior Canada notes due 2012 at their maturity. Long-Term Junior Subordinated Notes As of December 31, 2014, Genworth Holdings had out- standing fixed-to-floating rate junior notes having an aggregate principal amount of $598 million, with an annual interest rate equal to 6.15% payable semi-annually, until November 15, As of December 31, 2014, our indirect majority-owned subsidiary, Genworth MI Canada Inc. (“Genworth Canada”), had outstanding two series of fixed rate senior notes with inter- est rates of 5.68% and 4.24% and maturity dates of 2020 and 2024, respectively. The senior notes are redeemable at the option of Genworth Canada, in whole or in part, at any time. 204 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K In April 2014, Genworth Canada issued CAD$160 mil- lion aggregate principal amount of 4.24% senior notes (the “2024 Canada Notes”). The net proceeds of the offering of the 2024 Canada Notes were used to redeem, the CAD$150 million outstanding principal on its existing 4.59% senior notes due 2015. In conjunction with the redemption, Genworth Canada made an early redemption payment to exist- ing noteholders of approximately CAD$7 million and accrued interest of approximately CAD$2 million in the second quarter of 2014. in full, Australia As of December 31, 2014, our indirect majority-owned subsidiary, Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Pty Lim- ited, had outstanding subordinated floating rate notes due 2021 (the “2021 Australia Notes”) with an interest rate of three-month Bank Bill Swap reference rate plus a margin of 4.75%. Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Pty Limited issued AUD$140 million aggregate principal amount of the 2021 Australia Notes in June 2011. The net proceeds of the offering were used for general corporate purposes. (c) Non-Recourse Funding Obligations The following table sets forth the non-recourse funding obligations (surplus notes) of our wholly-owned, special pur- as of pose December 31: consolidated captive subsidiaries insurance (Amounts in millions) Issuance River Lake Insurance Company (a), due 2033 River Lake Insurance Company (b), due 2033 River Lake Insurance Company II (a), due 2035 River Lake Insurance Company II (b), due 2035 Rivermont Life Insurance Company I (a), due 2050 Total 2014 $ 570 435 192 484 315 $1,996 2013 $ 570 461 192 500 315 $2,038 (a) Accrual of interest based on one-month LIBOR that resets every 28 days plus a fixed margin. (b) Accrual of interest based on one-month LIBOR that resets on a specified date each month plus a contractual margin. These surplus notes bear a floating rate of interest and have been deposited into a series of trusts that have issued money market or term securities. Both principal and interest payments on the money market and term securities are guaranteed by a third-party insurance company. The holders of the money mar- ket or term securities cannot require repayment from us or any of our subsidiaries, other than the River Lake and Rivermont Insurance Companies, as applicable, the direct issuers of the notes. We have provided a limited guarantee to Rivermont Life Insurance Company (“Rivermont I”), where under adverse (or combination interest thereof), we may be required to provide additional funds to Riv- ermont I. Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company, our wholly-owned subsidiary, has agreed to indemnify the issuers and rate, mortality or lapse scenarios the third-party insurer for certain limited costs related to the issuance of these obligations. Any payment of principal, including by redemption, or interest on the notes may only be made with the prior approval of the Director of Insurance of the State of South Carolina in accordance with the terms of its licensing orders and in accord- ance with applicable law. The holders of the notes have no rights to accelerate payment of principal of the notes under any circumstances, including without limitation, for non-payment or breach of any covenant. Each issuer reserves the right to repay the notes that it has issued at any time, subject to prior regulatory approval. During 2014 and 2013, River Lake Insurance Company, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, repaid $26 million and $28 million, respectively, of its total outstanding floating rate subordinated notes due in 2033. During 2014, River Lake Insurance Company II (“River Lake II”), our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, repaid $16 million of its total outstanding floating rate subordinated notes due in 2035. In December 2012, we acquired $20 million of non- recourse funding obligations issued by River Lake II, resulting in a U.S. GAAP pre-tax gain of $4 million. We accounted for these transactions as redemptions of our non-recourse funding obligations. On March 26, 2012, River Lake Insurance Company IV Limited (“River Lake IV”) repaid $3 million of its total out- standing $8 million Class B Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due May 25, 2028 following an early redemption event, in accordance with the priority of payments. During the three months ended September 30, 2012, as part of a life block transaction, we acquired $270 million of non-recourse funding obligations issued by River Lake IV, which were accounted for as redemptions of our non-recourse funding obligations and resulted in a U.S. GAAP after-tax gain of approximately $21 million. The life block transaction also resulted in higher after- tax DAC amortization of $25 million reflecting loss recognition associated with a third-party reinsurance treaty plus additional expenses. The combined transactions resulted in a U.S. GAAP after-tax loss of $6 million in the three months ended Sep- tember 30, 2012 which was included in our U.S. Life Insurance segment. In December 2012, we repaid the remain- ing outstanding non-recourse funding obligations issued by River Lake IV of $235 million. In January 2012, as part of a life block transaction, we acquired $475 million of our non-recourse funding obligations issued by River Lake Insurance Company III (“River Lake III”), our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, which were accounted for as redemptions of our non-recourse funding obligations and resulted in a U.S. GAAP after-tax gain of approximately $52 million. In connection with the life block transaction, we ceded certain term life insurance policies to a third-party reinsurer resulting in a U.S. GAAP after-tax loss, net of DAC amortization, of $93 million. The combined Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 205 transactions resulted in a U.S. GAAP after-tax loss of approx- imately $41 million in the three months ended March 31, 2012 which was included in our U.S. Life Insurance segment. In February and March 2012, we repaid the remaining out- standing non-recourse funding obligations issued by River Lake III of $176 million. The weighted-average interest rates on the non-recourse funding obligations as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 were 1.51% and 1.50%, respectively. (d) Liquidity Principal amounts under our long-term borrowings (including senior notes) and non-recourse funding obligations by maturity were as follows as of December 31, 2014: ( 1 4 ) I N C O M E T A X E S Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes included the following components for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Domestic Foreign 2014 $(2,008) 732 2013 $ 294 756 2012 $ (73) 679 Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes $(1,276) $1,050 $606 The total provision (benefit) for income taxes was as fol- lows for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 and thereafter (1) Total (1) Repayment of $2.0 billion of our non-recourse funding obligations requires regulatory approval. Our liquidity requirements are principally met through cash flows from operations. Amount (Amounts in millions) $ — 300 — 600 5,735 $6,635 Current federal income taxes Deferred federal income taxes Total federal income taxes Current state income taxes Deferred state income taxes Total state income taxes Current foreign income taxes Deferred foreign income taxes Total foreign income taxes 2014 $ (3) (443) (446) 4 (4) — 258 (40) 218 2013 $ (18) 160 142 (1) (9) (10) 422 (230) 192 2012 $ (68) 36 (32) (16) (9) (25) 138 57 195 Total provision (benefit) for income taxes $(228) $ 324 $138 Our current income tax receivable was $30 million as of December 31, 2014 and our current income tax payable was $132 million as of December 31, 2013. The reconciliation of the federal statutory tax rate to the effective income tax rate was as follows for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Pre-tax income (loss) Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate Increase (reduction) in rate resulting from: State income tax, net of federal income tax effect Benefit on tax favored investments Effect of foreign operations Change in indefinite reinvestment assertion Interest on uncertain tax positions Non-deductible expenses Non-deductible goodwill Valuation allowance Stock-based compensation Other, net Effective rate 2014 $(1,276) 2013 $1,050 (447) 35.0% 368 35.0% 2012 $606 212 — (18) (69) 66 (2) 4 245 (6) 4 (5) — 1.4 5.4 (5.2) 0.1 (0.3) (19.2) 0.5 (0.3) 0.5 (2) (18) (75) — (1) 2 — 16 25 9 (0.2) (1.7) (7.1) — (0.1) 0.2 — 1.5 2.4 0.9 (16) (9) (66) — (3) 3 19 — — (2) 35.0% (2.7) (1.4) (10.9) — (0.6) 0.5 3.1 — — (0.2) $(228) 17.9% $324 30.9% $138 22.8% 206 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K For the year ended December 31, 2014, the decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily attributable to non- deductible goodwill impairments in 2014 and a charge of $174 million in the fourth quarter of 2014 associated with our Aus- tralian mortgage insurance business as we can no longer assert our intent to permanently reinvest earnings in that business, partially offset by a net $108 million benefit in the fourth quar- ter of 2014 in our lifestyle protection insurance business primarily from an internal debt restructuring related to the planned sale of that business. For the year ended December 31, 2013, the increase in the effective tax rate was primarily attributable to additional tax expense of $25 million, including $13 million from a correc- tion of prior years, related to non-deductible stock compensa- tion expense resulting from cancellations recorded in 2013. The increase in the effective tax rate was also attributable to a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset on a specific separate tax return net operating loss that is no longer expected to be realized, state income taxes and the proportion of lower taxed foreign income to pre-tax earnings in 2013 compared to 2012, partially offset by a non-deductible goodwill impairment in 2012. The components of the net deferred income tax liability were as follows as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Assets: Foreign tax credit carryforwards Accrued commission and general expenses State income taxes Net operating loss carryforwards Net unrealized losses on derivatives Other Gross deferred income tax assets Valuation allowance Total deferred income tax assets Liabilities: Investments Net unrealized gains on investment securities Net unrealized gains on derivatives Insurance reserves DAC PVFP and other intangibles Investment in foreign subsidiaries Other Total deferred income tax liabilities 2014 2013 $ 666 219 275 1,803 — 37 3,000 (301) 2,699 $ 100 1,283 222 544 1,095 5 310 48 3,607 $ 432 339 278 1,762 160 41 3,012 (312) 2,700 $ 140 454 — 1,034 1,130 53 13 82 2,906 Net deferred income tax liability $ 908 $ 206 The above valuation allowances of $301 million and $312 million, respectively, related to state deferred tax assets, foreign net operating losses and a specific federal separate tax return net operating loss deferred tax asset as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The state deferred tax assets related primar- ily to the future deductions associated with the Section 338 elections and non-insurance net operating loss (“NOL”) carry- forwards. The net decrease in the valuation allowance during 2014 related to changes in judgments regarding the future realization of deferred tax assets. Based on our analysis, we believe it is more likely than not that the results of future oper- ations and the implementations of tax planning strategies will generate sufficient taxable income to enable us to realize the deferred tax assets for which we have not established valuation allowances. NOL carryforwards amounted to $5,191 million as of December 31, 2014, and, if unused, will expire beginning in 2021. Of this amount, $24 million will result in a benefit recorded in APIC when realized. Foreign tax credit carryfor- wards amounted to $666 million as of December 31, 2014, and, if unused will begin to expire in 2015. As a consequence of our separation from GE, and our joint election with GE to treat that separation as an asset sale under Section 338 of the Internal Revenue Code, we became entitled to additional tax deductions in post IPO periods. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we have recorded in our con- solidated balance sheets our estimates of the remaining deferred tax benefits associated with these deductions of $599 million. We are obligated, pursuant to our Tax Matters Agreement with GE, to make fixed payments to GE, over the next 9 years, on an after-tax basis and subject to a cumulative maximum of $640 million, which is 80% of the projected tax savings asso- ciated with the Section 338 deductions. We recorded net inter- est expense of $13 million, $15 million and $17 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively, reflecting accretion of our liability at the Tax Matters Agree- ment rate of 5.72%. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we have recorded the estimated present value of our remaining obligation to GE of $216 million and $245 million, respectively, as a liability in our consolidated balance sheets. Both our IPO-related deferred tax assets and our obligation to GE are estimates that are subject to change. In 2014, we increased our deferred tax liability by $6 mil- lion, with an offset to additional paid-in capital related to an unsupported tax balance that arose prior to our IPO. In 2013, we increased our deferred tax liability by $17 million, with an offset to additional paid-in capital related to an unsupported tax balance that arose prior to our IPO. In 2012, we decreased our deferred tax liability by $36 million with an offset to addi- tional paid-in capital related to an unsupported tax balance that arose prior to our IPO. U.S. deferred income taxes are not provided on unremitted foreign income that is considered permanently reinvested, which as of December 31, 2014, amounted to approximately $1,642 million related to our Canadian mortgage insurance business. It is not practicable to determine the income tax liability that might be incurred if all such income was remitted to the United States due to the inherent complexities associated with any hypothetical calculation. We will record deferred taxes in the period in which we are no longer able to assert unremitted earnings of foreign operations are permanently reinvested. Our Canadian mortgage insurance business held cash and short-term investments of $124 million related to the Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 207 unremitted earnings of foreign operations considered to be permanently reinvested as of December 31, 2014. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits was as follows: (Amounts in millions) Balance as of January 1 Tax positions related to the current period: Gross additions Gross reductions Tax positions related to the prior years: Gross additions Gross reductions Settlements 2014 $ 41 2013 $ 55 2012 $ 226 7 (3) 17 (13) — 3 — 4 (21) — 14 — — (131) (54) Balance as of December 31 $ 49 $ 41 $ 55 The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $49 million as of December 31, 2014, of which $44 million, if recognized, would affect the effective rate on continuing oper- ations. These unrecognized tax benefits included the impact of foreign currency translation from our international operations. We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as components of income tax expense. We recorded $3 million, $1 million and $5 million, respectively, of benefits related to interest and penalties during 2014, 2013 and 2012. We had no interest and penalties accrued as of December 31, 2014. We had approximately $3 million of interest and penalties accrued as of December 31, 2013. For tax years prior to 2011, we filed U.S. separate non-life consolidated, life consolidated Federal income tax returns, sev- eral separate non-life and life returns and various state and local tax returns. For tax years beginning in 2011 and thereafter, we have elected to file a life/non-life consolidated return for U.S. federal income tax purposes. With possible exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. Federal tax examinations for years through 2009. Any exposure with respect to these pre-2010 years has been sufficiently recorded in the financial statements. Potential state and local examinations for those years are gen- erally restricted to results that are based on closed U.S. Federal examinations. For our life and non-life consolidated company federal income tax returns, all tax years prior to 2010 have been examined or reviewed. Several of our companies were included in a consolidated return with our former parent, GE, for pre- 2005 tax years before our IPO. The Internal Revenue Service completed its examination of these GE consolidated returns in 2010, and the appropriate adjustments under the Tax Matters Agreement and other tax sharing arrangements with GE were settled and finalized during the year ended December 31, 2012. We are also responsible for any tax liability of any separate U.S. Federal and state pre-disposition period returns of former life insurance and non-insurance subsidiaries sold in the years 2011 to 2013. With respect to our foreign affiliates, there are various examinations ongoing by foreign jurisdictions with any material exposure liability related thereto being duly recorded in the financial statements. We believe it is reasonably possible that in 2015 as a result of our open audits and appeals, up to approximately $14 mil- lion of unrecognized tax benefits will be recognized. These tax benefits are related to certain insurance tax attributes in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions. ( 1 5 ) S U P P L E M E N T A L C A S H F L O W I N F O R M A T I O N Net cash paid for taxes was $439 million, $146 million and $287 million and cash paid for interest was $437 million, $453 million and $465 million for ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. the years ( 1 6 ) S T O C K - B A S E D C O M P E N S A T I O N including stock options, Prior to May 2012, we granted share-based awards to stock employees and directors, appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and deferred stock units (“DSUs”) under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2004 Omnibus Incentive Plan”). In May 2012, the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan,” together with the 2004 Omnibus Incentive Plan, the “Omnibus Incentive Plans”) was approved by stockholders. Under the 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan, we are authorized to grant 16 million equity awards, plus a number of additional shares not to exceed 25 million underlying awards outstanding under the prior Plan. From and after May 2012, no further awards have been or will be granted under the 2004 Omnibus Incentive Plan and the 2004 Omnibus Incentive Plan will remain in effect only as long as awards granted thereunder remain outstanding. We recorded stock-based compensation expense under the Omnibus Incentive Plans of $22 million, $30 million and $23 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012. For awards issued prior to January 1, 2006, stock-based compensation expense was recognized on a graded vesting attribution method over the awards’ respective vesting schedule. For awards issued after January 1, 2006, stock-based compensation expense was recognized evenly on a straight-line attribution method over the awards’ respective vesting period. For purposes of determining the fair value of stock-based payment awards on the date of grant, we typically use the Black-Scholes Model. The Black-Scholes Model requires the input of certain assumptions that involve judgment. Manage- ment periodically evaluates the assumptions and methodologies used to calculate fair value of share-based compensation. Cir- cumstances may change and additional data may become avail- able over to these assumptions and methodologies. time, which could result in changes 208 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The following table contains the stock option and SAR weighted-average grant date fair value information and related valuation assumptions for the years ended December 31: Stock Options and SARs 2014 2013 Black- Scholes Model Black- Scholes Model Monte-Carlo Simulation (1) 2012 Black- Scholes Model 2,960 3,404 1,200 5,085 $75.00 $75.00 $ 3.05 $ 2.53 $75.00 $75.00 $ 5.88 $ 2.34 6.0 5.9 100.2% 100.7% 0.5% 0.5% 1.9% 1.1% NA 6.0 102.5% 100.7% 0.5% 0.5% 1.1% 1.1% Awards granted (in thousands) Maximum share value at exercise of SARs Fair value per options and SARs Valuation assumptions: Expected term (years) Expected volatility Expected dividend yield Risk-free interest rate (1) For purposes of determining the fair value of 1.2 million shares of performance-accelerated SARs that were issued in January 2013, we used a Monte-Carlo Simulation technique. Monte-Carlo Simulation is a method used to simulate future stock price movements in order to determine the fair value due to unique vesting and exercising provisions. The performance- accelerated SARs have a derived service period of one year on average and have a grant price of $7.90. The performance-accelerated SARs vest on the third anniversary of the grant date but are subject to earlier vesting on or after the one year anniversary of the grant date based on the closing price of our Class A Common Stock exceeding certain specified amounts ($12.00, $16.00 and $20.00, respectively) for 45 consecutive trading days. Based on the closing price of our Class A Common Stock, the first tranche at $12.00 vested in January 2014 and the second tranche at $16.00 vested in June 2014. During 2014 and 2013, we granted SARs with exercise prices ranging from $14.30 to $17.89 and $7.90 to $9.06, respectively. These SARs have a feature that places a cap on the amount of gain that can be recognized upon exercise of the SARs. Specifically, if the price of our Class A Common Stock reaches $75.00, any vested portion of the SAR will be auto- matically exercised. We did not grant stock options during 2014, 2013 or 2012. The SAR grant price equaled the closing market prices of our Class A Common Stock on the date of the grant and the awards have an exercise term of 10 years. The SARs granted in 2014, 2013 and 2012 have average vest- ing periods of four years in annual increments commencing on the first anniversary of the grant date. Additionally, during 2014 and 2013, we issued RSUs with average restriction peri- ods of four years and a fair value of $9.19 to $17.89 and $7.90 to $15.40, respectively, which were measured at the market price of a share of our Class A Common Stock on the grant date. In 2014, we granted 343,000 performance stock units (“PSUs”) with fair values ranging from $15.23 to $17.89. During 2014, 39,000 PSUs were forfeited due to an executive employee leaving the company prior to the achievement of certain performance goals. The PSUs may be earned over a three year period based upon the achievement of certain per- formance goals related to our 2016 annual operating return on equity and book value per share. The PSUs will be payable in Genworth Class A Common Stock in March 2017 provided we have attained or exceeded threshold levels related to the performance goals. The two performance goals operate independently and each determine 50% of the potential number of shares to be paid out. If the respective threshold levels have not been achieved by December 31, 2016, no payout will occur and all related expenses recorded to date will be reversed. The PSUs were granted at market price as of the grant date. The following table summarizes stock option activity as of December 31, 2014 and 2013: Shares subject to option Weighted-average exercise price (Shares in thousands) Balance as of January 1, 2013 Granted Exercised Forfeited Expired Balance as of January 1, 2014 Granted Exercised Forfeited Expired Balance as of December 31, 2014 Exercisable as of December 31, 2014 6,109 — (1,440) (359) — 4,310 — (921) (885) — 2,504 2,501 The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2014: Exercise price range $2.00 – $2.46 (2) $7.36 – $7.80 $9.10 – $14.18 $14.92 – $22.80 $30.52 – $34.13 Outstanding Exercisable Shares in thousands Average life (1) 394 547 1,228 123 212 2,504 4.07 2.42 4.87 3.26 1.40 Average exercise price $ 2.44 $ 7.80 $14.15 $21.96 $32.56 $12.86 Shares in thousands Average life (1) 394 547 1,225 123 212 2,501 4.07 2.42 4.86 3.26 1.40 (1) Average contractual life remaining in years. (2) These shares have an aggregate intrinsic value of $2 million each for total options outstanding and exercisable options. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K $11.77 $ — $ 6.20 $17.26 $ — $13.17 $ — $ 8.10 $19.32 $ — $12.86 $12.86 Average exercise price $ 2.44 $ 7.80 $14.15 $21.96 $32.55 $12.86 209 The following table summarizes the status of our other equity-based awards as of December 31, 2014 and 2013: (Awards in thousands) Balance as of January 1, 2013 Granted Exercised Terminated Balance as of January 1, 2014 Granted Exercised Terminated Balance as of December 31, 2014 RSUs DSUs SARs Number of awards Weighted- average grant date fair value Number of awards Weighted- average fair value Number of awards Weighted- average grant date fair value 2,280 2,018 (985) (426) 2,887 1,226 (938) (262) 2,913 $12.97 $ 9.27 $14.75 $10.01 $10.21 $15.00 $10.06 $12.16 $12.09 690 98 (209) — 579 113 (58) — 634 $ 8.74 $12.17 $ 4.73 $ — $ 9.43 $12.98 $ 6.65 $ — $ 9.96 10,359 4,604 (1,618) (980) 12,365 2,960 (1,353) (1,905) 12,067 $4.44 $3.40 $5.97 $2.91 $4.00 $3.05 $3.88 $5.23 $3.62 As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested awards not yet recognized was $35 million and $30 million, respectively. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of two years. There was $20 million and $19 million in cash received from stock options exercised in 2014 and 2013, respectively. New shares were issued to settle all exercised awards. The actual tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from the exercise of share-based awards was $11 million and $10 mil- lion as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. In connection with the IPO of Genworth Canada in July 2009, our indirect subsidiary, Genworth Canada, granted stock options and other equity-based awards to its Canadian employees. The following table summarizes the status of Genworth Canada’s stock option activity and other equity-based awards as of December 31, 2014 and 2013: (Shares and Awards in thousands) Balance as of January 1, 2013 Granted Exercised Terminated Balance as of January 1, 2014 Granted Exercised Terminated Balance as of December 31, 2014 As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, all of the stock options, RSUs, PSUs and DSUs, were vested. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, all of the EDSUs outstanding were unvested. The EDSUs were introduced in 2013 as part of a share-based compensation plan intended for executive level employees entitling them to receive an amount equal to the fair value of Genworth Canada stock. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, we recorded stock-based compensation expense of $6 million, $11 million and $3 mil- lion, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, we estimated total unrecognized expense of $3 million, $3 million and $1 million, respectively, related to these awards. Stock options RSUs & PSUs DSUs Executive deferred stock units (“EDSUs”) Shares subject to option Number of awards Number of awards Number of awards 1,027 100 (91) (49) 987 114 (93) (6) 1,002 143 106 (66) (6) 177 93 (67) — 203 34 11 — — 45 9 — — 54 — 20 — — 20 1 — — 21 indirect In connection with the IPO of Genworth Mortgage Insurance Australia Limited (“Genworth Australia”) in subsidiary, Genworth Australia, May 2014, our granted stock options and other equity-based awards to its Australian employees. As of December 31, 2014, Genworth Australia had outstanding 2,803,025 of restricted share rights, of which 99,250 shares were vested and 2,703,775 shares were unvested. During 2014, 4,901 shares were exercised. For the year ended December 31, 2014, we recorded stock-based compensation expense of $2 million and we estimated total unrecognized expense of $5 million related to these awards. 210 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K ( 1 7 ) F A I R V A L U E O F F I N A N C I A L I N S T R U M E N T S Assets and liabilities that are reflected in the accompany- ing consolidated financial statements at fair value are not included in the following disclosure of fair value. Such items include cash and cash equivalents, investment securities, sepa- securities held as collateral and derivative rate accounts, instruments. Other financial assets and liabilities—those not carried at fair value—are discussed below. Apart from certain of our borrowings and certain marketable securities, few of the instruments discussed below are actively traded and their fair values must often be determined using models. The fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based upon available market information and judgments about the finan- cial the timing and including estimates of amount of expected future cash flows and the credit standing of counterparties. Such estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time our entire holdings of a particular financial instrument, nor do they consider the tax impact of the realization of unrealized gains or losses. In many cases, the fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets. instruments, The basis on which we estimate fair value is as follows: Commercial mortgage loans. Based on recent transactions and/or discounted future cash flows, using current market rates. Given the limited availability of data related to trans- actions for similar instruments, we typically classify these loans as Level 3. Restricted commercial mortgage loans. Based on recent transactions and/or discounted future cash flows, using current market rates. Given the limited availability of data related to transactions for similar instruments, we typically classify these loans as Level 3. Other short-term invested assets. Primarily represents investments and limited partnerships accounted for under the cost method. The fair value of short-term investments typically does not include significant unobservable inputs and approx- imate our amortized cost basis. As a result, short-term invest- ments are classified as Level 2. Limited partnerships are valued based on comparable market transactions, discounted future cash flows, quoted market prices and/or estimates using the most recent data available for the underlying instrument. Cost method limited partnerships typically include significant unobservable inputs as a result of being relatively illiquid with limited market activity for similar instruments and are classi- fied as Level 3. Long-term borrowings. We utilize available market data when determining fair value of long-term borrowings issued in the United States and Canada, which includes data on recent trades for the same or similar financial instruments. Accord- ingly, these instruments are classified as Level 2 measurements. In cases where market data is not available such as our long- term borrowings in Australia, we use broker quotes for which we consider the valuation methodology utilized by the third party, but significant unobservable inputs. Accordingly, we classify these borrowings where fair value is based on our consideration of broker quotes as Level 3 measurements. valuation typically includes the Non-recourse funding obligations. We use an internal model to determine fair value using the current floating rate coupon and expected life/final maturity of the instrument discounted using the floating rate index and current market spread assumption, which is estimated based on recent trans- actions for these instruments or similar instruments as well as other market information or broker provided data. Given these instruments are private and very little market activity exists, our current market spread assumption is considered to have significant unobservable inputs in calculating fair value and, therefore, results in the fair value of these instruments being classified as Level 3. Borrowings related to securitization entities. Based on mar- ket quotes or comparable market transactions. Some of these borrowings are publicly traded debt securities and are classified as Level 2. Certain borrowings are not publicly traded and are classified as Level 3. Investment contracts. Based on expected future cash flows, discounted at current market rates for annuity contracts or institutional products. Given the significant unobservable inputs associated with policyholder behavior and current market rate assumptions used to discount the expected future cash flows, we classify these instruments as Level 3 except for certain funding agreement-backed notes that are traded in the marketplace as a security and are classified as Level 2. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 211 The following represents our estimated fair value of financial assets and liabilities that are not required to be carried at fair value as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Assets: Commercial mortgage loans Restricted commercial mortgage loans (2) Other invested assets Liabilities: Long-term borrowings (3) Non-recourse funding obligations (3) Borrowings related to securitization entities (2) Investment contracts Other firm commitments: Commitments to fund limited partnerships Ordinary course of business lending commitments (Amounts in millions) Assets: Commercial mortgage loans Restricted commercial mortgage loans (2) Other invested assets Liabilities: Long-term borrowings (3) Non-recourse funding obligations (3) Borrowings related to securitization entities (2) Investment contracts Other firm commitments: Commitments to fund limited partnerships Ordinary course of business lending commitments (1) These financial instruments do not have notional amounts. (2) See note 18 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. (3) See note 13 for additional information related to borrowings. Recurring Fair Value Measurements We have fixed maturity, equity and trading securities, derivatives, embedded derivatives, securities held as collateral, separate account assets and certain other financial instruments, which are carried at fair value. Below is a description of the valuation techniques and inputs used to determine fair value by class of instrument. Fixed maturity, equity and trading securities The valuations of fixed maturity, equity and trading secu- rities are determined using a market approach, income the market and income approach or a combination of approach depending on the type of instrument and availability of information. For all exchange-traded equity securities, the valuations are classified as Level 1. We utilize certain third-party data providers when determining fair value. We consider information obtained from third-party pricing services (“pricing services”) as well as Notional amount Carrying amount 2014 Fair value Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 $ (1) (1) (1) $ 6,100 201 374 $ 6,573 228 385 $— $ — $ 6,573 228 — 85 300 — — (1) (1) (1) (1) 53 155 4,639 1,996 134 17,497 — — — — — — — — 4,300 1,438 146 18,023 — — 2013 4,181 119 — 1,438 — 18,016 146 7 — — — — Notional amount Carrying amount Fair value Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 $ (1) (1) (1) $ 5,899 233 307 $ 6,137 258 311 $— $ — $ 6,137 258 — — 90 221 — (1) (1) (1) (1) 65 138 5,161 2,038 167 17,330 — — 5,590 1,459 182 17,827 — — — — — — — — 5,460 130 — 1,459 — 182 17,741 86 — — — — third-party broker provided prices, or broker quotes, in our determination of fair value. Additionally, we utilize internal models to determine the valuation of securities using an income approach where the inputs are based on third-party provided market inputs. While we consider the valuations provided by pricing services and broker quotes to be of high quality, management determines the fair value of our invest- ment securities after considering all relevant and available information. We also use various methods to obtain an under- standing of the valuation methodologies and procedures used by third-party data providers to ensure sufficient under- standing to evaluate the valuation data received, including an understanding of the assumptions and inputs utilized to determine the appropriate fair value. For pricing services, we analyze the prices provided by our primary pricing services to other readily available pricing services and perform a detailed review of the assumptions and inputs from each pricing service fair value when pricing to determine appropriate the 212 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K differences exceed certain thresholds. We also evaluate changes in fair value that are greater than 10% each month to further aid in our review of the accuracy of fair value measurements and our understanding of changes in fair value, with more detailed reviews performed by the asset managers responsible for the related asset class associated with the security being reviewed. A pricing committee provides additional oversight and guidance in the evaluation and review of the pricing meth- odologies used to value our investment portfolio. In general, we first obtain valuations from pricing services. If a price is not supplied by a pricing service, we will typically seek a broker quote for public or private fixed maturity secu- rities. In certain instances, we utilize price caps for broker quoted securities where the estimated market yield results in a valuation that may exceed the amount that we believe would be received in a market transaction. For certain private fixed maturity securities where we do not obtain valuations from pricing services, we utilize an internal model to determine fair value since transactions for identical securities are not readily observable and these securities are not typically valued by pric- ing services. For all securities, excluding certain private fixed if neither a pricing service nor broker maturity securities, quotes valuation is available, we determine fair value using internal models. For pricing services, we obtain an understanding of the pricing methodologies and procedures for each type of instru- ment. Additionally, on a monthly basis we review a sample of securities, examining the pricing service’s assumptions to determine if we agree with the service’s derived price. In gen- eral, a pricing service does not provide a price for a security if sufficient information is not readily available to determine fair value or if such security is not in the specific sector or class covered by a particular pricing service. Given our under- standing of the pricing methodologies and procedures of pric- ing services, the securities valued by pricing services are typically classified as Level 2 unless we determine the valuation process for a security or group of securities utilizes significant unobservable inputs, which would result in the valuation being classified as Level 3. For private fixed maturity securities, we utilize an internal model to determine fair value and utilize public bond spreads by sector, rating and maturity to develop the market rate that would be utilized for a similar public bond. We then add an additional premium, which represents an unobservable input, to the public bond spread to adjust for the liquidity and other features of our private placements. We utilize the estimated market yield to discount the expected cash flows of the security to determine fair value. In certain instances, we utilize price caps for securities where the estimated market yield results in a valuation that may exceed the amount that would be received in a market transaction. When a security does not have an external rating, we assign the security an internal rating to determine the appropriate public bond spread that should be utilized in the valuation. To evaluate the reasonableness of the internal model, we review a sample of private fixed maturity securities each month. In that review we compare the modeled prices to the prices of similar public securities in conjunction with analysis on current market indicators. While we generally consider the public bond spreads by sector and maturity to be observable inputs, we evaluate the similarities of our private placement with the public bonds, any price caps utilized, liquidity premiums applied, and whether external ratings are available for our private placements to determine whether the spreads utilized would be considered observable inputs. During the second quarter of 2012, we began classifying private secu- rities without an external rating and public bond spread as Level 3. In general, increases (decreases) in credit spreads will decrease (increase) the fair value for our fixed maturity secu- rities. For broker quotes, we consider the valuation methodology utilized by the third party and analyze a sample each month to assess reasonableness given then current market conditions. As the valuation typically includes significant unobservable inputs, we classify the securities where fair value is based on our consideration of broker quotes as Level 3 measurements. For remaining securities priced using internal models, we maximize the use of observable inputs but typically utilize sig- nificant unobservable inputs to determine fair value. Accord- ingly, the valuations are typically classified as Level 3. Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities We have trading securities related to securitization entities that are classified as restricted other invested assets and are car- ried at fair value. The trading securities represent asset-backed securities. The valuation for trading securities is determined using a market approach and/or an income approach depend- ing on the availability of information. For certain highly rated asset-backed securities, there is observable market information for transactions of the same or similar instruments, which is provided to us by a third-party pricing service and is classified as Level 2. For certain securities that are not actively traded, we determine fair value after considering third-party broker pro- vided prices or discounted expected cash flows using current yields for similar securities and classify these valuations as Level 3. Securities lending and derivative counterparty collateral The fair value of securities held as collateral is primarily based on Level 2 inputs from market information for the collateral that is held on our behalf by the custodian. We determine fair value after considering prices obtained by third- party pricing services. Contingent consideration We have certain contingent purchase price payments and receivables related to acquisitions and sales that are recorded at fair value each period. Fair value is determined using an income approach whereby we project the expected performance of the business and compare our projections of the relevant perform- ance metric to the thresholds established in the purchase or sale Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 213 agreement to determine our expected payments or receipts. We then discount these expected amounts to calculate the fair value as of the valuation date. We evaluate the underlying projections used in determining fair value each period and update these underlying projections when there have been significant changes in our expectations of the future business performance. The inputs used to determine the discount rate and expected payments or receipts are primarily based on significant unobservable inputs and result in the fair value of the con- tingent consideration being classified as Level 3. An increase in the discount rate or a decrease in expected payments or receipts will result in a decrease in the fair value of contingent consid- eration. Separate account assets The fair value of separate account assets is based on the quoted prices of the underlying fund investments and, there- fore, represents Level 1 pricing. Derivatives We consider counterparty collateral arrangements and rights of set-off when evaluating our net credit risk exposure to our derivative counterparties. Accordingly, we are permitted to include consideration of these arrangements when determining whether any incremental adjustment should be made for both the counterparty’s and our non-performance risk in measuring fair value for our derivative instruments. As a result of these counterparty arrangements, we determined that any adjustment for credit risk would not be material and we do not record any incremental adjustment for our non-performance risk or the non-performance risk of the derivative counterparty for our derivative assets or liabilities. We determine fair value for our derivatives using an income approach with internal models based on relevant market inputs for each derivative instrument. We also compare the fair value determined using our internal model to the valuations provided by our derivative counter- parties with any significant differences or changes in valuation being evaluated further by our derivatives professionals that are familiar with the instrument and market inputs used in the valuation. Interest rate swaps. The valuation of interest rate swaps is determined using an income approach. The primary input into the valuation represents the forward interest rate swap curve, which is generally considered an observable input, and results in the derivative being classified as Level 2. For certain interest rate swaps, the inputs into the valuation also include the total returns of certain bonds that would primarily be considered an observable input and result in the derivative being classified as Level 2. For certain other swaps, there are features that provide an option to the counterparty to terminate the swap at specified dates. The interest rate volatility input used to value these options would be considered a significant unobservable input and results in the fair value measurement of the derivative being classified as Level 3. These options to terminate the swap by the counterparty are based on forward interest rate swap curves and volatility. As interest rate volatility increases, our valuation of the derivative changes unfavorably. Interest rate swaps related to securitization entities. The valu- ation of interest rate swaps related to securitization entities is determined using an income approach. The primary input into the valuation represents the forward interest rate swap curve, which is generally considered an observable input, and results in the derivative being classified as Level 2. Inflation indexed swaps. The valuation of inflation indexed swaps is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent the forward interest rate swap curve, the current consumer price index and the forward consumer price index curve, which are generally considered observable inputs, and results in the derivative being classified as Level 2. Foreign currency swaps. The valuation of foreign currency swaps is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent the forward interest rate swap curve and foreign currency exchange rates, both of which are considered an observable input, and results in the derivative being classified as Level 2. Credit default swaps. We have both single name credit default swaps and index tranche credit default swaps. For single name credit default swaps, we utilize an income approach to determine fair value based on using current market information for the credit spreads of the reference entity, which is consid- ered observable inputs based on the reference entities of our derivatives and results in these derivatives being classified as Level 2. For index tranche credit default swaps, we utilize an income approach that utilizes current market information related to credit spreads and expected defaults and losses asso- ciated with the reference entities that comprise the respective index associated with each derivative. There are significant unobservable inputs associated with the timing and amount of losses from the reference entities as well as the timing or amount of losses, if any, that will be absorbed by our tranche. Accordingly, the index tranche credit default swaps are classi- fied as Level 3. As credit spreads widen for the underlying issuers comprising the index, the change in our valuation of these credit default swaps will be unfavorable. Credit default swaps related to securitization entities. Credit default swaps related to securitization entities represent custom- ized index tranche credit default swaps and are valued using a similar methodology as described above for index tranche credit default swaps. We determine fair value of these credit default swaps after considering both the valuation methodology described above as well as the valuation provided by the derivative counterparty. In addition to the valuation method- ology and inputs described for index tranche credit default swaps, these customized credit default swaps contain a feature that permits the securitization entity to provide the par value of underlying assets in the securitization entity to settle any losses under the credit default swap. The valuation of this settlement 214 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K feature is dependent upon the valuation of the underlying assets and the timing and amount of any expected loss on the credit default swap, which is considered a significant unobservable input. Accordingly, these customized index tranche credit default swaps related to securitization entities are classified as Level 3. As credit spreads widen for the underlying issuers comprising the customized index, the change in our valuation of these credit default swaps will be unfavorable. Equity index options. We have equity index options asso- ciated with various equity indices. The valuation of equity index options is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent forward interest rate volatility and time value component associated with the optionality in the derivative, which are considered significant unobservable inputs in most instances. The equity index vola- tility surface is determined based on market information that is not readily observable and is developed based upon inputs received from several third-party sources. Accordingly, these options are classified as Level 3. As equity index volatility increases, our valuation of these options changes favorably. Financial futures. The fair value of financial futures is based on the closing exchange prices. Accordingly, these finan- cial futures are classified as Level 1. The period end valuation is zero as a result of settling the margins on these contracts on a daily basis. Equity return swaps. The valuation of equity return swaps is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent the forward interest rate swap curve and underlying equity index values, which are generally consid- ered observable inputs, and results in the derivative being classi- fied as Level 2. Forward bond purchase commitments. The valuation of forward bond purchase commitments is determined using an income approach. The primary input into the valuation repre- sents the current bond prices and interest rates, which are gen- erally considered an observable input, and results in the derivative being classified as Level 2. Other foreign currency contracts. We have certain foreign currency options classified as other foreign currency contracts. The valuation of foreign currency options is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent the forward interest rate swap curve, foreign currency exchange rates, forward interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate volatility, foreign equity index volatility and time value component associated with the optionality in the derivative. As a result of the significant unobservable inputs associated with the forward interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate vola- tility and foreign equity index volatility inputs, the derivative is classified as Level 3. As foreign currency exchange rate volatility and foreign equity index volatility increases, the change in our valuation of these options will be favorable for purchase options and unfavorable for options sold. We also have foreign cur- rency forward contracts where the valuation is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valu- ation represent the forward foreign currency exchange rates, which are generally considered observable inputs and results in the derivative being classified as Level 2. GMWB embedded derivatives We are required to bifurcate an embedded derivative for certain features associated with annuity products and related reinsurance agreements where we provide a GMWB to the policyholder and are required to record the GMWB embedded fair value. The valuation of our GMWB derivative at embedded derivative is based on an income approach that incorporates inputs such as forward interest rates, equity index volatility, equity index and fund correlation, and policyholder assumptions such as utilization, lapse and mortality. In addi- tion to these inputs, we also consider risk and expense margins when determining the projected cash flows that would be determined by another market participant. While the risk and expense margins are considered in determining fair value, these inputs do not have a significant impact on the valuation. We determine fair value using an internal model based on the vari- ous inputs noted above. The resulting fair value measurement from the model is reviewed by the product actuarial, risk and finance professionals each reporting period with changes in fair value also being compared to changes in derivatives and other instruments used to mitigate changes in fair value from certain market risks, such as equity index volatility and interest rates. For GMWB liabilities, non-performance risk is integrated into the discount rate. Our discount rate used to determine fair value of our GMWB liabilities includes market credit spreads above U.S. Treasury rates to reflect an adjustment for the non- performance risk of the GMWB liabilities. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the impact of non-performance risk resulted in a lower fair value of our GMWB liabilities of $74 million and $46 million, respectively. To determine the appropriate discount rate to reflect the non-performance risk of the GMWB liabilities, we evaluate the non-performance risk in our liabilities based on a hypothetical exit market transaction as there is no exit market for these types of liabilities. A hypothetical exit market can be viewed as a hypothetical transfer of the liability to another similarly rated insurance company which would closely resemble a reinsurance transaction. Another hypothetical exit market transaction can be viewed as a hypothetical transaction from the perspective of the GMWB policyholder. In determining the appropriate dis- count rate to incorporate non-performance risk of the GMWB liabilities, we also considered the impacts of state guarantees embedded in the related insurance product as a form of inseparable third-party guarantee. We believe that a hypo- thetical exit market participant would use a similar discount rate as described above to value the liabilities. For equity index volatility, we determine the projected equity market volatility using both historical volatility and projected equity market volatility with more significance being placed on projected near-term volatility and recent historical data. Given the different attributes and market characteristics of GMWB liabilities compared to equity index options in the Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 215 derivative market, the equity index volatility assumption for GMWB liabilities may be different from the volatility assump- tion for equity index options, especially for the longer dated points on the curve. derivative liability will decrease. As expected future interest credited decreases, the value of our embedded derivative liability will decrease. Equity index and fund correlations are determined based Indexed universal life embedded derivatives on historical price observations for the fund and equity index. For policyholder assumptions, we use our expected lapse, mortality and utilization assumptions these assumptions for our actual experience, as necessary. For our lapse assumption, we adjust our base lapse assumption by policy based on a combination of the policyholder’s current account value and GMWB benefit. and update We classify the GMWB valuation as Level 3 based on having significant unobservable inputs, with equity index vola- tility and non-performance risk being considered the more sig- nificant unobservable equity index volatility inputs. As increases, the fair value of the GMWB liabilities will increase. Any increase in non-performance risk would increase the dis- count rate and would decrease the fair value of the GMWB liability. Additionally, we and utilization assumptions to be significant unobservable inputs. An increase in our lapse assumption would decrease the fair value of the GMWB liability, whereas an increase in our utilization rate would increase the fair value. consider lapse We offer indexed universal life products where interest is credited to the policyholder’s account balance based on equity index changes. This feature is required to be bifurcated as an embedded derivative and recorded at fair value. Fair value is determined using an income approach where the present value of the excess cash flows above the guaranteed cash flows is used to determine the value attributed to the equity index feature. The inputs used in determining the fair value include policyholder behavior (lapses and withdrawals), near-term equity index volatility, expected future interest credited, for- ward interest rates and an adjustment to the discount rate to incorporate non-performance risk and risk margins. As a result of our assumptions for policyholder behavior and expected future significant unobservable inputs, we classify these instruments as Level 3. As lapses and withdrawals increase, the value of our embedded derivative liability will decrease. As expected future interest credited decreases, the value of our embedded derivative liability will decrease. considered credited interest being Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives Borrowings related to securitization entities We offer fixed indexed annuity products where interest is credited to the policyholder’s account balance based on equity index changes. This feature is required to be bifurcated as an embedded derivative and recorded at fair value. Fair value is determined using an income approach where the present value of the excess cash flows above the guaranteed cash flows is used to determine the value attributed to the equity index fea- ture. The inputs used in determining the fair value include policyholder behavior (lapses and withdrawals), near-term equity index volatility, expected future interest credited, for- ward interest rates and an adjustment to the discount rate to incorporate non-performance risk and risk margins. As a result of our assumptions for policyholder behavior and expected future significant unobservable inputs, we classify these instruments as Level 3. As lapses and withdrawals increase, the value of our embedded considered credited interest being these borrowings fair value. The fair value of We record certain borrowings related to securitization enti- is ties at determined using either a market approach or income approach, depending on the instrument and availability of market information. Given the unique characteristics of the securitization entities that issued these borrowings as well as the lack of comparable instruments, we determine fair value considering the valuation of the underlying assets held by the securitization entities and any derivatives, as well as any unique characteristics of the borrowings that may impact the valuation. After considering all relevant inputs, we determine fair value of the borrowings using the net valuation of the underlying assets and derivatives that are backing the borrowings. Accordingly, these instruments are classified as Level 3. Increases in the valu- ation of the underlying assets or decreases in the derivative liabilities will result in an increase in the fair value of these borrowings. 216 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The following tables set forth our assets and liabilities by class of instrument that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 (Amounts in millions) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 2014 2013 Assets Investments: Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises Tax-exempt Government—non-U.S. U.S. corporate Corporate—non-U.S. Residential mortgage-backed Commercial mortgage-backed Other asset-backed Total fixed maturity securities Equity securities Other invested assets: Trading securities Derivative assets: Interest rate swaps Foreign currency swaps Credit default swaps Equity index options Other foreign currency contracts Total derivative assets Securities lending collateral Total other invested assets Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities (1) Reinsurance recoverable (2) Separate account assets Total assets Liabilities Policyholder account balances: GMWB embedded derivatives (3) Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives Indexed universal life embedded derivatives Total policyholder account balances Derivative liabilities: Interest rate swaps Interest rate swaps related to securitization entities (1) Inflation indexed swaps Foreign currency swaps Credit default swaps related to securitization entities (1) Equity return swaps Other foreign currency contracts Total derivative liabilities Borrowings related to securitization entities (1) $ 6,000 $ — $ 5,996 $ — 362 — 2,099 — 24,752 — 13,327 — 5,165 — 2,697 — 2,285 — 56,683 4 362 2,106 27,200 15,132 5,240 2,702 3,705 62,447 282 244 241 — 241 1,091 6 4 17 14 1,132 289 1,662 — 1,091 6 — 1 — — — — 14 — 1,112 — 289 — 1,642 4 — 7 2,448 1,805 75 5 1,420 5,764 34 — — — 3 17 — 20 — 20 411 13 9,208 — — 9,208 230 13 — $74,023 $9,452 $58,510 $6,061 181 — — Assets Investments: Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises Tax-exempt Government—non-U.S. U.S. corporate Corporate—non-U.S. Residential mortgage-backed Commercial mortgage-backed Other asset-backed Total fixed maturity securities Equity securities Other invested assets: Trading securities Derivative assets: Interest rate swaps Foreign currency swaps Credit default swaps Equity index options Other foreign currency contracts Total derivative assets Securities lending collateral Derivatives counterparty collateral Total other invested assets Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities (1) Reinsurance recoverable (2) Separate account assets Total assets $ 4,810 $ — $ 4,805 $ 295 2,146 25,035 15,071 5,225 2,898 3,149 58,629 341 239 436 4 11 12 8 471 187 70 967 — 295 — 2,123 — 22,635 — 13,252 — 5,120 — 2,892 — 1,983 — 53,105 7 256 — — — — — — — — — — 205 436 4 1 — 5 446 187 70 908 5 — 23 2,400 1,819 105 6 1,166 5,524 78 34 — — 10 12 3 25 — — 59 — — 10,138 211 391 (1) (1) 10,138 — $70,465 $10,394 $54,200 $5,871 180 — — $ 291 $ — $ — $ 291 Liabilities 276 7 574 204 26 42 7 17 1 13 310 85 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 276 — 7 — 574 204 26 42 7 — 1 13 293 — — — — 17 — — 17 — 85 293 $ 676 Policyholder account balances: GMWB embedded derivatives (3) Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives Total policyholder account balances Derivative liabilities: Interest rate swaps Interest rate swaps related to securitization entities (1) Inflation indexed swaps Foreign currency swaps Credit default swaps related to securitization entities (1) Equity return swaps Forward bond purchase commitments Other foreign currency contracts Total derivative liabilities Borrowings related to securitization entities (1) Total liabilities $ 96 $ — $ — $ 96 143 239 575 16 60 2 32 1 13 4 703 75 — — — — — — — — — — — — $ 1,017 $ — $ — 143 — 239 575 16 60 2 — 1 13 3 670 — — — — 32 — — 1 33 — 75 670 $ 347 (1) See note 18 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. (2) Represents embedded derivatives associated with the reinsured portion of our GMWB liabilities. (3) Represents embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities, excluding the impact of reinsurance. Total liabilities $ 969 $ — $ (1) See note 18 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. (2) Represents embedded derivatives associated with the reinsured portion of our GMWB liabilities. (3) Represents embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities, excluding the impact of reinsurance. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 217 We review the fair value hierarchy classifications each reporting period. Changes in the observability of the valuation attributes may result in a reclassification of certain financial assets or liabilities. Such reclassifications are reported as trans- fers between levels at the beginning fair value for the reporting period in which the changes occur. Given the types of assets classified as Level 1, which primarily represents mutual fund investments, we typically do not have any transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 measurement categories and did not have any such transfers during any period presented. Our assessment of whether or not there were significant unobservable inputs related to fixed maturity securities was based on our observations obtained through the course of managing our investment portfolio, including interaction with other market participants, observations related to the avail- ability and consistency of pricing and/or rating, and under- standing of general market activity such as new issuance and the level of secondary market trading for a class of securities. Additionally, we considered data obtained from third-party pricing sources to determine whether our estimated values incorporate significant unobservable inputs that would result in the valuation being classified as Level 3. The following tables present additional information about assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs to determine fair value as of or for the dates indicated: Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) Included in net income (loss) Included in OCI Beginning balance as of January 1, 2014 Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements Ending balance as of December 31, 2014 Transfer into Level 3 Transfer out of Level 3 Total gains (losses) included in net income (loss) attributable to assets still held (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises $ Government—non-U.S. U.S. corporate (1) Corporate—non-U.S. Residential mortgage-backed Commercial mortgage-backed Other asset-backed (1) Total fixed maturity securities Equity securities Other invested assets: Trading securities Derivative assets: Credit default swaps Equity index options Other foreign currency contracts Total derivative assets Total other invested assets Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities (2) Reinsurance recoverable (3) Total Level 3 assets 5 23 2,400 1,819 105 6 1,166 5,524 78 34 10 12 3 25 59 211 (1) $ $ $ — — 27 4 — — 5 36 — — — (31) (2) (33) (33) 19 11 — — 57 9 (3) 2 (3) 62 — — — — — — — — — $ — $ — 3 — (60) 211 (123) 282 16 (23) — — (15) 298 810 (221) 1 (38) — — — — 36 — (1) — 36 36 (1) (1) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 $ (1) (2) (253) (222) (13) (2) (181) (674) — $ — $ — (17) (206) (61) (31) (8) (94) — 272 97 24 7 244 644 — (417) (7) (3) (7) — — (7) (10) — — — — — — — — — — (31) — — — — (31) — — $ 4 7 2,448 1,805 75 5 1,420 5,764 34 — 3 17 — 20 20 230 13 $ — — 12 2 — — 1 15 — — — (28) — (28) (28) 18 11 $5,871 $ 33 $62 $847 $(260) $ 3 $(684) $644 $(455) $6,061 $ 16 (1) The transfers into and out of Level 3 for fixed maturity securities were related to changes in the primary pricing source and changes in the observability of external information used in determining the fair value, such as external ratings or credit spreads. (2) See note 18 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. (3) Represents embedded derivatives associated with the reinsured portion of our GMWB liabilities. 218 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) Included in net income (loss) Included in OCI Beginning balance as of January 1, 2013 Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements Ending balance as of December 31, 2013 Transfer into Level 3 Transfer out of Level 3 Total gains (losses) included in net income (loss) attributable to assets still held $ 9 9 2,683 1,983 157 35 864 5,740 99 76 2 7 25 — 34 110 194 9 10 $ — $ — 1 (15) (24) 7 (1) 10 — 18 4 (9) (5) 4 12 2 7 (1) 12 (43) (1) (33) (26) (1) — (14) (22) — — — — — — — — — — — $ — $ — — — (151) 178 (33) 120 — (8) — — (49) 200 498 (241) 1 (24) — (40) — — — — 39 — 4 — 43 — 43 (40) 19 — — — — — $— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 $ (4) (3) (349) (220) (29) (32) (89) (726) — (9) (1) (9) (9) — (19) (28) (20) (9) — $ — $ — — (159) (87) (27) (2) (20) 16 195 76 14 11 246 $ 5 23 2,400 1,819 105 6 1,166 558 — — — — — — — — 19 — — (295) 5,524 — — — — — — — — — — — 78 34 — 10 12 3 25 59 211 — (1) $ — — 13 2 — (4) 4 15 — 2 (1) 6 (40) (1) (36) (34) (1) — (14) $6,162 $(27) $(22) $561 $(305) $ 3 $(783) $577 $(295) $5,871 $(34) (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises Government—non-U.S. U.S. corporate (1) Corporate—non-U.S. (1) Residential mortgage-backed Commercial mortgage-backed Other asset-backed (1) Total fixed maturity securities Equity securities Other invested assets: Trading securities Derivative assets: Interest rate swaps Credit default swaps Equity index options Other foreign currency contracts Total derivative assets Total other invested assets Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities (2) Other assets (3) Reinsurance recoverable (4) Total Level 3 assets (1) The transfers into and out of Level 3 for fixed maturity securities were related to changes in the primary pricing source and changes in the observability of external information used in determining the fair value, such as external ratings or credit spreads. (2) See note 18 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. (3) Represents contingent receivables associated with recent business dispositions. (4) Represents embedded derivatives associated with the reinsured portion of our GMWB liabilities. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 219 Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) Included in net income (loss) Included in OCI Beginning balance as of January 1, 2012 Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements Ending balance as of December 31, 2012 Transfer into Level 3 Transfer out of Level 3 Total gains (losses) included in net income (loss) attributable to assets still held $ 13 10 2,511 1,284 95 39 271 4,223 98 264 5 — 39 9 53 317 176 — 16 $ — $ — — 118 92 14 5 45 — 12 3 (7) (2) (2) 4 1 274 (2) 13 — 12 (59) (11) (58) (45) 18 (7) (9) — — — — — — — — — — $ — $ — — — (122) (29) (17) (1) (46) 147 269 20 — 350 786 (215) 10 (8) 24 (72) — — — — 55 — 3 — 58 — 82 (72) 100 (100) — — — — $— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 16 3 $ — $ (1) (214) (186) (31) (2) (94) 9 — 726 711 86 3 369 $ (13) — (495) (161) (3) (7) (29) $ 9 9 2,683 1,983 157 35 864 (528) 1,904 (708) 5,740 — (125) (3) (5) (10) (1) (19) (144) — — — — 4 — — — — — 4 — — — — (32) — — — — — (32) — — — 99 76 2 7 25 — 34 110 194 9 10 $ — — 14 2 (7) (1) 2 10 — 15 — 12 (42) (11) (41) (26) 13 (7) (9) $4,830 $(38) $272 $978 $(395) $19 $(672) $1,908 $(740) $6,162 $(19) (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises Government—non-U.S. U.S. corporate (1) Corporate—non-U.S. (1) Residential mortgage-backed (1) Commercial mortgage-backed Other asset-backed (1) Total fixed maturity securities Equity securities Other invested assets: Trading securities Derivative assets: Interest rate swaps Credit default swaps Equity index options Other foreign currency contracts Total derivative assets Total other invested assets Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities (2) Other assets (3) Reinsurance recoverable (4) Total Level 3 assets (1) The transfers into and out of Level 3 were primarily related to private fixed rate U.S. corporate and private fixed rate corporate—non-U.S. securities and resulted from a change in the observability of the additional premium to the public bond spread to adjust for the liquidity and other features of our private placements and resulted in unobservable inputs having a significant impact on certain valuations for transfers in or no longer having significant impact on certain valuations for transfers out. During the second quarter of 2012, we began classifying private securities without an external rating as Level 3, which resulted in a significant number of securities being transferred into Level 3. The transfers into Level 3 for structured securities primarily related to securities that were recently purchased and initially classified as Level 2 based on market data that existed at the time of purchase and subsequent valuation included significant unobservable inputs. (2) See note 18 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. (3) Represents contingent receivables associated with recent business dispositions. (4) Represents embedded derivatives associated with the reinsured portion of our GMWB liabilities. 220 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The following table presents the gains and losses included in net income (loss) from assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs to determine fair value and the related income state- ment line item in which these gains and losses were presented for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss): Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Total Total gains (losses) included in net income (loss) attributable to assets still held: Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Total 2014 2013 2012 $ 43 (10) $ 33 $ 19 (3) $ 16 $ 35 (62) $(27) $ 33 (67) $(34) $ 32 (70) $(38) $ 25 (44) $(19) The amount presented for unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for available-for-sale securities represents impairments and accretion on certain fixed maturity securities. The following tables present additional information about liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs to determine fair value as of or for the dates indicated: Total realized and unrealized (gains) losses Included in net (income) loss Included in OCI Beginning balance as of January 1, 2014 Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements Transfer into Level 3 Transfer out of Level 3 Ending balance as of December 31, 2014 Total (gains) losses included in net (income) loss attributable to liabilities still held $ 96 $158 $— $— $— $ 37 $— $— $— $291 $160 143 — 239 32 1 33 75 27 1 186 (19) 1 (18) — — — — — — 9 $177 — $— — — 108 — — 6 — — 151 4 — — (2) 4 (2) — — — — — 1 (2) — (2) — — — — $ 4 $ (2) $152 $ (2) — — — — — — — — — — — — — $— — $— 276 7 574 17 — 17 85 $676 (Amounts in millions) Policyholder account balances: GMWB embedded derivatives (1) Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives Indexed universal life embedded derivatives Total policyholder account balances Derivative liabilities: Credit default swaps related to securitization entities (2) Other foreign currency contracts Total derivative liabilities Borrowings related to securitization entities (2) Total Level 3 liabilities $347 (1) Represents embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities, excluding the impact of reinsurance. (2) See note 18 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 27 1 188 (19) — (19) 9 $178 221 Total realized and unrealized (gains) losses Included in net (income) loss Included in OCI Beginning balance as of January 1, 2013 Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements Ending balance as of December 31, 2013 Transfer into Level 3 Transfer out of Level 3 Total (gains) losses included in net (income) loss attributable to liabilities still held $350 $(291) $ — $ — $ — $ 37 $ — $ — $ — $ 96 $(289) 27 377 1 104 — — 105 62 $544 18 (273) (1) (77) 1 (2) (79) 13 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 5 — — — 3 — 8 — — — 98 135 — — — — — — — — — — (1) — (1) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 143 239 — 32 — 1 33 75 18 (271) (1) (77) 1 (2) (79) 13 $(339) $ — $ 8 $ — $135 $ (1) $ — $ — $347 $(337) (Amounts in millions) Policyholder account balances: GMWB embedded derivatives (1) Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives Total policyholder account balances Derivative liabilities: Credit default swaps Credit default swaps related to securitization entities (2) Equity index options Other foreign currency contracts Total derivative liabilities Borrowings related to securitization entities (2) Total Level 3 liabilities (1) Represents embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities, excluding the impact of reinsurance. (2) See note 18 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. Total realized and unrealized (gains) losses Included in net (income) loss Included in OCI Beginning balance as of January 1, 2012 Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements Ending balance as of December 31, 2012 Transfer into Level 3 Transfer out of Level 3 Total (gains) losses included in net (income) loss attributable to liabilities still held $492 $(179) $ — $ — $ — $37 $ — $ — $ — $350 $(175) 4 496 57 177 234 48 $778 1 (178) (43) (76) (119) 14 — — — — — — — — — — 2 — 3 — 5 — — — $(283) $ — $ 5 $ — 22 59 — — — — $59 — — (15) — (15) — — — — — — — — — — — — — $(15) $ — $ — 27 377 1 104 105 1 (174) (40) (76) (116) 62 $544 14 $(276) (Amounts in millions) Policyholder account balances: GMWB embedded derivatives (1) Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives Total policyholder account balances Derivative liabilities: Credit default swaps Credit default swaps related to securitization entities (2) Total derivative liabilities Borrowings related to securitization entities (2) Total Level 3 liabilities (1) Represents embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities, excluding the impact of reinsurance. (2) See note 18 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. 222 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The following table presents the gains and losses included in net (income) loss from liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs to determine fair value and the related income statement line item in which these gains and losses were presented for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2014 2013 2012 Total realized and unrealized (gains) losses included in net (income) loss: Net investment income Net investment (gains) losses Total Total (gains) losses included in net (income) loss attributable to liabilities still held: Net investment income Net investment (gains) losses Total $ — $ — $ — (283) (339) 177 $177 $(339) $(283) $ — $ — $ — (276) (337) 178 $178 $(337) $(276) Purchases, sales, issuances and settlements represent the activity that occurred during the period that results in a change of the asset or liability but does not represent changes in fair value for the instruments held at the beginning of the period. Such activity primarily consists of purchases, sales and settle- ments of fixed maturity, equity and trading securities and purchases, issuances and settlements of derivative instruments. Issuances presented for GMWB embedded derivative liabilities are characterized as the change in fair value asso- ciated with the product fees recognized that are attributed to the embedded derivative to equal the expected future benefit costs upon issuance. Issuances for fixed index annuity and indexed universal life embedded derivative liabilities represent the amount of the premium received that is attributed to the value of the embedded derivative. Settlements of embedded derivatives are characterized as the change in fair value upon exercising the embedded derivative instrument, effectively representing a settlement of the embedded derivative instru- ment. We have shown these changes in fair value separately based on the classification of this activity as effectively issuing and settling the embedded derivative instrument with all remaining changes these embedded in the fair value of derivative instruments being shown separately in the category labeled “included in net (income) loss” in the tables presented above. Certain classes of instruments classified as Level 3 are excluded below as a result of not being material or due to limitations in being able to obtain the underlying inputs used by certain third-party sources, such as broker quotes, used as an input in determin- ing fair value. The following table presents a summary of the significant unobservable inputs used for certain fair value measure- ments that are based on internal models and classified as Level 3 as of December 31, 2014: (Amounts in millions) Assets Fixed maturity securities: U.S. corporate Corporate—non-U.S. Derivative assets: Credit default swaps (1) Equity index options Liabilities Policyholder account balances: Valuation technique Fair value Unobservable input Range (weighted-average) Internal models Internal models $2,234 1,588 Credit spreads 76bps-463bps (197bps) Credit spreads 81bps-808bps (178bps) Discounted cash flows Discounted cash flows 3 17 Credit spreads Equity index volatility —bps-25bps (7bps) 14%-23% (20%) GMWB embedded derivatives (2) Stochastic cash flow model Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives Option budget method Indexed universal life embedded derivatives Option budget method Withdrawal utilization rate Lapse rate Non-performance risk (credit spreads) Equity index volatility Expected future interest credited Expected future interest credited 291 276 7 —%-98% —%-15% 40bps-85bps (70bps) 17%-24% (21%) —%-3% (2%) 3%-9% (6%) (1) Unobservable input valuation based on the current market credit default swap premium. (2) Represents embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities, excluding the impact of reinsurance. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 223 ( 1 8 ) V A R I A B L E I N T E R E S T A N D S E C U R I T I Z A T I O N E N T I T I E S VIEs are generally entities that have either a total equity investment that is insufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or whose equity investors lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. We evaluate VIEs to determine whether we are the primary beneficiary and are required to consolidate the assets and liabilities of the entity. The determination of the primary beneficiary for a VIE can be complex and requires management judgment regarding the expected results of the entity and who directs the activities of the entity that most sig- nificantly impact the economic results of the VIE. (a) Asset Securitizations We have used former affiliates and third-party entities to facilitate asset securitizations. Disclosure requirements related to off-balance sheet arrangements encompass a broader array of arrangements risk for consolidation. These than those at include transactions with term securitization arrangements entities, as well as transactions with conduits that are sponsored by third parties. The two securitization entities that are consolidated comprise one securitization entity backed by commercial mortgage loans and one backed by residual interests in certain policy loan securitization entities. For the commercial mortgage loan securitization entity, our primary economic interest represents the excess interest of the commercial mortgage loans and the subordinated notes of the securitization entity. Our primary economic interest in the policy loan securitiza- tion entity represents the excess interest received from the residual interest in certain policy loan securitization entities and the floating rate obligation issued by the securitization entity, where our economic interest is not expected to be material in any future years. Upon consolidation, we elected fair value option for the assets and liabilities for the securitization entity. For VIEs related to certain investments, we were required to consolidate three securitization entities as a result of having certain decision making rights related to instruments held by the entities. Upon consolidation, we elected fair value option for the assets and liabilities for the securitization entity. The following table shows the assets and liabilities that were recorded for the consolidated securitization entities as of December 31: The following table summarizes the total securitized assets (Amounts in millions) as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Receivables secured by: Other assets Total securitized assets not required to be consolidated Total securitized assets required to be consolidated Assets Investments: 2014 2013 $142 $147 142 300 147 314 Restricted commercial mortgage loans Restricted other invested assets: Trading securities Total restricted other invested assets Total investments Cash and cash equivalents Accrued investment income Total securitized assets $442 $461 Total assets We do not have any additional exposure or guarantees associated with these securitization entities. There has been no new asset securitization activity in 2014 or 2013. (b) Securitization and Variable Interest Entities Required To Be Consolidated For VIEs related to asset securitization transactions, we consolidate two securitization entities as a result of our involvement in the entities’ design or having certain decision making ability regarding the assets held by the securitization entity. These securitization entities were designed to have sig- nificant limitations on the types of assets owned and the types and extent of permitted activities and decision making rights. Liabilities Other liabilities: Derivative liabilities Other liabilities Total other liabilities Borrowings related to securitization entities Total liabilities The assets and other instruments held by the securitization entities are restricted and can only be used to fulfill the obliga- tions of the securitization entity. Additionally, the obligations of the securitization entities do not have any recourse to the general credit of any other consolidated subsidiaries. 2014 2013 $201 $233 411 411 612 1 1 391 391 624 1 1 $614 $626 $ 43 2 45 219 $264 $ 48 2 50 242 $292 224 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The following table shows the activity presented in our consolidated statement of income related to the consolidated securitization entities for the years ended December 31: ( 1 9 ) I N S U R A N C E S U B S I D I A R Y F I N A N C I A L I N F O R M A T I O N A N D R E G U L A T O R Y M A T T E R S 2014 2013 2012 Dividends (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Net investment income: Restricted commercial mortgage loans Restricted other invested assets Total net investment income Net investment gains (losses): Trading securities Derivatives Borrowings related to securitization entities recorded at fair value Total net investment gains (losses) Other income Total revenues Expenses: Interest expense Acquisition and operating expenses Total expenses Income before income taxes Provision for income taxes Net income $14 5 19 15 10 $ 23 4 27 (4) 86 (9) (13) 16 — 35 10 — 10 25 9 69 — 96 16 — 16 80 27 $ 29 4 33 23 72 (14) 81 1 115 21 1 22 93 33 $16 $ 53 $ 60 (c) Borrowings Related To Consolidated Securitization Entities Borrowings related to securitization entities were as follows as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) GFCM LLC, due 2035, 5.2541% GFCM LLC, due 2035, 5.7426% Marvel Finance 2007-4 LLC, due 2017 (1), (2) Genworth Special Purpose Five, 2014 2013 Principal amount Carrying value Principal amount Carrying value $ 21 113 12 $ 21 113 12 73 $ 54 113 12 NA(3) $ 54 113 12 63 LLC, due 2040 (1), (2) NA(3) Total $146 $219 $179 $242 (1) Accrual of interest based on three-month LIBOR that resets every three months plus a fixed margin. (2) Carrying value represents fair value as a result of electing fair value option for these liabilities. (3) Principal amount not applicable. Notional balance was $115 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013. These borrowings are required to be paid down as princi- pal is collected on the restricted investments held by the securitization entities and accordingly the repayment of these borrowings follows the maturity or prepayment, as permitted, of the restricted investments. results Our insurance company subsidiaries are restricted by state and foreign laws and regulations as to the amount of dividends they may pay to their parent without regulatory approval in any year, the purpose of which is to protect affected insurance poli- cyholders or contractholders, not stockholders. Any dividends in excess of limits are deemed “extraordinary” and require as of approval. Based on estimated statutory December 31, 2014, in accordance with applicable dividend restrictions, our subsidiaries could pay dividends of approx- imately $0.5 billion to us in 2015 without obtaining regulatory approval, and the remaining net assets are considered restricted. While the $0.5 billion is unrestricted, we do not expect our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to us in 2015 at this level as they retain capital for growth and to meet capital requirements and desired thresholds. As of December 31, 2014, Genworth Financial’s and Genworth Holdings’ sub- sidiaries had restricted net assets of $14.4 billion and $14.5 billion, respectively. There are no regulatory restrictions on the ability of Genworth Financial to pay dividends. Our Board of Directors has suspended the payment of dividends on our common stock indefinitely. The declaration and payment of future dividends to holders of our common stock will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent on many factors including the receipt of dividends from our operating subsidiaries, our financial condition and operating results, legal the capital requirements of our subsidiaries, requirements, regulatory constraints, our credit and financial strength ratings and such other factors as the Board of Direc- tors deems relevant. Our domestic insurance subsidiaries paid dividends of $108 million (none of which were deemed “extraordinary”), $418 million (none of which were deemed “extraordinary”) and $374 million ($175 million of which were deemed “extraordinary”) during 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Our international insurance subsidiaries paid dividends of $630 million, $317 million and $240 million during 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. U.S. domiciled insurance subsidiaries—statutory financial information Our U.S. domiciled insurance subsidiaries file financial statements with state insurance regulatory authorities and the NAIC that are prepared on an accounting basis prescribed or permitted by such authorities. Statutory accounting practices differ from U.S. GAAP in several respects, causing differences in reported net income (loss) and stockholders’ equity. Permitted statutory accounting practices encompass all accounting practices not so prescribed but that have been authorities. Our specifically allowed by state insurance Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 225 U.S. domiciled insurance subsidiaries have no material permit- ted accounting practices, except for River Lake Insurance Company VI (“River Lake VI”), River Lake Insurance Com- pany VII (“River Lake VII”), River Lake Insurance Company VIII (“River Lake VIII”), River Lake Insurance Company IX (“River Lake IX”), River Lake Insurance Company X ((“River Lake X”), together with River Lake VI, River Lake VII, River Lake VIII and River Lake IX, the “SPFCs”) and Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York (“GLICNY”). The permitted practices of the SPFCs were an essential element of their design and were expressly included in their plans of operation and in the licensing orders issued by their domiciliary state regulators and without those permitted practices, these entities could be subject to regulatory action. Accordingly, we believe that the permitted practices will remain in effect for so long as we main- tain the SPFCs. The permitted practices were as follows: – River Lake IX and River Lake X were granted a permitted accounting practice from the state of Vermont to carry its excess of loss reinsurance agreement with Brookfield Life and Annuity Insurance Company, and Hannover Life Reassur- ance Company Of America, respectively, as an admitted asset. – River Lake VII and River Lake VIII were granted a permitted accounting practice from the state of Vermont to carry their reserves on a basis similar to U.S. GAAP. – River Lake VI was granted a permitted accounting practice from the State of Delaware to carry its excess of loss reinsurance agreement with The Canada Life Assurance Company as an admitted asset. – GLICNY received a permitted practice from New York to exempt certain of its investments from a NAIC structured security valuation and ratings process. The impact of these permitted practices on our combined U.S. domiciled life insurance subsidiaries’ statutory capital and surplus was $365 million and $450 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. If they had not used a permitted practice, no regulatory event would have been triggered. The tables below include the combined statutory net income (loss) and statutory capital and surplus for our U.S. domiciled insurance subsidiaries: (Amounts in millions) Combined statutory net income (loss): Life insurance subsidiaries, excluding captive Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 life reinsurance subsidiaries Mortgage insurance subsidiaries $(179) 198 $ 359 85 $ 378 (137) Combined statutory net income (loss), excluding captive reinsurance subsidiaries Captive life insurance subsidiaries 19 (281) 444 (102) 241 (478) Combined statutory net income (loss) $(262) $ 342 $(237) (Amounts in millions) Combined statutory capital and surplus: Life insurance subsidiaries, excluding captive life reinsurance subsidiaries Mortgage insurance subsidiaries Combined statutory capital and surplus As of December 31, 2014 2013 $2,560 1,792 $4,352 $2,777 1,226 $4,003 The statutory net income (loss) from our captive life reinsurance subsidiaries relates to the reinsurance of term and universal life insurance statutory reserves assumed from our U.S. domiciled life insurance companies. These reserves are, in funded through the issuance of surplus notes (non- turn, recourse funding obligations) to third parties or secured by a third-party letter of credit or excess of loss reinsurance treaties with third parties. Accordingly, the life insurance subsidiaries’ combined statutory net income (loss) and distributable income (loss) are not affected by the statutory net income (loss) of the captives, except to the extent dividends are received from the captives. The combined statutory capital and surplus of our life insurance subsidiaries does not include the capital and surplus of our captive life reinsurance subsidiaries of $1,057 million and $1,101 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Capital and surplus of our captive life reinsurance subsidiaries, excluding River Lake VI, River Lake VII, River Lake VIII, River Lake IX and River Lake X, include surplus notes (non-recourse funding obligations) as further described in note 13. The NAIC has adopted RBC requirements to evaluate the adequacy of statutory capital and surplus in relation to risks associated with: (i) asset risk; (ii) insurance risk; (iii) interest rate and equity market risk; and (iv) business risk. The RBC formula is designated as an early warning tool for the states to identify possible undercapitalized companies for the purpose of initiating regulatory action. In the course of operations, we periodically monitor the RBC level of each of our life insurance subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, each of our life insurance subsidiaries exceeded the minimum required RBC levels. The consolidated RBC ratio of our U.S. domiciled life insurance subsidiaries was approximately 435% and 485% of the company action level as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. provisions, life business subject known as In 2012, the NAIC adopted revised statutory reserving requirements for new and in-force secondary guarantee univer- to Actuarial Guideline 38 (more sal commonly effective “AG 38”) December 31, 2012. These requirements reflected an agree- ment reached and developed by a NAIC Joint Working Group which included regulators from several states, including New York. The financial impact related to the revised statutory reserving requirements on our in-force reserves subject to the new guidance was not significant as of December 31, 2012. On September 11, 2013, the New York Department of Financial Services (the “NYDFS”) announced that it no longer supported the agreement reached by the NAIC Working Group and that 226 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K it would require New York licensed companies to use an alter- native interpretation of AG 38 for universal life insurance products with secondary guarantees. In December 2014, we finalized our discussions with the NYDFS about its alternative interpretation and recorded $70 million and $80 million of additional statutory reserves as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. In addition, as a result of our annual statutory cash flow testing of our long-term care insurance business in 2014, our New York insurance subsidiary recorded $39 million of addi- tional statutory reserves in the fourth quarter of 2014 and will record an aggregate of $156 million of additional statutory reserves over the next four years. For regulatory purposes, our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries are required to maintain a statutory contingency reserve. Annual additions to the statutory contingency reserve must equal the greater of: (i) 50% of earned premiums or (ii) the required level of policyholders position, as defined by state insurance laws. These contingency reserves generally are held until the earlier of: (i) the time that loss ratios exceed 35% or (ii) 10 years. The statutory contingency reserves for our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries were approximately $193 mil- lion and $59 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 and, were included in the table above containing combined statutory capital and surplus balances. Mortgage insurers are not subject to the NAIC’s RBC requirements but certain states and other regulators impose another form of capital requirement on mortgage insurers requiring maintenance of a risk-to-capital ratio not to exceed risk-to-capital 25:1. Fifteen other requirements. states maintain similar ratio of risk-to-capital approximately 19.3:1 as As of December 31, 2014, GMICO’s risk-to-capital ratio under the current regulatory framework as established under North Carolina law and enforced by the North Carolina Department of Insurance (“NCDOI”), GMICO’s domestic insurance regulator, was approximately 14.3:1, compared with a of December 31, 2013. In December 2013, Genworth Holdings issued $400 million senior notes in anticipation of increased capital requirements expected to be imposed by the GSEs in connection with the revised private mortgage insurance eligi- bility requirements (“PMIERs”). Following the issuance of the senior notes in December 2013, Genworth Financial con- tributed $100 million of the proceeds to GMICO, our primary U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiary, and contributed $300 mil- lion to Genworth Mortgage Holdings, LLC, a U.S. mortgage insurance holding company. In May 2014, Genworth Mort- gage Holdings, LLC contributed the $300 million to GMICO. The NCDOI’s current regulatory framework by which GMICO’s risk-to-capital ratio is calculated differs from the capital requirement methodology that is in the revised draft PMIERs. GMICO’s ongoing risk-to-capital ratio will depend principally on the magnitude of future losses incurred by GMICO, the effectiveness of ongoing loss mitigation activities, new business volume and profitability, as well as the amount of policy lapses and the amount of additional capital that is gen- erated within the business or capital support (if any) that we provide. Our estimate of the amount and timing of future losses and these foregoing factors are inherently uncertain, require significant judgment and may change significantly over time. On July 10, 2014, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (the “FHFA”) released publicly a draft of the revised PMIERs. These requirements, as drafted, contemplate an effective date for compliance 180 days after the final publication date and final publication currently is anticipated to be towards the end of the first quarter or beginning of the second quarter of 2015. In addition, the requirements permit a transition period, sub- ject to GSE approval, of two years from the publication date to meet the required capital levels. We provided comments on September 8, 2014 pursuant to the public request for input and we will continue to work with the FHFA and GSEs in an effort to have appropriate refinements made before the new require- ments are finalized. The amount of additional capital that we believe will be required to meet the Net Asset Requirements, as defined in the revised draft PMIERs, and operate our business is dependent upon, among other things, (i) the extent the final PMIERs as ultimately adopted differ materially from the current draft, including with respect to the amount and timing of additional capital requirements and the amount of capital credit provided to various types of assets; (ii) the way the requirements are applied and interpreted by the GSEs and FHFA as and after they are implemented; (iii) the future performance of the U.S. housing market; (iv) our generating and having expected U.S. mortgage insurance business earnings, available assets and risk- based required assets (including as they relate to the value of the shares of our Canadian mortgage insurance subsidiary that are owned by our U.S. mortgage insurance business as a result of share price and foreign exchange movements or otherwise), reducing risk in-force and reducing delinquencies as antici- pated, and writing anticipated amounts and types of new U.S. mortgage insurance business; and (v) our projected overall financial performance, capital and liquidity levels being as anticipated. similar) We currently believe we have a variety of sources we could utilize to satisfy these capital requirements and currently intend transactions, to utilize primarily reinsurance (or together with cash available at the holding company, to satisfy them. Our use of reinsurance or similar transactions depends upon, among other things, the availability of the markets for these transactions, the costs and other terms of reinsurance or the other transactions, the GSEs’ approach to, and the capital treatment for, these reinsurance or the other transactions, the performance of the U.S. mortgage insurance business, and the absence of unforeseen developments. Another potential capital source includes, but is not limited to, the issuance of securities by Genworth Financial or Genworth Holdings. We currently intend that our U.S. mortgage insurance requirements additional business will meet capital the Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 227 contained in the revised draft PMIERs by the anticipated effec- tive date. We will seek to utilize the transition period provided for in the draft guidelines if we do not comply by the antici- pated effective date (subject to GSE approval). On January 31, 2013, our European mortgage insurance subsidiaries received a $21 million cash capital contribution. We then subsequently contributed the shares of our European mortgage insurance subsidiaries with an estimated value of $230 million to our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries to increase the statutory capital in those companies. International insurance subsidiaries—statutory financial information Our international insurance subsidiaries also prepare finan- cial statements in accordance with local regulatory require- ments. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, combined local statutory capital and surplus for our international insurance $6,968 million and $8,248 million, subsidiaries was respectively. Combined local statutory net income (loss) for our international insurance subsidiaries was $(65) million, $605 million and $1,190 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The regulatory authorities in these international jurisdictions generally establish super- visory solvency requirements. Our international insurance sub- sidiaries had combined surplus that exceeded local solvency requirements by $2,506 million and $3,435 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. levels Our international insurance subsidiaries do not have any material accounting practices that differ from local regulatory requirements other than one of our insurance subsidiaries domiciled in Bermuda, which was granted approval from the Bermuda Monetary Authority to record a parental guarantee as statutory capital related to an internal reinsurance agreement. The amount recorded as statutory capital is equal to the excess of NAIC statutory reserves less the economic reserves up to the amount of the guarantee resulting in an increase in statutory capital of $205 million and $359 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Certain of our insurance subsidiaries have securities on deposit with various state or foreign government insurance departments in order to comply with relevant insurance regu- lations. See note 4(d) for additional information related to the terms of certain these deposits. Additionally, under reinsurance agreements that our life insurance subsidiaries have with external parties, we pledged assets in either separate portfolios external for reinsurers. These assets support the reserves ceded to those external reinsurers. See note 9 for additional information related to these pledged assets under reinsurance agreements. Certain of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries are also members of regional FHLBs and the FHLBs have been granted a lien on certain of our invested assets to collateralize our obligations. See note 10 for additional information related to these pledged assets with the FHLBs. benefit trust the or in of Guarantees of obligations In addition to the guarantees discussed in notes 18 and 22, we have provided guarantees to third parties for the perform- ance of certain obligations of our subsidiaries. We estimate that our potential obligations under such guarantees, other than the Rivermont I guarantee, were $28 million and $30 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. We provide a lim- ited guarantee to Rivermont I, an indirect subsidiary, which is accounted for as a derivative carried at fair value and is elimi- nated in consolidation. As of December 31, 2014, the fair value of this derivative was $5 million. As of December 31, 2013, the fair value of this derivative was zero. We also provide an unlimited guarantee for the benefit of policyholders for the payment of valid claims by our mortgage insurance subsidiary located in the United Kingdom. However, based on risk in- force as of December 31, 2014, we believe our U.K. mortgage insurance subsidiary has sufficient reserves and capital to cover its policyholder obligations. and Annuity Fifty percent of our in-force long-term care insurance business (excluding policies assumed from a non-affiliate third- party reinsurer) of GLIC, a Delaware insurance company and our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, is reinsured to Brook- field Life Insurance Company Limited (“BLAIC”), a Bermuda insurance company and our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary. Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited (“Brookfield”), a Bermuda insurance company and our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, has guaranteed BLAIC’s performance of its obligations under that reinsurance agree- ment. As of December 31, 2014, Brookfield directly or indirectly owns 66.2% of our Australian mortgage insurance subsidiaries, 40.6% of our Canadian mortgage insurance sub- sidiary and 100% of our lifestyle protection insurance business. As a result of Brookfield’s guarantee, adverse developments in our reinsured long-term care insurance business (including the recent increases in our reserves of that business) have adversely impacted BLAIC’s financial condition, which could, in turn, adversely impact Brookfield’s willingness or ability to pay divi- dends to Genworth Holdings. ( 2 0 ) S E G M E N T I N F O R M A T I O N (a) Operating Segment Information We operate through three divisions: U.S. Life Insurance, Global Mortgage Insurance and Corporate and Other. Under these divisions, there are five operating business segments. The U.S. Life Insurance Division includes the U.S. Life Insurance segment. The Global Mortgage Insurance Division includes the International Mortgage and U.S. Mortgage Insurance Insurance segments. The Corporate and Other Division includes the International Protection and Runoff segments and Corporate and Other activities. Our operating business seg- ments are as follows: (1) U.S. Life Insurance, which includes our long-term care insurance, life insurance and fixed annuities 228 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K (2) International Mortgage Insurance, which businesses; includes mortgage insurance-related products and services; (3) U.S. Mortgage Insurance, which includes mortgage insurance-related products and services; (4) International Pro- tection, which includes our lifestyle protection insurance busi- ness; and (5) Runoff, which includes the results of non-strategic products which are no longer actively sold. Our non-strategic products primarily include our variable annuity, variable life institutional, corporate-owned life insurance and insurance, other accident and health insurance products. Institutional products consist of: funding agreements, FABNs and GICs. We also have Corporate and Other activities which include debt financing expenses that are incurred at the Genworth Holdings level, unallocated corporate income and expenses, eliminations of inter-segment transactions and the results of other businesses that are managed outside of our operating segments, including discontinued operations. resulting gains We use the same accounting policies and procedures to measure segment income (loss) and assets as our consolidated net income (loss) and assets. Our chief operating decision maker evaluates segment performance and allocates resources on the basis of “net operating income (loss).” We define net operating income (loss) as income (loss) from continuing oper- ations excluding the after-tax effects of income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net investment gains (losses), goodwill impairments, gains (losses) on the sale of businesses, gains (losses) on the early extinguishment of debt, gains (losses) on insurance block transactions and infrequent or unusual non- operating items. Gains (losses) on insurance block transactions are defined as gains (losses) on the early extinguishment of non- recourse funding obligations, early termination fees for other financing restructuring and/or (losses) on reinsurance restructuring for certain blocks of business. We exclude net investment gains (losses) and infrequent or unusual non-operating items because we do not consider them to be related to the operating performance of our segments and Corporate and Other activities. A component of our net investment gains (losses) is the result of impairments, the size and timing of which can vary significantly depending on mar- ket credit cycles. In addition, the size and timing of other investment gains (losses) can be subject to our discretion and are influenced by market opportunities, as well as asset-liability impairments and gains matching considerations. Goodwill (losses) on the sale of businesses, the early extinguishment of debt and insurance block transactions are also excluded from net operating income (loss) because in our opinion, they are not indicative of overall operating trends. Other non-operating items are also excluded from net operating income (loss) if, in our opinion, they are not indicative of overall operating trends. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded goodwill impairments of $129 million, net of taxes, in our long-term care insurance business and $145 million, net of taxes, in our life insurance business. In the third quarter of 2014, we recorded goodwill impairments of $167 million, net of taxes, in our long-term care insurance business and $350 million, net of taxes, in our life insurance business. We recorded a goodwill impairment of $86 million, net of taxes, related to our lifestyle protection insurance business in the third quarter of 2012. The following transactions were excluded from net operat- ing income (loss) for the periods presented as they related to the gain or loss on the early extinguishment of debt. In the second quarter of 2014, we paid an early redemption payment of approximately $2 million, net of taxes and portion attribut- able to noncontrolling interests, related to the early redemption of Genworth Canada’s notes that were scheduled to mature in 2015. In the third quarter of 2013, we paid a make-whole expense of approximately $20 million, net of taxes, related to the early redemption of Genworth Holdings’ 2015 Notes. In the fourth quarter of 2012, we repurchased principal of approx- imately $100 million of Genworth Holdings’ notes that were scheduled to mature in June 2014 for a loss of $4 million, net of taxes. In the fourth quarter of 2012, we also repurchased $20 million of non-recourse funding obligations resulting in a gain of approximately $3 million, net of taxes. In the third quarter of 2012, we completed a life block transaction resulting in a loss of $6 million, net of taxes. In January 2012, we also completed a life block transaction result- ing in a loss of approximately $41 million, net of taxes. There were no infrequent or unusual items excluded from net operating income (loss) during the periods presented other than the following items. There was $66 million net tax impact in the fourth quarter of 2014 from potential business portfolio changes. Although no decisions have been made, we recognized a tax charge of $174 million in the fourth quarter of 2014 asso- ciated with our Australian mortgage insurance business as we can no longer assert our intent to permanently reinvest earnings in that business. In addition, in the fourth quarter of 2014, we recognized a net $108 million of tax benefit in our lifestyle protection insurance business primarily from an internal debt restructuring related to the planned sale of that business. Also, in the second quarter of 2013, we recorded a $13 million, net of taxes, expense related to restructuring costs. While some of these items may be significant components of net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we believe that net operating income (loss), and measures that are derived from or incorporate net operating income (loss), are appropriate measures that are useful to investors because they identify the income (loss) attributable to the ongoing oper- ations of the business. Management also uses net operating income (loss) as a basis for determining awards and compensa- tion for senior management and to evaluate performance on a basis comparable to that used by analysts. However, the items excluded from net operating income (loss) have occurred in the past and could, and in some cases will, recur in the future. Net operating income (loss) is not a substitute for net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, our definition of net operating income (loss) may differ from the definitions used by other companies. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 229 Adjustments income attributable to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and net operating income assume a 35% tax rate and are net of the to reconcile net portion attributable to noncontrolling interests. Net invest- ment gains (losses) are also adjusted for DAC and other intangible amortization and certain benefit reserves. The following is a summary of our segments and Corporate and Other activities as of or for the years ended December 31: U.S. Life Insurance International Mortgage Insurance U.S. Mortgage Insurance International Protection Runoff Corporate and Other $ 578 59 — 2 $ 731 $ 101 — 5 2014 (Amounts in millions) Premiums Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Insurance and investment product fees and other Total revenues Benefits and other changes in policy reserves Interest credited Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Goodwill impairment Interest expense Total benefits and expenses Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Income (loss) from continuing operations Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Total assets 2013 (Amounts in millions) Premiums Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Insurance and investment product fees and other Total revenues Benefits and other changes in policy reserves Interest credited Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Interest expense Total benefits and expenses Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Income (loss) from continuing operations Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Total assets $ 3,169 2,665 41 712 6,587 5,820 618 658 345 849 87 8,377 (1,790) (385) (1,405) — (1,405) — $ 950 303 1 (14) 1,240 204 — 223 59 — 31 517 723 358 365 — 365 196 $ 2,957 2,621 (3) 755 6,330 3,975 619 658 384 97 5,733 597 213 384 — 384 — $ 996 333 32 — 1,361 317 — 241 60 33 651 710 184 526 — 526 154 Total 5,431 3,242 (20) 912 9,565 6,620 737 1,585 571 849 479 10,841 (1,276) (228) (1,048) — (1,048) 196 $ — $ (15) 4 (2) (13) — — 18 3 — 314 335 (348) (119) (229) — (229) — Total 5,148 3,271 (37) 1,021 9,403 4,895 738 1,659 569 492 8,353 1,050 324 726 (12) 714 154 $ — $ (1) (35) 44 8 — — 102 7 318 427 (419) (110) (309) (12) (321) — 3 129 (66) 209 275 37 119 84 39 — 1 280 (5) (19) 14 — 14 — 14 5 139 (58) 216 302 32 119 81 6 2 240 62 13 49 — 49 — 49 837 202 — 462 118 — 46 828 9 (107) 116 — 116 — $ 116 $ 786 159 — 433 106 42 740 46 7 39 — 39 — $ 39 $ 639 357 — 140 7 — — 504 135 44 91 — 91 — 616 412 — 144 6 — 562 54 17 37 — 37 — $ (1,405) $82,906 $ 169 $8,815 $ 91 $2,324 $ (229) $ (1,244) $1,833 $12,971 $2,509 $111,358 U.S. Life Insurance International Mortgage Insurance U.S. Mortgage Insurance International Protection Runoff Corporate and Other $ 554 60 — 2 $ 636 $ 119 27 4 $ 384 $77,261 $ 372 $9,194 $ 37 $2,361 $ (321) $ 560 $2,061 $14,062 $3,106 $108,045 230 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 2012 (Amounts in millions) Premiums Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Insurance and investment product fees and other Total revenues Benefits and other changes in policy reserves Interest credited Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Goodwill impairment Interest expense Total benefits and expenses Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Income (loss) from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders U.S. Life Insurance International Mortgage Insurance U.S. Mortgage Insurance International Protection Runoff Corporate and Other Total $2,789 2,594 (8) 875 6,250 3,950 643 677 477 — 86 5,833 417 143 274 — 274 — $1,016 375 16 1 1,408 516 — 55 64 — 36 671 737 188 549 — 549 200 $ 549 68 36 23 676 725 — 143 5 — — 873 (197) (83) (114) — (114) — $682 131 6 3 822 $ 5 145 24 207 381 150 37 — 132 79 483 51 113 — 89 1 45 880 300 (58) 1 (59) — (59) — 81 23 58 — 58 — $ — $5,041 3,343 27 1,229 30 (47) 120 103 9,640 — 5,378 — 775 1,594 157 722 12 — 89 476 308 477 9,034 (374) (134) (240) 57 606 138 468 57 (183) 525 — 200 $ 274 $ 349 $(114) $ (59) $ 58 $(183) $ 325 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 231 (b) Revenues of Major Product Groups (c) Net Operating Income (Loss) The following is a summary of revenues of major product groups for our segments and Corporate and Other activities for the years ended December 31: The following is a summary of net operating income (loss) for our segments and Corporate and Other activities for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2014 2013 2012 (Amounts in millions) 2014 2013 2012 Revenues: U.S. Life Insurance segment: Long-term care insurance Life insurance Fixed annuities U.S. Life Insurance segment’s revenues International Mortgage Insurance segment: Canada Australia Other Countries International Mortgage Insurance segment’s revenues U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment’s revenues International Protection segment’s revenues Runoff segment’s revenues Corporate and Other’s revenues $3,523 1,981 1,083 $3,316 1,982 1,032 $3,207 1,926 1,117 6,587 6,330 6,250 669 537 34 760 555 46 786 567 55 1,240 1,361 1,408 639 837 275 (13) 616 786 302 8 676 822 381 103 Total revenues $9,565 $9,403 $9,640 U.S. Life Insurance segment: Long-term care insurance Life insurance Fixed annuities U.S. Life Insurance segment’s net operating income (loss) International Mortgage Insurance segment: Canada Australia Other Countries International Mortgage Insurance segment’s net operating income U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment’s net operating income (loss) International Protection segment’s net operating income Runoff segment’s net operating income Corporate and Other’s net operating loss Net operating income (loss) Net investment gains (losses), net Goodwill impairment, net Gains (losses) on early extinguishment of debt, net Gains (losses) from life block transactions, net Tax impact from potential business portfolio changes Expenses related to restructuring, net Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes $ (815) 74 100 $ 129 173 92 $ 101 151 82 (641) 394 334 170 200 (25) 170 228 (37) 234 142 (34) 345 361 342 91 8 48 (232) (381) (4) (791) (2) — (66) — — 37 24 66 (138) 24 46 (266) (205) 616 (11) — (20) — — (13) (12) 560 154 403 (1) (86) (1) (47) — — 57 325 200 Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Add: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests (1,244) 196 Net income (loss) $(1,048) $ 714 $ 525 232 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K (d) Geographic Segment Information We conduct our operations in the following geographic (2) Canada (3) Australia and (1) United States regions: (4) Other Countries. ( 2 1 ) Q U A R T E R L Y R E S U L T S O F O P E R A T I O N S ( U N A U D I T E D ) Our unaudited quarterly results of operations for the year The following is a summary of geographic region activity ended December 31, 2014 are summarized in the table below. as of or for the years ended December 31: 2014 (Amounts in millions) United States Canada Australia Other Countries Total Total revenues $ 7,488 $ 669 $ 537 $ 871 $ 9,565 Income (loss) from continuing operations $ (1,529) $ 307 Net income (loss) $ (1,529) $ 307 $ $ 83 83 $ $ 91 $ (1,048) 91 $ (1,048) Total benefits and expenses (1) Income (loss) from continuing operations (2) Three months ended (Amounts in millions, except per share amounts) March 31, 2014 June 30, 2014 September 30, 2014 December 31, 2014 Total revenues $2,322 $2,415 $2,404 $2,424 $2,016 $2,102 $3,376 $3,347 $ 219 $ 228 $ (787) $ (787) $ (708) $ (708) Total assets $100,710 $4,922 $3,495 $2,231 $111,358 Net income (loss) (2) $ 219 $ 228 2013 (Amounts in millions) United States Canada Australia Other Countries Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Total Net income (loss) $ 35 $ 52 $ 57 $ 52 Total revenues $ 7,256 $ 760 $ 555 $ 832 $ 9,403 Income from continuing operations Net income Total assets $ $ 161 $ 336 $ 227 149 $ 336 $ 227 $ $ 2 $ 2 $ 726 714 $ 96,790 $5,313 $3,419 $2,523 $108,045 available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders (2) Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per common share: Basic $ 184 $ 176 $ (844) $ (760) $ 0.37 $ 0.35 $ 0.37 $ 0.35 $ (1.70) $ (1.70) $ (1.53) $ (1.53) 2012 (Amounts in millions) United States Canada Australia Other Countries Total Diluted Total revenues $ 7,410 $ 786 $ 567 $ 877 $ 9,640 Net income (loss) Income (loss) from continuing operations Net income (loss) $ $ (22) $ 439 $ 140 35 $ 439 $ 140 $ $ (89) $ (89) $ 468 525 available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per common share: Basic Diluted Weighted-average common shares outstanding: Basic Diluted (3) $ 0.37 $ 0.35 $ 0.37 $ 0.35 $ (1.70) $ (1.70) $ (1.53) $ (1.53) 495.8 502.7 496.6 503.6 496.6 496.6 496.7 496.7 (1) During the fourth quarter of 2014, we completed our annual loss recognition testing of our long-term care insurance business which resulted in additional expenses of $735 million. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we also recorded goodwill impairments of $299 million in our U.S. Life Insurance segment. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded a correction of $49 million in our life insurance business related to reserves on a reinsurance transaction. Our long- term care insurance claim reserves also increased in the fourth quarter of 2014 as a result of a $67 million unfavorable correction related to claims in course of settlement arising in connection with the implementation of our updated assumptions and methodologies as part of our comprehensive claims review completed in the third quarter of 2014, partially offset by a $43 million favorable refinement of assumptions for claim termination rates. (2) During the fourth quarter of 2014, we completed our annual loss recognition testing of our long-term care insurance business which resulted in additional charges of $478 million, net of taxes. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we also recorded goodwill impairments of $274 million, net of taxes, in our U.S. Life Insurance segment. There was a $66 million net tax impact in the fourth quarter of 2014 from potential business portfolio changes. As we consider potential business portfolio changes, we recognized a charge of $174 million in Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 233 the fourth quarter of 2014 associated with our Australian mortgage insurance business as we can no longer assert our intent to permanently reinvest earnings in that business. In addition, in the fourth quarter of 2014, we recognized a net $108 million of tax benefits in our lifestyle protection insurance business primarily from an internal debt restructuring related to the planned sale of that business. We recorded a correction of $32 million, net of taxes, in our life insurance business related to reserves on a reinsurance transaction in the fourth quarter of 2014. Our long-term care insurance claim reserves also increased in the fourth quarter of 2014 as a result of a $44 million unfavorable correction related to claims in course of settlement arising in connection with the implementation of our updated assumptions and methodologies as part of our comprehensive claims review completed in the third quarter of 2014, partially offset by a $28 million favorable refinement of assumptions for claim termi- nation rates. (3) Under applicable accounting guidance, companies three months in a loss position are required to use basic weighted-average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share. Therefore, as a result of our loss from con- tinuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stock- loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common holders and net stockholders ended September 30, 2014 and the for December 31, 2014, we were required to use basic weighted-average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share for the three months ended September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2014, as the inclusion of shares for stock options, restricted stock units and stock appreciation rights of 5.4 million and 3.2 million, respectively, would have been antidilutive to the calculation. If we had not incurred a loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the three months ended September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2014, dilutive potential weighted- average common shares outstanding would have been 502.0 million and 499.9 million, respectively. Our unaudited quarterly results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2013 are summarized in the table below. Three months ended (Amounts in millions, except per share amounts) March 31, 2013 June 30, 2013 September 30, 2013 December 31, 2013 Total revenues $2,303 $2,371 $2,317 $2,412 Total benefits and expenses Income from continuing $2,066 $2,124 $2,066 $2,097 operations $ 161 $ 174 $ 146 $ 245 Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes Net income Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Income from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per common share: Basic Diluted Net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per common share: Basic Diluted Weighted-average common shares outstanding: Basic Diluted $ (20) $ 6 $ 141 $ 180 $ 2 $ 148 $ — $ 245 $ 38 $ 39 $ 40 $ 37 $ 103 $ 141 $ 108 $ 208 $ 0.25 $ 0.27 $ 0.25 $ 0.27 $ 0.21 $ 0.21 $ 0.42 $ 0.42 $ 0.21 $ 0.29 $ 0.21 $ 0.28 $ 0.22 $ 0.22 $ 0.42 $ 0.41 492.5 496.8 493.4 497.5 494.0 499.3 494.7 501.2 ( 2 2 ) C O M M I T M E N T S A N D C O N T I N G E N C I E S (a) Litigation and Regulatory Matters We face the risk of litigation and regulatory investigations and actions in the ordinary course of operating our businesses, including the risk of class action lawsuits. Our pending legal and regulatory actions include proceedings specific to us and others generally applicable in the industries in which we operate. In our insurance operations, we are, have been, or may become subject to class actions and individual suits alleging, among other things, issues relating to to business practices 234 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K sales or underwriting practices, increases to in-force long-term care insurance premiums, payment of contingent or other sales commissions, claims payments and procedures, product design, product disclosure, administration, additional premium charges for premiums paid on a periodic basis, denial or delay of bene- fits, charging excessive or impermissible fees on products, recommending unsuitable products to customers, our pricing structures and business practices in our mortgage insurance businesses, such as captive reinsurance arrangements with lend- ers and contract underwriting services, violations of the Real Estate Settlement and Procedures Act of 1974 (“RESPA”) or related state anti-inducement laws, and mortgage insurance policy rescissions and curtailments, and breaching fiduciary or other duties to customers, including but not limited to breach of customer information. Plaintiffs in class action and other lawsuits against us may seek very large or indeterminate amounts which may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. In our investment-related operations, we are subject to litigation involving commercial disputes with counterparties. We are also subject to litigation arising out of our general busi- ness activities such as our contractual and employment relationships. In addition, we are also subject to various regu- latory inquiries, such as information requests, subpoenas, books and record examinations and market conduct and financial examinations from state, federal and international regulators liability or a sig- and other authorities. A substantial nificant regulatory action against us could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of oper- ations. Moreover, even if we ultimately prevail in the litigation, regulatory action or investigation, we could suffer significant reputational harm, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In August 2014, Genworth Financial, Inc., its current chief executive officer and its current chief financial officer were named in a putative class action lawsuit captioned Manuel Esguerra v. Genworth Financial, Inc., et al, in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Plaintiff alleged securities law violations involving certain disclosures in 2013 and 2014 concerning Genworth’s long-term care insurance reserves. The lawsuit sought unspecified compensa- tory damages, costs and expenses, including counsel fees and expert fees. In October 2014, a putative class action lawsuit captioned City of Pontiac General Employees’ Retirement System v. Genworth Financial, Inc., et al, was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. This lawsuit names the same defendants, alleges the same securities law violations, seeks the same damages and covers the same class as the Esguerra lawsuit. Following the filing of the City of Pontiac lawsuit, the Esguerra lawsuit was voluntarily dismissed without prejudice allowing the City of Pontiac lawsuit to proceed. In the City of Pontiac lawsuit, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia appointed Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Alberta and Fresno County Employees’ Retirement Association as lead plaintiffs and designated the caption of the action as In re Genworth Financial, Inc. Securities Litigation. On legal December 22, 2014, the lead plaintiffs filed an amended com- plaint. On February 5, 2015, we filed a motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ amended complaint. We intend to vigorously defend this action. In April 2014, Genworth Financial, Inc., its former chief executive officer and its current chief financial officer were named in a putative class action lawsuit captioned City of Hia- leah Employees’ Retirement System v. Genworth Financial, Inc., et al, in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Plaintiff alleges securities law violations involving certain disclosures in 2012 concerning Genworth’s Australian mortgage insurance business, including our plans for an initial public offering of the business. The lawsuit seeks unspecified damages, costs and attorneys’ fees and such equitable/injunctive relief as the court may deem proper. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York appointed City of Hialeah Employees’ Retirement System and New Bedford Contributory Retirement System as lead plaintiffs and des- ignated the caption of the action as In re Genworth Financial, Inc. Securities Litigation. On October 3, 2014, the lead plain- tiffs filed an amended complaint. On December 2, 2014, we filed a motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ amended complaint. On February 2, 2015, the plaintiffs filed a memorandum of law in opposition to our motion to dismiss. We intend to vigorously defend this action. In early 2006 as part of an industry-wide review, one of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries received an admin- istrative subpoena from the Minnesota Department of Com- merce, which has jurisdiction over insurance matters, with including captive respect to our reinsurance arrangements, reinsurance transactions with lender-affiliated reinsurers. Since 2006, the Minnesota Department of Commerce has periodi- cally requested additional information. We are engaged in dis- cussions with the Minnesota Department of Commerce to resolve the review and we will continue to cooperate as appro- priate with respect to any follow-up requests or inquiries. Inquiries from other regulatory bodies with respect to the same subject matter have been resolved or dormant for a number of years. Beginning in December 2011 and continuing through January 2013, one of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries was named along with several other mortgage insurance partic- ipants and mortgage lenders as a defendant in twelve putative class action lawsuits alleging that certain “captive reinsurance arrangements” were in violation of RESPA. Those cases are captioned as follows: Samp, et al. v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., et al., United States District Court for the Central Dis- trict of California; White, et al., v. The PNC Financial Services Group, Inc., et al., United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania; Menichino, et al. v. Citibank NA, et al., United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania; McCarn, et al. v. HSBC USA, Inc., et al., United States District Court for the Eastern District of California; Manners, et al., v. Fifth Third Bank, et al., United States Dis- trict Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania; Riddle, Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 235 et al. v. Bank of America Corporation, et al., United States Dis- trict Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania; Rulison et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc. et al., United States District Court for the Southern District of New York; Barlee, et al. v. First Horizon National Corporation, et al., United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania; Cun- ningham, et al. v. M&T Bank Corp., et al., United States Dis- trict Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania; Orange, et al. v. Wachovia Bank, N.A., et al., United States District Court for the Central District of California; Hill et al. v. Flagstar Bank, FSB, et al., United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania; and Moriba Ba, et al. v. HSBC USA, Inc., et al., United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Plaintiffs allege that “captive reinsurance arrangements” with providers of private mortgage insurance through captive reinsurance whereby a mortgage lender arrangements received a portion of the borrowers’ private mortgage insurance premiums were in violation of RESPA and unjustly enriched the defendants for which plaintiffs seek declaratory relief and unspecified monetary damages, including restitution. The McCarn case was dismissed by the court with prejudice as to our subsidiary and certain other defendants on November 9, 2012. On July 3, 2012, the Rulison case was voluntarily dismissed by the plaintiffs. The Barlee case was dismissed by the court with prejudice as to our subsidiary and certain other defendants on February 27, 2013. The Manners case was dismissed by voluntary stipulation in March 2013. In early May 2013, the Samp and Orange cases were dismissed with prejudice as to our subsidiary. Plaintiffs appealed both of those dismissals, but have since withdrawn those appeals. The White case was dismissed by the court without prejudice on June 20, 2013, and on July 5, 2013 plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint again naming our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiary as a defendant. The Menichino case was dismissed by the court without prejudice as to our subsidiary and certain other defendants on July 19, 2013. Plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint again naming our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiary as a defendant and we moved to dismiss the second amended complaint. In the Riddle, Hill, Ba and Cunningham cases, the defendants’ motions to dismiss were denied, but the court in the Riddle, Hill and Cunningham cases limited discov- ery to issues surrounding whether the case should be dismissed In the Hill case, on on statute of December 17, 2013, we moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaint. The court granted our motion, and in July 2014, the Hill plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal with the Third Circuit Court of Appeals. In the Riddle case, in late November 2013, the United States District Court for the East- ern District of Pennsylvania granted our motion for summary judgment dismissing the case. Plaintiffs appealed the dismissal. In October 2014, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the dismissal of the Riddle action. On January 30, 2015, our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiary and all named plantiffs in the cases still pending as of such date entered into a settlement agreement that we expect will result in the dismissal of all limitations grounds. actions as to our subsidiary. This settlement will not have any impact on our financial position or results of operations. In December 2009, one of our former non-insurance sub- sidiaries, one of the former subsidiary’s officers and Genworth Financial, Inc. (now known as Genworth Holdings, Inc.) were named in a putative class action lawsuit captioned Michael J. Goodman and Linda Brown v. Genworth Financial Wealth Management, Inc. et al., in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. Plaintiffs allege securities law and other violations involving the selection of mutual funds by our former subsidiary on behalf of certain of its Private Client Group clients. The lawsuit seeks unspecified monetary damages and other relief. In response to our motion to dismiss the complaint in its entirety, the court granted the motion to dis- miss the state law fiduciary duty claim and denied the motion to dismiss the remaining federal claims. The District Court denied plaintiffs’ motion to certify a class on April 15, 2014. On April 29, 2014, plaintiffs filed a motion with the Second Circuit Court of Appeals for permission to appeal the District Court’s denial of their motion to certify a class, which we opposed. On July 9, 2014, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals denied plaintiffs’ motion. We will continue to vigo- rously defend this action. In April 2012, two of our U.S. mortgage insurance sub- sidiaries were named as respondents in two arbitrations, one brought by Bank of America, N.A. and one brought by Coun- trywide Home Loans, Inc. and Bank of America, N.A. as claimants. Claimants alleged breach of contract and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing and sought a declaratory judgment relating to our denial, curtailment and rescission of mortgage insurance coverage. In June 2012, our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries responded to the arbi- tration demands and asserted numerous counterclaims against the claimants. On December 31, 2013, the parties reached an agreement to resolve that portion of both arbitrations involving rescission practices, which settlement took effect in the second quarter of 2014. As a result, the arbitration demands and coun- terclaims related to that portion of both arbitrations involving rescission practices were dismissed in the third quarter of 2014. In October 2014, the parties executed a definitive settlement agreement to settle all remaining claims in the arbi- trations. Implementation of to resolve the remaining claims was subject to the consent of the GSEs. The settlement provides that our U.S. mortgage insurance sub- sidiaries will remit a portion of the previously curtailed claim amounts to Bank of America, N.A. and will agree to certain limits on future curtailment activity for loans that are part of the settlement. The consents of the GSEs were obtained in January 2015, and therefore, the parties will move to dismiss all remaining matters in the arbitration. the settlement In addition to the negotiated settlement with Bank of America, N.A. discussed above, we have resolved a matter involving a second servicer’s dispute with us on loss miti- gation. This second dispute did not involve any formal legal proceeding, as is the case with other discussions we have had 236 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K from time to time with other lenders and servicers over dis- puted loss mitigation activities. During the third quarter of 2014, we recorded an aggregate increase in our claim reserves for our U.S. mortgage insurance business of $53 million principally to provide for the anticipated financial impact in connection with the settlement of the Bank of America, N.A. arbitration, as well as the second dispute, both of which were settled for amounts which in the aggregate were included within the claim reserve mentioned above. At this time, we cannot determine or predict the ultimate outcome of any of the pending legal and regulatory matters specifically identified above or the likelihood of potential future legal and regulatory matters against us. Except as disclosed above, we also are not able to provide an estimate or range of reasonably possible losses related to these matters. Therefore, we cannot ensure that the current investigations and proceed- ings will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, it is possible that related investigations and proceedings may be commenced in the future, and we could become subject to additional unrelated investigations and lawsuits. Increased regu- latory scrutiny and any resulting investigations or proceedings could result in new legal precedents and industry-wide regu- lations or practices that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. (b) Commitments As of December 31, 2014, we were committed to fund $53 million in limited partnership investments, $128 million in U.S. commercial mortgage loan investments and $27 million in private placement investments. In connection with the issuance of non-recourse funding obligations by Rivermont I, Genworth entered into a liquidity commitment agreement with the third-party trusts in which the floating rate notes have been deposited. The liquidity agreement may require that Genworth issue to the trusts either a loan or a letter of credit (“LOC”), at maturity of the notes (2050), in the amount equal to the then market value of the assets supporting the notes held in the trust. Any loan or LOC issued is an obligation of the trust and shall accrue interest at LIBOR plus a margin. In consideration for entering into this agreement, Genworth received, from Rivermont I, a one-time commitment fee of approximately $2 million. The maximum potential amount of future obligation under this agreement is approximately $95 million. ( 2 3 ) C H A N G E S I N A C C U M U L A T E D O T H E R C O M P R E H E N S I V E I N C O M E ( L O S S ) The following tables show the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes, by component as of and for the periods indicated: Net unrealized investment gains (losses) (1) Derivatives qualifying as hedges (2) Foreign currency translation and other adjustments Total $ 926 $1,319 $ 297 $2,542 1,595 (12) 1,583 788 (37) 751 (537) 1,846 — (49) (537) 1,797 2,509 2,070 (240) 4,339 56 — (163) (107) (Amounts in millions) Balances as of January 1, 2014 OCI before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from (to) OCI Current period OCI Balances as of December 31, 2014 before noncontrolling interests Less: change in OCI attributable to noncontrolling interests Balances as of December 31, 2014 $2,453 $2,070 $ (77) $4,446 (1) Net of adjustments to DAC, PVFP, sales inducements and benefit reserves. See note 4 for additional information. (2) See note 5 for additional information. Net unrealized investment gains (losses) (1) Derivatives qualifying as hedges (2) Foreign currency translation and other adjustments Total $ 2,638 $1,909 $ 655 $ 5,202 (1,772) 21 (1,751) (561) (29) (590) (442) (2,775) — (8) (442) (2,783) 887 1,319 213 2,419 (39) — (84) (123) (Amounts in millions) Balances as of January 1, 2013 OCI before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from (to) OCI Current period OCI Balances as of December 31, 2013 before noncontrolling interests Less: change in OCI attributable to noncontrolling interests Balances as of December 31, 2013 $ 926 $1,319 $ 297 $ 2,542 (1) Net of adjustments to DAC, PVFP, sales inducements and benefit reserves. See note 4 for additional information. (2) See note 5 for additional information. Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 237 The foreign currency translation and other adjustments balance included $37 million, $6 million and $26 million, respectively, net of taxes of $14 million, $1 million and $15 million, respectively, related to a net unrecognized postretire- ment benefit obligation as of December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012. Amount also included taxes of $(10) million, $39 mil- lion and $58 million, respectively, related to foreign currency translation adjustments as of December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012. Net unrealized investment gains (losses) (1) Derivatives qualifying as hedges (2) Foreign currency translation and other adjustments Total $1,485 $2,009 $553 $4,047 1,106 50 1,156 (77) 126 1,155 (23) (100) — 27 126 1,182 2,641 1,909 679 5,229 3 — 24 27 (Amounts in millions) Balances as of January 1, 2012 OCI before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from (to) OCI Current period OCI Balances as of December 31, 2012 before noncontrolling interests Less: change in OCI attributable to noncontrolling interests Balances as of December 31, 2012 $2,638 $1,909 $655 $5,202 (1) Net of adjustments to DAC, PVFP, sales inducements and benefit reserves. See note 4 for additional information. (2) See note 5 for additional information. The following table shows reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes, for the periods presented: (Amounts in millions) Net unrealized investment (gains) losses: Unrealized (gains) losses on investments (1) Provision for income taxes Total Derivatives qualifying as hedges: Interest rate swaps hedging assets Interest rate swaps hedging assets Interest rate swaps hedging liabilities Inflation indexed swaps Provision for income taxes Total (1) Amounts exclude adjustments to DAC, PVFP, sales inducements and benefit reserves. ( 2 4 ) N O N C O N T R O L L I N G I N T E R E S T S Canada In July 2009, Genworth Canada, our indirect subsidiary, completed the IPO of its common shares and Brookfield Life indirect Assurance Company Limited (“Brookfield”), our wholly-owned subsidiary, beneficially owned 57.5% of the common shares of Genworth Canada. We currently hold approximately 57.3% of the out- standing common shares of Genworth Canada on a con- right, solidated basis. In addition, Brookfield has the Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 $(19) 7 $(12) $(63) (2) (1) 9 20 $(37) $ 33 (12) $ 21 $(47) (1) (2) 5 16 $(29) $ 77 (27) $ 50 $(40) (2) (2) 9 12 $(23) Affected line item in the consolidated statements of income Net investment (gains) losses Provision for income taxes Net investment income Net investment (gains) losses Interest expense Net investment income Provision for income taxes exercisable at its discretion, to purchase for cash these common shares of Genworth Canada from our U.S. mortgage insurance companies at the then-current market price. Brookfield also has a right of first refusal with respect to the transfer of these common shares of Genworth Canada by our U.S. mortgage insurance companies. During 2014, Genworth Canada repurchased 1.9 million shares for CAD$75 million through a Normal Course Issuer Bid (“NCIB”) authorized by its board for up to 4.7 million 238 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K shares. We participated in the NCIB in order to maintain our overall ownership percentage at its current level and received $38 million in cash. During 2013, Genworth Canada repurchased 3.9 million shares for CAD$105 million through a NCIB authorized by its board for up to 4.9 million shares. We participated in the NCIB in order to maintain our overall ownership percentage at its then-current level and received $58 million in cash. In 2014, 2013 and 2012, dividends of $69 million, $52 million and $50 million, respectively, were paid to the non- controlling interests of Genworth Canada. Australia On May 15, 2014, Genworth Australia, a holding com- pany for Genworth’s Australian mortgage insurance business, priced its initial public offering of 220,000,000 of its ordinary shares at an initial public offering price of AUD$2.65 per ordi- nary share. The offering closed on May 21, 2014. Following completion of the offering, Genworth Financial beneficially owns 66.2% of the ordinary shares of Genworth Australia. The net proceeds of the offering were used by Genworth Australia to repay a portion of certain intercompany funding arrangements with our subsidiaries and those funds were then distributed to Genworth Holdings. The gross proceeds of the offering (before payment of fees and expenses) were approx- imately $541 million. Fees and expenses in connection with the offering were approximately $27 million, including approx- imately $3 million paid in 2013. Consistent with applicable accounting guidance, changes in noncontrolling interests that do not result in a change of control are accounted for as equity transactions. When there are changes in noncontrolling interests of a subsidiary that do not result in a change of control, any difference between carry- ing value and fair value related to the change in ownership is recorded as an adjustment to stockholders’ equity. A summary of the changes in ownership interests and the effect on stock- holders’ equity as a result of the initial public offering of the year ended Genworth Australia was as December 31: follows for (Amounts in millions) Net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Transfers to the noncontrolling interests: Decrease in Genworth Financial, Inc.’s additional paid-in capital for initial sale of Genworth Australia shares to noncontrolling interests Net transfers to noncontrolling interests 2014 $(1,244) (145) (145) Change from net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and transfers to noncontrolling interests $(1,389) In 2014, dividends of $6 million were paid to the non- controlling interests of Genworth Australia. ( 2 5 ) D I S C O N T I N U E D O P E R A T I O N S On March 27, 2013, we announced that we had agreed to sell our wealth management business to AqGen Liberty Acquis- ition, Inc., a subsidiary of AqGen Liberty Holdings LLC, a partnership of Aquiline Capital Partners and Genstar Capital. Historically, this business had been reported as a separate seg- ment. As a result of the sale agreement, this business was accounted for as discontinued operations and its financial posi- tion, results of operations and cash flows were separately reported for all periods presented. Also included in dis- continued operations was our tax and advisor unit, Genworth Financial Investment Services (“GFIS”), which was part of our wealth management business until the closing of its sale on April 2, 2012 as discussed below. Summary operating results of discontinued operations were as follows for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Revenues Income (loss) before income taxes Provision for income taxes Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes 2013 $211 $ (5) 7 $ (12) 2012 $387 $110 53 $ 57 On December 31, 2010, we acquired the operating assets of Altegris Capital, LLC. (“Altegris”) as part of our wealth management business which provided a platform of alternative investments, including hedge funds and managed futures products. Under the terms of the agreement, we paid approx- imately $40 million at closing and we could have been obli- gated to pay additional performance-based payments of up to $88 million during the five-year period following closing. In 2012, we made a payment of $18 million related to the con- tingent consideration as a result of Altegris achieving certain performance targets. On August 29, 2008, we acquired Quantuvis Consulting, Inc. (“Quantuvis”), an investment advisor consulting business, as part of our wealth management business for $3 million plus potential contingent consideration of up to $3 million. Quantuvis was included in the sale of our wealth management business in 2013 as discussed below. On August 30, 2013, we completed the sale of our wealth management business for approximately $412 million with net proceeds of approximately $360 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2013, in connection with the agree- ment to sell the wealth management business, we recognized a goodwill impairment of $13 million as a result of the carrying value for the business exceeding fair value. Additionally, we agreed to settle our contingent consideration liability related to our purchase of Altegris for approximately $40 million, which resulted in a loss of approximately $5 million from the change in fair value of this liability. In accordance with the accounting guidance for groups of assets that are held-for-sale, we recorded an additional loss of approximately $9 million to record the Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 239 carrying value of the business at its fair value less costs to sell. During the three months ended September 30, 2013, we recognized an additional after-tax loss on the sale of $2 million at closing, which was based on carrying value and working capital at close, as well as expenses associated with the sale. On April 2, 2012, we completed the sale of our tax and accounting financial advisor unit, GFIS, for approximately $79 million, plus contingent consideration, to Cetera Financial Group. The contingent consideration was recorded at fair value upon disposition and provides the opportunity for us to receive additional future payments of up to approximately $25 million based on achieving certain revenue goals. The fair value of this contingent consideration receivable was recorded in Corporate and Other activities and remains a component of continuing operations. We recognized an after-tax gain of $13 million related to the sale, which was included in income from dis- continued operations, net of taxes. ( 2 6 ) C O N D E N S E D C O N S O L I D A T I N G F I N A N C I A L I N F O R M A T I O N Genworth Financial provides a full and unconditional guarantee to the trustee of Genworth Holdings’ outstanding the senior notes, on an senior notes and the holders of unsecured unsubordinated basis, of the full and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any and interest on, and all other amounts payable under, each outstanding series of senior notes, and the full and punctual payment of all other amounts payable by Genworth Holdings under the senior notes indenture in respect of such senior notes. Genworth Financial also provides a full and unconditional guarantee to the trustee of Genworth Holdings’ outstanding subordinated notes and the holders of the subordinated notes, on an unsecured sub- ordinated basis, of the full and punctual payment of the princi- pal of, premium, if any and interest on, and all other amounts The payable under, the outstanding subordinated notes, and the full and punctual payment of all other amounts payable by Genworth Holdings under the subordinated notes indenture in respect of the subordinated notes. following financial information of Genworth Financial and its direct and indirect subsidiaries have been prepared pursuant to rules regarding the preparation of consolidating financial information of Regu- lation S-X. The condensed consolidating financial information has been prepared as if the guarantee had been in place during the periods presented herein. consolidating condensed The condensed consolidating financial information pres- ents the condensed consolidating balance sheet information as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 and the condensed consolidating income statement information, condensed con- solidating comprehensive income statement information and condensed consolidating cash flow statement information for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012. The condensed consolidating financial information reflects Genworth Financial (“Parent Guarantor”), Genworth Holdings (“Issuer”) and each of Genworth Financial’s other direct and indirect subsidiaries (the “All Other Subsidiaries”) on a com- bined basis, none of which guarantee the senior notes or sub- ordinated notes, as well as the eliminations necessary to present Genworth Financial’s financial information on a consolidated basis and total consolidated amounts. The accompanying condensed consolidating financial information is presented based on the equity method of accounting for all periods presented. Under this method, investments in subsidiaries are recorded at cost and adjusted for the subsidiaries’ cumulative results of operations, capital con- tributions and distributions, and other changes in equity. Elimination entries include consolidating and eliminating entries for investments in subsidiaries and intercompany activ- ity. 240 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The following table presents the condensed consolidating balance sheet information as of December 31, 2014: (Amounts in millions) Assets Investments: Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value Equity securities available-for-sale, at fair value Commercial mortgage loans Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities Policy loans Other invested assets Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities, at fair value Investments in subsidiaries Total investments Cash and cash equivalents Accrued investment income Deferred acquisition costs Intangible assets Goodwill Reinsurance recoverable Other assets Intercompany notes receivable Separate account assets Total assets Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Liabilities: Future policy benefits Policyholder account balances Liability for policy and contract claims Unearned premiums Other liabilities Intercompany notes payable Borrowings related to securitization entities Non-recourse funding obligations Long-term borrowings Deferred tax liability Separate account liabilities Total liabilities Stockholders’ equity: Common stock Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Retained earnings Treasury stock, at cost Total Genworth Financial, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total stockholders’ equity Parent Guarantor Issuer All Other Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ — $ — — — — — — 14,895 150 — — — — 14 — 15,003 14,895 — — — — — — 2 9 — 15,167 953 — — — — — 207 267 — $ 62,497 282 6,100 201 1,501 2,287 411 — 73,279 3,965 689 5,042 272 16 17,346 425 395 9,208 $ (200) — — — — (5) — (29,898) (30,103) — (4) — — — — (1) (671) — $ 62,447 282 6,100 201 1,501 2,296 411 — 73,238 4,918 685 5,042 272 16 17,346 633 — 9,208 $14,906 $16,594 $110,637 $(30,779) $111,358 $ — $ — — — — 251 604 — — 4,151 (970) — — — — 3 — — — — (20) — (17) 4,036 1 11,997 4,446 1,179 (2,700) 14,923 — 14,923 — 9,162 4,449 (1,053) — 12,558 — 12,558 $ 35,915 26,043 8,043 3,986 3,361 267 219 1,996 488 1,898 9,208 91,424 — 17,080 4,459 (4,205) — 17,334 1,879 19,213 $ — — — — (11) (871) — — — — — (882) — (26,242) (8,908) 5,258 — (29,892) (5) (29,897) $ 35,915 26,043 8,043 3,986 3,604 — 219 1,996 4,639 908 9,208 94,561 1 11,997 4,446 1,179 (2,700) 14,923 1,874 16,797 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $14,906 $16,594 $110,637 $(30,779) $111,358 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 241 The following table presents the condensed consolidating balance sheet information as of December 31, 2013: (Amounts in millions) Assets Investments: Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value Equity securities available-for-sale, at fair value Commercial mortgage loans Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities Policy loans Other invested assets Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities, at fair value Investments in subsidiaries Total investments Cash and cash equivalents Accrued investment income Deferred acquisition costs Intangible assets Goodwill Reinsurance recoverable Other assets Intercompany notes receivable Separate account assets Total assets Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Liabilities: Future policy benefits Policyholder account balances Liability for policy and contract claims Unearned premiums Other liabilities Intercompany notes payable Borrowings related to securitization entities Non-recourse funding obligations Long-term borrowings Deferred tax liability Separate account liabilities Total liabilities Stockholders’ equity: Common stock Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Retained earnings Treasury stock, at cost Total Genworth Financial, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total stockholders’ equity Parent Guarantor Issuer All Other Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ — $ — — — — — — 14,358 150 — — — — 91 — 14,929 14,358 — — — — — — (2) 8 — 15,170 1,219 — — — — — 276 248 — $ 58,679 341 5,899 233 1,434 1,595 391 — 68,572 2,995 682 5,278 399 867 17,219 367 393 10,138 $ (200) — — — — — — (29,287) (29,487) — (4) — — — — (2) (649) — $ 58,629 341 5,899 233 1,434 1,686 391 — 68,613 4,214 678 5,278 399 867 17,219 639 — 10,138 $14,364 $16,913 $106,910 $(30,142) $108,045 $ — $ — — — — 365 601 — — 4,636 (796) — — — — (3) — — — — (26) — (29) 4,806 1 12,127 2,542 2,423 (2,700) 14,393 — 14,393 — 9,297 2,507 303 — 12,107 — 12,107 $ 33,705 25,528 7,204 4,107 3,739 248 242 2,038 525 1,028 10,138 88,502 — 17,215 2,512 (2,551) — 17,176 1,232 18,408 $ — — — — (5) (849) — — — — — (854) — (26,512) (5,019) 2,248 — (29,283) (5) (29,288) $ 33,705 25,528 7,204 4,107 4,096 — 242 2,038 5,161 206 10,138 92,425 1 12,127 2,542 2,423 (2,700) 14,393 1,227 15,620 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $14,364 $16,913 $106,910 $(30,142) $108,045 242 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The following table presents the condensed consolidating income statement information for the year ended December 31, 2014: (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Premiums Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Insurance and investment product fees and other Total revenues Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves Interest credited Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Goodwill impairment Interest expense Total benefits and expenses Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries Provision (benefit) for income taxes Equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries Income (loss) from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Parent Guarantor All Other Issuer Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ — $ — $ 5,431 3,259 — (24) 4 917 (4) (2) — — $ — (15) — (1) $ 5,431 3,242 (20) 912 (2) — 9,583 (16) 9,565 — — 21 — — — 21 — — — — — 321 321 (23) (8) (1,229) (321) (112) (1,147) (1,244) — (1,356) — (1,244) — (1,356) — 6,620 737 1,564 571 849 174 10,515 (932) (104) — (828) — (828) 196 — — — — — (16) (16) — (4) 2,376 2,380 — 2,380 — 6,620 737 1,585 571 849 479 10,841 (1,276) (228) — (1,048) — (1,048) 196 Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders $(1,244) $(1,356) $ (1,024) $2,380 $ (1,244) The following table presents the condensed consolidating income statement information for the year ended December 31, 2013: (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Premiums Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Insurance and investment product fees and other Total revenues Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves Interest credited Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Interest expense Total benefits and expenses Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in income of subsidiaries Provision (benefit) for income taxes Equity in income of subsidiaries Income from continuing operations Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes Net income Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Parent Guarantor All Other Issuer Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ — $ — 1 6 — (1) — — $5,148 3,286 (43) 1,025 $ — (15) — (4) (1) 7 9,416 — — — — 32 33 — — — 322 33 354 (34) 13 607 (347) (120) 796 560 569 — (29) 560 — 540 — 4,895 738 1,594 569 189 7,985 1,431 431 — 1,000 17 1,017 154 (19) — — — — (19) (19) — — (1,403) (1,403) — (1,403) — $5,148 3,271 (37) 1,021 9,403 4,895 738 1,659 569 492 8,353 1,050 324 — 726 (12) 714 154 Net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders $560 $ 540 $ 863 $(1,403) $ 560 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 243 The following table presents the condensed consolidating income statement information for the year ended December 31, 2012: (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Premiums Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Insurance and investment product fees and other Total revenues Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves Interest credited Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Goodwill impairment Interest expense Total benefits and expenses Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries Provision (benefit) for income taxes Equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries Income from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes Net income Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Parent Guarantor $ — — — — — — — 7 — — — 7 (7) (3) 329 325 — 325 — Issuer $ — 1 (29) (1) (29) — — 8 — — 315 323 (352) (110) 636 394 — 394 — All Other Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $5,041 3,357 56 1,234 9,688 5,378 775 1,579 722 89 179 8,722 966 251 (38) 677 57 734 200 $ — (15) — (4) (19) — — — — — (18) (18) (1) — (927) (928) — (928) — $5,041 3,343 27 1,229 9,640 5,378 775 1,594 722 89 476 9,034 606 138 — 468 57 525 200 Net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders $325 $ 394 $ 534 $(928) $ 325 The following table presents the condensed consolidating comprehensive income statement information for the year ended December 31, 2014: (Amounts in millions) Net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than-temporarily impaired Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than-temporarily impaired securities Derivatives qualifying as hedges Foreign currency translation and other adjustments Total other comprehensive income (loss) Total comprehensive income (loss) Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests Parent Guarantor All Other Subsidiaries Issuer Eliminations Consolidated $(1,244) $(1,356) $ (828) $ 2,380 $(1,048) 1,539 10 751 (339) 1,961 717 — 1,510 11 751 (273) 1,999 643 — 1,573 10 794 (537) 1,840 1,012 32 (3,049) (21) (1,545) 612 (4,003) (1,623) — 1,573 10 751 (537) 1,797 749 32 Total comprehensive income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders $ 717 $ 643 $ 980 $(1,623) $ 717 244 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The following table presents the condensed consolidating comprehensive income statement information for the year ended December 31, 2013: (Amounts in millions) Net income Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than-temporarily impaired Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than- temporarily impaired securities Derivatives qualifying as hedges Foreign currency translation and other adjustments Total other comprehensive income (loss) Total comprehensive income (loss) Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests Total comprehensive income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common Parent Guarantor Issuer All Other Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ 560 $ 540 $ 1,017 $(1,403) $ 714 (1,778) 66 (590) (358) (2,660) (2,100) — (1,733) 65 (590) (335) (2,593) (2,053) — (1,817) 66 (615) (442) (2,808) (1,791) 31 3,511 (131) 1,205 693 5,278 3,875 — (1,817) 66 (590) (442) (2,783) (2,069) 31 stockholders $(2,100) $(2,053) $(1,822) $ 3,875 $(2,100) The following table presents the condensed consolidating comprehensive income statement information for the year ended December 31, 2012: (Amounts in millions) Net income Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than-temporarily impaired Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than- temporarily impaired securities Derivatives qualifying as hedges Foreign currency translation and other adjustments Total other comprehensive income (loss) Total comprehensive income (loss) Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests Parent Guarantor All Other Subsidiaries Issuer Eliminations Consolidated $ 325 $ 394 $ 734 $ (928) $ 525 1,075 78 (100) 102 1,155 1,480 — 1,046 78 (100) 81 1,105 1,499 — 1,078 78 (98) 126 1,184 1,918 227 (2,121) (156) 198 (183) (2,262) (3,190) — 1,078 78 (100) 126 1,182 1,707 227 Total comprehensive income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders $1,480 $1,499 $1,691 $(3,190) $1,480 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 245 The following table presents the condensed consolidating cash flow statement information for the year ended December 31, 2014: (Amounts in millions) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash from operating activities: Equity in (income) loss from subsidiaries Dividends from subsidiaries Amortization of fixed maturity discounts and premiums and limited partnerships Net investment losses (gains) Charges assessed to policyholders Acquisition costs deferred Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Goodwill impairment Deferred income taxes Net increase (decrease) in trading securities, held-for-sale investments and derivative instruments Stock-based compensation expense Change in certain assets and liabilities: Accrued investment income and other assets Insurance reserves Current tax liabilities Other liabilities, policy and contract claims and other policy-related balances Net cash from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Proceeds from maturities and repayments of investments: Fixed maturity securities Commercial mortgage loans Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities Proceeds from sales of investments: Fixed maturity and equity securities Purchases and originations of investments: Fixed maturity and equity securities Commercial mortgage loans Other invested assets, net Policy loans, net Intercompany notes receivable Capital contributions to subsidiaries Net cash from investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Deposits to universal life and investment contracts Withdrawals from universal life and investment contracts Redemption and repurchase of non-recourse funding obligations Proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt Repayment and repurchase of long-term debt Repayment of borrowings related to securitization entities Proceeds from intercompany notes payable Repurchase of subsidiary shares Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests Dividends paid to parent Proceeds from the sale of subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interests Other, net Net cash from financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period Parent Guarantor Issuer All Other Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $(1,244) $(1,356) $ (828) $ 2,380 $(1,048) 1,229 — 1,147 630 — — — — — — 4 — 21 (4) — (2) 11 15 — — — — — — — — (1) (12) (13) — — — — — — — — — — — (2) (2) — — — — (4) — — — — (146) 1 — (9) — (77) 91 277 150 — — — (150) — — — (19) — (19) — — — — (485) — 3 — — — — (42) (524) — (266) 1,219 — (630) (97) 24 (777) (473) 571 849 (341) 205 9 (117) 3,212 (101) 645 2,151 5,214 765 32 2,490 (9,342) (967) (45) 12 (2) 12 (1,831) 2,993 (2,588) (42) 144 (136) (32) 19 (28) (75) — 517 (19) 753 (103) 970 2,995 (2,376) — — — — — — — (4) — — 1 — — (6) (5) — — — — — — 5 — 22 — 27 — — — — — — (22) — — — — — (22) — — — — — (97) 20 (777) (473) 571 849 (487) 206 30 (129) 3,212 (180) 741 2,438 5,364 765 32 2,490 (9,492) (967) (40) 12 — — (1,836) 2,993 (2,588) (42) 144 (621) (32) — (28) (75) — 517 (63) 205 (103) 704 4,214 $ — $ 953 $ 3,965 $ — $ 4,918 246 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K The following table presents the condensed consolidating cash flow statement information for the year ended December 31, 2013: (Amounts in millions) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Less (income) loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities: Equity in earnings from subsidiaries Dividends from subsidiaries Amortization of fixed maturity discounts and premiums and limited partnerships Net investment losses (gains) Charges assessed to policyholders Acquisition costs deferred Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Deferred income taxes Net increase (decrease) in trading securities, held-for-sale investments and derivative instruments Stock-based compensation expense Change in certain assets and liabilities: Accrued investment income and other assets Insurance reserves Current tax liabilities Other liabilities, policy and contract claims and other policy-related balances Cash from operating activities—discontinued operations Net cash from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Proceeds from maturities and repayments of investments: Fixed maturity securities Commercial mortgage loans Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities Proceeds from sales of investments: Fixed maturity and equity securities Purchases and originations of investments: Fixed maturity and equity securities Commercial mortgage loans Other invested assets, net Policy loans, net Intercompany notes receivable Capital contributions to subsidiaries Proceeds from sale of a subsidiary, net of cash transferred Cash from investing activities—discontinued operations Net cash from investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Deposits to universal life and investment contracts Withdrawals from universal life and investment contracts Redemption and repurchase of non-recourse funding obligations Proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt Repayment and repurchase of long-term debt Repayment of borrowings related to securitization entities Proceeds from intercompany notes payable Repurchase of subsidiary shares Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests Dividends paid to parent Other, net Cash from financing activities—discontinued operations Net cash from financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period Less cash and cash equivalents of discontinued operations at end of period Parent Guarantor Issuer All Other Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ 560 — $ 540 29 $ 1,017 (17) (607) 535 — — — — — 24 — 26 2 — 3 (4) — 539 — — — — — — — — (8) (531) — — (539) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (796) 376 — (6) — — — (138) 1 — 67 — 45 (11) — 107 — — — 150 (150) — — — (3) (1) 425 (30) 391 — — — 793 (365) — (87) — — (414) (49) — (122) — 376 843 1,219 — — (497) (97) 43 (812) (457) 569 35 (60) 15 (112) 2,256 240 (1,024) 68 1,167 5,040 896 60 4,286 (10,655) (873) 89 242 95 532 (60) — (348) 2,999 (3,269) (28) — — (108) 3 (43) (52) — (24) (3) (525) (109) 185 2,810 2,995 — $ $(1,403) — 1,403 (414) — — — — — — — — — — — — — (414) — — — — — — — — (84) — — — (84) — — — — — — 84 — — 414 — — 498 — — — — — 714 12 — — (97) 37 (812) (457) 569 (79) (59) 41 (43) 2,256 288 (1,039) 68 1,399 5,040 896 60 4,436 (10,805) (873) 89 242 — — 365 (30) (580) 2,999 (3,269) (28) 793 (365) (108) — (43) (52) — (73) (3) (149) (109) 561 3,653 4,214 — Cash and cash equivalents of continuing operations at end of period $ — $1,219 $ 2,995 $ — $ 4,214 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 247 The following table presents the condensed consolidating cash flow statement information for the year ended December 31, 2012: (Amounts in millions) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Less income from discontinued operations, net of taxes Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities: Equity in (income) loss from subsidiaries Dividends from subsidiaries Amortization of fixed maturity discounts and premiums and limited partnerships Net investment losses (gains) Charges assessed to policyholders Acquisition costs deferred Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles Goodwill impairment Deferred income taxes Net increase (decrease) in trading securities, held-for-sale investments and derivative instruments Stock-based compensation expense Change in certain assets and liabilities: Accrued investment income and other assets Insurance reserves Current tax liabilities Other liabilities, policy and contract claims and other policy-related balances Cash from operating activities—discontinued operations Net cash from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Proceeds from maturities and repayments of investments: Fixed maturity securities Commercial mortgage loans Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities Proceeds from sales of investments: Fixed maturity and equity securities Purchases and originations of investments: Fixed maturity and equity securities Commercial mortgage loans Other invested assets, net Policy loans, net Intercompany notes receivable Capital contributions to subsidiaries Proceeds from sale of a subsidiary, net of cash transferred Cash from investing activities—discontinued operations Net cash from investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Deposits to universal life and investment contracts Withdrawals from universal life and investment contracts Redemption and repurchase of non-recourse funding obligations Proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt Repayment and repurchase of long-term debt Repayment of borrowings related to securitization entities Proceeds from intercompany notes payable Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests Other, net Cash from financing activities—discontinued operations Net cash from financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period Less cash and cash equivalents of discontinued operations at end of period Cash and cash equivalents of continuing operations at end of period Parent All Other Guarantor Issuer Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $(928) — $ $ 325 — $ 394 $ — (329) — — — — — — — (3) — 7 — — — — — — — — — — (636) 545 — 29 — — — — (274) (27) 16 53 — (43) 10 — 67 — — — 10 — (150) — — 30 — — — (31) — (20) — — — — (18) — (179) 734 (57) 38 (545) (88) (56) (801) (611) 722 89 359 218 3 (122) 2,330 (191) (1,181) 49 890 5,176 891 67 5,725 (12,172) (692) 391 (29) (58) 20 77 (23) (627) — 2,810 — — (2,781) — — (1,056) — — — 361 — — (322) (72) — — 31 58 — (50) — — 103 (49) — (45) — — (1,060) 48 — 26 — — (771) (64) — 3,581 907 — 2,810 843 — 21 — — $ — $ 843 $ 2,789 927 — — — — — — — — — — 1 — — 5 — 5 — — — — — — (5) — 89 — — — 84 — — — — — — (89) — — — (89) — — — — — $ — 525 (57) — — (88) (27) (801) (611) 722 89 82 191 26 (68) 2,330 (234) (1,166) 49 962 5,176 891 67 5,735 (12,322) (692) 416 (29) — — 77 (41) (722) 2,810 (2,781) (1,056) 361 (322) (72) — (50) 54 (45) (1,101) 26 (835) 4,488 3,653 21 $ 3,632 For information on significant restrictions on dividends by, or loans or advances from, subsidiaries of Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings, and the restricted net assets of those subsidiaries, see note 19. 248 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders Genworth Financial, Inc.: Under date of March 2, 2015, we reported on the consolidated balance sheets of Genworth Financial, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stock- holders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2014, which are included herein. In connection with our audits of the aforementioned consolidated financial statements, we also audited the related consolidated financial statement schedules included herein. These financial statement schedules are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statement schedules based on our audits. In our opinion, such financial statement schedules, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein. /s/ KPMG LLP Richmond, Virginia March 2, 2015 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 249 Schedule I Genworth Financial, Inc. Summary of investments—other than investments in related parties (Amounts in millions) As of December 31, 2014, the amortized cost or cost, fair value and carrying value of our invested assets were as follows: Type of investment Fixed maturity securities: Bonds: U.S. government, agencies and authorities Tax-exempt Government—non-U.S. Public utilities All other corporate bonds Total fixed maturity securities Equity securities Commercial mortgage loans Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities Policy loans Other invested assets (1) Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities Total investments Amortized cost or cost Fair value Carrying value $ 5,006 347 1,952 3,551 46,094 56,950 253 6,100 201 1,501 1,132 411 $ 6,000 362 2,106 4,167 49,812 62,447 282 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx $ 6,000 362 2,106 4,167 49,812 62,447 282 6,100 201 1,501 2,296 411 $66,548 xxxxx $73,238 (1) The amount shown in the consolidated balance sheet for other invested assets differs from amortized cost or cost presented, as other invested assets include certain assets with a carrying amount that differs from amortized cost or cost. See Accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 250 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Schedule II Genworth Financial, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Balance Sheets (Amounts in millions) Assets Investments in subsidiaries Deferred tax asset Other assets Intercompany notes receivable Total assets Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Liabilities: Other liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ equity: Common stock Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): Net unrealized investment gains (losses): Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than-temporarily impaired Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than-temporarily impaired securities Net unrealized investment gains (losses) Derivatives qualifying as hedges Foreign currency translation and other adjustments Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Retained earnings Treasury stock, at cost Total Genworth Financial, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity December 31, 2014 2013 $14,895 20 2 9 $14,926 $14,358 26 7 8 $14,399 $ 3 3 $ 6 6 1 11,997 1 12,127 2,431 22 2,453 2,070 (77) 4,446 1,179 (2,700) 914 12 926 1,319 297 2,542 2,423 (2,700) 14,923 14,393 $14,926 $14,399 See Notes to Schedule II See Accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 251 Schedule II Genworth Financial, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Statements of Income (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Net investment income Total revenues Benefits and expenses: Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals Total benefits and expenses Loss before income taxes and equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries Provision (benefit) from income taxes Equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 $ (2) (2) 21 21 (23) (8) (1,229) $ (1) $ — (1) — 33 33 (34) 13 607 7 7 (7) (3) 329 Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders $(1,244) $560 $325 See Notes to Schedule II See Accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 252 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Schedule II Genworth Financial, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Statements of Comprehensive Income (Amounts in millions) Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than-temporarily impaired Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than-temporarily impaired securities Derivatives qualifying as hedges Foreign currency translation and other adjustments Total other comprehensive income (loss) Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 $(1,244) $ 560 $ 325 1,539 10 751 (339) 1,961 (1,778) 66 (590) (358) (2,660) 1,075 78 (100) 102 1,155 Total comprehensive income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders $ 717 $(2,100) $1,480 See Notes to Schedule II See Accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 253 Schedule II Genworth Financial, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Statements of Cash Flows (Amounts in millions) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders to net cash from $(1,244) $ 560 $ 325 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 operating activities: Equity in (income) loss from subsidiaries Dividends from subsidiaries Deferred income taxes Stock-based compensation expense Change in certain assets and liabilities: Accrued investment income and other assets Current tax liabilities Other liabilities and other policy-related balances Net cash from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Intercompany notes receivable Capital contribution paid to subsidiaries Net cash from investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Other, net Net cash from financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year 1,229 — 4 21 (4) (2) 11 15 (1) (12) (13) (2) (2) — — (607) 535 24 26 2 3 (4) 539 (8) (531) (539) — — — — (329) — (3) 7 — — — — — — — — — — $ — $ — $ — See Notes to Schedule II See Accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 254 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Schedule II Genworth Financial, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Notes to Schedule II Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 ( 1 ) O R G A N I Z A T I O N A N D P U R P O S E Inc. Financial, as Genworth Genworth Holdings, known (“Genworth Holdings”) Inc.) was (formerly incorporated in Delaware in 2003 in preparation for an initial public offering (“IPO”) of Genworth common stock, which was completed on May 28, 2004. On April 1, 2013, Genworth Holdings completed a holding company reorganization pur- suant to which Genworth Holdings became a direct, 100% owned subsidiary of a new public holding company that it had formed. The new public holding company was incorporated in in connection with the Delaware on December 5, 2012, reorganization, under the name Sub XLVI, Inc., and was renamed Genworth Financial, Inc. (“Genworth Financial”) upon the completion of the reorganization. To implement the reorganization, Genworth Holdings formed Genworth Financial and Genworth Financial, in turn, formed Sub XLII, Inc. (“Merger Sub”). The holding company structure was implemented pursuant to Section 251(g) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (“DGCL”) by the merger of Merger Sub with and into Genworth Hold- ings (the “Merger”). Genworth Holdings survived the Merger as a direct, 100% owned subsidiary of Genworth Financial and each share of Genworth Holdings Class A Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Genworth Holdings Class A Common Stock”), issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Merger and each share of Genworth Holdings Class A Com- mon Stock held in the treasury of Genworth Holdings immediately prior to the Merger converted into one issued and outstanding or treasury, as applicable, share of Genworth Financial Class A Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share, having the same designations, rights, powers and preferences the and the qualifications, Genworth Holdings Class A Common Stock being converted. limitations and restrictions as Immediately after the consummation of the Merger, Genworth Financial had the same authorized, outstanding and treasury capital stock as Genworth Holdings immediately prior to the Merger. Each share of Genworth Financial common stock outstanding immediately prior to the Merger was can- celled. Effective upon the consummation of the Merger, adopted an amended and restated Genworth Financial certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws that were identical to those of Genworth Holdings immediately prior to the consummation of the Merger (other than provi- sions regarding certain technical matters, as permitted by Sec- tion 251(g) of the DGCL). Genworth Financial’s directors and executive officers immediately after the consummation of the Merger were the same as the directors and executive officers of Genworth Holdings immediately prior to the consummation of the the Merger. Immediately after Merger, Genworth Financial had, on a consolidated basis, the same assets, businesses and operations as Genworth Holdings had immediately prior to the consummation of the Merger. the consummation of its in one of On April 1, 2013, in connection with the reorganization, immediately following the consummation of the Merger, Genworth Holdings distributed to Genworth Financial (as its sole stockholder), through a dividend (the “Distribution”), the 84.6% membership interest subsidiaries (Genworth Mortgage Holdings, LLC (“GMHL”)) that it held directly, and 100% of the shares of another of its subsidiaries (Genworth Mortgage Holdings, Inc. (“GMHI”)), that held the remaining 15.4% of outstanding membership interests of GMHL. At the time of the Distribution, GMHL and GMHI together owned (directly or indirectly) 100% of the shares or other equity interests of all of the subsidiaries that conducted Genworth Holdings’ U.S. mortgage insurance business (these conducted subsidiaries Genworth Holdings’ European mortgage insurance business). As part of the comprehensive U.S. mortgage insurance capital plan, on April 1, 2013, immediately prior to the Distribution, Genworth Holdings contributed $100 million to the U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries. also owned the subsidiaries that The financial information contained herein has been pre- pared as if the reorganization occurred on January 1, 2012. Genworth Financial is a holding company whose sub- sidiaries provide long-term care, life and mortgage insurance, as well as annuities and other investment products. ( 2 ) C O M M I T M E N T S Genworth Financial provides a full and unconditional guarantee to the trustee of Genworth Holdings’ outstanding the senior notes, on an senior notes and the holders of unsecured unsubordinated basis, of the full and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any and interest on, and all other amounts payable under, each outstanding series of senior notes, and the full and punctual payment of all other amounts payable by Genworth Holdings under the senior notes indenture in respect of such senior notes. Genworth Financial also provides a full and unconditional guarantee to the trustee of Genworth Holdings’ outstanding subordinated notes and the holders of the subordinated notes, on an unsecured sub- ordinated basis, of the full and punctual payment of the princi- pal of, premium, if any and interest on, and all other amounts Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 255 payable under, the outstanding subordinated notes, and the full and punctual payment of all other amounts payable by Genworth Holdings under the subordinated notes indenture in respect of the subordinated notes. Genworth Financial also provides a full and unconditional guarantee of Genworth Hol- dings’ obligations associated with Rivermont Insurance Com- pany and the Tax Matters Agreement. The obligations under Genworth Holdings’ credit agree- ment are unsecured and payment of Genworth Holdings’ obli- gations is fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Genworth Financial. ( 3 ) I N C O M E T A X E S As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, Genworth Financial had a deferred tax asset of $20 million and $26 million, respectively, primarily comprised of share-based compensation. These amounts are undiscounted pursuant to the applicable rules governing deferred taxes. Genworth Financial’s current income tax receivable was $3 million as of December 31, 2014 and current income tax payable was $6 million as of December 31, 2013. Net cash received for taxes was $23 mil- lion and $5 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. 256 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Schedule III Genworth Financial, Inc. Supplemental Insurance Information (Amounts in millions) Segment December 31, 2014 U.S. Life Insurance International Mortgage Insurance U.S. Mortgage Insurance International Protection Runoff Corporate and Other Total December 31, 2013 U.S. Life Insurance International Mortgage Insurance U.S. Mortgage Insurance International Protection Runoff Corporate and Other Total Deferred Acquisition Costs Future Policy Benefits Policyholder Account Balances Liability for Policy and Contract Claims Unearned Premiums $4,390 150 16 193 293 — $5,042 $4,537 152 12 243 334 — $5,278 $35,911 — — — 4 — $22,874 — — 11 3,158 — $6,434 308 1,180 106 15 — $ 639 2,723 178 439 7 — $35,915 $26,043 $8,043 $3,986 $33,700 — — — 5 — $22,210 — — 16 3,302 — $5,216 378 1,482 108 20 — $ 632 2,815 129 522 9 — $33,705 $25,528 $7,204 $4,107 See Accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 257 Schedule III—Continued Genworth Financial, Inc. Supplemental Insurance Information (Amounts in millions) Segment December 31, 2014 U.S. Life Insurance International Mortgage Insurance U.S. Mortgage Insurance International Protection Runoff Corporate and Other Total December 31, 2013 U.S. Life Insurance International Mortgage Insurance U.S. Mortgage Insurance International Protection Runoff Corporate and Other Total December 31, 2012 U.S. Life Insurance International Mortgage Insurance U.S. Mortgage Insurance International Protection Runoff Corporate and Other Total Premium Revenue Net Investment Income Interest Credited and Benefits and Other Changes in Policy Reserves Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs Other Operating Expenses Premiums Written $3,169 950 578 731 3 — $5,431 $2,957 996 554 636 5 — $5,148 $2,789 1,016 549 682 5 — $5,041 $2,665 303 59 101 129 (15) $3,242 $2,621 333 60 119 139 (1) $3,271 $2,594 375 68 131 145 30 $3,343 $6,438 204 357 202 156 — $7,357 $4,594 317 412 159 151 — $5,633 $4,593 516 725 150 169 — $6,153 $291 50 5 110 37 — $493 $298 48 4 97 4 — $451 $410 52 3 106 47 — $618 $1,648 263 142 516 87 335 $2,991 $ 841 286 146 484 85 427 $2,269 $ 830 103 145 624 84 477 $2,263 $3,172 1,111 628 709 2 — $5,622 $2,963 1,042 567 608 4 — $5,184 $2,818 1,061 554 619 5 — $5,057 See Accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 258 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K I T E M 9 . C H A N G E S I N A N D D I S A G R E E M E N T S W I T H A C C O U N T A N T S O N A C C O U N T I N G A N D F I N A N C I A L D I S C L O S U R E None. I T E M 9 A . C O N T R O L S A N D P R O C E D U R E S Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures As of December 31, 2014, an evaluation was conducted under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based on this evaluation, the Chief Execu- tive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2014, solely because of the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described below. Management’s Annual Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for our company. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accord- ance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and that receipts and expenditures of the com- pany are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. With the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, our management conducted an evalua- tion of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (1992), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2014, solely because of a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described below. A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be pre- vented or detected on a timely basis. Inadequate Controls Over Implementation of Changes to One of Our Methodologies We did not have adequate controls designed and in place to ensure that we correctly implemented changes made to one of the methodologies as part of our comprehensive long-term care insurance claim reserves review completed in the third quarter of 2014. Specifically, the design of our control relating to the review of the implementation of claim reserve assumption and methodology changes (the “review control”) was not modified in light of the complex nature and volume of changes required to our claim reserves system in order to implement all the assumption and methodology changes we made as part of the third quarter review. As a result, we failed to identify a $44 million after-tax calculation error. This amount was corrected in the fourth quarter of 2014 prior to issuing our consolidated financial statements. The control deficiency related to the claim reserve changes made in the third Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 259 quarter, and did not result in a material misstatement in the consolidated financial statements; however, we have concluded a material weakness exists in the controls over the implementation of our long-term care insurance claim reserves assumption and methodology changes because such a misstatement could have occurred. Remediation of the Material Weakness in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We are currently working to remediate the material weakness. We have reviewed the design of our current “review control” over implementation of assumption and methodology changes to our long-term care insurance claim reserves to determine appro- priate improvements and implement enhanced procedures. As part of these enhanced procedures, our actuarial team responsibilities will be separated to provide that one team will develop and implement all significant assumption and methodology changes to the long-term care insurance claim reserves while another team will determine the nature and scope of the review required as a result of the changes, and then execute the review process. In addition, the scope of the “review control” over the implementation of assumption and methodology changes to our claim reserves will be expanded to include testing of our claim reserves calculation, on an individual claim basis, from the point at which the claim record is included in our policy administration system through the point at which our reserve is reported in our con- solidated financial statements. These control enhancements are intended to ensure that assumption and methodology changes to the long-term care insurance claim reserves function as intended. We believe these measures will remediate the control deficiency identified above and will strengthen our internal control over financial reporting for the calculation of our long-term care insurance claim reserves. We currently are targeting to complete the implementation of the control enhancements during 2015. We will test the ongoing operating effectiveness of the new controls subsequent to implementation, and consider the material weakness remediated after the applicable remedial controls operate effec- tively for a sufficient period of time. Our independent auditor, KPMG LLP, a registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This attestation report appears below. /s/ THOMAS J. MCINERNEY Thomas J. McInerney President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ MARTIN P. KLEIN Martin P. Klein Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) March 2, 2015 260 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders Genworth Financial, Inc.: We have audited Genworth Financial, Inc.’s (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Orga- nizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operat- ing effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we con- sidered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reli- ability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial state- ments in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. A material weakness related to a control over the Company’s implementation of assumption and methodology changes for long-term care insurance claim reserves has been identified and included in management’s assessment. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Genworth Financial, Inc. as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the related consolidated state- ments of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2014. This material weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2014 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated March 2, 2015, which expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, because of the effect of the aforementioned material weakness on the achievement of the objectives of the con- trol criteria, Genworth Financial, Inc. has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (1992) issued by COSO. We do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance on management’s statements referring to corrective actions taken or to be taken after December 31, 2014, relative to the aforementioned material weakness in internal control over financial reporting. /s/ KPMG LLP Richmond, Virginia March 2, 2015 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 261 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting During the Quarter Ended December 31, 2014 There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2014 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. I T E M 9 B . O T H E R I N F O R M A T I O N None. 262 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K PART III I T E M 1 0 . D I R E C T O R S , E X E C U T I V E O F F I C E R S A N D C O R P O R A T E G O V E R N A N C E The following table sets forth certain information concerning our directors and executive officers: Name Thomas J. McInerney Martin P. Klein Ward E. Bobitz Lori M. Evangel Michael S. Laming Scott J. McKay Kevin D. Schneider Daniel J. Sheehan IV William H. Bolinder G. Kent Conrad Melina E. Higgins Nancy J. Karch Christine B. Mead David M. Moffett Thomas E. Moloney James A. Parke James S. Riepe Age Positions President and Chief Executive Officer, Director Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Executive Vice President and General Counsel Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer Executive Vice President—Human Resources Executive Vice President—Chief Information Officer Executive Vice President—Genworth Executive Vice President—Chief Investment Officer 58 55 50 52 63 53 53 49 71 Director, member of Nominating and Corporate Governance and Risk Committees 66 Director, member of Nominating and Corporate Governance and Risk Committees 47 Director, member of Nominating and Corporate Governance and Risk Committees 67 Director, member of Management Development and Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees 59 Director, member of Audit and Management Development and Compensation Committees 63 Director, member of Nominating and Corporate Governance and Risk Committees 71 Director, member of Audit and Risk Committees 69 Director, member of Audit and Management Development and Compensation Committees 71 Non-Executive Chairman of the Board, member of Audit and Management Development and Compensation Committees Executive Officers and Directors The following sets forth certain biographical information with respect to our executive officers and directors listed above. Thomas J. McInerney has been our President and Chief Executive Officer and a director since January 2013. He has also been responsible for the U.S. Life Insurance Division since July 2014. Before joining our company, Mr. McInerney had served as a Senior Advisor to the Boston Consulting Group from June 2011 to December 2012, providing consult- ing and advisory services to leading insurance and financial services companies in the United States and Canada. Prior to that, Mr. McInerney spent 30 years working with ING Groep NV and Aetna Inc. From October 2009 to December 2010, Mr. McInerney was a member of ING Groep’s Management Board for Insurance, where he was the Chief Operating Offi- cer for ING’s insurance and investment management busi- nesses worldwide. From April 2006 to October 2009, he was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of ING Americas and a member of ING Groep’s Executive Board, where he led ING’s pension, retirement services, insurance and investment management businesses in the United States, Canada and seven countries in Latin America. From October 2001 to April 2006, he was the Chief Executive Officer of ING U.S. Finan- cial Services, and from December 2000 to October 2001, he was Chief Executive Officer of ING U.S. Worksite Financial Services. In 2000, ING Groep acquired Aetna Financial Serv- for which Mr. McInerney served as President from ices, as an in June insurance underwriter August 1997 to December 2000. Prior to that, he served in many leadership positions with Aetna, where he began his career 1978. Mr. McInerney is a member of the Board of the American Council of Life Insurers, and has been active with the Finan- cial Services Roundtable (“FSR”), having served on FSR’s board Committee. Mr. McInerney received a B.A. in Economics from Colgate University and an M.B.A. from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College. Executive Officer Chief and as well Martin P. Klein has been our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and is also responsible for the International Protection segment as Corporate Development activities since February 2013. Prior to that, he was Senior Vice President—Chief Financial Officer from May 2011 to February 2013. From May 2012 through December 2012, he also served as Acting President and Acting Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Klein joined the Company in April 2011 as a Senior Vice President. Prior to joining the Com- pany, Mr. Klein served as a Managing Director and Senior Relationship Manager of Barclays Capital, the investment banking division of Barclays Bank, PLC, after its acquisition of investment banking and brokerage operations of the U.S. Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc. in 2008 until April 2011. From 2005 to 2008, Mr. Klein served as a Managing Director and the head of the Insurance and Pension Solutions Groups at Lehman Brothers, and from 2003 to 2005 served as Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 263 a Managing Director and the head of the Insurance Solutions Group. From 2004 to 2006, Mr. Klein also served as the Presi- dent of Lehman Re, a reinsurance subsidiary of Lehman Broth- ers. From 1998 to 2003, Mr. Klein was a Senior Vice President and Chief Insurance Strategist at Lehman Brothers. Prior thereto, Mr. Klein had been with Zurich Insurance Group, where he was a Managing Director of Zurich Investment Management from 1996 to 1998, and Managing Principal of Centre Chase Investment Advisors, an affiliate of Zurich, from 1994 to 1996. From 1992 to 1994, Mr. Klein was an Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of ARM Financial Group, Inc., and from 1990 to 1992 was a Managing Director of the Capital Management Group of ICH Corporation. From 1983 to 1990, Mr. Klein was with Providian Corporation. Mr. Klein is a Fellow of the Society of Actuaries and a Char- tered Financial Analyst. He received his B.A. in Mathematics and Business Administration from Hope College and a M.S. in Statistical and Actuarial Sciences from University of Iowa. Ward E. Bobitz has been our Executive Vice President and General Counsel since January 2015. Prior to that, he served as a Vice President and Assistant Secretary, responsible for corporate transactions and regulatory matters, since the completion of our IPO in May 2004. Prior to the IPO, he served as a Vice President and Assistant Secretary of GE Finan- cial Assurance Holdings, Inc. since October 1997. From September 1993 to October 1997, Mr. Bobitz was with the law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene, and MacRae. Mr. Bobitz received a B.A. in Economics from Columbia University and a J.D. from the University of Michigan Law School. He is a member of the New York Bar and the Virginia Bar. (“GEFAHI”) Lori M. Evangel has been our Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer since January 2014. Prior to joining the company, she was Managing Director and Chief Risk Officer, Global Investments for Aflac, Inc. from January 2013 to December 2013. From November 2008 through July 2012, Ms. Evangel served as Senior Vice President and Enterprise Risk Officer at MetLife, Inc., having served as Senior Vice President since joining MetLife in May 2007. Prior thereto, Ms. Evangel acted as Managing Director and Group Head, Portfolio Management and Market Risk for MBIA Insurance Corporation from July 2004 to April 2007 and served in multiple positions for MBIA prior to that time. Ms. Evangel began her career at Moody’s Investors Services in 1986. She received her B.A. in Political Science from Middlebury College in 1984 and her MBA in Finance from State University of New York in 1986. Michael S. Laming has been our Executive Vice Presi- dent—Human Resources since December 2013. Prior thereto, he served as our Senior Vice President—Human Resources since the completion of our IPO in May 2004. Prior to the IPO, he was a Senior Vice President of GE Insurance, a busi- ness unit of GE Capital, since August 2001 and a Vice Presi- dent of GE since April 2003. From July 1996 to August 2001, Mr. Laming was a Senior Vice President at GE Financial Assurance Holdings, Inc. (“GEFAHI”) and its predecessor companies. Prior thereto, he held a broad range of human resource positions in operating units of GE and at GE corpo- rate headquarters. He graduated from the GE Manufacturing Management Program. Mr. Laming received both a B.S. in Business Administration and a Masters of Organization Devel- opment from Bowling Green State University. Scott J. McKay has been our Executive Vice President— Chief Information Officer since January 2015. Prior thereto, he served as our Senior Vice President—Chief Information Offi- cer since January 2009 and leader of Business and Product Strategy for the U.S. Life Insurance segment since March 2013. He had served as our Senior Vice President—Operations & Quality and Chief Information Officer from August 2004 to December 2008. Prior thereto, he was Senior Vice President— Operations & Quality since the completion of our IPO in May 2004 to August 2004. Prior to the IPO, he was the Senior Vice President, Operations & Quality of GEFAHI since December 2002. From July 1993 to December 2002, Mr. McKay served in various information technology related positions at GEFA- HI’s subsidiaries, including Chief Technology Officer, and Chief Information Officer of Federal Home Life Assurance Company. Prior thereto, he was Officer and Director of Applications for United Pacific Life Insurance Company from July 1992 to July 1993, and an IT consultant for Sycomm Systems and Data Executives, Inc. from January 1985 to July 1992. Mr. McKay received a B.S. in Computer Science from West Chester University of Pennsylvania. Kevin D. Schneider has been our Executive Vice Presi- for our Global Mortgage dent—Genworth responsible Insurance Division since May 2012. Prior to that, he was Senior Vice President—Genworth responsible for our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment from July 2008 to May 2012. Prior thereto, Mr. Schneider served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of our U.S. mortgage insurance business since the completion of our IPO in May 2004. Prior to the IPO, he was a Senior Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer of Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation since April 2003. From January 2003 to April 2003, Mr. Schneider was the Chief Quality Officer for GE Commercial Finance— Americas. From September 2001 to December 2002, he was a Quality Leader for GE Capital Corporate. From April 1998 to September 2001, Mr. Schneider was an Executive Vice Presi- dent with GE Capital Rail Services. Prior thereto, he had been with GATX Corp. where he was a Vice President—Sales from November 1994 to April 1998 and a Regional Manager from October 1992 to November 1994. From July 1984 to October 1992, Mr. Schneider was with Ryder System where he held various positions. Mr. Schneider received a B.S. degree in Industrial Labor Relations from Cornell University and an M.B.A. from the Kellogg Business School. Daniel J. Sheehan IV has been our Executive Vice Presi- dent—Chief Investment Officer since December 2013. Prior to that, he served as our Senior Vice President—Chief Investment Officer since April 2012. From January 2009 to April 2012, he 264 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K From January its predecessor the Company’s 2008 served as our Vice President with responsibilities that included insurance investment portfo- oversight of lios. 2008, through December Mr. Sheehan had management responsibilities of the Compa- ny’s portfolio management team, including fixed-income trad- ing. From December 1997 through December 2007, Mr. Sheehan served in various capacities with the Company and/or roles with oversight including responsibilities for the investments real estate team, as risk manager of the insurance portfolios and as risk manager of the portfolio management team. Prior to joining our Company, Mr. Sheehan had been with Sun Life of Canada from 1993 to 1997 as a Property Investment Officer in the Real Estate Investments group. Prior thereto, he was with Massachusetts Laborers Benefit Fund from 1987 to 1993, as an auditor and auditing supervisor. Mr. Sheehan graduated from Harvard University with a BA in Economics and later received an MBA in Finance from Babson College. of Endurance Specialty Holdings William H. Bolinder has served as a member of our board of directors since October 2010. Mr. Bolinder retired in June 2006 from serving as President, Chief Executive Officer and a director of Acadia Trust N.A., positions he had held since 2003. He had previously been a member of the Group Management Board for Zurich Financial Services Group from 1994 to 2002. Mr. Bolinder joined Zurich American Insurance Company, USA in 1986 as Chief Operating Officer and became Chief Executive Officer in 1987. He has been a direc- tor since December 2001 and became the Lead Director of the Board in May 2013 (having served as the non-executive Chairman of the Board from March 2011 to May 2013). Mr. Bolinder also previously served as a director of Quanta Capital Holding Ltd. from January 2007 to October 2008. Mr. Bolinder has also served on the board of the American Insurance Association, American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Under- writing, Insurance Institute for Applied Ethics, Insurance Institute of America, Insurance Services Office, Inc. and the National Association of Independent Insurers. Mr. Bolinder received a B.S. in Business Administration from the University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth. Ltd. G. Kent Conrad has served as a member of our board of directors since March 2013. Sen. Conrad served as a U.S. Sen- ator representing the State of North Dakota from January 1987 to January 2013. He served as the Chair of the Senate Budget Committee from 2006 until his retirement. Prior to serving in the U.S. Senate, Sen. Conrad served as the Tax Commissioner for the State of North Dakota from 1981 to 1986 and as Assis- tant Tax Commissioner from 1974 to 1980. Sen. Conrad holds an A.B. degree in Political Science from Stanford University and an M.B.A. degree from George Washington University. Melina E. Higgins has served as a member of our board of directors since September 2013. Ms. Higgins retired in 2010 from a nearly 20-year career at The Goldman Sachs Group Inc., where she served as a Managing Director from 2001 and a Partner from 2002. During her tenure at Goldman Sachs, served as Head of the Americas and Co- Ms. Higgins Chairperson of the Investment Advisory Committee for the GS Mezzanine Partners funds, which managed over $30 billion of assets. She also served as a member of the Investment Commit- tee for the Principal Investment Area, which oversaw and approved global private equity and private debt investments. Goldman’s Principal Investment Area was one of the largest alternative asset managers in the world. Ms. Higgins has served as an independent director of Mylan, Inc. since February 2013. Ms. Higgins received a B.A. in Economics and Spanish from Colgate University and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School. in 2000. Prior Nancy J. Karch has served as a member of our board of directors since October 2005. Ms. Karch was a Senior Partner of McKinsey & Company, an independent consulting firm, from 1988 until her thereto, retirement Ms. Karch served in various executive capacities at McKinsey since 1974. She has served as a director of Kimberly-Clark Corp. since June 2010, Kate Spade & Company (formerly Fifth & Pacific Companies, Inc. and Liz Claiborne, Inc.) since January 2000 and became the non-executive Chairman of the Board in May 2013, and MasterCard Incorporated since Jan- uary 2007. She also previously served as a director of CEB (The Corporate Executive Board, Inc.) from October 2001 until January 2015. Ms. Karch is also on the board of the Northern Westchester Hospital and North Shore-LIJ Health System, both not-for-profit organizations. Ms. Karch received a B.A. in Mathematics from Cornell University, an M.S. in Mathematics from Northeastern University and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School. Christine B. Mead has served as a member of our board of directors since October 2009. Ms. Mead was the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Safeco Corpo- ration and the Co-President of the Safeco insurance companies from November 2004 until her retirement in December 2005. From January 2002 to November 2004, Ms. Mead served as Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Secretary of Safeco Corporation. Prior to joining Safeco in 2002, Ms. Mead served in various roles at Travelers Insurance Companies from 1989 to 2001, including Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accounting Officer, and Controller. Ms. Mead also served with Price Waterhouse LLP from 1980 to 1989, and with Deloitte Haskins & Sells in the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1980. Ms. Mead also serves as a trustee of the Idaho Chapter of The Nature Conservancy, a non-profit organization. Ms. Mead received a B.S. in Accounting from University College Cardiff, United Kingdom. David M. Moffett has served as a member of our board of directors since December 2012. Mr. Moffett was the Chief Executive Officer and a director of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation from September 2008 until his retire- ment in March 2009. Prior to this position, Mr. Moffett served as a Senior Advisor with the Carlyle Group LLC from May 2007 to September 2008. Mr. Moffett also served as the Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer of U.S. Bancorp from Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 265 2001 to 2007, after its merger with Firstar Corporation, having previously served as Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer of Firstar Corporation from 1998 to 2001 and as Chief Finan- cial Officer of StarBanc Corporation, a predecessor to Firstar Corporation, from 1993 to 1998. Mr. Moffett has served as a director of eBay Inc. since July 2007 (serving as Lead Director since May 2014) and CIT Group Inc. since July 2010. He also previously served on the boards of directors of MBIA Inc. from May 2007 to September 2008, The E.W. Scripps Company from May 2007 to September 2008 and Building Materials Holding Corporation from May 2006 to November 2008. Mr. Moffett also serves as a trustee on the boards of Columbia Fund Series Trust I and Columbia Funds Variable Insurance Trust, overseeing approximately 52 funds within the Columbia Funds mutual fund complex. He also serves as a trustee for the University of Oklahoma Foundation. Mr. Moffett holds a B.A. degree in Economics from the University of Oklahoma and an M.B.A. degree from Southern Methodist University. President, Controller, Thomas E. Moloney has served as a member of our board of directors since October 2009. Mr. Moloney served as the interim Chief Financial Officer of MSC—Medical Services Company (“MSC”) from December 2007 to March 2008. He retired as the Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Finan- cial Officer of John Hancock Financial Services, Inc. in December 2004. He had served in this position since 1992. Mr. Moloney served in various roles at John Hancock Financial Services, Inc. during his tenure from 1965 to 1992, including Vice Senior Accountant. Mr. Moloney has served as a director of SeaWorld Entertain- ment, Inc. since January 2015. He also previously served as a director of MSC from 2005 to 2012 (MSC was acquired in 2012 and ceased to be company in 2008). Mr. Moloney is on the boards of Nashoba Learning Group and the Boston Children’s Museum (past Chairperson), both non- profit organizations. Mr. Moloney received a B.A. in Account- ing from Bentley University and holds an Executive Masters Professional Director Certification from the Corporate Direc- tors Group. a public and appointed as Lead Director in February 2009. Mr. Riepe is a retired Vice Chairman and a Senior Advisor at T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. Mr. Riepe served as the Vice Chairman of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. from 1997 until his retirement in December 2005. Prior to joining T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. in 1981, Mr. Riepe was an Executive Vice President of the Van- guard Group. He has served as a director of LPL Financial Holdings Inc. since February 2008. Mr. Riepe also previously served on the boards of directors of The NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc. from May 2003 to May 2014, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. from 1981 to 2006 and 57 T. Rowe Price regis- tered investment companies (mutual funds) until his retirement in 2006. He is a member of the University of Pennsylvania’s Board of Trustees. Mr. Riepe received a B.S. in Industrial Management, an M.B.A. and an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Pennsylvania. From time to time, we or our subsidiaries are subject to court orders, judgments or decrees enjoining us or the sub- sidiaries from engaging in certain business practices, and some- times such orders, judgments or decrees are also applicable to our affiliates, officers, employees and certain other related par- ties, including certain of our executive officers. Other Information We will provide the remaining information that is responsive to this Item 10 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Annual Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report, the captions “Election of Directors,” “Corporate Governance,” “Board of Directors and Committees,” “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 10 by reference. in either case under I T E M 1 1 . E X E C U T I V E C O M P E N S A T I O N James A. Parke has served as a member of our board of directors since May 2004. Mr. Parke retired as Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer of GE Capital Services and a Senior Vice President at GE in December 2005. He had served in those positions since 2002. From 1989 to 2002 he was Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer at GE Capi- tal Services and a Vice President of GE. Prior thereto, from 1981 to 1989 he held various management positions in several GE businesses. He serves as a director of buildOn, a not-for- profit corporation. Mr. Parke received a B.A. in History, Political Science and Economics from Concordia College in Minnesota. James S. Riepe has served as a member of our board of directors since March 2006 and was appointed Non-Executive Chairman of the Board in May 2012, having previously been We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 11 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Annual Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report, in either case under the captions “Board of Directors and Committees,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Report of the Management Development and Compensation Committee” (which report shall be deemed furnished with this Form 10-K, and shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), “Executive therein. That possibly Compensation,” information is incorporated into this Item 11 by reference. elsewhere and 266 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K I T E M 1 2 . S E C U R I T Y O W N E R S H I P O F I T E M 1 4 . P R I N C I P A L A C C O U N T A N T F E E S A N D S E R V I C E S We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 14 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Annual Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report, in either case under the caption “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm,” and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 14 by reference. C E R T A I N B E N E F I C I A L O W N E R S A N D M A N A G E M E N T A N D R E L A T E D S T O C K H O L D E R M A T T E R S We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 12 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Annual Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report, in either case under the caption “Information Relating to Directors, Director Nominees, Executive Officers and Significant Stockholders,” “Equity Compensation Plans” and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 12 by refer- ence. I T E M 1 3 . C E R T A I N R E L A T I O N S H I P S A N D R E L A T E D T R A N S A C T I O N S , A N D D I R E C T O R I N D E P E N D E N C E We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 13 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Annual Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report, in either case under “Certain Relationships and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 13 by reference. “Corporate Governance,” and Transactions,” captions the Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 267 Part IV I T E M 1 5 . E X H I B I T S A N D F I N A N C I A L S T A T E M E N T S C H E D U L E S a. Documents filed as part of this report. 1. Financial Statements (see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data) Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 2. Financial Statement Schedules (see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data) Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, on Schedules Schedule I—Summary of investments—Other Than Investments in Related Parties Schedule II—Financial Statements of Genworth Financial, Inc. (Parent Only) Schedule III—Supplemental Insurance Information 3. Exhibits Number Description 157 158 159 160 161 162 164 165 249 250 251 257 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 268 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of April 1, 2013, among Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.), Sub XLVI, Inc. (renamed Genworth Financial, Inc.) and Sub XLII, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) Offer Management Agreement, dated as of April 23, 2014, among Genworth Mortgage Insurance Australia Limited, Genworth Financial, Inc., Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Pty Limited, Genworth Financial Mortgage Indemnity Limited and the joint lead managers named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 21, 2014) Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Genworth Financial, Inc., dated as of April 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) Amended and Restated Bylaws of Genworth Financial, Inc., dated as of April 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) Specimen Class A Common Stock certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012) Indenture, dated as of November 14, 2006, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 14, 2006) Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Number Description 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 10.1 10.2 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 14, 2006, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 14, 2006) Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 1, 2013, among Genworth Holdings, Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) Indenture, dated as of June 15, 2004, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York (successor to JPMorgan Chase Bank), as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004) Supplemental Indenture No. 1, dated as of June 15, 2004, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York (successor to JPMorgan Chase Bank), as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.11 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004) Supplemental Indenture No. 4, dated as of May 22, 2008, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 22, 2008) Supplemental Indenture No. 5, dated as of December 8, 2009, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 8, 2009) Supplemental Indenture No. 6, dated as of June 24, 2010, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 24, 2010) Supplemental Indenture No. 7, dated as of November 22, 2010, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 22, 2010) Supplemental Indenture No. 8, dated as of March 25, 2011, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 25, 2011) Supplemental Indenture No. 9, dated as of April 1, 2013, among Genworth Holdings, Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) Supplemental Indenture No. 10, dated as of August 8, 2013, among Genworth Holdings, Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 8, 2013) Supplemental Indenture No. 11, dated as of December 10, 2013, among Genworth Holdings, Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 10, 2013) Credit Agreement, dated as of September 26, 2013, among Genworth Financial, Inc., as guarantor, Genworth Holdings, Inc., as borrower, the lenders party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, Barclays Bank PLC and Bank of America, N.A., as co-syndication agents, Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., Fifth Third Bank, Goldman Sachs Bank USA and UBS Securities LLC, as co-documentation agents, and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Barclays Bank PLC and Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith Incorporated, as joint bookrunners and joint lead arrangers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K filed on September 27, 2013) Master Agreement, dated July 7, 2009, among Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.), Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Company Canada, Genworth MI Canada Inc. and Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 10, 2009) Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 269 Number Description 10.2.1 10.3 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.3.3 10.3.4 10.3.5 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.6.1 Amendment No.1 to Master Agreement, dated April 1, 2013, among Genworth MI Canada Inc., Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited, Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.), Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Company Canada and Sub XLVI, Inc. (renamed Genworth Financial, Inc.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) Shareholder Agreement, dated July 7, 2009, among Genworth MI Canada Inc., Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited and Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 10, 2009) Assignment and Assumption Agreement for Shareholder Agreement, dated August 9, 2011, among Genworth MI Canada Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.), Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited, Genworth Mortgage Holdings, LLC and Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation of North Carolina (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2011) Assignment and Assumption Agreement for Shareholder Agreement, dated August 9, 2011, among Genworth MI Canada Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.), Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited, Genworth Mortgage Holdings, LLC and Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2011) Assignment and Assumption Agreement for Shareholder Agreement, dated August 10, 2011, among Genworth MI Canada Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.), Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited, Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation and Genworth Residential Mortgage Assurance Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2011) Amending Agreement, dated April 1, 2013, among Genworth MI Canada Inc., Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited, Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.), Genworth Mortgage Holdings, LLC, Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation, Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation of North Carolina, Genworth Financial International Holdings, Inc., Genworth Residential Mortgage Assurance Corporation and Sub XLVI, Inc. (renamed Genworth Financial, Inc.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) Assignment and Assumption Agreement for Shareholder Agreement, dated July 11, 2014, among Genworth MI Canada Inc., Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation and Genworth Residential Mortgage Assurance Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2014) Master Agreement, dated April 23, 2014, between Genworth Financial, Inc. and Genworth Mortgage Insurance Company Australia Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2014) Shareholder Agreement, dated May 21, 2014, among Genworth Mortgage Insurance Australia Limited, Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited, Genworth Financial International Holdings, Inc. and Genworth Financial, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2014) Restated Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2006, by and among General Electric Company, General Electric Capital Corporation, GE Financial Assurance Holdings, Inc., GEI, Inc. and Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2006) Consent and Agreement to Become a Party to Restated Tax Matters Agreement, dated April 1, 2013, among Genworth Financial, Inc., Genworth Holdings, Inc., General Electric Company, General Electric Capital Corporation, GE Financial Assurance Holdings, Inc. and GEI, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) 270 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Number Description 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.10.1 10.11 10.11.1 10.12 10.12.1 10.13 10.13.1 10.13.2 10.14 10.14.1 10.14.2 10.15 Canadian Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of May 24, 2004, among General Electric Company, General Electric Capital Corporation, GECMIC Holdings Inc., GE Capital Mortgage Insurance Company (Canada) (now known as Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Company Canada) and Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.47 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 7, 2004) European Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of May 24, 2004, among General Electric Company, General Electric Capital Corporation and Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.57 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 7, 2004) Australian Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of May 24, 2004, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and General Electric Capital Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.58 to the Current Report on Form 8-K field on June 7, 2004) Coinsurance Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between GE Life and Annuity Assurance Company (now known as Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-112009) (the “Registration Statement”)) Amendments to Coinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Coinsurance Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between Federal Home Life Insurance Company (merged with and into Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company effective January 1, 2007) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Registration Statement) Amendments to Coinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Coinsurance Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between General Electric Capital Assurance Company (now known as Genworth Life Insurance Company) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Registration Statement) Amendments to Coinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Coinsurance Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between GE Capital Life Assurance Company of New York (now known as Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Registration Statement) Amendments to Coinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Third Amendment to Coinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009) Coinsurance Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between American Mayflower Life Insurance Company of New York (merged with and into Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York effective January 1, 2007) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Registration Statement) Amendments to Coinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Third Amendment to Coinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009) Coinsurance Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, between First Colony Life Insurance Company (merged with and into Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company, effective January 1, 2007) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.54 to the Registration Statement) Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 271 Number Description 10.15.1 10.16 10.16.1 10.17 10.17.1 10.17.2 10.18 10.18.1 10.18.2 10.19 10.19.1 10.19.2 10.19.3 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 Amendments to Coinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Retrocession Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between General Electric Capital Assurance Company (now known as Genworth Life Insurance Company) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Registration Statement) Amendments to Retrocession Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Retrocession Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between GE Capital Life Assurance Company of New York (now known as Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Registration Statement) Amendments to Retrocession Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Third Amendment to Retrocession Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009) Reinsurance Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between GE Life and Annuity Assurance Company (now known as Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Registration Statement) First Amendment to Reinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Second Amendment to Reinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012) Reinsurance Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between GE Capital Life Assurance Company of New York (now known as Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Registration Statement) First Amendment to Reinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Second Amendment to Reinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009) Third Amendment to Reinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16.3 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012) Trust Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, among Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company, General Electric Capital Assurance Company (now known as Genworth Life Insurance Company) and The Bank of New York (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.48 to the Registration Statement) Trust Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, among Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company, Federal Home Life Insurance Company (merged with and into Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company, effective January 1, 2007) and The Bank of New York (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.51 to the Registration Statement) Trust Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, among Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company, First Colony Life Insurance Company (merged with and into Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company, effective January 1, 2007) and The Bank of New York (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.53 to the Registration Statement) Trust Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, among Union Fidelity Insurance Company, American Mayflower Life Insurance Company of New York (merged with and into Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York, effective January 1, 2007) and The Bank of New York (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.49 to the Registration Statement) 272 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Number Description 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.27.1 10.28 10.29 10.30§ 10.30.1§ 10.30.2§ 10.31§ 10.32§ 10.33§ 10.34§ 10.34.1§ 10.34.2§ Trust Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, among Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company, GE Life and Annuity Assurance Company (now known as Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company) and The Bank of New York (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.50 to the Registration Statement) Trust Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, among Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company, GE Capital Life Assurance Company of New York (now known as Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York) and The Bank of New York (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.52 to the Registration Statement) Trust Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2009, among Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company, Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009) Capital Maintenance Agreement, dated as of January 1, 2004, by and between Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company and General Electric Capital Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Registration Statement) Amendment No. 1 to Capital Maintenance Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2013, by and between General Electric Capital Corporation and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (received by Genworth Financial, Inc. with all required signatures for effectiveness from General Electric Capital Corporation and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company in February 2015) (filed herewith) Replacement Capital Covenant, dated November 14, 2006 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 14, 2006) Assignment and Assumption Agreement, dated as of April 1, 2013, between Genworth Holdings, Inc. and Genworth Financial, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.56 to the Registration Statement) First Amendment to the Genworth Financial, Inc. 2004 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2007) Second Amendment to the Genworth Financial, Inc. 2004 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 18, 2009) Amended & Restated Sub-Plan under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan: Genworth Financial Canada Stock Savings Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009) Sub-Plan under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan: Genworth Financial, Inc. U.K. Share Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.52.7 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2006) Sub-Plan under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan: Genworth Financial U.K. Share Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007) Form of Deferred Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.56.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 30, 2004) Form of Deferred Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (for grants after January 1, 2010) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009) Form of Stock Option Award Agreement under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2007) Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 273 Number Description 10.34.3§ 10.34.4§ 10.34.5§ 10.35§ 10.35.1§ 10.35.2§ 10.35.3§ 10.35.4§ 10.35.5§ 10.35.6§ 10.36§ 10.37§ 10.38§ 10.38.1§ 10.39§ 10.39.1§ 10.40§ 10.41§ Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Award Agreement under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2007) Form of Stock Appreciation Rights with a Maximum Share Value Award Agreement under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2011) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30.4 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007) 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 21, 2012) Form of Stock Appreciation Rights with a Maximum Share Value Award Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (filed herewith) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (filed herewith) Form of Deferred Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2012) Form of Stock Appreciation Rights with a Maximum Share Value—Executive Officer Retention Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 1, 2012) Stock Appreciation Rights with a Maximum Share Value—CEO New Hire Grant under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32.5 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012) Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33.6 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013) Amendment to Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan and the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2013) Policy Regarding Personal Use of Non-Commercial Aircraft by Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 21, 2006) Genworth Financial, Inc. Amended and Restated 2005 Change of Control Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007) Amendment to the Genworth Financial, Inc. Amended and Restated 2005 Change of Control Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012) Genworth Financial, Inc. 2011 Change of Control Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2011) Amendment to the Genworth Financial, Inc. 2011 Change of Control Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012) Genworth Financial, Inc. 2014 Change of Control Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 18, 2014) Amended and Restated Genworth Financial, Inc. Retirement and Savings Restoration Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2012) 274 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Number Description 10.41.1§ 10.42§ 10.42.1§ 10.43§ 10.44§ 10.45§ 10.45.1§ 10.45.2§ 10.46§ 10.47§ 10.48§ 10.49§ 10.50§ 10.51§ 10.52§ 12 21 23 24 31.1 31.2 32.1 First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Genworth Financial, Inc. Retirement and Savings Restoration Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2013) Amended and Restated Genworth Financial, Inc. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2012) First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Genworth Financial, Inc. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2013) Amended and Restated Genworth Financial, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Amended and Restated Genworth Financial, Inc. Leadership Life Insurance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Genworth Financial, Inc. Executive Life Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 6, 2005) Amendment to the Genworth Financial, Inc. Executive Life Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2007) Amendment to the Genworth Financial, Inc. Executive Life Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Director Compensation Summary (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.43 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013) Annuity Contribution Arrangement with Leon E. Roday (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2009) Separation Agreement and Release, dated November 8, 2013, between Genworth Financial, Inc. and Patrick B. Kelleher (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013) Genworth Financial, Inc. 2012 Key Employee Severance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 1, 2012) Form of Cash Retention Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 1, 2012) Genworth Financial, Inc. 2015 Key Employee Severance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 18, 2014) Separation Agreement and Release, dated July 24, 2014, between Genworth Financial, Inc. and James Boyle (filed herewith) Statement of Ratio of Income to Fixed Charges (filed herewith) Subsidiaries of the registrant (filed herewith) Consent of KPMG LLP (filed herewith) Powers of Attorney (filed herewith) Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002—Thomas J. McInerney (filed herewith) Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002—Martin P. Klein (filed herewith) Certification Pursuant to Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code—Thomas J. McInerney (filed herewith) Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 275 Number Description 32.2 Certification Pursuant to Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code—Martin P. Klein (filed herewith) 101.INS XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document § Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. Neither Genworth Financial, Inc., nor any of its consolidated subsidiaries, has outstanding any instrument with respect to its long-term debt, other than those filed as an exhibit to this Annual Report, under which the total amount of securities authorized exceeds 10% of the total assets of Genworth Financial, Inc. and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. Genworth Financial, Inc. hereby agrees to furnish to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, upon request, a copy of each instrument that defines the rights of holders of such long-term debt that is not filed or incorporated by reference as an exhibit to this Annual Report. Genworth Financial, Inc. will furnish any exhibit upon the payment of a reasonable fee, which fee shall be limited to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s reasonable expenses in furnishing such exhibit. 276 Genworth 2014 Form 10-K Signatures Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Dated: March 2, 2015 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. By: Name: Title: /S/ THOMAS J. MCINERNEY Thomas J. McInerney President and Chief Executive Officer; Director (Principal Executive Officer) Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated. Dated: March 2, 2015 /s/ THOMAS J. MCINERNEY Thomas J. McInerney President and Chief Executive Officer; Director (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ MARTIN P. KLEIN Martin P. Klein /s/ Kelly L. Groh Kelly L. Groh * William H. Bolinder * G. Kent Conrad * Nancy J. Karch * Melina E. Higgins * Christine B. Mead * David M. Moffett * Thomas E. Moloney * James A. Parke * James S. Riepe *By /s/ THOMAS J. MCINERNEY Thomas J. McInerney Attorney-in-Fact Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Genworth 2014 Form 10-K 277 Stockholder Information Stock Purchase and Sale Plan The Computershare CIP plan provides shareholders of record and new investors with a convenient way to make cash purchases of Genworth’s common stock and to automatically reinvest dividends, when paid. Inquiries should be made directly to Computershare. To obtain plan enrollment materials, please call 866 229.8413 or visit www.computershare.com/investor Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm KPMG LLP Suite 2000 1021 East Cary Street Richmond, VA 23219-4023 Tel: 804 782.4200 Fax: 804 782.4300 Corporate Headquarters Genworth Financial, Inc. 6620 West Broad Street Richmond, VA 23230 e-mail: contactus@genworth.com 804 484.3821 Toll free in the U.S.: 888 GENWORTH 888 436.9678 Stock Exchange Listing Genworth Class A Common Stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (Ticker symbol: GNW) Transfer Agent Computershare Tel: 866 229.8413 Tel: 800 231.5469 (hearing impaired) Tel: 201 680.6578 (outside the U.S. and Canada) Tel: 201 680.6610 (hearing impaired outside the U.S. and Canada) Address Genworth Stockholder Inquiries to: Computershare P.O. Box 30170 College Station, TX 77842-3170 www.computershare.com/investor Contacts Board of Directors For reporting complaints about Genworth’s accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters or any other concerns to the Board of Directors or the Audit Committee, you may write to or call: Board of Directors Genworth Financial, Inc. c/o Corporate Secretary 6620 West Broad Street Richmond, VA 23230 866 717.3594 e-mail: directors@genworth.com Corporate Ombudsperson To report concerns related to compliance with the law, Genworth policies or government contracting requirements, contact: Genworth Ombudsperson 6620 West Broad Street Richmond, VA 23230 888 251.4332 e-mail: ombudsofﬁce.genworth@ genworth.com Investor Relations 804 662.2685 e-mail: investorinfo@genworth.com genworth.com/investor Product/Service Information For information about products offered by Genworth Financial companies, visit genworth.com. This Annual Report is also available online at genworth.com. Genworth Financial, Inc. 6620 West Broad Street Richmond, Virginia 23230 genworth.com ©2015 Genworth Financial, Inc. All rights reserved. GF90397-AR (03/15)

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