Global Indemnity Group
Annual Report 2015

Plain-text annual report

GLOBAL INDEMNITY 2015 ANNUAL REPORT 2 0 1 5 G L O B A L I N D E M N I T Y A N N U A L R E P O R T Registered Office 25/28 North Wall Quay Dublin 1 Ireland www.GlobalIndemnity.ie info@GlobalIndemnity.ie GLOBAL IN SCOPE. UNITED IN VISION. Global Indemnity plc (NASDAQ: GBLI) is a specialty property and casualty insurance and reinsurance company with U.S. operations in Philadelphia, PA. Global Indemnity provides underwriting, claims and actuarial support to its multi-distribution field enterprises. Our products and services are marketed through several direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiary insurance and reinsurance companies. Global Indemnity’s member companies have earned a group rating of “A” (Excellent) by A.M. Best. Independent Auditors Ernst & Young One Commerce Square Suite 700 2005 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Registrar & Transfer Agent Computershare 250 Royall Street Canton, MA 02021 781-575-3120 800-962-4284 Stock Trading A Ordinary Shares of Global Indemnity plc on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol “GBLI” Annual General Meeting The 2016 Annual Meeting is scheduled for 1:00 p.m., Irish Time, on Wednesday, June 15, 2016, at 25/28 North Wall Quay, Dublin 1, Ireland. ANNUAL REPORT 2015 DEAR FELLOW SHAREHOLDERS: As we reported last year, 2015 was the start of for 2014, and book value per share grew an exciting new chapter for Global Indemnity with the acquisition of American Reliable from $35.86 in 2014 to $42.98 primarily due to a share redemption executed in the Insurance Company®. In addition to Global’s fourth quarter. specialty commercial lines and reinsurance product offerings, the acquisition expanded our distribution relationships, enabling us to provide specialty and agricultural products to the personal lines segments. With the addition of American Reliable, gross written premiums for 2015 were $590 million, which more than doubled Global Indemnity’s 2014 premiums. We spent much of our time in 2015 on the integration of American Reliable; we consolidated many of the corporate functions such as technology, legal and finance to achieve expense reductions. We are pleased to report much of the integration is complete, and we expect overall expense benefits to continue to be reflected in our future results. Our commercial and reinsurance segments continued to encounter challenging pricing pressure. Although these lines continued to be profitable, our growth in these lines was muted for 2015; personal lines continued its small single-digit growth, but profitability suffered due to the historic wildfires in California. On the investment side, we continued to invest conservatively; at year-end, our investment portfolio stood at approximately $1.5 billion with 86% invested in short duration fixed income investments with an average quality of AA- and 7% invested in publicly traded equities of Fortune 500-type companies and 2% in alternatives. As we look to the future, although headwinds still exist in the marketplace due to soft pricing and very low interest rates, we are better positioned with our “three-pronged” strategy (Commercial, Personal and International Reinsurance), which allows us to shift resources where there is the best potential for ProfitableGrowth. With the integration behind us, we can now take advantage of cross-selling opportunities with American Reliable, realize expense benefits and offer expanded product opportunities to our partners, general agents and brokers. Operating income (excluding acquisition costs related to the American Reliable acquisition), was $49.4 million, compared to $45.3 million Saul A. Fox Chairman Global Indemnity plc Cynthia Y. Valko Chief Executive Officer Global Indemnity plc 1 FINDING—AND SEIZING— OPPORTUNITY A worldwide company with operating units in the United States and Bermuda, Global Indemnity has thrived by providing specialty property and casualty coverage to markets typically overlooked or underserved by traditional insurance and reinsurance companies. Our company pursues its overarching goal of ProfitableGrowth through a “three-pronged” strategy that comprises Commercial Lines, Personal Lines and International Reinsurance. This disciplined approach and solid balance sheet have earned Global Indemnity its well-established reputation and group rating of “A” (Excellent) by A. M. Best. THINKING—AND ACTING—AS ONE “The strength of the team is each individual member. The strength of each member is the team.” - Phil Jackson, former Coach & President, New York Knicks Many companies strive to create a sustaining culture within their organizations. At Global Indemnity, however, our culture of “Successful Together,” extends well beyond our office walls. Not just internal management and staff, but the company’s entire family of agents and partners are unified by four core principles: Acting with integrity. Treating others with respect. Committing to ProfitableGrowth. Delivering excellence in service and support. With a philosophy of sharing both goals and achievements, it’s not surprising that Global Indemnity enjoys exceptionally strong and stable producer relationships throughout a multi-channel distribution network that encompasses all 50 states. BUILDING UPON SUCCESS In 2014, Global Indemnity took advantage of the opportunity to acquire American Reliable Insurance Company® (ARIC). At the time, our company believed that this action would enable us to develop a new product line, expand our workforce and increase premium production. We are pleased to report that these expectations are continuing to be met with success. In addition, the two corporate infrastructures have been smoothly merged, and Global Indemnity is now offering more products— from Personal Lines to Reinsurance. LOOKING FOR MORE The ARIC acquisition has also had the effect of both broadening Global Indemnity’s footprint in the market and allowing us to explore newer and emerging opportunities in the small business excess and surplus markets with greater freedom and flexibility. As a result, the company has also been able to widen our agent base, further expanding our distribution. We also remain committed to seeking out new niches and underserved markets, and to increasing our investment in advanced technology that creates efficiencies and increases productivity. By automating our product offerings, we are able to deliver our products to producers—and our customers—more rapidly. Our continued focus on minimizing risk through prudent underwriting, together with expert claims management and controlled expenditures, have been keys to our financial performance. THINKING AHEAD Global Indemnity’s record of steady growth is not an effect of circumstance or good fortune; it is the result of having the foresight to create a sound strategy for the long term, and the discipline to adhere to it for the long haul. These qualities served us well in 2015; we expect them to make us even more productive and profitable in the years to come. 2 Stock Price as of December 31, 2015 Exchange/Symbol: GBLI Closing Price: $29.02 52-Week Range: $22.96 - $29.93 Market Capitalization: $506.3M Price/Book Ratio: 0.68 ANNUAL REPORT 2015 2015 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS (Dollars in thousands, except per share and ratio data) 2012 2013 2014 2015 Gross Written Premium $244,053 $290,723 $291,253 $590,233 Income Statement Net Earned Premiums 238,862 248,722 268,519 504,143 Net Investment Income 47,557 37,209 28,821 34,609 Net Realized Gains/(Loss) 6,755 27,412 35,860 (3,374) Other Income/(Loss) (158) 5,791 555 3,400 Total Revenues Total Expenses Net Income 293,016 319,134 333,755 538,778 258,259 257,444 270,899 497,309 34,757 61,690 62,856 41,469 Earnings Per Share (Diluted) $1.30 $2.45 $2.48 $1.69 Net Operating Income 29,309 40,453 43,194 44,026 Operating Income Per Share (Diluted) $1.10 $1.61 $1.71 $1.80 Balance Sheet Total Assets 1,903,703 1,911,779 1,930,033 1,957,294 Shareholders’ Equity 806,618 873,280 908,290 749,926 Book Value Per Share $32.15 $34.65 $35.86 $42.98 GAAP Ratios Combined Ratio 104.2 96.0 92.0 94.5 Market Capitalization (As of year-end) 555,293 637,621 718,559 506,315 (1) (1) On November 12, 2015 the Company redeemed $190 million of its Common Stock. Combined Ratio Book Value Per Share 104.2 96.0 92.0 94.5 150.0 120.0 90.0 60.0 30.0 0.0 $34.65 $35.86 $32.15 $42.98 $40 $30 $20 $10 $0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2012 2013 2014 2015 3 GLOBAL IN SCOPE. UNITED IN VISION. Our continued success as a global company is a result of what we term a “three-pronged” strategy that includes Commercial Lines, Personal Lines and International Reinsurance. Our seven insurance and reinsurance operating units provide both admitted and non-admitted specialty property and casualty insurance in the United States, in addition to reinsurance services internationally. Global Indemnity’s product lines—distributed through a broad network—are varied and growing. In addition, we continue to maintain a strong capital reserve. This combined approach enables us to take positive steps toward our singular goal: ProfitableGrowth. 1 COMMERCIAL LINES ™ PENN-AMERICA GROUP® DIAMOND STATE GROUP® UNITED NATIONAL GROUP® J.H. FERGUSON & ASSOCIATES, LLCTM Penn-America Group offers property and casualty products specifically for small commercial businesses. The firm’s distribution network consists of a select team of general agents with specific binding authority. Diamond State Group distributes commercial property, general liability and professional lines products—as well as commercial auto products—in 50 states and DC through a specially selected nexus of skilled wholesale brokers. United National Group concentrates primarily on specific classes with a focus on the program market. Program administrators distribute property and general liability products throughout the U.S. J.H. Ferguson is one of the nation’s leading property and casualty insurance wholesalers. Specializing in vacant properties, builders risk, renovations, and tenant-occupied dwellings, the firm utilizes web-based technology— VacantExpress.com®. penn-america.com diamondstategroup.com unitednat.com jhferg.com 4 ANNUAL REPORT 2015 Each of our U.S. operating units hold admitted business and surplus lines qualifications in all of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The fact that Global Indemnity retains “A” (Excellent) A.M. Best ratings reinforces long-standing relationships with existing customers and helps us attract prospective partners and potential clients. That rating is also a source of pride among our 460 employees who are responsible for achieving and maintaining it. 2 PERSONAL LINES 3 INTERNATIONAL REINSURANCE OPERATIONS COLLECTIBLES INSURANCE SERVICES, LLCTM AMERICAN RELIABLE INSURANCE COMPANY® GLOBAL INDEMNITY REINSURANCE COMPANY LTD. Collectibles Insurance Services, LLC was founded by collectors as a specialty retail agency that provides coverage for a wide variety of popular collectibles such as comic books, sports cards and memorabilia, stamps, and toys. Distributing through a matrix of general and independent agents, American Reliable Insurance Company is a specialty personal lines and agricultural (equine, farm and ranch) property and casualty insurance provider. Global Indemnity Reinsurance Company Ltd. is a treaty and facultative reinsurer of specialty property and casualty insurance and reinsurance companies. The firm serves the international market from its headquarters in Bermuda. Formerly Wind River Reinsurance Company Ltd., the name of the company was changed in 2014. collectinsure.com americanreliable.com globalindemnityre.bm 5 BOARD MEMBERS & OFFICERS Saul A. Fox Chairman Global Indemnity plc Cynthia Y. Valko Chief Executive Officer Global Indemnity plc We are fortunate in having a dedicated Board, as well as highly experienced and sharply focused Senior Officers and Staff, all of whom are committed to achieving our common objective: ProfitableGrowth. BOARD MEMBERS OFFICERS Jay W. Brown James W. Crystal Cynthia Y. Valko Chief Executive Officer Thomas M. McGeehan Chief Financial Officer Matthew B. Scott Chief Marketing Officer William J. Devlin Chief Operations & Claims Officer Lou Korth Chief Actuary & Risk Officer Steve Green President Global Indemnity Reinsurance Company Ltd. Saul A. Fox, Chairman (3) (4) (6) (7) Jay W. Brown (3) (5) (6) Chief Executive Officer MBIA Inc. James W. Crystal (1) (5) (7) Chairman & Chief Executive Officer Frank Crystal & Company Raphael L. de Balmann (1) (3) (5) (6) Portfolio Manager Bretton Capital Management Seth J. Gersch (1) (4) (5) Advisory Panel Fox Paine & Company, LLC John H. Howes (2) (6) (7) Director Satec srl Bruce R. Lederman (2) (5) (7) Retired Partner Latham & Watkins Larry N. Port (2) (3) (7) Senior Vice President, Corporate Development Assurant, Inc. Cynthia Y. Valko (4) Chief Executive Officer Global Indemnity plc Raphael L. de Balmann Seth J. Gersch John H. Howes Bruce R. Lederman (1) Audit Committee (2) Compensation & Benefits Committee (3) Enterprise Risk Management Committee (4) Executive Committee (5) Investment Committee (6) Nominating Committee (7) Governance Committee Larry N. Port 6 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2015 OR ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Transition Period from to 001-34809 Commission File Number GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Ireland (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 98-0664891 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 25/28 NORTH WALL QUAY DUBLIN 1 IRELAND (Address of principal executive office including zip code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 353 (0) 1 649 2000 SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT: Title of Each Class Common A Ordinary shares, $0.0001 Par Value 7.75% Subordinated Notes due 2045 Name of Exchange on Which Registered The Nasdaq Global Select Market The Nasdaq Global Select Market SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE ACT: NONE Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ‘ NO È Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES ‘ NO È Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES È NO ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES È NO ‘ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. È Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer ‘ Non-accelerated filer ‘ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES ‘ NO È Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company ‘ Í The aggregate market value of the common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the price of the registrant’s A ordinary shares as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (based on the last reported sale price on the Nasdaq Global Select Market as of such date), was $232,260,659. There are no B ordinary shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant. As of March 4, 2016, the registrant had outstanding 13,404,386 A ordinary shares and 4,133,366 B ordinary shares. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the Registrant’s Proxy Statement relating to the 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report. TABLE OF CONTENTS Item 1. PART I BUSINESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1A. RISK FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 2. PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART II Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK . . . . . . Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 2 32 47 47 47 47 48 51 53 93 96 Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 PART III Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE . . . . . . . . . . 164 Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Item 12. Item 13. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT, AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 164 Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 PART IV Item 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 1 PART I Item 1. BUSINESS Some of the information contained in this Item 1 or set forth elsewhere in this report, including information with respect to the Company’s plans and strategy, constitutes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Please see “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” at the end of Item 7 of Part II and “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained herein. References to the acquisition of American Reliable refer to the January 1, 2015 acquisition of American Reliable Insurance Company (“American Reliable”). History Global Indemnity plc (“Global Indemnity” or “the Company”) was incorporated on March 9, 2010 and is domiciled in Ireland as a public limited company. In July 2010, Global Indemnity replaced the Company’s predecessor, United America Indemnity, Ltd., a Cayman Island company, as the ultimate parent company as a result of a re-domestication transaction. The Company’s A ordinary shares are publicly traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the trading symbol “GBLI.” On January 1, 2015, Global Indemnity Group, Inc., a subsidiary of the Company, acquired 100% of the voting equity interest of American Reliable Insurance Company (“American Reliable”) from American Bankers Insurance Group, Inc., a subsidiary of Assurant,Inc., by paying $113.7 million in cash and assuming $283.9 million of customary insurance related liabilities, obligations, and mandates. Per the American Reliable Stock Purchase Agreement (“American Reliable SPA”), the ultimate purchase price is subject to (i) accounting procedures that were performed in 2015 to determine GAAP book value and (ii) indemnification on future development on recorded loss and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2014. In accordance with the American Reliable SPA, on the third calendar year following the calendar year of the closing, if loss and loss adjustment expenses for accident years 2014 and prior are lower than recorded unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2014, Global Indemnity Group, Inc. will pay the variance to American Bankers Group, Inc. Conversely, if loss and loss adjustment expenses for accident years 2014 and prior exceed recorded unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2014, American Bankers Group, Inc. will pay the variance to Global Indemnity Group, Inc. In accordance with a dispute resolution agreement between Global Indemnity Group, Inc. and American Bankers Group, Inc., any variance paid related to the loss indemnification will be subject to interest of 5% compounded semi-annually. The Company’s current estimate of the purchase price, based on available financial information, is approximately $99.8 million. Please see “Recent Developments” in Item 7 of Part II of this report and Note 3 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information on the acquisition of American Reliable. General Global Indemnity, one of the leading specialty property and casualty insurers in the industry, provides its insurance products across a distribution network that includes binding authority, program, brokerage, and reinsurance. Starting in the 1st quarter of 2015, the Company manages the distribution of these products through three reportable business segments: Commercial Lines, managed in Bala Cynwyd, PA, offers specialty property and casualty products designed for product lines such as Small Business Binding Authority, Property Brokerage, and Programs; Personal Lines, managed in Scottsdale, AZ, offers specialty personal lines and agricultural coverage; and Reinsurance Operations, managed in Bermuda, provides reinsurance solutions through brokers and primary writers including insurance and reinsurance companies. The Commercial Lines and Personal Lines segments comprise the Company’s U.S. Insurance Operations (“Insurance Operations”). 2 Prior to 2015, the Commercial Lines segment was known as Insurance Operations segment. With the acquisition of American Reliable, the Insurance Operations segment was renamed to Commercial Lines segment. The newly acquired American Reliable became the Company’s Personal Lines segment. For segment reporting, the values for 2013 and 2014 did not change for Commercial Lines and Reinsurance Operations. Business Segments See Note 19 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for gross and net premiums written, income and total assets of each operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. For a discussion of the variances between years, see “Results of Operations” in Item 7 of Part II of this report. Personal Lines The Company’s Personal Lines distribute property and casualty insurance products and operate primarily in the admitted markets. In the standard property and casualty insurance market, insurance rates and forms are highly regulated; products and coverage are largely uniform and have relatively predictable exposures. In the standard market, policies must be written by insurance companies that are admitted to transact business in the state in which the policy is issued. As a result, in the standard property and casualty insurance market, insurance companies tend to compete for customers primarily on the basis of price, coverage, value-added service, and financial strength. The Company’s Personal Lines writes specialty products such as agriculture, mobile homes, manufactured homes, homeowners, and watersports via American Reliable. These products are distributed through retail agents, wholesale general agents, and brokers. The insurance products are either underwritten via specific binding authority or by internal personnel. See “Underwriting” below for additional discussion on how the Company’s insurance products are underwritten. Gross premiums written for the Personal Lines were $326.3 million in 2015. Personal lines is a new business segment in 2015 resulting from the acquisition of American Reliable on January 1, 2015. Commercial Lines The Company’s Commercial Lines distribute property and casualty insurance products and operate predominantly in the excess and surplus lines marketplace. The excess and surplus lines market differs significantly from the standard property and casualty insurance market. The excess and surplus lines market provides coverage for businesses that often do not fit the underwriting criteria of an insurance company operating in the standard markets due to their relatively greater unpredictable loss patterns and unique niches of exposure requiring rate and policy form flexibility. Without the excess and surplus lines market, certain businesses would have to self-insure their exposures, or seek coverage outside the U.S. market. Competition in the excess and surplus lines market tends to focus less on price and more on availability, service, and other considerations. While excess and surplus lines market exposures may have higher perceived insurance risk than their standard market counterparts, excess and surplus lines market underwriters historically have been able to generate underwriting profitability superior to standard market underwriters. A portion of the Company’s Commercial Lines is written on a specialty admitted basis. When writing on a specialty admitted basis, the Company’s focus is on writing insurance for insureds that engage in similar but often highly specialized types of activities. The specialty admitted market is subject to greater state regulation 3 than the surplus lines market, particularly with regard to rate and form filing requirements and the ability to enter and exit lines of business. Insureds purchasing coverage from specialty admitted insurance companies do so because the insurance product is not otherwise available from standard market insurers. Yet, for regulatory or marketing reasons, these insureds require products that are written by an admitted insurance company. The Commercial Lines’ insurance products target specific, defined groups of insureds with customized coverage to meet their needs. To manage operations, the Commercial Lines segment differentiates its products by product classification. These product classifications are as follows: • Penn-America Group distributes property and general businesses through a select network of wholesale general agents with specific binding authority; liability products for small commercial • United National Group distributes property, general liability, and professional lines products through program administrators with specific binding authority; and • Diamond State Group distributes property, casualty, and professional lines products through wholesale brokers that are underwritten by the Company’s personnel and selected brokers with specific binding authority. These product classifications comprise the Commercial Lines business segment and are not considered individual business segments because each product has similar economic characteristics, distribution, and coverage. The Company’s Commercial Lines provide property, casualty, and professional liability products utilizing customized guidelines, rates, and forms tailored to the Company’s risk and underwriting philosophy. See “Underwriting” below for a discussion on how the Company’s insurance products are underwritten. In 2015, gross premiums written for the Commercial Lines were $214.2 million compared to $230.0 million for 2014. For 2015, surplus lines business accounts for approximately 77.7% of the business written while specialty admitted business accounts for the remaining 22.3%. Reinsurance Operations Global Indemnity Reinsurance Company, Ltd. (“Global Indemnity Reinsurance”) is a Bermuda based treaty reinsurer of specialty property and casualty insurance and reinsurance companies. The Company’s Reinsurance Operations segment provides reinsurance solutions through brokers and primary writers including insurance and reinsurance companies, and consists solely of the operations of Global Indemnity Reinsurance. The reinsurance markets face many of the same issues confronted in the primary insurance markets including excess capital capacity, low investment returns and increased pressure on generating acceptable return on investment. The limited number of catastrophic events in recent years and an increase in the available capacity has continued to put pressure on pricing levels. Global Indemnity Reinsurance is focused on using its capital capacity to write catastrophe-oriented placements and other niche or specialty-focused excess of loss contracts meeting the Company’s risk tolerance and return thresholds. In 2015, gross premiums written from third parties were $49.7 million compared to $61.3 million for 2014. Products and Product Development The Company’s U.S. Insurance Operations distribute property and casualty insurance products. Its Personal Lines operate primarily in the admitted marketplace; whereas, its Commercial Lines operate predominantly in the excess and surplus lines marketplace. To manage its operations, the Company seeks to differentiate its products 4 by product classification. See “Personal Lines” and “Commercial Lines” above for a description of these product classifications. The U.S. Insurance Operations are licensed to write on a surplus lines (non-admitted) basis and/or an admitted basis in all 50 U.S. States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, which provides the Company with flexibility in designing products and programs, and in determining rates to meet emerging risks and discontinuities in the marketplace. The Company’s Reinsurance Operations offer third party treaty reinsurance for specialty property and casualty insurance companies and reinsurance companies as well as professional liability products to companies. The Company’s Reinsurance Operations also provide reinsurance to its Insurance Operations in the form of quota share and stop-loss arrangements. Geographic Concentration The following table sets forth the geographic distribution of gross premiums written for the periods indicated: (Dollars in thousands) California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 (1) 2013 (1) Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent $ 56,142 52,913 37,725 28,329 28,274 26,245 21,199 16,602 16,433 15,387 299,249 241,251 49,733 9.5% $ 27,711 26,170 9.0 29,371 6.4 16,326 4.8 6,474 4.8 2,954 4.4 1,653 3.6 7,121 2.8 2,651 2.8 1,854 2.6 9.5% $ 26,358 29,565 9.0 32,170 10.2 16,600 5.6 8,392 2.2 2,872 1.0 1,693 0.6 8,208 2.4 3442 0.9 1,950 0.6 50.7 40.9 8.4 122,285 107,693 61,275 42.0 37.0 21.0 131,250 101,123 58,350 9.1% 10.1 11.0 5.7 2.9 1.0 0.6 2.8 1.2 0.7 45.1 34.8 20.1 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $590,233 100.0% $291,253 100.0% $290,723 100.0% Marketing and Distribution The Company provides its insurance products across a full distribution network—binding authority, program, brokerage, direct, and reinsurance. For its binding authority and program product classifications, the Company distributes its insurance products primarily through a group of wholesale general agents and program administrators that have specific quoting and binding authority. For its brokerage business, the Company distributes its insurance products through wholesale insurance brokers who in turn sell the Company’s insurance products to insureds through retail insurance brokers. For its reinsurance business, the Company distributes its products through reinsurance brokers and on a direct basis. The Company’s Commercial Lines distributes its insurance products primarily through a group of approximately 120 wholesale general agents and program administrators. Of the Commercial Lines’ non-affiliated professional wholesale general agents and program administrators, the top five accounted for 34.3% of the Commercial Lines’ gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2015. One agency represented 10.6% of the Commercial Lines’ gross premiums written. The Company’s Personal Lines distributes specialty personal and agricultural insurance products through a group of approximately 290 agents primarily comprised of wholesale general agents. It also distributes its specialty the Personal Lines’ personal insurance products on a retail basis in New Mexico and Arizona. Of 5 non-affiliated professional wholesale general agents and retail agents, the top five accounted for 20.5% of the Personal Lines’ gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2015. No one agency represented more than 10% of the Personal Lines’ gross premiums written. There is no agency which accounts for more than 10% of the Company’s consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015. Global Indemnity Reinsurance assumed premiums on three treaties accounted for 95% of the Reinsurance Operations’ 2015 gross premiums written. There is no treaty that accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015. The Company’s primary distribution strategy is to seek to maintain strong relationships with a limited number of high-quality wholesale professional general agents and wholesale insurance brokers. The Company carefully selects distribution sources based on their expertise, experience and reputation. The Company believes that its distribution strategy enables it to effectively access numerous markets at a relatively low cost structure through the marketing, underwriting, and administrative support of the Company’s professional general agencies and wholesale insurance brokers. The Company believes these wholesale general agents and wholesale insurance brokers have local market knowledge and expertise that enables them to access business in these markets more effectively. Underwriting For Commercial Lines, the Company’s insurance products are primarily underwritten via specific binding authority in which the Company grants underwriting authority to its wholesale general agents and program administrators and via brokerage in which the Company’s internal personnel underwrites business submitted by wholesale insurance brokers. Some of the Company’s specialized property business is submitted by retail agents or directly from insureds and is also underwritten by internal personnel. For Personal Lines, the Company’s insurance products are distributed through retail agents, wholesale general agents, and brokers. The insurance products are either underwritten via specific binding authority or by internal personnel. Specific Binding Authority—The Company’s wholesale general agents, retail agents, and program administrators for both Commercial Lines and Personal Lines have specific quoting and binding authority with respect to a single insurance product and some have limited quoting and binding authority with respect to multiple products. The Company’s wholesale general agents, retail agents, and program administrators will either utilize company administered policy systems with the Company’s underwriting guidelines embedded within the system or the agents will use their own proprietary systems. When the agents use their own proprietary systems, the Company provides its wholesale general agents, retail agents, and program administrators with a comprehensive, regularly updated underwriting manual that specifically outlines risk eligibility which is developed based on the type of insured, nature of exposure and overall expected profitability. This manual also outlines (a) premium pricing, (b) underwriting guidelines, including but not limited to policy forms, terms and conditions, and (c) policy issuance instructions. The Company’s wholesale general agents, retail agents, and program administrators are appointed to underwrite submissions received in accordance with the Company’s underwriting manual. Risks that are not within the specific binding authority must be submitted to the Company’s underwriting personnel directly for underwriting review and approval or denial of the application of the insured. The Company’s wholesale general agents provide all policy issuance services in accordance with the Company’s underwriting manuals. 6 Agricultural partners are not provided with underwriting manuals. Rather, they are provided with letters of authority; whereby, policies and endorsement issuance rights are extended. The Company regularly monitors the underwriting quality of its wholesale general agents, retail agents, and program administrators through a disciplined system of controls, which includes the following: • • • • • automated system criteria edits and exception reports; individual policy reviews to measure adherence to the Company’s underwriting manual including: risk selection, underwriting compliance, policy issuance and pricing; periodic on-site comprehensive audits to evaluate processes, controls, profitability and adherence to all aspects of the Company’s underwriting manual including: risk selection, underwriting compliance, policy issuance and pricing; internal quarterly actuarial analysis of loss ratios produced by business underwritten by the Company’s wholesale general agents, retail agents, and program administrators; and internal quarterly analysis of financial results, including premium growth and overall profitability of business produced by the Company’s wholesale general agents, retail agents, and program administrators. The Company provides incentives to certain of its wholesale general agents and program administrators to produce profitable business through contingent profit commission structures that are tied directly to the achievement of profitability targets. Brokerage—There are only three wholesale insurance brokers with specific binding authority. These brokers are within the Company’s Commercial Lines and are subject to the same guidelines and monitoring as discussed above. The majority of the Company’s wholesale insurance brokers do not have specific binding authority; therefore, these risks are submitted to the Company’s underwriting personnel for review and processing. The Company provides its underwriters with a comprehensive, regularly updated underwriting manual that outlines risk eligibility which is developed based on the type of insured, nature of exposure and overall expected profitability. This manual also outlines (a) premium pricing, (b) underwriting guidelines, including but not limited to policy forms, terms and conditions. The Company’s underwriting personnel review submissions, issue all quotes and perform all policy issuance functions. The Company regularly monitors the underwriting quality of its underwriters through a disciplined system of controls, which includes the following: • • • • individual policy reviews to measure the Company’s underwriters’ adherence to the underwriting manual including: risk selection, underwriting compliance, policy issuance and pricing; periodic underwriting review to evaluate adherence to all aspects of the Company’s underwriting manual including: risk selection, underwriting compliance, policy issuance and pricing; internal quarterly actuarial analysis of loss ratios produced by business underwritten by the Company’s underwriters; and internal quarterly analysis of financial results, including premium growth and overall profitability of business produced by the Company’s underwriters. Reinsurance—The Company’s Global Indemnity Reinsurance subsidiary primarily offers retrocessional coverage to Bermuda based reinsurance companies. The business assumed is primarily quota share treaties on property catastrophe and marine business. The Company also writes a small amount of professional lines excess liability business. Prior to entering into any agreement, the Company evaluates a number of factors for each cedent including, but not limited to, reputation and financial condition, underwriting and claims practices and historical claims experience. The Company also models proposed treaties for both the catastrophe exposure and the marginal impact on the Company’s existing catastrophe portfolio. 7 Contingent Commissions Certain professional general agencies of the U.S. Insurance Operations are paid special incentives, referred to as contingent commissions, when results of business produced by these agencies are more favorable than predetermined thresholds. Similarly, in some circumstances, companies that cede business to the Reinsurance Operations are paid a profit commission based on the profitability of the ceded portfolio. These commissions are charged to other underwriting expenses when incurred. Pricing The Company’s pricing actuaries establish pricing tailored to each specific product it underwrites, taking into account historical loss experience, historical rate level changes, and individual risk and coverage characteristics. The Company generally uses the actuarial loss costs promulgated by the Insurance Services Office as a benchmark in the development of pricing for most of the Company’s products. Specific products will utilize proprietary rating when deemed appropriate. The Company will seek to only write business if it believes it can achieve an adequate rate of return. Reinsurance of Underwriting Risk The Company’s philosophy is to purchase reinsurance from third parties to limit its liability on individual risks and to protect against property catastrophe and casualty clash losses. Reinsurance assists the Company in controlling exposure to severe losses and protecting capital resources. The type, cost and limits of reinsurance it purchases can vary from year to year based upon the Company’s desired retention levels and the availability of quality reinsurance at an acceptable price. Although reinsurance does not legally discharge an insurer from its primary liability for the full amount of limits on the policies it has written, it does make the assuming reinsurer liable to the insurer to the extent of the insurance ceded. The Company’s reinsurance contracts renew throughout the year and all of its reinsurance is purchased following guidelines established by management. The Company primarily utilizes treaty reinsurance products made up of proportional and excess of loss reinsurance. Additionally, the Company may purchase facultative reinsurance protection on single risks when deemed necessary. The Company purchases specific types and structures of reinsurance depending upon the characteristics of the lines of business and specialty products underwritten. The Company will typically seek to place proportional reinsurance for umbrella and excess products, certain specialty products, or in the development stages of a new product. The Company believes that this approach allows it to control net exposure in these product areas most cost effectively. The Company purchases reinsurance on an excess of loss basis to cover individual risk severity. These structures are utilized to protect the Company’s primary positions on property and casualty products. The excess of loss structures allow the Company to maximize underwriting profits over time by retaining a greater portion of the risk in these products, while helping to protect against the possibility of unforeseen volatility. The Company analyzes its reinsurance contracts to ensure that they meet the risk transfer requirements of applicable accounting guidance, which requires that the reinsurer must assume significant insurance risk under the reinsured portions of the underlying insurance contracts and that there must be a reasonably possible chance that the reinsurer may realize a significant loss from the transaction. The Company continually evaluates its retention levels across its entire line of business and specialty product portfolio seeking to ensure that the ultimate reinsurance structures are aligned with the Company’s corporate risk tolerance levels associated with such products. Any decision to decrease the Company’s reliance upon proportional reinsurance or to increase the Company’s excess of loss retentions could increase the Company’s earnings volatility. In cases where the Company decides to increase its excess of loss retentions, such decisions will be a result of a change or progression in the Company’s risk tolerance level. The Company endeavors to 8 purchase reinsurance from financially strong reinsurers with which it has long-standing relationships. In addition, in certain circumstances, the Company holds collateral, including letters of credit, under reinsurance agreements. The Company’s Insurance Operations’ primary reinsurance treaties are as follows: Property Catastrophe Excess of Loss—The Company’s current property writings create exposure to catastrophic events. To protect against these exposures, the Company purchases a property catastrophe treaty. Effective June 1, 2015, the Company purchased a property catastrophe excess of loss treaty which provides occurrence coverage for losses of $280 million in excess of $20 million. This treaty is made up of three layers: $20 million in excess of $20 million, which the Company participated on 25% of the placement, $60 million in excess of $40 million, and $200 million in excess of $100 million. This treaty provides for one full reinstatement of coverage at 100% additional premium as to time and pro rata as to amount of limit reinstated. This replaced the treaty which expired on May 31, 2015, which provided occurrence coverage for losses of $70 million in excess of $20 million. This treaty excluded business underwritten by American Reliable. The Company participated on 60% of the $20 million in excess of $20 million layer and 40% of the $50 million in excess of $40 million layer. This treaty provided for one full reinstatement of coverage at 100% additional premium as to time and pro rata as to amount of limit reinstated. Earthquake Property Catastrophe Excess of Loss—Effective January 1, 2015, the Company purchased an earthquake property catastrophe excess of loss treaty which provided occurrence coverage for earthquake catastrophe losses of $30 million in excess of $5 million for American Reliable property business. This treaty provided for one full reinstatement of coverage at 100% additional premium as to time and pro rata as to amount of limit reinstated. This treaty was cancelled on May 31, 2015 and rolled into a new combined master catastrophe treaty which was effective June 1, 2015. Property Per Risk Excess of Loss—Effective January 1, 2016, the Company renewed its property per risk excess of loss treaty. This treaty provides coverage in three sections: 80% of $9 million per risk in excess of $1 million per risk for all business except the Property Brokerage unit and business written by American Reliable, 100% of $4 million per risk in excess of $1 million per risk for American Reliable business, and 75% of $8 million per risk in excess of $2 million per risk for Property Brokerage business. This treaty also provides coverage of 100% of $20 million per risk in excess of $10 million per risk for Property Brokerage business. The treaty’s liability is limited to twice the named per risk limit by section and layer for all risks involved in one loss occurrence. This replaced the treaty which expired December 31, 2015, which excluded business underwritten by American Reliable. This treaty provided coverage in two sections: 50% of $9 million per risk in excess of $1 million per risk for all business with the exception of the Property Brokerage unit, and 50% of $8 million per risk in excess of $2 million per risk for Property Brokerage business. This treaty also provides coverage of 100% of $20 million per risk in excess of $10 million per risk for Property Brokerage business. The treaty’s liability was limited to twice the named per risk limit by section and layer for all risks involved in one loss occurrence. American Reliable Property Per Risk Excess of Loss—Effective January 1, 2015, American Reliable renewed its property per risk excess of loss treaty covering business underwritten by American Reliable. This treaty provides coverage in two layers: $1 million per risk in excess of $1 million per risk, and $3 million per risk in excess of $2 million per risk. The first layer is subject to a $2 million limit of liability for all risks involved in one loss occurrence, and the second layer is subject to a $6 million limit for all risks involved in one loss occurrence. This treaty expired on December 31, 2015 and the American Reliable business was added to the Property Per Risk Excess of Loss treaty described above. Casualty and Professional Liability Excess of Loss—Effective May 1, 2015, the Company renewed its casualty and professional liability excess of loss treaty. The casualty section provides coverage for 50% of $2 million per occurrence in excess of $1 million per occurrence for general liability and auto liability. The professional liability section provides coverage for 50% of $4 million per policy/occurrence in excess of $1 million per policy/ occurrence. For both sections, allocated loss adjustment expenses are included within limits. This replaced the casualty and professional liability treaty that expired April 30, 2015 which provided for 100% of the identical coverage limits and retentions. 9 Casualty Clash Excess of Loss—Effective May 1, 2015, the Company renewed its casualty clash excess of loss treaty which provides coverage of $10 million per occurrence in excess of $3 million per occurrence, subject to a $20 million limit for all loss occurrences. The casualty clash treaty that expired April 30, 2015 provided identical coverage. 100% Ceded Quota Share to American Bankers—Effective December 1, 2014, American Reliable entered into four treaties to cede 100% of its liabilities related to certain businesses to American Bankers Insurance Company that were not included in the acquisition of American Reliable. For the year ended December 31, 2015, American Reliable recorded ceded written premiums and ceded earned premiums of $55.8 million and $59.5 million, respectively, to American Bankers Insurance Company. 100% Assumed Quota Share from American Bankers—Effective December 1, 2014, American Reliable entered into two treaties to assume 100% of its liabilities from various insurers owned by Assurant, Inc. for business included in the acquisition but not written directly by American Reliable. For the year ended December 31, 2015, American Reliable recorded assumed written premiums and assumed earned premiums of $82.3 million and $92.7 million, respectively, from insurance companies owned by Assurant, Inc. To the extent that there may be an increase or decrease in catastrophe or casualty clash exposure in the future, the Company may increase or decrease its reinsurance protection for these exposures commensurately. There were no other significant changes to any of the Company’s Insurance Operations’ reinsurance treaties during 2015. The following table sets forth the ten reinsurers for which the Company has the largest reinsurance receivables as of December 31, 2015. Also shown are the amounts of premiums ceded by the Company to these reinsurers during the year ended December 31, 2015. (Dollars in millions) A.M. Best Rating Gross Reinsurance Receivables Percent of Total Ceded Premiums Written Percent of Total A+ Munich Re America Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Westport Insurance Corp. A+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A++ General Reinsurance Corp. Transatlantic Reinsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swiss Reinsurance America Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clearwater Insurance Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . American Bankers Insurance Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hartford Fire Insurance Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arch Reinsurance Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scor Reinsurance Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A A+ NR A A+ A+ A Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other reinsurers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total reinsurance receivables before purchase accounting adjustments and allowance for uncollectible reinsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 53.4 14.8 12.1 6.8 5.8 4.6 4.5 4.3 2.6 1.7 110.6 17.7 41.6% $ 6.7 — 11.5 4.6 9.4 0.3 5.3 0.5 4.5 — 3.6 — 3.5 — 3.4 0.4 2.0 0.2 1.4 7.6% — 5.2 0.3 0.6 — — — 0.4 0.2 86.2 13.8 12.7 76.3 14.3 85.7 128.3 100.0% $89.0 100.0% Purchase accounting adjustments and allowance for uncollectible reinsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (12.7) Total receivables, net of purchase accounting adjustments and allowance for uncollectible reinsurance . . . . . . . . . Collateral held in trust from reinsurers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net receivables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.6 (6.4) $109.2 10 At December 31, 2015, the Company carried reinsurance receivables, net of collateral held in trust, of $109.2 million. This amount is net of a purchase accounting adjustment and an allowance for uncollectible reinsurance receivables. The purchase accounting adjustment resulted from the Company’s acquisition of Wind River Investment Corporation on September 5, 2003 and is related to discounting the acquired loss reserves to their present value and applying a risk margin to the discounted reserves. This adjustment was $3.0 million at December 31, 2015. The allowance for uncollectible reinsurance receivables was $9.7 million at December 31, 2015. Historically, there have been insolvencies following a period of competitive pricing in the industry. While the Company has recorded allowances for reinsurance receivables based on currently available information, conditions may change or additional information might be obtained that may require the Company to record additional allowances. On a quarterly basis, the Company reviews its financial exposure to the reinsurance market and assesses the adequacy of its collateral and allowance for uncollectible reinsurance. The Company continues to take actions to mitigate its exposure to possible loss. Claims Management and Administration The Company’s approach to claims management is designed to investigate reported incidents at the earliest juncture, to select, manage, and supervise all legal and adjustment aspects of claims, including settlement, for the mutual benefit of the Company, its professional general agents, wholesale brokers, reinsurers and insureds. The Company’s professional general agents and wholesale brokers have no authority to settle claims or otherwise exercise control over the claims process, with the exception of one statutory managing general agent and one general agent. The Insurance Operations’ claims management staff supervises or processes all claims. The Company’s Insurance Operations has a formal claims review process, and all claims greater than $100,000 for Personal Lines and $250,000 for Commercial Lines, gross of reinsurance, are reviewed by senior claims management and certain senior executives. Large loss trends and analysis are reviewed by a Large Loss committee. To handle claims, the Company’s Insurance Operations utilizes its own in-house claims department as well as third-party claims administrators (“TPAs”) and assuming reinsurers, to whom it delegates limited claims handling authority. The Insurance Operations’ experienced in-house staff of claims management professionals are assigned to one of five dedicated claim units: casualty and automobile claims, latent exposure claims, property claims, TPA oversight, and a wholly owned subsidiary that administers construction defect claims. The dedicated claims units meet regularly to communicate current developments within their assigned areas of specialty. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has $175 million of direct outstanding loss and loss adjustment expense case reserves at its Insurance Operations. Claims relating to approximately 89% of those reserves are handled by in-house claims management professionals, while claims relating to approximately 3% of those reserves are handled by TPAs, which send the Company detailed financial and claims information on a monthly basis. The Company also individually supervises in-house any significant or complicated TPA handled claims, and conducts on-site audits of material TPAs at least twice a year. Approximately 8% of its reserves are handled by the Company’s assuming reinsurers. The Company reviews and supervises the claims handled by its reinsurers seeking to protect its reputation and minimize exposure. Reserves for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Applicable insurance laws require the Company to maintain reserves to cover its estimated ultimate losses under insurance policies and reinsurance treaties that it writes and for loss adjustment expenses relating to the investigation and settlement of claims. The Company establishes loss and loss adjustment expense reserves for individual claims by evaluating reported claims on the basis of: • knowledge of the circumstances surrounding the claim; 11 • • • • • • the severity of injury or damage; jurisdiction of the occurrence; the potential for ultimate exposure; litigation related developments; the type of loss; and the Company’s experience with the insured and the line of business and policy provisions relating to the particular type of claim. The Company generally estimates such losses and claims costs through an evaluation of individual reported claims. The Company also establishes reserves for incurred but not reported losses (“IBNR”). IBNR reserves are based in part on statistical information and in part on industry experience with respect to the expected number and nature of claims arising from occurrences that have not been reported. The Company also establishes its reserves based on estimates of future trends in claims severity and other subjective factors. Insurance companies are not permitted to reserve for a catastrophe until it has occurred. Reserves are recorded on an undiscounted basis other than fair value adjustments recorded under purchase accounting. The Company’s Insurance Operations’ reserves are reviewed quarterly by the in-house actuarial staff. Loss reserve estimates for the Company’s Reinsurance Operations are developed by independent, external actuaries; however management is responsible for the final determination of loss reserve selections. The data for this analysis is organized by treaty and treaty year. Reviews for both Insurance Operations and Reinsurance Operations are performed both gross and net of reinsurance. In addition to the Company’s internal reserve analysis, independent external actuaries perform a full, detailed review of the Insurance Operations’ reserves annually. The Company does not rely upon the review by the independent actuaries to develop its reserves; however, the data is used to corroborate the analysis performed by the in-house actuarial staff. The Company’s independent external actuaries also perform a full, detailed review of the Reinsurance Operations’ reserves annually. The results of the detailed reserve reviews by internal and external actuaries were summarized and discussed with the Company’s senior management to determine the best estimate of reserves. With respect to some classes of risks, the period of time between the occurrence of an insured event and the final resolution of a claim may be many years, and during this period it often becomes necessary to adjust the claim estimates either upward or downward. Certain classes of umbrella and excess liability that the Company underwrites have historically had longer intervals between the occurrence of an insured event, reporting of the claim and final resolution. In such cases, the Company must estimate reserves over long periods of time with the possibility of several adjustments to reserves. Other classes of insurance that the Company underwrites, such as most property insurance, historically have shorter intervals between the occurrence of an insured event, reporting of the claim and final resolution. Reserves with respect to these classes are therefore inherently less likely to be adjusted. The loss and loss expense reserving process is intended to reflect the impact of inflation and other factors affecting loss payments by taking into account changes in historical payment patterns and perceived trends. However, there is no precise method for the subsequent evaluation of the adequacy of the consideration given to inflation, or to any other specific factor, or to the way one factor may affect another. The loss and loss adjustment expense development table that follows shows changes in the Company’s reserves in subsequent years from the prior loss and loss expense estimates based on experience as of the end of each succeeding year and in conformity with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The estimate is increased or decreased as more information becomes known about the frequency and severity of losses for individual years. A redundancy means the original estimate was higher than the current estimate; a deficiency means that the current estimate is higher than the original estimate. 12 The first line of the loss and loss adjustment expense development table shows, for the years indicated, the Company’s net reserve liability including the reserve for IBNR. The first section of the table shows, by year, the cumulative amounts of losses and loss adjustment expenses paid as of the end of each succeeding year. The second section sets forth the re-estimates in later years of incurred losses and loss expenses, including payments, for the years indicated. The “cumulative redundancy/ (deficiency)” represents, as of the date indicated, the difference between the latest re-estimated liability and the reserves as originally estimated. On January 1, 2015, the acquisition of American Reliable was completed. Consequently, American Reliable’s loss and loss adjustment expense reserves are only in the 2015 year in the table below. The following table shows development in Global Indemnity’s loss and loss adjustment expense reserves on a net basis: (Dollars in thousands) Balance sheet reserves: Cumulative paid as of: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 $ 639,291 $ 735,342 $ 800,885 $ 835,839 $ 725,297 $ 638,906 $684,878 $629,558 $586,975 $552,271 $571,917 One year later . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 154,069 $ 169,899 $ 190,723 $ 215,903 $ 189,358 $ 160,204 $155,888 $134,065 $116,118 $127,394 . . . . . . . . . . . . Two years later Three years later . . . . . . . . . . . Four years later . . . . . . . . . . . . Five years later . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Six years later Seven years later . . . . . . . . . . . Eight years later . . . . . . . . . . . . Nine years later . . . . . . . . . . . . Ten years later . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261,569 260,667 223,358 211,661 330,522 333,131 304,272 377,350 399,854 431,146 268,827 355,987 414,068 440,206 454,982 467,669 471,472 485,142 491,183 300,041 413,055 478,408 506,915 525,173 534,801 551,849 560,923 360,336 470,313 532,753 561,536 581,265 602,649 613,980 366,647 454,284 510,177 541,313 569,079 582,337 299,720 375,066 419,717 454,509 485,777 Re-estimated liability as of: End of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 639,291 $ 735,342 $ 800,885 $ 835,839 $ 725,297 $ 638,906 $684,878 $629,558 $586,975 $552,271 $571,917 One year later . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two years later Three years later . . . . . . . . . . . Four years later . . . . . . . . . . . . Five years later . . . . . . . . . . . . . Six years later . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seven years later . . . . . . . . . . . Eight years later . . . . . . . . . . . . Nine years later . . . . . . . . . . . . Ten years later . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643,569 690,004 619,887 575,256 517,249 642,478 679,689 602,217 544,750 640,581 661,592 576,659 624,183 640,641 611,226 632,327 629,859 635,504 622,122 608,050 598,384 591,562 596,405 607,118 609,674 716,361 732,056 707,525 672,712 658,429 651,850 654,983 665,293 667,043 832,733 812,732 765,435 737,614 731,468 729,228 734,695 733,716 827,439 768,623 730,079 719,486 715,067 713,106 706,719 671,399 640,750 636,051 631,101 621,098 611,203 Cumulative redundancy/ (deficiency) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 29,617 $ 68,299 $ 67,169 $ 129,120 $ 114,094 $ 27,680 $ 44,237 $ 52,899 $ 42,225 $ 35,022 $ — Gross Liability—end of year . . . . . . 1,914,224 1,702,010 1,503,238 1,506,430 1,257,741 1,059,756 971,377 879,113 779,466 675,472 680,047 420,850 286,499 249,555 192,491 123,201 108,130 670,591 Less: Reinsurance recoverable . . . . 1,274,933 702,353 966,668 532,444 Net liability-end of year . . . . . . . . . . 639,291 735,342 800,885 835,839 725,297 638,906 684,878 629,558 586,975 552,271 571,917 Gross re-estimated liability . . . . . . . 1,245,286 1,027,049 1,146,219 1,067,165 Less: Re-estimated recoverable at 864,279 798,385 801,855 725,679 661,452 625,156 680,047 December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . 635,613 360,006 412,503 360,445 253,076 187,158 161,214 149,020 116,702 107,907 108,130 Net re-estimated liability at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . $ 609,673 $ 667,043 $ 733,716 $ 706,720 $ 611,203 $ 611,227 $640,641 $576,659 $544,750 $517,249 $571,917 Gross cumulative redundancy/ (deficiency) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 668,938 $ 674,961 $ 357,019 $ 439,265 $ 393,462 $ 261,371 $169,522 $153,434 $118,014 $ 50,316 $ — See Note 10 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for a reconciliation of the Company’s liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance ceded, as well as further discussion surrounding changes to reserves for prior accident years. Asbestos and Environmental Exposure The Company’s environmental exposure arises from the sale of general liability and commercial multi-peril insurance. Currently, the Company’s policies continue to exclude classic environmental contamination claims. In some states the Company is required, however, depending on the circumstances, to provide coverage for certain bodily injury claims, such as an individual’s exposure to a release of chemicals. The Company has also issued policies that were intended to provide limited pollution and environmental coverage. These policies were specific to certain types of products underwritten by the Company. The Company has also received a number of asbestos- 13 related claims, the majority of which are declined based on well-established exclusions. In establishing the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses related to A&E exposures, management considers facts currently known and the current state of the law and coverage litigations. Estimates of these liabilities are reviewed and updated continually. Uncertainty remains as to the Company’s ultimate liability for asbestos-related claims due to such factors as the long latency period between asbestos exposure and disease manifestation and the resulting potential for involvement of multiple policy periods for individual claims, the increase in the volume of claims made by plaintiffs who claim exposure but who have no symptoms of asbestos-related disease, and an increase in claims subject to coverage under general liability policies that do not contain aggregate limits of liability. The liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, inclusive of A&E reserves, reflects the Company’s best estimates for future amounts needed to pay losses and related adjustment expenses as of each of the balance sheet dates reflected in the financial statements herein in accordance with GAAP. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has $15.8 million of net loss reserves for asbestos-related claims and $14.7 million for environmental claims. The Company attempts to estimate the full impact of the A&E exposures by establishing specific case reserves on all known losses. See Note 10 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for tables showing the Company’s gross and net reserves for A&E losses. In addition to the factors referenced above, establishing reserves for A&E and other mass tort claims involves considerably more judgment than other types of claims due to, among other things, inconsistent court decisions, an increase in bankruptcy filings as a result of asbestos related liabilities, and judicial interpretations that often expand theories of recovery and broaden the scope of coverage. In 2009, one of the Company’s insurance companies entered into a settlement agreement to resolve asbestos related coverage litigation related to approximately 3,900 existing asbestos-related bodily injury claims and future claims. The settlement was approved by the Court and a final order was issued in September 2014. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has no outstanding obligations as it relates to this settlement agreement. See Note 10 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for the survival ratios on a gross and net basis for the Company’s open A&E claims. Investments The Company’s investment policy is determined by the Investment Committee of the Board of Directors. The Company engages third-party investment advisors to oversee its investments and to make recommendations to the Investment Committee. The Company’s investment policy allows it to invest in taxable and tax-exempt fixed income investments including corporate bonds as well as publicly traded and private equity investments. With respect to fixed income investments, the maximum exposure per issuer varies as a function of the credit quality of the security. The allocation between taxable and tax-exempt bonds is determined based on market conditions and tax considerations, including the applicability of the alternative minimum tax. The maximum allowable investment in equity securities under the Company’s investment policy is 30% of the Company’s GAAP equity, or $225.0 million at December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had $1,516.3 million of investments and cash and cash equivalent assets, including $142.9 million of equity and limited partnership investments plus a $0.2 million receivable for securities sold. Insurance company investments must comply with applicable statutory regulations that prescribe the type, quality and concentration of investments. These regulations permit investments, within specified limits and subject to certain qualifications, in federal, state, and municipal obligations, corporate bonds and loans, and preferred and common equity securities. 14 The following table summarizes by type the estimated fair value of Global Indemnity’s investments and cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013: (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 December 31, 2013 Estimated Fair Value Percent of Total Estimated Fair Value Percent of Total Estimated Fair Value Percent of Total Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 67,037 4.4% $ 58,823 3.9% $ 105,492 107,122 7.1 80,767 5.4 81,674 U.S. treasury and agency obligations . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage-backed securities (1) . . . . . . . . . . . Asset-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities . . . Corporate bonds and loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205,240 159,123 260,022 140,390 332,111 102,141 Total fixed maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,306,149 110,315 32,592 Total investments and cash and cash 13.5 10.5 17.2 9.3 21.9 6.7 86.2 7.3 2.1 191,473 208,759 178,263 133,158 383,416 107,639 1,283,475 122,048 33,663 12.8 13.9 11.9 8.9 25.6 7.2 85.7 8.2 2.2 180,936 229,910 168,436 53,975 435,392 54,041 1,204,364 254,070 3,489 6.7% 5.2 11.5 14.8 10.7 3.4 27.9 3.4 76.9 16.2 0.2 equivalents (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,516,093 100.0% $1,498,009 100.0% $1,567,415 100.0% (1) Includes collateralized mortgage obligations of $57,330, $49,322, and $63,322 for 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. (2) Does not include net receivable for securities sold of $172, $60, and $723 for 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. Although the Company generally intends to hold fixed maturities to recovery and/or maturity, the Company regularly re-evaluates its position based upon market conditions. As of December 31, 2015, the Company’s fixed maturities, excluding the mortgage-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage obligations, had a weighted average maturity of 3.9 years and a weighted average duration, excluding mortgage- backed, commercial mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage obligations and including cash and short-term investments, of 1.9 years. The Company’s financial statements reflect a net unrealized loss on fixed maturities available for sale as of December 31, 2015 of $2.2 million on a pre-tax basis. The following table shows the average amount of fixed maturities, income earned on fixed maturities, and the book yield thereon, as well as unrealized gains for the periods indicated: (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Average fixed maturities at book value . . . . . . . Gross income on fixed maturities (1) . . . . . . . . . Book yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed maturities at book value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized gain (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,290,641 32,091 $1,230,317 26,788 $1,187,390 35,669 2.49% 2.18% 3.00% $1,308,333 (2,184) $1,272,948 10,527 $1,187,685 16,679 (1) Represents income earned by fixed maturities, gross of investment expenses and excluding realized gains and losses. The Company has sought to structure its portfolio to reduce the risk of default on collateralized commercial real estate obligations and asset-backed securities. Of the $159.1 million of mortgage-backed securities, $101.8 million is invested in U.S. agency paper and $57.3 million is invested in collateralized mortgage obligations, of 15 which $56.6 million, or 98.8%, are rated AA+ or better. In addition, the Company holds $260.0 million in asset- backed securities, of which 85.0% are rated AA or better and $140.4 million in commercial mortgaged-backed securities, of which 98.0% are rated A- or better. The weighted average credit enhancement for the Company’s asset-backed securities is 23.4. The Company also faces liquidity risk. Liquidity risk is when the fair value of an investment is not able to be realized due to lack of interest by outside parties in the marketplace. The Company attempts to diversify its investment holdings to minimize this risk. The Company’s investment managers run periodic analysis of liquidity costs to the fixed income portfolio. The Company also faces credit risk. 97.4% of the Company’s fixed income securities are investment grade securities. 17.0% of the Company’s fixed maturities are rated AAA. See “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in Item 7A of Part II of this report for a more detailed discussion of the credit market and the Company’s investment strategy. The following table summarizes, by Standard & Poor’s rating classifications, the estimated fair value of Global Indemnity’s investments in fixed maturities, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014: (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Estimated Fair Value Percent of Total Estimated Fair Value Percent of Total AAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BBB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not rated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 222,381 518,122 355,225 175,785 16,868 7,989 515 976 559 7,729 17.0% $ 162,649 557,919 39.7 372,925 27.2 167,422 13.5 11,393 1.3 4,033 0.6 580 0.0 316 0.1 — 0.0 6,238 0.6 12.7% 43.5 29.1 13.0 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 Total fixed maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,306,149 100.0% $1,283,475 100.0% The following table sets forth the expected maturity distribution of Global Indemnity’s fixed maturities portfolio at their estimated market value as of December 31, 2015 and 2014: (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Estimated Market Value Percent of Total Estimated Market Value Percent of Total Due in one year or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Due in one year through five years . . . . . . . . . . Due in five years through ten years . . . . . . . . . . Due in ten years through fifteen years . . . . . . . Due after fifteen years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities with fixed maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgaged-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities . . . . . Asset-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 107,582 594,859 38,016 2,137 4,020 746,614 159,123 140,390 260,022 8.2% $ 134,722 552,135 45.6 42,469 2.9 11,316 0.2 22,653 0.3 57.2 12.2 10.7 19.9 763,295 208,759 133,158 178,263 10.5% 42.9 3.3 0.9 1.8 59.4 16.3 10.4 13.9 Total fixed maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,306,149 100.0% $1,283,475 100.0% The expected weighted average duration of the Company’s asset-backed, mortgage-backed and commercial mortgage-backed securities is 1.6 years. The value of the Company’s portfolio of bonds is inversely correlated to changes in market interest rates. In addition, some of the Company’s bonds have call or prepayment options. This could subject the Company to 16 reinvestment risk should interest rates fall and issuers call their securities and the Company is forced to invest the proceeds at lower interest rates. The Company seeks to mitigate its reinvestment risk by investing in securities with varied maturity dates, so that only a portion of the portfolio will mature, be called, or be prepaid at any point in time. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has aggregate equity securities of $110.3 million that consisted entirely of common stocks. The Company’s investments in other invested assets is comprised of a limited liability partnership investment where the partnership invests in distressed securities and assets, which was valued at $32.6 million at December 31, 2015, and a limited liability partnership investment that invests in real estate, which was valued at zero at December 31, 2015. There is no readily available independent market price for these limited liability partnership investments. The Company does not have access to daily valuations, therefore the estimated fair value of these limited partnerships is based on the net asset value as a practical expedient for each limited partnership. The Company receives annual audited financial statements from each of the partnership investments it owns. Realized losses, including other than temporary impairments, for the year ended December 31, 2015 were $3.4 million compared with gains of $35.9 million and $27.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Competition The Company competes with numerous domestic and international insurance and reinsurance companies, mutual companies, specialty insurance companies, underwriting agencies, diversified financial services companies, Lloyd’s syndicates, risk retention groups, insurance buying groups, risk securitization products and alternative self-insurance mechanisms. In particular, the Company competes against insurance subsidiaries of the groups in the specialty insurance market noted below, insurance companies, and others, including: • American International Group; • American Modern Insurance Group • Argo Group International Holdings, Ltd.; • Berkshire Hathaway; • Everest Re Group, Ltd.; • Foremost Insurance Group • Great American Insurance Group; • HCC Insurance Holdings, Inc.; • IFG Companies; • Markel Corporation; • Nationwide Insurance; • Navigators Insurance Group; • RLI Corporation; • Selective Insurance Group, Inc.; • The Travelers Companies, Inc.; • Validus Group; and • W.R. Berkley Corporation. 17 In addition to the companies mentioned above, the Company is facing competition from standard line companies who are continuing to write risks that traditionally had been written by excess and surplus lines carriers, Bermuda companies who are establishing relationships with wholesale brokers and purchasing carriers, and other excess and surplus lines competitors. Competition may take the form of lower prices, broader coverage, greater product flexibility, higher quality services, reputation and financial strength or higher ratings by independent rating agencies. In all of the Company’s markets, it competes by developing insurance products to satisfy well-defined market needs and by maintaining relationships with brokers and insureds that rely on the Company’s expertise. For its program and specialty wholesale products, offerings and underwriting products that are not readily available is the Company’s principal means of differentiating itself from its competition. Each of the Company’s products has its own distinct competitive environment. The Company seeks to compete through innovative products, appropriate pricing, niche underwriting expertise, and quality service to policyholders, general agencies and brokers. Employees At December 31, 2015, the Company had approximately 460 employees. None of the Company’s employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements as of December 31, 2015. Ratings A.M. Best ratings for the industry range from “A++” (Superior) to “F” (In Liquidation) with some companies not being rated. The Company’s Insurance Operations, which consist of its United States based insurance companies, and Global Indemnity Reinsurance are currently rated “A” (Excellent) by A.M. Best, the third highest of sixteen rating categories. Publications of A.M. Best indicate that “A” (Excellent) ratings are assigned to those companies that, in A.M. Best’s opinion, have an excellent ability to meet their ongoing obligations to policyholders. In evaluating a company’s financial and operating performance, A.M. Best reviews its profitability, leverage and liquidity, as well as its spread of risk, the quality and appropriateness of its reinsurance, the quality and diversification of its assets, the adequacy of its policy and loss reserves, the adequacy of its surplus, its capital structure and the experience and objectives of its management. These ratings are based on factors relevant to policyholders, general agencies, insurance brokers and intermediaries and are not directed to the protection of investors. General Regulation The business of insurance is regulated in most countries, although the degree and type of regulation varies significantly from one jurisdiction to another. As a holding company, Global Indemnity is not subject to any insurance regulation in the Republic of Ireland. However, Global Indemnity is subject to various Irish laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, laws and regulations governing interested directors, mergers and acquisitions, takeovers, shareholder lawsuits, and indemnification of directors. U.S. Regulation At December 31, 2015, the Company had seven operating insurance subsidiaries domiciled in the United States; United National Insurance Company, Penn-America Insurance Company, and Penn-Star Insurance Company, which are domiciled in Pennsylvania; Diamond State Insurance Company which is domiciled in Indiana; United National Specialty Insurance Company, which is domiciled in Wisconsin; Penn-Patriot Insurance Company, which is domiciled in Virginia; and American Reliable Insurance Company, which is domiciled in Arizona. 18 As the indirect parent of these U.S. insurance companies, Global Indemnity is subject to the insurance holding company laws of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Wisconsin, Virginia, and Arizona. These laws generally require each of the U.S. insurance companies to register with its respective domestic state insurance department and to annually furnish financial and other information about the operations of the companies within the insurance holding company system. Generally, all material transactions among affiliated companies in the holding company system to which any of the U.S. insurance companies is a party must be fair, and, if material or of a specified category, require prior notice and approval or absence of disapproval by the insurance department where the subsidiary is domiciled. Material transactions include sales, loans, reinsurance agreements, certain types of dividends, and service agreements with the non-insurance companies within Global Indemnity’s family of companies, the Insurance Operations, or the Reinsurance Operations. Changes of Control Before a person can acquire control of a U.S. insurance company, prior written approval must be obtained from the insurance commissioner of the state where the insurer is domiciled. Prior to granting approval of an application to acquire control of a domestic insurer, the state insurance commissioner will consider factors such as the financial strength of the applicant, the integrity and management of the applicant’s Board of Directors and executive officers, the acquirer’s plans for the management, Board of Directors and executive officers of the company being acquired, the acquirer’s plans for the future operations of the domestic insurer and any anti- competitive results that may arise from the consummation of the acquisition of control. Generally, state statutes provide that control over a domestic insurer is presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds with the power to vote, or holds proxies representing 10% or more of the voting securities of the domestic insurer. Because a person acquiring 10% or more of the Company’s ordinary shares would indirectly control the same percentage of the stock of the U.S. insurance companies, the insurance change of control laws of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Wisconsin, Virginia and Arizona would likely apply to such a transaction. While the Company’s articles of association limit the voting power of any U.S. shareholder to less than 9.5%, there can be no assurance that the applicable state insurance regulator would agree that any shareholder did not control the applicable insurance company. These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change of control of Global Indemnity, including through transactions, and in particular unsolicited transactions, that some or all of the shareholders of Global Indemnity might consider desirable. Federal Insurance Regulation The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) includes a number of provisions having a direct impact on the insurance industry, most notably, the creation of a Federal Insurance Office to monitor the insurance industry, streamlining of surplus lines insurance, credit for reinsurance, and systemic risk regulation. The Federal Insurance Office is empowered to gather data and information regarding the insurance industry and insurers, including conducting a study for submission to the U.S. Congress on how to modernize and improve insurance regulation in the United States. With respect to surplus lines insurance, the Dodd-Frank Act gives exclusive authority to regulate surplus lines transactions to the home state of the insured, and the requirement that a surplus lines broker must first attempt to place coverage in the admitted market is the Dodd-Frank Act substantially softened with respect provides that a state may not prevent a surplus lines broker from placing surplus lines insurance with a non-U.S. insurer that appears on the quarterly listing of non-admitted insurers maintained by the International Insurers Department of for reinsurance, the Dodd-Frank Act generally provides that the state of domicile of the ceding company (and no other state) may regulate financial statement credit for the ceded risk. The Dodd-Frank Act also provides the U.S. Federal Reserve with supervisory authority over insurance companies that are deemed to be “systemically important.” Regulations to implement the Dodd-Frank Act continue to be developed and the Company continues to monitor the impact the Dodd-Frank Act may have on operations. Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”). Regarding credit to large commercial policyholders. Significantly, the National Association of 19 State Insurance Regulation limited to, including, but not State insurance authorities have broad regulatory powers with respect to various aspects of the business of U.S. insurance companies, licensing companies to transact admitted business or determining eligibility to write surplus lines business, accreditation of reinsurers, admittance of assets to statutory surplus, regulating unfair trade and claims practices, establishing reserve requirements and solvency standards, management of enterprise risk, regulating investments and dividends, approving policy forms and related materials in certain instances and approving premium rates in certain instances. State insurance laws and regulations may require the Company’s U.S. insurance companies to file financial statements with insurance departments everywhere they will be licensed or eligible or accredited to conduct insurance business, and their operations are subject to review by those departments at any time. The Company’s U.S. insurance companies prepare statutory financial statements in accordance with statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) and procedures prescribed or permitted by these departments. State insurance departments also conduct periodic examinations of the books and records, financial reporting, policy filings and market conduct of insurance companies domiciled in their states, generally once every three to five years, although market conduct examinations may take place at any time. These examinations are generally carried out in cooperation with the insurance departments of other states under guidelines promulgated by the NAIC. In addition, admitted insurers are subject to targeted market conduct examinations involving specific insurers by state insurance regulators in any state in which the insurer is admitted. The insurance departments for the states of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Virginia completed their most recent financial examinations of the Company’s U.S. insurance subsidiaries, excluding American Reliable, for the period ended December 31, 2012. Their final reports were issued in 2014, and there were no materially adverse findings. The insurance department for the state of Arizona completed its most recent financial examination of American Reliable for the period ending December 31, 2013. Their final report was issued in 2015, and there were no materially adverse findings. Insurance Regulatory Information System Ratios The NAIC Insurance Regulatory Information System (“IRIS”) was developed by a committee of the state insurance regulators and is intended primarily to assist state insurance departments in executing their statutory mandates to oversee the financial condition of insurance companies operating in their respective states. IRIS identifies twelve industry ratios and specifies “usual values” for each ratio. Departure from the usual values of the ratios can lead to inquiries from individual state insurance commissioners as to certain aspects of an insurer’s business. Insurers that report four or more ratios that fall outside the range of usual values are generally targeted for increased regulatory review. The Company’s U.S. insurance subsidiaries have acceptable results for the IRIS ratios with the exception of the following: • Change in policyholder’s surplus and adjusted liabilities of United National Insurance Company were outside of the IRIS range primarily due to ordinary dividend to its parent, Global Indemnity Group, Inc. • Investment yields were lower than the IRIS range for Diamond State Insurance Company, United National Specialty Insurance Company, Penn-Star Insurance Company and Penn-Patriot Insurance Company. The investment portfolios of these companies are invested in high quality short duration bonds. • The following ratios were outside of the IRIS range due to the acquisition of American Reliable Insurance Company on January 1, 2015 and the addition of American Reliable Insurance Company to the intercompany pooling arrangements: • Changes in net written premiums for American Reliable Insurance Company, United National Insurance Company, Diamond State Insurance Company, United National Specialty Insurance Company, Penn-Star Insurance Company and Penn-Patriot Insurance Company • Asset to liability liquidity ratios for United National Insurance Company, Penn-America Insurance Company and American Reliable Insurance Company 20 • Estimated current reserve deficiency for United National Insurance Company, Diamond State Insurance Company, United National Specialty Insurance Company, Penn-America Insurance Company and Penn-Star Insurance Company • Two-year overall operating ratio for Penn-Patriot Insurance Company and American Reliable Insurance Company Risk-Based Capital Regulations The state insurance departments of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Wisconsin, Virginia and Arizona require that each domestic insurer report its risk-based capital based on a formula calculated by applying factors to various asset, premium and reserve items. The formula takes into account the risk characteristics of the insurer, including asset risk, insurance risk, interest rate risk and business risk. The respective state insurance regulators use the formula as an early warning regulatory tool to identify possible inadequately capitalized insurers for purposes of initiating regulatory action, and generally not as a means to rank insurers. State insurance laws impose broad confidentiality requirements on those engaged in the insurance business (including insurers, general agencies, brokers and others) and on state insurance departments as to the use and publication of risk-based capital data. The respective state insurance regulators have explicit regulatory authority to require various actions by, or to take various actions against, insurers whose total adjusted capital does not exceed certain company action level risk-based capital levels. Based on the standards currently adopted, the U.S. insurance companies reported in their 2015 statutory filings that their capital and surplus are above the prescribed company action level risk-based capital requirements. See Note 18 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information on the NAIC’s risk-based capital model for determining the levels of statutory capital and surplus an insurer must maintain. Statutory Accounting Principles SAP is a basis of accounting developed to assist insurance regulators in monitoring and regulating the solvency of insurance companies. SAP is primarily concerned with measuring an insurer’s surplus. Accordingly, statutory accounting focuses on valuing assets and liabilities of insurers at financial reporting dates in accordance with appropriate insurance laws, regulatory provisions, and practices prescribed or permitted by each insurer’s domiciliary state. GAAP is concerned with a company’s solvency, but it is also concerned with other financial measurements, such as income and cash flows. As a direct result, different line item groupings of assets and liabilities and different amounts of assets and liabilities are reflected in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP than financial statements prepared in accordance with SAP. Statutory accounting practices established by the NAIC and adopted in part by the Pennsylvania, Indiana, Wisconsin, Virginia, and Arizona regulators determine, among other things, the amount of statutory surplus and statutory net income of the U.S. insurance companies and thus determine, in part, the amount of funds these subsidiaries have available to pay dividends. State Dividend Limitations The U.S. insurance companies are restricted by statute as to the amount of dividends that they may pay without the prior approval of the applicable state regulatory authorities. Dividends may be paid without advanced regulatory approval only out of unassigned surplus. The dividend limitations imposed by the applicable state laws are based on the statutory financial results of each company within the Insurance Operations that are determined using statutory accounting practices that differ in various respects from accounting principles used in 21 financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP. See “Regulation – Statutory Accounting Principles.” Key differences relate to, among other items, deferred acquisition costs, limitations on deferred income taxes, reserve calculation assumptions and surplus notes, if any. See the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section in Item 7 of Part II of this report for a more complete description of the state dividend limitations. See Note 18 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for the dividends declared and paid by Global Indemnity’s U.S. insurance companies in 2015 and the maximum amount of distributions that U.S. insurance companies could pay as dividends in 2016. Guaranty Associations and Similar Arrangements Most of the jurisdictions in which the U.S. insurance companies are admitted to transact business require property and casualty insurers doing business within that jurisdiction to participate in guaranty associations. These associations are organized to pay contractual benefits owed pursuant to insurance policies issued by impaired, insolvent or failed insurers. These associations levy assessments, up to prescribed limits, on all member insurers in a particular state on the basis of the proportionate share of the premiums written by member insurers in the lines of business in which the impaired, insolvent, or failed insurer is engaged. Some states permit member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets or in limited circumstances by surcharging policyholders. Operations of Global Indemnity Reinsurance The insurance laws of the United States regulate or prohibit the sale of insurance and reinsurance within their jurisdictions by non-domestic insurers and reinsurers that are not admitted to do business within such jurisdictions. Global Indemnity Reinsurance is not admitted to do business in the United States. The Company does not intend for Global Indemnity Reinsurance to maintain offices or solicit, advertise, settle claims or conduct other insurance and reinsurance underwriting activities in any jurisdiction in the United States where the conduct of such activities would require that Global Indemnity Reinsurance be admitted or authorized. As a reinsurer that is not licensed, accredited, or approved in any state in the United States, Global Indemnity Reinsurance is required to post collateral security with respect to the reinsurance liabilities it assumes from the Company’s Insurance Operations as well as other U.S. ceding companies. The posting of collateral security is generally required in order for U.S. ceding companies to obtain credit on their U.S. statutory financial statements with respect to reinsurance liabilities ceded to unlicensed or unaccredited reinsurers. Under applicable United States “credit for reinsurance” statutory provisions, the security arrangements generally may be in the form of letters of credit, reinsurance trusts maintained by third-party trustees or funds-withheld arrangements whereby the ceded premium is held by the ceding company. If “credit for reinsurance” laws or regulations are made more stringent in Pennsylvania, Indiana, Wisconsin, Virginia and Arizona or other applicable states or any of the U.S. insurance companies re-domesticate to one of the few states that do not allow credit for reinsurance ceded to non- licensed reinsurers, the Company may be unable to realize some of the benefits expected from its business plan. Accordingly, Global Indemnity Reinsurance could be adversely affected. Global Indemnity Reinsurance generally is not subject to regulation by U.S. jurisdictions. Specifically, rate and form regulations otherwise applicable to authorized insurers generally do not apply to Global Indemnity Reinsurance’s surplus lines transactions. Bermuda Insurance Regulation The Bermuda Insurance Act 1978 and related regulations, as amended (the “Insurance Act”), regulates the insurance business of Global Indemnity Reinsurance and provides that no person may carry on any such business in or from within Bermuda unless registered as an insurer by the Bermuda Monetary Authority (the “BMA”) 22 under the Insurance Act. Global Indemnity Reinsurance, which is incorporated to carry on general insurance and reinsurance business, is registered as a Class 3B insurer in Bermuda. A corporate body is registrable as a Class 3B insurer if it intends to carry on insurance business in circumstances where 50% or more of the net premiums written or 50% or more of the loss and loss expense provisions represent unrelated business, or its total net premiums written from unrelated business are $50.0 million or more. The continued registration of an applicant as an insurer is subject to it complying with the terms of its registration and such other conditions as the BMA may impose from time to time. An insurer’s registration may be canceled by the BMA on certain grounds specified in the Insurance Act, including failure of the insurer to comply with its obligations under the Insurance Act. The Insurance Act imposes solvency and liquidity standards, auditing and reporting requirements, and grants the BMA powers to supervise, investigate, require information and the production of documents, and to intervene in the affairs of Bermuda insurance companies. The BMA continues to make amendments to the Insurance Act with a view to enhancing Bermuda’s insurance regulatory regime. The BMA utilizes a risk-based approach when it comes to licensing and supervising insurance companies. As part of the BMA’s risk-based system, an assessment of the inherent risks within each particular class of insurer is used to determine the limitations and specific requirements which may be imposed. Thereafter the BMA keeps its analysis of relative risk within individual institutions under review on an ongoing basis, including through the scrutiny of regular audited statutory financial statements, and, as appropriate, meeting with senior management during onsite visits. Certain significant aspects of the Bermuda insurance regulatory framework are set forth as follows: Cancellation of Insurer’s Registration An insurer’s registration may be canceled by the BMA on certain grounds specified in the Bermuda Insurance Act, including failure of the insurer to comply with its obligations under the Bermuda Insurance Act or if, in the opinion of the BMA, the insurer has not been carrying on business in accordance with sound insurance principles. Principal Representative and Principal Office Every registered insurer or reinsurer is required to maintain a principal office in Bermuda and to appoint and maintain a principal representative in Bermuda, subject to certain prescribed requirements under the Bermuda Insurance Act. Further, any registered insurer that is a Class 3A insurer or above is required to maintain a head office in Bermuda and direct and manage its insurance business from Bermuda. The recent amendments to the Bermuda Insurance Act provide that in considering whether an insurer satisfies the requirements of having its head office in Bermuda, the BMA may consider (a) where the underwriting, risk management, and operational decision making occurs; (b) whether the presence of senior executives who are responsible for, and involved in, the decision making are located in Bermuda; and (c) where meetings of the board of directors occur. The BMA will also consider (a) the location where management meets to effect policy decisions; (b) the residence of the officers, insurance managers or employees; and (c) the residence of one or more directors in Bermuda. Global Indemnity Reinsurance maintains its principal office in Hamilton, Bermuda and its external management firm has been appointed as its principal representative. It is the duty of the principal representative upon reaching the view that there is a likelihood of the insurer for which the principal representative acts becoming insolvent or that a reportable “event” has, to the principal representative’s knowledge, occurred or is believed to have occurred, to immediately notify the BMA and to make a report in writing to the BMA within 14 days of the prior notification setting out all the particulars of the case that are available to the principal representative. 23 Where there has been a significant loss which is reasonably likely to cause the insurer to fail to comply with its enhanced capital requirement (in respect of its general business, as described below under the Enhanced Capital Requirement (“ECR”) and Minimum Solvency Margin (“MSM”) section), the principal representative must also furnish the BMA with a capital and solvency return reflecting an enhanced capital requirement prepared using post-loss data. The principal representative must provide this within 45 days of notifying the BMA regarding the loss. Furthermore, where a notification has been made to the BMA regarding a material change to an insurer’s business or structure (including a merger or amalgamation), the principal representative has 30 days from the date of such notification to furnish the BMA with unaudited interim statutory financial statements in relation to such period if so requested by the BMA, together with a general business solvency certificate in respect to those statements. Independent Approved Auditor Every registered insurer, such as Global Indemnity Reinsurance, must appoint an independent auditor who will audit and report annually on the statutory financial statements and the statutory financial return of the insurer, both of which are required to be filed annually with the BMA. Loss Reserve Specialist As a registered Class 3B insurer, Global Indemnity Reinsurance is required to submit an opinion of its approved loss reserve specialist in respect of its losses and loss expense provisions with its statutory financial return. Statutory Financial Statements Global Indemnity Reinsurance must prepare annual statutory financial statements in accordance with the Bermuda Insurance Act 1978. These statutory financial statements are not prepared in accordance with GAAP or SAP. The Insurance Act prescribes rules for the preparation and substance of these statutory financial statements (which include, in statutory form, a balance sheet, an income statement, a statement of capital and surplus and notes thereto). Annual Statutory Financial Return Global Indemnity Reinsurance is required to file with the BMA a statutory financial return no later than four months after its financial year end (unless specifically extended upon application to the BMA). The statutory financial return for a Class 3B insurer includes, among other matters, a report of the approved independent auditor on the statutory financial statements of the insurer, solvency certificates, schedules of ceded reinsurance, the statutory financial statements, a declaration of statutory ratios and the opinion of the loss reserve specialist. Pursuant to the Bermuda Insurance (Prudential Standards) (Class 4 and 3B Solvency Requirement) rules 2008, Global Indemnity Reinsurance is required to give detailed information and analyses regarding premiums, claims, reinsurance, and investments and is also required to provide audited annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP or International Financial Reporting Standards. Enhanced Capital Requirement (“ECR”) and Minimum Solvency Margin (“MSM”) The BMA has promulgated the Insurance (Prudential Standards) (Class 4 and Class 3B Solvency Requirement) Amendment Rules 2008, as amended (the “Rules”) which, among other things, mandate that a Class 3B insurer’s ECR be calculated by either (a) the model set out in Schedule I to the Rules, or (b) an internal capital model which the BMA has approved for use for this purpose. These measures are an integral part of the BMA’s ongoing Solvency II equivalence program for Class 3B insurance companies. For 2015, Global Indemnity Reinsurance used the BMA’s model to calculate its capital and solvency requirements. 24 The risk-based regulatory capital adequacy and solvency requirements implemented with effect from December 31, 2008 (termed the Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement or “BSCR”) provide a risk-based capital model as a tool to assist the BMA both in measuring risk and in determining appropriate levels of capitalization. BSCR employs a standard mathematical model that correlates the risk underwritten by Bermuda insurers to the capital is dedicated to their business. The framework that has been developed applies a standard measurement format to the risk associated with an insurer’s assets, liabilities and premiums, including a formula to take account of catastrophe risk exposure. that Where an insurer believes that its own internal model for measuring risk and determining appropriate levels of capital better reflects the inherent risk of its business, it may apply to the BMA for approval to use its internal capital model in substitution for the BSCR model. The BMA may approve an insurer’s internal model, provided certain conditions have been established, and may revoke approval of an internal model in the event that the conditions are no longer met or where it feels that the revocation is appropriate. The BMA will review the internal model regularly to confirm that the model continues to meet the conditions. In order to minimize the risk of a shortfall in capital arising from an unexpected adverse deviation, the BMA seeks that insurers operate at or above a threshold capital level (termed the Target Capital Level or “TCL”), which exceeds the BSCR or approved internal model minimum amounts. The Rules provide prudential standards in relation to the ECR and Capital and Solvency Return (“CSR”). The ECR is determined using the BSCR or an approved internal model, provided that at all times the ECR must be an amount equal to, or exceeding the MSM. The CSR is the return setting out the insurer’s risk management practices and other information used by the insurer to calculate its approved internal model ECR. The capital requirements require Class 3B insurers to hold to, or exceeding ECR and set TCL at 120% of ECR. In available statutory capital and surplus equal circumstances where an insurer has failed to comply with an ECR given by the BMA, such insurer is prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends until the failure is rectified. The risk-based solvency capital framework referred to above represents a modification of the minimum solvency margin test set out in the Insurance Returns and Solvency Amendment Regulations 1980 (as amended). While it must calculate its ECR annually by reference to either the BSCR or an approved internal model, Global Indemnity Reinsurance must also ensure at all times that its ECR is at least equal to the MSM for a Class 3B insurer in respect of its general business, which is the greater of: (i) $1.0 million; (ii) 50% of net premiums written; (iii) 15% of net loss and loss adjustment expense reserves and other general business insurance reserves. (iv) 25% of the insurer’s enhanced capital requirement. The BMA has also introduced a three-tiered capital system for Class 3B insurers designed to assess the quality of capital resources that an insurer has available to meet its capital requirements. The tiered capital system classifies all capital instruments into one of three tiers based on their “loss absorbency” characteristics, with the highest quality capital classified as Tier 1 Capital and lesser quality capital classified as either Tier 2 or Tier 3 Capital. Only Tier 1 and Tier 2 Capital may be used to support an insurer’s MSM. Certain percentages of each of Tier 1, 2 and 3 Capital may be used to satisfy an insurer’s ECR. Any combination of Tier 1, 2 or 3 Capital may be used to meet the TCL. The Rules introduced a regime that requires Class 3B insurers to perform an assessment of their own risk and solvency requirements, referred to as a Commercial Insurer’s Solvency Self Assessment (“CISSA”). The CISSA will allow the BMA to obtain an insurer’s view of the capital resources required to achieve its business objectives and to assess the company’s governance, risk management and controls surrounding this process. The Rules also introduced a Catastrophe Risk Return, which must be filed with the BMA, which assesses an insurer’s reliance on vendor models in assessing catastrophe exposure. 25 Economic Balance Sheet Framework The Economic Balance Sheet (“EBS”) framework is an accounting balance sheet approach using market consistent values for all current assets and current obligations relating to in-force business which applies to Class 3B and 4 insurers effective for the 2016 financial year end. The EBS framework is embedded as part of the Capital and Solvency Return and forms the basis for the insurer’s ECR. There is a mandatory trial run of the EBS for all insurers and insurance groups for the 2015 year end and the EBS will be in full effect as of 2016 year end. Minimum Liquidity Ratio The Insurance Act provides a minimum liquidity ratio for general business insurers, such as Global Indemnity Reinsurance. An insurer engaged in general business is required to maintain the value of its relevant assets at not less than 75% of the amount of its relevant liabilities; as such terms are defined in the Insurance Act. Restrictions on Dividends and Distributions Global Indemnity Reinsurance is prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends during any financial year if it is in breach of its minimum solvency margin or minimum liquidity ratio or if the declaration or payment of such dividends would cause it to fail to meet such margin or ratio. In addition, if it has failed to meet its minimum solvency margin or minimum liquidity ratio on the last day of any financial year, Global Indemnity Reinsurance will be prohibited, without the approval of the BMA, from declaring or paying any dividends during the next financial year. Global Indemnity Reinsurance is prohibited, without the approval of the BMA, from reducing by 15% or more its total statutory capital as set out in its previous year’s financial statements, and any application for such approval must include such information as the BMA may require. In addition, if at any time it fails to meet its minimum margin of solvency, Global Indemnity Reinsurance is required within 30 days after becoming aware of such failure or having reason to believe that such failure has occurred, to file with the BMA a written report containing certain information. Additionally, under the Companies Act, Global Indemnity Reinsurance may not declare or pay a dividend, or make a distribution from contributed surplus, if there are reasonable grounds for believing that it is, or would after the payment be, unable to pay its liabilities as they become due, or if the realizable value of its assets would be less than the aggregate of its liabilities and its issued share capital and share premium accounts. Supervision, Investigation and Intervention The BMA has wide powers of investigation and document production in relation to Bermuda insurers under the Insurance Act. For example, the BMA may appoint an inspector with extensive powers to investigate the affairs of Global Indemnity Reinsurance if the BMA believes that such an investigation is in the best interests of its policyholders or persons who may become policyholders. Further, the BMA has the power to appoint a professional person to prepare a report on any aspect of any matter about which the BMA has or could require information. If it appears to the BMA that there is a risk of Global Indemnity Reinsurance becoming insolvent, or that Global Indemnity Reinsurance is in breach of the Insurance Act or any conditions imposed upon its registration, the BMA may, among other things, direct Global Indemnity Reinsurance not to take on any new business, not to vary any current treaties if the effect would be to increase its liabilities, not to make certain investments, to realize or not realize certain investments, to maintain in, or transfer to, the custody of a specified bank, certain assets, not to declare or pay any dividends or other distributions or to restrict the making of such payments, or to limit its premium income or remove an officer. The BMA may also make additional rules prescribing prudential standards in relation to ECR, CSR’s, insurance reserves and eligible capital which Global Indemnity Reinsurance must comply with. 26 Bermuda Code of Conduct The BMA has implemented the Insurance Code of Conduct (the “Bermuda Code of Conduct”) which came into effect on July 1, 2010. The BMA established July 1, 2011 as the date of compliance for commercial insurers. The Bermuda Code of Conduct is divided into six categories: (i) Proportionality Principal, (ii) Corporate Governance, (iii) Risk Management, (iv) Governance Mechanism, (v) Outsourcing, and (vi) Market Discipline and Disclosure. These categories contain the duties, requirements and compliance standards to which all insurers must adhere. It stipulates that in order to achieve compliance with the Bermuda Code of Conduct, insurers are to develop and apply policies and procedures capable of assessment by the BMA. Global Indemnity Reinsurance is in compliance with the Bermuda Code of Conduct. Group Supervision Emerging international norms in the regulation of global insurance groups are trending increasingly towards the imposition of group-wide supervisory regimes by one principal “home” regulator over all the legal entities in the group, no matter where incorporated. Amendments to the Insurance Act in 2010 introduced such a regime into Bermuda insurance regulation. The Insurance Act contains provisions regarding group supervision, the authority to exclude specified entities from group supervision, the power for the BMA to withdraw as a group supervisor, the functions of the BMA as group supervisor and the power of the BMA to make rules regarding group supervision. The BMA has issued the Insurance (Group Supervision) Rules 2011 (the “Group Supervision Rules”) and the Insurance (Prudential Standards) (Insurance Group Solvency Requirement) Rules 2011 (the “Group Solvency Rules”) each effective December 31, 2011. The Group Supervision Rules set out the rules in respect of the assessment of the financial situation and solvency of an insurance group, the system of governance and risk management of the insurance group, and supervisory reporting and disclosures of the insurance group. The Group Solvency Rules set out the rules in respect of the capital and solvency return and enhanced capital requirements for an insurance group. The BMA also intends to publish an insurance code of conduct in relation to group supervision. Global Indemnity Reinsurance was notified by the BMA that, having considered the matters set out in the 2010 amendments to the Insurance Act, it had determined that it would not be Global Indemnity Reinsurance’s group supervisor. Notifications to the BMA In the event that the share capital of an insurer (or its parent) is traded on any stock exchange recognized by the BMA, then any shareholder must notify the BMA within 45 days of becoming a 10%, 20%, 33% or 50% shareholder of such insurer. An insurer must also provide written notice to the BMA that a person has become, or ceased to be, a “Controller” of that insurer. A Controller for this purpose means a managing director, chief executive or other person in accordance with whose directions or instructions the Directors of Global Indemnity Reinsurance are accustomed to act, including any person who holds, or is entitled to exercise, 10% or more of the voting shares or voting power or is otherwise able to exercise significant influence over the management of Global Indemnity Reinsurance. Global Indemnity Reinsurance is also required to notify the BMA in writing in the event any person has become or ceased to be an officer of it, an officer being a director, chief executive or senior executive performing duties of underwriting, actuarial, risk management, compliance, internal audit, finance or investment matters. Failure to give required notice is an offense under the Insurance Act. 27 An insurer, or designated insurer in respect of the group of which it is a member, must notify the BMA in writing that it proposes to take measures that are likely to be of material significance for the discharge, in relation to the insurer or the group, of the BMA’s functions under the Insurance Act. Measures that are likely to be of material significance include: • • • acquisition or transfer of insurance business being part of a scheme falling within section 25 of the Insurance Act or section 99 of the Companies Act; amalgamation with or acquisition of another firm; and a material change in the insurer’s business plan not otherwise reported to the BMA. In respect of the forgoing, the BMA will typically object to the material change unless it is satisfied that: • the interest of the policyholders and potential policyholders of the insurer or the group would not in any manner be threatened by the material change; and • without prejudice to the first point, that, having regard to the material change, the requirements of the Insurance Act would continue to be complied with, or, if any of those requirements are not complied with, that the insurer concerned is likely to undertake adequate remedial action. Failure to give such notice constitutes an offence under the Insurance Act. It is possible to appeal a notice of objection served by the BMA. Disclosure of Information The BMA may assist other regulatory authorities, including foreign insurance regulatory authorities, with their investigations involving insurance and reinsurance companies in Bermuda, but subject to restrictions. For example, the BMA must be satisfied that the assistance being requested is in connection with the discharge of the BMA must consider whether regulatory responsibilities of the foreign regulatory authority. Further, cooperation is in the public interest. The grounds for disclosure are limited and the Insurance Act provides sanctions for breach of the statutory duty of confidentiality. Under the Companies Act, the Minister of Finance may assist a foreign regulatory authority that has requested assistance in connection with inquiries being carried out by it in the performance of its regulatory functions. The Minster of Finance’s powers include requiring a person to furnish information to the Minister of Finance, to produce documents to the Minister of Finance, to attend and answer questions and to give assistance to the Minister of Finance in relation to inquiries. The Minister of Finance must be satisfied that the assistance requested by the foreign regulatory authority is for the purpose of its regulatory functions and that the request is in relation to information in Bermuda that a person has in his possession or under his control. The Minister of Finance must consider, among other things, whether it is in the public interest to give the information sought. Certain Other Bermuda Law Considerations Although Global Indemnity Reinsurance is incorporated in Bermuda, it is classified as a non-resident of Bermuda for exchange control purposes by the BMA. Pursuant to the non-resident status, Global Indemnity Reinsurance may engage in transactions in currencies other than Bermuda dollars, and there are no restrictions on its ability to transfer funds (other than funds denominated in Bermuda dollars) in and out of Bermuda or to pay dividends to United States residents that are holders of its ordinary shares. Under Bermuda law, exempted companies are companies formed for the purpose of conducting business outside Bermuda from a principal place of business in Bermuda. As an “exempted” company, Global Indemnity Reinsurance may not, without the express authorization of the Bermuda legislature or under a license or consent granted by the Minister of Finance, participate in certain business transactions, including transactions involving Bermuda landholding rights and the carrying on of business of any kind for which it is not licensed in Bermuda. 28 Taxation of Global Indemnity and Subsidiaries Ireland Global Indemnity is a public limited company incorporated under the laws of Ireland. The Company is a resident taxpayer fully subject to Ireland corporate income tax of 12.5% on trading income and 25.0% on non-trading income, including interest and dividends from foreign companies. The capital gains tax rate is 33.0%. Currently, Global Indemnity has only non-trading income, so it is subject to corporate income tax of 25.0%. United America Indemnity, Ltd., a direct wholly-owned subsidiary, is a private limited liability company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. The company is an Irish tax resident fully subject to Ireland corporate income tax laws. Currently, United America Indemnity, Ltd. has only non-trading income, so it is subject to corporate income tax of 25.0%. Global Indemnity Services Ltd., a direct wholly-owned subsidiary, is a company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of Ireland. The company is a resident taxpayer fully subject to Ireland corporate income tax laws. Currently, Global Indemnity Services Ltd. has only trading income, so it is subject to corporate income tax of 12.5%. U.A.I. (Ireland) Limited, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, is a company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of Ireland. The company is a resident taxpayer fully subject to Ireland corporate income tax laws. Currently, U.A.I. (Ireland) Limited has only non-trading income, so it is subject to corporate income tax of 25.0%. U.A.I. (Ireland) II Unlimited Company, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, is a private unlimited company incorporated under the laws of Ireland. The company is a resident taxpayer fully subject to Ireland corporate income tax laws. Currently, U.A.I. (Ireland) II Unlimited Company has only non-trading income, so it is subject to corporate income tax of 25.0%. Cayman Islands United America Indemnity, Ltd., a direct wholly-owned subsidiary, and Global Indemnity (Cayman) Ltd., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, are private limited liability companies incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Under current Cayman Islands law, the Company is not required to pay any taxes in the Cayman Islands on its income or capital gains. United America Indemnity, Ltd. obtained an undertaking on September 2, 2003 from the Governor in Council of the Cayman Islands substantially that, for a period of 20 years from the date of such undertaking, no law that is enacted in the Cayman Islands imposing any tax to be levied on profit or income or gains or appreciation shall apply to it and no such tax and no tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax will be payable, either directly or by way of withholding, on its shares. Given the limited duration of the undertaking, the Company cannot be certain that it will not be subject to Cayman Islands tax after the expiration of the 20 year period. Bermuda Under current Bermuda law, the Company and its Bermuda subsidiaries are not required to pay any taxes in Bermuda on income or capital gains. Currently, there is no Bermuda income, corporation or profits tax, withholding tax, capital gains tax, capital transfer tax, estate duty or inheritance tax payable by Global Indemnity Reinsurance or its shareholders, other than shareholders ordinarily resident in Bermuda, if any. Currently, there is no Bermuda withholding or other tax on principal, interest, or dividends paid to holders of the ordinary shares of Global Indemnity Reinsurance, other than holders ordinarily resident in Bermuda, if any. There can be no assurance that Global Indemnity Reinsurance or its shareholders will not be subject to any such tax in the future. 29 The Company has received a written assurance from the Bermuda Minister of Finance under the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act of 1966 of Bermuda, that if any legislation is enacted in Bermuda that would impose tax computed on profits or income, or computed on any capital asset, gain or appreciation, or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax, then the imposition of that tax would not be applicable to Global Indemnity Reinsurance or to any of its operations, shares, debentures or obligations through March 31, 2035; provided that such assurance is subject to the condition that it will not be construed to prevent the application of such tax to people ordinarily resident in Bermuda, or to prevent the application of any taxes payable by Global Indemnity Reinsurance in respect of real property or leasehold interests in Bermuda held by them. Given the limited duration of the assurance, the Company cannot be certain that the Company will not be subject to any Bermuda tax after March 31, 2035. Gibraltar Global Indemnity (Gibraltar) Ltd., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, is a private limited liability company incorporated under the laws of Gibraltar. The Company received a tax ruling from the Ministry of Finance Income Tax Office of Gibraltar that dividends and distributions received by Global Indemnity (Gibraltar) Ltd. from Global Indemnity (Cayman) Ltd. would not be subject to tax in Gibraltar, provided that Global Indemnity (Gibraltar) Ltd. continues to indirectly hold a relevant participation in U.A.I. (Luxembourg) I S.à.r.l. Luxembourg U.A.I. (Luxembourg) I S.à.r.l., U.A.I. (Luxembourg) II S.à.r.l., U.A.I. (Luxembourg) III S.à.r.l., U.A.I. (Luxembourg) IV S.à.r.l., U.A.I. (Luxembourg) Investment S.à.r.l., Wind River (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l., and Global Indemnity (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l. (the “Luxembourg Companies”) are indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries and private limited liability companies incorporated under the laws of Luxembourg. These are taxable companies, which may carry out any activities that fall within the scope of their corporate object clause. In accordance with Luxembourg regulations, the companies are resident taxpayers fully subject to Luxembourg corporate income tax at a rate of 29.22% and net worth tax at a rate of 0.5%. The companies are entitled to benefits of the tax treaties concluded between Luxembourg and other countries and European Union Directives. Profit distributions (not in respect to liquidations) by the companies are generally subject to Luxembourg dividend withholding tax at a rate of 15%, unless a domestic law exemption or a lower tax treaty rate applies. Dividends paid by any of the Luxembourg Companies to their Luxembourg resident parent company are exempt from Luxembourg dividend withholding tax, provided that at the time of the dividend distribution, the resident parent company has held (or commits itself to continue to hold) 10% or more of the nominal paid up capital of the distributing entity or, in the event of a lower percentage participation, a participation having an acquisition price of Euro 1.2 million or more for a period of at least 12 months. The Luxembourg Companies have received advance tax confirmations (“ATCs”) from the Luxembourg Administration des Contributions Directes (the “Luxembourg tax authorities”) that the financing activities of the Luxembourg Companies does not lead to taxation in Luxembourg except for the taxation as provided in the ATCs. Based on these confirmations, the current financing activities of the Luxembourg Companies should not lead to taxation in Luxembourg other than for such tax as provided for in the financial statements. The Luxembourg Companies have in their files transfer pricing documentation substantiating the arm’s length nature of the financing activities. It is however not guaranteed that the Luxembourg Companies cannot be subject to higher Luxembourg taxes. Dividends by Global Indemnity (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l. to United America Indemnity, Ltd., an Irish tax resident, are exempt from withholding tax in Luxembourg, provided that as of the date on which the income is made available, United America Indemnity, Ltd. has held or undertakes to hold, directly, for an uninterrupted period of at least 12 months, a relevant participation in the share capital of Global Indemnity (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l. United America Indemnity, Ltd. has held such participation since April, 2010. 30 Global Indemnity (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l. benefits from the Luxembourg participation exemption regime for its participation in Global Indemnity (Gibraltar) Ltd. with respect to dividends and capital gains derived there from, provided Global Indemnity (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l. has held or commits to hold a participation in the share capital of Global Indemnity (Gibraltar) Ltd. for an uninterrupted period of at least 12 months. Global Indemnity (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l. has held such participation since June, 2010. United States The following discussion is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations relating to the Company’s operations. The Company manages its business in a manner that seeks to mitigate the risk that either Global Indemnity or Global Indemnity Reinsurance will be treated as engaged in a U.S. trade or business for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, whether business is being conducted in the United States is an inherently factual determination. Because the United States Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”), regulations and court decisions fail to identify definitively activities that constitute being engaged in a trade or business in the United States, the Company cannot be certain that the IRS will not contend successfully that Global Indemnity or Global Indemnity Reinsurance is or has been engaged in a trade or business in the United States. A non-U.S. corporation deemed to be so engaged would be subject to U.S. income tax at regular corporate rates, as well as the branch profits tax, on its income that is treated as effectively connected with the conduct of that trade or business unless the corporation is entitled to relief under the permanent establishment provision of an applicable tax treaty, as discussed below. Such income tax, if imposed, would be based on effectively connected income computed in a manner generally analogous to that applied to the income of a U.S. corporation, except that a non-U.S. corporation is generally entitled to deductions and credits only if it timely files a U.S. federal income tax return. Global Indemnity and Global Indemnity Reinsurance are filing protective U.S. federal income tax returns on a timely basis in order to preserve the right to claim income tax deductions and credits if it is ever determined that it is subject to U.S. federal income tax. All of the Company’s other non-U.S. entities are considered disregarded entities for federal income tax purposes. The highest marginal federal income tax rates as of 2015 are 39.6% for a corporation’s effectively connected income and 30% for the branch profits tax. If Global Indemnity Reinsurance is entitled to the benefits under the tax treaty between Bermuda and the United States (the “Bermuda Treaty”), Global Indemnity Reinsurance would not be subject to U.S. income tax on any business profits of its insurance enterprise found to be effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business, unless that trade or business is conducted through a permanent establishment in the United States. No regulations interpreting the Bermuda Treaty have been issued. Global Indemnity Reinsurance currently conducts its activities to reduce the risk that it will have a permanent establishment in the United States, although the Company cannot be certain that it will achieve this result. An insurance enterprise resident in Bermuda generally will be entitled to the benefits of the Bermuda Treaty if (1) more than 50% of its shares are owned beneficially, directly or indirectly, by individual residents of the United States or Bermuda or U.S. citizens and (2) its income is not used in substantial part, directly or indirectly, to make disproportionate distributions to, or to meet certain liabilities to, persons who are neither residents of either the United States or Bermuda nor U.S. citizens. The Company cannot be certain that Global Indemnity Reinsurance will be eligible for Bermuda Treaty benefits in the future because of factual and legal uncertainties regarding the residency and citizenship of the Company’s shareholders. Foreign insurance companies carrying on an insurance business within the United States have a certain minimum amount of effectively connected net investment income, determined in accordance with a formula that depends, in part, on the amount of U.S. risk insured or reinsured by such companies. If Global Indemnity Reinsurance is considered to be engaged in the conduct of an insurance business in the United States and it is not entitled to the benefits of the Bermuda Treaty in general (because it fails to qualify under the limitations on treaty benefits discussed above), the Code could subject a significant portion of Global Indemnity Reinsurance’s investment income to U.S. income tax. In addition, while the Bermuda Treaty clearly applies to premium income, it is uncertain whether the Bermuda Treaty applies to other income such as investment income. If Global Indemnity 31 Reinsurance is considered engaged in the conduct of an insurance business in the United States and is entitled to the benefits of the Bermuda Treaty in general, but the Bermuda Treaty is interpreted to not apply to investment income, a significant portion of Global Indemnity Reinsurance’s investment income could be subject to U.S. federal income tax. The United States also imposes an excise tax on insurance and reinsurance premiums paid to foreign insurers or reinsurers with respect to risks located in the United States. The rates of tax applicable to premiums paid to Global Indemnity Reinsurance on such business are 4% for direct insurance premiums and 1% for reinsurance premiums. Foreign corporations not engaged in a trade or business in the United States are subject to 30% U.S. income tax imposed by withholding on the gross amount of certain “fixed or determinable annual or periodic gains, profits and income” derived from sources within the United States (such as dividends and certain interest on investments), subject to exemption under the Code or reduction by applicable treaties. The Bermuda Treaty does not reduce the rate of tax in such circumstances. Global Indemnity Group, Inc. is a Delaware corporation wholly owned by U.A.I. (Luxembourg) Investment S.à.r.l. Under U.S. federal income tax law, dividends and interest paid by a U.S. corporation to a non-U.S. shareholder are generally subject to a 30% withholding tax, unless reduced by treaty. The income tax treaty between Luxembourg and the United States (the “Luxembourg Treaty”) reduces the rate of withholding tax on interest payments to 0% and on dividends to 15%, or 5% (if the shareholder owns 10% or more of the company’s voting stock). There is a risk that interest paid by the Company’s U.S. subsidiary to a Luxembourg affiliate may be subject to a 30% withholding tax. The Company’s U.S. subsidiaries are each subject to taxation in the United States at regular corporate rates. Available Information The Company maintains a website at www.globalindemnity.ie. The information on the Company’s website is not incorporated herein by reference. The Company will make available, free of charge on its website, the most recent annual report on Form 10-K and subsequently filed quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company files such material with, or furnishes it to, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. The public may also read and copy any materials the Company files with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549 or by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains, free of charge, an Internet site (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other file electronically with the SEC. information regarding issuers that Item 1A. RISK FACTORS The risks and uncertainties described below are those the Company believes to be material. If any of the following actually occur, the Company’s business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected. Risks Related to the Company’s Business The benefits of acquiring American Reliable may not be realized which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business operations and financial results. There may be difficulties in the continued integration of American Reliable business, which could result in a failure to realize the potential benefits of the acquisition. Achieving the anticipated benefits of the acquisition will depend in part upon whether the common aspects of the business can continue to be integrated in an efficient and effective manner with Global Indemnity’s existing businesses. Furthermore, the risk that the Company’s or 32 American Reliable’s prospective insurance premiums, investment yield, or net earnings are less than anticipated (including as a result of unexpected events, competition, costs, charges or outlays whether as a consequence of the transaction or otherwise) could negatively impact the Company’s profitability and results of operations. If actual claims payments exceed the Company’s reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, the Company’s financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. The Company’s success depends upon its ability to accurately assess the risks associated with the insurance and reinsurance policies that it writes. The Company establishes reserves on an undiscounted basis to cover its estimated liability for the payment of all losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred with respect to premiums earned on the insurance policies that it writes. Reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability. Rather, reserves are estimates of what the Company expects to be the ultimate cost of resolution and administration of claims under the insurance policies that it writes. These estimates are based upon actuarial and statistical projections, the Company’s assessment of currently available data, as well as estimates and assumptions as to future trends in claims severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors. The Company continually refines its reserve estimates in an ongoing process as experience develops and claims are reported and settled. The Company’s insurance subsidiaries obtain an annual statement of opinion from an independent actuarial firm on the reasonableness of these reserves. Establishing an appropriate level of reserves is an inherently uncertain process. The following factors may have a substantial impact on the Company’s future actual losses and loss adjustment experience: • • • • claim and expense payments; frequency and severity of claims; legislative and judicial developments; and changes in economic conditions, including the effect of inflation. For example, as industry practices and legal, judicial, social and other conditions change, unexpected and unintended exposures related to claims and coverage may emerge. Examples include claims relating to mold, asbestos and construction defects, as well as larger settlements and jury awards against professionals and corporate directors and officers. In addition, there is a growing trend of plaintiffs targeting property and casualty insurers in purported class action litigations relating to claims handling, insurance sales practices and other practices. These exposures may either extend coverage beyond the Company’s underwriting intent or increase the frequency or severity of claims. As a result, such developments could cause the Company’s level of reserves to be inadequate. Actual losses and loss adjustment expenses the Company incurs under insurance policies that it writes may be different from the amount of reserves it establishes, and to the extent that actual losses and loss adjustment expenses exceed the Company’s expectations and the reserves reflected on its financial statements, the Company will be required to immediately reflect those changes by increasing its reserves. In addition, regulators could require that the Company increase its reserves if they determine that the reserves were understated in the past. When the Company increases reserves, pre-tax income for the period in which it does so will decrease by a increasing or corresponding amount. In addition to having an effect on reserves and pre-tax income, “strengthening” reserves causes a reduction in the Company’s insurance companies’ surplus and could cause the rating of its insurance company subsidiaries to be downgraded or placed on credit watch. Such a downgrade could, in turn, adversely affect the Company’s ability to sell insurance policies. Catastrophic events can have a significant impact on the Company’s financial and operational condition. Results of operations of property and casualty insurers are subject to man-made and natural catastrophes. The Company has experienced, and expects to experience in the future, catastrophe losses. It is possible that a 33 catastrophic event or a series of multiple catastrophic events could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operating results and financial condition. The Company’s operating results could be negatively impacted if it experiences losses from catastrophes that are in excess of the catastrophe reinsurance coverage of its Insurance Operations. The Company’s Reinsurance Operations also have exposure to losses from catastrophes as a result of the reinsurance treaties that it writes. Operating results could be negatively impacted if losses and expenses related to property catastrophe events exceed premiums assumed. Catastrophes include windstorms, hurricanes, typhoons, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunamis, hail, severe winter weather, fires and may include terrorist events such as the attacks of September 11, 2001. The Company cannot predict how severe a particular catastrophe may be until after it occurs. The extent of losses from catastrophes is a function of the total amount and type of losses incurred, the number of insureds affected, the frequency of the events and the severity of the particular catastrophe. Most catastrophes occur in small geographic areas. However, some catastrophes may produce significant damage in large, heavily populated areas. A failure in the Company’s operational systems or infrastructure or those of third parties, including security breaches or cyber-attacks, could disrupt the Company’s business, its reputation, and / or cause losses which would have a material effect on the Company’s business operations and financial results. The Company’s business is dependent upon the secure processing, storage, and transmission of information over computer networks using applications, systems and other technologies. The business depends on effective information security and systems to perform accounting, policy administration, claims, underwriting, actuarial and all aspects of day to day operations necessary to service the Company’s customers and agents, to value the Company’s investments and to timely and accurately report the Company’s financial results. The information systems the Company relies upon must ensure confidentiality, integrity and availability of the data, including systems maintained by the Company as well as data in and assets held through third-party service providers and systems. The Company employs various measures, systems, applications and software to address the data security. The Company reviews its existing security measures and systems on a continuing basis through internal and independent evaluations. The Company has implemented administrative and technical controls and takes protective actions in an attempt to reduce the risk of cyber incidents. The Company’s internal and external controls, processes, and the vendors used to protect networks, systems and applications, individually or together, may be insufficient to prevent a security incident. Employee or third party vendor errors, malicious acts, unauthorized access, computer viruses, malware, the introduction of malicious code, system failures and disruptions and or cyber-attacks can result in business interruption, compromise of data and loss of assets and that could have security consequences. Availability and complexity of the Company’s technology increases regularly and the number of users grew, especially with the acquisition of American Reliable. This has increased the risk of a security incident involving data, network, systems and applications. The Company has, from time to time, experienced security incidents, none of which had a material adverse impact on the Company’s business, results of operations, or financial condition. Security incidents have the potential to interrupt business, cause delays in processes and procedures directly affecting the Company, and jeopardize the Company’s, insureds, claimants, agents and others confidential data resulting in data loss and loss of assets and reputational damages. If this occurs it could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business operations and financial results. Security incidents could require significant resources, both internal and external, to resolve or remediate and could result in financial losses that may not be covered by insurance or not fully recoverable under any insurance. The Company may be subject to litigation and damages or regulatory action under data protection and privacy laws and regulations enacted by federal, state and foreign governments, or other regulatory bodies. As a result, the Company’s ability to conduct its business and its results of operations might be materially and adversely affected. 34 The Company’s failure to adequately protect personal information could have a material adverse effect on its business. A wide variety of local, state, national, and international laws and regulations apply to the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal data, including laws mandating the privacy and security of personal health and financial data. These data protection and privacy-related laws and regulations are evolving and may result in ever-increasing regulatory and public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions. The Company’s failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations, or to protect such data, could result in enforcement action against it, including fines, imprisonment of company officials and public censure, claims for damages by customers and other affected individuals, damage to the Company’s reputation and loss of goodwill (both in relation to existing customers and prospective customers), any of which could have a material adverse effect on its operations, financial performance and business. Evolving and changing definitions of personal data and personal information within the European Union, the United States, and elsewhere may limit or inhibit the Company’s ability to operate or expand its business, including limiting technology alliance partners that may involve the sharing of data. Additionally, there is a risk that failures in systems designed to protect private, personal or proprietary data held by the Company will allow such data to be disclosed to or acquired or seen by others, resulting in potential regulatory investigations, enforcement actions, or penalties, remediation obligations and/or private litigation by parties whose data were improperly disclosed. There is also a risk that the Company could be found to have failed to comply with U.S. or foreign laws or regulations regarding the collection, consent, handling, transfer, or disposal of such privacy, personal or proprietary data, which could subject it to fines or other sanctions, as well as adverse reputational impact. Even the perception of privacy concerns, whether or not valid, may harm the Company’s reputation, inhibit adoption of its products by current and future customers, or adversely impact its ability to attract and retain workforce talent. A decline in rating for any of the Company’s insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries could adversely affect its position in the insurance market; making it more difficult to market its insurance products and cause premiums and earnings to decrease. If the rating of any of the companies in its Insurance Operations or Reinsurance Operations is reduced from its current level of “A” (Excellent) by A.M. Best, the Company’s competitive position in the insurance industry could suffer, and it could be more difficult to market its insurance products. A downgrade could result in a significant reduction in the number of insurance contracts the Company writes and in a substantial loss of business; as such business could move to other competitors with higher ratings, thus causing premiums and earnings to decrease. Ratings have become an increasingly important factor in establishing the competitive position for insurance companies. A.M. Best ratings currently range from “A++” (Superior) to “F” (In Liquidation), with a total of 16 separate ratings categories. A.M. Best currently assigns the companies in the Insurance Operations and Reinsurance Operations a financial strength rating of “A” (Excellent), the third highest of their 16 rating categories. The objective of A.M. Best’s rating system is to provide potential policyholders an opinion of an insurer’s financial strength and its ability to meet ongoing obligations, including paying claims. In evaluating a company’s financial and operating performance, A.M. Best reviews its profitability, leverage and liquidity, its spread of risk, the quality and appropriateness of its reinsurance, the quality and diversification of its assets, the adequacy of its policy and loss reserves, the adequacy of its surplus, its capital structure, and the experience and objectives of its management. These ratings are based on factors relevant to policyholders, general agencies, insurance brokers, reinsurers, and intermediaries and are not directed to the protection of investors. These ratings are not an evaluation of, nor are they directed to, investors in the Company’s A ordinary shares and are not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold the Company’s A ordinary shares. Publications of A.M. Best indicate that companies are assigned “A” (Excellent) ratings if, in A.M. Best’s opinion, they have an excellent ability to meet their ongoing obligations to policyholders. These ratings are subject to periodic review by, and may be revised downward or revoked at the sole discretion of A.M. Best. 35 The Company cannot guarantee that its reinsurers will pay in a timely fashion, if at all, and as a result, the Company could experience losses. The Company cedes a portion of gross premiums written to third party reinsurers under reinsurance contracts. Although reinsurance makes the reinsurer liable to the Company to the extent the risk is transferred, it does not relieve the Company of its liability to its policyholders. Upon payment of claims, the Company will bill its reinsurers for their share of such claims. The reinsurers may not pay the reinsurance receivables that they owe to the Company or they may not pay such receivables on a timely basis. If the reinsurers fail to pay it or fail to pay on a timely basis, the Company’s financial results would be adversely affected. Lack of reinsurer liquidity, perceived improper underwriting, or claim handling by the Company, and other factors could cause a reinsurer not to pay. See “Business—Reinsurance of Underwriting Risk” in Item 1 of Part I of this report. See Note 8 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for further information surrounding the Company’s reinsurance receivable balances as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company’s investment performance may suffer as a result of adverse capital market developments or other factors, which would in turn adversely affect its financial condition and results of operations. The Company derives a significant portion of its income from its invested assets. As a result, the Company’s operating results depend in part on the performance of its investment portfolio. The Company’s operating results are subject to a variety of investment risks, including risks relating to general economic conditions, market volatility, interest rate fluctuations, liquidity risk and credit and default risk. The fair value of fixed income investments can fluctuate depending on changes in interest rates and the credit quality of underlying issuers. Generally, the fair market value of these investments has an inverse relationship with changes in interest rates, while net investment income earned by the Company from future investments in fixed maturities will generally increase or decrease with changes in interest rates. Additionally, with respect to certain of its investments, the Company is subject to pre-payment or reinvestment risk. Credit tightening could negatively impact the Company’s future investment returns and limit the ability to invest in certain classes of investments. Credit tightening may cause opportunities that are marginally attractive to not be financed, which could cause a decrease in the number of bond issuances. If marginally attractive opportunities are financed, they may be at higher interest rates, which would cause credit risk of such opportunities to increase. If new debt supply is curtailed, it could cause interest rates on securities that are deemed to be credit-worthy to decline. Funds generated by operations, sales, and maturities will need to be invested. If the Company invests during a tight credit market, investment returns could be lower than the returns the Company is currently realizing and/or it may have to invest in higher risk securities. With respect to its longer-term liabilities, the Company strives to structure its investments in a manner that recognizes liquidity needs for its future liabilities. However, if the Company’s liquidity needs or general and specific liability profile unexpectedly changes, it may not be successful in continuing to structure its investment portfolio in that manner. To the extent that the Company is unsuccessful in correlating its investment portfolio with its expected liabilities, the Company may be forced to liquidate its investments at times and prices that are not optimal, which could have a material adverse effect on the performance of its investment portfolio. The Company refers to this risk as liquidity risk, which is when the fair value of an investment is not able to be realized due to low demand by outside parties in the marketplace. The Company is also subject to credit risk due to non-payment of principal or interest. Several classes of securities that the Company holds have default risk. As interest rates rise for companies that are deemed to be less creditworthy, there is a greater risk that they will be unable to pay contractual interest or principal on their debt obligations. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond the Company’s control. Although the Company attempts to take measures to manage the risks of investing in a changing interest rate environment, the 36 Company may not be able to mitigate interest rate sensitivity effectively. A significant increase in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on the market value of the Company’s fixed maturities securities. The Company also has an equity portfolio. The performance of the Company’s equity portfolio is dependent upon a number of factors, including many of the same factors that affect the performance of its fixed income investments, although those factors sometimes have the opposite effect on the performance of the equity portfolio. Individual equity securities have unsystemic risk. The Company could experience market declines on these investments. The Company also has systemic risk, which is the risk inherent in the general market due to broad macroeconomic factors that affect all companies in the market. If the market indexes were to decline, the Company anticipates that the value of its portfolio would be negatively affected. The Company has investments in limited partnerships which are not liquid. The Company does not have the contractual option to redeem its limited partnership interests but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets. The Company does not have the ability to sell or transfer its limited partnership interests without consent from the general partner. The Company’s returns could be negatively affected if the market value of the partnership declines. If the Company needs liquidity, it might be forced to liquidate other investments at a time when prices are not optimal. See Note 4 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for further information surrounding the Company’s investments as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Deterioration in the debt and equity markets could result in a margin call which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and/or results of operations. The collateral backing the Company’s margin borrowing facilities currently consist of equity securities but could also include fixed income securities in the future. Declines in financial markets could negatively impact the value of the Company’s collateral. Adverse changes in market value could result in a margin call which would require the posting of additional collateral thereby reducing liquidity. Additionally, if such a margin call is not met, the Company could be required to liquidate securities and incur realized losses. Borrowings under the Company’s margin borrowing facilities are based upon a variable rate of interest, which could result in higher expense in the event of increases in interest rates. As of December 31, 2015, $75.6 million of the Company’s outstanding indebtedness bore interest at a rate that varies depending upon the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). If LIBOR rises, the interest rates on outstanding debt will increase resulting in increased interest payment obligations under the Company’s margin borrowing facilities. This could have a negative effect on the Company’s cash flow and financial condition. The Company’s outstanding indebtedness could adversely affect its financial flexibility and a failure to make periodic payments related to the Subordinated Notes could adversely affect the Company. The Company sold $100 million aggregate principal amount of its 7.75% Subordinated Notes due in 2045. The level of debt outstanding could adversely affect the Company’s financial flexibility, including: • • • increasing vulnerability to changing economic, regulatory and industry conditions; limiting the ability to borrow additional funds; and requiring the Company to dedicate a substantial portion of cash flow from operations to debt payments, thereby, reducing funds available for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other purposes. Furthermore, failure by the Company to make periodic payments related to the Subordinated Notes could impact rating agencies and regulators assessment of the Company’s capital position, adequacy and flexibility and therefore, the financial strength ratings of rating agencies, and regulators’ assessment of the solvency of the Company and its subsidiaries. 37 The Company is dependent on its senior executives and the loss of any of these executives or the Company’s inability to attract and retain other key personnel could adversely affect its business. The Company’s success depends upon its ability to attract and retain qualified employees and upon the ability of senior management and other key employees to implement the Company’s business strategy. The Company believes there are a limited number of available, qualified executives in the business lines in which it competes. The success of the Company’s initiatives and future performance depend, in significant part, upon the continued service of the senior management team. The future loss of any of the services of members of the Company’s senior management team or the inability to attract and retain other talented personnel could impede the further implementation of the Company’s business strategy, which could have a material adverse effect on its business. In addition, the Company does not currently maintain key man life insurance policies with respect to any of its employees. Employee error and misconduct may be difficult to detect and prevent and could adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation. Losses may result from, among other things, fraud, errors, failure to document transactions properly, failure to obtain proper internal authorization, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements. It is not always possible to deter or prevent employee misconduct and the precautions the Company takes to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in all cases. Resultant losses could adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation. Since the Company depends on professional general agencies, brokers, other insurance companies and other reinsurance companies for a significant portion of its revenue, a loss of any one of them could adversely affect the Company. The Company markets and distributes its insurance products through a group of approximately 427 professional general agencies that have specific quoting and binding authority and that in turn sell the Company’s insurance products to insureds through retail insurance brokers. The Company also markets and distributes its reinsurance products through third-party brokers, insurance companies and reinsurance companies. A loss of all or substantially all of the business produced by any one of these general agencies, brokers, insurance companies or reinsurance companies could have an adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. If market conditions cause reinsurance to be more costly or unavailable, the Company may be required to bear increased risks or reduce the level of its underwriting commitments. As part of the Company’s overall strategy of risk and capacity management, it purchases reinsurance for a portion of the risk underwritten by its insurance subsidiaries. Market conditions beyond the Company’s control determine the availability and cost of the reinsurance it purchases, which may affect the level of its business and profitability. The Company’s third party reinsurance facilities are generally subject to annual renewal. The Company may be unable to maintain its current reinsurance facilities or obtain other reinsurance facilities in adequate amounts and at favorable rates. If the Company is unable to renew expiring facilities or obtain new reinsurance facilities, either the net exposure to risk would increase or, if the Company is unwilling to bear an increase in net risk exposures, it would have to reduce the amount of risk it underwrites. The Company’s financial and business results may fluctuate as a result of many factors, including cyclical changes in the insurance industry. Historically, the results of companies in the property and casualty insurance industry have been subject to significant fluctuations and uncertainties. The industry’s profitability can be affected significantly by: • • • competition; capital capacity; rising levels of actual costs that are not foreseen by companies at the time they price their products; 38 • • • volatile and unpredictable developments, catastrophes or terrorist attacks; including man-made, weather-related and other natural changes in loss reserves resulting from the general claims and legal environments as different types of claims arise and judicial interpretations relating to the scope of insurers’ liability develop; and fluctuations in interest rates, inflationary pressures and other changes in the investment environment, which affect returns on invested assets and may affect the ultimate payout of losses. The demand for property and casualty insurance and reinsurance can also vary significantly, rising as the overall level of economic activity increases and falling as that activity decreases. The property and casualty insurance in nature. These fluctuations in demand and competition could produce industry historically is cyclical underwriting results that would have a negative impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition. The Company faces significant competitive pressures in its business that could cause demand for its products to fall and adversely affect the Company’s profitability. The Company competes with a large number of other companies in its selected lines of business. The Company competes, and will continue to compete, with major U.S. and non-U.S. insurers and other regional companies, as well as mutual companies, specialty insurance companies, reinsurance companies, underwriting agencies and diversified financial services companies. The Company’s competitors include, among others: American International Group, American Modern Insurance Group, Argo Group International Holdings, Ltd., Berkshire Hathaway, Everest Re Group, Ltd., Foremost Insurance Group, Great American Insurance Group, HCC Insurance Holdings, Inc., IFG Companies, Markel Corporation, Nationwide Insurance, Navigators Insurance Group, RLI Corporation, Selective Insurance Group, Inc., The Travelers Companies, Inc., Validus Group, and W.R. Berkley Corporation. Some of the Company’s competitors have greater financial and marketing resources than the Company does. The Company’s profitability could be adversely affected if it loses business to competitors offering similar products at or below the Company’s prices. The Company’s general agencies typically pay the insurance premiums on business they have bound to the Company on a monthly basis. This accumulation of balances due to the Company exposes it to credit risk. Insurance premiums generally flow from the insured to their retail broker, then into a trust account controlled by the Company’s professional general agencies. The Company’s professional general agencies are typically required to forward funds, net of commissions, to the Company following the end of each month. Consequently, the Company assumes a degree of credit risk on the aggregate amount of these balances that have been paid by the insured but have yet to reach the Company. Brokers, insurance companies and reinsurance companies typically pay premiums on reinsurance treaties written with the Company on a quarterly basis. This accumulation of balances due to the Company exposes it to credit risk. Assumed premiums on reinsurance treaties generally flow from the ceding companies to the Company on a quarterly basis. In some instances, the reinsurance treaties allow for funds to be withheld for longer periods as specified in the treaties. Consequently, the Company assumes a degree of credit risk on the aggregate amount of these balances that have been collected by the reinsured but have yet to reach the Company. Because the Company provides its general agencies with specific quoting and binding authority, if any of them fail to comply with pre-established guidelines, the Company’s results of operations could be adversely affected. The Company markets and distributes its insurance products through professional general agencies that have limited quoting and binding authority and that in turn sell the Company’s insurance products to insureds through 39 retail insurance brokers. These professional general agencies can bind certain risks without the Company’s initial to comply with the Company’s approval. If any of these wholesale professional general agencies fail underwriting guidelines and the terms of their appointment, the Company could be bound on a particular risk or number of risks that were not anticipated when it developed the insurance products or estimated loss and loss adjustment expenses. Such actions could adversely affect the Company’s results of operations. The Company’s holding company structure and regulatory constraints limit its ability to receive dividends from subsidiaries in order to meet its cash requirements. Global Indemnity is a holding company and, as such, has no substantial operations of its own. The Company’s assets primarily consist of cash and ownership of the shares of its direct and indirect subsidiaries. Dividends and other permitted distributions from insurance subsidiaries, which include payment for equity awards granted by Global Indemnity to employees of such subsidiaries, are expected to be Global Indemnity’s sole source of funds to meet ongoing cash requirements, including debt service payments and other expenses. Due to its corporate structure, most of the dividends that Global Indemnity receives from its subsidiaries must pass through Global Indemnity Reinsurance. The inability of Global Indemnity Reinsurance to pay dividends in an amount sufficient to enable Global Indemnity to meet its cash requirements at the holding company level could have a material adverse effect on its operations. Bermuda law does not permit payment of dividends or distributions of contributed surplus by a company if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the company, after the payment is made, would be unable to pay its liabilities as they become due, or the realizable value of the company’s assets would be less, as a result of the payment, than the aggregate of its liabilities and its issued share capital and share premium accounts. Furthermore, pursuant to the Bermuda Insurance Act 1978, an insurance company is prohibited from declaring or paying a dividend during the financial year if it is in breach of its minimum solvency margin or minimum liquidity ratio or if the declaration or payment of such dividends would cause it to fail to meet such margin or ratio. See “Regulation—Bermuda Insurance Regulation” in Item 1 of Part I of this report. In addition, the Company’s U.S. insurance subsidiaries, which are indirect subsidiaries of Global Indemnity Reinsurance, are subject to significant regulatory restrictions limiting their ability to declare and pay dividends, which must first pass through Global Indemnity Reinsurance before being paid to Global Indemnity. See “Regulation—U.S. Regulation” in Item 1 of Part I of this report. Also, see Note 18 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for the maximum amount of dividends that could be paid by the Company’s U.S. insurance subsidiaries in 2016. The Company’s businesses are heavily regulated and changes in regulation may limit the way it operates. The Company is subject to extensive supervision and regulation in the U.S. states in which the Insurance Operations operate. This is particularly true in those states in which the Company’s insurance subsidiaries are licensed, as opposed to those states where its insurance subsidiaries write business on a surplus lines basis. The supervision and regulation relate to numerous aspects of the Company’s business and financial condition. The primary purpose of the supervision and regulation is the protection of the Company’s insurance policyholders and not its investors. The extent of regulation varies, but generally is governed by state statutes. These statutes delegate regulatory, supervisory, and administrative authority to state insurance departments. This system of regulation covers, among other things: • • • standards of solvency, including risk-based capital measurements; restrictions on the nature, quality and concentration of investments; restrictions on the types of terms that the Company can include or exclude in the insurance policies it offers; 40 • • • • • • restrictions on the way rates are developed and the premiums the Company may charge; standards for the manner in which general agencies may be appointed or terminated; credit for reinsurance; certain required methods of accounting; reserves for unearned premiums, losses and other purposes; and potential assessments for the provision of funds necessary for the settlement of covered claims under certain insurance policies provided by impaired, insolvent or failed insurance companies. The statutes or the state insurance department regulations may affect the cost or demand for the Company’s products and may impede the Company from obtaining rate increases or taking other actions it might wish to take to increase profitability. Further, the Company may be unable to maintain all required licenses and approvals and its business may not fully comply with the wide variety of applicable laws and regulations or the relevant authority’s interpretation of the laws and regulations. Also, regulatory authorities have discretion to grant, renew or revoke licenses and approvals subject to the applicable state statutes and appeal process. If the Company does not have the requisite licenses and approvals (including in some states the requisite secretary of state registration) or do not comply with applicable regulatory requirements, the insurance regulatory authorities could stop or temporarily suspend the Company from carrying on some or all of its activities or monetarily penalize the Company. In recent years, the U.S. insurance regulatory framework has come under increased federal scrutiny, and some state legislators have considered or enacted laws that may alter or increase state regulation of insurance and reinsurance companies and holding companies. Moreover, the NAIC, which is an association of the insurance commissioners of all 50 U.S. States and the District of Columbia, and state insurance regulators regularly re- examine existing laws and regulations. Changes in these laws and regulations or the interpretation of these laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business. Although the U.S. federal government has not historically regulated the insurance business, there have been proposals from time to time to impose federal regulation on the insurance industry. In 2010, the President signed into law the Dodd-Frank Act. Among other things, the Dodd-Frank Act establishes a Federal Insurance Office within the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The Federal Insurance Office initially has limited regulatory authority and is empowered to gather data and information regarding the insurance industry and insurers, including conducting a study for submission to the U.S. Congress on how to modernize and improve insurance regulation in the U.S. Further, the Dodd-Frank Act gives the Federal Reserve supervisory authority over a number of financial services companies, including insurance companies, if they are designated by a two-thirds vote of a Financial Stability Oversight Council as “systemically important.” While the Company does not believe that it is “systemically important,” as defined in the Dodd-Frank Act, it is possible that the Financial Stability Oversight Council may conclude that it is. If the Company were designated as “systemically important,” the Federal Reserve’s supervisory authority could include the ability to impose heightened financial regulation and could impact requirements regarding the Company’s capital, leverage, business and investment conduct. As a result of the foregoing, the Dodd-Frank Act, or other additional federal regulation that is adopted in the future, could impose significant burdens on the Company, including impacting the ways in which it conducts in a competitive business, disadvantage, particularly relative to smaller insurers who may not be subject to the same level of regulation. increasing compliance costs and duplicating state regulation, and could result liquidity, The interests of holders of A ordinary shares may conflict with the interests of the Company’s controlling shareholder. Fox Paine & Company, LLC (“Fox Paine & Company”) beneficially owns shares having approximately 84% of the Company’s total voting power. The percentage of the Company’s total voting power that Fox Paine & Company may exercise is greater than the percentage of the Company’s total shares that Fox Paine & Company 41 beneficially owns because Fox Paine & Company beneficially owns all of the Company’s B ordinary shares, which have ten votes per share as opposed to A ordinary shares, which have one vote per share. The A ordinary shares and the B ordinary shares generally vote together as a single class on matters presented to the Company’s shareholders. Based on the ownership structure of the affiliates of Fox Paine & Company that own these shares, these affiliates are not subject to the voting restriction contained in the Company’s articles of association. As a result, Fox Paine & Company has and will continue to have control over the outcome of certain matters requiring shareholder approval, including the power to, among other things: • • • • • • elect all of the Company’s directors; amend the Company’s articles of association (as long as their voting power is greater than 75%); ratify the appointment of the Company’s auditors; increase the Company’s share capital; resolve to pay dividends or distributions; and approve the annual report and the annual financial statements. Subject to certain exceptions, Fox Paine & Company may also be able to prevent or cause a change of control. Fox Paine & Company’s control over the Company, and Fox Paine & Company’s ability in certain circumstances to prevent or cause a change of control, may delay or prevent a change of control, or cause a change of control to occur at a time when it is not favored by other shareholders. As a result, the trading price of the Company’s A ordinary shares could be adversely affected. In addition, the Company has agreed to pay Fox Paine & Company an annual management fee of $1.9 million, adjusted annually to reflect change in the consumer price index published by the US Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics “CPI-U”, in exchange for management services. The Company has also agreed to pay a termination fee of cash in an amount to be agreed upon, plus reimbursement of expenses, upon the termination of Fox Paine & Company’s management services in connection with the consummation of a change of control transaction that does not involve Fox Paine & Company and its affiliates. The Company has also agreed to pay Fox Paine & Company a transaction advisory fee of cash in an amount to be agreed upon, plus reimbursement of expenses upon the consummation of a change of control transaction that does not involve Fox Paine & Company and its affiliates in exchange for advisory services to be provided by Fox Paine & Company in connection therewith. Fox Paine & Company may in the future make significant investments in other insurance or reinsurance companies. Some of these companies may compete with the Company or its subsidiaries. Fox Paine & Company is not obligated to advise the Company of any investment or business opportunities of which they are aware, and they are not prohibited or restricted from competing with the Company or its subsidiaries. The Company’s controlling shareholder has the contractual right to nominate a certain number of the members of the Board of Directors and also otherwise controls the election of Directors due to its ownership. While Fox Paine & Company has the right under the terms of the memorandum and articles of association to nominate a certain number of directors of the Board of Directors, dependent on Fox Paine & Company’s percentage ownership of voting shares in the Company for so long as Fox Paine & Company hold an aggregate 25% or more of the voting power in the Company, it also controls the election of all directors to the Board of Directors due to its controlling share ownership. The Company’s Board of Directors currently consists of nine directors, all of whom were identified and proposed for consideration for the Board of Directors by Fox Paine & Company. The Company’s Board of Directors, in turn, and subject to its fiduciary duties under Irish law, appoints the members of the Company’s senior management, who also have fiduciary duties to the Company. As a result, Fox Paine & Company effectively has the ability to control the appointment of the members of the Company’s senior management and to prevent any changes in senior management that other shareholders or other members of the Board of Directors may deem advisable. 42 Because the Company relies on certain services provided by Fox Paine & Company, the loss of such services could adversely affect its business. Fox Paine & Company provides certain management services to the Company. To the extent that Fox Paine & Company is unable or unwilling to provide similar services in the future, and the Company is unable to perform those services itself or is unable to secure replacement services, the Company’s business could be adversely affected. The U.S. and global economic and financial industry downturns could harm the Company’s business, its liquidity and financial condition, and its stock price. In past years, global market and economic conditions were severely disrupted. While conditions appear to be improving, there is continued uncertainty regarding the timing and strength of any economic recovery. The trend may not continue or may continue at a slow rate for an extended period of time, or conditions may worsen. These conditions may potentially affect (among other aspects of the Company’s business) the demand for and claims made under the Company’s products, the ability of customers, counterparties and others to establish or maintain their relationships with the Company, its ability to access and efficiently use internal and external capital resources, the availability of reinsurance protection, the risks the Company assumes under reinsurance programs, and the Company’s investment performance. Continued volatility in the U.S. and other securities markets may adversely affect the Company’s stock price. The Company previously identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting which has been remediated, and the Company’s business may be adversely affected if it fails to maintain effective controls over financial reporting. Global Indemnity identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2014 related to an element of the design of its estimation process for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses. Specifically, the design of the Company’s control relating to Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses that exceeded the central estimates of both the internal and external actuaries in the process of establishing management’s final determination of loss reserve selections was not adequate. This deficiency did not result in a material misstatement in the consolidated financial statements; however, this deficiency could have resulted in a material misstatement of the aforementioned accounts and disclosures of the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not have been prevented or detected. The Company has completed its testing of both the design and operating effectiveness of the controls over the estimation process and concluded that the material weakness identified at December 31, 2014 was remediated as of March 31, 2015. Global Indemnity faces the risk that, notwithstanding efforts to date to identify and remedy the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting, the Company may discover other material weaknesses in the future and the cost of remediating the material weakness could be high and could cause investors to lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of the Company’s financial reports, negatively affect the market price of the Company’s common stock, result in regulatory scrutiny (which could require additional financial and management resources), and otherwise materially adversely affect the Company’s business and financial condition. The Company’s operating results and shareholders’ equity may be adversely affected by currency fluctuations. The Company’s functional currency is the U.S. dollar. The Reinsurance Operations conducts business with some customers in foreign currencies and several of the Company’s U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries maintains investments and cash accounts in foreign currencies. At period-end, the Company re-measures non-U.S. currency financial assets to their current U.S. dollar equivalent. The resulting gain or loss for foreign denominated investments is reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity; whereas, the gain or loss on foreign denominated cash accounts is reflected in income during the period. Financial liabilities, if any, 43 are generally adjusted within the reserving process. However, for known losses on claims to be paid in foreign currencies, the Company re-measures the liabilities to their current U.S. dollar equivalent each period end with the resulting gain or loss reflected in income during the period. Foreign exchange risk is reviewed as part of the Company’s risk management process. The Company may experience losses resulting from fluctuations in the values of non-U.S. currencies relative to the strength of the U.S. dollar, which could adversely impact the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. The Company is incorporated in Ireland and some of its assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it might not be possible for shareholders to enforce civil liability provisions of the federal or state securities laws of the United States. The Company is organized under the laws of Ireland, and some of its assets are located outside the United States. A shareholder who obtains a court judgment based on the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal or state securities laws may be unable to enforce the judgment against the Company in Ireland or in countries other than the United States where the Company has assets. In addition, there is some doubt as to whether the courts of Ireland and other countries would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained against the Company or its Directors or officers based on the civil liabilities provisions of the federal or state securities laws of the United States or would hear actions against the Company or those persons based on those laws. The Company has been advised that the United States and Ireland do not currently have a treaty providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. The laws of Ireland do however, as a general rule, provide that the judgments of the courts of the United States have the same validity in Ireland as if rendered by Irish Courts. Certain important requirements must be satisfied before the Irish Courts will recognize the United States judgment. The originating court must have been a court of competent jurisdiction and the judgment may not be recognized if it was obtained by fraud or its recognition would be contrary to Irish public policy. Any judgment obtained in contravention of the rules of natural justice or that is irreconcilable with an earlier foreign judgment would not be enforced in Ireland. Similarly, judgments might not be enforceable in countries other than the United States where the Company has assets. Irish law differs from the laws in effect in the United States and might afford less protection to shareholders. The Company’s shareholders could have more difficulty protecting their interests than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction of the United States. As an Irish company, the Company is governed by the Irish Companies Act 2014 (“the Companies Acts 2014”) and other Irish statutes. The Companies Act 2014 and other Irish statutes differ in some significant, and possibly material, respects from laws applicable to U.S. corporations and shareholders under various state corporation laws, including the provisions relating to interested Directors, mergers and acquisitions, takeovers, shareholder lawsuits and indemnification of Directors. Under Irish law, the duties of Directors and officers of a company are generally owed to the company only. Shareholders of Irish companies do not generally have rights to take action against Directors or officers of the company under Irish law, and may only exercise such right of action on behalf of the Company in limited circumstances. Directors of an Irish company must, in exercising their powers and performing their duties, act with due care and skill, honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the company. Directors have a duty not to put themselves in a position in which their duties to the company and their personal interests might conflict and also are under a duty to disclose any personal interest in any contract or arrangement with the company or any of its subsidiaries. If a Director or officer of an Irish company is found to have breached his duties to that company, he could be held personally liable to the company in respect of that breach of duty. A future transfer of ordinary shares, other than one effected by means of the transfer of book entry interests in Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), may be subject to Irish stamp duty. A transfer of the Company’s A ordinary shares by a seller who holds A ordinary shares beneficially through DTC to a buyer who holds the acquired A ordinary shares beneficially through DTC will not be subject to Irish stamp 44 duty. A transfer of the Company’s ordinary shares by a seller who holds shares directly to any buyer, or by a seller who holds the shares beneficially through DTC to a buyer who holds the acquired shares directly, may be subject to Irish stamp duty. Stamp duty is a liability of the buyer or transferee and is currently levied at the rate of 1% of the price paid or the market value of the shares acquired, if higher. The potential for stamp duty could adversely affect the price of the Company’s ordinary shares. Risks Related to Taxation Legislative and regulatory action by the U.S. Congress could materially and adversely affect the Company. The Company’s tax position could be adversely impacted by changes in tax laws, tax treaties or tax regulations or the interpretation or enforcement thereof. Legislative action may be taken by the U.S. Congress which, if ultimately enacted, could override tax treaties upon which the Company relies or could broaden the circumstances under which the Company would be considered a U.S. resident, each of which could materially and adversely affect the Company’s effective tax rate and cash tax position. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) and the European Union (“EU”) are considering measures that might encourage countries to change their tax laws which could have a negative impact on the Company. The OECD has published an action plan to address base erosion and profit shifting (“BEPS”) impacting its member countries and other jurisdictions. It is possible that jurisdictions in which the Company does business could react to the BEPS initiative or their own concerns by enacting tax legislation that could adversely affect the Company or its shareholders. A number of multilateral organizations, including the EU and the OECD have, in recent years, expressed concern about some countries not participating in adequate tax information exchange arrangements and have threatened those that do not agree to cooperate with punitive sanctions by member countries. It is as yet unclear what all of these sanctions might be, which countries might adopt them, and when or if they might be imposed. The Company cannot assure, however, that the Tax Information Exchange Agreements (TIEAs) that have been or will be entered into by the countries where the Company and its subsidiaries are located will be sufficient to preclude all of the sanctions described above, which, if ultimately adopted, could adversely affect the Company or its shareholders. The Company may become subject to taxes in the Cayman Islands or Bermuda in the future, which may have a material adverse effect on its results of operations. The Company has subsidiaries which have been incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as exempted companies and, as such, obtained an undertaking on September 2, 2003 from the Governor in Council of the Cayman Islands substantially that, for a period of 20 years from the date of such undertaking, no law that is enacted in the Cayman Islands imposing any tax to be levied on profit or income or gains or appreciation shall apply to the Company and no such tax and no tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax will be payable, either directly or by way of withholding, on the Company’s ordinary shares. This undertaking would not, however, prevent the imposition of taxes on any person ordinarily resident in the Cayman Islands or any company in respect of its ownership of real property or leasehold interests in the Cayman Islands. Given the limited duration of the undertaking, the Company cannot be certain that it will not be subject to Cayman Islands tax after the expiration of the 20-year period. Global Indemnity Reinsurance was formed in 2006 through the amalgamation of the Company’s non-U.S. operations. The Company received an assurance from the Bermuda Minister of Finance, under the Bermuda Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act of 1966, as amended, that if any legislation is enacted in Bermuda that would impose tax computed on profits or income, or computed on any capital asset, gain or appreciation, or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax, then the imposition of any such tax will not be applicable 45 to Global Indemnity Reinsurance or any of its operations, shares, debentures or other obligations through March 31, 2035. Given the limited duration of the assurance, the Company cannot be certain that it will not be subject to any Bermuda tax after March 31, 2035. Following the expiration of the periods described above, the Company may become subject to taxes in the Cayman Islands or Bermuda, which may have a material adverse effect on its results of operations. Global Indemnity or Global Indemnity Reinsurance may be subject to U.S. tax that may have a material adverse effect on Global Indemnity’s or Global Indemnity Reinsurance’s results of operations. Global Indemnity is an Irish company and Global Indemnity Reinsurance is a Bermuda company. The Company seeks to manage its business in a manner designed to reduce the risk that Global Indemnity and Global Indemnity Reinsurance will be treated as being engaged in a U.S. trade or business for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, because there is considerable uncertainty as to the activities that constitute being engaged in a trade or business within the United States, the Company cannot be certain that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service will not contend successfully that Global Indemnity or Global Indemnity Reinsurance is or has been engaged in a trade or business in the United States. If Global Indemnity or Global Indemnity Reinsurance were considered to be engaged in a business in the United States, the Company could be subject to U.S. corporate income and branch profits taxes on the portion of its earnings effectively connected to such U.S. business, in which case its results of operations could be materially adversely affected. The impact of the Letters of Commitment by the Cayman Islands and Bermuda or other concessions to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development to eliminate harmful tax practices is uncertain and could adversely affect the tax status of the Company’s subsidiaries in the Cayman Islands or Bermuda. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, which is commonly referred to as the OECD, has published reports and launched a global dialogue among member and non-member countries on measures to limit harmful tax competition. These measures are largely directed at counteracting the effects of tax havens and preferential tax regimes in countries around the world. The Cayman Islands and Bermuda are not listed as uncooperative tax haven jurisdictions because each had previously committed itself to eliminate harmful tax practices and to embrace international tax standards for transparency, exchange of information and the elimination of any aspects of the regimes for financial and other services that attract business with no substantial domestic activity. The Company is not able to predict what changes will arise from the OECD in the future or whether such changes will subject it to additional taxes. There is a risk that interest paid by the Company’s U.S. subsidiary to a Luxembourg affiliate may be subject to 30% U.S. withholding tax. U.A.I. (Luxembourg) Investment, S.à.r.l., an indirectly owned Luxembourg subsidiary of Global Indemnity Reinsurance, owns two notes and two loans issued by Global Indemnity Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation. Under U.S. federal income tax law, interest paid by a U.S. corporation to a non-U.S. shareholder is generally subject to a 30% withholding tax, unless reduced by treaty. The income tax treaty between the United States and Luxembourg (the “Luxembourg Treaty”) generally eliminates the withholding tax on interest paid to qualified residents of Luxembourg. Were the IRS to contend successfully that U.A.I. (Luxembourg) Investment, S.à.r.l. is not eligible for benefits under the Luxembourg Treaty, interest paid to U.A.I. (Luxembourg) Investment, S.à.r.l. by Global Indemnity Group, Inc. would be subject to the 30% withholding tax. Such tax may be applied retroactively to all previous years for which the statute of limitations has not expired, with interest and penalties. Such a result may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operation. There is a risk that interest income imputed to the Company’s Irish affiliates may be subject to 25% Irish income tax. U.A.I. (Ireland) Limited and U.A.I. (Ireland) II Unlimited Company are companies incorporated under the laws of Ireland. The companies are resident taxpayers fully subject to Ireland corporate income tax of 12.5% on 46 trading income and 25.0% on non-trading income, including interest and dividends from foreign companies. The Company intends to manage its operations in such a way that there will not be any material taxable income generated in Ireland under Irish law. However, there can be no assurance from the Irish authorities that a law may not be enacted that would impute income to U.A.I. (Ireland) Limited and U.A.I. (Ireland) II Unlimited Company in the future or retroactively arising out of the Companies’ current operations. Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. Item 2. PROPERTIES At December 31, 2015, the Company leased office space in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania which holds the Commercial Lines’ principal executive offices and headquarters. The Company also leased additional office space in California, Georgia, Illinois, and Texas, which serves as office space for field offices for Commercial Lines. Some of the office space in California also serves as office space for the Company’s claims operations for Commercial Lines. As part of Global Indemnity Reinsurance’s agreement with one of its service providers, the Company shares office space in Hamilton, Bermuda, which is used by Reinsurance Operations. The Company leased office space in Arizona, Nebraska, and Florida, which is used by Personal Lines. The Company leased office space in Cavan, Ireland, which is used to support the operating needs of the Insurance and Reinsurance Operations. The Company believes the properties listed are suitable and adequate to meet its needs. Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS The Company is, from time to time, involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. The Company purchased insurance and reinsurance coverage for risks in amounts that it considers adequate. However, there can be no assurance that the insurance and reinsurance coverage that the Company maintains is sufficient or will be available in adequate amounts or at a reasonable cost. The Company does not believe that the resolution of any currently pending legal proceedings, either individually or taken as a whole, will have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition. There is a greater potential for disputes with reinsurers who are in runoff. Some of the Company’s reinsurers’ have operations that are in runoff, and therefore, the Company closely monitors those relationships. The Company anticipates that, similar to the rest of the insurance and reinsurance industry, it will continue to be subject to litigation and arbitration proceedings in the ordinary course of business. Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES None. 47 PART II Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market for the Company’s A Ordinary Shares The Company’s A ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share, began trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, formerly the NASDAQ National Market, under the symbol “UNGL” on December 16, 2003. On March 14, 2005 the Company changed its symbol to “INDM.” On July 6, 2010, the Company changed its symbol to “GBLI” as part of a re-domestication transaction whereby all shares of “INDM” were replaced with shares of “GBLI” on a one-for-two basis. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low intraday sales prices of the Company’s A ordinary shares as reported by the NASDAQ Global Select Market. Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2015: First Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2014: First Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High Low $29.93 29.73 29.20 29.92 $26.98 27.78 27.23 29.50 $22.96 26.60 25.22 25.05 $23.16 24.44 24.68 25.15 There is no established public trading market for the Company’s B ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share. As of March 4, 2016, there were 9 holders of record of the Company’s B ordinary shares, all of whom are affiliates of Fox Paine & Company, LLC. The number of holders of record, including individual owners of the Company’s A ordinary shares, was 708 as of March 4, 2016. The Company believes that the actual number of beneficial owners of the Company’s A ordinary shares is much higher than the number of record holders as shares are held in “street name” by brokers and others on behalf of individual owners. See Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for information regarding securities authorized under the Company’s equity compensation plans. 48 Performance of the Company’s A Ordinary Shares The following graph represents a five-year comparison of the cumulative total return to shareholders for the Company’s A ordinary shares and stock of companies included in the NASDAQ Insurance Index and NASDAQ Composite Index, which the Company believes are the most comparative indexes. S R A L L O D 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 12/31/2010 12/31/2011 12/31/2012 12/31/2013 12/31/2014 12/31/2015 Global Indemnity (GBLI) NASDAQ Insurance (^IXIS) NASDAQ Composite (^IXIC) Global Indemnity plc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NASDAQ Insurance Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NASDAQ Composite Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $100.0 100.0 100.0 $ 97.0 103.1 98.2 $108.2 117.0 113.8 $123.7 150.7 157.4 $138.7 163.6 178.5 $141.9 174.1 188.8 12/31/10 12/31/11 12/31/12 12/31/13 12/31/14 12/31/15 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities None. Company Purchases of Ordinary Shares The Company’s Share Incentive Plan allows employees to surrender A ordinary shares as payment for the tax liability incurred upon the vesting of restricted stock that was issued under the Share Incentive Plan. During 2015, the Company purchased an aggregate 11,895 of surrendered A ordinary shares from employees for $0.3 million. All shares purchased from employees are held as treasury stock and recorded at cost. On October 29, 2015, Global Indemnity entered into a redemption agreement with certain affiliates of Fox Paine & Company and agreed to redeem 8,260,870 of its ordinary shares for $190 million in the aggregate from affiliates of Fox Paine & Company. Global Indemnity also acquired rights, expiring December 31, 2019, to redeem an additional 3,397,031 ordinary shares for $78.1 million, which is subject to an annual 3% increase. See Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for tabular disclosure of the Company’s share repurchases by month. Dividend Policy The Company did not declare or pay cash dividends on any class of its ordinary shares in 2015 or 2014. Payment of dividends is subject to future determinations by the Board of Directors based on the Company’s results, financial conditions, amounts required to grow the Company’s business, and other factors deemed relevant by the Board. 49 The Company is a holding company and has no direct operations. The ability of Global Indemnity plc to pay dividends is subject to Irish regulations and depends, in part, on the ability of its subsidiaries to pay dividends. Global Indemnity Reinsurance and the U.S. to significant regulatory restrictions limiting their ability to declare and pay dividends. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Sources and Uses of Funds” in Item 7 of Part II of this report for dividend limitation and Note 18 of the notes to the consolidated financial statement in Item 8 of Part II of this report for the dividends declared and paid by the U.S. insurance subsidiaries in 2015 and the maximum amount of distributions that they could pay as dividends in 2016. insurance subsidiaries are subject Under the Companies Act, Global Indemnity Reinsurance may only declare or pay a dividend if it has no reasonable grounds for believing that it is, or would after the payment be, unable to pay its liabilities as they become due, or if the realizable value of its assets would not be less than the aggregate of its liabilities and its issued share capital and share premium accounts. For 2016, the Company believes that Global Indemnity Reinsurance should have sufficient liquidity and solvency to pay dividends. In the future, the Company anticipates using dividends from Global Indemnity Reinsurance to fund obligations of Global Indemnity. Global Indemnity Reinsurance is prohibited, without the approval of the BMA, from reducing by 15% or more its total statutory capital as set out in its previous year’s statutory financial statements, and any application for such approval must include such information as the BMA may require. Based upon the total statutory capital plus the statutory surplus as set out in its 2015 statutory financial statements that will be filed in 2016, Global Indemnity Reinsurance could pay a dividend of up to $234.8 million without requesting BMA approval. Global Indemnity Reinsurance is dependent on receiving distributions from its subsidiaries in order to pay the full dividend in cash. In 2015, profit distributions (not in respect to liquidations) by the Luxembourg Companies were generally subject to Luxembourg dividend withholding tax at a rate of 15%, unless a domestic law exemption or a lower tax treaty rate applies. Dividends paid by any of the Luxembourg Companies to their Luxembourg resident parent company are exempt from Luxembourg dividend withholding tax, provided that at the time of the dividend distribution, the resident parent company has held (or commits itself to continue to hold) 10% or more of the nominal paid up capital of the distributing entity or, in the event of a lower percentage participation, a participation having an acquisition price of Euro 1.2 million or more for a period of at least twelve months. For a discussion of factors affecting the Company’s ability to pay dividends, see “Business—Regulation” in Item 1 of Part I, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Liquidity and Capital Resources—Sources and Uses of Funds” in Item 7 of Part II, and Note 18 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report. 50 Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following table sets forth selected consolidated historical financial data for Global Indemnity and should be read together with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this report. No cash dividends were declared on common stock in any year presented in the table. (Dollars in thousands, except shares and per share data) Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: Gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net premiums earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Per share data: (1) (2) Net income (loss) available to For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 $ $ 590,233 501,244 504,143 (3,374) 538,778 41,469 $ 291,253 273,181 268,519 35,860 333,755 62,856 $ 290,723 271,984 248,722 27,412 319,134 61,690 244,053 219,547 238,862 6,755 293,016 34,757 $ 307,903 280,570 297,854 21,473 385,020 (38,338) common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 41,469 1.71 1.69 $ 62,856 2.50 2.48 $ 61,690 2.46 2.45 $ 34,757 1.30 1.30 (38,338) (1.27) (1.27) Weighted-average number of shares outstanding Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,253,657 24,505,851 25,131,811 25,331,420 25,072,712 25,174,015 26,722,772 26,748,833 30,246,095 30,246,095 In 2011, “Diluted” shares were the same as “Basic” shares since there was a net loss for that year. (1) (2) Shares outstanding and per share amounts have been restated to reflect the 1-for-2 stock exchange effective July 2, 2010 when the Company completed its re-domestication to Ireland. 51 Consolidated Insurance Operating Ratios based on the Company’s GAAP Results: (1) Loss ratio (2) (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combined ratio (2) (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net / gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Position as of Last Day of Period: Total investments and cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance receivables, net of allowance . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.75% Subordinated notes payable . . . . . . . . Margin borrowing facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior notes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Junior subordinated debentures . . . . . . . . . . . Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Base Value per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 54.6 39.9 94.5 84.9 51.2 40.8 92.0 93.8 53.5 42.5 96.0 93.6 64.3 39.9 104.2 90.0 93.5 40.8 134.3 91.1 $1,516,093 115,594 1,957,294 96,388 75,646 — — $1,498,009 125,718 1,930,033 — 174,673 — — 680,047 749,926 42.98 675,472 908,290 35.86 $1,567,415 197,887 1,911,779 $1,533,989 241,827 1,903,703 $1,647,723 287,986 2,072,916 — 100,000 — — 779,466 873,280 34.65 — — 54,000 30,929 879,114 806,618 32.15 — — 72,000 30,929 971,377 839,063 27.06 (1) The Company’s insurance operating ratios are GAAP financial measures that are generally viewed in the insurance industry as indicators of underwriting profitability. The loss ratio is the ratio of net losses and loss adjustment expenses to net premiums earned. The expense ratio is the ratio of acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to net premiums earned. The combined ratio is the sum of the loss and expense ratios. The ratios presented here represent the consolidated results of the Company’s Commercial Lines, Personal Lines, and Reinsurance Operations. (2) A summary of prior accident year adjustments is summarized as follows: • • • • • 2015 loss and combined ratios reflect a $34.7 million reduction of net losses and loss adjustment expenses 2014 loss and combined ratios reflect a $16.4 million reduction of net losses and loss adjustment expenses 2013 loss and combined ratios reflect a $7.9 million reduction of net losses and loss adjustment expenses 2012 loss and combined ratios reflect a $4.4 million increase of net losses and loss adjustment expenses 2011 loss and combined ratios reflect a $3.4 million increase of net losses and loss adjustment expenses See “Results of Operations” in Item 7 of Part II of this report for details of these items and their impact on the loss and combined ratios. (3) The Company’s loss and combined ratios for 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, and 2011 include $45.0 million, $14.0 million, $10.0 million, $14.2 million, and $20.6 million, respectively, of catastrophic losses from the Insurance Operations. See “Results of Operations” in Item 7 of Part II of this report for a discussion of the impact of these losses on the loss and combined ratios. 52 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes of Global Indemnity included elsewhere in this report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this report, including information with respect to the Company’s plans and strategy, constitutes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Please see “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward- Looking Statements” at the end of this Item 7 and “Risk Factors” in Item 1A above for more information. You should review “Risk Factors” in Item 1A above for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained herein. Recent Developments Effective December 6, 2015, Bruce Lederman, Raphael de Balmann, and Joseph W. Brown were appointed to the Company’s Board of Directors. On May 27, 2015, Larry N. Port was elected to the Company’s Board of Directors. On October 29, 2015, Global Indemnity entered into a redemption agreement with certain affiliates of Fox Paine & Company and agreed to redeem 8,260,870 of its ordinary shares for $190 million in the aggregate from affiliates of Fox Paine & Company. Global Indemnity also acquired rights, expiring December 31, 2019, to redeem an additional 3,397,031 ordinary shares for $78.1 million, which is subject to an annual 3% increase. After giving effect to the share redemptions and regardless of whether or not the additional redemption rights are exercised, affiliates of Fox Paine & Company will continue to have the ability to cast a majority of votes on matters submitted to Global Indemnity shareholders for approval. The Company reimbursed Fox Paine & Company $1.15 million for expenses related to the redemption of the Company’s ordinary shares. In connection with the redemption, the Company sold $279.9 million of securities from its consolidated investment portfolio during October, 2015. $102.0 million was used to pay down margin debt, with the remainder being used to fund a portion of the redemption transaction. On August 12, 2015, the Company issued $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 2045 Subordinated Notes through an underwritten public offering. See Note 11 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information on this debt issuance. On June 12, 2015, A.M. Best affirmed the financial strength rating of “A” (Excellent) for Global Indemnity Reinsurance and its U.S. insurance subsidiaries. On January 1, 2015, Global Indemnity Group, Inc. completed its acquisition of American Reliable. The results of American Reliable’s operations are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements since the date of acquisition on January 1, 2015. The business acquired from American Reliable is considered to be a separate segment, Personal Lines. For additional information related to the acquisition of American Reliable, see Note 3 and Note 19 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information as well as the “Overview” and “Results of Operations” sections below. Overview In connection with the acquisition of American Reliable, the Company reevaluated segment classifications and determined that the Company will operate and manage its business through three reportable business segments: Commercial Lines, Personal Lines, and Reinsurance Operations. 53 The Company’s Commercial Lines segment distribute property and casualty insurance products through a group of approximately 120 professional general agencies that have limited quoting and binding authority, as well as a number of wholesale insurance brokers who in turn sell the Company’s insurance products to insureds through retail insurance brokers. Commercial Lines operates predominantly in the excess and surplus lines marketplace. The Company manages its Commercial Lines segment via product classification. These product classifications are: 1) Penn-America, which includes property and general liability products for small commercial businesses distributed through a select network of wholesale general agents with specific binding authority; 2) United National, which includes property, general liability, and professional lines products distributed through program administrators with specific binding authority; and 3) Diamond State, which includes property, casualty, and professional lines products distributed through wholesale brokers and program administrators with specific binding authority. The Company’s Personal Lines segment, via American Reliable, offers specialty personal lines and agricultural coverage through a group of approximately 290 agents, primarily comprised of wholesale general agents, with specific binding authority in the admitted marketplace. The Company’s Reinsurance Operations consisting solely of the operations of Global Indemnity Reinsurance, provides reinsurance solutions through brokers and on a direct basis. In prior years, the Company provided reinsurance solutions through program managers and primary writers, including regional insurance companies. Global Indemnity Reinsurance is a Bermuda based treaty reinsurer for specialty property and casualty insurance and reinsurance companies. Global Indemnity Reinsurance conducts business in Bermuda and is focused on using its capital capacity to write catastrophe-oriented placements and other niche or specialty-focused treaties meeting the Company’s risk tolerance and return thresholds. The Company derives its revenues primarily from premiums paid on insurance policies that it writes and from income generated by its investment portfolio, net of fees paid for investment management services. The amount of insurance premiums that the Company receives is a function of the amount and type of policies it writes, as well as prevailing market prices. The Company’s expenses include losses and loss adjustment expenses, acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses, corporate and other operating expenses, interest, investment expenses, and income taxes. Losses and loss adjustment expenses are estimated by management and reflect the Company’s best estimate of ultimate losses and costs arising during the reporting period and revisions of prior period estimates. The Company records its best estimate of losses and loss adjustment expenses considering both internal and external actuarial analyses of the estimated losses the Company expects to incur on the insurance policies it writes. The ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses will depend on the actual costs to resolve claims. Acquisition costs consist principally of commissions and premium taxes that are typically a percentage of the premiums on the insurance policies the Company writes, net of ceding commissions earned from reinsurers. Other underwriting expenses consist primarily of personnel expenses and general operating expenses related to underwriting activities. Corporate and other operating expenses are comprised primarily of outside legal fees, other professional and accounting fees, directors’ fees, management fees, and salaries and benefits for company personnel whose services relate to the support of corporate activities. In 2015, corporate expenses also included $8.3 million of expenses related to the acquisition of American Reliable. Interest expense is primarily comprised of amounts due on outstanding debt. Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP, which require it to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. See Note 2 of the notes to consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8 of Part II of this report. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions. 54 The Company believes that of the Company’s significant accounting policies, the following may involve a higher degree of judgment and estimation. Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Although variability is inherent in estimates, the Company believes that the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses reflects its best estimate for future amounts needed to pay losses and related loss adjustment expenses and the impact of its reinsurance coverage with respect to insured events. In developing loss and loss adjustment expense (“loss” or “losses”) reserve estimates for the Company’s Insurance Operations, its actuaries perform detailed reserve analyses each quarter. To perform the analysis, the data is organized at a “reserve category” level. Management is responsible for the final determination of loss reserve selections. A reserve category can be a line of business such as commercial automobile liability, or it can be a particular type of claim such as construction defect. The reserves within a reserve category level are characterized as short-tail and long-tail. For long-tail business, it will generally be several years between the time the business is written and the time when all claims are settled. The Company’s long-tail exposures include general liability, products liability, commercial automobile liability, and excess and umbrella. Short-tail exposures include property, commercial automobile physical damage, and equine mortality. To manage its insurance operations, the Company differentiates by product classifications, which are Penn- America, United National, Diamond State, and American Reliable. For further discussion about the Company’s product classifications, see “General—Business Segments—Insurance Operations” in Item 1 of Part I of this report. Each of the Company’s product classifications contain both long-tail and short-tail exposures. Every reserve category is analyzed by the Company’s actuaries each quarter. The analyses generally include reviews of losses gross of reinsurance and net of reinsurance. liability, professional Loss reserve estimates for the Company’s Reinsurance Operations are developed by independent, external actuaries; however, management is responsible for the final determination of loss reserve selections. The data for this analysis is organized by treaty and treaty year. As with the Company’s reserves for its Insurance Operations, reserves for its Reinsurance Operations are characterized as short-tail and long-tail. Long-tail exposures include workers compensation, professional liability, and excess and umbrella liability. Short-tail exposures are primarily catastrophe exposed property and marine accounts. In addition to the Company’s internal reserve analysis, independent external actuaries perform a full, detailed review of the Insurance Operations’ and Reinsurance Operations’ reserves annually. The Company reviews both the internal and external actuarial analyses in determining its reserve position. The methods used to project ultimate losses for both long-tail and short-tail exposures include, but are not limited to, the following: • • Paid Development method; Incurred Development method; • Expected Loss Ratio method; • Bornhuetter-Ferguson method using premiums and paid loss; • Bornhuetter-Ferguson method using premiums and incurred loss; and • Average Loss method. The Paid Development method estimates ultimate losses by reviewing paid loss patterns and applying them to accident years with further expected changes in paid loss. Selection of the paid loss pattern requires analysis of several factors including the impact of inflation on claims costs, the rate at which claims professionals make claim payments and closed claims, the impact of judicial decisions, the impact of underwriting changes, the 55 impact of large claim payments and other factors. Claim cost inflation itself requires evaluation of changes in the cost of repairing or replacing property, changes in the cost of medical care, changes in the cost of wage replacement, judicial decisions, legislative changes and other factors. Because this method assumes that losses are paid at a consistent rate, changes in any of these factors can impact the results. Since the method does not rely on case reserves, it is not directly influenced by changes in the adequacy of case reserves. For many reserve categories, paid loss data for recent periods may be too immature or erratic for accurate loss projections. This situation often exists for long-tail exposures. In addition, changes in the factors described above may result in inconsistent payment patterns. Finally, estimating the paid loss pattern subsequent to the most mature point available in the data analyzed often involves considerable uncertainty for long-tail reserve categories. The Incurred Development method is similar to the Paid Development method, but it uses case incurred losses instead of paid losses. Since this method uses more data (case reserves in addition to paid losses) than the Paid Development method, the incurred development patterns may be less variable than paid development patterns. However, selection of the incurred loss pattern requires analysis of all of the factors listed in the description of the Paid Development method. In addition, the inclusion of case reserves can lead to distortions if changes in case reserving practices have taken place and the use of case incurred losses may not eliminate the issues associated with estimating the incurred loss pattern subsequent to the most mature point available. The Expected Loss Ratio method multiplies premiums by an expected loss ratio to produce ultimate loss estimates for each accident year. This method may be useful if loss development patterns are inconsistent, losses emerge very slowly, or there is relatively little loss history from which to estimate future losses. The selection of the expected loss ratio requires analysis of loss ratios from earlier accident years or pricing studies and analysis of inflationary trends, frequency trends, rate changes, underwriting changes, and other applicable factors. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method using premiums and paid losses is a combination of the Paid Development method and the Expected Loss Ratio method. This method normally determines expected loss ratios similar to the method used for the Expected Loss Ratio method and requires analysis of the same factors described above. The method assumes that only future losses will develop at the expected loss ratio level. The percent of paid loss to ultimate loss implied from the Paid Development method is used to determine what percentage of ultimate loss is yet to be paid. The use of the pattern from the Paid Development method requires consideration of all factors listed in the description of the Paid Development method. The estimate of losses yet to be paid is added to current paid losses to estimate the ultimate loss for each year. This method will react very slowly if actual ultimate loss ratios are different from expectations due to changes not accounted for by the expected loss ratio calculation. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method using premiums and incurred losses is similar to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method using premiums and paid losses except that it uses case incurred losses. The use of case incurred losses instead of paid losses can result in development patterns that are less variable than paid development patterns. However, the inclusion of case reserves can lead to distortions if changes in case reserving practices have taken place. The method requires analysis of all the factors that need to be reviewed for the Expected Loss Ratio and Incurred Development methods. The Average Loss method multiplies a projected number of ultimate claims by an estimated ultimate average loss for each accident year to produce ultimate loss estimates. Since projections of the ultimate number of claims are often less variable than projections of ultimate loss, this method can provide more reliable results for reserve categories where loss development patterns are inconsistent or too variable to be relied on exclusively. In addition, this method can more directly account for changes in coverage that impact the number and size of claims. However, this method can be difficult to apply to situations where very large claims or a substantial number of unusual claims result in volatile average claim sizes. Projecting the ultimate number of claims requires analysis of several factors including the rate at which policyholders report claims to the Company, the impact of 56 judicial decisions, the impact of underwriting changes and other factors. Estimating the ultimate average loss requires analysis of the impact of large losses and claim cost trends based on changes in the cost of repairing or replacing property, changes in the cost of medical care, changes in the cost of wage replacement, judicial decisions, legislative changes and other factors. For many exposures, especially those that can be considered long-tail, a particular accident year may not have a sufficient volume of paid losses to produce a statistically reliable estimate of ultimate losses. In such a case, the Company’s actuaries typically assign more weight to the Incurred Development method than to the Paid Development method. As claims continue to settle and the volume of paid losses increases, the actuaries may assign additional weight to the Paid Development method. For most of the Company’s reserve categories, even the incurred losses for accident years that are early in the claim settlement process will not be of sufficient volume to produce a reliable estimate of ultimate losses. In these cases, the Company will not assign any weight to the Paid and Incurred Development methods and will use the Bornhuetter-Ferguson and Expected Loss Ratio methods. For short-tail exposures, the Paid and Incurred Development methods can often be relied on sooner primarily because the Company’s history includes a sufficient number of years to cover the entire period over which paid and incurred losses are expected to change. However, the Company may also use the Expected Loss Ratio, Bornhuetter-Ferguson and Average Loss methods for short-tail exposures. Generally, reserves for long-tail lines give more weight to the Expected Loss Ratio method in the more recent immature years. As the accident years mature, weight shifts to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and eventually to the Incurred and/or Paid Development method. Claims related to umbrella business are usually reported later than claims for other long-tail lines. For umbrella business, the shift from the Expected Loss Ratio method to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods to the Loss Development method may be more protracted than for most long- tailed lines. Reserves for short-tail lines tend to make the shift across methods more quickly than the long-tail lines. For other more complex reserve categories where the above methods may not produce reliable indications, the Company uses additional methods tailored to the characteristics of the specific situation. Such reserve categories include losses from construction defects and A&E. For construction defect losses, the Company’s actuaries organize losses by the year in which they were reported to develop an IBNR provision for development on known cases. To estimate losses from claims that have not been reported (pure IBNR), various extrapolation techniques are applied to the pattern of claims that have been reported to estimate the number of claims yet to be reported. This process requires analysis of several factors including the rate at which policyholders report claims to the Company, the impact of judicial decisions, the impact of underwriting changes and other factors. An average claim size is determined from past experience and applied to the number of unreported claims to estimate reserves for these claims. Establishing reserves for A&E and other mass tort claims involves considerably more judgment than other types of claims due to, among other things, inconsistent court decisions, an increase in bankruptcy filings as a result of asbestos-related liabilities, and judicial interpretations that often expand theories of recovery and broaden the scope of coverage. The insurance industry continues to receive a substantial number of asbestos-related bodily injury claims, with an increasing focus being directed toward other parties, including installers of products containing asbestos rather than against asbestos manufacturers. This shift has resulted in significant insurance coverage litigation implicating applicable coverage defenses or determinations, if any, including but not limited to, determinations as to whether or not an asbestos-related bodily injury claim is subject to aggregate limits of liability found in most comprehensive general liability policies. The Company continues to closely monitor its asbestos exposure and make adjustments where they are warranted. In 2009, one of the Company’s insurance companies entered into a settlement agreement to resolve asbestos related coverage litigation related to approximately 3,900 existing asbestos-related bodily injury claims and 57 future claims. The settlement was approved by the Court and a final order was issued in September 2014. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has no outstanding obligations as it relates to this settlement agreement. In addition, the Company has exposure to other asbestos related matters. In 2013, three claims were reported on an excess policy that was written in 1985. These claims were settled in April, 2014. Management will continue to monitor the developments of the litigation noted above as well as the new claims that have been reported to determine if any additional financial exposure is present. Reserve analyses performed by the Company’s internal and external actuaries result in actuarial point estimates. The results of the detailed reserve reviews were summarized and discussed with the Company’s senior management to determine the best estimate of reserves. This group considered many factors in making this decision. The factors included, but were not limited to, the historical pattern and volatility of the actuarial indications, indications to changes in paid and incurred loss patterns, the consistency of claims handling processes, the consistency of case reserving practices, changes in the Company’s pricing and underwriting, and overall pricing and underwriting trends in the insurance market. the sensitivity of the actuarial Management’s best estimate at December 31, 2015 was recorded as the loss reserve. Management’s best estimate is as of a particular point in time and is based upon known facts, the Company’s actuarial analyses, current law, and the Company’s judgment. This resulted in carried gross and net reserves of $680.0 million and $571.9 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2015. A breakout of the Company’s gross and net reserves, excluding the effects of the Company’s intercompany pooling arrangements and intercompany stop loss and quota share reinsurance agreements, as of December 31, 2015 is as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Gross Reserves Case IBNR (1) Total Commercial Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $143,876 37,252 15,954 $380,731 57,107 45,127 $524,607 94,359 61,081 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $197,082 $482,965 $680,047 (Dollars in thousands) Net Reserves (2) Case IBNR (1) Total Commercial Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $110,327 32,002 15,954 $318,549 50,292 44,793 $428,876 82,294 60,747 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $158,283 $413,634 $571,917 (1) Losses incurred but not reported, including the expected future emergence of case reserves. (2) Does not include reinsurance receivable on paid losses. The Company continually reviews these estimates and, based on new developments and information, includes adjustments of the estimated ultimate liability in the operating results for the periods in which the adjustments are made. The establishment of loss and loss adjustment expense reserves makes no provision for the possible broadening of coverage by legislative action or judicial interpretation, or the emergence of new types of losses not sufficiently represented in the Company’s historical experience or that cannot yet be quantified or estimated. The Company regularly analyzes its reserves and reviews reserving methodologies so that future adjustments to prior year reserves can be minimized. However, given the complexity of this process, reserves require continual updates and the ultimate liability may be higher or lower than previously indicated. Changes in estimates for loss and loss adjustment expense reserves are recorded in the period that the change in these estimates is made. See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for details concerning the changes in the estimate for incurred loss and loss adjustment expenses related to prior accident years. 58 The detailed reserve analyses that the Company’s internal and external actuaries complete use a variety of generally accepted actuarial methods and techniques to produce a number of estimates of ultimate loss. The Company determines its best estimate of ultimate loss by reviewing the various estimates provided by its actuaries and other relevant information. The reserve estimate is the difference between the estimated ultimate loss and the losses paid to date. The difference between the estimated ultimate loss and the case incurred loss (paid loss plus case reserve) is considered to be IBNR. IBNR calculated as such includes a provision for development on known cases (supplemental development) as well as a provision for claims that have occurred but have not yet been reported (pure IBNR). In light of the many uncertainties associated with establishing the estimates and making the assumptions necessary to establish reserve levels, the Company reviews its reserve estimates on a regular basis and makes adjustments in the period that the need for such adjustments is determined. In general, loss emergence has been reflective of historical patterns and the selected development patterns have not changed significantly from prior years. The key assumptions fundamental to the reserving process are often different for various reserve categories and accident years. Some of these assumptions are explicit assumptions that are required of a particular method, but most of the assumptions are implicit and cannot be precisely quantified. An example of an explicit assumption is the pattern employed in the Paid Development method. However, the assumed pattern is itself based on several implicit assumptions such as the impact of inflation on medical costs and the rate at which claim professionals close claims. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Each reserve segment has an implicit frequency and severity for each accident year as a result of the various assumptions made. Previous reserve analyses have resulted in the Company’s identification of information and trends that have caused it to increase or decrease frequency and severity assumptions in prior periods and could lead to the identification of a need for additional material changes in loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, which could materially affect results of operations, equity, business and insurer financial strength and debt ratings. Factors affecting loss frequency include, among other things, the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic activity or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include, among other things, changes in policy limits and deductibles, rate of inflation and judicial interpretations. Another factor affecting estimates of loss frequency and severity is the loss reporting lag, which is the period of time between the occurrence of a loss and the date the loss is reported to the Company. The length of the loss reporting lag affects the Company’s ability to accurately predict loss frequency (loss frequencies are more predictable for short-tail lines) as well as the amount of reserves needed for IBNR. 59 If the actual levels of loss frequency and severity are higher or lower than expected, the ultimate losses will be different than management’s best estimate. For most of its reserve categories, the Company believes that frequency can be predicted with greater accuracy than severity. Therefore, the Company believes management’s best estimate is more sensitive to changes in severity than frequency. The following table, which the Company believes reflects a reasonable range of variability around its best estimate based on historical loss experience and management’s judgment, reflects the impact of changes (which could be favorable or unfavorable) in frequency and severity on the Company’s current accident year net loss estimate of $310.1 million for claims occurring during the year ended December 31, 2015: (Dollars in thousands) Frequency Change . . . . . . . . . . . . Severity Change -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% -5% $(44,965) -3% (39,383) -2% (36,592) -1% (33,801) 0% (31,010) 1% (28,219) 2% (25,428) 3% (22,637) 5% (17,056) $(30,235) (24,343) (21,397) (18,451) (15,505) (12,559) (9,613) (6,667) (775) $(15,505) (9,303) (6,202) (3,101) — 3,101 6,202 9,303 15,505 $ (775) 5,737 8,993 12,249 15,505 18,761 22,017 25,273 31,785 $13,955 20,777 24,188 27,599 31,010 34,421 37,832 41,243 48,066 The Company’s net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses of $571.9 million as of December 31, 2015 relate to multiple accident years. Therefore, the impact of changes in frequency and severity for more than one accident year could be higher or lower than the amounts reflected above. Recoverability of Reinsurance Receivables The Company regularly reviews the collectability of its reinsurance receivables, and includes adjustments resulting from this review in earnings in the period in which the adjustment arises. A.M. Best ratings, financial history, available collateral, and payment history with the reinsurers are several of the factors that the Company considers when judging collectability. Changes in loss reserves can also affect the valuation of reinsurance receivables if the change is related to loss reserves that are ceded to reinsurers. Certain amounts may be uncollectible if the Company’s reinsurers dispute a loss or if the reinsurer is unable to pay. If its reinsurers do not pay, the Company remains legally obligated to pay the loss. See Note 8 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for further information surrounding the Company’s reinsurance receivable balances and collectability as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. For a listing of the ten reinsurers for which the Company has the largest reinsurance asset amounts as of December 31, 2015, see “Reinsurance of Underwriting Risk” in Item 1 of Part I of this report. Investments The carrying amount of the Company’s investments approximates their fair value. The Company regularly performs various analytical valuation procedures with respect to investments, including reviewing each fixed maturity security in an unrealized loss position to determine the amount of unrealized loss related to credit loss and the amount related to all other factors, such as changes in interest rates. The credit loss represents the portion of the amortized book value in excess of the net present value of the projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security prior to impairment. The credit loss component of the other than temporary impairment is recorded through earnings, whereas the amount relating to factors other than credit losses are recorded in other comprehensive income, net of taxes. During its review, the Company considers credit rating, market price, and issuer specific financial information, among other factors, to assess the likelihood of collection of all principal and interest as contractually due. Securities for which the Company determines that a 60 credit loss is likely are subjected to further analysis to estimate the credit loss to be recognized in earnings, if any. See Note 2 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for the specific methodologies and significant assumptions used by asset class. Upon identification of such securities and periodically thereafter, a detailed review is performed to determine whether the decline is considered other than temporary. This review includes an analysis of several factors, including but not limited to, the credit ratings and cash flows of the securities, and the magnitude and length of time that the fair value of such securities is below cost. For an analysis of the Company’s securities with gross unrealized losses as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and for other than temporary impairment losses that the Company recorded for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, please see Note 4 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report. Fair Value Measurements The Company categorizes its invested assets and derivative instruments that are accounted for at fair value in the consolidated statements into a fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy is directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs utilized to determine the fair value of these assets. The reported value of financial instruments not carried at fair value, principally cash and cash equivalents and margin borrowing facility approximate fair value. See Note 6 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for further information about the fair value hierarchy and the Company’s assets that are accounted for at fair value. Goodwill and Intangible Assets The Company tests for impairment of goodwill at least annually and more frequently as circumstances warrant in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. Accounting guidance allows for the testing of goodwill for impairment using both qualitative and quantitative factors. Impairment of goodwill is recognized only if the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit. The amount of the impairment loss would be equal to the excess carrying value of the goodwill over the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill. Based on the qualitative assessment performed, there was no impairment of goodwill as of December 31, 2015. Impairment of intangible assets with indefinite useful lives is tested at least annually and more frequently as circumstances warrant in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. Accounting guidance allows for the testing of intangible assets for impairment using both qualitative and quantitative factors. Impairment of indefinite lived intangible assets is recognized only if the carrying amount of the intangible assets exceeds the fair value of said assets. The amount of the impairment loss would be equal to the excess carrying value of the there were no assets over the fair value of said assets. Based on the qualitative assessment performed, impairments of indefinite lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2015. Intangible assets that are not deemed to have an indefinite useful life are amortized over their estimated useful lives. The carrying amounts of definite lived intangible assets are regularly reviewed for indicators of impairment in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. Impairment is recognized only if the carrying amount of the intangible asset is in excess of its undiscounted projected cash flows. The impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying amount and the estimated fair value of the asset. As of December 31, 2015, there were no triggering events that occurred during the year that would result in an impairment of definite lived intangible assets. See Note 7 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for more details concerning the Company’s goodwill and intangible assets. 61 Deferred Acquisition Costs The costs of acquiring new and renewal insurance and reinsurance contracts include commissions, premium taxes and certain other costs that are directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance and reinsurance contracts. The excess of the Company’s costs of acquiring new and renewal insurance and reinsurance contracts over the related ceding commissions earned from reinsurers is capitalized as deferred acquisition costs and amortized over the period in which the related premiums are earned. In accordance with accounting guidance for insurance enterprises, the method followed in computing such amounts limits them to amounts recoverable from premium to be earned, related investment income, losses and loss adjustment expenses, and certain other costs expected to be incurred as the premium is earned. A premium deficiency is recognized if the sum of expected loss and loss adjustment expenses and unamortized acquisition costs exceeds related unearned premium. This evaluation is done at a product line level in Insurance Operations and at a treaty level in Reinsurance Operations. Any future expected loss on the related unearned premium is recorded first by impairing the unamortized acquisition costs on the related unearned premium followed by an increase to loss and loss adjustment expense reserves on additional expected loss in excess of unamortized acquisition costs. The Company calculates deferred acquisition costs for Insurance Operations separately by product lines and for its Reinsurance Operations separately for each treaty. Taxation The Company provides for income taxes in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. The Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities primarily result from temporary differences between the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements and the tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities. At each balance sheet date, management assesses the need to establish a valuation allowance that reduces deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. A valuation allowance would be based on all available information including the Company’s assessment of uncertain tax positions and projections of future taxable income from each tax-paying component in each jurisdiction, principally derived from business plans and available tax planning strategies. There are no valuation allowances as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The deferred tax asset balance is analyzed regularly by management. This assessment requires significant judgment and considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the duration of carryforward periods, and tax planning strategies and/or actions. Based on these analyses, the Company has determined that its deferred tax asset is recoverable. Projections of future taxable income incorporate several assumptions of future business and operations that are apt to differ from actual experience. If, in the future, the Company’s assumptions and estimates that resulted in the forecast of future taxable income for each tax-paying component prove to be incorrect, a valuation allowance may be required. This could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity. The Company applies a more likely than not recognition threshold for all tax uncertainties, only allowing the recognition of those tax benefits that have a greater than 50% likelihood of being sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities. Please see Note 9 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for a discussion of the Company’s tax uncertainties. Business Segments The Company manages its business through three reportable business segments: Personal Lines, Commercial Lines, and Reinsurance Operations. The Personal Lines and Commercial Lines segments comprise the Company’s U.S. Insurance Operations, which currently includes the operations of United National Insurance Company, Diamond State Insurance Company, United National Specialty Insurance Company, Penn-America Insurance Company, Penn-Star Insurance Company, Penn-Patriot Insurance Company, American Reliable 62 Insurance Company, American Insurance Adjustment Agency, Inc., Collectibles Insurance Services, LLC, Global Indemnity Insurance Agency, LLC, J.H. Ferguson & Associates, LLC, and U.S. Insurance Services, Inc. Reinsurance Operations includes the operations of Global Indemnity Reinsurance Company, Ltd. The Company evaluates the performance of these three segments based on gross and net premiums written, revenues in the form of net premiums earned, and expenses in the form of (1) net losses and loss adjustment expenses, (2) acquisition costs, and (3) other underwriting expenses. Prior to 2015, the Commercial Lines segment was known as Insurance Operations segment. With the acquisition of American Reliable, the Insurance Operations segment was renamed to Commercial Lines segment. The newly acquired American Reliable became the Company’s Personal Lines segment. For segment reporting, the values for 2013 and 2014 did not change for Commercial Lines and Reinsurance Operations. See “Business Segments” in Item 1 of Part I of this report for a description of the Company’s segments. 63 The following table sets forth an analysis of financial data for the Company’s segments during the periods indicated: (Dollars in thousands) Personal Lines premium written: Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 (6) Gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceded premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $326,282 72,247 $ — $ — — — Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $254,035 $ — $ — Commercial Lines premiums written: Gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceded premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $214,218 16,692 $229,978 17,013 $232,373 18,668 Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $197,526 $212,965 $213,705 Reinsurance Operations premiums written: Gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceded premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 49,733 50 $ 61,275 1,059 $ 58,350 71 Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 49,683 $ 60,216 $ 58,279 Revenues: (1) Personal Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $255,920 199,925 51,698 $ — $ — 202,097 211,785 52,416 57,289 Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $507,543 $269,074 $254,513 Expenses: (2) Personal Lines (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial Lines (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $263,126 180,700 32,845 $ — $ — 204,197 206,569 34,445 40,611 Net expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $476,671 $247,180 $238,642 Income (loss) from segments: Personal Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (7,206) $ — $ — 19,225 18,853 5,216 16,678 (2,100) 17,971 Total income (loss) from segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 30,872 $ 21,894 $ 15,871 Insurance combined ratio analysis: (5) Personal Lines Loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combined ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial Lines Loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combined ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance Operations Loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combined ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combined ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.8 39.2 104.0 48.9 41.7 90.6 26.8 36.7 63.5 54.6 39.9 94.5 — — — 55.7 42.1 97.8 34.8 36.0 70.8 51.2 40.8 92.0 — — — 59.5 44.5 104.0 30.8 34.9 65.7 53.5 42.5 96.0 64 (1) Excludes net investment income and net realized investment gains, which are not allocated to the Company’s segments. (2) Excludes corporate and other operating expenses and interest expense, which are not allocated to the (3) (4) Company’s segments. Includes excise tax of $1,265 related to cessions from the Company’s Personal Lines to the Company’s Reinsurance Operations for 2015. Includes excise tax of $1,051, $1,114, and $1,026 related to cessions from the Company’s Commercial Lines to its Reinsurance Operations for 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. (5) The Company’s insurance combined ratios are GAAP financial measures that are generally viewed in the insurance industry as indicators of underwriting profitability. The loss ratio is the ratio of net losses and loss adjustment expenses to net premiums earned. The expense ratio is the ratio of acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to net premiums earned. The combined ratio is the sum of the loss and expense ratios. (6) On December 31, 2013, Diamond State Insurance Company sold all the outstanding shares of capital stock of one of its wholly owned subsidiaries, United National Casualty Insurance Company. Financial results for 2013 include United National Casualty Insurance Company. This was an asset sale which did not have a significant impact on the Company’s ongoing business operations. 65 Results of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operation references various non- GAAP measures related to combined ratio, loss ratio, expense ratio, net losses and loss adjustment expenses, and acquisition cost and other underwriting expenses throughout the discussion and should be read in conjunction with GAAP measures and the reconciliations of non-GAAP measures. Personal Lines The components of income from the Company’s Personal Lines segment and corresponding underwriting ratios are as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, Increase / (Decrease) 2015 2014 (1) $ % Gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $326,282 $339,248 $(12,966) (3.8%) Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $254,035 $255,182 $ (1,147) (0.4%) Net premiums earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $253,048 2,872 $254,641 1,912 $ (1,593) 960 Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255,920 256,553 (633) Losses and expenses: Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163,986 99,140 154,856 106,131 9,130 (6,991) (0.6%) 50.2% (0.2%) 5.9% (6.6%) Income (loss) from segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (7,206) $ (4,434) $ (2,772) (62.5%) Underwriting Ratios: Loss ratio: Current accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior accident year Calendar year loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.8 0.0 64.8 39.2 56.8 4.0 60.8 41.7 Combined ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.0 102.5 8.0 (4.0) 4.0 (2.5) 1.5 Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures Loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (3) (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non catastrophe loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (4) (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non catastrophe loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.8 0.0 64.8 51.4 0.0 51.4 56.8 4.0 60.8 50.4 4.0 54.4 Non catastrophe losses excluding the effect of prior accident year (5) (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $130,003 0 $128,344 10,267 Non catastrophe losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $130,003 $138,611 Catastrophe loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (6) (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Catastrophe loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 0.0 13.4 6.4 0.0 6.4 Catastrophe losses excluding the effect of prior accident year (7) (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 33,983 — $ 16,245 — Catastrophe losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 33,983 $ 16,245 66 (1) Represent unaudited pro forma results of operation for the year ended December 31, 2014 as if the (2) acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2014 as opposed to January 1, 2015. Includes excise tax of $1,265 and $1,273 related to cessions from the Company’s Personal Lines to its Reinsurance Operations for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. (3) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the loss ratio. (4) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the non-catastrophe loss ratio. (5) This is a non-GAAP measure that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the non-catastrophe losses. (6) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the catastrophe loss ratio. (7) This is a non-GAAP measure that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the catastrophe losses. (8) The Company’s management believes that this non-GAAP ratio or measure is useful to investors when evaluating the Company’s underwriting performance as trends in the Company’s Personal Lines may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments. This non-GAAP ratio should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company. Gross premiums written, which represent the amount received or to be received for insurance policies written without reduction for reinsurance costs or other deductions, were $326.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with $339.2 million for year ended December 31, 2014, a decrease of $13.0 million or 3.8%. The decrease is primarily due to a reduction in premiums on business written by American Reliable that is ceded to insurance entities owned by Assurant under a 100% quota share reinsurance agreement. Net premiums written, which equal gross premiums written less ceded premiums written, were $254.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with $255.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, a decrease of $1.1 million or 0.4%. The ratio of net premiums written to gross premiums written was 77.9% for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 75.2% for the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of 2.7 points. Net premiums earned were $253.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with $254.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, a decrease of $1.6 million or 0.6%. Property net premiums earned for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $216.7 million and $217.0 million, respectively. Casualty net premiums earned were $36.3 million and $37.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Other Income Other income was $2.9 million and $1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Other income is primarily comprised of fee income on installments, commission income and accrued interest on the anticipated indemnification of unpaid loss and loss adjustment expense reserves. In accordance with a dispute resolution agreement between Global Indemnity Group, Inc. and American Bankers Group, Inc., any variance paid related to the loss indemnification will be subject to interest of 5% compounded semi-annually. See note 3 for additional information pertaining to the loss indemnification. Net Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses The loss ratio for the Company’s Personal Lines was 64.8% for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with 60.8% for the year ended December 31, 2014. The loss ratio is a GAAP financial measure that is generally viewed in the insurance industry as an indicator of underwriting profitability and is calculated by dividing net losses and loss adjustment expenses by net premiums earned. 67 The current accident year loss ratio for the year ended December 31, 2015 was 64.8%, an increase of 8.0 points from 56.8%, for the year ended December 31, 2014: • The non-catastrophe loss ratio increased 1.0 points from 50.4% in the year ended December 31, 2014 to 51.4% in the year ended December 31, 2015. Non-catastrophe losses were $130.0 million and $128.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. • The catastrophe loss ratio increased 7.0 points from 6.4% in the year ended December 31, 2014 to 13.4% in the year ended December 31, 2015 mainly due to wild fires in California. Catastrophe losses were $34.0 million and $16.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2015, the Company had no changes to prior accident year losses. In 2014, losses related to prior years resulted in an increase in the loss ratio by 4.0 points. When analyzing loss reserves and prior year development, the Company considers many factors, including the frequency and severity of claims, loss trends, case reserve settlements that may have resulted in significant development, and any other additional or pertinent factors that may impact reserve estimates. Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses were $99.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with $106.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, a decrease of $7.0 million or 6.6%. The decrease is primarily due to impact on underwriting expenses from the acquisition date adjustments to fair value of deferred acquisition costs and intangible assets. Expense and Combined Ratios The expense ratio for the Company’s Personal Lines was 39.2% for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with 41.7% for the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease in the expense ratio is primarily due to impact on underwriting expenses from the acquisition date adjustments to fair value of deferred acquisition costs and intangible assets. The expense ratio is a GAAP financial measure that is calculated by dividing the sum of acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses by net premiums earned. The combined ratio for the Company’s Personal Lines was 104.0% for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with 102.5% for the year ended December 31, 2014. The combined ratio is a GAAP financial measure and is the sum of the Company’s loss and expense ratios. See discussion of loss ratio included in “Net Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” above and discussion of expense ratio in preceding paragraph for an explanation of the increase. Income (loss) from Segment The factors described above resulted in loss from the Company’s Personal Lines of 7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to a loss of $4.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2014. 68 Commercial Lines The components of income from the Company’s Commercial Lines segment and corresponding underwriting ratios are as follows: Years Ended December 31, Increase / (Decrease) (Dollars in thousands) Gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $214,218 $229,978 $(15,760) 2015 2014 $ % (6.9%) Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $197,526 $212,965 $(15,439) (7.2%) Net premiums earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $199,304 $211,165 $(11,861) 1 Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $199,925 $211,785 $(11,860) 621 620 (5.6%) 0.2% (5.6%) Losses and expenses: Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,530 83,170 Income from segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 19,225 $ (20,056) 117,586 88,983 (5,813) 5,216 $ 14,009 (17.1%) (6.5%) 268.6% 0.2 (7.0) (6.8) (0.4) (7.2) Underwriting Ratios: Loss ratio: Current accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calendar year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combined ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures Combined ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (2) (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combined ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (3) (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (4) (11) . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-catastrophe property loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (5) (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-catastrophe property loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.8 (12.9) 48.9 41.7 90.6 103.5 (12.9) 90.6 61.8 (12.9) 48.9 55.3 (1.1) 54.2 46.1 (1.4) 44.7 61.6 (5.9) 55.7 42.1 97.8 103.7 (5.9) 97.8 61.6 (5.9) 55.7 51.8 1.6 53.4 40.8 0.8 41.6 Non-catastrophe property losses excluding the effects of prior accident year (6) (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-catastrophe property losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,078 (1,633) 53,445 51,697 1,038 52,735 Catastrophe loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (7) (11) . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Catastrophe loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 0.2 9.4 Catastrophe losses excluding the effects of prior accident year (8) (11) . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Catastrophe losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,014 249 11,263 11.0 0.8 11.8 13,950 985 14,935 Casualty loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (9) (11) . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year casualty loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Casualty loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.4 (30.3) 41.1 76.2 (17.2) 59.0 Net losses and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effects of prior accident year (10) (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,158 (25,628) 97,530 130,077 (12,491) 117,586 69 (1) Includes excise tax of $1,051 and $1,114 related to cessions from the Company’s Commercial Lines to its Reinsurance Operations for 2015 and 2014, respectively. (2) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the combined ratio. (3) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the loss ratio. (4) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the property loss ratio. (5) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the non-catastrophe property loss ratio. (6) This is a non-GAAP measure that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the non-catastrophe property losses. (7) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. . The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the catastrophe loss ratio. (8) This is a non-GAAP measure that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the catastrophe losses. (9) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the casualty loss ratio. (10) This is a non-GAAP measure that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the net losses and loss adjustment expenses. (11) The Company’s management believes that this non-GAAP ratio or measure is useful to investors when evaluating the Company’s underwriting performance as trends in the Company’s Commercial Lines may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments. This non-GAAP ratio or measure should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company. Premiums The Company’s Commercial Lines’ gross written, net written, and net earned premiums by product line are as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2015 Year Ended December 31, 2014 Gross Written Net Written Net Earned Gross Written Net Written Net Earned Small Business Binding Authority . . . . . . . . . . . Property Brokerage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $112,339 40,178 57,676 4,025 $107,615 33,012 53,050 3,849 $108,203 33,647 53,000 4,454 $122,387 40,822 61,225 5,544 $116,510 35,100 56,379 4,976 $109,222 33,297 56,114 12,532 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $214,218 $197,526 $199,304 $229,978 $212,965 $211,165 Gross premiums written were $214.2 million for 2015, compared with $230.0 million for 2014, a decrease of $15.8 million or 6.9%. The decrease is the result of underwriting actions taken to improve profitability. Net premiums written were $197.5 million for 2015, compared with $213.0 million for 2014, a decrease of $15.4 million or 7.2%. The decrease was primarily due to the reduction in gross premiums written as noted above. The ratio of net premiums written to gross premiums written was 92.2% for 2015 and 92.6% for 2014, a decrease of 0.4%. Net premiums earned were $199.3 million for 2015, compared with $211.2 million for 2014, a decrease of $11.9 million or 5.6%. The decline in net premiums earned was primarily due to a reduction of gross premiums written as noted above. Property net premiums earned for 2015 and 2014 were $119.4 million and $126.6 million, respectively. Casualty net premiums earned for 2015 and 2014 were $79.9 million and $84.5 million, respectively. 70 Other Income Other income was $0.6 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Other income is primarily comprised of fee income. Net Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Net losses and loss adjustment expenses were $97.5 million for 2015, compared with $117.6 million for 2014, a decrease of $20.1 million or 17.1%. Excluding the impact of prior year adjustments, the current accident year net losses and loss adjustment expenses were $123.2 million and $130.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. This decrease is primarily attributable to underwriting actions taken to reduce exposure in the commercial automobile book. In addition, catastrophe losses are lower in 2015 due to a decrease in the severity of the storms compared to 2014. The loss ratio for the Company’s Commercial Lines was 48.9% for 2015 compared with 55.7% for 2014. The current accident year loss ratio increased 0.2 points to 61.8 in 2015 from 61.6% in 2014. • The current accident year property loss ratio increased 3.5 points from 51.8% in 2014 to 55.3% in 2015. • The non-catastrophe property loss ratio increased 5.3 points from 40.8% in 2014 to 46.1% in 2015 which is mainly attributable to one large fire loss in Florida. Non-catastrophe property losses were $55.1 million and $51.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. • The catastrophe loss ratio decreased 1.8 points from 11.0% in 2014 to 9.2% in 2015. Catastrophe losses were $11.0 million and $14.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. • The current accident year casualty loss ratio decreased 4.8 points from 76.2% in 2014 to 71.4% in 2015. During the last several years, rates were increased and unprofitable business was not renewed contributing to this improvement. In 2015, the Company reduced its prior accident year loss reserves by $25.6 million, which primarily consisted of the following: • General Liability: A $20.4 million reduction in aggregate with $5.9 million of favorable development in the construction defect reserve category and $14.5 million of favorable development in the other general liability reserve categories. In the construction defect reserve category, a reduction in both claims frequency and severity was observed across several accident years which contributed to the recognition of favorable development primarily in accident years 2008 through 2014. For general liability excluding construction defect, lower than expected claims severity was experienced across multiple accident years leading to the recognition of favorable development in accident years 2004 through 2014. • Professional: A $6.2 million decrease in aggregate primarily related to better than anticipated claims frequency and severity in accident years 2006 through 2011. In 2014, the Company reduced its prior accident year loss reserves by $12.5 million, which primarily consisted of the following: • Property: A $2.1 million increase due to higher than expected emergence on non-catastrophe claims primarily in accident years 2007, 2012, and 2013. • General Liability: A $3.1 million reduction due to less than anticipated frequency in accident year 2001 and less than anticipated frequency and severity on claims from accident years 2007 through 2010 partially offset by greater than anticipated loss emergence in accident year 2013. 71 • Asbestos and Environmental: A $7.1 million increase related to policies written prior to 1990 as a result of recent severity being higher than expected due to faster erosion of underlying policy limits. • Professional: A $19.4 million reduction primarily due to expected loss emergence being much less than anticipated for accident years 2007 through 2011. • Umbrella: A $2.7 million decrease primarily driven by less than anticipated frequency in accident years 2002 through 2007. • Commercial Auto: A $3.6 million increase primarily related to accident years 2011 through 2013. Larger vehicles were written prior to 2014 and industry loss development factors were used to project losses. Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses were $83.2 million for 2015, compared with $89.0 million for 2014, a decrease of $5.8 million or 6.5%. This decrease is primarily due to certain costs which were allocated solely to Commercial Lines in 2014 now being allocated to both Commercial Lines and Personal Lines. In addition, commission expense is slightly lower due to a reduction in net premiums earned as noted above. Expense and Combined Ratios The expense ratio for the Company’s Commercial Lines was 41.7% for 2015, compared with 42.1% for 2014. This decrease is primarily due to certain costs which were allocated solely to Commercial Lines in 2014 now being allocated to both Commercial Lines and Personal Lines. The combined ratio for the Company’s Commercial Lines was 90.6% for 2015, compared with 97.8% for 2014. Excluding the impact of prior accident year adjustments, the current accident year combined ratio decreased from 103.7% in 2014 to 103.5% in 2015. See discussion of loss ratio included in “Net Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” above and discussion of expense ratio in preceding paragraph above for an explanation of this decrease. Income from Segment The factors described above resulted in income from the Company’s Commercial Lines of $19.2 million for 2015, compared with income of $5.2 million for 2014, an improvement of $14.0 million. 72 Reinsurance Operations The components of underwriting ratios are as follows: income from the Company’s Reinsurance Operations segment and corresponding (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, Increase / (Decrease) 2015 2014 $ % Gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $49,733 $61,275 $(11,542) (18.8%) Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $49,683 $60,216 $(10,533) (17.5%) Net premiums earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $51,791 (93) Other loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $57,354 (65) $ (5,563) (28) (9.7%) (43.1%) Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $51,698 $57,289 $ (5,591) (9.8%) Losses and expenses: Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,852 18,993 19,975 20,636 (6,123) (1,643) (30.7%) (8.0%) Income from segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $18,853 $16,678 $ 2,175 13.0% 2.6 (10.6) (8.0) 0.7 (7.3) Underwriting Ratios: Loss ratio: Current accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.3 (17.5) Calendar year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combined ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures Combined ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year 26.8 36.7 63.5 81.0 (17.5) Combined ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.5 Loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (2) (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year 44.3 (17.5) Loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.8 41.7 (6.9) 34.8 36.0 70.8 77.7 (6.9) 70.8 41.7 (6.9) 34.8 Net losses and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effects of prior accident year (3) (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year 22,922 (9,070) 23,917 (3,942) Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,852 19,975 (1) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the combined ratio. (2) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the loss ratio. (3) This is a non-GAAP measure that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the net losses and loss adjustment expenses. (4) The Company’s management believes that this non-GAAP ratio or measure is useful to investors when evaluating the Company’s underwriting performance as trends in the Company’s reinsurance operations may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments. This non-GAAP ratio or measure should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company. 73 Premiums Gross premiums written were $49.7 million for 2015, compared $61.3 million for 2014, a decrease of $11.5 million or 18.8%. This decrease is mainly due to competition in the property catastrophe reinsurance marketplace. The market is still very competitive due to excess capital resulting in property rates declining and smaller portfolios. One of the treaties was non-renewed in 2016 to reduce catastrophe exposure. In addition, due to the nature of the property catastrophe reinsurance marketplace, gross written premiums within the Companies’ Reinsurance Operations might continue to decline in 2016. Net premiums written were $49.7 million for 2015, compared with $60.2 million for 2014, a decrease of $10.5 million or 17.5%. This decrease is due to a decline in gross premiums written as noted above. Net premiums earned were $51.8 million for 2015, compared with $57.4 million for 2014, a decrease of $5.6 million or 9.7%. The decrease is primarily due to a decline in gross premiums written as noted above. Property net premiums earned for 2015 and 2014 were $49.5 million and $55.3 million, respectively. Casualty net premiums earned for 2015 and 2014 were $2.3 million and $2.0 million, respectively. Other Loss The Company recognized an other loss of less than $0.1 million for both 2015 and 2014. Other loss is comprised of foreign exchange gains and losses. Net Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Net losses and loss adjustment expenses were $13.9 million for 2015, compared with $20.0 million for 2014, a decrease of $6.1 million or 30.7%. Excluding the impact of prior year adjustments, the current accident year net losses and loss adjustment expenses decreased from $23.9 million for 2014 to $22.9 million for 2015. The loss ratio for the Company’s Reinsurance Operations was 26.8% for 2015 compared with 34.8% for 2014. The current accident year loss ratio increased 2.6 points from 41.7% for 2014 to 44.3% for 2015 primarily due to slightly higher premium volume in professional lines which generally has a higher loss ratio than property as well as increased marine property losses due to the Tianjin explosion in China. There was a decrease in net losses and loss adjustment expenses for prior accident years of $9.1 million in 2015 which decreased the loss ratio by 17.5 points compared to a decrease in net losses and loss adjustment expenses for prior accident years of $3.9 million in 2014 which decreased the loss ratio by 6.9 points. The $9.1 million decrease in prior accident year loss reserves in 2015 was driven by $6.8 million of favorable development in property primarily from accident years 2011 through 2014 and $2.8 million of favorable development in the marine product primarily from accident years 2010 and 2011, partially offset by adverse development of $1.0 million in workers compensation primarily due to accident year 2010. Ultimate losses from quota share underwriting years 2013 & prior were booked to the amount reported from cedants and reserve releases on legacy contracts due to better than anticipated case incurred emergence led to the recognition of favorable development. The $3.9 million decrease in prior accident year loss reserves in 2014 was primarily due to better than anticipated loss emergence on property lines partially offset by adverse development related to commercial auto and higher than anticipated severity on the Company’s marine product. 74 Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses were $19.0 million for 2015, compared with $20.6 million for 2014, a decrease of $1.6 million or 8.0%. The decrease is primarily due to a lower premium base and a reduction in contingent commissions due to lower reserve release on contracts with contingent commission. Expense and Combined Ratios The expense ratio for the Company’s Reinsurance Operations was 36.7% for 2015, compared with 36.0% for 2014. The increase is primarily due to consulting fees incurred and bonuses awarded during 2015 offset by a reduction in current accident year contingent commissions due to lower premium earned on one of the property catastrophe contracts. The combined ratio for the Company’s Reinsurance Operations was 63.5% for 2015, compared 70.8% for 2014. Excluding the impact of prior accident year adjustments, the combined current accident year ratio increased from to 77.7% in 2014 to 81.0% in 2015. See discussion of loss ratio included in “Net Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” above and discussion of expense ratio in preceding paragraph above for an explanation of this increase. Income from Segment The factors described above resulted in income from the Company’s Reinsurance Operations of $18.9 million in 2015, compared to $16.7 million in 2014, an increase of $2.2 million or 13.0%. Unallocated Corporate Items The following items are not allocated to the Company’s Commercial Lines, Personal Lines, or Reinsurance Operations segments: Year Ended December 31, Increase / (Decrease) (Dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 $ % Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other operating expenses . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax (expense) benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 34,609 (3,374) (24,448) (4,913) 8,723 $ 28,821 35,860 (14,559) (822) (8,338) $ 5,788 (39,234) 9,889 4,091 (17,061) 20.1% (109.4%) 67.9% 497.7% (204.6%) Net Investment Income Net investment income, which is gross investment income less investment expenses, was $34.6 million for 2015, compared with $28.8 million for 2014, an increase of $5.8 million or 20.1%. • Gross investment income, which excludes realized gains and losses, was $37.9 million for 2015, compared with $32.4 million for 2014, an increase of $5.5 million or 17.0%. The increase was primarily due to the acquisition of American Reliable. • Investment expenses were $3.3 million for 2015, compared with $3.6 million for 2014, a decrease of $0.3 million or 8.1%. The decrease is primarily due to a reduction of the Company’s equity portfolio during 2014. As of December 31, 2015, the Company held agency mortgage-backed securities with a book value of $100.4 million. Excluding the agency mortgage-backed securities, the average duration of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio was 2.4 years as of December 31, 2015, compared with 2.0 years as of December 31, 2014. 75 Including cash and short-term investments, the average duration of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio, excluding agency mortgage-backed securities was 2.3 years as of December 31, 2015, compared with 1.9 years as of December 31, 2014. Changes in interest rates can cause principal payments on certain investments to extend or shorten which can impact duration. At December 31, 2015, the Company’s embedded book yield on its fixed maturities, not including cash, was 2.2% compared with 2.1% at December 31, 2014. As of December 31, 2015, the Company’s investment portfolio held $93.5 million in tax-free municipal bonds with an embedded book yield of 2.7% compared with an embedded book yield of 3.3% on $69.5 million in tax-free municipal bonds as of December 31, 2014. Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses) Net realized investment losses were $3.4 million for 2015, compared with a net realized investment gains of $35.9 million for 2014. The net realized investment loss for 2015 consist primarily of net gains of $1.4 million related to the Company’s fixed maturities and $9.5 million related to its equity securities, offset by losses of $7.0 million related to its interest rate swaps and other than temporary impairment losses of $7.3 million. The net realized investment gains for 2014 consist primarily of net gains of $2.2 million related to the Company’s fixed maturities and $55.0 million related to its equity securities, offset by losses of $20.8 million related to its interest rate swaps and other than temporary impairment losses of $0.5 million. See Note 4 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for an analysis of total investment return on a pre-tax basis for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013. Corporate and Other Operating Expenses Corporate and other operating expenses consist of outside legal fees, other professional fees, directors’ fees, management fees, salaries and benefits for holding company personnel, development costs for new products, and taxes incurred which are not directly related to operations. Corporate and other operating expenses were $24.4 million for 2015, compared with $14.6 million for 2014, an increase of $9.9 million or 67.9%. The increase is primarily due to incurring costs as a result of the acquisition of American Reliable. Interest Expense Interest expense was $4.9 million for 2015 compared with $0.8 million for 2014, an increase of $4.1 million. This is primarily due to the new debt offering in August, 2015 as well as higher balances outstanding under the margin borrowing facilities in 2015 as compared to 2014. See Note 11 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for details on the Company’s debt. Income Tax Expense (Benefit) Income tax benefit was $8.7 million for 2015 compared with income tax expense of $8.3 million for 2014. See Note 9 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for an analysis of income tax expense (benefit) between periods. Net Income The factors described above resulted in net income of $41.5 million in 2015, compared with net income of $62.9 million in 2014, a decrease of $21.4 million. Year Ended December 31, 2014 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Prior to January 1, 2015, the Company did not have a Personal Lines business. 76 Commercial Lines The components of income from the Company’s Commercial Lines segment and corresponding underwriting ratios are as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, Increase / (Decrease) 2014 2013 $ % Gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $229,978 $232,373 $ (2,395) (1.0%) Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $212,965 $213,705 $ (740) (0.3%) Net premiums earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $211,165 620 Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $196,302 5,795 $14,863 (5,175) 7.6% (89.3%) Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $211,785 $202,097 $ 9,688 4.8% Losses and expenses: Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses (1) . . . . . . . . 117,586 88,983 116,837 87,360 749 1,623 0.6% 1.9% Income (loss) from segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,216 $ (2,100) $ 7,316 (348.4%) (1.8) (2.0) (3.8) (2.4) (6.2) Underwriting Ratios: Loss ratio: Current accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calendar year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combined ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures Combined ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (2) (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year Combined ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combined ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year and premium deficiency (3) (10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of premium deficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combined ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (9) (12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year Loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (4) (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year Property loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Casualty loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (5) (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year casualty loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Casualty loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio excluding the effect of premium deficiency (6) (11) . . Effect of premium deficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 61.6 (5.9) 55.7 42.1 97.8 103.7 (5.9) 97.8 104.4 (5.9) (0.7) 97.8 61.6 (5.9) 55.7 51.8 1.6 53.4 76.2 (17.2) 59.0 42.8 (0.7) 42.1 63.4 (3.9) 59.5 44.5 104.0 107.9 (3.9) 104.0 107.3 (3.9) 0.6 104.0 63.4 (3.9) 59.5 50.4 (8.0) 42.4 81.5 1.9 83.4 43.9 0.6 44.5 (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, Increase / (Decrease) 2014 2013 $ % Net losses and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effects of prior accident year (7) (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,077 (12,491) Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,470 (7,633) Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,586 116,837 Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses excluding the effects of premium deficiency (8) (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of premium deficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,314 (1,331) Acquisition cost and other underwriting expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,983 86,164 1,196 87,360 (1) Includes excise tax of $1,114 and $1,026 related to cessions from the Company’s Commercial Lines to its Reinsurance Operations for 2014 and 2013, respectively. (2) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the combined ratio. (3) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments and premium deficiency charges. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the combined ratio. (4) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the property loss ratio. (5) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the casualty loss ratio. (6) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of premium deficiency charges. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the expense ratio. (7) This is a non-GAAP measure that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the net losses and loss adjustment expenses. (8) This is a non-GAAP measure that excludes the impact of premium deficiency charges. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the acquisition cost and other underwriting expenses. (9) The Company’s management believes that this non-GAAP ratio or measure is useful to investors when evaluating the Company’s underwriting performance as trends in the Company’s Commercial Lines may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments. This non-GAAP ratio or measure should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company. (10) The Company’s management believes that this non-GAAP ratio or measure is useful to investors when evaluating the Company’s underwriting performance as trends in the Company’s Commercial Lines may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments and premium deficiency charges. This non-GAAP ratio or measure should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company. (11) The Company’s management believes that this non-GAAP ratio or measure is useful to investors when evaluating the Company’s underwriting performance as trends in the Company’s U.S. Commercial Lines may be obscured by premium deficiency charges. This non-GAAP ratio or measure should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company. (12) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the loss ratio. 78 Premiums The Company’s Commercial Lines’ gross written, net written, and net earned premiums by product line are as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2014 Year Ended December 31, 2013 Gross Written Net Written Net Earned Gross Written Net Written Net Earned Small Business Binding Authority . . . . . . Property Brokerage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $122,387 40,822 61,225 5,544 $116,510 35,100 56,379 4,976 $109,222 33,297 56,114 12,532 $110,412 40,313 60,347 21,301 $103,726 34,469 55,524 19,986 $ 95,070 30,294 53,094 17,844 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $229,978 $212,965 $211,165 $232,373 $213,705 $196,302 Gross premiums written, which represents the amount received or to be received for insurance policies written without reduction for reinsurance costs or other deductions, was $230.0 million for 2014, compared with $232.4 million for 2013, a decrease of $2.4 million or 1.0%. The decrease was due to a reduction in other which was primarily due to the culling of unprofitable business within the Company’s commercial automobile lines. Excluding commercial automobile, which is included in the other category in the table above, gross written premiums increased by $13.1 million or 6.1% due to growth in small business driven by both higher retention rates and rate increases. Net premiums written, which equals gross premiums written less ceded premiums written, was $213.0 million for 2014, compared with $213.7 million for 2013, a decrease of $0.7 million or 0.3%. As noted above, the decrease was primarily due to a reduction in gross premium written for commercial automobile partially offset by an increase in gross written premiums due to growth in small business. The ratio of net premiums written to gross premiums written was 92.6% for 2014 and 92.0% for 2013. Net premiums earned were $211.2 million for 2014, compared with $196.3 million for 2013, an increase of $14.9 million or 7.6%. The growth in net premiums earned was primarily due to increases in net premiums written within the previous year. Property net premiums earned for 2014 and 2013 were $126.6 million and $114.1 million, respectively. Casualty net premiums earned for 2014 and 2013 were $84.5 million and $82.2 million, respectively. Other Income Other income was $0.6 million and $5.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. In 2014, other income is primary comprised of fee income. In 2013, other income is primarily comprised of the net gain on the asset sale of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, United National Casualty Insurance Company of $5.2 million and fee income. Net Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Net losses and loss adjustment expenses were $117.6 million for 2014, compared with $116.8 million for 2013, an increase of $0.7 million or 0.6%. Excluding the impact of prior year adjustments, the current accident year net losses and loss adjustment expenses were $130.1 million and $124.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. This increase is primarily attributable to growth in earned premium volume, as noted above, as well as an increase in catastrophe losses in 2014. The loss ratio for the Company’s Commercial Lines was 55.7% for 2014 compared with 59.5% for 2013. The current accident year loss ratio decreased 1.8 points to 61.6% in 2014 from 63.4% in 2013. • The current accident year property loss ratio increased 1.4 points from 50.4% in 2013 to 51.8% in 2014. • The non-catastrophe property loss ratio decreased 0.8 points from 41.6% in 2013 to 40.8% in 2014. Non-catastrophe property losses were $51.7 million and $47.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. 79 • The catastrophe loss ratio increased 2.3 points from 8.7% in 2013 to 11.0% in 2014. Catastrophe losses were $14.0 million and $10.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. • The current accident year casualty loss ratio decreased 5.3 points from 81.5% in 2013 to 76.2% in 2014. During the last several years, rates were increased and unprofitable business was not renewed contributing to this decrease. In 2014, the Company reduced its prior accident year loss reserves by $12.5 million, which primarily consisted of the following: • Property: A $2.1 million increase due to higher than expected emergence on non-catastrophe claims primarily in accident years 2007, 2012, and 2013. • General Liability: A $3.1 million reduction due to less than anticipated frequency in accident year 2001 and less than anticipated frequency and severity on claims from accident years 2007 through 2010 partially offset by greater than anticipated loss emergence in accident year 2013. • Asbestos and Environmental: A $7.1 million increase related to policies written prior to 1990 as a result of recent severity being higher than expected due to faster erosion of underlying policy limits. • Professional: A $19.4 million reduction primarily due to expected loss emergence being much less than anticipated for accident years 2007 through 2011. • Umbrella: A $2.7 million decrease primarily driven by less than anticipated frequency in accident years 2002 through 2007. • Commercial Auto: A $3.6 million increase primarily related to accident years 2011 through 2013. Larger vehicles were written prior to 2014 and industry loss development factors were used to project losses. In 2013, the Company reduced its prior accident year loss reserves by $7.6 million, which primarily consisted of the following: • Property: A $9.2 million reduction primarily driven by better than expected development from accident years 2010, 2011, and 2012 related primarily to lower than expected non-catastrophe severity. • General Liability: A $6.7 million reduction primarily due to better than expected emergence in nearly all accident years between 2003 through 2011 partially offset by an increase to accident years 1998 through 2002 and 2012 due to higher than anticipated loss emergence. • Asbestos and Environmental: A $6.8 million increase primarily related to policies written prior to 1990. • Professional: A $0.7 million increase primarily driven by $2.2 million increase in aggregate from unexpected loss emergence in accident years 2006 to 2008 and 2010 offset by $1.5 million of favorable emergence from accident years 1998 and 2011. • Umbrella: A $1.1 million decrease primarily driven by better than expected loss emergence in accident years 2002 to 2010 offset by increases in 2011 and 2012. • Commercial Auto: A $0.9 million increase primarily related to accident year 2011. • Marine: A $0.9 million increase primarily related to accident years 2011 and 2012. Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses were $89.0 million for 2014, compared with $87.4 million for 2013, an increase of $1.6 million or 1.9%. The increase is primarily due to increased commissions as a result of growth in net premiums earned offset by the impact of the premium deficiency charge recognized in 2013. Expense and Combined Ratios The expense ratio for the Company’s Commercial Lines was 42.1% for 2014, compared with 44.5% for 2013. The decrease in the expense ratio is primarily due to the growth in earned premium volume as well as the impact of the premium deficiency charge recognized in 2013 as noted above. 80 The combined ratio for the Company’s Commercial Lines was 97.8% for 2014, compared with 104.0% for 2013. Excluding the impact of prior accident year adjustments, the current accident year combined ratio decreased from 107.9% in 2013 to 103.7% in 2014. See discussion of loss ratio included in “Net Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” above and discussion of expense ratio in preceding paragraph above for an explanation of this decrease. Income (Loss) from Segment The factors described above resulted in income from the Company’s Commercial Lines of $5.2 million for 2014, compared with a loss of $2.1 million for 2013, an improvement of $7.3 million. Reinsurance Operations The components of underwriting ratios are as follows: income from the Company’s Reinsurance Operations segment and corresponding (Dollars in thousands) Gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014 $61,275 2013 $58,350 $ $ 2,925 Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $60,216 $58,279 $ 1,937 % 5.0% 3.3% Years Ended December 31, Increase / (Decrease) Net premiums earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Losses and expenses: Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from segment Underwriting Ratios: Loss ratio: Current accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calendar year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combined ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures Combined ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) (5) . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combined ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (2) (5) . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net losses and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effects of prior accident year (3) (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of prior accident year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses excluding the effects of premium deficiency (4) (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of premium deficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition cost and other underwriting expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $57,354 (65) $57,289 $52,420 (4) $52,416 $ 4,934 9.4% (61) NM $ 4,873 9.3% 19,975 20,636 $16,678 16,154 18,291 $17,971 3,821 2,345 $(1,293) 23.7% 12.8% (7.2%) 10.4 (6.4) 4.0 1.1 5.1 41.7 (6.9) 34.8 36.0 70.8 77.7 (6.9) 70.8 41.7 (6.9) 34.8 31.3 (0.5) 30.8 34.9 65.7 66.2 (0.5) 65.7 31.3 (0.5) 30.8 23,917 (3,942) 19,975 16,403 (249) 16,154 20,653 (17) 20,636 18,322 (31) 18,291 NM—not meaningful (1) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the combined ratio. 81 (2) This is a non-GAAP ratio that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the loss ratio. (3) This is a non-GAAP measure that excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the net losses and loss adjustment expenses. (4) This is a non-GAAP measure that excludes the impact of premium deficiency charges. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the acquisition cost and other underwriting expenses. (5) The Company’s management believes that this non-GAAP ratio or measure is useful to investors when evaluating the Company’s underwriting performance as trends in the Company’s reinsurance operations may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments. This non-GAAP ratio or measure should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company. (6) The Company’s management believes that this non-GAAP ratio or measure is useful to investors when evaluating the Company’s underwriting performance as trends in the Company’s reinsurance operations may be obscured by premium deficiency charges. This non-GAAP ratio or measure should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company. Premiums Gross premiums written was $61.3 million for 2014, compared $58.4 million for 2013, an increase of $2.9 million or 5.0%. This increase is mainly due to a change in the Company’s quota share participation on several property treaties as well as several new professional liability placements. Net premiums written was $60.2 million for 2014, compared with $58.3 million for 2013, an increase of $1.9 million or 3.3%. The increase is mainly due to a change in the Company’s quota share participation on several property treaties as well as several new professional liability placements. Net premiums earned were $57.4 million for 2014, compared with $52.4 million for 2013, an increase of $4.9 million or 9.4%. The increase is primarily due to premiums resulting from new treaties written during 2013. Property net premiums earned for 2014 and 2013 were $55.3 million and $48.8 million, respectively. Casualty net premiums earned for 2014 and 2013 were $2.1 million and $3.6 million, respectively. Other Income (Loss) The Company recognized a loss of less than $0.1 million for both 2014 and 2013. Other income or loss is comprised of foreign exchange gains and losses. Net Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Net losses and loss adjustment expenses were $20.0 million for 2014, compared with $16.2 million for 2013, an increase of $3.8 million or 23.7%. Excluding the impact of prior year adjustments, the current accident year net losses and loss adjustment expenses increased from $16.4 million for 2013 to $23.9 million for 2014. This increase is primarily attributable to an increase in net premiums earned and an increase in property line losses as noted above. The loss ratio for the Company’s Reinsurance Operations was 34.8% for 2014 compared with 30.8% for 2013. The current accident year loss ratio increased 10.4 points from 31.3% for 2013 to 41.7% for 2014 primarily due to an increase in losses for property lines. The property lines current accident year loss ratio increased to 39.7% for 2014 from 28.7% for 2013. There was a decrease in net losses and loss adjustment expenses for prior accident years of $3.9 million in 2014 which decreased the loss ratio by 6.9 points compared to a decrease in net losses and loss adjustment expenses for prior accident years of $0.3 million in 2013 which decreased the loss ratio by 0.5 points. 82 In 2014, the Company decreased its prior accident year loss reserves for its Reinsurance Operations by $3.9 million primarily due to better than anticipated loss emergence on property lines partially offset by adverse development related to commercial auto and higher than anticipated severity on the Company’s marine product. In 2013, the Company decreased its prior accident year loss reserves by $0.3 million primarily due to better than anticipated loss emergence on property lines partially offset by adverse development on director and officer, general liability, automobile, and marine. Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses were $20.6 million for 2014, compared with $18.3 million for 2013, an increase of $2.3 million or 12.8%. The increase is primarily due to higher commission expense as a result of growth in premiums earned in 2014 as well as increased profit commission charges due to a reduction of prior accident year loss reserves for property. These increases were offset by a reduction in current accident year contingent commissions as a result of higher losses on one of the property catastrophe contracts. Expense and Combined Ratios The expense ratio for the Company’s Reinsurance Operations was 36.0% for 2014, compared with 34.9% for 2013. The increase is mainly related to an increase in profit commission charges as a result of reduction of prior accident year loss reserves for property offset by a reduction in current accident year contingent commissions due to higher losses on one of the property catastrophe contracts. The combined ratio for the Company’s Reinsurance Operations was 70.8% for 2014, compared 65.7% for 2013. Excluding the impact of prior accident year adjustments, the combined current accident year ratio increased from to 66.2% in 2013 to 77.7% in 2014. See discussion of loss ratio included in “Net Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” above and discussion of expense ratio in preceding paragraph above for an explanation of this increase. Income from Segment The factors described above resulted in income from the Company’s Reinsurance Operations of $16.7 million in 2014, compared to $18.0 million in 2013, a decrease of $1.3 million. Unallocated Corporate Items The following items are not allocated to the Company’s Commercial Lines, Personal Lines, or Reinsurance Operations segments: (Dollars in thousands) Year Ended December 31, Increase / (Decrease) 2014 2013 $ % Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized investment gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax (expense) benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 28,821 35,860 (14,559) (822) (8,338) $ 37,209 27,412 (11,614) (6,169) (1,019) $(8,388) 8,448 2,945 (5,347) 7,319 (22.5%) 30.8% 25.4% (86.7%) 718.3% 83 Net Investment Income Net investment income, which is gross investment income less investment expenses, was $28.8 million for 2014, compared with $37.2 million for 2013, a decrease of $8.4 million or 22.5%. • Gross investment income, which excludes realized gains and losses, was $32.4 million for 2014, compared with $41.4 million for 2013, a decrease of $9.0 million or 21.7%. The decrease was primarily due to the redemption of the Company’s corporate loans portfolio during the first quarter of 2014 and lower reinvestment yields. • Investment expenses were $3.6 million for 2014, compared with $4.2 million for 2013, a decrease of $0.6 million or 13.9%. The decrease is primarily due to the sale of the corporate loan portfolio and a reduction in trust fees which is partially offset by an increase in internal management fees. As of December 31, 2014, the Company held agency mortgage-backed securities with a book value of $156.3 million. Excluding the agency mortgage-backed securities, the average duration of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio was 2.0 years as of December 31, 2014, compared with 1.9 years as of December 31, 2013. Including cash and short-term investments, the average duration of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio, excluding agency mortgage-backed securities was 1.9 years as of December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013. Changes in interest rates can cause principal payments on certain investments to extend or shorten which can impact duration. At December 31, 2014, the Company’s embedded book yield on its fixed maturities, not including cash, was 2.1% compared with 2.6% at December 31, 2013. As of December 31, 2014, the Company’s investment portfolio held $69.5 million in tax-free municipal bonds with an embedded book yield of 3.3% compared with an embedded book yield of 3.0% on $98.7 million in tax-free municipal bonds as of December 31, 2013. Net Realized Investment Gains Net realized investment gains were $35.9 million for 2014, compared with $27.4 million for 2013. The net realized investment gains for 2014 consist primarily of net gains of $2.2 million related to the Company’s fixed maturities and $55.0 million related to its equity securities, offset by losses of $20.8 million related to its interest rate swaps and other than temporary impairment losses of $0.5 million. The net realized investment gains for 2013 consist primarily of net gains of $1.4 million related to the Company’s fixed maturities, $25.8 million related to its equity securities, and $1.4 million related to its interest rate swaps, offset by other than temporary impairment losses of $1.2 million. See Note 4 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for an analysis of total investment return on a pre-tax basis for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. Corporate and Other Operating Expenses Corporate and other operating expenses consist of outside legal fees, other professional fees, directors’ fees, management fees, salaries and benefits for holding company personnel, development costs for new products, and taxes incurred which are not directly related to operations. Corporate and other operating expenses were $14.6 million for 2014, compared with $11.6 million for 2013, an increase of $2.9 million or 25.4%. The increase is primarily due to incurring cost of approximately $3.4 million in connection with the acquisition of American Reliable offset by a reduction in salary expense of $0.7 million Interest Expense Interest expense was $0.8 million and $6.2 million for 2014 and 2013, respectively. This reduction was primarily due to the repayment of the Company’s senior notes payable and junior subordinated debentures in 2013. See Note 11 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for details on the Company’s debt. 84 Income Tax Expense (Benefit) Income tax expense was $8.3 million and $1.0 million for 2014 and 2013, respectively. See Note 9 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for an analysis of income tax expense between periods. Net Income (Loss) The factors described above resulted in net income of $62.9 million in 2014, compared with net income of $61.7 million in 2013, an increase of $1.2 million. Liquidity and Capital Resources Sources and Uses of Funds Global Indemnity is a holding company. Its principal asset is its ownership of the shares of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, including those of its U.S. insurance companies: United National Insurance Company, Diamond State Insurance Company, United National Specialty Insurance Company, Penn-America Insurance Company, Penn-Star Insurance Company, Penn-Patriot Insurance Company, and American Reliable Insurance Company; and its Reinsurance Operations: Global Indemnity Reinsurance. The principal sources of cash that Global Indemnity needs to meet its short term and long term liquidity needs, including the payment of corporate expenses, debt service payments, and share repurchases, includes dividends, other permitted disbursements from its direct and indirect subsidiaries, reimbursement for equity awards granted these direct and indirect to employees and intercompany borrowings. The principal sources of funds at subsidiaries include underwriting operations, investment income, and proceeds from sales and redemptions of investments. Funds are used principally by these operating subsidiaries to pay claims and operating expenses, to make debt payments, fund margin requirements on interest rate swap agreements, to purchase investments, and to make dividend payments. The future liquidity of Global Indemnity is dependent on the ability of its subsidiaries to pay dividends. On August 12, 2015, the Company issued $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 2045 Subordinated Notes through an underwritten public offering. The notes bear interest at an annual rate equal to 7.75%, payable quarterly in arrears on February 15, May 15, August 15, and November 15 of each year, commencing November 15, 2015. The notes mature on August 15, 2045. The Company has the right to redeem the notes in $25 increments, in whole or in part, on and after August 15, 2020, or on any interest payment date thereafter, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of redemption. See note 11 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information on the 2045 Subordinated Notes. On October 29, 2015, Global Indemnity entered into a redemption agreement with certain affiliates of Fox Paine & Company and agreed to redeem 8,260,870 of its ordinary shares for $190 million in the aggregate from affiliates of Fox Paine & Company. Global Indemnity also acquired rights, expiring December 31, 2019, to redeem an additional 3,397,031 ordinary shares for $78.1 million, which is subject to an annual 3% increase. Other than these redemption requirements and the Company’s debt service payments as noted above, Global Indemnity has no commitments that could have a material impact on its short-term or long-term liquidity needs. Global Indemnity’s U.S. insurance companies are restricted by statute as to the amount of dividends that they may pay without the prior approval of regulatory authorities. The dividend limitations imposed by state laws are based on the statutory financial results of each insurance company within the Insurance Operations that are determined by using statutory accounting practices that differ in various respects from accounting principles used in financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP. See “Regulation—Statutory Accounting Principles.” Key differences relate to, among other items, deferred acquisition costs, limitations on deferred income taxes, reserve calculation assumptions and surplus notes. 85 Under Indiana law, Diamond State Insurance Company may not pay any dividend or make any distribution of cash or other property, the fair market value of which, together with that of any other dividends or distributions made within the 12 consecutive months ending on the date on which the proposed dividend or distribution is scheduled to be made, exceeds the greater of (1) 10% of its surplus as of the 31st day of December of the last preceding year, or (2) its net income for the 12 month period ending on the 31st day of December of the last preceding year, unless the commissioner approves the proposed payment or fails to disapprove such payment within 30 days after receiving notice of such payment. An additional limitation is that Indiana does not permit a domestic insurer to declare or pay a dividend except out of unassigned surplus unless otherwise approved by the commissioner before the dividend is paid. Under Pennsylvania law, United National Insurance Company, Penn-America Insurance Company, and Penn- Star Insurance Company may not pay any dividend or make any distribution that, together with other dividends or distributions made within the preceding 12 consecutive months, exceeds the greater of (1) 10% of its surplus as shown on its last annual statement on file with the commissioner or (2) its net income for the period covered by such statement, not including pro rata distributions of any class of its own securities, unless the commissioner has received notice from the insurer of the declaration of the dividend and the commissioner approves the proposed payment or fails to disapprove such payment within 30 days after receiving notice of such payment. An additional limitation is that Pennsylvania does not permit a domestic insurer to declare or pay a dividend except out of unassigned funds (surplus) unless otherwise approved by the commissioner before the dividend is paid. Furthermore, no dividend or other distribution may be declared or paid by a Pennsylvania insurance company that would reduce its total capital and surplus to an amount that is less than the amount required by the Insurance Department for the kind or kinds of business that it is authorized to transact. Pennsylvania law allows loans to affiliates up to 10% of statutory surplus without prior regulatory approval. Under Virginia law, Penn-Patriot Insurance Company may not pay any dividend or make any distribution of cash or other property, the fair market value of which, together with that of any other dividends or distributions made within the preceding 12 consecutive months exceeds the lesser of either (1) 10% of its surplus as of the 31st day of December of the last preceding year, or (2) its net income, not including net realized capital gains, for the 12 month period ending on the 31st day of December of the last preceding year, not including pro rata distributions of any class of its securities, unless the commissioner approves the proposed payment or fails to disapprove such payment within 30 days after receiving notice of such payment. In determining whether the dividend must be approved, undistributed net income from the second and third preceding years, not including net realized capital gains, may be carried forward. Under Wisconsin law, United National Specialty Insurance Company may not pay any dividend or make any distribution of cash or other property, other than a proportional distribution of its stock, the fair market value of which, together with that of other dividends paid or credited and distributions made within the preceding 12 months, exceeds the lesser of (1) 10% of its surplus as of the preceding 31st day of December, or (2) the greater of (a) its net income for the calendar year preceding the date of the dividend or distribution, minus realized capital gains for that calendar year or (b) the aggregate of its net income for the three calendar years preceding the date of the dividend or distribution, minus realized capital gains for those calendar years and minus dividends paid or credited and distributions made within the first two of the preceding three calendar years, unless it reports the extraordinary dividend to the commissioner at least 30 days before payment and the commissioner does not disapprove the extraordinary dividend within that period. Additionally, under Wisconsin law, all authorizations of distributions to shareholders, other than stock dividends, shall be reported to the commissioner in writing and no payment may be made until at least 30 days after such report. Under Arizona law, American Reliable Insurance Company may not pay any dividend or make any distribution of cash or other property, the fair market value of which, together with that of any other dividends or distributions made within the preceding 12 months exceeds the lesser of either (1) 10% of its surplus as of the 31st day of December of the last preceding year, or (2) its net income for the 12 month period ending on the 31st day of December of the last preceding year, not including pro rata distributions of any class of its securities, unless the commissioner approves the proposed payment or fails to disapprove such payment within 30 days after receiving notice of such payment. 86 See Note 18 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for the dividends declared and paid by Global Indemnity’s U.S. insurance companies in 2015 and the maximum amount of distributions that U.S. insurance companies could pay as dividends in 2016. Global Indemnity Reinsurance is prohibited, without the approval of the BMA, from reducing by 15% or more its total statutory capital as set out in its previous year’s statutory financial statements, and any application for such approval must include such information as the BMA may require. Based upon the total statutory capital plus the statutory surplus as set out in its 2015 statutory financial statements that will be filed in 2016, the Company believes Global Indemnity Reinsurance could pay a dividend of up to $234.8 million without requesting BMA approval. Global Indemnity Reinsurance did not declare or pay any dividends during 2015. For 2016, the including distributions it could receive from its Company believes that Global Indemnity Reinsurance, subsidiaries, should have sufficient liquidity and solvency to pay dividends. Surplus Levels Global Indemnity’s U.S. insurance companies are required by law to maintain a certain minimum level of policyholders’ surplus on a statutory basis. Policyholders’ surplus is calculated by subtracting total liabilities from total assets. The NAIC has risk-based capital standards that are designed to identify property and casualty insurers that may be inadequately capitalized based on the inherent risks of each insurer’s assets and liabilities and mix of net premiums written. Insurers falling below a calculated threshold may be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action. Based on the standards currently adopted, the policyholders’ surplus of each of the U.S. insurance companies is in excess of the prescribed minimum company action level risk-based capital requirements. Cash Flows Sources of operating funds consist primarily of net premiums written and investment income. Funds are used primarily to pay claims and operating expenses and to purchase investments. The Company’s reconciliation of net income to cash provided from operations is generally influenced by the following: • • • the fact that the Company collect premiums, net of commission, in advance of losses paid; the timing of the Company’s settlements with its reinsurers; and the timing of the Company’s loss payments. Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities in 2015, 2014, and 2013 was $3.8 million, $12.0 million and $4.9 million, respectively. In 2015, the increase in operating cash flows of approximately $15.8 million from the prior year was primarily a net result of the following items: 2015 2014 Change Net premiums collected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net losses paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underwriting and corporate expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net federal income taxes recovered (paid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 527,123 (336,316) (229,738) 46,709 (102) (3,926) $ 255,053 (169,386) (121,302) 38,298 (13,861) (804) $ 272,070 (166,930) (108,436) 8,411 13,759 (3,122) Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities . . . . $ 3,750(1) $ (12,002) $ 15,752 87 (1) The net cash used for operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 was negatively impacted in the amount of $23.8 million due to the commutation of a policy with one of Global Indemnity Reinsurance’s cedants. The commutation of this policy had no impact on net income. In 2014, the decrease in operating cash flows of approximately $7.1 million from the prior year was primarily a net result of the following items: 2014 2013 Change Net premiums collected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net losses paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underwriting and corporate expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net federal income taxes recovered (paid) . . . . . . . . . Interest paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 255,053 (169,386) (121,302) 38,298 (13,861) (804) $ 250,987 (188,690) (111,358) 44,367 7,451 (7,678) $ 4,066 19,304 (9,944) (6,069) (21,312) 6,874 Net cash used for operating activities . . . . . . . . $ (12,002) $ (4,921) $ (7,081) See the consolidated statement of cash flows in the financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for details concerning the Company’s investing and financing activities. Liquidity the Company believes each company in its Insurance Operations and Reinsurance Operations Currently, maintains sufficient liquidity to pay claims through cash generated by operations and liquid investments. The holding companies also maintain sufficient liquidity to meet their obligations. The Company monitors its investment portfolios to assure liability and investment durations are closely matched. Prospectively, as fixed income investments mature and new cash is obtained, the cash available to invest will be invested in accordance with the Company’s investment policy. The Company’s investment policy allows the Company to invest in taxable and tax-exempt fixed income investments as well as publicly traded and private equity investments. With respect to bonds, the Company’s credit exposure limit for each issuer varies with the issuer’s credit quality. The allocation between taxable and tax-exempt bonds is determined based on market conditions and tax considerations. The fixed income portfolio currently has a duration of 1.99 years which allows the Company to defensively position itself during the current low interest rate environment. The Company has access to various capital sources including dividends from insurance subsidiaries, invested assets in its non-U.S. subsidiaries, and access to the debt and equity capital markets. The Company believes it has sufficient liquidity to meet its capital needs. See Note 18 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for a discussion of the Company’s dividend capacity. However, the Company’s future capital requirements depend on many factors, including the incurring of significant net catastrophe losses, its ability to write new business successfully and to establish premium rates and reserves at levels sufficient to cover losses. To the extent that the Company needs to raise additional funds, any equity or debt financing for this purpose, if available at all, may be on terms that are not favorable to the Company. If the Company cannot obtain adequate capital, its business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. On August 12, 2015, the Company issued Subordinated Notes due in 2045 in the aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million through an underwritten public offering. See Note 11 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information on this debt issuance. On October 29, 2015, Global Indemnity entered into a redemption agreement with certain affiliates of Fox Paine & Company and agreed to redeem 8,260,870 of its ordinary shares for $190 million in the aggregate from 88 affiliates of Fox Paine & Company. Global Indemnity also acquired rights, expiring December 31, 2019, to redeem an additional 3,397,031 ordinary shares for $78.1 million, which is subject to an annual 3% increase. In connection with the redemption, the Company sold $279.9 million of securities from its consolidated investment portfolio during October, 2015. $102.0 million was used to pay down margin debt which freed up collateral which was used to partially fund the redemption. Stop Loss Agreement, Quota Share Arrangements and Intercompany Pooling Arrangement Global Indemnity’s U.S. insurance companies, excluding Personal Lines, and Global Indemnity Reinsurance currently participate in a stop loss agreement that provides protection to the U.S. insurance companies, excluding Personal Lines, in a loss corridor from 70% to 90% subject to certain restrictions. The Company’s U.S. insurance companies participate in quota share reinsurance agreements with Global Indemnity Reinsurance whereby 50% of the net retained business of the U.S. insurance companies is ceded to Global Indemnity Reinsurance. These agreements exclude named storms. Global Indemnity Reinsurance is an unauthorized reinsurer. As a result, any losses and unearned premiums that are ceded to Global Indemnity Reinsurance by the U.S. insurance companies must be collateralized. To satisfy this requirement, Global Indemnity Reinsurance has set up custodial trust accounts on behalf of the U.S. insurance companies. Global Indemnity Reinsurance also has established trust accounts to collateralize exposure it has to third party ceding companies. The Company invests the funds in securities that have durations that closely match the expected duration of the liabilities assumed. The Company believes that Global Indemnity Reinsurance will have sufficient liquidity to pay claims prospectively. Global Indemnity’s U.S. insurance companies participate in an intercompany pooling arrangement whereby premiums, losses, and expenses are shared pro rata amongst the U.S. insurance companies. United National Insurance Company is not an authorized reinsurer in all states. As a result, any losses and unearned premiums that are ceded to United National Insurance Company are collateralized. The state insurance departments that regulate the parties to the intercompany pooling agreements require United National Insurance Company to place assets on deposit subject to trust agreements for the protection of the other members of the U.S. insurance companies. Capital Resources On January 18, 2006, U.A.I. (Luxembourg) Investment S.à.r.l. loaned $6.0 million to United America Indemnity, Ltd. The loan was used to pay operating expenses that arise in the normal course of business. The loan is a demand loan and bears interest at 4.38%. At December 31, 2015, there was $1.0 million outstanding on this loan with accrued interest of $1.9 million. United America Indemnity, Ltd. is dependent on its subsidiaries to pay its dividends and operating expenses. On November 12, 2007, Global Indemnity Reinsurance issued a $50.0 million demand line of credit to United America Indemnity, Ltd. which bore interest at 5.25%. The proceeds of the line were used to fund purchases of the Company’s A ordinary shares as part of two $50.0 million share buyback programs that were initiated in November 2007 and February 2008, respectively. On February 13, 2008, the demand line of credit was amended. The interest rate was decreased to 3.75% per annum, and the loan amount was increased to $100.0 million. In June 2008, Global Indemnity Reinsurance declared and paid a dividend of $50.0 million to United America Indemnity, Ltd. United America Indemnity, Ltd. used proceeds from the dividend to repay a portion of the line of credit. In February, 2010 the line of credit was converted to a non-interest bearing note payable for the full amount of principal and accrued interest to date. In May, 2014, United America Indemnity, Ltd. repaid $20 million of the outstanding balance due under this note. As of December 31, 2015, there was $33.0 million outstanding on the note payable. 89 U.A.I. (Luxembourg) Investment S.à.r.l. holds two promissory notes in the amounts of $175.0 million and $110.0 million and two loans in the amount of $125.0 million and $100.0 million from Global Indemnity Group, Inc. The $175.0 million and $110.0 million notes bear interest at a rate of 6.64% and 6.20%, respectively, and mature in 2018 and 2020, respectively. The $125.0 million and the $100.0 million loan bears interest at 5.78% and 8.06%, respectively, and matures in 2024 and 2045, respectively. Interest on these agreements is paid annually. Other than its investment portfolio, Global Indemnity Group, Inc. has no income producing operations. The ability of Global Indemnity Group, Inc. to generate cash to repay the notes and loan is dependent on dividends that it receives from its subsidiaries or using other assets it holds. In November, 2011, U.A.I. (Luxembourg) Investment S.à.r.l. issued a $100.0 million demand line of credit to Global Indemnity (Cayman) Ltd. which bears interest at 1.2%. The proceeds of the line were loaned from Global Indemnity (Cayman) Ltd. to Global Indemnity plc, bearing interest at 1.2%, to fund purchases of the Company’s A ordinary shares as part of the $100.0 million share repurchase program announced in September, 2011. In August, 2012, the demand line of credit was increased to $125.0 million to fund additional purchases under the Company’s $25.0 million share repurchase authorization. In September, 2015, U.A.I. (Luxembourg) Investment S.à.r.l. increased the demand line of credit that it previously issued to Global Indemnity (Cayman) Limited from $125.0 million to $225.0 million. As of December 31, 2015, Global Indemnity plc owed Global Indemnity (Cayman) Ltd. $108.0 million under this arrangement, with accrued interest of $4.8 million, and Global Indemnity (Cayman) Ltd. had $181.5 million outstanding on the line of credit with U.A.I. (Luxembourg) Investment S.à.r.l., with accrued interest of $4.8 million. In November, 2012, American Insurance Service, Inc. (“AIS”) issued a $35.0 million loan to Global Indemnity Reinsurance, bearing interest at the six month London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus 3.5%. The proceeds of the loan were used to fund trust accounts in the normal course of business. Effective October 31, 2013, American Insurance Service, Inc. (“AIS”) assigned all of its rights, obligations, duties, and liabilities under the note to Global Indemnity Group, Inc. As of December 31, 2015, there was $5.0 million outstanding on the note payable, with accrued interest of $0.2 million payable to AIS and $0.8 million payable to Global Indemnity Group, Inc. The Company has available two margin borrowing facilities. The borrowing rate is tied to LIBOR and was approximately 1.3% as of December 31, 2015. These facilities are due on demand. The borrowings are subject to maintenance margin, which is a minimum account balance that must be maintained. A decline in market conditions could require an additional deposit of collateral. As of December 31, 2015, approximately $95.6 million in collateral was deposited to support the borrowings. The amount borrowed against the margin accounts may fluctuate as routine investment transactions, such as dividends received, investment income received, maturities and pay-downs, impact cash balances. The margin facilities contains customary events of default, including, without limitation, insolvency, failure to make required payments, failure to comply with any representations or warranties, failure to adequately assure future performance, and failure of a guarantor to perform under its guarantee. The amount outstanding on the Company’s margin borrowing facilities was $75.6 million and $174.7 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. On May 12, 2014, Global Indemnity Group, Inc. entered into an agreement to loan $200 million to Global Indemnity (Cayman) Limited which bears interest at 0.28% and matures in 2017. In December, 2014, Global Indemnity (Cayman) Limited repaid $125.0 million of the outstanding principal. As of December 31, 2015, Global Indemnity (Cayman) Limited owed $75.0 million under this loan agreement with accrued interest of $0.6 million. In December, 2014, Global Indemnity Group, Inc. declared and paid a dividend of $125 million to U.A.I. (Luxembourg) Investment S.à.r.l. and U.A.I. (Luxembourg) Investment S.à.r.l. declared and paid a dividend of $125 million to U.A.I. (Luxembourg) IV S.à.r.l. In accordance with the Luxembourg Treaty, the $125 million dividend from Global Indemnity Group, Inc. to U.A.I. (Luxembourg) Investment S.à.r.l. was subject to a 5% U.S. withholding tax amounting to $6.3 million. 90 In August, 2015, Global Indemnity plc advanced an interest free loan to Global Indemnity (Cayman) Limited in the amount of $96.9 million which was repaid during the 4th quarter of 2015. Global Indemnity (Cayman) Limited made a capital contribution in the amount of $100.0 million during the fourth quarter of 2015. Through a series of capital contributions, the ultimate recipient of this capital contribution of $100.0 million was U.A.I. (Luxembourg) IV S.à.r.l. who loaned $100.0 million to U.A.I. (Luxembourg) Investment S.à.r.l. who loaned $100.0 million to Global Indemnity Group, Inc. The Company entered into two $100 million derivative instruments. Due to declines in interest rates, the Company has paid $6.6 million and $20.6 million in connection with these derivative instruments for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Contractual Obligations The Company has commitments in the form of operating leases, commitments to fund limited partnerships, subordinated notes, and unpaid losses and loss expense obligations. As of December 31, 2015, contractual obligations related to Global Indemnity’s commitments, including any principal and interest payments, were as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Operating leases (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commitments to fund limited partnerships . . . . . . . . Subordinated notes due 2045 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses $ Total 11,828 20,014 330,563 $ 2016 3,263 20,014 7,750 Payment Due by Period 2017 and 2018 2019 and 2020 $ 6,329 — 15,500 $ 2,236 — 15,500 Thereafter $ — — 291,813 obligations (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680,047 233,185 243,296 108,758 94,808 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,042,452 $264,212 $265,125 $126,494 $386,621 (1) The Company leases office space and equipment as part of its normal operations. The amounts shown above represent future commitments under such operating leases. (2) On August 12, 2015, the Company issued Subordinated Note due in 2045 in the aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million through an underwritten public offering. The notes bear interest at an annual rate equal to 7.75% payable quarterly. The notes mature on August 15, 2045. The Company has the right to redeem the notes in $25 increments, in whole or in part, on and after August 15, 2020, or on any interest payments date thereafter, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of redemption. (3) These amounts represent the gross future amounts needed to pay losses and related loss adjustment expenses and do not reflect amounts that are expected to be recovered from the Company’s reinsurers. See discussion in “Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” for more details. See note 11 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information on the 2045 Subordinated Notes. The Company has no off balance sheet arrangements. Off Balance Sheet Arrangements Inflation Property and casualty insurance premiums are established before the Company knows the amount of losses and loss adjustment expenses or the extent to which inflation may affect such amounts. The Company attempts to anticipate the potential impact of inflation in establishing its reserves. 91 Future increases in inflation could result in future increases in interest rates, which in turn are likely to result in a decline in the market value of the investment portfolio and resulting in unrealized losses and reductions in shareholders’ equity. Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements Some of the statements under “Business,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report may include forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Security Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that reflect the Company’s current views with respect to future events and financial performance. Forward-looking statements are statements that are not historical facts. These statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believe,” “expect,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “project,” “plan,” “seek,” “intend,” or “anticipate” or the negative thereof or comparable terminology, and include discussions of strategy, financial projections and estimates and their underlying assumptions, statements regarding plans, objectives, expectations or consequences of identified transactions or natural disasters, and statements about the future performance, operations, products and services of the companies. The Company’s business and operations are and will be subject to a variety of risks, uncertainties and other factors. Consequently, actual results and experience may materially differ from those contained in any forward- looking statements. See “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I of this report for risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and experience to differ from those projected. The Company’s forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report or as of the date they were made. The Company undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. 92 Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Market Risk Market risk is the risk of economic losses due to adverse changes in the estimated fair value of a financial instrument as the result of changes in interest rates, equity prices, credit risk, illiquidity, foreign exchange rates and commodity prices. The Company’s consolidated balance sheet includes the estimated fair values of assets that are subject to market risk. The Company’s primary market risks are interest rate risk and credit risks associated with investments in fixed maturities, equity price risk associated with investments in equity securities, and foreign exchange risk associated with premium received that is denominated in foreign currencies. Each of these risks is discussed in more detail below. The Company has no commodity risk. Interest Rate Risk The Company’s primary market risk exposure is to changes in interest rates. The Company’s fixed income investments are exposed to interest rate risk. Fluctuations in interest rates have a direct impact on the market valuation of these securities. As interest rates rise, the market value of the Company’s fixed income investments fall, and the converse is also true. The Company seeks to manage interest rate risk through an active portfolio management strategy that involves the selection, by the Company’s managers, of investments with appropriate characteristics, such as duration, yield, currency, and liquidity that are tailored to the anticipated cash outflow characteristics of the Company’s liabilities. The Company’s strategy for managing interest rate risk also includes maintaining a high quality bond portfolio with a relatively short duration to reduce the effect of interest rate changes on book value. A significant portion of the Company’s investment portfolio matures each year, allowing for reinvestment at current market rates. As of December 31, 2015, assuming identical shifts in interest rates for securities of all maturities, the table below illustrates the sensitivity of market value in Global Indemnity’s bonds to selected hypothetical changes in basis point increases and decreases: (Dollars in thousands) Change in Market Value Basis Point Change Market Value (200) (100) No change 100 200 $1,338,101 1,329,674 1,306,149 1,282,706 1,259,209 $ $ 31,952 23,525 — (23,443) (46,940) % 2.4% 1.8% 0.0% (1.8%) (3.6%) The Company’s interest rate swaps are also exposed to interest rate risk. Fluctuations in interest rates have a direct impact on the market valuation of these financial instruments. As interest rates decline, the market value of the Company’s interest rate swaps fall, and the converse is also true. Since the Company has designated the interest rate swaps as non-hedge instruments, the changes in the fair value is recognized as net realized investment gains in the consolidated statement of operations. Therefore, changes in interest rates will have a direct impact to the Company’s results of operations. In addition, on a daily basis, a margin requirement is calculated. If interest rates decline, the Company is required to pay a margin call equal to the change in the fair market value of the interest rate swap. When interest rates rise, the counterparty is required to pay to the Company a margin call equal to the change in fair market value of the interest rate swap. 93 As of December 31, 2015, the table below illustrates the sensitivity of market value of the Company’s interest rate swaps as well as the impact on the consolidated statement of operation to selected hypothetical changes in basis point increases and decreases: (Dollars in thousands) Basis Point Change Market Value (200) (100) No change 100 200 $ (48,906) (31,371) (15,256) (441) 13,182 Credit Risk Change in Market Value and Impact to Consolidated Statement of Income $(33,650) (16,115) — 14,815 28,438 The Company’s investment policy requires that its investments in debt instruments are of high credit quality issuers and limit the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer based upon the rating of the security. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had approximately $47.7 million worth of investment exposure to subprime and Alt-A investments. As of December 31, 2015, approximately $46.8 million of those investments have been rated BBB+ to AAA by Standard & Poor’s and $0.9 million were rated below investment grade. As of December 31, 2014, the Company had approximately $38.7 million worth of investment exposure to subprime and Alt-A investments. As of December 31, 2014, approximately $38.1 million of those investments have been rated BBB+ to AAA by Standard & Poor’s and $0.6 million were rated below investment grade. There were no impairments recognized on these investments during the years ended December 31, 2015 or 2014. In addition, the Company has credit risk exposure to its general agencies and reinsurers. The Company seeks to mitigate and control its risks to producers by typically requiring its general agencies to render payments within no more than 45 days after the month in which a policy is effective and including provisions within the Company’s general agency contracts that allow it to terminate a general agency’s authority in the event of non- payment. With respect to its credit exposure to reinsurers, the Company seeks to mitigate and control its risk by ceding business to only those reinsurers having adequate financial strength and sufficient capital to fund their obligation. In addition, the Company seeks to mitigate credit risk to reinsurers through the use of trusts and letters of credit for collateral. Equity Price Risk In 2015, the strategy for the Company’s equity portfolio followed a large cap value approach. This investment style placed primary emphasis on selecting the best relative values from those issues having a projected normalized price-earnings ratio at a discount to the market multiple. The Company compares the results of the Company’s equity portfolio to a customized benchmark which is the S&P 500 Value excluding financials. To protect against equity price risk, the sector exposures within the Company’s equity portfolio closely correlate to the sector exposures within the custom benchmark index. In 2015, the Company’s common stock portfolio returned a net loss of 6.0%, not including investment advisor fees, compared to the benchmark loss of 3.5%. The carrying values of investments subject to equity price risk are based on quoted market prices as of the balance sheet dates. Market prices are subject to fluctuation and thus the amount realized in the subsequent sale of an investment may differ from the reported market value. Fluctuation in the market price of an equity security results from perceived changes in the underlying economic makeup of a stock, the price of alternative investments and overall market conditions. 94 The Company attempts to mitigate its unsystemic risk, which is the risk that is associated with holding a particular security, by holding a large number of securities in that market. At year end, no security represented more than 4.7% of the market value of the equity portfolio. The Company continues to have systemic risk, which is the risk inherent in the general market due to broad macroeconomic factors that affect all companies in the market. As of December 31, 2015, the table below summarizes the Company’s equity price risk and reflects the effect of a hypothetical 10% and 20% increase or decrease in market prices. The selected hypothetical changes do not indicate what could be the potential best or worst scenarios. Hypothetical Price Change (20%) (10%) No change 10% 20% (Dollars in thousands) Estimated Fair Value after Hypothetical Change in Prices Hypothetical Percentage Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders’ Equity(1) $ 88,252 99,284 110,315 121,347 132,378 (1.9%) (1.0%) — 1.0% 1.9% (1) Net of 35% tax Foreign Currency Exchange Risk The Company has foreign currency exchange risk associated with a portion of the business written at Global Indemnity Reinsurance, as well as a small portion of expenses related to corporate overhead in its Ireland and Luxembourg offices. The Company also maintains investments in foreign denominated securities and cash accounts in foreign currencies in order to pay expenses in foreign countries. At period-end, the Company re- measures those non-U.S. currency financial assets to their current U.S. dollar equivalent. Financial liabilities, if any, are generally adjusted within the reserving process. However, for known losses on claims to be paid in foreign currencies, the Company re-measures the liabilities to their current U.S. dollar equivalent each period end. 95 Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC Index to Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm as of and for the Year Ended December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm as of December 31, 2014 and for the Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 99 Consolidated Statements of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Index to Financial Statement Schedules Schedule I Summary of Investments—Other Than Investments in Related Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S-1 Schedule II Condensed Financial Information of Registrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S-2 Schedule III Supplementary Insurance Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S-5 Schedule IV Reinsurance Earned Premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S-6 Schedule V Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S-7 Schedule VI Supplementary Information for Property Casualty Underwriters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S-8 96 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Global Indemnity plc We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Global Indemnity plc and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the year then ended. Our audit also included the financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15. These financial statements and schedules are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and schedules based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Global Indemnity plc and subsidiaries at December 31, 2015, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedules, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly in all material respects the information set forth therein. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Global Indemnity plc’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated March 14, 2016, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Philadelphia, PA March 14, 2016 97 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Global Indemnity, plc In our opinion, the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2014 and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of two years in the period ended December 31, 2014 present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Global Indemnity, plc and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2014, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedule for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2014 presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. These financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Philadelphia, Pennsylvania March 16, 2015 98 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC Consolidated Balance Sheets (In thousands, except share amounts) December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Fixed maturities: ASSETS Available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost: $1,308,333 and $1,272,948) . . . $1,306,149 $1,283,475 Equity securities: Available for sale, at fair value (cost: $100,157 and $99,297) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted cash (Note 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Premiums receivable, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance receivables, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Funds held by ceding insurers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal income taxes receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred federal income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid reinsurance premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Receivable for securities sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,315 32,592 1,449,056 67,037 — 89,245 115,594 16,037 4,828 34,687 56,517 23,607 6,521 44,363 172 49,630 122,048 33,663 1,439,186 58,823 113,696 56,586 125,718 25,176 3,139 20,250 25,238 17,636 4,820 4,725 60 34,980 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,957,294 $1,930,033 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Liabilities: Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unearned premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceded balances payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 680,047 286,285 4,589 11,069 172,034 53,344 $ 675,472 120,815 2,800 12,985 174,673 34,998 Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,207,368 1,021,743 Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shareholders’ equity: Ordinary shares, $0.0001 par value, 900,000,000 ordinary shares authorized; A ordinary shares issued: 16,424,546 and 16,331,577, respectively; A ordinary shares outstanding: 13,313,751 and 13,266,762 , respectively; B ordinary shares issued and outstanding: 4,133,366 and 12,061,370, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A ordinary shares in treasury, at cost: 3,110,795 and 3,064,815 shares, — — 3 529,872 4,078 318,416 3 519,590 23,384 466,717 respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (102,443) (101,404) Total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749,926 908,290 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,957,294 $1,930,033 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 99 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC Consolidated Statements of Operations (In thousands, except shares and per share data) Revenues: Gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net premiums earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized investment gains (losses): Other than temporary impairment losses on investments . . . . . . Other net realized investment gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total net realized investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ $ 590,233 501,244 504,143 34,609 $ $ $ 291,253 273,181 268,519 28,821 $ $ $ 290,723 271,984 248,722 37,209 (7,335) 3,961 (3,374) 3,400 (501) 36,361 35,860 555 (1,239) 28,651 27,412 5,791 Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538,778 333,755 319,134 Losses and Expenses: Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense (benefit) 275,368 201,303 24,448 4,913 32,746 (8,723) 137,561 109,619 14,559 822 71,194 8,338 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 41,469 $ 62,856 $ 132,991 105,651 11,614 6,169 62,709 1,019 61,690 Per share data: Net income Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 1.71 1.69 $ $ 2.50 2.48 $ $ 2.46 2.45 Weighted-average number of shares outstanding Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,253,657 25,131,811 25,072,712 Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,505,851 25,331,420 25,174,015 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 100 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (In thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 41,469 $ 62,856 $ 61,690 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Unrealized holding gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portion of other than temporary impairment losses recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income . . . . Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (17,457) 6,878 17,466 (4) (1,985) 140 (4) (37,177) (341) — (16,951) 163 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (19,306) (30,644) 678 Comprehensive income, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 22,163 $ 32,212 $ 62,368 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 101 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (In thousands, except share amounts) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Number of A ordinary shares issued: Number at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ordinary shares issued under share incentive plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ordinary shares issued to directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B ordinary shares converted to A ordinary shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ordinary shares redeemed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ordinary shares issued in connection with American Reliable acquisition . . . . 16,331,577 121,812 36,321 7,928,004 (8,260,870) 267,702 16,200,406 94,563 36,608 — — — 16,087,939 74,400 38,067 — — — Number at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,424,546 16,331,577 16,200,406 Number of B ordinary shares issued: Number at beginning and end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Ordinary shares converted to A ordinary shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,061,370 (7,928,004) 12,061,370 — 12,061,370 — Number at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,133,366 12,061,370 12,061,370 Par value of A ordinary shares: Balance at beginning and end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Par value of B ordinary shares: Balance at beginning and end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2 $ 1 $ 2 $ 1 $ 2 1 Additional paid-in capital: Balance at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Share compensation plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax benefit on share-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519,590 $ 10,272 10 516,653 $ 2,900 37 512,304 4,349 — Balance at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 529,872 $ 519,590 $ 516,653 Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of deferred income tax: Balance at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Other comprehensive income (loss): 23,384 $ 54,028 $ 53,350 Change in unrealized holding gains (losses) Change in other than temporary impairment losses recognized in other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) (19,436) (30,299) (10) 140 (4) (341) Other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (19,306) (30,644) 514 1 163 678 Balance at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,078 $ 23,384 $ 54,028 Retained earnings: Balance at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Ordinary shares redeemed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466,717 $ (189,770) 41,469 403,861 $ — 62,856 342,171 — 61,690 Balance at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 318,416 $ 466,717 $ 403,861 Number of treasury shares: Number at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A ordinary shares purchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elimination of shares indirectly owned by subsidiary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,064,815 11,895 34,085 3,059,371 5,444 — 3,057,001 2,370 — Number at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,110,795 3,064,815 3,059,371 Treasury shares, at cost: Balance at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (101,404) $ (101,265) $ (101,210) (55) A ordinary shares purchased, at cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Elimination of shares indirectly owned by subsidiary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (139) — (333) (706) Balance at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (102,443) $ (101,404) $ (101,265) Total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 749,926 $ 908,290 $ 873,280 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 102 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used for) operating activities: Amortization of trust preferred securities issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of the value of business acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization and depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of debt issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock and stock option expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred federal income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of bond premium and discount, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized investment (gains) losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity in the earnings of a partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on the disposition of subsidiary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in: Premiums receivable, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance receivables, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Funds held by ceding insurers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unearned premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceded balances payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets and liabilities, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal income tax receivable/payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred acquisition costs, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid reinsurance premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash flows from investing activities: Cash release from escrow for business acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sale of fixed maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sale of equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sale of preferred stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from maturity of fixed maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from limited partnership distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sale of other invested assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from disposition of subsidiary, net of cash and cash equivalents disposed of $679 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash deposited in escrow for purchase of American Reliable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount paid in connection with derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of fixed maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of other invested assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash flows from financing activities: Net borrowings (repayments) under margin borrowing facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Redemption of ordinary shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from issuance of subordinated notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt issuance cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of A ordinary shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax benefit on share-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retirement of junior subordinated debentures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal payments of term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 41,469 $ 62,856 $ 61,690 — 25,500 5,284 47 10,271 (7,201) 13,643 3,374 (2,533) — 25,325 23,966 9,147 (84,914) (6,764) (11,430) (6,070) (6,264) (1,689) (31,279) 3,868 3,750 113,696 (92,336) 647,404 39,723 1,540 157,845 5,959 — — — (6,604) (627,983) (38,451) (3,550) 197,243 (99,027) (189,770) 100,000 (3,659) (333) 10 — — (192,779) 8,214 58,823 $ 67,037 — — 3,466 — 2,900 (828) 9,103 (35,860) — — (6,698) 72,169 (6,514) (103,994) 4,186 (2,377) (3,398) 308 (4,734) (3,061) 474 (12,002) 77 — 3,807 — 4,349 (3) 6,696 (27,412) — (5,166) (12,136) 43,940 (11,252) (99,639) 22,515 976 (1,436) 2,766 8,473 (3,912) 746 (4,921) — — 415,739 191,765 — — 12 — — 292,200 101,379 — — — 108,556 143,034 — (113,696) (20,550) (615,867) (45,077) (30,120) (109,238) 25,885 — (5,421) (465,318) (100,806) (16) (9,063) 74,673 — — — (139) 37 — — 74,571 (46,669) 105,492 $ 58,823 100,000 — — — (55) — (30,929) (54,000) 15,016 1,032 104,460 $ 105,492 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 103 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation Global Indemnity plc (“Global Indemnity” or “the Company”) was incorporated on March 9, 2010 and is domiciled in Ireland. Global Indemnity replaced the Company’s predecessor, United America Indemnity, Ltd., as the ultimate parent company as a result of a re-domestication transaction in July, 2010. The Company’s A ordinary shares are publicly traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the trading symbol “GBLI.” Starting in the 1st quarter of 2015, the Company manages its business through three reportable business segments: Commercial Lines, Personal Lines, and Reinsurance Operations. The Company’s Commercial Lines, managed in Bala Cynwyd, PA, offers specialty property and casualty insurance products in the excess and surplus lines marketplace. The Company manages its Commercial Lines by differentiating them into three product classifications: Penn-America, which markets property and general liability products to small commercial businesses through a select network of wholesale general agents with specific binding authority; United National, which markets insurance products for targeted insured segments, including specialty products, such as property, general liability, and professional lines through program administrators with specific binding authority; and Diamond State, which markets property, casualty, and professional lines products, which are developed by the Company’s underwriting department by individuals with expertise in those lines of business, through wholesale brokers and also markets through program administrators having specific binding authority. These product classifications comprise the Company’s Commercial Lines business segment and are not considered individual business segments because each product has similar economic characteristics, distribution, and coverage. The Company’s Personal Lines segment, via the American Reliable product classification, offers specialty personal lines and agricultural coverage through general and specialty agents with specific binding authority on an admitted basis and is managed in Scottsdale, AZ. Collectively, the Company’s U.S. insurance subsidiaries are licensed in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The Company’s Reinsurance Operations consist solely of the operations of its Bermuda-based wholly-owned subsidiary, Global Indemnity Reinsurance. Global Indemnity Reinsurance is a treaty reinsurer of specialty property and casualty insurance and reinsurance companies. The Company’s Reinsurance Operations segment provides reinsurance solutions through brokers and primary writers including insurance and reinsurance companies. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), which differs in certain respects from those principles followed in reports to insurance regulatory authorities. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Global Indemnity and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2013 that was included in the Form 10-K for the annual period ended December 31, 2013 classified $3.0 million as “Other assets and liabilities, net” within the “Cash flows from operating activities” section. These amounts were properly reclassified to the line item “Amortization and depreciation” in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2013 as included in this Form 10-K for the annual period ended December 31, 2015 (“the December 31, 2015 10K”). These reclassifications do not impact “Net cash flows used for operating activities” nor does it impact any other financial metric or disclosure within the December 31, 2015 10K. The Company does not believe that these adjustments are material to the current or to any prior years’ consolidated financial statements. Certain other prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. 104 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Restricted Cash At December 31, 2014, the Company had $113.7 million of cash in escrow to fund the acquisition of American Reliable on January 1, 2015. The funds were released from escrow when the transaction settled on January 1, 2015. See note 3 for further information on the acquisition of American Reliable. Investments The Company’s investments in fixed maturities and equity securities are classified as available for sale and are carried at their fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair values of the Company’s available for sale portfolio, excluding limited partnership interests, are determined on the basis of quoted market prices where available. If quoted market prices are not available, the Company uses third party pricing services to assist in determining fair value. In many instances, these services examine the pricing of similar instruments to estimate fair value. The Company purchases bonds with the expectation of holding them to their maturity; however, changes to the portfolio are sometimes required to assure it is appropriately matched to liabilities. In addition, changes in financial market conditions and tax considerations may cause the Company to sell an investment before it matures. The difference between amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s available for sale investments, net of the effect of deferred income taxes, is reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity and, accordingly, has no effect on net income other than for the credit loss component of impairments deemed to be other than temporary. For investments in limited liability partnerships where the ownership interest is less than 3%, the Company carries these investments at fair value, and the change in the difference between cost and the fair value of the partnership interests, net of the effect of deferred income taxes, is reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity and, accordingly, has no effect on net income other than for impairments deemed to be other than temporary. The Company uses the equity method to account for an investment in a limited partnership where its ownership interest exceeds 3%. The equity method of accounting for an investment in a limited partnership requires that its cost basis be updated to account for the income or loss earned on the investment. The income or loss associated with the partnerships is reflected in the Statement of Operations and the adjusted cost basis approximates fair value. The Company’s investments in other invested assets were valued at $32.6 million and $33.7 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Both of these amounts relate to investments in limited partnerships. The Company does not have access to daily valuations, therefore; the estimated fair value of the limited partnerships are based on net asset value as a practical expedient for the limited partnerships. Net realized gains and losses on investments are determined based on the first-in, first-out method. The Company regularly performs various analytical valuation procedures with respect to its investments, including reviewing each fixed maturity security in an unrealized loss position to assess whether the security has a credit loss. Specifically, the Company considers credit rating, market price, and issuer specific financial information, among other factors, to assess the likelihood of collection of all principal and interest as contractually due. Securities for which the Company determines that a credit loss is likely are subjected to further analysis through discounted cash flow testing to estimate the credit loss to be recognized in earnings, if any. The specific methodologies and significant assumptions used by asset class are discussed below. Upon identification of such securities and periodically thereafter, a detailed review is performed to determine whether the decline is considered other than temporary. This review includes an analysis of several factors, including but not limited to, the credit ratings and cash flows of the securities and the magnitude and length of time that the fair value of such 105 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) securities is below cost. For fixed maturities, the factors considered in reaching the conclusion that a decline below cost is other than temporary include, among others, whether: (1) the issuer is in financial distress; (2) the investment is secured; (3) a significant credit rating action occurred; (4) scheduled interest payments were delayed or missed; (5) changes in laws or regulations have affected an issuer or industry; (6) (7) the investment has an unrealized loss and was identified by the Company’s investment manager as an investment to be sold before recovery or maturity; and the investment failed cash flow projection testing to determine if anticipated principal and interest payments will be realized. According to accounting guidance for debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company is required to assess whether it has the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before the anticipated recovery. If either of these conditions is met the Company must recognize an other than temporary impairment with the entire unrealized loss being recorded through earnings. For debt securities in an unrealized loss position not meeting these conditions, the Company assesses whether the impairment of a security is other than temporary. If the impairment is deemed to be other than temporary, the Company must separate the other than temporary impairment into two components: the amount representing the credit loss and the amount related to all other factors, such as changes in interest rates. The credit loss represents the portion of the amortized book value in excess of the net present value of the projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security prior to impairment. The credit loss component of the other than temporary impairment is recorded through earnings, whereas the amount relating to factors other than credit losses is recorded in other comprehensive income, net of taxes. For equity securities, management carefully reviews all securities with unrealized losses to determine if a security should be impaired and further focuses on securities that have either: (1) persisted with unrealized losses for more than twelve consecutive months or (2) the value of the investment has been 20% or more below cost for six continuous months or more. The amount of any write-down, including those that are deemed to be other than temporary, is included in earnings as a realized loss in the period in which the impairment arose. For an analysis of other than temporary losses that were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, please see Note 4 below. 106 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) Variable Interest Entities The Company has variable interest in a Variable Interest Entity (‘VIE”) for which it is not the primary beneficiary and accounts for this VIE under the equity method since its ownership interest exceeds 3%. This partnership is deemed to be a VIE because the equity holders invest as passive limited partners and as a group lack power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the respective entity’s economic performance. The VIE generates variability from investment portfolio performance and that variability is passed to the equity holders. For this VIE, the Company absorbs a portion, but not the majority of this variability, based on its proportional equity interest. The fair value of the non-consolidated VIE, in which the Company has a significant variable interest, was $32.6 million and $30.3 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss was $52.6 million and $50.3 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Maximum exposure to loss includes the fair value of the Company’s investment in this VIE and its unfunded commitment to the VIE. The Company’s investment in this VIE is included in other invested assets on the consolidated balance sheet with changes in fair value recorded in the statement of operations. Cash and Cash Equivalents For the purpose of the statements of cash flows, the Company considers all liquid instruments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company has a cash management program that instruments. provides for the investment of excess cash balances primarily in short-term money market Generally, bank balances exceed federally insured limits. The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value. At December 31, 2015, the Company had approximately $61.8 million of cash and cash equivalents that was invested in a diversified portfolio of high quality short-term debt securities. Valuation of Premium Receivable The Company evaluates the collectability of premium receivable based on a combination of factors. In instances in which the Company is aware of a specific circumstance where a party may be unable to meet its financial obligations to the Company, a specific allowance for bad debts against amounts due is recorded to reduce the net receivable to the amount reasonably believed by management to be collectible. For all remaining balances, allowances are recognized for bad debts based on the length of time the receivables are past due. The allowance for bad debts was $1.6 million and $1.5 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Goodwill and Intangible Assets The Company tests for impairment of goodwill at least annually and more frequently as circumstances warrant in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. Accounting guidance allows for the testing of goodwill for impairment using both qualitative and quantitative factors. Impairment of goodwill is recognized only if the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit. The amount of the impairment loss would be equal to the excess carrying value of the goodwill over the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill. Based on the qualitative assessment performed, there was no impairment of goodwill as of December 31, 2015. Impairment of intangible assets with an indefinite useful life is tested at least annually and more frequently as circumstances warrant in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. Accounting guidance allows for the testing of indefinite lived intangible assets for impairment using both qualitative and quantitative factors. Impairment of indefinite lived intangible assets is recognized only if the carrying amount of the intangible assets 107 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) exceeds the fair value of said assets. The amount of the impairment loss would be equal to the excess carrying value of the assets over the fair value of said assets. Based on the qualitative assessment performed, there were no impairments of indefinite lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2015. Intangible assets that are not deemed to have an indefinite useful life are amortized over their estimated useful lives. The carrying amounts of definite lived intangible assets are regularly reviewed for indicators of impairment in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. Impairment is recognized only if the carrying amount of the intangible asset is in excess of its undiscounted projected cash flows. The impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying amount and the estimated fair value of the asset. As of December 31, 2015, there were no triggering events that occurred during the year that would result in an impairment of definite lived intangible assets. See note 7 for additional information on goodwill and intangible assets. Reinsurance In the normal course of business, the Company seeks to reduce the loss that may arise from events that cause unfavorable underwriting results by reinsuring certain levels of risk from various areas of exposure with reinsurers. Amounts receivable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the reinsured policy and the reinsurance contract. The Company regularly reviews the collectability of reinsurance receivables. An allowance for uncollectible reinsurance receivable is recognized based on the financial strength of the reinsurers and the length of time any balances are past due. Any changes in the allowance resulting from this review are included in net losses and loss adjustment expenses on the statement of operations during the period in which the determination is made. The allowance for uncollectible reinsurance was $9.7 million and $9.4 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The applicable accounting guidance requires that the reinsurer must assume significant insurance risk under the reinsured portions of the underlying insurance contracts and that there must be a reasonably possible chance that the reinsurer may realize a significant loss from the transaction. The Company has evaluated its reinsurance contracts and concluded that each contract qualifies for reinsurance accounting treatment pursuant to this guidance. Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The deferred tax asset balance is analyzed regularly by management. This assessment requires significant judgment and considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the duration of carryforward periods, and tax planning strategies and/or actions. Management believes that it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the remaining deferred income tax assets, and accordingly, the Company has not established any valuation allowances. 108 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) Deferred Acquisition Costs The costs of acquiring new and renewal insurance and reinsurance contracts include commissions, premium taxes and certain other costs that are directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance and reinsurance contracts. The excess of the Company’s costs of acquiring new and renewal insurance and reinsurance contracts over the related ceding commissions earned from reinsurers is capitalized as deferred acquisition costs and amortized over the period in which the related premiums are earned. The amortization of deferred acquisition costs for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 was $86.2 million, $57.1 million, and $53.8 million, respectively. Premium Deficiency A premium deficiency is recognized if the sum of expected loss and loss adjustment expenses and unamortized acquisition costs exceeds related unearned premium after consideration of investment income. This evaluation is done at a product line level in Insurance Operations and at a treaty level in Reinsurance Operations. Any future expected loss on the related unearned premium is recorded first by impairing the unamortized acquisition costs on the related unearned premium followed by an increase to loss and loss adjustment expense reserves on additional expected loss in excess of unamortized acquisition costs. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, the total premium deficiency charges were $0.2 million, $0.4 million, and $1.7 million, respectively, comprised solely of reductions to unamortized deferred acquisition costs within the commercial automobile lines in the Commercial Lines Segment. Based on the Company’s analysis, the Company expensed acquisition cost as incurred for the remainder of 2013, 2014 and 2015 for the commercial automobile lines in the Commercial Lines Segment. As the charges were a reduction of unamortized deferred acquisition costs in each respective period, no premium deficiency reserve existed as of December 31, 2015 or 2014. Derivative Instruments The Company uses derivative instruments to manage its exposure to cash flow variability from interest rate risk. The derivative instruments are carried on the balance sheet at fair value and included in other assets or other liabilities. Changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments and the periodic net interest settlements under the derivatives instruments are recognized as net realized investment gains on the consolidated statement of operations. Margin Borrowing Facilities The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet represent the outstanding borrowings. The outstanding borrowings are due on demand; therefore, the cash receipts and cash payments related to the margin borrowing facilities are shown net in the consolidated statement of cash flows. Subordinated Notes The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet represent the outstanding balances, net of deferred issuance cost. See note 11 for details. Notes and Debentures Payable In 2013, the Company repaid the entire outstanding principal due on the junior subordinated debentures. The Company’s business trust subsidiaries were cancelled in the 4th quarter of 2013. 109 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses The liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses represents the Company’s best estimate of future amounts needed to pay losses and related settlement expenses with respect to events insured by the Company. This liability is based upon the accumulation of individual case estimates for losses reported prior to the close of the accounting period with respect to direct business, estimates received from ceding companies with respect to assumed reinsurance, and estimates of unreported losses. The process of establishing the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment is complex, requiring the use of informed actuarially based estimates and management’s judgment. In some cases, significant periods of time, up to several years or more, may elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss and the reporting of that loss to the Company. To establish this liability, the Company regularly reviews and updates the methods of making such estimates and establishing the resulting liabilities. Any resulting adjustments are recorded in statement of operations during the period in which the determination is made. Premiums Premiums are recognized as revenue ratably over the term of the respective policies and treaties. Unearned premiums are computed on a pro rata basis to the day of expiration. Contingent Commissions Certain professional general agencies of the Insurance Operations are paid special incentives, referred to as contingent commissions, when results of business produced by these agencies are more favorable than predetermined thresholds. Similarly, in some circumstances, companies that cede business to the Reinsurance Operations are paid profit commissions based on the profitability of the ceded portfolio. These commissions are charged to other underwriting expenses when incurred. Share-Based Compensation The Company accounts for stock options and other equity based compensation using the modified prospective application of the fair value-based method permitted by the appropriate accounting guidance. See Note 15 for details. Earnings per Share Basic earnings per share have been calculated by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share has been calculated by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the sum of the weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding and the weighted-average common share equivalents outstanding, which include options and other equity awards. See Note 17 for details. Foreign Currency The Company maintains investments and cash accounts in foreign currencies related to the operations of its business. At period-end, the Company re-measures non-U.S. currency financial assets to their current U.S. dollar equivalent. The resulting gain or loss for foreign denominated investments is reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity; whereas, the gain or loss on foreign denominated cash accounts is reflected in income during the period. Financial liabilities, if any, are generally adjusted within the reserving process. However, for known losses on claims to be paid in foreign currencies, the Company re-measures the liabilities to their current U.S. dollar equivalent each period end with the resulting gain or loss reflected in 110 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) income during the period. Net transaction gains, primarily comprised of re-measurement of known losses on claims to be paid in foreign currencies, were $0.4 million, $0.5 million and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. Other income On December 31, 2013, Diamond State Insurance Company sold all the outstanding shares of capital stock of one of its wholly owned subsidiaries, United National Casualty Insurance Company to an unrelated party. Diamond State Insurance Company received a one-time payment of $26.6 million and recognized a pretax gain of $5.2 million which is reflected in other income in 2013. Management deemed this transaction to be an asset sale with the assets primarily comprised of investments and insurance licenses. This transaction did not have a significant impact on the ongoing business operations of the Company. In addition, other income is comprised of fee income on policies issued, commission income, accrued interest on the anticipated indemnification of unpaid loss and loss adjustment expense reserve, and foreign exchange gains and losses. 3. Acquisition On January 1, 2015, Global Indemnity Group, Inc., a subsidiary of the Company, acquired 100% of the voting equity interest of American Reliable from American Bankers Insurance Group, Inc. by paying $113.7 million in cash and assuming $283.9 million of customary insurance related liabilities, obligations, and mandates. Per the American Reliable SPA, the ultimate purchase price is subject to (i) accounting procedures that were performed in 2015 to determine GAAP book value and (ii) indemnification on future development on recorded loss and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2014. In accordance with the American Reliable SPA, on the third calendar year following the calendar year of the closing, if loss and loss adjustment expenses for accident years 2014 and prior are lower than recorded unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2014, Global Indemnity Group, Inc. will pay the variance to American Bankers Group, Inc. Conversely, if loss and loss adjustment expenses for accident years 2014 and prior exceed recorded unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2014, American Bankers Group, Inc. will pay the variance to Global Indemnity Group, Inc. In accordance with a dispute resolution agreement between Global Indemnity Group, Inc. and American Bankers Group, Inc., any variance paid related to the loss indemnification will be subject to interest of 5% compounded semi-annually. The Company’s current estimate of the purchase price, based on available financial information, is approximately $99.8 million. The results of American Reliable’s operations have been included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements since the date of the acquisition on January 1, 2015. The purchase of American Reliable expanded Global Indemnity’s product offerings. American Reliable is a specialty company that distributes personal lines products written on an admitted basis that are unusual and harder to place. It complements Global Indemnity’s existing US Insurance Operations that primarily distribute commercial lines products on an excess and surplus lines basis. American Reliable is domiciled in Arizona and as such is subject to its state insurance department regulations. For the year ended December 31, 2015, American Reliable had total revenues of $259.0 million and pre-tax loss of $4.2 million. These amounts are included in the Company’s results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2015. 111 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The following table presents the Company’s unaudited pro forma consolidated results of operations for the years December 31, 2015 and 2014 as if the acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2014 instead of January 1, 2015. (Dollars in thousands except per share data) Total Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income (Loss) per share (diluted) Pro Forma Years Ended December 31, 2015 $ 538,778 $ 46,864 1.91 $ 2014 $ 597,583 $ 63,053 2.46 $ The pro forma results were calculated by applying the Company’s accounting policies and adjusting the result of American Reliable to reflect (i) the impact of intercompany reinsurance with Global Indemnity Reinsurance, (ii) the impact on interest expense resulting from changes to the Company’s capital structure in connection with the acquisition, (iii) the impact on investment income from the acquisition date adjustments to fair value of investments, (iv) the impact on underwriting expenses from the acquisition date adjustments to fair value of deferred acquisition costs and intangible assets, (v) the impact of excluding transaction costs related to the acquisition and (vi) the tax effects of the above adjustments. The pro forma results do not include any anticipated cost synergies or other effects of the integration of American Reliable. Such pro forma amounts are not indicative of the results that actually would have occurred had the acquisition been completed on January 1, 2014, nor are they indicative of the future operating results of the combined company. The Company has finalized its process of valuing the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The following table summarizes the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of the acquisition as of December 31, 2015 compared to September 30, 2015 along with changes in estimates made during the quarter. (Dollars in thousands) ASSETS: Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Premiums receivables, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance receivables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid reinsurance premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred federal income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIABILITIES: Unearned premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance balances payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated fair value of net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 As of December 31, 2015 September 30, 2015 Change $226,458 21,360 26,102 11,311 13,842 43,506 32,000 915 6,473 381,967 172,234 89,489 13,219 3,903 5,026 283,871 98,096 99,797 1,701 $ $226,458 21,360 25,941 11,311 13,842 43,506 32,000 1,139 6,550 382,107 172,234 89,489 13,219 3,876 5,608 284,426 97,681 99,797 2,116 $ $ — — 161 — — — — (224) (77) (140) — — — 27 (582) (555) 415 — $(415) GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The transaction is being accounted for using the purchase method of accounting. The assets and liabilities acquired by the Company were adjusted to estimated fair value. The $1.7 million excess of cash and acquisition cost over the estimated fair value of assets acquired was recognized as goodwill. Under the purchase method of accounting, goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at least annually. Goodwill of $1.7 million, arising from the acquisition, consists largely of the synergies and economies of scales expected from combining the operations of Global Indemnity and American Reliable. The Company has determined that the goodwill of $1.7million will be assigned to the Personal Lines segment. There is no tax goodwill. An identification and valuation of intangible assets was performed that resulted in the recognition of intangible assets of $32.0 million with values assigned as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Description Useful Life Amount State insurance licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Value of business acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agent relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indefinite < 1 year 10 years 7 years $ 5,000 25,500 900 600 $32,000 Intangible assets arising from the acquisition will be deductible for income tax purposes over 15 years. The following table presents details of the Company’s intangible assets arising from the American Reliable acquisition as of December 31, 2015: (Dollars in thousands) Description Useful Life Cost Accumulated Amortization Net Value State insurance licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Value of business acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . Agent relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indefinite < 1 year 10 years 7 years $ 5,000 25,500 900 600 $32,000 $ — 25,500 90 86 $25,676 $5,000 0 810 514 $6,324 Amortization related to the Company’s definite lived intangible assets resulting from American Reliable acquisition was $25.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The Company expects that amortization expense for the next five years related to the American Reliable acquisition will be as follows: (Dollars in thousands) 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 176 176 176 176 176 113 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The fair value, gross contractual amounts due, and contractual cash flows not expected to be collected of acquired receivables are as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Premium receivables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance receivables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross Contractual Amounts Due $26,896 11,311 13,842 Contractual cash flows not expected to be collected $794 — — Fair Value $26,102 11,311 13,842 In connection with the acquisition, the Company agreed to pay to Fox Paine & Company an investment banking fee of 3% of the amount paid plus the additional capital required to operate American Reliable on a standalone basis and a $1.5 million investment advisory fee, which in the aggregate, totaled $6.5 million. This amount is included in corporate and other operating expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations during the year ended December 31, 2015. As payment for these fees, 267,702 A ordinary shares of Global Indemnity were issued under the Global Indemnity plc Share Incentive Plan in May, 2015. These shares will be registered but cannot be sold until the earlier of five years or a change of control. See Note 15 for additional information on the Global Indemnity plc Share Incentive Plan. Additional costs, mainly professional fees, of $5.1 million were incurred in connection with the acquisition of American Reliable. Of this amount, $1.8 million and $3.3 million was recorded as corporate and other operating expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. No acquisition costs were incurred during the year ended December 31, 2013. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company paid approximately $1.6 million in employee compensation related cost, which were related to periods prior to the Acquisition. These costs were accrued by American Reliable and were included in the fair value of net assets acquired by Global Indemnity Group, Inc. on January 1, 2015. 4. Investments The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investments were as follows as of December 31, 2015 and 2014: (Dollars in thousands) As of December 31, 2015 Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities . . . Corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total fixed maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,308,333 100,157 32,592 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Other than temporary impairments recognized in AOCI (1) $ 106,303 $ 1,140 $ (321) $ 107,122 $— 203,121 157,753 261,008 142,742 334,720 102,686 2,576 2,113 435 — 685 194 7,143 16,118 — (457) (743) (1,421) (2,352) (3,294) (739) (9,327) (5,960) — 205,240 159,123 260,022 140,390 332,111 102,141 1,306,149 110,315 32,592 — — (9) — — — (9) — — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,441,082 $23,261 $(15,287) $1,449,056 $ (9) 114 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) (1) Represents the total amount of other than temporary impairment losses relating to factors other than credit losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). (Dollars in thousands) As of December 31, 2014 Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities . . . Corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total fixed maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,272,948 99,297 33,174 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Other than temporary impairments recognized in AOCI (1) $ 78,569 $ 2,281 $ (83) $ 80,767 $— 188,452 205,814 177,853 133,984 380,704 107,572 3,718 3,709 713 21 3,421 625 14,488 25,689 489 (697) (764) (303) (847) (709) (558) 191,473 208,759 178,263 133,158 383,416 107,639 (3,961) (2,938) — 1,283,475 122,048 33,663 — (4) (13) — — — (17) — — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,405,419 $40,666 $(6,899) $1,439,186 $ (17) (1) Represents the total amount of other than temporary impairment losses relating to factors other than credit losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). Excluding U.S. treasuries and agency bonds, the Company did not hold any debt or equity investments in a single issuer that was in excess of 5% and 4% of shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio classified as available for sale at December 31, 2015, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. (Dollars in thousands) Due in one year or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Due in one year through five years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Due in five years through ten years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Due in ten years through fifteen years . . . . . . . . . . . . Due after fifteen years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value $ 107,010 595,977 38,048 1,738 4,057 157,753 261,008 142,742 $ 107,582 594,859 38,016 2,137 4,020 159,123 260,022 140,390 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,308,333 $1,306,149 115 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The following table contains an analysis of the Company’s securities with gross unrealized losses, categorized by the period that the securities were in a continuous loss position as of December 31, 2015: (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency Less than 12 months 12 months or longer (1) Total Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 79,496 $ (321) $ — $ — $ 79,496 $ (321) Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage-backed securities . . . . . . . . . Asset-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . Total fixed maturities . . . . . . . . . Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,708 63,759 203,381 118,813 211,364 63,860 790,381 36,798 (373) (743) (1,404) (2,005) (3,269) (697) (8,812) (5,960) 7,732 — 4,843 21,577 2,120 5,129 41,401 — (84) — (17) (347) (25) (42) (515) — 57,440 63,759 208,224 140,390 213,484 68,989 831,782 36,798 (457) (743) (1,421) (2,352) (3,294) (739) (9,327) (5,960) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $827,179 $(14,772) $41,401 $(515) $868,580 $(15,287) (1) Fixed maturities in a gross unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer are primarily comprised of non-credit losses on investment grade securities where management does not intend to sell, and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be forced to sell the security before recovery. The Company has analyzed these securities and has determined that they are not other than temporarily impaired. The following table contains an analysis of the Company’s securities with gross unrealized losses, categorized by the period that the securities were in a continuous loss position as of December 31, 2014: (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency Less than 12 months 12 months or longer (1) Total Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 11,728 $ (9) $ 3,343 $ (74) $ 15,071 $ (83) Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage-backed securities . . . . . . . . Asset-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . Total fixed maturities . . . . . . . . Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,684 2,818 92,123 92,664 144,505 60,518 433,040 20,002 (314) (7) (283) (525) (656) (558) 28,061 51,203 1,683 26,280 3,216 — (383) (757) (20) (322) (53) — (2,352) (2,808) 113,786 1,577 (1,609) (130) 56,745 54,021 93,806 118,944 147,721 60,518 546,826 21,579 (697) (764) (303) (847) (709) (558) (3,961) (2,938) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $453,042 $(5,160) $115,363 $(1,739) $568,405 $(6,899) 116 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) (1) Fixed maturities in a gross unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer are primarily comprised of non-credit losses on investment grade securities where management does not intend to sell, and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be forced to sell the security before recovery. The Company has analyzed these securities and has determined that they are not other than temporarily impaired. Subject to the risks and uncertainties in evaluating the potential impairment of a security’s value, the impairment evaluation conducted by the Company as of December 31, 2015 concluded the unrealized losses discussed above are not other than temporary impairments. The impairment evaluation process is discussed in the “Investment” section of Note 2 (“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”). The following is a description, by asset type, of the methodology and significant inputs that the Company used to measure the amount of credit loss recognized in earnings, if any: U.S. treasury and agency obligations—As of December 31, 2015, gross unrealized losses related to U.S. treasury and agency obligations were $0.321 million. All unrealized losses have been in an unrealized loss position for less than 12 months and are rated AA+ or better. Macroeconomic and market analysis is conducted in evaluating these securities. The analysis is driven by moderate interest rate anticipation, yield curve management, and security selection. Obligations of states and political subdivisions—As of December 31, 2015, gross unrealized losses related to obligations of states and political subdivisions were $0.457 million. Of this amount, $0.084 million have been in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or greater and are rated A or better. All factors that influence performance of the municipal bond market are considered in evaluating these securities. The aforementioned factors include investor expectations, supply and demand patterns, and current versus historical yield and spread relationships. The analysis relies on the output of fixed income credit analysts, as well as dedicated municipal bond analysts who perform extensive in-house fundamental analysis on each issuer, regardless of their rating by the major agencies. Mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”)—As of December 31, 2015, gross unrealized losses related to mortgage- backed securities were $0.743 million. All unrealized losses have been in an unrealized loss position for less than 12 months and are rated investment grade. Mortgage-backed securities are modeled to project principal losses under downside, base, and upside scenarios for the economy and home prices. The primary assumption that drives the security and loan level modeling is the Home Price Index (“HPI”) projection. The model first projects HPI at the national level, then at the zip-code level based on the historical relationship between the individual zip code HPI and the national HPI. The model utilizes loan level data and borrower characteristics including FICO score, geographic location, original and current loan size, loan age, mortgage rate and type (fixed rate / interest- only / adjustable rate mortgage), issuer / originator, residential type (owner occupied / investor property), dwelling type (single family / multi-family), loan purpose, level of documentation, and delinquency status as inputs. The model also includes the explicit treatment of silent second liens, utilization of loan modification history, and the application of roll rate adjustments. Asset backed securities (“ABS”)—As of December 31, 2015, gross unrealized losses related to asset backed securities were $1.421 million. Of this amount, $0.017 million have been in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or greater and are rated AAA. The weighted average credit enhancement for the Company’s asset backed portfolio is 23.4. This represents the percentage of pool losses that can occur before an asset backed security will incur its first dollar of principal losses. Every ABS transaction is analyzed on a stand-alone basis. This analysis involves a thorough review of the collateral, prepayment, and structural risk in each transaction. Additionally, the analysis includes an in-depth credit analysis of the originator and servicer of the collateral. The analysis projects an expected loss for a deal given a set of assumptions specific to the asset type. These assumptions are used to calculate at what level of losses the deal will incur its first dollar of principal loss. The major assumptions used to calculate this ratio are loss severities, recovery lags, and no advances on principal and interest. 117 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”)—As of December 31, 2015, gross unrealized losses related to the CMBS portfolio were $2.352 million. Of this amount, $0.347 million have been in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or greater and are rated AA or better. The weighted average credit enhancement for the Company’s CMBS portfolio is 35.6. This represents the percentage of pool losses that can occur before a mortgage-backed security will incur its first dollar of principal loss. For the Company’s CMBS portfolio, a loan level analysis is utilized where every underlying CMBS loan is re-underwritten based on a set of assumptions reflecting expectations for the future path of the economy. In the analysis, the focus is centered on stressing the significant variables that influence commercial loan defaults and collateral losses in CMBS deals. These variables include: (1) a projected drop in occupancies; (2) capitalization rates that vary by property type and are forecasted to return to more normalized levels as the capital markets repair and capital begins to flow again; and (3) property value stress testing using projected property performance and projected capitalization rates. Term risk is triggered if the projected debt service coverage rate falls below 1x. Balloon risk is triggered if a property’s projected performance does not satisfy new, tighter mortgage standards. Corporate bonds—As of December 31, 2015, gross unrealized losses related to corporate bonds were $3.294 million. Of this amount, $0.025 million have been in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or greater and are rated BBB or better. The analysis for this sector includes maintaining detailed financial models that include a projection of each issuer’s future financial performance, including prospective debt servicing capabilities, capital structure composition, and the value of the collateral. The analysis incorporates the macroeconomic environment, industry conditions in which the issuer operates, the issuer’s current competitive position, its vulnerability to changes in the competitive and regulatory environment, issuer liquidity, issuer commitment to bondholders, issuer creditworthiness, and asset protection. Part of the process also includes running downside scenarios to evaluate the expected likelihood of default as well as potential losses in the event of default. Foreign bonds—As of December 31, 2015, gross unrealized losses related to foreign bonds were $0.739 million. Of this amount, $0.042 million have been in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or greater and are rated A. For this sector, detailed financial models are maintained that include a projection of each issuer’s future financial performance, including prospective debt servicing capabilities, capital structure composition, and the value of the collateral. The analysis incorporates the macroeconomic environment, industry conditions in which the issuer operates, the issuer’s current competitive position, its vulnerability to changes in the competitive and regulatory environment, issuer liquidity, issuer commitment to bondholders, issuer creditworthiness, and asset protection. Part of the process also includes running downside scenarios to evaluate the expected likelihood of default as well as potential losses in the event of default. Common stock—As of December 31, 2015, gross unrealized losses related to common stock were $5.960 million. All unrealized losses have been in an unrealized loss position for less than 12 months. To determine if an other than temporary impairment of an equity security has occurred, the Company considers, among other things, the severity and duration of the decline in fair value of the equity security. The Company also examines other factors to determine if the equity security could recover its value in a reasonable period of time. 118 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The Company recorded the following other than temporary impairments (“OTTI”) on its investment portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013: (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: OTTI losses, gross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax) $ Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 (24) $ (31) $ (280) — — — Net impairment losses on fixed maturities recognized in earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (24) (7,311) (31) (470) (280) (959) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(7,335) $(501) $(1,239) The following table is an analysis of the credit losses recognized in earnings on fixed maturities held by the Company as of December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 for which a portion of the OTTI loss was recognized in other comprehensive income. (Dollars in thousands) Balance at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions where no OTTI was previously recorded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions where an OTTI was previously recorded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reductions for securities for which the company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell before recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reductions reflecting increases in expected cash flows to be collected . . . . . . Reductions for securities sold during the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years Ended December 31, 2015 $ 50 — — — — (19) 2014 $ 54 — — — — (4) 2013 $ 86 — — — — (32) Balance at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 31 $ 50 $ 54 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 was as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Net unrealized gains (losses) from: December 31, 2015 2014 Fixed maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Deferred taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (2,184) 10,158 — (3,896) $ 10,527 22,751 369 (10,263) Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,078 $ 23,384 119 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The following tables present the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, by component for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014: Year Ended December 31, 2015 (Dollars in thousands) Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available for Sale Securities, Net of Tax Foreign Currency Items, Net of Tax Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax Beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 23,647 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (17,065) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2,382) (19,447) $(263) (256) 397 141 Ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,200 $(122) $ 23,384 (17,321) (1,985) (19,306) $ 4,078 Year Ended December 31, 2014 (Dollars in thousands) Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available for Sale Securities, Net of Tax Foreign Currency Items, Net of Tax Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax Beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 53,950 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,820 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (37,123) (30,303) Ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 23,647 $ 78 (287) (54) (341) $(263) $ 54,028 6,533 (37,177) (30,644) $ 23,384 The reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows: Dollars in thousands) Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other net realized investment (gains) Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Years Ended December 31, Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations 2015 2014 Other than temporary impairment losses on investments Total before tax Income tax expense Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities, net of tax $(11,559) $(57,114) 7,335 (4,224) 1,842 501 (56,613) 19,490 $ (2,382) $(37,123) $ 610 (213) $ 397 $ (1,985) $ (83) 29 $ (54) $(37,177) Foreign currency items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other net realized investment (gains) losses Income tax expense (benefit) Foreign currency items, net of tax Total reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total reclassifications, net of tax 120 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses) The components of net realized investment gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 were as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Gross realized gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross realized losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock: Gross realized gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross realized losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred stock: Gross realized gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross realized losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivatives: Gross realized gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross realized losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total net realized investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 3,565 (2,180) 1,385 $ 2,843 (703) 2,140 $ 1,857 (691) 1,166 10,379 (8,246) 2,133 55,907 (1,351) 54,556 27,302 (2,483) 24,819 96 — 96 0 0 0 0 0 0 — (6,988) (6,988) $ (3,374) — (20,836) (20,836) $ 35,860 1,668 (241) 1,427 $27,412 The proceeds from sales of available for sale securities resulting in net realized investment gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 were as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Fixed maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $647,404 39,723 1,540 $415,739 191,765 — $292,200 101,379 — Net Investment Income The sources of net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 were as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Fixed maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $32,091 3,125 82 2,620 $26,788 5,484 61 87 $35,669 5,452 126 141 Total investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,918 (3,309) 32,420 (3,599) 41,388 (4,179) Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $34,609 $28,821 $37,209 121 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The Company’s total investment return on a pre-tax basis for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 were as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 34,609 $ 28,821 $ 37,209 Net realized investment gains(losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in unrealized holding gains and losses . . . . . . . . . . Net realized and unrealized investment returns . . . . . . . . . (3,374) (25,673) (29,047) 35,860 (45,861) (10,001) 27,412 7,301 34,713 Total investment return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,562 $ 18,820 $ 71,922 Total investment return % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3% 1.2% 4.6% Average investment portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,752,785 $1,533,104 $1,549,747 Insurance Enhanced Asset-Backed and Credit Securities As of December 31, 2015, the Company held insurance enhanced asset-backed and credit securities with a market value of approximately $39.3 million. Approximately $18.6 million of these securities were tax-free municipal bonds, which represented approximately 1.2% of the Company’s total cash and invested assets, net of payable/ receivable for securities purchased and sold. These securities had an average rating of “A+.” Approximately $8.5 million of these bonds are pre-refunded with U.S. treasury securities, of which $0.5 million are backed by financial guarantors, meaning that funds have been set aside in escrow to satisfy the future interest and principal obligations of the bond. Of the remaining $10.1 million of insurance enhanced municipal bonds, $0.5 million would have carried a lower credit rating had they not been insured. The following table provides a breakdown of the ratings for these municipal bonds with and without insurance. (Dollars in thousands) Rating AA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Ratings with Insurance $507 — $507 Ratings without Insurance $— 507 $507 A summary of the Company’s insurance enhanced municipal bonds that are backed by financial guarantors, including the pre-refunded bonds that are escrowed in U.S. government obligations, as of December 31, 2015, is as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Financial Guarantor Ambac Financial Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assured Guaranty Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal Bond Insurance Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gov’t National Housing Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total backed by financial guarantors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other credit enhanced municipal bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pre-refunded Securities Government Guaranteed Securities Exposure Net of Pre-refunded & Government Guaranteed Securities $ 469 — — — 469 7,982 $8,451 $— — — 551 551 — $551 $1,072 3,616 4,865 — 9,553 — $9,553 Total $ 1,541 3,616 4,865 551 10,573 7,982 $18,555 122 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) In addition to the tax-free municipal bonds, the Company held $20.7 million of insurance enhanced asset-backed and taxable municipal bonds, which represented approximately 1.4% of the Company’s total invested assets, net of receivable/payable for securities purchased and sold. The financial guarantors of the Company’s $20.7 million of insurance enhanced asset-backed and taxable municipal securities include Municipal Bond Insurance Association ($5.0 million), Ambac Financial Group ($1.3 million), Assured Guaranty Corporation ($14.2 million), and Financial Guaranty Insurance Group ($0.2 million). The Company had no direct investments in the entities that have provided financial guarantees or other credit support to any security held by the Company at December 31, 2015. Bonds Held on Deposit Certain cash balances, cash equivalents, equity securities, and bonds available for sale were deposited with various governmental authorities in accordance with statutory requirements, were held as collateral pursuant to borrowing arrangements, or were held in trust pursuant to intercompany reinsurance agreements. The fair values were as follows as of December 31, 2015 and 2014: (Dollars in thousands) Estimated Fair Value December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 On deposit with governmental authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany trusts held for the benefit of U.S. policyholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Held in trust pursuant to third party requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Letter of credit held for third party requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities held as collateral for borrowing arrangements (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 38,815 643,216 66,544 5,598 95,647 $ 32,790 495,301 95,828 9,340 222,809 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $849,820 $856,068 (1) Amount required to collateralize margin borrowing facilities. 5. Derivative Instruments Interest rate swaps are used by the Company primarily to reduce risks from changes in interest rates. Under the terms of the interest rate swaps, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed rate and floating rate interest amounts as calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. The Company accounts for the interest rate swaps as non-hedge instruments and recognizes the fair value of the interest rate swaps in other assets or other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with the changes in fair value recognized as net realized investment gains in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company is ultimately responsible for the valuation of the interest rate swaps. To aid in determining the estimated fair value of the interest rate swaps, the Company relies on the forward interest rate curve and information obtained from a third party financial institution. The following table summarizes information on the location and the gross amount of the derivatives’ fair value on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014: (Dollars in thousands) Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments under ASC 815 Interest rate swap agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities Balance Sheet Location December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Notional Amount Fair Value Notional Amount Fair Value $200,000 $(15,256) $200,000 $(13,675) 123 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The following table summarizes the net gains (losses) included in the consolidated statement of operations for changes in the fair value of the derivatives and the periodic net interest settlements under the derivatives for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013: (Dollars in thousands) Interest rate swap agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized investment gains Statement of Operations Line Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 (losses) $(6,988) $(20,836) $1,427 As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company is due $4.5 million and $5.4 million, respectively, for funds it needed to post to execute the swap transaction and $17.3 million and $15.3 million, respectively, for margin calls made in connection with the interest rate swaps. These amounts are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. 6. Fair Value Measurements The accounting standards related to fair value measurements define fair value, establish a framework for measuring fair value, outline a fair value hierarchy based on inputs used to measure fair value, and enhance disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. These standards do not change existing guidance as to its fair value whether or not an instrument measurements are in accordance with the requirements of these accounting standards. is carried at fair value. The Company has determined that The Company’s invested assets and derivative instruments are carried at their fair value and are categorized based upon a fair value hierarchy: • Level 1—inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. • Level 2—inputs utilize other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for similar assets, either directly or indirectly. • Level 3—inputs are unobservable for the asset, and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset. Effective October 1, 2015, the Company retrospectively adopted new accounting guidance that no longer requires investments measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient to be categorized within the fair value hierarchy. Therefore, the Company no longer includes its investments in limited partnerships within the fair value hierarchy disclosed below. Prior period amounts within the fair value hierarchy disclosures contained in this section have been revised to conform to the current period presentation. 124 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The following table presents information about the Company’s invested assets and derivative instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine such fair value. As of December 31, 2015 (Dollars in thousands) Assets: Fixed maturities: Fair Value Measurements Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total U.S. treasury and agency obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total fixed maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $101,264 — — — — — — 101,264 110,315 $ 5,858 205,240 — 159,123 — 140,390 — 260,022 — 332,111 — 102,141 — $— $ 107,122 205,240 159,123 140,390 260,022 332,111 102,141 1,204,885 — — — 1,306,149 110,315 Total assets measured at fair value (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $211,579 $1,204,885 $— $1,416,464 Liabilities: Derivative instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 15,256 $— $ 15,256 Total liabilities measured at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 15,256 $— $ 15,256 (1) Excluded from the table above are limited partnerships of $32.6 million at December 31, 2015 whose fair value is based on net asset value as a practical expedient. Based on new accounting guidance adopted this quarter, these investments are excluded from the hierarchy table. As of December 31, 2014 (Dollars in thousands) Assets: Fixed maturities: Fair Value Measurements Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total U.S. treasury and agency obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total fixed maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 74,765 — — — — — — 74,765 122,048 $ 6,002 $— $ 191,473 — 208,759 — 133,158 — 178,263 — 383,416 — 107,639 — 80,767 191,473 208,759 133,158 178,263 383,416 107,639 1,208,710 — — — 1,283,475 122,048 Total assets measured at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $196,813 $1,208,710 $— $1,405,523 Liabilities: Derivative instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 13,675 $— $ 13,675 Total liabilities measured at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 13,675 $— $ 13,675 (1) Excluded from the table above are limited partnerships of $33.7 million at December 31, 2014 whose fair value is based on net asset value as a practical expedient. Based on new accounting guidance adopted this quarter, these investments are excluded from the hierarchy table. 125 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The securities classified as Level 1 in the above table consist of U.S. Treasuries and equity securities actively traded on an exchange. The securities classified as Level 2 in the above table consist primarily of fixed maturity securities and derivative instruments. Based on the typical trading volumes and the lack of quoted market prices for fixed maturities, security prices are derived through recent reported trades for identical or similar securities making adjustments through the reporting date based upon available market observable information. If there are no recent reported trades, matrix or model processes are used to develop a security price where future cash flow expectations are developed based upon collateral performance and discounted at an estimated market rate. Included in the pricing of asset-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, and mortgage-backed securities are estimates of the rate of future prepayments of principal over the remaining life of the securities. Such estimates are derived based on the characteristics of the underlying structure and prepayment speeds previously experienced at the interest rate levels projected for the underlying collateral. The estimated fair value of the interest rate swaps is obtained from a third party financial institution who utilizes observable inputs such as the forward interest rate curve. For the Company’s material debt arrangements, the current fair value of the Company’s debt at December 31, 2015 and 2014 was as follows: (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value Margin Borrowing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.75% Subordinated Notes due 2045 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 75,646 96,388 $ 75,646 91,748 $174,673 — $174,673 — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $172,034 $167,394 $174,673 $174,673 (1) As of December 31, 2015, the carrying value and fair value of the 7.75% Subordinated Notes due 2045 are net of unamortized debt issuance cost of $3.6 million. The fair value of the margin borrowing facilities approximates its carrying value due to the facilities being due on demand. The 7.75% subordinated notes due 2045 are publicly traded instruments and are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013. Fair Value of Alternative Investments Other invested assets consist of limited liability partnerships whose fair value is based on net asset value per share practical expedient. In accordance with the accounting guidance adopted this quarter, these investments have been excluded from the fair value hierarchy listed above. The following table provides the fair value and future funding commitments related to these investments at December 31, 2015 and 2014. December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 (Dollars in thousands) Fair Value Future Funding Commitment Equity Fund, LP (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real Estate Fund, LP (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . European Non-Performing Loan Fund, LP (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — — 32,592 $ — — 20,014 Fair Value $ 3,401 — 30,262 Future Funding Commitment $ 2,436 — 20,064 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $32,592 $20,014 $33,663 $22,500 126 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) (1) Prior to November 9, 2015, this limited partnership invested in companies, from various business sectors, whereby the partnership had acquired control of the operating business as a lead or organizing investor. The Company did not have the ability to sell or transfer its limited partnership interest without consent from the general partner. The Company did not have the contractual option to redeem its limited partnership interest but received distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets. As of November 10, 2015, the Company no longer holds an interest in this limited partnership. In connection with the Company’s share redemption, Global Indemnity Reinsurance elected to redeem its shares. See Note 12 and 13 for further information regarding the redemption. (2) This limited partnership invests in real estate assets through a combination of direct or indirect investments in partnerships, limited liability companies, mortgage loans, and lines of credit. The Company does not have the contractual option to redeem its limited partnership interest but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets. The Company does not have the ability to sell or transfer its limited partnership interest without consent from the general partner. The Company continues to hold an investment in this limited partnership and has written the fair value down to zero. (3) This limited partnership invests in distressed securities and assets through senior and subordinated, secured and unsecured debt and equity, in both public and private large-cap and middle-market companies. The Company does not have the ability to sell or transfer its limited partnership interest without consent from the general partner. The Company does not have the contractual option to redeem its limited partnership interest but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets. Based on the terms of the partnership agreement, the Company anticipates its interest in this partnership to be redeemed in 2020. Limited Partnerships with ownership interest exceeding 3% The Company uses the equity method to account for an investment in a limited partnership where its ownership interest exceeds 3%. The equity method of accounting for an investment in a limited partnership requires that its cost basis be updated to account for the income or loss earned on the investment. The income or loss associated with the partnership is reflected in the statement of operations, and the adjusted cost basis approximates fair value. The income or loss associated with this limited partnership, which was included in investment income, was $2.5 million during the year end December 31, 2015. No income or loss associated with this limited partnership was recorded during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. Pricing The Company’s pricing vendors provide prices for all investment categories except for investments in limited partnerships whose fair value is based on net asset values as a practical expedient. Two vendors provide prices for equity and fixed maturity securities. The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used by the Company’s pricing vendors for investment securities carried at fair value: • Common stock prices are received from all primary and secondary exchanges. • Corporate and agency bonds are evaluated by utilizing a multi-dimensional relational model. For bonds with early redemption options, an option adjusted spread model is utilized. Both asset classes use standard inputs and incorporate security set up, defined sector breakdown, benchmark yields, apply base spreads, yield to maturity, and adjust for corporate actions. • Data from commercial vendors is aggregated with market then converted into a prepayment/spread/LIBOR curve model used for commercial mortgage obligations (“CMO”). CMOs information, 127 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) are categorized with mortgage-backed securities in the tables listed above. For asset-backed securities, data derived from market information along with trustee and servicer reports is converted into spreads to interpolated swap yield curve. For both asset classes, evaluations utilize standard inputs plus new issue data, monthly payment information, and collateral performance. The evaluated pricing models incorporate discount rates, loan level information, prepayment speeds, treasury benchmarks, and LIBOR and swap curves. • For obligations of state and political subdivisions, a multi-dimensional relational model is used to evaluate securities. The pricing models incorporate security set-up, benchmark yields, apply base spreads, yield to worst or market convention, ratings updates, prepayment schedules and adjustments for material events notices. • U.S. treasuries are evaluated by obtaining feeds from a number of live data sources including active market makers and inter-dealer brokers. • For mortgage-backed securities, a matrix model correlation to TBA (a forward MBS trade) or benchmarking is utilized to value a security. The Company performs certain procedures to validate whether the pricing information received from the pricing vendors is reasonable, to ensure that the fair value determination is consistent with accounting guidance, and to ensure that its assets are properly classified in the fair value hierarchy. The Company’s procedures include, but are not limited to: • Reviewing periodic reports provided by the Investment Manager that provide information regarding rating changes and securities placed on watch. This procedure allows the Company to understand why a particular security’s market value may have changed or should potentially change. • Understanding and periodically evaluating the various pricing methods and procedures used by the Company’s pricing vendors to ensure that investments are properly classified within the fair value hierarchy. • On a quarterly basis, the Company corroborates investment security prices received from its pricing vendors by obtaining pricing from a second pricing vendor for a sample of securities. During 2015 or 2014, the Company has not adjusted quotes or prices obtained from the pricing vendors. 7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill As a result of acquisitions in 2015 and 2010, the Company has goodwill of $6.5 million and $4.8 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, which represents the excess purchase price over the Company’s best estimate of the fair value of the assets acquired. Impairment testing performed in 2015 and 2014 did not result in impairment of the goodwill acquired. 128 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, by segment, for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 are as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Commercial Lines Personal Lines Total Balance at January 1, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition of American Reliable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,820 — 4,820 — $ — — — 1,701 $4,820 — 4,820 1,701 Balance at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,820 $1,701 $6,521 Intangible assets The following table presents details of the Company’s intangible assets as of December 31, 2015: (Dollars in thousands) Description Useful Life Cost Accumulated Amortization Net Value Trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State insurance licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agent relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Value of business added (“VOBA”) . . . . Indefinite Indefinite Indefinite 15 years 10 years 7 years < 1 year $ 4,800 4,200 10,000 5,300 900 600 25,500 $51,300 $ — — — 2,017 90 86 25,500 $27,693 $ 4,800 4,200 10,000 3,283 810 514 — $23,607 The following table presents details of the Company’s intangible assets as of December 31, 2014: (Dollars in thousands) Description Useful Life Cost Accumulated Amortization Net Value Trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State insurance licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-compete agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . Indefinite Indefinite Indefinite 15 years 2 years $ 4,800 4,200 5,000 5,300 50 $19,350 $ — — — 1,664 50 $1,714 $ 4,800 4,200 5,000 3,636 — $17,636 As a result of the acquisition of American Reliable, the cost basis of intangible assets increased from $19.4 million at December 31, 2014 to $51.3 million at December 31, 2015. Amortization related to the Company’s definite lived intangible assets, other than VOBA, was $0.5 million, $0.4 million, and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Amortization related to VOBA was $25.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. 129 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The Company expects that amortization expense for the next five years will be as follows: (Dollars in thousands) 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 529 529 529 529 529 Intangible assets with indefinite lives As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, indefinite lived intangible assets, which are comprised of trade names, trademarks, and state insurance licenses, were $19.0 million and $14.0 million, respectively. The Company reviewed internal business unit results, the growth of competitors and the overall property and casualty insurance market for indicators of impairment of its indefinite lived intangible assets. Impairment testing performed in 2015 and 2014 indicated that there was no impairment of these assets. Intangible assets with definite lives As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, definite lived intangible assets were $4.6 million and $3.6 million, net of accumulated amortization, and were comprised of customer relationships, agent relationships, trade names, and non-compete agreements. VOBA of $25.5 million, which was related to the American Reliable acquisition, was fully amortized in 2015. The Company reviewed internal business unit results, the growth of competitors and the overall property and casualty insurance market for indicators of impairment of its definite lived intangible assets. There was no impairment of these assets in 2015 or 2014. 8. Reinsurance The Company cedes risk to unrelated reinsurers on a pro rata (“quota share”) and excess of loss basis in the ordinary course of business to limit its net loss exposure on insurance contracts. Reinsurance ceded arrangements do not discharge the Company of primary liability. Moreover, reinsurers may fail to pay the Company due to a lack of reinsurer liquidity, perceived improper underwriting, and losses for risks that are excluded from reinsurance coverage and other similar factors, all of which could adversely affect the Company’s financial results. The Company had the following reinsurance balances as of December 31, 2015 and 2014: (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Reinsurance receivables, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collateral securing reinsurance receivables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $115,594 (6,445) $125,718 (8,701) Reinsurance receivables, net of collateral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $109,149 $117,017 Allowance for uncollectible reinsurance receivables . . . . . . . . Prepaid reinsurance premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,675 44,363 $ 9,350 4,725 The reinsurance receivables above are net of a purchase accounting adjustment related to discounting acquired loss reserves to their present value and applying a risk margin to the discounted reserves. This adjustment was $3.0 million and $4.0 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. 130 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) As of December 31, 2015, the Company had one aggregate unsecured reinsurance receivable that exceeded 3% of shareholders’ equity from the following reinsurer. Unsecured reinsurance receivables include amounts receivable for paid and unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, less amounts secured by collateral. (Dollars in thousands) Reinsurance Receivables A.M. Best Ratings (As of December 31, 2015) Munich Re America Corporation . . . . . . . . $53,381 A+ The effect of reinsurance on premiums written and earned is as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Written Earned For the year ended December 31, 2015: Direct business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance assumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance ceded (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $458,185 132,048 (88,989) $452,441 144,554 (92,852) Net premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $501,244 $504,143 For the year ended December 31, 2014: Direct business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance assumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance ceded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $229,978 61,275 (18,072) $228,652 58,414 (18,547) Net premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $273,181 $268,519 For the year ended December 31, 2013: Direct business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance assumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance ceded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $232,373 58,350 (18,739) $215,713 52,494 (19,485) Net premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $271,984 $248,722 (1) Includes ceded written premiums and ceded earned premiums of $55.8 million and $59.5 million, respectively, to American Bankers Insurance Company. 9. Income Taxes The statutory income tax rates of the countries where the Company does business are 35% in the United States, 0% in Bermuda, 0% in the Cayman Islands, 0% in Gibraltar, 29.22% in the Duchy of Luxembourg, and 25% on non-trading income, 33% on capital gains and 12.5% on trading income in the Republic of Ireland. The statutory income tax rate of each country is applied against the annual taxable income of each country to calculate the annual income tax expense. 131 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The Company’s income before income taxes from its non-U.S. subsidiaries and U.S. subsidiaries, including the results of the quota share and stop-loss agreements between Global Indemnity Reinsurance and the Insurance Operations, for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 were as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2015: (Dollars in thousands) Non-U.S. Subsidiaries U.S. Subsidiaries Eliminations Total Revenues: Gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $345,392 $540,500 $(295,659) $590,233 Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $345,342 $155,902 Net premiums earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized investment losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $283,448 44,534 (1,039) (93) $220,695 18,011 (2,335) 3,493 $ $ — $501,244 — $504,143 34,609 (3,374) 3,400 (27,936) — — Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326,850 239,864 (27,936) 538,778 Losses and Expenses: Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141,444 122,999 5,928 4,492 133,924 78,304 18,520 28,357 — — — (27,936) 275,368 201,303 24,448 4,913 Income (loss) before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 51,987 $ (19,241) $ — $ 32,746 Year Ended December 31, 2014: (Dollars in thousands) Non-U.S. Subsidiaries U.S. Subsidiaries Eliminations Total Revenues: Gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $173,563 $229,979 $(112,289) $291,253 Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $172,504 $100,677 Net premiums earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized investment gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $168,743 31,420 926 (65) $ 99,776 16,715 34,934 620 $ $ — $273,181 — $268,519 28,821 35,860 555 (19,314) — — Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201,024 152,045 (19,314) 333,755 Losses and Expenses: Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,669 70,479 5,243 852 74,892 39,140 9,316 19,284 — — — (19,314) 137,561 109,619 14,559 822 Income (loss) before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 61,781 $ 9,413 $ — $ 71,194 132 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) Year Ended December 31, 2013: (Dollars in thousands) Non-U.S. Subsidiaries U.S. Subsidiaries Eliminations Total Revenues: Gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $169,618 $232,374 $(111,269) $290,723 Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $169,547 $102,437 Net premiums earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized investment gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $154,987 35,750 175 (4) $ 93,735 21,064 27,237 5,795 $ $ — $271,984 — $248,722 37,209 27,412 5,791 (19,605) — — Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190,908 147,831 (19,605) 319,134 Losses and Expenses: Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,337 64,822 4,745 1,165 67,654 40,829 6,869 24,609 — — — (19,605) 132,991 105,651 11,614 6,169 Income (loss) before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 54,839 $ 7,870 $ — $ 62,709 The following table summarizes the components of income tax expense (benefit): (Dollars in thousands) Current income tax expense (benefit): Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Non-resident withholding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Federal $ — 263 (1,785) $6,250 129 2,787 $ — 163 859 Total current income tax expense (benefit) . . . . . . . . . . (1,522) 9,166 1,022 Deferred income tax benefit: U.S. Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred income tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7,201) (7,201) (828) (828) (3) (3) Total income tax expense (benefit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(8,723) $8,338 $1,019 The weighted average expected tax provision has been calculated using income (loss) before income taxes in each jurisdiction multiplied by that jurisdiction’s applicable statutory tax rate. 133 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The following table summarizes the differences between the tax provision for financial statement purposes and the expected tax provision at the weighted average tax rate: (Dollars in thousands) Expected tax provision at weighted Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Amount % of Pre- Tax Income Amount % of Pre- Tax Income Amount % of Pre- Tax Income average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(6,434) (19.6%) $ 3,465 4.9% $ 2,954 4.7% Adjustments: Non-resident withholding . . . . . . . . . . . Tax exempt interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividend exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — (441) (784) (1,064) — (1.3) (2.4) (3.3) 6,250 (472) (1,340) 435 8.8 (0.7) (1.9) 0.6 — (1,009) (1,135) 209 — (1.6) (1.8) 0.3 Actual taxes on continuing operations . . . . . $(8,723) (26.6%) $ 8,338 11.7% $ 1,019 1.6% The effective income tax benefit rate for 2015 was 26.6%, compared with an effective income tax rate of 11.7% for 2014 and an effective income tax rate of 1.6% for 2013. The decrease in the effective income tax rate in 2015 compared to 2014 is primarily due to incurring acquisition expenses related to American Reliable, a decrease in capital gains in 2015, and a $6.3 million withholding tax paid in 2014 in connection with the $125 million dividend from Global Indemnity Group Inc. to U.A.I. Luxembourg S.à.r.l. The increase in the effective income tax rate in 2014 compared with 2013 is primarily due to an increase in capital gains in 2014 and a $6.3 million withholding tax paid in 2014 in connection with the $125 million dividend from Global Indemnity Group Inc. to U.A.I. Luxembourg S.à.r.l. 134 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2015 and 2014 are presented below: (Dollars in thousands) Deferred tax assets: 2015 2014 Discounted unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unearned premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 163(j) carryforward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternative minimum tax credit carryover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net operating loss carryforward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partnership K1 basis differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital gain on derivative instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stat-to-GAAP reinsurance reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,222 7,884 3,135 10,868 1,934 245 5,340 2,635 2,635 — 1,364 1,612 36 4,545 $ 7,492 3,409 — 10,473 — 145 4,786 379 2,048 187 1,424 1,919 — 3,050 Total deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,455 35,312 Deferred tax liabilities: Purchase accounting adjustment for American Reliable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized gain on securities available-for-sale and investments in limited partnerships included in accumulated other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment basis differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,095 3,893 3,896 1,034 642 — 208 — 3,220 10,263 692 — 16 871 Total deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,768 15,062 Total net deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $34,687 $20,250 Management believes it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be completely utilized in future years. As a result, the Company has not recorded a valuation allowance at December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company has an alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) credit carryforward of $10.9 million and $10.5 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, which can be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has a net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward of $1.9 million which will expire in 2035. The Company had no NOL carryforward as of December 31, 2014. The Company has a Section 163(j) (“163(j)”) carryforward of $3.1 million as of December 31, 2015 which can be carried forward indefinitely. The Company had no 163(j) carryforward as of December 31, 2014. The 163(j) carryforward is for disqualified interest paid or accrued to a related entity that is not subject to U.S. tax. The Company and some of its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and various states and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal tax examinations by tax authorities for tax years before 2010. 135 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) Should the Company’s subsidiaries that are subject to income taxes imposed by the U.S. authorities pay a dividend to their foreign affiliates, withholding taxes would apply. The Company has not recorded deferred taxes for potential withholding tax on undistributed earnings. The Company believes, although there can be no assurances, that it qualifies for treaty benefits under the Tax Convention with Luxembourg and would be subject to a 5% withholding tax if it were to pay a dividend. Determination of the unrecognized deferred tax liability related to these undistributed earnings is not practicable because of the complexities with its hypothetical calculation. In December, 2014, Global Indemnity Group, Inc. paid a dividend of $125 million to U.A.I. (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l. and paid a 5% withholding tax of $6.3 million. The Company did not pay any dividends from a U.S. subsidiary to a foreign affiliate during 2015. The Company applies a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold for all tax uncertainties whereby it only recognizes those tax benefits that have a greater than 50% likelihood of being sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities. The Company had no unrecognized tax benefits during 2015 or 2014. The Company classifies all interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as income tax expense. The Company did not incur any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. As of December 31, 2015, the Company did not record any liabilities for tax-related interest and penalties on its consolidated balance sheets. 10. Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Activity in the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses is summarized as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Balance at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Ceded reinsurance receivables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $675,472 123,201 $779,466 192,491 $879,114 240,566 Net balance at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchased reserves, gross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Purchased reserves ceded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552,271 89,489 12,800 586,975 — — 638,548 — — Purchase reserves, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,689 — — Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses related to: Current year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310,066 (34,698) 153,994 (16,433) 140,873 (7,882) Total incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275,368 137,561 132,991 Paid losses and loss adjustment expenses related to: Current year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164,058 168,353 55,485 116,780 50,732 133,832 Total paid losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332,411 172,265 184,564 Net balance at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plus: Ceded reinsurance receivables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571,917 108,130 552,271 123,201 586,975 192,491 Balance at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $680,047 $675,472 $779,466 When analyzing loss reserves and prior year development, the Company considers many factors, including the frequency and severity of claims, loss trends, case reserve settlements that may have resulted in significant development, and any other additional or pertinent factors that may impact reserve estimates. 136 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) During 2015, the Company reduced its prior accident year loss reserves by $34.7 million, which consisted of a $25.6 million decrease related to Commercial Lines and a $9.1 million decrease related to Reinsurance Operations. The $25.6 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Commercial Lines primarily consisted of the following: • General Liability: A $20.4 million reduction in aggregate with $5.9 million of favorable development in the construction defect reserve category and $14.5 million of favorable development in the other general liability reserve categories. In the construction defect reserve category, a reduction in both claims frequency and severity was observed across several accident years which contributed to the recognition of favorable development primarily in accident years 2008 through 2014. For general liability excluding construction defect, lower than expected claims severity was experienced across multiple accident years leading to the recognition of favorable development in accident years 2004 through 2014. • Professional: A $6.2 million decrease in aggregate primarily related to better than anticipated claims frequency and severity in accident years 2006 through 2011. The $9.1 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Reinsurance Operations was primarily driven by $6.8 million of favorable development in property mainly due to accident years 2011 through 2014 and $2.8 million of favorable development in the marine product mainly due to accident years 2010 and 2011, partially offset by adverse development of $1.0 million in workers compensation mainly due to accident year 2010. Ultimate losses from quota share underwriting years 2013 and prior were booked to the amount reported from cedants and reserve releases on legacy contracts due to better than anticipated case incurred emergence led to the recognition of favorable development. During 2014, the Company reduced its prior accident year loss reserves by $16.4 million, which consisted of a $12.5 million decrease related to Commercial Lines and a $3.9 million decrease related to Reinsurance Operations. The $12.5 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Commercial Lines primarily consisted of the following: • Property: A $2.1 million increase due to higher than expected emergence on non-catastrophe claims primarily in accident years 2007, 2012, and 2013. • General Liability: A $3.1 million reduction due to less than anticipated frequency in accident year 2001 and less than anticipated frequency and severity on claims from accident years 2007 through 2010 partially offset by greater than anticipated loss emergence in accident year 2013. • Asbestos and Environmental: A $7.1 million increase related to policies written prior to 1990 as a result of recent severity being higher than expected due to faster erosion of underlying policy limits. • Professional: A $19.4 million reduction primarily due to expected loss emergence being much less than anticipated for accident years 2007 through 2011. • Umbrella: A $2.7 million decrease primarily driven by less than anticipated frequency in accident years 2002 through 2007. • Commercial Auto: A $3.6 million increase primarily related to accident years 2011 through 2013. Larger vehicles were written prior to 2014 and industry loss development factors were used to project losses. 137 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The $3.9 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Reinsurance Operations was primarily due to better than anticipated loss emergence on property lines partially offset by adverse development related to commercial auto and higher than anticipated severity on the Company’s marine product. During 2013, the Company reduced its prior accident year loss reserves by $7.9 million, which consisted of a $7.6 million decrease related to Commercial Lines and a $0.3 million decrease related to Reinsurance Operations. The $7.6 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Commercial Lines primarily consisted of the following: • Property: A $9.2 million reduction primarily driven by better than expected development from accident years 2010, 2011, and 2012 related primarily to lower than expected non-catastrophe severity. • General Liability: A $6.7 million reduction primarily due to better than expected emergence in nearly all accident years between 2003 through 2011 partially offset by an increase to accident years 1998 through 2002 and 2012 due to higher than anticipated loss emergence. • Asbestos and Environmental: A $6.8 million increase primarily related to policies written prior to 1990. • Professional: A $0.7 million increase primarily driven by $2.2 million increase in aggregate from unexpected loss emergence in accident years 2006 to 2008 and 2010 offset by $1.5 million of favorable emergence from accident years 1998 and 2011. • Umbrella: A $1.1 million decrease primarily driven by better than expected loss emergence in accident years 2002 to 2010 offset by increases in 2011 and 2012. • Commercial Auto: A $0.9 million increase primarily related to accident year 2011. • Marine: A $0.9 million increase primarily related to accident years 2011 and 2012. The $0.3 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Reinsurance Operations was primarily due to better than anticipated loss emergence on property lines partially offset by adverse development on director and officer, general liability, automobile, and marine. Prior to 2001, the Company underwrote multi-peril business insuring general contractors, developers, and sub- contractors primarily involved in residential construction that has resulted in significant exposure to construction defect (“CD”) claims. The Company’s reserves for CD claims ($62.2 million and $69.8 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, net of reinsurance, respectively) are established based upon management’s best estimate in consideration of known facts, existing case law and generally accepted actuarial methodologies. However, due to the inherent uncertainty concerning this type of business, the ultimate exposure for these claims may vary significantly from the amounts currently recorded. The Company has exposure to asbestos and environmental (“A&E”) claims. The asbestos exposure primarily arises from the sale of product liability insurance, and the environmental exposure arises from the sale of general liability and commercial multi-peril insurance. In establishing the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses related to A&E exposures, management considers facts currently known and the current state of the law and coverage litigation. Liabilities are recognized for known claims (including the cost of related litigation) when sufficient information has been developed to indicate the involvement of a specific insurance policy, and management can reasonably estimate its liability. In addition, liabilities have been established to cover additional exposures on both known and unasserted claims. Estimates of the liabilities are reviewed and updated regularly. Case law continues to evolve for such claims, and uncertainty exists about the outcome of coverage litigation and 138 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) whether past claim experience will be representative of future claim experience. Included in net unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 were IBNR reserves of $26.0 million, $26.4 million, and $18.2 million, respectively, and case reserves of approximately $4.5 million, $4.8 million, and $4.8 million, respectively, for known A&E-related claims. The following table shows the Company’s gross reserves for A&E losses: (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Gross reserve for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses—beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plus: Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses—case reserves . . . . . . . . Plus: Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses—IBNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $56,535 2,666 (2,663) 2,714 $50,155 4,333 7,340 5,293 $44,767 2,154 5,961 2,727 Gross reserves for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses—end of period . . . . $53,824 $56,535 $50,155 The following table shows the Company’s net reserves for A&E losses: (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Net reserve for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses—beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plus: Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses—case reserves . . . . . . . . Plus: Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses—IBNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $31,185 395 (394) 657 $23,038 2,754 8,241 2,848 $20,134 1,351 3,506 1,953 Net reserves for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses—end of period . . . . . . $30,529 $31,185 $23,038 Establishing reserves for A&E and other mass tort claims involves more judgment than other types of claims due to, among other things, inconsistent court decisions, an increase in bankruptcy filings as a result of asbestos- related liabilities, and judicial interpretations that often expand theories of recovery and broaden the scope of coverage. The insurance industry continues to receive a substantial number of asbestos-related bodily injury claims, with an increasing focus being directed toward other parties, including installers of products containing asbestos rather than against asbestos manufacturers. This shift has resulted in significant insurance coverage litigation implicating applicable coverage defenses or determinations, if any, including but not limited to, determinations as to whether or not an asbestos-related bodily injury claim is subject to aggregate limits of liability found in most comprehensive general liability policies. In 2009, one of the Company’s insurance companies entered into a settlement agreement to resolve asbestos related coverage litigation related to approximately 3,900 existing asbestos-related bodily injury claims and future claims. The settlement was approved by the Court and a final order was issued in September 2014. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has no outstanding obligations as it relates to this settlement agreement. As of December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, the survival ratio on a gross basis for the Company’s open A&E claims was 15.0 years, 10.8 years, and 11.3 years, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, the survival ratio on a net basis for the Company’s open A&E claims was 16.8 years, 8.4 years, and 6.7 years, respectively. The survival ratio, which is the ratio of gross or net reserves to the 3-year average of annual paid claims, is a financial measure that indicates how long the current amount of gross or net reserves are expected to last based on the current rate of paid claims. 139 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) 11. Debt The Company’s outstanding debt consisted of the following at December 31, 2015 and 2014: (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2015 2014 Margin Borrowing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.75% Subordinated Notes due 2045 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 75,646 96,388 $174,673 — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $172,034 $174,673 Margin Borrowing Facilities The Company has available two margin borrowing facilities. The borrowing rate for each facility is tied to LIBOR and was approximately 1.3% and 1% at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. These facilities are due on demand. The borrowings are subject to maintenance margin, which is a minimum account balance that must be maintained. A decline in market conditions could require an additional deposit of collateral. As of December 31, 2015, approximately $95.6 million in securities were deposited as collateral to support borrowings. The amount borrowed against the margin accounts may fluctuate as routine investment transactions, such as dividends received, investment income received, maturities and pay-downs, impact cash balances. The margin facilities contain customary events of default, including, without limitation, insolvency, failure to make required payments, failure to comply with any representations or warranties, failure to adequately assure future performance, and failure of a guarantor to perform under its guarantee. The amount outstanding on the Company’s margin borrowing facilities was $75.6 million and $174.7 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Company recorded interest expense related to the Margin Borrowing Facilities of approximately $1.9 million, $0.7 million, and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. 7.75% Subordinated Notes due 2045 On August 12, 2015, the Company issued $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 2045 Subordinated Notes through an underwritten public offering. at interest an annual The notes bear to 7.75%, payable quarterly in arrears on equal February 15, May 15, August 15, and November 15 of each year, commencing November 15, 2015. The notes mature on August 15, 2045. The Company has the right to redeem the notes in $25 increments, in whole or in part, on and after August 15, 2020, or on any interest payment date thereafter, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of redemption. rate The notes are subordinated unsecured obligations and rank (i) senior to the Company’s existing and future capital stock, (ii) senior in right of payment to future junior subordinated debt, (iii) equally in right of payment with any unsecured, subordinated debt that the Company incurs in the future that ranks equally with the notes, and (iv) subordinate in right of payment to any of the Company’s existing and future senior debt. In addition, the notes are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness, liabilities and other obligations of the Company’s subsidiaries. The subordinated notes do not require the maintenance of any financial ratios or specified levels of net worth or liquidity, and do not contain provisions that would afford holders of the subordinated notes protection in the event of a sudden and dramatic decline in the Company’s credit quality resulting from any highly leveraged 140 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) transaction, reorganization, restructuring, merger or similar transaction involving the Company that may adversely affect holders. The subordinated notes do not restrict the Company in any way, now or in the future, from incurring additional indebtedness, including senior indebtedness that would rank senior in right of payment to the subordinated notes. There is no right of acceleration of maturity of the subordinated notes in the case of default in the payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest on, the subordinated notes or in the performance of any other obligation of the Company under the notes or if the Company defaults on any other debt securities. Holders may accelerate payment of indebtedness on the notes only upon the Company’s bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization. AM Best, which provides the Company’s industry rating, is giving the Company a 30% equity credit on the notes due to their 30 year maturity, as opposed to treating the notes entirely as debt. The Company incurred $3.7 million in deferred issuance costs associated with the notes, which is being amortized over the term of the notes. Interest expense, including amortization of deferred issuance costs, recognized on the notes was $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The following table represents the amounts recorded for the 7.75% subordinated notes as of December 31, 2015: 7.75% Subordinated Notes due 2045 . . . . . . 100,000 (3,612) 96,388 December 31, 2015 Outstanding Principal Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs Net Carrying Amount 12. Shareholders’ Equity Dividends The ability of Global Indemnity plc to pay dividends is subject to Irish regulations. Under Irish law, dividends and distributions may only be made from distributable reserves. As of December 31, 2015, the Company’s distributable reserves were $931.5 million. Since the Company is a holding company and has no direct operations, its ability to pay dividends depends, in part, on the ability of its subsidiaries to pay dividends. Global Indemnity Reinsurance and the U.S. insurance subsidiaries are subject to significant regulatory restrictions limiting their ability to declare and pay dividends. See Note 18 for additional information regarding dividend limitations imposed on Global Indemnity Reinsurance and the U.S. insurance subsidiaries. Repurchases and Redemptions of the Company’s Ordinary Shares The Company allows employees to surrender A ordinary shares as payment for the tax liability incurred upon the vesting of restricted stock that was issued under the Share Incentive Plan. During 2015, 2014, and 2013, the Company purchased an aggregate of 11,895, 5,444 and 2,370, respectively, of surrendered A ordinary shares from its employees for $0.3 million, $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. All shares purchased from employees by the Company are held as treasury stock and recorded at cost. On October 29, 2015, Global Indemnity entered into a redemption agreement with certain affiliates of Fox Paine & Company and agreed to redeem 8,260,870 of its ordinary shares for $190.0 million in the aggregate from affiliates of Fox Paine & Company. Global Indemnity also acquired rights, expiring December 31, 2019, to redeem an additional 3,397,031 ordinary shares for $78.1 million, which is subject to an annual 3% increase. After giving effect to the share redemptions and regardless of whether or not the additional redemption rights are exercised, affiliates of Fox Paine & Company will continue to have the ability to cast a majority of votes on matters submitted to Global Indemnity shareholders for approval. 141 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The following table provides information with respect to ordinary shares that were surrendered, repurchased, or redeemed in 2015: Total Number of Shares Purchased or Redeemed Average Price Paid Per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Program Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs Period (1) A ordinary shares: January 1 – 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . March 1 – 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . May 1 – 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . November 1 – 30, 2015 . . . . . . . . 9,009(2) $28.37 2,290(2) $26.98 596(2) $27.01 8,260,870(3) $23.00 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,272,765 $23.01 — — — — — — — — — (1) Based on settlement date. (2) Surrendered by employees as payment of taxes withheld on the vesting of restricted stock. (3) Of these shares, 7,928,004 shares were converted from B ordinary shares to A ordinary shares. Of the 7,928,004 converted shares, 4,555,061 were redeemed and 3,372,943 went into a liquidating trust. Other than the 7,928,004 B ordinary shares that were converted to A ordinary shares as noted above, no additional B ordinary shares were surrendered, repurchased or redeemed in 2015. The following table provides information with respect repurchased in 2014: to the ordinary shares that were surrendered or Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid Per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Program Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs Period (1) A ordinary shares: January 1 – 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . February 1 – 28, 2014 . . . . . . . March 1 – 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . 3,644(2) 362(2) 1,438(2) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,444 $25.30 $24.00 $26.23 $25.46 — — — — — — — (1) Based on settlement date. (2) Surrendered by employees as payment of taxes withheld on the vesting of restricted stock. There were no B ordinary shares that were surrendered, repurchased, or redeemed in 2014. 13. Related Party Transactions Fox Paine & Company As of December 31, 2015, Fox Paine & Company beneficially owned shares having approximately 84% of the Company’s total outstanding voting power. Fox Paine & Company has the right to appoint a number of the Company’s Directors equal in aggregate to the pro rata percentage of the voting shares of the Company beneficially held by Fox Paine & Company for so long as Fox Paine & Company holds an aggregate of 25% or 142 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) more of the voting power in the Company. Fox Paine & Company controls the election of all of the Company’s Directors due to its controlling share ownership. The Company’s Chairman is a member of Fox Paine & Company. The Company relies on Fox Paine & Company to provide management services and other services related to the operations of the Company. Global Indemnity Reinsurance was a limited partner in Fox Paine Capital Fund, II, which was managed by Fox Paine & Company. This investment was originally made by United National Insurance Company in June 2000 and pre-dates the September 5, 2003 acquisition by Fox Paine & Company of Wind River Investment Corporation, which was the predecessor holding company for United National Insurance Company. The Company’s investment in Fox Paine Capital Fund, II was valued at $3.4 million at December 31, 2014. In connection with the Company’s share redemption, Global Indemnity Reinsurance elected to redeem its shares in Fox Paine Capital Fund II, and as a result, the Company no longer held an interest in Fox Paine Capital Fund II as of November 10, 2015. All of Global Indemnity Reinsurance’s allocable Global Indemnity plc shares that were held by Fox Paine Capital Fund, II were transferred into a new liquidating partnership. Global Indemnity Reinsurance’s allocation of these shares totaled 116,973 shares. Of these shares, 82,888 shares were redeemed for $1.9 million and 34,085 shares are still being held by the new partnership, which also holds shares on behalf of other limited partners who elected to participate in the redemption. See note 12 for additional information on the share redemption. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company received a distribution of $0.8 million from Fox Paine Capital Fund II. There were no distributions received from Fox Paine Capital Fund II during 2014 and 2013. The Company relies on Fox Paine & Company to provide management services and other services related to the operations of the Company. Starting in 2014, this fee is adjusted annually to reflect the percentage change in the CPI-U. In addition, the payment of the annual management fee will be deferred until a change of control or September, 2018, whichever occurs first, and is subject to an annual adjustment equal to the rate of return the Company earns on its investment portfolio. Management fee expense of $1.9 million was incurred during each of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, unpaid management fees, which were included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, were $2.6 million and $0.6 million, respectively. In connection with the acquisition of American Reliable, the Company agreed to pay to Fox Paine & Company an investment banking fee of 3% of the amount paid plus the additional capital required to operate American Reliable on a standalone basis and a $1.5 million investment advisory fee, which in the aggregate, totaled $6.5 million. This amount is included in corporate and other operating expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations during the year ended December 31, 2015. As payment for these fees, 267,702 A ordinary shares of Global Indemnity were issued under the Global Indemnity plc Share Incentive Plan in May, 2015. These shares will be registered but cannot be sold until the earlier of five years or a change of control. See Note 15 for additional information on the Global Indemnity plc Share Incentive Plan. During 2015, the Company reimbursed Fox Paine & Company $1.2 million for expenses related to the redemption of the Company’s ordinary shares. See Note 12 for additional information on the share redemption. Cozen O’Connor The Company incurred $0.7 million, $0.2 million, and $0.02 million for legal services rendered by Cozen O’Connor during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. Stephen A. Cozen, the chairman of Cozen O’Connor, was a member of the Company’s Board of Directors until he resigned on December 31, 2015. 143 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) Crystal & Company During each of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company incurred $0.2 million in brokerage fees to Crystal & Company, an insurance broker. In January of 2016, a subsidiary of the Company entered into an agency relationship with Crystal & Company in which Crystal & Company will be paid a commission on net premiums written and collected consistent with those paid to other agencies in the Company’s ordinary course of business. James W. Crystal, the chairman and chief executive officer of Crystal & Company, is a member of the Company’s Board of Directors. Hiscox Insurance Company (Bermuda) Ltd. Global Indemnity Reinsurance is a participant in two reinsurance agreements with Hiscox Insurance Company (Bermuda) Ltd. (“Hiscox Bermuda”) while Steve Green, the President of Global Indemnity Reinsurance, was a member of Hiscox Bermuda’s Board of Directors. Steve Green was a member of the Hiscox Bermuda’s Board of Directors until May, 2014. The Company estimated that the following earned premium and incurred losses related to these agreements have been assumed by Global Indemnity Reinsurance from Hiscox Bermuda: (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Assumed earned premium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assumed losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,266 509 $6,383 763 $3,053 987 Net balances due to Global Indemnity Reinsurance under this agreement are as follows: (Dollars in thousands) As of December 31. 2015 2014 Net receivable (payable) balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(110) $2,897 14. Commitments and Contingencies Commitments In 2014, the Company entered into a $50 million commitment to purchase an alternative investment vehicle which is comprised of European non-performing loans. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has funded $30.0 million of this commitment leaving $20.0 million as unfunded. Lease Commitments Total rental expense under operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 was $3.5 million, $2.6 million, and $2.4 million, respectively. Rent expense was net of sublease income of $0.07 million, $0.04 million, and $0.01 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013, respectively. At December 31, 2015, future minimum cash payments under non-cancelable operating leases were as follows: (Dollars in thousands) 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,263 3,180 3,149 2,122 114 Total (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,828 (1) Minimum payments have not been reduced by minimum sublease rentals of $24 due in the future under non- cancelable subleases. 144 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) Legal Proceedings The Company is, from time to time, involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. The Company maintains insurance and reinsurance coverage for such risks in amounts that it considers adequate. However, there can be no assurance that the insurance and reinsurance coverage that the Company maintains is sufficient or will be available in adequate amounts or at a reasonable cost. The Company does not believe that the resolution of any currently pending legal proceedings, either individually or taken as a whole, will have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition. There is a greater potential for disputes with reinsurers who are in runoff. Some of the Company’s reinsurers’ have operations that are in runoff, and therefore, the Company closely monitors those relationships. The Company anticipates that, similar to the rest of the insurance and reinsurance industry, it will continue to be subject to litigation and arbitration proceedings in the ordinary course of business. Other Commitments The Company is party to a Management Agreement, as amended, with Fox Paine & Company, whereby in connection with certain management services provided to it by Fox Paine & Company, the Company agreed to pay an annual management fee to Fox Paine & Company. See Note 13 above for additional information pertaining to this management agreement. 15. Share-Based Compensation Plans The fair value method of accounting recognizes share-based compensation to employees and non-employee directors in the statements of operations using the grant-date fair value of the stock options and other equity- based compensation expensed over the requisite service and vesting period. For the purpose of determining the fair value of stock option awards, the Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. An estimation of forfeitures is required when recognizing compensation expense which is then adjusted over the requisite service period should actual forfeitures differ from such estimates. Changes in estimated forfeitures are recognized through a cumulative adjustment to compensation in the period of change. The prescribed accounting guidance also requires tax benefits relating to excess stock-based compensation deductions to be prospectively presented in the statement of cash flows as financing cash inflows. The tax benefit resulting from stock-based compensation deductions in excess of amounts reported for financial reporting purposes was $0.05 million and $0.04 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. There was no tax benefit resulting from stock-based compensation deductions in excess of amounts reported for financial reporting purposes during 2013. Share Incentive Plan On June 11, 2014, the Company’s Shareholders approved the Global Indemnity plc Share Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The previous share incentive plan, which became effective in 2003, expired per its terms on September 5, 2013. The purpose of the Plan is to give the Company a competitive advantage in attracting and retaining officers, employees, consultants and non-employee directors by offering stock options, restricted shares and other stock-based awards. Under the Plan, the Company may grant up to 2.0 million A ordinary shares pursuant to grants under the Plan. 145 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) Options Award activity for stock options granted under the Plan and the weighted average exercise price per share are summarized as follows: Time-Based Options Performance- Based Options Total Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share Options outstanding at January 1, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options expired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options purchased by the Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options outstanding at December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options expired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options purchased by the Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options outstanding at December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options expired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options purchased by the Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464,743 — (5,000) (14,292) (32,951) — 412,500 325,000 (125,000) — — — 612,500 — — — (12,500) — Options outstanding at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600,000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 200,000 — — — — 200,000 464,743 — (5,000) (14,292) (32,951) — 412,500 325,000 (125,000) — — — 612,500 200,000 — — (12,500) — 800,000 Options exercisable at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360,000 — 360,000 $19.87 — $29.24 $20.00 $34.00 — $18.62 $31.74 $19.60 — — — $25.38 $28.37 — — $37.70 — $25.94 $20.29 During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company awarded 200,000 options with a strike price of $28.37 per share which vest one third on each of December 31, 2015, 2016, and 2017 based on achievement of Board approved performance targets. 66,667 of the options were due to vest on December 31, 2015 but did not meet the performance criteria for vesting. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company granted 325,000 Time- Based Options under the Plan. Of these options, 25,000 were forfeited during 2014. The remaining 300,000 stock options were issued to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. See below for vesting schedule related to this stock award. No stock options were awarded in the year ended December 31, 2013. The Company recorded $0.4 million, $0.3 million, and $1.2 million of compensation expense for stock options outstanding under the Plan in each of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. The Company did not receive any proceeds from the exercise of options during 2015 or 2014 under the Plan. In 2013, the Company received $0.3 million from the issuance of 14,292 A ordinary shares at a weighted average grant date value of $20.00 per share exercised by a former employee of the Company under the previous share incentive plan. Amortization expense related to options outstanding is anticipated to be $0.4 million in 2016 and 2017. 146 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) Option intrinsic values, which are the differences between the fair value of $29.02 at December 31, 2015 and the strike price of the option, are as follows: Outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercisable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of Shares 800,000 360,000 — Weighted Average Strike Price Intrinsic Value $25.94 $3.5 million $20.29(1) $3.3 million N/A N/A (1) Includes the weighted average strike price on 60,000 of options which are excluded from the intrinsic value calculation of $3.3 million due to the strike price of the options exceeding the fair value of $29.02 at December 31, 2015. (2) The intrinsic value of the exercised options is the difference between the fair market value at time of exercise and the strike price of the option. The options exercisable at December 31, 2015 include the following: Option Price Number of options exercisable $17.87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $32.38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options exercisable at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . 300,000 60,000 360,000 The weighted average fair value of options granted under the Plan was $8.69 and $7.92 in 2015 and 2014, respectively, using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model and the following weighted average assumptions. There were no options granted under the Plan in 2013. Dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected option life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0% 31.59% 1.7% 0.0% 37.7% 1.7% 5.0 years 6.9 years 2015 2014 The following tables summarize the range of exercise prices of options outstanding at December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013: Ranges of Exercise Prices Outstanding at December 31, 2015 Weighted Average Per Share Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Life $17.87 – $19.99 . . . . . . . . . . . . $20.00 – $29.99 . . . . . . . . . . . . $30.00 – $37.70 . . . . . . . . . . . . 300,000 200,000 300,000(1) $17.87 $28.37 $32.38 5.7 years 9.0 years 8.1 years Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800,000 (1)—the weighted average per share exercise price on these shares outstanding is variable. See note below under Chief Executive Officer for additional information. 147 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) Ranges of Exercise Prices Outstanding at December 31, 2014 Weighted Average Per Share Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Life $17.87 – $19.99 . . . . . . . . . . . . $20.00 – $29.99 . . . . . . . . . . . . $30.00 – $37.70 . . . . . . . . . . . . 300,000 — 312,500(1) $17.87 — $32.59 6.7 years N/A 8.8 years Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612,500 (1)—the weighted average per share exercise price on 300,000 of these shares outstanding is variable. See note below under Chief Executive Officer for additional information. Ranges of Exercise Prices Outstanding at December 31, 2013 Weighted Average Per Share Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Life $17.87 – $19.99 . . . . . . . . . . . . $30.00 – $37.70 . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400,000 12,500 412,500 $18.03 $37.70 7.8 years 1.8 years Restricted Shares In addition to stock option grants, the Plan also provides for the granting of restricted shares to employees and non-employee Directors. The Company recognized compensation expense for restricted stock of $3.5 million, $2.6 million and $2.1 million for 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. The total unrecognized compensation expense for the non-vested restricted stock is $6.2 million at December 31, 2015, which will be recognized over a weighted average life of 1.9 years. The following table summarizes the restricted stock grants since the 2003 inception of the previous share incentive plan. Year Restricted Stock Awards Employees Directors Total Inception through 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629,481 81,587 95,694 138,507 354,859 50,421 36,608 36,321 984,340 132,008 132,302 174,828 945,269 478,209 1,423,478 148 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The following table summarizes the non-vested restricted shares activity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013: Non-vested Restricted Shares at January 1, 2013 . . . . . . . . Shares issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shares vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shares forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-vested Restricted Shares at December 31, 2013 . . . . . Shares issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shares vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shares forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-vested Restricted Shares at December 31, 2014 . . . . . Shares issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shares vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shares forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of Shares 34,504 132,008 (67,937) (454) 98,121 132,302 (57,017) (1,131) 172,275 174,828 (70,503) (16,695) Non-vested Restricted Shares at December 31, 2015 . . . . . 259,905 Weighted Average Price Per Share $17.87 $22.78 $22.17 $22.13 $21.48 $25.67 $24.29 $22.13 $23.76 $28.24 $25.31 $24.11 $26.33 Based on the terms of the Restricted Share grants, all forfeited shares revert back to the Company. During 2013, the Company granted an aggregate of 81,587 A ordinary shares to key employees at a weighted average grant date fair value of $22.13 per share. Of the A ordinary shares granted in 2013, 11,296 were granted to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and vest 33 1/3% on each subsequent anniversary date of the grant for a period of three years subject to an accident year true-up of bonus year underwriting results as of the third anniversary of the grant. The remaining 70,291 shares were granted to key employees and will vests as follows: • • 16.5%, 16.5%, and 17.0% of the granted stock vest on the first, second, and third anniversary of the grant, respectively. 50.0% of granted stock vests 100% on the third anniversary of the grant subject to accident year true- up of bonus year underwriting results and are subject to Board approval. During 2013, the Company granted an aggregate of 50,421 A ordinary shares, at a weighted average grant date fair value of $23.83 per share, to non-employee directors under the previous share incentive plan. Included in the 50,421A ordinary shares are 18,838 A ordinary shares earned by the non-employee directors of the Company during 2013 which have a weighted average grant date fair value of $25.38 per share. As of December 31, 2013, these shares were not granted but were considered issued and outstanding for purposes of the financial statement and were subject to shareholder approval of the Plan at the Company’s June 11, 2014 annual shareholder meeting. The shareholders approved the plan at the June 11, 2014 annual shareholder meeting. During 2014, the Company granted an aggregate of 95,694 A ordinary shares to key employees at a weighted average grant date fair value of $25.37 per share under the Plan. Of the shares granted in 2014, 5,671 were granted to a key employee and vest 33 1/3% on each subsequent anniversary date of the award for a period of three years and 11,857 were granted to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and vest 33 1/3% on each 149 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) subsequent anniversary date of the grant for a period of three years subject to an accident year true-up of bonus year underwriting results as of the third anniversary of the grant. The remaining 78,166 shares were granted to key employees and will vest as follows: • • 16.5%, 16.5%, and 17.0% of the granted stock vest on the first, second, and third anniversary of the grant, respectively. 50% of granted stock vests 100% on the third anniversary of the grant subject to accident year true-up of bonus year underwriting results and are subject to Board approval. During 2014, the Company granted 36,608 A ordinary shares, at a weighted average grant date fair value of $26.46 per share, to non-employee directors of the Company under the Plan. As noted above, an additional 18,838 A ordinary shares were issued to non-employee directors on June 12, 2014. These shares were earned by non-employee directors prior to January 1, 2014 and were conditioned on shareholders’ approval of the Plan at the Company’s June 11, 2014 annual shareholder meeting. The shareholders approved the plan at the June 11, 2014 annual shareholder meeting. During 2015, the Company granted an aggregate of 138,507 A ordinary shares to key employees at a weighted average grant date fair value of $28.37 per share under the Plan. Of the shares granted in 2015, 10,574 were granted to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and vest 33 1/3% on each subsequent anniversary date of the grant for a period of three years subject to an accident year true-up of bonus year underwriting results as of the third anniversary of the grant and an additional 44,058 shares were granted to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and other key employees which vest 100% on January 1, 2018. The remaining 83,875 shares were granted to key employees and will vest as follows: • • 16.5%, 16.5%, and 17.0% of the granted stock vest on the first, second, and third anniversary of the grant, respectively. 50% of granted stock vests 100% on the third anniversary of the grant subject to calendar year true-up of bonus year underwriting results and are subject to Board approval. During 2015, the Company granted 36,321 A ordinary shares, at a weighted average grant date fair value of $27.73 per share, to non-employee directors of the Company under the Plan. All of the shares granted to non-employee directors in 2015, 2014, and 2013 were fully vested but subject to certain restrictions. Chief Executive Officer Effective September 19, 2011, Cynthia Y. Valko was hired as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. Ms. Valko’s terms of employment included two equity components including the granting of 300,000 stock options with a strike price equal to the closing price of the Company’s shares on the trading day preceding the start date, or $17.87 per share, and an annual bonus opportunity of which 50% shall be paid in restricted shares based on the market value of the Company’s shares as of December 31 of the subject bonus year. The stock options vested 33 1/3% on December 31, 2012, 2013, and 2014 pending Board approval at the time of vesting. The restricted shares vest 33 1/3% on each anniversary of the subject bonus year. All equity components based on performance are subject to accident year true-up of bonus year underwriting results and are subject to Board approval. In 2014, Ms. Valko was awarded an additional 300,000 stock options. The stock options vest as follows: 20% on December 31, 2015, 30% on December 31, 2016, and the remaining 50% on December 31, 2017 and are based on achieving underwriting income, premium volume, and underwriting profitability targets, subject to an 150 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) accident year true up on the 3rd anniversary of each such year. Vesting of the stock options is subject to continued employment. The exercise price applicable to the Stock Options is $25.00 subject to adjustment based on the Company’s average year-end tangible book value per share, the average interest rate of certain Treasury bonds and the time period elapsed between January 1, 2014 and the date the stock options are exercised. The stock options were granted under and are subject to the terms of the Plan, as amended, subject to shareholder approval of such plan to the extent required to affect such grant under the plan. 16. 401(k) Plan The Company maintains a 401(k) defined contribution plan that covers all eligible U.S. employees. Under this plan, the Company matches 100% of the first 6% contributed by an employee. Vesting on contributions made by the Company is immediate. Total expenses for the plan were $2.0 million, $1.2 million, and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. 17. Earnings Per Share Earnings per share have been computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares and ordinary share equivalents outstanding during the period. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share. (Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 41,469 $ 62,856 $ 61,690 Basic earnings per share: Weighted average shares outstanding—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,253,657 25,131,811 25,072,712 Net income per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1.71 $ 2.50 $ 2.46 Diluted earnings per share: Weighted average shares outstanding—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,505,851 25,331,420 25,174,015 Net income per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1.69 $ 2.48 $ 2.45 A reconciliation of weighted average shares for basic earnings per share to weighted average shares for diluted earnings per share is as follows: Weighted average shares for basic earnings per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-vested restricted stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,253,657 148,669 103,525 25,131,811 100,546 99,063 25,072,712 53,876 47,427 Weighted average shares for diluted earnings per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,505,851 25,331,420 25,174,015 Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 The weighted average shares outstanding used to determine dilutive earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 do not include 500,000, 312,500 and 12,500 options, respectively, which were deemed to be anti-dilutive. 151 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The following table summarizes options which are deemed to be anti-dilutive at December 31, 2015: Grant Date Expiration Date February 9, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . January 1, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February 10, 2024 January 1, 2025 Outstanding Options 300,000 200,000 500,000 Strike Price $32.38 $28.37 18. Statutory Financial Information GAAP differs in certain respects from Statutory Accounting Principles (“SAP”) as prescribed or permitted by the various U.S. state insurance departments. The principal differences between SAP and GAAP are as follows: • Under SAP, investments in debt securities are primarily carried at amortized cost, while under GAAP the Company records its debt securities at estimated fair value. • Under SAP, policy acquisition costs, such as commissions, premium taxes, fees and other costs of underwriting policies are charged to current operations as incurred, while under GAAP such costs are deferred and amortized on a pro rata basis over the period covered by the policy. • Under SAP, certain assets designated as “Non-admitted assets” (such as prepaid expenses) are charged against surplus. • Under SAP, net deferred income tax assets are admitted following the application of specified criteria, with the resulting admitted deferred tax amount being credited directly to surplus. • Under SAP, certain premium receivables are non-admitted and are charged against surplus based upon aging criteria. • Under SAP, the costs and related receivables for guaranty funds and other assessments are recorded based on management’s estimate of the ultimate liability and related receivable settlement, while under GAAP such costs are accrued when the liability is probable and reasonably estimable and the related receivable amount is based on future premium collections or policy surcharges from in-force policies. • Under SAP, unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and unearned premiums are reported net of the effects of reinsurance transactions, whereas under GAAP, unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and unearned premiums are reported gross of reinsurance. • Under SAP, a provision for reinsurance is charged to surplus based on the authorized status of reinsurers, available collateral, and certain aging criteria, whereas under GAAP, an allowance for uncollectible reinsurance is established based on management’s best estimate of the collectability of reinsurance receivables. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) issues model laws and regulations, many of which have been adopted by state insurance regulators, relating to: (a) risk-based capital (“RBC”) standards; (b) codification of insurance accounting principles; (c) investment restrictions; and (d) restrictions on the ability of insurance companies to pay dividends. The Company’s U.S. insurance subsidiaries are required by law to maintain certain minimum surplus on a statutory basis, and are subject to regulations under which payment of a dividend from statutory surplus is restricted and may require prior approval of regulatory authorities. Applying the current regulatory restrictions as of December 31, 2015, the maximum amount of distributions that could be paid in 2016 by the United National 152 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) insurance companies, the Penn-America insurance companies, and American Reliable as dividends under applicable laws and regulations without regulatory approval is approximately $17.3 million, $8.3 million and $7.8 million, respectively. The Penn-America insurance companies limitation includes $2.7 million that would be distributed to United National Insurance Company or its subsidiary Penn Independent Corporation based on the December 31, 2015 ownership percentages. For 2015, the Penn-America insurance companies declared and paid dividends of $8.4 million, the United National insurance companies declared dividends of $35.0 million and American Reliable did not declare or pay any dividends. The NAIC’s RBC model provides a tool for insurance regulators to determine the levels of statutory capital and surplus an insurer must maintain in relation to its insurance and investment risks, as well as its reinsurance exposures, to assess the potential need for regulatory attention. The model provides four levels of regulatory attention, varying with the ratio of an insurance company’s total adjusted capital to its authorized control level RBC (“ACLRBC”). If a company’s total adjusted capital is: (a) (b) (c) less than or equal to 200%, but greater than 150% of its ACLRBC (the “Company Action Level”), the company must submit a comprehensive plan to the regulatory authority proposing corrective actions aimed at improving its capital position; less than or equal to 150%, but greater than 100% of its ACLRBC (the “Regulatory Action Level”), the regulatory authority will perform a special examination of the company and issue an order specifying the corrective actions that must be followed; less than or equal to 100%, but greater than 70% of its ACLRBC (the “Authorized Control Level”), the regulatory authority may take any action it deems necessary, including placing the company under regulatory control; and (d) less than or equal to 70% of its ACLRBC (the “Mandatory Control Level”), the regulatory authority must place the company under its control. Based on the standards currently adopted, the Company reported in its 2015 statutory filings that the capital and surplus of the U.S. insurance companies are above the prescribed Company Action Level RBC requirements. The following is selected information for the Company’s U.S. insurance companies, net of intercompany eliminations, where applicable, as determined in accordance with SAP: (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Statutory capital and surplus, as of end of period (1) Statutory net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $318,101 $253,362 $251,464 31,781 36,003 48,633 (1) Includes extraordinary dividend declared in 2013 for an aggregate of $200 million. Global Indemnity Reinsurance must also prepare annual statutory financial statements. The Bermuda Insurance Act 1978 (the “Insurance Act”) prescribes rules for the preparation and substance of these statutory financial statements which include, in statutory form, a balance sheet, an income statement, a statement of capital and surplus and notes thereto. The statutory financial statements are not prepared in accordance with GAAP or SAP and are distinct from the financial statements prepared for presentation to Global Indemnity Reinsurance’s shareholders and under the Bermuda Companies Act 1981 (the “Companies Act”), which financial statements will be prepared in accordance with GAAP. 153 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The principal differences between statutory financial statements prepared under the Insurance Act and GAAP are as follows: • Under the Insurance Act, policy acquisition costs, such as commissions, premium taxes, fees and other costs of underwriting policies are charged to current operations as incurred, while under GAAP such costs are deferred and amortized on a pro rata basis over the period covered by the policy. • Under the Insurance Act, prepaid expenses and intangible assets are charged to current operations as incurred, while under GAAP such costs are deferred and amortized on a pro rata basis. • Under the Insurance Act, unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and unearned premiums are reported net of the effects of reinsurance transactions, whereas under GAAP, unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and unearned premiums are reported gross of reinsurance. Under the Companies Act, Global Indemnity Reinsurance may only declare or pay a dividend if it has no reasonable grounds for believing that it is, or would after the payment be, unable to pay its liabilities as they become due, or if the realizable value of its assets would not be less than the aggregate of its liabilities and its issued share capital and share premium accounts. Global Indemnity Reinsurance is also prohibited, without the approval of the BMA, from reducing by 15% or more its total statutory capital as set out in its previous year’s statutory financial statements, and any application for such approval must include such information as the BMA may require. Based upon the total statutory capital plus the statutory surplus as set out in its 2015 statutory financial statements that will be filed in 2016, Global Indemnity Reinsurance could pay a dividend of up to $234.8 million without requesting BMA approval. Global Indemnity Reinsurance is dependent on receiving distributions from its subsidiaries in order to pay the full dividend in cash. The following is selected information for Global Indemnity Reinsurance, net of intercompany eliminations, where applicable, as determined in accordance with the Bermuda Insurance Act 1978: (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Statutory capital and surplus, as of end of period . . . . Statutory net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $713,842 864 $923,862 44,593 $913,401 31,697 19. Segment Information The acquisition of American Reliable has impacted the way the Company manages and analyzes its operating results. The business acquired from American Reliable is considered to be a separate segment, Personal Lines. The Company now manages its business through three reportable business segments: Commercial Lines, managed in Bala Cynwyd, PA, offers specialty property and casualty products designed for product lines such as Small Business Binding Authority, Property Brokerage, and Programs; Personal Lines, managed in Scottsdale, AZ, offers specialty personal lines and agricultural coverage; and Reinsurance Operations, managed in Bermuda, provides reinsurance solutions through brokers and primary writers including insurance and reinsurance companies. three segments follow the same accounting policies used for the Company’s consolidated financial All statements. For further disclosure regarding the Company’s accounting policies, please see Note 2. Prior to 2015, the Commercial Lines segment was known as Insurance Operations segment. With the acquisition of American Reliable, the Insurance Operations segment was renamed to Commercial Lines segment. The newly acquired American Reliable became the Company’s Personal Lines segment. For segment reporting, the values for 2013 and 2014 did not change for Commercial Lines and Reinsurance Operations. 154 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) The following are tabulations of business segment information for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013. Corporate information is included to reconcile segment data to the consolidated financial statements. 2015: (Dollars in thousands) Commercial Lines (1) Personal Lines (1) Reinsurance Operations (2) Total Revenues: Gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $214,218 $326,282 $ 49,733 $ 590,233 Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $197,526 $254,035 $ 49,683 $ 501,244 Net premiums earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $199,304 621 $253,048 2,872 $ 51,791 (93) $ 504,143 3,400 Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199,925 255,920 51,698 507,543 Losses and Expenses: Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . Acquisition costs and other underwriting 97,530 163,986 13,852 275,368 expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,170(3) 99,140(4) 18,993 201,303 Income (loss) from segments . . . . . . . . . $ 19,225 $ (7,206) $ 18,853 $ 30,872 Unallocated Items: Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized investment losses . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other operating expenses . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . Income tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,609 (3,374) (24,448) (4,913) 32,746 8,723 41,469 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $729,097 $510,503 $717,694(5) $1,957,294 (1) Includes business ceded to the Company’s Reinsurance Operations. (2) External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates. (3) Includes federal excise tax of $1,051 relating to cessions from Commercial Lines to Reinsurance Operations. Includes federal excise tax of $1,265 relating to cessions from Personal Lines to Reinsurance Operations. (4) (5) Comprised of Global Indemnity Reinsurance’s total assets less its investment in subsidiaries 155 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) 2014: (Dollars in thousands) Commercial Lines (1) Reinsurance Operations (2) Total Revenues: Gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 229,978 $ 61,275 $ 291,253 Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 212,965 $ 60,216 $ 273,181 Net premiums earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 211,165 620 $ 57,354 (65) $ 268,519 555 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211,785 57,289 269,074 Losses and Expenses: Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses . . . . . 117,586 88,983(3) 19,975 20,636 137,561 109,619 Income from segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,216 $ 16,678 $ 21,894 Unallocated items: Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized investment gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,821 35,860 (14,559) (822) 71,194 (8,338) $ 62,856 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,288,763 $641,270(4) $1,930,033 (1) Includes business ceded to the Company’s Reinsurance Operations. (2) External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates. (3) (4) Comprised of Global Indemnity Reinsurance’s total assets less its investment in subsidiaries. Includes excise tax of $1,114 related to cessions from Commercial Lines to Reinsurance Operations. 156 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) 2013: (Dollars in thousands) Commercial Lines (1) Reinsurance Operations (2) Total Revenues: Gross premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 232,373 $ 58,350 $ 290,723 Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 213,705 $ 58,279 $ 271,984 Net premiums earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 196,302 5,795 $ 52,420 (4) $ 248,722 5,791 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202,097 52,416 254,513 Losses and Expenses: Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses . . . . . 116,837 87,360(3) 16,154 18,291 132,991 105,651 Income (loss) from segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (2,100) $ 17,971 $ 15,871 Unallocated items: Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized investment gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,209 27,412 (11,614) (6,169) 62,709 (1,019) $ 61,690 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,264,306 $647,473(4) $1,911,779 (1) Includes business ceded to the Company’s Reinsurance Operations. (2) External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates. (3) (4) Comprised of Global Indemnity Reinsurance’s total assets less its investment in subsidiaries. Includes excise tax of $1,026 related to cessions from Commercial Lines to Reinsurance Operations. 20. Supplemental Cash Flow Information Taxes and Interest Paid The Company paid the following net federal income taxes and interest for 2015, 2014, and 2013: (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Federal income taxes paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal income taxes recovered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 104 2 3,926 $13,997 136 804 $ 162 7,613 7,678 157 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) Non-Cash Activities On January 1, 2015, Global Indemnity Group, Inc. acquired 100% of the voting equity interest of American Reliable. In conjunction with the acquisition, fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed by the Company were as follows: (Dollars in thousands) . . . . . . . . Fair value of assets acquired (including goodwill) Liabilities assumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $383,668 283,871 21. New Accounting Pronouncements In September, 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued new accounting guidance surrounding business combinations. The new guidance requires an acquirer to recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment is determined. It also requires that the acquirer record, in the same period’s financial statements, the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization, or other income effects, if any, as a result of the change to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. This guidance is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, including interim periods within those fiscal years. This guidance should be applied prospectively to adjustments to provisional amounts that occur after the effective date of this guidance with earlier application permitted for financial statements that have not been issued. This guidance will be applicable to the Company if there is any material adjustments to amounts previously recorded during the measurement period related to the American Reliable acquisition. This guidance may also be applicable to future acquisitions. The Company plans to adopt this guidance in the first quarter of 2016. In May, 2015, the FASB issued new accounting guidance surrounding investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value per share. The new guidance removes the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient. It also removes the requirement to make certain disclosures for all investments that are eligible to be measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient. This guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted this guidance in the fourth quarter of 2015 which resulted in the Company’s other invested assets, that are measured utilizing net asset value, being removed from the fair value hierarchy. The adoption of this guidance only impacted the Company’s fair value disclosures and had no impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. In May, 2015, the FASB issued new accounting guidance regarding short-duration contracts. The new guidance requires additional disclosure regarding the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses. This guidance is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015 and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. The Company plans to include these disclosures in its year ended December 31, 2016 financial statements. In April 2015, the FASB issued new accounting guidance which requires that debt issuance costs be presented in the balance sheet as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the recognized debt liability, consistent with the treatment of debt discounts or premiums. Amortization of debt issuance costs is to be reported as interest expense. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs are not affected by this new guidance. For public entities, the guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted this guidance in the third quarter, 2015. 158 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) In May, 2014, the FASB issued new accounting guidance regarding the recognition of revenue from customers arising from the transfer of goods and services. New and enhanced disclosures will also be required. Long and short duration insurance contracts, which comprise the majority of the Company’s revenues, are excluded from this accounting guidance. This guidance is effective for public entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early application is not permitted. Although the Company is still evaluating the impact of this new guidance, the Company does not anticipate it will have a material impact on its financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. In February, 2013, the FASB issued new accounting guidance regarding other comprehensive income. The new guidance requires additional disclosure regarding amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive by component. This guidance was effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2012. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2013. The Company does not expect any of these new accounting pronouncements to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial position or results of operations. 22. Summary of Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited) An unaudited summary of the Company’s 2015 and 2014 quarterly performance is as follows: (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) Net premiums earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Per share data—Diluted: Year Ended December 31, 2015 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter $127,337 8,241 (2,970) 69,619 $128,877 9,141 6,532 79,560 $124,707 8,852 (10,778) 77,691 $123,222 8,375 3,842 48,498 48,258 3,238 6,794 50,926 9,772 11,117 50,934 (9,727) (3,746) 51,185 29,463 27,304 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.26 $ 0.43 $ (0.15) $ 1.30 (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) Net premiums earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . Net losses and loss adjustment expenses . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Per share data—Diluted: Year Ended December 31, 2014 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter $ 67,544 8,284 (813) 38,572 $ 66,017 7,677 39,881 38,270 $ 68,028 6,527 1,158 36,654 $ 66,930 6,333 (4,366) 24,065 26,485 6,974 8,823 27,171 44,798 33,208 27,458 8,128 9,761 28,505 11,294 11,064 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.35 $ 1.31 $ 0.39 $ 0.44 159 CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Item 9. None Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d- 15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. The Company’s management, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2015. Based upon that evaluation and subject to the foregoing, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2015, the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to accomplish their objectives at the reasonable assurance level. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurances regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements of the Company in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: • • • pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of the Company’s management and Directors; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect Because of its inherent misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. limitations, Management has assessed the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. The standard measures adopted by management in making its evaluation are the measures in the Internal Control Integrated Framework published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. Based upon its assessment, management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective at December 31, 2015, and that there were no material weaknesses in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of that date. 160 Ernst & Young, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, which has audited and reported on the consolidated financial statements contained in this Form 10-K, has issued its report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. See “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” on page 162. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There have been no changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2015 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting. 161 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Global Indemnity plc We have audited Global Indemnity plc’s (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the “COSO criteria”). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. limitations, In our opinion, Global Indemnity plc maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheet of Global Indemnity plc as of December 31, 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the year then ended, and our report dated March 14, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Philadelphia, Pennsylvania March 14, 2016 162 Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 163 PART III Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to, and will be contained in, the Company’s definitive proxy statement relating to the 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 (“2016 Proxy Statement”). Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to, and will be contained in, the Company’s 2016 Proxy Statement. Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT, AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to, and will be contained in, the Company’s 2016 Proxy Statement. Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to, and will be contained in, the Company’s 2016 Proxy Statement. Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to, and will be contained in, the Company’s 2016 Proxy Statement. 164 Item 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES PART IV The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure other than with respect to the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties made by the Company in these agreements or other documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time. The following documents are filed as part of this report: (1) The Financial Statements listed in the accompanying index on page 96 are filed as part of this report. (2) The Financial Statement Schedules listed in the accompanying index on page 96 are filed as part of this report. Exhibit No. Description 2.1 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 10.1* 10.2* 10.3* American Reliable SPA dated as of October 16, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 21, 2014 (File No. 001-34809)). Memorandum and Articles of Association of Global Indemnity plc (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013 (File No. 001-34809)). Incorporation of Global Certificate of Indemnity plc, an Irish public limited company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated July 2, 2010 (File No. 001-34809)). Indenture, dated as of August 12, 2015, by and between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 12, 2015)(File No. 001-34809)). Officers’ Certificate, dated August 12, 2015 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 12, 2015 (File No. 001-34809)). Form of 7.75% Subordinated Notes due 2045 (included in Exhibit 4.2) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 12, 2015 (File No. 001-34809)). Management Agreement, dated as of September 5, 2003, by and among United National Group, Ltd., Fox Paine & Company, LLC and The AMC Group, L.P. with related Indemnity Letter (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-108857) filed on October 28, 2003)(File No. 000-50511)). Amendment No. 1 to the Management Agreement, dated as of May 25, 2006, by and among United America Indemnity, Ltd., Fox Paine & Company, LLC and Wind River Holdings, L.P., formerly The AMC Group, L.P. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 1, 2006) (File No. 000-50511)). Letter Agreement, dated March 16, 2011, assigning the 2003 Management Agreement (as amended) and related indemnity agreement, by and among United America Indemnity, Ltd., Global Indemnity (Cayman) Ltd. and Fox Paine & Company, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.26 of the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 (File No. 000-34809)). 165 Exhibit No. 10.4* 10.5* 10.6* 10.7* 10.8* 10.9* 10.10* 10.11* 10.12* 10.13* 10.14* 10.15* Description Guaranties, dated March 15, 2011, provided by each of United America Indemnity, Ltd., Global Indemnity Reinsurance Company, Ltd., and Global Indemnity Group, Inc., in each case in favor of Fox Paine & Company, LLC, relating to the obligations of Global Indemnity (Cayman) Ltd. under the Letter Agreement, dated March 15, 2011 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.27 of the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 (File No. 000-34809)). Amendment No. 3 to the Management Agreement, dated as of April 10, 2011, by and among Global Indemnity (Cayman) Ltd. and Fox Paine & Company, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 (File No. 001-34809)). Amended and Restated Management Agreement, dated as of October 31, 2013, by and among Global Indemnity (Cayman) Ltd. and Fox Paine & Company, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2013 (File No. 001-34809)). Reaffirmation Agreements, dated as of October 31, 2013, provided by each of United America Indemnity, Ltd., Global Indemnity Reinsurance Company, Ltd., and Global Indemnity Group, Inc. reaffirming the March 15, 2011 Guaranty Agreements (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2013 (File No. 001-34809)). Amendment No. 1 and the Global Indemnity plc Share Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 28, 2015 (File No. 001-34809)). Global Indemnity plc Annual Incentive Award Program, amended and restated effective July 2, 2010 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated July 2, 2010 (File No. 001-34809)). Deed Poll of Assumption for United America Indemnity, Ltd. Annual Incentive Award Program by Global Indemnity plc, dated July 2, 2010 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated July 2, 2010 (File No. 001-34809)). Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement, dated July 2, 2010, by and among Global Indemnity plc (as successor to United America Indemnity, Ltd.) and the signatories thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated July 2, 2010 (File No. 001-34809)). Assignment and Assumption Agreement relating to the Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement, dated July 2, 2010 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated July 2, 2010 (File No. 001-34809)) Amendment to the Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement, dated as of October 31, 2013, by and among Global Indemnity plc and the signatories thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2013 (File No. 001-34809)). Indemnification Agreement between United America Indemnity, Ltd. and Fox Paine Capital Fund II International L.P., dated July 2, 2010 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12b dated July 2, 2010 (File No. 001-34809)). Form of Indemnification Agreement between United America Indemnity, Ltd. and certain directors and officers of Global Indemnity plc, dated July 2, 2010 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of the Company’s Current Report on form 8-K12B dated July 2, 2010 (File No. 001-34809)). 166 Exhibit No. 10.16* 10.17* 10.18* 10.19* 10.20* 10.21 10.22 10.23 21.1+ 23.1+ 23.2+ 31.1+ 31.2+ 32.1+ 32.2+ 101.1+ Description Employment Agreement, as amended, for William J. Devlin, Jr., dated October 24, 2005 (incorporated herein by reference to exhibit 10.14 of the Company’s amended Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011 dated September 5, 2012 (File No. 001- 34809)). Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of June 8, 2009, between Penn-America Insurance Company and Matthew B. Scott (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009 (File No. 000-50511)). Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of December 8, 2009, between United America Indemnity, Ltd. and Thomas M. McGeehan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009 (File No. 000-50511)). Description of Employment Arrangement with Cynthia Y. Valko, dated December 10, 2014 (incorporated herein by reference to exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 12, 2014 (File No. 001-34809)). Executive Employment Term Sheet with Stephen Green, dated February 18, 2015 (incorporated herein by reference to exhibit 10.20 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 (File No. 001-34809)). Amended and Restated Institutional Account Agreement dated as of June 7, 2013 (incorporated herein by reference to exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013 (File No. 001-34809)). Amended and Restated Institutional Account Agreement dated as of May 28, 2014 (incorporated herein by reference to exhibit 10.22 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 (File No. 001-34809)). Redemption Agreement, dated October 29, 2015, by and between Global Indemnity plc and the parties listed on Annex A thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 29, 2015)(File No. 001-34809)). List of Subsidiaries. Consent of Ernst and Young LLP. Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The following financial information from Global Indemnity’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 formatted in XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013; (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013; (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; and (vii) Financial Statement Schedules. 167 + Filed or furnished herewith. * Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit to this Form 10-K. 168 Pursuant to the requirements of the Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Global Indemnity has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC By: Name: Title: Date: /s/ Cynthia Y. Valko Cynthia Y. Valko Chief Executive Officer March 14, 2016 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated below on March 14, 2016. SIGNATURE /s/ Saul A. Fox Saul A. Fox /s/ Cynthia Y. Valko Cynthia Y. Valko TITLE Chairman and Director Chief Executive Officer and Director /s/ Thomas M. McGeehan Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Thomas M. McGeehan Accounting Officer) /s/ James W. Crystal James W. Crystal /s/ Seth J. Gersch Seth J. Gersch /s/ John H. Howes John H. Howes /s/ Larry N. Port Larry N. Port /s/ Bruce Lederman Bruce Lederman /s/ Raphael de Balmann Raphael de Balmann /s/ Joseph W. Brown Joseph W. Brown Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 169 [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC SCHEDULE I—SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS—OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES (In thousands) As of December 31, 2015 Cost * Value Amount Included in the Balance Sheet Type of Investment: Fixed maturities: United States government and government agencies and authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . States, municipalities, and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 106,303 203,121 561,503 23,990 413,416 $ 107,122 205,240 559,535 23,796 410,456 $ 107,122 205,240 559,535 23,796 410,456 Total fixed maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,308,333 1,306,149 1,306,149 Equity securities: Common stocks: Public utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial and miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,147 94,010 Total equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,157 Other long-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,592 6,373 103,942 110,315 32,592 6,373 103,942 110,315 32,592 Total investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,441,082 $1,449,056 $1,449,056 * Original cost of equity securities; original cost of fixed maturities adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts; original cost for other long-term investments adjusted for income or loss earned on investments in accordance with equity method of accounting. All amounts are shown net of impairment losses. S-1 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC SCHEDULE II—Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Only) Balance Sheets (Dollars in thousands, except share data) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity in unconsolidated subsidiaries (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Due from affiliates (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,185 951,760 3,645 — $ 46 1,017,710 — 705 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 957,590 $1,018,461 Liabilities: LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany notes payable (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Due to affiliates (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 96,388 108,000 — 3,221 $ Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207,609 Commitments and contingencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shareholders’ equity: — — 108,000 938 1,178 110,116 — Ordinary shares, $0.0001 par value, 900,000,000 ordinary shares authorized; A ordinary shares issued: 16,424,546 and 16,331,577, respectively; A ordinary shares outstanding:13,313,751 and 13,266,762 respectively; B ordinary shares issued and outstanding: 4,133,366 and 12,061,370, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred shares, €1 par value, 40,000 ordinary shares authorized, issued and outstanding (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred shares, $0.0001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A ordinary shares in treasury, at cost: 3,110,795 and 3,064,815 shares, 3 55 3 55 — 529,872 4,078 318,416 — 519,590 23,384 466,717 respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (102,443) (101,404) Total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749,981 908,345 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 957,590 $1,018,461 (1) This item has been eliminated in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8. S-2 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC SCHEDULE II—Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (continued) (Parent Only) Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Revenues: Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expenses: Intercompany interest expense (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — $ — 1,296 8,203 1,296 4,484 1,296 3,848 Loss before equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . Equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (9,499) 50,968 (5,780) 68,636 (5,144) 66,834 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,469 62,856 61,690 Other comprehensive income, net of tax: Equity in other comprehensive income (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (19,306) (30,644) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (19,306) (30,644) 678 678 Comprehensive income, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 22,163 $ 32,212 $62,368 (1) This item has been eliminated in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8. S-3 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC SCHEDULE II—Condensed Financial Information of Registrant—(continued) (Parent Only) Statement of Cash Flows (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 95,891 $(1,598) $ 57 Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from issuance of subordinated notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt issuance cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of A ordinary shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax benefit on share-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Redemption of ordinary shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,000 (3,659) (333) 10 (189,770) Net cash used for financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (93,752) — — (139) 37 — (102) — — (55) — — (55) Net change in cash and equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,139 46 (1,700) 1,746 2 1,744 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,185 $ 46 $1,746 Supplemental Non-Cash Disclosure: During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company received a non-cash dividend of $2.7 million and $19.1 million, respectively, from one of its subsidiaries which was used to repay intercompany balances due. The Company did not receive any non-cash dividends during the years ended December 31, 2015. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8. S-4 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC SCHEDULE III—SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION (Dollars in thousands) Segment At December 31, 2015: Commercial Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . At December 31, 2014: Commercial Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . At December 31, 2013: Commercial Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Segment Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Future Policy Benefits, Losses, Claims And Loss Expenses Unearned Premiums Other Policy and Benefits Payable $20,784 31,900 3,833 $21,249 3,989 $19,036 3,141 $524,607 94,359 61,081 $579,621 95,851 $678,381 101,085 $100,027 169,669 16,589 $102,118 18,697 $100,791 15,838 $— — — $— — $— — Benefits, Claims, Losses And Settlement Expenses Premium Revenue Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Net Written Premium For the year ended December 31, 2015: Commercial Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $199,304 253,048 51,791 $ 97,530 163,986 13,852 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $504,143 $275,368 For the year ended December 31, 2014: Commercial Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $211,165 57,354 $117,586 19,975 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $268,519 $137,561 For the year ended December 31, 2013: Commercial Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $196,302 52,420 $116,837 16,154 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $248,722 $132,991 Unallocated Corporate Items For the year ended December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the year ended December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the year ended December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Investment Income $34,609 $28,821 $37,209 $197,526 254,035 49,683 $501,244 $212,965 60,216 $273,181 $213,705 58,279 $271,984 $43,821 31,291 11,058 $86,170 $45,015 12,036 $57,051 $44,115 9,672 $53,787 Corporate and Other Operating Expenses $24,448 $14,559 $11,614 S-5 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC SCHEDULE IV—REINSURANCE EARNED PREMIUMS (Dollars in thousands) Direct Amount Ceded to Other Companies Assumed from Other Companies Net Amount Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net For the year ended December 31, 2015: Property & Liability Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . $452,441 For the year ended December 31, 2014: Property & Liability Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . $228,652 For the year ended December 31, 2013: Property & Liability Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . $215,713 $92,852 $144,554 $504,143 28.7% $18,547 $ 58,414 $268,519 21.8% $19,485 $ 52,494 $248,722 21.1% S-6 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC SCHEDULE V—VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS AND RESERVES (Dollars in thousands) Balance at Beginning of Period Charged (Credited) to Costs and Expenses Charged (Credited) to Other Accounts Other Deductions Balance at End of Period $— — $— — — $— — $— — — $— — $— — — $— — $— — — $— — $— — — $— — $— — — $ — — $1,646 — 9,675 $ — — $1,518 — 9,350 $ — — $1,782 — 9,010 Description For the year ended December 31, 2015: Investment asset valuation reserves: Mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for doubtful accounts: Premiums, accounts and notes $ — — $ — — receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,518 $ 128 Deferred tax asset valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance receivables . . . . . . — 9,350 — 325 For the year ended December 31, 2014: Investment asset valuation reserves: Mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for doubtful accounts: Premiums, accounts and notes $ — — $ — — receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,782 $(264) Deferred tax asset valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance receivables . . . . . . — 9,010 — 340 For the year ended December 31, 2013: Investment asset valuation reserves: Mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for doubtful accounts: Premiums, accounts and notes $ — — $ — — receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,338 $ 444 Deferred tax asset valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance receivables . . . . . . — 9,010 — — S-7 GLOBAL INDEMNITY PLC SCHEDULE VI — SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION FOR PROPERTY CASUALTY UNDERWRITERS (Dollars in thousands) Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Reserves for Unpaid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses Discount If Any Deducted Unearned Premiums Consolidated Property & Casualty Entities: As of December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As of December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As of December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $56,517 25,238 22,177 $680,047 675,472 779,466 $3,000 4,000 6,000 $286,285 120,815 116,629 Earned Premiums Net Investment Income Claims and Claim Adjustment Expense Incurred Related To Current Year Prior Year Amortization Of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses Premiums Written Consolidated Property & Casualty Entities: For the year ended December 31, 2015 . . . $504,143 $34,609 $310,066 $(34,698) $86,170 $332,417 $501,244 For the year ended December 31, 2014 . . . 268,519 28,821 153,994 (16,433) 57,051 172,265 273,181 For the year ended December 31, 2013 . . . 248,722 37,209 140,873 (7,882) 53,787 184,564 271,984 Note: All of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries are 100% owned and consolidated. S-8 GLOBAL IN SCOPE. UNITED IN VISION. Global Indemnity plc (NASDAQ: GBLI) is a specialty property and casualty insurance and reinsurance company with U.S. operations in Philadelphia, PA. Global Indemnity provides underwriting, claims and actuarial support to its multi-distribution field enterprises. Our products and services are marketed through several direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiary insurance and reinsurance companies. Global Indemnity’s member companies have earned a group rating of “A” (Excellent) by A.M. Best. Independent Auditors Ernst & Young One Commerce Square Suite 700 2005 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Registrar & Transfer Agent Computershare 250 Royall Street Canton, MA 02021 781-575-3120 800-962-4284 Stock Trading A Ordinary Shares of Global Indemnity plc on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol “GBLI” Annual General Meeting The 2016 Annual Meeting is scheduled for 1:00 p.m., Irish Time, on Wednesday, June 15, 2016, at 25/28 North Wall Quay, Dublin 1, Ireland. GLOBAL INDEMNITY 2015 ANNUAL REPORT 2 0 1 5 G L O B A L I N D E M N I T Y A N N U A L R E P O R T Registered Office 25/28 North Wall Quay Dublin 1 Ireland www.GlobalIndemnity.ie info@GlobalIndemnity.ie 

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