Green Dot
Annual Report 2016

Plain-text annual report

2016 ANNUAL REPORT UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 __________________________________________________ FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission file number 001-34819 GREEN DOT CORPORATION (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 95-4766827 (IRS Employer Identification No.) 3465 E. Foothill Blvd. Pasadena, California 91107 (Address of principal executive offices, including zip code) (626) 765-2000 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Class A Common Stock, $0.001 par value (Title of each class) New York Stock Exchange (Name of each exchange on which registered) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None __________________________________________________ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes No Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Smaller reporting company (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No The aggregate market value of the common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant (assuming for these purposes, but without conceding, that all executive officers, directors and 10% or greater stockholders are "affiliates" of the registrant) as of June 30, 2016, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $971.6 million (based on the closing sale price of the registrant's common stock on that date as reported on the New York Stock Exchange). There were 50,650,424 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share as of January 31, 2017. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant’s proxy statement relating to the registrant’s 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K where indicated. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK GREEN DOT CORPORATION TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I. Item 1. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1A. Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Item 5. Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART II. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 6. Item 7. Selected Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 8. Item 9. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . Item 9A. Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9B. Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART III. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 11. Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 14. Principal Auditor Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 15. PART IV. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exhibit Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 1 11 26 26 26 26 27 30 32 51 53 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 96 97 98 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This report contains forward-looking statements regarding future events and our future results that are subject to the safe harbors created under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical facts are statements that could be deemed to be forward-looking statements. These statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about the industries in which we operate and the beliefs and assumptions of our management. Words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “targets,” “goals,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “continues,” “endeavors,” “strives,” “may” and “assumes,” variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. In addition, any statements that refer to projections of our future financial performance, our anticipated growth and trends in our businesses, and other characterizations of future events or circumstances are forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict, including those identified below, under “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors,” and elsewhere herein. Therefore, actual results may differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason. In this report, unless otherwise specified or the context otherwise requires, “Green Dot,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Green Dot Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, the term “GPR cards” refers to general purpose reloadable prepaid debit cards, the term “prepaid cards” refers to prepaid debit cards and the term “our cards” refers to our Green Dot-branded and co-branded GPR cards. In addition, “prepaid financial services” refers to GPR cards and associated reload services, a segment of the prepaid card industry. ITEM 1. Business Overview PART I Green Dot Corporation, along with its wholly-owned subsidiaries, is a pro-consumer financial technology innovator with a mission to provide a full range of affordable and accessible financial services to the masses. We are a leading provider of reloadable prepaid debit cards and cash reload processing services in the United States. We are also a leader in mobile technology and mobile banking with our award-winning GoBank mobile checking account. Through our wholly-owned subsidiary, SBBT Holdings, LLC (“TPG”), we are also the largest processor of tax refund disbursements in the U.S. Our products and services are available to consumers through a large-scale "branchless bank" distribution network of approximately 100,000 U.S. retail locations, including retailers, neighborhood financial service center locations and tax preparation offices, as well as online, in leading app stores and through leading online tax preparation providers. The combination of our innovative products and services, broad retail distribution and proprietary technology creates powerful network effects, which we believe enhance the value we deliver to our customers, our retail distributors and other participants in our network. We were incorporated in Delaware in 1999 and became a bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the "BHC Act") and a member bank of the Federal Reserve System in December 2011. In 2014 and 2015, we completed four acquisitions, including TPG, adding tax refund processing services to the range of products and services we provide. In January 2017, we agreed to acquire all the equity interests of UniRush, LLC to expand our direct-to-consumer channel business and our emergent corporate payroll card business. Our principal executive offices are located at 3465 East Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91107, and our telephone number is (626) 765-2000. We maintain a website at www.greendot.com. We make available free of charge, on or through our website via the Investor Relations section at ir.greendot.com, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such material electronically or otherwise furnishing it to the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. References to website addresses in this report are intended to be inactive textual references only, and none of the information contained on our website is part of this report or incorporated in this report by reference. Segments As of December 31, 2014 and prior, our operations were organized within one reportable segment. As a result of acquisitions occurring in late 2014 and early 2015, we have realigned our operations into two reportable segments: 1) Account Services and 2) Processing and Settlement Services. We identify our reportable segments based on factors such as how we manage our operations and how our chief operating decision maker allocates resources amongst the business. Our chief operating decision maker organizes and manages our business primarily on the basis of product and service offerings and uses operating income to assess profitability. Financial information regarding our segments and the products and services they provide are included in the information set forth in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Note 23 — Segment Information of the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Our Business Model Our business model focuses on three major elements: our consumers; our products and services; and our distribution channels. Our Consumers We have designed our prepaid account and cash processing products and services to appeal primarily to consumers living in U.S. households that earn less than $75,000 annually across the following five consumer segments: • Unbanked — individuals who do not have a bank account; • Underbanked — individuals who may hold a bank account of one type or another, but do not maintain sufficient balances or hold a sufficient enough credit standing to allow that individual to engage fully in the bank's offerings; • Unhappily banked — individuals who hold a bank account, but are seeking alternative solutions to that account; • New to banking — individuals who are coming of age or otherwise want or need a bank account, but have not acquired one; and 1 • Millennials — characterized as younger Americans who have grown up in a mobile-based, technology-driven world and who have distinct expectations and attitudes related to how they choose and consume various products and services, including financial services. Based on data from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC, the Federal Reserve Bank, the U.S. Census, the Center for Financial Services Innovation and our proprietary data, we believe the addressable portions of these five consumer segments collectively represent a market opportunity of approximately 200 million people in the United States for our products and services. Our Products and Services Our principal products and services consist of branded and private label deposit account programs (collectively "Account Services"), and processing and settlement services. Account Services Our branded deposit account programs include Green Dot-branded and affinity-branded general purpose reloadable ("GPR") card accounts, checking accounts, open-loop gift cards and secured credit cards. We also have the ability to provide private label GPR card accounts on behalf of a retailer or other third party entity. Private label cards generally bear the trademarks or logos of the participating retail distributor or business entity, and our trademark on the packaging and back of the card. These cards have the same features and characteristics as our Green Dot- branded GPR cards, and are accepted at the same locations. We typically are responsible for managing all aspects of these programs, including strategy, product design, marketing, customer service, operations and compliance with our subsidiary bank, Green Dot Bank, serving as the card's issuer. Currently, our only private label program is the Walmart MoneyCard. GPR Cards. Our GPR card accounts are prepaid debit accounts issued by Green Dot Bank (or other partner banks) with deposits on those cards insured by the FDIC. GPR cards are designed for general spending purposes and are reloadable for ongoing long-term use. To purchase a GPR card in a retail store location, consumers typically select the temporary GPR card from an in- store display and pay the cashier a one-time purchase fee plus the initial amount they would like to load onto their card. Our GPR cards can also be obtained online and in the mail through our direct marketing efforts. Consumers then go online, use a mobile device, or call a toll-free number to register their personal information with us so that we can activate their card. Consumers can then reload their GPR cards via direct deposit of various disbursements, such as a customer's payroll check, or, as explained below, using our processing and settlement services, such as our point- of-sale ("POS") swipe reload proprietary products and MoneyPak PIN product. Our GPR cards are issued as Visa- or MasterCard-branded cards and can be used by consumers at merchants that accept these brands. Our cardholders can also conduct cash withdrawal transactions at ATMs that accept our cards, which includes the substantial majority of ATMs located in the United States. For regulatory compliance, risk management, operational and other reasons, our GPR cards are not anonymous and require the customer to provide us with their personal information necessary to ensure to the satisfaction of Green Dot Bank that it has a reasonable belief that it knows the true identity of its customers. Checking Accounts. We offer innovative checking account products, such as GoBank, that allow customers to acquire and manage their checking account entirely through a mobile application available on smartphone devices. Our GoBank product is available nationwide via GoBank.com and through a downloadable app on leading app stores, as well as off the rack at Walmart stores nationwide. We also offer GoBank as a business checking account through our partnerships with companies such as Uber. Open Loop Gift Cards. We offer general purpose, non-reloadable gift cards. These Visa- or MasterCard-branded gift cards can be used by consumers to make purchases wherever Visa or MasterCard is accepted. Funds loaded onto gift cards are not insured by the FDIC, nor is it required that the customer provide personal identifiable information in order to use the product. Secured Credit Cards. In the third quarter of 2016, we launched our Green Dot Platinum Visa Secured Credit Card, a secured credit card that is designed to help people with no prior credit history or those with poor credit scores build a positive credit history. The card's credit line is backed by the customer's own security deposit held at Green Dot Bank. Customers can fund collateral security deposits with cash and make monthly payments through our distribution network of approximately 100,000 retail locations. We offer our secured credit card product nationwide on a direct-to- consumer basis via greendot.com/platinum. 2 Processing and Settlement Services Our processing and settlement services include our money processing services, which consists of reload services and 1099 disbursements, and our tax refund processing services. Reload Services. We generate cash transfer revenues when consumers use our reload services through the Green Dot Network. We offer consumers affordable and convenient ways to reload any of our GPR cards and cards from more than 120 third-party prepaid card programs (our network acceptance members), and conduct other cash loading transactions through the Green Dot Network using retailers’ specially-enabled POS devices. Consumers can add funds directly to accounts we issue and accounts issued by our network acceptance members, to the extent those accounts are eligible to receive recurring deposits, through an automated POS swipe reload transaction. To complete a swipe reload transaction, consumers pay the cashier the desired amount to be reloaded, plus a service fee, and funds are reloaded onto the GPR card at the point of sale without further action required on the part of the consumer. In addition, customers can load third-party accounts or cards that are not physically present at the time of the load using our MoneyPak PIN product. Our current MoneyPak PIN product, which we launched in April 2016 and expect to continue to roll out to additional retailers, contains a variety of fraud prevention and detection controls and replaced an earlier MoneyPak PIN product, which we phased out in 2014 and 2015. 1099 Disbursement Services. We manage payment disbursement programs that enable instant payments of earnings to most bank accounts with MasterCard, Visa or Discover debit cards. We refer to these programs as 1099 disbursement services. Under one of these programs, we enable Uber driver partners to have their earnings rapidly deposited to any debit card for immediate use. We generate revenues from these programs on a per transaction basis as disbursements are made. Tax Refund Processing Services. We provide the processing technology that facilitates receipt of a taxpayer's refund proceeds. We generate tax refund processing service revenues when a customer of a third party tax preparation company chooses to pay their tax preparation fee using our tax refund processing services, whereby we deduct the costs of the tax preparation service and our processing service from the taxpayer's refund, and remit the remaining net balance to the taxpayer per their instructions. Our Distribution Channels We achieve broad distribution of our products and services through distribution arrangements with approximately 100,000 retail locations, digital and direct mail customer acquisition sources, and the leading app stores. Accounts issued by us or our network acceptance members can be reloaded at these retail locations. Our retail distributors have contracts with us, subject to termination rights, which expire at various dates through 2021. In general, our agreements with our retail distributors give us the right to offer deposit account programs and reload services in their retail locations and require us to share with them by way of commissions the revenues generated through sales of these cards and reload services. We and the retail distributors generally also agree to certain marketing arrangements, such as promotions and advertising. Our Relationship with Walmart. Walmart is our largest retail distributor. Green Dot Corporation has been the provider of Walmart-branded GPR cards sold at Walmart since the initiation of the Walmart MoneyCard program in 2007, and Green Dot Bank has been the issuer of those cards since early 2014. Pursuant to our agreement with Walmart, Green Dot designs and delivers the Walmart MoneyCard product and provides all ongoing program support, including network IT, regulatory and legal compliance, website functionality, customer service and loss management. Walmart displays and sells the cards and Green Dot Bank serves as the issuer of the cards and holds the associated FDIC-insured deposits. All Walmart MoneyCard products are reloadable exclusively on the Green Dot Network. In addition to Walmart MoneyCards, we offer our Green Dot-branded cards and our GoBank checking account product at Walmart, providing consumers the choice to purchase either Green Dot-branded products or Walmart MoneyCard products. Our operating revenues derived from products and services sold at the store locations of Walmart represented approximately 45%, 46%, and 54% of our total operating revenues for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. The term of our Walmart MoneyCard agreement (which governs the MoneyCard program) expires on May 1, 2020, with an automatic renewal clause for an additional period of two years, subject to certain terms as discussed in the agreement. This agreement can in limited circumstances, such as our failure to meet agreed-upon service levels and certain changes in control, be terminated by Walmart on relatively short notice. Direct-to-Consumer Channels. As a result of our acquisitions of AccountNow, Inc. and Achieve Financial Services, LLC in late 2014 and early 2015, respectively, an increasing portion of our account sales are generated from digital and direct mail customer acquisition sources. We expect this trend to accelerate over time, particularly if we consummate our acquisition of UniRush, LLC as expected. Customers who acquire our accounts through these channels and pass 3 identity verification typically receive an unfunded card in the mail and then can reload the card either through a cash reload or an ACH deposit transaction. Network Acceptance Members. A large number of program managers that offer their own prepaid cards accept funds through the Green Dot Network. We provide reload services to more than 120 third-party prepaid card programs, including programs offered by UniRush (a company we agreed in January 2017 to acquire) and H&R Block. MasterCard’s RePower Reload Network also uses the Green Dot Network to facilitate cash reloads for its own member programs. In addition, we provide reload services to other kinds of financial services firms and their customers. Tax Preparation Businesses. Our tax refund processing services are available to consumers through tax preparers in three core distribution channels: franchise tax preparers, independent tax preparers utilizing professional tax software, and taxpayers utilizing online tax preparation services. In general, our distribution agreements consist of revenue- sharing arrangements under which we allow our channel partners to access and utilize our processing and settlement technology as part of the tax preparation process. When our processing technology is utilized, a fee is paid by the consumer that is shared, subject to various terms of each particular distribution agreement, between the distribution partners and us. Sales and Marketing The primary objectives of our sales and marketing efforts are to educate consumers on the utility of our products and services in order to generate demand, and to instruct consumers on where they may purchase our products and services. We also seek to educate existing customers on the use of our products and services to encourage increased usage and retention of our products. We accomplish these objectives through various types of consumer-oriented marketing and advertising and by expanding our group of retail and other distributors to gain access to additional customers. Marketing to Consumers We market our products to a broad group of consumers, ranging from never-banked to fully-banked consumers. We are focusing our current sales and marketing efforts on acquisition of long-term users of our products, enhancing our brands and image, building market adoption and awareness of our products, improving customer retention, and increasing card usage. To achieve these objectives, we highlight to consumers the core benefits of our products and services and how the use of our products can solve their fundamental money management needs. Marketing to Business Partners We use a variety of marketing strategies to engage with our business partners, including retail distributors, tax preparation partners, and network acceptance members. When marketing our prepaid financial services to potential new retail distributors, we highlight several key benefits, including our leading national brand, our in-store presence and merchandising expertise, our cash reload network, the profitability of our products to them and our commitment to support our brand through national marketing efforts. In addition, we communicate the peripheral benefits of our products, such as their ability to generate additional foot traffic and sales in their stores and higher average purchase amounts per transaction. We engage in similar strategies when marketing to our tax preparation partners. We market our reload network to a broad range of banks, third-party processors, program managers and others that have uses for our reload network’s cash transfer technology. When marketing to potential network acceptance members, we highlight the key benefits of our cash loading network, including the breadth of our distribution capabilities, our leadership position in the industry, the profitability of our products to them, consumer satisfaction owing to the consistency in the user experience and our ongoing support of our network's offerings through national marketing to consumers and retail partners. Customer Service We provide customer service through numerous technologies and channels for all of the products provided by our company to consumers. We utilize both in-house and third-party call centers, as well as Interactive Voice Response systems, web-based support and email support in our customer service efforts. Seasonality In the industries for prepaid financial services and tax refund processing, companies commonly experience seasonal fluctuations in revenue. For example, in recent years, our results of operations for the first half of each year have been favorably affected by large numbers of taxpayers electing to receive their tax refunds via direct deposit on our cards, which caused our operating revenues to be typically higher in the first halves of those years than they were in the corresponding second halves of those years. Additionally, our tax refund processing services business is highly 4 seasonal as it generates the substantial majority of its revenue in the first quarter, and substantially all of its revenue in the first half of each calendar year. We expect our revenue to continue to fluctuate based on seasonal factors that affect the prepaid financial services and tax refund processing industries as a whole. Competition Our core businesses include the offering of prepaid cards, checking accounts and financial transaction processing services to a wide range of consumers through broad, national distribution channels. Consequently, we compete against companies across the retail banking, financial services, and transaction processing services industries. In addition to the direct competitors described below, we compete for access to retail distribution channels, allocation of shelf space within those retail distributors, and for the attention of consumers at the retail level and online. Furthermore, many of our competitors are entities substantially larger in size, more highly diversified in revenue and substantially more established in age with significantly more broadly known brand awareness than ours. As such, many of our competitors can leverage their size, financial wherewithal, brand awareness, pricing power and technological assets to compete with us. Prepaid Card Issuance and Program Management We offer branded and private label deposit account card programs that directly compete with other banks that issue prepaid cards and other program managers that provide turn-key services for prepaid card programs. Primary competitors in this business include traditional credit, debit and prepaid card account issuers and prepaid card program managers like Chase, USBank, American Express, First Data, NetSpend/TSYS, InComm, Western Union, MoneyGram, and Blackhawk Network Inc. In addition, from time to time, new entrants introduce prepaid card products or other products that seek to target that similar customer that could increase competition in this market. Reload Networks We offer our POS swipe reload proprietary products, which enable cash loading and transfer services through our Green Dot Network. While we believe our Green Dot Network is the leading reload network for prepaid cards in the United States, a growing number of companies are attempting to establish and grow their own reload networks. In this market, new companies, or alliances among existing companies, may be formed that rapidly achieve a significant market position. Many of these companies are substantially larger than we are and have greater resources, larger and more diversified customer bases and greater name recognition than we do. Our primary competitors in the reload network services market are: Visa, Western Union, MoneyGram, Blackhawk Network, Inc., and InComm. Visa has broad brand recognition and a large base of merchant acquiring and card issuing banks. Western Union, MoneyGram, Blackhawk Network, Inc., and InComm each have a national network of retail and/or agent locations. In addition, we compete for consumers and billers with financial institutions that provide their retail customers with billing, payment and funds transfer services. Many of these institutions are substantially larger and have greater resources, larger and more diversified customer bases and greater brand recognition than we do. Tax Refund Processing Our tax refund processing services compete directly with similar processing technologies and settlement capabilities offered by companies such as Refundo, Refund Advantage, Republic Bank and others. Furthermore, other entities, like Jackson Hewitt and H&R Block, have either fully or partially internally-developed processing and settlement capabilities to self-provide services similar to ours. It is possible that our current or potentially new distribution partners may seek to develop their own internal capabilities that compete with our tax refund processing services. Consumer Banking Services With our GoBank product, we have expanded into the market for consumer checking accounts. In this market we compete against a wide range of both traditional and non-traditional banks, including the largest banks. Many of these banks have greater resources, larger and more diversified customer bases and greater brand recognition than we do. Many of these banks also have other assets that could give them an advantage, including broader ranges of product offerings and/or retail branch networks. We believe that our consumer checking account products are differentiated by their innovative technological features, innovative distribution model, consumer-friendly pricing, and branding. Intellectual Property We rely on a combination of patent, trademark and copyright laws and trade secret protections in the United States, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions, to protect the intellectual property rights related to our products and services. 5 We own several trademarks, including Green Dot and GoBank. Through agreements with our network acceptance members, retail distributors and customers, we authorize and monitor the use of our trademarks in connection with their activities with us. Our patent portfolio currently consists of 8 issued patents and 17 patent applications pending. The term of the patents we hold is, on average, twenty years. We feel our patents and applications are important to our business and help to differentiate our products and services from those of our competitors. The industries in which we compete are characterized by rapidly changing technology, a large number of patents, and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. There can be no assurance that our patents and other proprietary rights will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented; that others will not assert intellectual property rights to technologies that are relevant to us; or that our rights will give us a competitive advantage. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries may not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. The risks associated with patents and intellectual property are more fully discussed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” including the risk factors entitled “We must adequately protect our brand and our intellectual property rights related to our products and services and avoid infringing on the proprietary rights of others,” and “We must be able to operate and scale our technology effectively.” Regulation Compliance with legal and regulatory requirements is a highly complex and integral part of our day-to-day operations. Our products and services are generally subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations, including: • anti-money laundering laws; • money transfer and payment instrument licensing regulations; • • • • • escheatment laws; privacy and information safeguard laws; banking regulations; stored value and credit card laws; and consumer protection laws. These laws are often evolving and the extent to which they apply to us, our subsidiary bank or the banks that issue our cards, our retail distributors, our tax preparation partners, our network acceptance members or our third-party processors is at times unclear. Any failure to comply with applicable law - either by us or by the card issuing banks, retail distributors, tax preparation partners, network acceptance members or third-party processors, over which we have limited legal and practical control - could result in restrictions on our ability to provide our products and services, as well as the imposition of civil fines and criminal penalties and the suspension or revocation of a license or registration required to sell our products and services. We continually monitor and enhance our compliance program to stay current with the most recent legal and regulatory changes. We also continue to implement policies and programs and to adapt our business practices and strategies to help us comply with current legal standards, as well as with new and changing legal requirements affecting particular services or the conduct of our business generally. These programs include dedicated compliance personnel and training and monitoring programs, as well as support and guidance to our business partners on matters of regulatory compliance programs and best practices. Anti-Money Laundering Laws Our products and services are generally subject to federal anti-money laundering laws, including the Bank Secrecy Act, as amended by the USA PATRIOT Act, and similar state laws. On an ongoing basis, these laws require us, among other things, to: • • • • • report large cash transactions and suspicious activity; screen transactions against the U.S. government’s watch-lists, such as the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets Control; prevent the processing of transactions to or from certain countries, individuals, nationals and entities; identify the dollar amounts loaded or transferred at any one time or over specified periods of time, which requires the aggregation of information over multiple transactions; gather and, in certain circumstances, report customer information; 6 • • comply with consumer disclosure requirements; and register or obtain licenses with state and federal agencies in the United States and seek registration of our retail distributors and network acceptance members when necessary. Anti-money laundering regulations are constantly evolving. We continuously monitor our compliance with anti- money laundering regulations and implement policies and procedures in order to comply with the most current legal requirements. We cannot predict how these future regulations might affect us. Complying with future regulation could be expensive or require us to change the way we operate our business. We are registered with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, or FinCEN, as a money services business. As a result of being so registered, we have established anti-money laundering compliance programs that include: (i) internal policies and controls; (ii) designation of a compliance officer; (iii) ongoing employee training and (iv) an independent review function. We have developed and implemented compliance programs comprised of policies, procedures, systems and internal controls to monitor and address various legal requirements and developments. To assist in managing and monitoring money laundering risks, we continue to enhance our anti-money laundering compliance program. We offer our services largely through our retail distributor and network acceptance member relationships. We have developed an anti-money laundering training manual and a program to assist in educating our retail distributors on applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations. Money Transmitter Licensing Regulations We are subject to money transmitter licensing regulations. We have obtained licenses to operate as a money transmitter in 41 states, Puerto Rico and Washington, D.C.. The remaining U.S. jurisdictions either do not currently regulate money transmitters or the money transmitter laws of those jurisdictions do not require us to obtain a license in connection with the conduct of our business. As a licensee, we are subject to certain restrictions and requirements, including reporting, net worth and surety bonding requirements and requirements for regulatory approval of controlling stockholders, agent locations and consumer forms and disclosures. Many states require that we must at all times maintain cash and highly rated investment securities in an amount equivalent to all outstanding settlement obligations. We are also subject to inspection by the regulators in the jurisdictions in which we are licensed, many of which conduct regular examinations. Escheatment Laws Unclaimed property laws of every U.S. jurisdiction require that we track certain information on our card products and services and that, if customer funds are unclaimed at the end of an applicable statutory abandonment period, the proceeds of the unclaimed property be remitted to the appropriate jurisdiction. We manage escheatment law compliance with respect to our card products and services and have an ongoing program to comply with those laws. Statutory abandonment periods applicable to our card products and services typically range from three to seven years. Privacy and Information Safeguard Laws In the ordinary course of our business, we collect certain types of data, which subjects us to certain privacy and information security laws in the United States, including, for example, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999, or the GLB Act, and other laws or rules designed to regulate consumer information and mitigate identity theft. We are also subject to privacy laws of various states. These state and federal laws impose obligations with respect to the collection, processing, storage, disposal, use and disclosure of personal information, and require that financial institutions have in place policies regarding information privacy and security. In addition, under federal and certain state financial privacy laws, we must provide notice to consumers of our policies and practices for sharing nonpublic information with third parties, provide advance notice of any changes to our policies and, with limited exceptions, give consumers the right to prevent use of their nonpublic personal information and disclosure of it to unaffiliated third parties. Certain state laws may, in some circumstances, require us to notify affected individuals of security breaches of computer databases that contain their personal information. These laws may also require us to notify state law enforcement, regulators or consumer reporting agencies in the event of a data breach, as well as businesses and governmental agencies that own data. In order to comply with the privacy and information safeguard laws, we have confidentiality/information security standards and procedures in place for our business activities and with network acceptance members and our third-party vendors and service providers. Privacy and information security laws evolve regularly, requiring us to adjust our compliance program on an ongoing basis and presenting compliance challenges. Banking Regulations We became a bank holding company in December 2011, as a result of our acquisition of Bonneville Bancorp, the holding company of Bonneville Bank, a state-chartered Utah bank, which was renamed Green Dot Bank after the acquisition. We and our subsidiary bank are extensively regulated under federal and state laws, which, in general, 7 results in increased compliance costs and other expenses, as we and our subsidiary bank are required to undergo regular on-site examinations and to comply with additional reporting requirements. As a bank holding company, we are subject to the supervision of, and inspection by, the Federal Reserve Board and the State of Utah Department of Financial Institutions and are subject to certain regulations which, among other things, restrict our business and the activities in which we may engage. Our existing business activities and currently proposed business activities are not materially restricted by these regulations. Activities. Federal laws restrict the types of activities in which bank holding companies may engage, and subject them to a range of supervisory requirements, including regulatory enforcement actions for violations of laws and policies. Bank holding companies may engage in the business of banking and managing and controlling banks, as well as closely related activities. In addition, financial holding companies may engage in a wider set of activities, including with respect to securities activities and investments in companies engaged in nonbanking activities. The business activities that we currently conduct are permissible activities for bank holding companies under U.S. law, and we do not expect the limitations described above will adversely affect our current operations or materially restrict us from engaging in activities that are currently contemplated by our business strategies. It is possible, however, that these restrictions could limit our ability to enter other businesses in which we may wish to engage at some time in the future. It is also possible that in the future these laws may be amended in ways, or new laws or regulations may be adopted, that adversely affect our ability to engage in our current or additional businesses. Even if our activities are permissible for a bank holding company, as discussed under “— Capital Adequacy” below, the Federal Reserve Board has the authority to order a bank holding company or its subsidiaries to terminate any activity or to require divestiture of ownership or control of a subsidiary in the event that it has reasonable cause to believe that the activity or continued ownership or control poses a serious risk to the financial safety, soundness or stability of the bank holding company or any of its bank subsidiaries. Dividend Restrictions. Bank holding companies are subject to various restrictions that may affect their ability to pay dividends. Federal and state banking regulations applicable to bank holding companies and banks generally require that dividends be paid from earnings and, as described under “— Capital Adequacy” below, require minimum levels of capital, which limits the funds available for payment of dividends. Other restrictions include the Federal Reserve Board’s general policy that bank holding companies should pay cash dividends on common stock only out of net income available to stockholders for the preceding year or four quarters and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention is consistent with the organization’s expected future needs and financial condition, including the needs of each of its bank subsidiaries. In the current financial and economic environment, the Federal Reserve Board has indicated that bank holding companies should carefully review their dividend policies and has discouraged dividend pay-out ratios that are at the 100% level unless both their asset quality and capital are very strong. A bank holding company also should not maintain a dividend level that places undue pressure on the capital of its bank subsidiaries, or that may undermine the bank holding company’s ability to serve as a source of strength for its bank subsidiaries. See “— Source of Strength” below. Capital Adequacy. Bank holding companies and banks are subject to various requirements relating to capital adequacy, including limitations on leverage. As a bank holding company that is a financial holding company, we are required to be “well-capitalized,” meaning we must maintain certain capital and leverage requirements. Our subsidiary bank is also subject to separate liquidity requirements that we have committed to with the Federal Reserve Board and Utah Department of Financial Institutions. As of December 31, 2016, we and our subsidiary bank are each “well- capitalized” under the above standards and presently exceed our respective capital and leverage commitments. Under the regulatory framework that Congress has established and bank regulators have implemented, banks are either “well-capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” or “critically undercapitalized.” Banks are generally subject to greater restrictions and supervision than bank holding companies, and these restrictions increase as the financial condition of the bank worsens. For instance, a bank that is not well- capitalized may not accept, renew or roll over brokered deposits without the consent of the FDIC. If our subsidiary bank were to become less than adequately capitalized, the bank would need to submit to bank regulators a capital restoration plan that was guaranteed by us, as its bank holding company. The bank would also likely become subject to further restrictions on activities, such as entering into new lines of business, or would be required to conduct activities that have the effect of limiting asset growth or preventing acquisitions. A bank that is undercapitalized would also be prohibited from making capital distributions, including dividends, and from paying management fees to its bank holding company if the institution would be undercapitalized after any such distribution or payment. A significantly undercapitalized institution would be subject to mandatory capital raising activities, restrictions on interest rates paid and transactions with affiliates, removal of management and other restrictions. The FDIC has only very limited discretion in dealing with a critically undercapitalized institution and is virtually required to appoint a receiver or conservator. As 8 of December 31, 2016, Green Dot Bank remained well-capitalized. The Bank also met the definition of well-capitalized at its most recent examination date. For more information on regulatory capital rules and capital composition, see “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations--Capital Management" below and Note 21 — Regulatory Requirements to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein, which are incorporated by reference in this Item 1. Source of Strength. Under Federal Reserve Board policy, bank holding companies are expected to act as a source of strength to their bank subsidiaries and to commit resources to support each such subsidiary. This support may theoretically be required by the Federal Reserve Board at times when the bank holding company might otherwise determine not to provide it. As noted above, if a bank becomes less than adequately capitalized, it would need to submit an acceptable capital restoration plan that, in order to be acceptable, would need to be guaranteed by the parent holding company. In the event of a bank holding company’s bankruptcy, any commitment by the bank holding company to a federal bank regulator to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank would be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to a priority of payment. In addition, under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, or the Dodd-Frank Act, the Federal Reserve Board is required to adopt new regulations formally requiring bank holding companies to serve as a source of strength to their subsidiary depository institutions. The Federal Reserve Board has not yet proposed rules to implement this requirement. Acquisitions of Bank Holding Companies. Under the BHC Act and the Change in Bank Control Act, and their respective implementing regulations, Federal Reserve Board approval is necessary prior to any person or company acquiring control of a bank or bank holding company, subject to certain exceptions. Control is conclusively presumed to exist if an individual or company acquires 25% or more of any class of voting securities, and may be presumed to exist if a person acquires 10% or more of any class of voting securities. These restrictions could affect the willingness or ability of a third party to acquire control of us for so long as we are a bank holding company particularly if the third party was not also a bank holding company. Deposit Insurance and Deposit Insurance Assessments. Deposits accepted by banks, such as our subsidiary bank, have the benefit of FDIC insurance up to the applicable limits. The FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund is funded by assessments on insured depository institutions, the level of which depends on the risk category of an institution and the amount of insured deposits that it holds. These rates currently range from 1.5 to 40 basis points on deposits. The FDIC may increase or decrease the assessment rate schedule, and has in the past required and may in the future require banks to prepay their estimated assessments for future periods. The Dodd-Frank Act changes the method of calculating deposit assessments, requiring the FDIC to assess premiums on the basis of assets less tangible stockholders’ equity. The FDIC has indicated that this change will likely result in a lower assessment rate because of the larger assessment base. Community Reinvestment Act. The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977, or CRA, and the regulations promulgated by the FDIC to implement the CRA are intended to ensure that banks meet the credit needs of their respective service areas, including low and moderate income communities and individuals, consistent with safe and sound banking practices. The CRA regulations also require the banking regulatory authorities to evaluate a bank’s record in meeting the needs of its service area when considering applications to establish new offices or consummate any merger or acquisition transaction. The federal banking agencies are required to rate each insured institution’s performance under the CRA and to make that information publicly available. Our subsidiary bank currently complies with the CRA through investments and other activities that are designed to benefit the needs of low and moderate income communities. Restrictions on Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders. Transactions between a bank and its nonbanking affiliates are regulated by the Federal Reserve Board. These regulations limit the types and amount of these transactions, require certain levels of collateral for loans to affiliated parties and generally require those transactions to be on an arm’s-length basis. As a bank holding company, transactions between Green Dot Bank and us, including our nonbanking subsidiaries, are limited by these regulations, although we do not anticipate that these restrictions will adversely affect our ability to conduct our current operations or materially prohibit us from engaging in activities that are currently contemplated by our business strategies. Issuing Banks. All of the GPR cards that we provide and the Walmart gift cards we service are issued by Green Dot Bank or either a federally- or state-chartered third-party bank. Thus, we are subject to the oversight of the regulators for, and certain laws applicable to, these card issuing banks. These banking laws require us, as a servicer to the banks that issue our cards, to among other things, undertake compliance actions similar to those described under “Anti- Money Laundering Laws” above and comply with the privacy regulations promulgated under the GLB Act as discussed under “Privacy and Information Safeguard Laws” above. Our subsidiary bank is subject to the additional regulatory oversight and legal obligations described above, in its capacity as issuing bank of our GPR cards. 9 Other. The policies of regulatory authorities, including the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve Board, have a significant effect on the operating results of bank holding companies and their subsidiaries. Moreover, additional changes to banking laws and regulations are possible in the near future. Consumer Protection Laws We are subject to state and federal consumer protection laws, including laws prohibiting unfair and deceptive practices, regulating electronic fund transfers and protecting consumer nonpublic information. We believe that we have appropriate procedures in place for compliance with these consumer protection laws, but many issues regarding our service have not yet been addressed by the federal and state agencies charged with interpreting the applicable laws. In order to permit the direct deposit of Federal benefits and other Federal funds to our products, we comply with the requirements of the Electronic Fund Transfer Act of the Federal Reserve Board, or Regulation E, as they relate to payroll cards, including disclosure of the terms of our electronic fund transfer services to consumers prior to their use of the service, 21 days' advance notice of material changes, specific error resolution procedures and timetables, and limits on customer liability for transactions that are not authorized by the consumer. State and federal legislators and regulatory authorities are increasingly focused on the banking and consumer financial services industries, and may propose and adopt new legislation that could result in significant adverse changes in the regulatory landscape for financial institutions and financial services companies. If new regulations or laws result in changes in the way we are regulated, these regulations could expose us to increased regulatory oversight, more burdensome regulation of our business, and increased litigation risk, each of which could increase our costs and decrease our operating revenues. Furthermore, limitations placed on fees we charge or the disclosures that must be provided with respect to our products and services could increase our costs and decrease our operating revenues. Payment Networks In order to provide our products and services, we, as well as our subsidiary bank, Green Dot Bank, are contracted members with Visa and MasterCard and, as a result, are subject to payment network rules that could subject us to a variety of fines or penalties that may be levied by the payment networks for certain acts or omissions. Visa and MasterCard set the standards with which we and the card issuing banks must comply. Employees As of December 31, 2016, we had 974 employees, including 486 in general and administrative, 58 in sales and marketing, and 430 in research and product development. None of our employees is represented by a labor union or is covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We have never experienced any employment-related work stoppages and consider relations with our employees to be good. 10 ITEM 1A. Risk Factors Risks Related to Our Business Our operating results may fluctuate in the future, which could cause our stock price to decline. Our quarterly and annual results of operations may fluctuate in the future as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. If our results of operations fall below the expectations of investors or any securities analysts who follow our Class A common stock, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline substantially. Fluctuations in our quarterly or annual results of operations might result from a number of factors, including, but not limited to: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • the timing and volume of purchases, use and reloads of our prepaid cards and other products and services; the timing and volume of tax refunds processed by us, including the impact of any general delays in tax refund disbursements from the U.S. and State Treasuries; the timing and success of new product or service introductions by us or our competitors; seasonality in the purchase or use of our products and services; changes in the level of interchange rates that can be charged; fluctuations in customer retention rates; changes in the mix of products and services that we sell; changes in the mix of retail distributors through which we sell our products and services; the timing of commencement, renegotiation or termination of relationships with significant retail distributors and network acceptance members; the timing of commencement of new product development and initiatives, the timing of costs of existing product roll-outs to new retail distributors and the length of time we must invest in those new products, channels or retail distributors before they generate material operating revenues; our ability to effectively sell our products through online and direct mail marketing initiatives; changes in our or our competitors’ pricing policies or sales terms; significant changes in our risk policies and controls; the amount and timing of costs related to fraud losses; the amount and timing of commencement and termination of major advertising campaigns, including sponsorships; the amount and timing of costs related to the development or acquisition of complementary businesses; the amount and timing of costs of any major litigation to which we are a party; disruptions in the performance of our products and services and the associated financial impact thereof; the amount and timing of capital expenditures and operating costs related to the maintenance and expansion of our business, operations and infrastructure; accounting charges related to impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets; our ability to control costs, including third-party service provider costs and sales and marketing expenses in an increasingly competitive market; volatility in the trading price of our Class A common stock, which may lead to higher or lower stock-based compensation expenses; and changes in the political or regulatory environment affecting the banking or electronic payments industries generally or the industries for prepaid financial services and tax refund processing specifically. 11 The loss of operating revenues from Walmart or any of our largest retail distributors would adversely affect our business. Most of our operating revenues are derived from prepaid financial services sold at our four largest retail distributors. As a percentage of total operating revenues, operating revenues derived from products and services sold at the store locations of Walmart was approximately 45% for the year ended December 31, 2016. We expect that Walmart will continue to have a significant impact on our operating revenues in future periods, particularly in our Account Services segment. It would be difficult to replace Walmart and the operating revenues derived from products and services sold at their stores. Accordingly, the loss of Walmart would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. In addition, any publicity associated with the loss of any of our large retail distributors could harm our reputation, making it more difficult to attract and retain consumers and other retail distributors, and could lessen our negotiating power with our remaining and prospective retail distributors. Our contracts with our four largest retail distributors have terms that expire at various dates through 2021, and they can in limited circumstances, such as our material breach or insolvency or, in the case of Walmart, our failure to meet agreed-upon service levels, certain changes in control, and our inability or unwillingness to agree to requested pricing changes, be terminated by these retail distributors on relatively short notice. There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue our relationships with our largest retail distributors on the same or more favorable terms in future periods or that our relationships will continue beyond the terms of our existing contracts with them. Our operating revenues and results of operations could suffer if, among other things, any of our retail distributors renegotiates, terminates or fails to renew, or to renew on similar or favorable terms, its agreement with us or otherwise chooses to modify the level of support it provides for our products. Our base of tax preparation partners is concentrated and the performance of our Processing and Settlement Services segment depends in part on our ability to retain existing partners. If one or more of our major tax preparation partners were to substantially reduce or stop offering our services to their customers, our tax refund processing services business, a component of our Processing and Settlement Services segment, results of operations and financial condition would be harmed. Substantially all the revenues we generate from our tax refund processing services business have come from sales through a relatively small number of tax preparation firms. We do not have long-term contractual commitments from any of our current tax preparation partners and our tax preparation partners may elect to not renew their contracts with us with little or no advance notice. As a result, we cannot be assured that any of our current tax preparation partners will continue to partner with us past the terms in their current agreements. A termination of our relationships with certain tax preparation partners that provide commercial tax preparation software would result in lost revenue and the loss of the ability to secure future relationships with new or existing tax preparation firms that use such tax software. Our future success depends upon the active and effective promotion of our products and services by retail distributors and tax preparation partners, but their interests and operational decisions might not always align with our interests. Most of our operating revenues are derived from our products and services sold at the stores of our retail distributors. In addition, a large portion of our Processing and Settlement Services revenues are dependent on tax preparation partners as the revenues we generate from our tax refund processing services are largely derived from products and services sold through retail tax preparation businesses and income tax software providers. Revenues from our retail distributors and tax preparation partners depend on a number of factors outside our control and may vary from period to period. Because we compete with many other providers of products and services, including competing prepaid cards and tax refund processing services, for placement and promotion of products in the stores of our retail distributors or in conjunction with the delivery of tax preparation services by our tax preparation providers, our success depends on our retail distributors and tax preparation partners and their willingness to promote our products and services successfully. In general, our contracts with these third parties allow them to exercise significant discretion over the placement and promotion of our products and services; they could give higher priority to the products and services of other companies for a variety of reasons. Accordingly, losing the support of our retail distributors and tax preparation partners might limit or reduce the sales of our products and services. Our operating revenues and operating expenses may also be negatively affected by operational decisions by our retail distributors and tax preparation partners. For example, if a retail distributor reduces shelf space for our products or implements changes in its systems that disrupt the integration between its systems and ours, our product sales could be reduced or decline and we may incur additional merchandising costs to ensure our products are appropriately stocked. Similarly, for a variety of reasons, many of our tax preparation partners that provide commercial income tax preparation software offer their customers several types for tax refund processing services, including those of our competitors. Even if our retail distributors and tax preparation partners actively and effectively promote our products and services, there can be no assurance that their efforts will maintain or result in growth of our operating revenues. 12 We make significant investments in products and services that may not be successful. Our prospects for growth depend on our ability to innovate by offering new, and adding value to our existing, product and service offerings and on our ability to effectively commercialize such innovations. For example we recently introduced a secured credit card product, the Green Dot Money marketplace and our on-demand workforce solutions. We will continue to make investments in research, development, and marketing for new products and services, such as these or others. Investments in new products and services are speculative. Commercial success depends on many factors, including innovativeness, price, the competitive environment and effective distribution and marketing. If customers do not perceive our new offerings as providing significant value, they may fail to accept our new products and services, which would negatively impact our operating revenues. We may not achieve significant operating revenues from new product and service investments for a number of years, if at all. Moreover, new products and services may not be profitable, and even if they are profitable, operating margins for new products and services may not be as high as the margins we have experienced in the past. Our operating revenues for a particular period are difficult to predict, and a shortfall in our operating revenues may harm our results of operations. Our operating revenues for a particular period are difficult to predict. Our total operating revenues may decline or grow at a slower rate than in prior periods. Our ability to meet financial expectations could be adversely affected by various factors, such as delays in implementing or realizing expected benefits from revenue growth activities, increased competition within the store locations of many of our largest retail distributors and reputational damage and unreimbursed losses associated with disruption in the performance of our products and services. Our ability to increase card usage and cardholder retention and to attract new long-term users of our products can also have a significant effect on our operating revenues. We may be unable to generate increases in card usage, cardholder retention or attract new long-term users of our products for a number of reasons, including our inability to maintain our existing distribution channels, the failure of our cardholder retention and usage incentives to influence cardholder behavior, our inability to predict accurately consumer preferences or industry changes and to modify our products and services on a timely basis in response thereto, and our inability to produce new features and services that appeal to existing and prospective customers. As a result, our results of operations could vary materially from period to period based on the degree to which we are successful in increasing card usage and cardholder retention and attracting long-term users of our products. Either of the above factors could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. Seasonal fluctuations in the use of our products and services impact our results of operations and cash flows. Our results of operations and cash flows vary from quarter to quarter, and periodically decline, due to the seasonal nature of the use of our products and services. For example, in recent years, our results of operations for the first half of each year have been favorably affected by large numbers of taxpayers electing to receive their tax refunds via direct deposit on our cards, which caused our operating revenues to be typically higher in the first halves of those years than they were in the corresponding second halves of those years. Additionally, our tax refund processing services business is highly seasonal as it generates the substantial majority of its revenue in the first quarter, and substantially all of its revenue in the first half of each calendar year. To the extent that seasonal fluctuations become more pronounced, or are not offset by other factors, our results of operations and cash flows from operating activities could fluctuate materially from period to period. The industries in which we compete are highly competitive, which could adversely affect our results of operations. The prepaid financial services and tax refund services industries are highly competitive and include a variety of financial and non-financial services vendors. We expect conditions in the markets in which we compete will remain highly competitive. For example, Walmart, CVS and other retail distributors have been selling competitive products at their store locations for the past several years. Competition is expected to negatively impact our operating revenues, and could cause us to compete on the basis of price or increase our sales and marketing expenses, any of which would likely seriously harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our current and potential competitors include: • prepaid card program managers, such as American Express, First Data, Total Systems Services, and traditional banks, such as J.P. Morgan Chase; • reload network providers, such as Visa, Western Union and MoneyGram; 13 • • prepaid card distributors, such as InComm and Blackhawk Network; and providers of tax refund processing services, including tax preparation businesses with their own internally- developed products and services and independent providers, such as Republic Bank & Trust Company. Some of these vendors compete with us in more than one of the vendor categories described above, while others are primarily focused in a single category. In addition, competitors in one category have worked or are working with competitors in other categories to compete with us. We also face actual and potential competition from retail distributors or from other companies that have decided or may in the future decide to compete, or compete more aggressively, in the prepaid financial services industry. Similarly, some of our tax preparation partners have developed or may seek to develop their own products and services that compete with our tax refund processing services. We also compete with businesses outside of the prepaid financial services industry, including traditional providers of financial services, such as banks that offer demand deposit accounts and card issuers that offer credit cards, private label retail cards and gift cards. In particular, our GoBank and secured card products are designed to compete directly with traditional service providers, such as banks and credit card companies, by providing products and services that they have traditionally provided. These and other competitors in the larger electronic payments industry are introducing innovative products and services that may compete with ours. We expect that this competition will continue as the prepaid financial services industry and the larger banking and electronic payments industry continues to evolve. We also expect to compete with businesses outside the traditional tax refund processing services industry in the future as new entrants seek to develop software solutions that may replace the need for our tax refund processing services. Many existing and potential competitors have longer operating histories and greater name recognition than we do. In addition, many of our existing and potential competitors are substantially larger than we are, may already have or could develop substantially greater financial and other resources than we have, may offer, develop or introduce a wider range of programs and services than we offer or may use more effective advertising and marketing strategies than we do to achieve broader brand recognition, customer awareness and retail penetration. We could also experience increased price competition. If this happens, we expect that the purchase and use of our products and services would decline. If price competition materially intensifies, we may have to increase the incentives that we offer to our retail distributors and our tax preparation partners and decrease the prices of our products and services, any of which would likely adversely affect our results of operations. Our long-term success depends on our ability to compete effectively against existing and potential competitors that seek to provide prepaid cards or other electronic payment products and services or tax refund processing services. If we fail to compete effectively against these competitors, our revenues, results of operations, prospects for future growth and overall business could be materially and adversely affected. Acquisitions or investments could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition. We have in the past acquired, and we expect to acquire in the future, other businesses and technologies. The process of integrating an acquired business, product, service or technology can involve a number of special risks and challenges, including: • • • • • • • • • • increased regulatory and compliance requirements; implementation or remediation of controls, procedures and policies at the acquired company; diversion of management time and focus from operation of our then-existing business; integration and coordination of product, sales, marketing, program and systems management functions; transition of the acquired company’s users and customers onto our systems; integration of the acquired company’s accounting, information management, human resource and other administrative systems and operations generally with ours; integration of employees from the acquired company into our organization; loss or termination of employees, including costs associated with the termination or replacement of those employees; liability for activities of the acquired company prior to the acquisition, including violations of law, commercial disputes, and tax and other known and unknown liabilities; and increased litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims brought by terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties. 14 If we are unable to successfully integrate an acquired business or technology or otherwise address these special risks and challenges or other problems encountered in connection with an acquisition, we might not realize the anticipated benefits of that acquisition, we might incur unanticipated liabilities or we might otherwise suffer harm to our business generally. Unanticipated costs, delays or other operational or financial problems related to integrating the acquired company and business with our company may result in the diversion of our management's attention from other business issues and opportunities. To integrate acquired businesses, we must implement our technology systems in the acquired operations and integrate and manage the personnel of the acquired operations. We also must effectively integrate the different cultures of acquired business organizations into our own in a way that aligns various interests, and may need to enter new markets in which we have no or limited experience and where competitors in such markets have stronger market positions. Failures or difficulties in integrating the operations of the businesses that we acquire, including their personnel, technology, compliance programs, risk management systems, financial systems, distribution and general business operations and procedures, marketing, promotion and other relationships, may affect our ability to grow and may result in us incurring asset impairment or restructuring charges. Furthermore, acquisitions and investments are often speculative in nature and the actual benefits we derive from them could be lower or take longer to materialize than we expect. To the extent we pay the consideration for any future acquisitions or investments in cash, it would reduce the amount of cash available to us for other purposes. Future acquisitions or investments could also result in dilutive issuances of our equity securities or the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, amortization expenses, or goodwill impairment charges, any of which could harm our financial condition and negatively impact our stockholders. Fraudulent and other illegal activity involving our products and services could lead to reputational damage to us, reduce the use and acceptance of our cards and reload network, reduce the use of our tax refund processing services, and may adversely affect our financial position and results of operations. Criminals are using increasingly sophisticated methods to engage in illegal activities involving prepaid cards, reload products, checking accounts or customer information. Illegal activities involving our products and services often include malicious social engineering schemes, where people are asked to provide a prepaid card or reload product in order to obtain a loan or purchase goods or services. Illegal activities may also include fraudulent payment or refund schemes and identity theft. We rely upon third parties for transaction processing services, which subjects us and our customers to risks related to the vulnerabilities of those third parties. A single significant incident of fraud, or increases in the overall level of fraud, involving our cards and other products and services, have in the past and could in the future result in reputational damage to us. Such damage could reduce the use and acceptance of our cards and other products and services, cause retail distributors or network acceptance members to cease doing business with us or lead to greater regulation that would increase our compliance costs. Fraudulent activity could also result in the imposition of regulatory sanctions, including significant monetary fines, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, to address the challenges we face with respect to fraudulent activity, we have implemented risk control mechanisms that have made it more difficult for all customers, including legitimate customers, to obtain and use our products and services. We believe it is likely that our risk control mechanisms may continue to adversely affect our new card activations from legitimate customers for the foreseeable future and that our operating revenues will be negatively impacted as a result. As a bank holding company, we are subject to extensive and potentially changing regulation and may be required to serve as a source of strength for Green Dot Bank, which may adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations. As a bank holding company, we are subject to comprehensive supervision and examination by the Federal Reserve Board and the State of Utah Department of Financial Institutions and must comply with applicable regulations and other commitments we have agreed to, including financial commitments in respect to minimum capital and leverage requirements. If we fail to comply with any of these requirements, we may become subject to formal or informal enforcement actions, proceedings, or investigations, which could result in regulatory orders, restrictions on our business operations or requirements to take corrective actions, which may, individually or in the aggregate, affect our results of operations and restrict our ability to grow. If we fail to comply with the applicable capital and leverage requirements, or if our subsidiary bank fails to comply with its applicable capital and leverage commitments, the Federal Reserve Board may limit our ability to pay dividends or fund stock repurchases, or if we become less than adequately capitalized, require us to raise additional capital. In addition, as a bank holding company and a financial holding company, we are generally prohibited from engaging, directly or indirectly, in any activities other than those permissible for bank holding companies and financial holding companies. This restriction might limit our ability to pursue future business opportunities which we might otherwise consider but which might fall outside the scope of permissible activities. 15 A substantial portion of Green Dot Bank’s deposit liabilities may be classified as brokered deposits, and the failure by Green Dot Bank to maintain its status as a "well-capitalized" institution could have a serious adverse effect on Green Dot Bank’s ability to conduct key portions of its current deposit-taking activity. On January 5, 2015, the FDIC published industry guidance in the form of Frequently Asked Questions (“FAQs”) with respect to, among other things, the categorization of deposit liabilities as “brokered” deposits. This guidance was later supplemented on November 13, 2015, and June 30, 2016. Based on this guidance, a vast majority of Green Dot Bank’s deposits will be classified as brokered. We do not believe that these deposits are subject to the volatility risks associated with brokered wholesale deposits or brokered certificates of deposit. If Green Dot Bank ceases to be categorized as “well capitalized” under banking regulations, it could be prohibited from accepting, renewing or rolling over brokered deposits without the consent of the FDIC. In such a case, the FDIC’s refusal to grant consent to our accepting, renewing or rolling over brokered deposits could materially adversely effect the financial condition and operations of Green Dot Bank and the Company and could effectively restrict the ability of Green Dot Bank to operate its business lines as presently conducted. Changes in laws and regulations to which we are subject, or to which we may become subject, may increase our costs of operation, decrease our operating revenues and disrupt our business. The provision of banking services, prepaid financial services and tax refund processing services is highly regulated and, from time to time, the laws and regulations affecting these industries, and the manner in which they are interpreted, are subject to change and legal action. Accordingly, changes in laws and regulations or the interpretation or enforcement thereof may occur that could increase our compliance and other costs of doing business, require significant systems redevelopment, or render our products or services less profitable or obsolete, any of which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. For example, we could face more stringent anti-money laundering rules and regulations, as well as more stringent licensing rules and regulations, compliance with which could be expensive and time consuming. In addition, adverse rulings relating to the industries in which we participate could cause our products and services to be subject to additional laws and regulations, which could make our products and services less profitable. If additional regulatory requirements were imposed on the sale of our products and services and our bank, the requirements could lead to a loss of retail distributors or tax preparation partners, which, in turn, could materially and adversely impact our operations. Moreover, if our products are adversely impacted by the interpretation or enforcement of these regulations or we or any of our retail distributors or tax preparation partners were unwilling or unable to make any such operational changes to comply with the interpretation or enforcement thereof, we would no longer be able to sell our products and services through that noncompliant retail distributor or tax preparation partner, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations. State and federal legislators and regulatory authorities are increasingly focused on the banking and consumer financial services industries, and may propose and adopt new legislation that could result in significant adverse changes in the regulatory landscape for financial institutions and financial services companies. If new regulations or laws result in changes in the way we are regulated, these regulations could expose us to increased regulatory oversight, more burdensome regulation of our business, and increased litigation risk, each of which could increase our costs and decrease our operating revenues. Furthermore, limitations placed on fees we charge or the disclosures that must be provided with respect to our products and services could increase our costs and decrease our operating revenues. Changes in laws and regulations, or our failure to comply with existing laws and regulations, applicable to our tax refund-related services could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations, and financial condition. We derive a significant portion of our total operating revenues and earnings from tax refund processing and settlement services. The tax preparation industry is regulated under a variety of statutes in addition to those regulations currently applicable to our prepaid products and services, all of which are subject to change and which may impose significant costs, limitations or prohibitions on the way we conduct or expand our tax refund processing and related services. In recent years, state legislators, state attorneys general, and regulators have increased their focus on the tax preparation industry including tax refund processing services and the use thereof by tax preparation firms. Laws making such services less profitable, or even unprofitable, could be passed in any state at any time or existing laws could expire or be amended, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations, and financial condition. State regulators have broad discretionary power and may impose new requirements, interpret or enforce existing regulatory requirements in different ways or issue new administrative rules, even if not contained in state statutes, and state attorneys general could take actions, that affect the way we offer our tax refund-related services and may force us to terminate, modify, or cease our operations in particular states. State or federal regulators could also impose rules that are generally adverse to our tax refund-related services. Any new 16 requirements or rules, or new interpretations of existing requirements or rules, or failure to follow requirements or rules, or future lawsuits or rulings, could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations, and financial condition. We operate in a highly regulated environment, and failure by us, the banks that issue our cards, the businesses that participate in our reload network, the banks that assist with our tax refund processing services, and our tax preparation partners to comply with applicable laws and regulations could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations. We operate in a highly regulated environment, and failure by us, the banks that issue our cards or the businesses that participate in our reload network to comply with the laws and regulations to which we are subject could negatively impact our business. We are subject to state money transmission licensing requirements and a wide range of federal and other state laws and regulations. In particular, our products and services are subject to an increasingly strict set of legal and regulatory requirements intended to protect consumers and to help detect and prevent money laundering, terrorist financing and other illicit activities. Many of these laws and regulations are evolving, unclear and inconsistent across various jurisdictions, and ensuring compliance with them is difficult and costly. For example, with increasing frequency, federal and state regulators are holding businesses like ours to higher standards of training, monitoring and compliance, including monitoring for possible violations of laws by the businesses that participate in our reload network. Failure by us or those businesses to comply with the laws and regulations to which we are or may become subject could result in fines, penalties or limitations on our ability to conduct our business, or federal or state actions, any of which could significantly harm our reputation with consumers and other network participants, banks that issue our cards and regulators, and could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Changes in rules or standards set by the payment networks, such as Visa and MasterCard, or changes in debit network fees or products or interchange rates, could adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations. We are subject to association rules that could subject us to a variety of fines or penalties that may be levied by the card associations or networks for acts or omissions by us or businesses that work with us, including card processors, such as Total System Services, Inc and MasterCard PTS. The termination of the card association registrations held by us or any changes in card association or other debit network rules or standards, including interpretation and implementation of existing rules or standards, that increase the cost of doing business or limit our ability to provide our products and services could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, from time to time, card associations may increase the fees that they charge, which could increase our operating expenses, reduce our profit margin and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, a substantial portion of our operating revenues is derived from interchange fees. For the year ended December 31, 2016, interchange revenues represented 27.4% of our total operating revenues, and we expect interchange revenues to continue to represent a significant percentage of our total operating revenues. The amount of interchange revenues that we earn is highly dependent on the interchange rates that the payment networks set and adjust from time to time. The enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act required the Federal Reserve Board to implement regulations that have substantially limited interchange fees for many issuers. While the interchange rates that may be earned by us and our subsidiary bank are exempt from the limitations imposed by the Dodd-Frank Act, there can be no assurance that future regulation or changes by the payment networks will not impact our interchange revenues substantially. If interchange rates decline, whether due to actions by the payment networks or future regulation, we would likely need to change our fee structure to offset the loss of interchange revenues. However, our ability to make these changes is limited by the terms of our contracts and other commercial factors, such as price competition. To the extent we increase the pricing of our products and services, we might find it more difficult to acquire consumers and to maintain or grow card usage and customer retention, and we could suffer reputational damage and become subject to greater regulatory scrutiny. We also might have to discontinue certain products or services. As a result, our total operating revenues, operating results, prospects for future growth and overall business could be materially and adversely affected. 17 Our actual operating results may differ significantly from our guidance. From time to time, we issue guidance in our quarterly earnings conference calls, or otherwise, regarding our future performance that represents our management’s estimates as of the date of release. This guidance, which constitutes forward-looking statements, is based upon a number of management's assumptions and estimates that, while presented with numerical specificity, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control, and are based upon specific assumptions with respect to future business decisions, some of which will change. While we have stated and we intend to continue to state possible outcomes as high and low ranges that are intended to provide a sensitivity analysis as variables are changed, we can provide no assurances that actual results will not fall outside of the suggested ranges. The principal reason that we release guidance is to provide a basis for our management to discuss our business outlook with analysts and investors. We do not accept any responsibility for any projections or reports published by any of these persons. Guidance is necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions underlying the guidance furnished by us will prove to be incorrect or will vary significantly from actual results. For example, on a number of occasions in 2014, 2015 and 2016 we adjusted our revenue guidance when actual results varied from our assumptions. Accordingly, our guidance is only an estimate of what management believes is realizable as of the date of release. Actual results will vary from our guidance and the variations may be material. Any failure to implement our operating strategy successfully or the occurrence of any of the events or circumstances set forth in this Item 1A could result in our actual operating results being different from our guidance, and such differences may be adverse and material. We receive important services from third-party vendors. Replacing them would be difficult and disruptive to our business. Some services relating to our business, including fraud management and other customer verification services, transaction processing and settlement, card production, and customer service, are outsourced to third-party vendors. We also depend on third-party banks to assist with our tax refund processing services. It would be difficult to replace some of our third-party vendors in a timely manner if they were unwilling or unable to provide us with these services during the term of their agreements with us and our business and operations could be adversely affected. In particular, due to the seasonality in our business, any material service interruptions or service delays with key vendors during the tax season could result in losses that have an even greater adverse effect on that business than would be the case with our overall business. Our business could suffer if there is a decline in the use of prepaid cards as a payment mechanism or there are adverse developments with respect to the prepaid financial services industry in general. As the prepaid financial services industry evolves, consumers may find prepaid financial services to be less attractive than traditional or other financial services. Consumers might not use prepaid financial services for any number of reasons, including the general perception of our industry. If consumers do not continue or increase their usage of prepaid cards, including making changes in the way prepaid cards are loaded, our operating revenues may remain at current levels or decline. Any projected growth for the industry may not occur or may occur more slowly than estimated. If consumer acceptance of prepaid financial services does not continue to develop or develops more slowly than expected or if there is a shift in the mix of payment forms, such as cash, credit cards, traditional debit cards and prepaid cards, away from our products and services, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations. Our business is dependent on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of computer network systems and data centers. Our ability to provide reliable service to customers and other network participants depends on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of our computer network systems and data centers as well as those of our retail distributors, network acceptance members and third-party processors. Our business involves movement of large sums of money, processing of large numbers of transactions and management of the data necessary to do both. Our success in our branded and private label account programs, as well as our processing and settlement services, depends upon the efficient and error-free handling of the money that is a) collected by our retail distributors and remitted to network acceptance members or the banks that issue our cards, b) remitted from the IRS and states to taxpayers, tax refund preparation partners and the third party processors and c) incoming via direct deposit, such as a customer's payroll check. We rely on the ability of our employees, systems and processes and those of the banks that issue our cards, our retail distributors, tax refund preparation partners, our network acceptance members and third-party processors to process and facilitate these transactions in an efficient, uninterrupted and error-free manner. Their failure to do so 18 could materially and adversely impact our operating revenues and results of operations, particularly during the tax season, when we derive substantially all of operating revenues for our tax refund processing services and a significant portion of our other operating revenues. In the event of a breakdown, a catastrophic event (such as fire, natural disaster, power loss, telecommunications failure or physical break-in), a security breach or malicious attack, an improper operation or any other event impacting our systems or processes, or those of our vendors, or an improper action by our employees, agents or third-party vendors, we could suffer financial loss, loss of customers, regulatory sanctions and damage to our reputation. The measures we have taken, including the implementation of disaster recovery plans and redundant computer systems, may not be successful, and we may experience other problems unrelated to system failures. For example, in May 2016 some customers experienced disruptions in service in connection with our ongoing processor conversion despite significant investments in planning and testing on the part of us and our new third-party processor. We may also experience software defects, development delays and installation difficulties, any of which could harm our business and reputation and expose us to potential liability and increased operating expenses. Some of our contracts with retail distributors, including our contract with Walmart, contain service level standards pertaining to the operation of our systems, and provide the retail distributor with the right to collect damages and potentially to terminate its contract with us for system downtime exceeding stated limits. If we face system interruptions or failures, our business interruption insurance may not be adequate to cover the losses or damages that we incur. A data security breach could expose us to liability and protracted and costly litigation, and could adversely affect our reputation and operating revenues. We and our retail distributors, tax preparation partners, network acceptance members, third-party processors and the merchants that accept our cards receive, transmit and store confidential customer and other information in connection with the sale and use of our products and services. Our encryption software and the other technologies we use to provide security for storage, processing and transmission of confidential customer and other information may not be effective to protect against data security breaches by third parties. The risk of unauthorized circumvention of our security measures has been heightened by advances in computer capabilities and the increasing sophistication of hackers. Our retail distributors, tax preparation partners, network acceptance members, third-party processors and the merchants that accept our cards also may experience similar security breaches involving the receipt, transmission and storage of our confidential customer and other information. Improper access to our or these third parties’ systems or databases could result in the theft, publication, deletion or modification of confidential customer and other information. A data security breach of the systems on which sensitive cardholder or other customer or end-customer data and account information are stored could lead to fraudulent activity involving our products and services, reputational damage and claims or regulatory actions against us. If we are sued in connection with any data security breach, we could be involved in protracted and costly litigation. If unsuccessful in defending that litigation, we might be forced to pay damages and/or change our business practices, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our operating revenues and profitability. We would also likely have to pay (or indemnify the banks that issue our cards for) fines, penalties and/ or other assessments imposed by Visa or MasterCard as a result of any data security breach. Further, a significant data security breach could lead to additional regulation, which could impose new and costly compliance obligations. In addition, a data security breach at one of the third-party banks that issue our cards or at our retail distributors, tax preparation partners, network acceptance members, third-party processors or the merchants that accept our cards could result in significant reputational harm to us and cause the use and acceptance of our cards or other products and services to decline, either of which could have a significant adverse impact on our operating revenues and future growth prospects. Moreover, it may require substantial financial resources to address and remediate any such breach, including additional costs for replacement cards, manufacturing, distribution, re-stocking fees, fraud monitoring and other added security measures, amongst others, which could have a significant adverse impact on our operating results. Litigation or investigations could result in significant settlements, fines or penalties. We are subject to regulatory oversight in the normal course of our business, and have been and from time to time may be subject to securities class actions and other litigation or regulatory or judicial proceedings or investigations. The outcome of litigation and regulatory or judicial proceedings or investigations is difficult to predict. Plaintiffs or regulatory agencies or authorities in these matters may seek recovery of very large or indeterminate amounts, seek to have aspects of our business suspended or modified or seek to impose sanctions, including significant monetary fines. The monetary and other impact of these actions, litigations, proceedings or investigations may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. The cost to defend, settle or otherwise resolve these matters may be significant. Further, an unfavorable resolution of litigation, proceedings or investigations against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial condition. In this regard, such costs could make it more difficult to maintain the capital, leverage and other financial commitments at levels we have agreed to with the Federal Reserve Board and the Utah Department of Financial Institutions. If regulatory or judicial proceedings or investigations were 19 to be initiated against us by private or governmental entities, adverse publicity that may be associated with these proceedings or investigations could negatively impact our relationships with retail distributors, tax preparation partners, network acceptance members and card processors and decrease acceptance and use of, and loyalty to, our products and related services, and could impact the price of our Class A common stock. In addition, such proceedings or investigations could increase the risk that we will be involved in litigation. The outcome of any such litigation is difficult to predict and the cost to defend, settle or otherwise resolve these matters may be significant. For the foregoing reasons, if regulatory or judicial proceedings or investigations were to be initiated against us by private or governmental entities, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected or our stock price could decline. We must adequately protect our brand and our intellectual property rights related to our products and services and avoid infringing on the proprietary rights of others. The Green Dot, GoBank, MoneyPak, TPG and other brands and marks are important to our business, and we utilize trademark registrations and other means to protect them. Our business would be harmed if we were unable to protect our brand against infringement and its value was to decrease as a result. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark and copyright laws, trade secret protection and confidentiality and license agreements to protect the intellectual property rights related to our products and services. We currently have 8 issued patents and 17 patent applications pending. Although we generally seek patent protection for inventions and improvements that we anticipate will be incorporated into our products and services, there is always a chance that our patents or patent applications could be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, or that an issued patent will not adequately cover the scope of our inventions or improvements incorporated into our products or services. Additionally, our patents could be circumvented by third-parties. We may unknowingly violate the intellectual property or other proprietary rights of others and, thus, may be subject to claims by third parties. These assertions may increase over time as a result of our growth and the general increase in the pace of patent claims assertions, particularly in the United States. Because of the existence of a large number of patents in the mobile technology field, the secrecy of some pending patents, and the rapid rate of issuance of new patents, it is not economically practical or even possible to determine in advance whether a product or any of its elements infringes or will infringe on the patent rights of others. Regardless of the merit of these claims, we may be required to devote significant time and resources to defending against these claims or to protecting and enforcing our own rights. We might also be required to develop a non-infringing technology or enter into license agreements and there can be no assurance that licenses will be available on acceptable terms and conditions, if at all. Some of our intellectual property rights may not be protected by intellectual property laws, particularly in foreign jurisdictions. The loss of our intellectual property or the inability to secure or enforce our intellectual property rights or to defend successfully against an infringement action could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. We are exposed to losses from customer accounts. Fraudulent activity involving our products may lead to customer disputed transactions, for which we may be liable under banking regulations and payment network rules. Our fraud detection and risk control mechanisms may not prevent all fraudulent or illegal activity. To the extent we incur losses from disputed transactions, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. Additionally, our cardholders can incur charges in excess of the funds available in their accounts, and we may become liable for these overdrafts. While we decline authorization attempts for amounts that exceed the available balance in a cardholder’s account, the application of card association rules, the timing of the settlement of transactions and the assessment of the card’s monthly maintenance fee, among other things, can result in overdrawn accounts. Maintenance fee assessment overdrafts occur as a result of our charging a cardholder, pursuant to the card’s terms and conditions, the monthly maintenance fee at a time when he or she does not have sufficient funds in his or her account. Our remaining overdraft exposure arises primarily from late-posting. A late-post occurs when a merchant posts a transaction within a payment network-permitted timeframe but subsequent to our release of the authorization for that transaction, as permitted by card association rules. Under card association rules, we may be liable for the amount of the transaction even if the cardholder has made additional purchases in the intervening period and funds are no longer available on the card at the time the transaction is posted. We consider overdrawn account balances to be our receivables due from cardholders. We maintain reserves to cover the risk that we may not recover these receivables due from our cardholders, but our exposure may increase above these reserves for a variety of reasons, including our failure to predict the actual recovery rate accurately. To the extent we incur losses from overdrafts above our reserves or we determine that it is necessary to increase our reserves substantially, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. 20 An impairment charge of goodwill or other intangible assets could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. Because we have grown in part through acquisitions, our net goodwill and intangible assets represent a significant portion of our consolidated assets. Our net goodwill and intangible assets were $451.1 million as of December 31, 2016. Under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, we are required to test the carrying value of goodwill and intangible assets at least annually or sooner if events occur that indicate impairment could exist. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, including a significant sustained decline in a reporting unit’s fair value, legal and regulatory factors, operating performance indicators, competition and other factors. U.S. GAAP requires us to assign and then test goodwill at the reporting unit level. If over a sustained period of time we experience a decrease in our stock price and market capitalization, which may serve as an estimate of the fair value of our reporting unit, this may be an indication of impairment. If the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its net book value, we may be required to record goodwill impairment charges in the future. In addition, if the revenue and cash flows generated from any of our other intangible assets is not sufficient to support its net book value, we may be required to record an impairment charge. The amount of any impairment charge could be significant and could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations for the period in which the charge is taken. If we are unable to keep pace with the rapid technological developments in our industry and the larger electronic payments industry necessary to continue providing our network acceptance members and cardholders with new and innovative products and services, the use of our cards and other products and services could decline. The electronic payments industry is subject to rapid and significant technological changes. We cannot predict the effect of technological changes on our business. We rely in part on third parties, including some of our competitors and potential competitors, for the development of, and access to, new technologies. We expect that new services and technologies applicable to our industry will continue to emerge, and these new services and technologies may be superior to, or render obsolete, the technologies we currently utilize in our products and services. Additionally, we may make future investments in, or enter into strategic alliances to develop, new technologies and services or to implement infrastructure change to further our strategic objectives, strengthen our existing businesses and remain competitive. However, our ability to transition to new services and technologies that we develop may be inhibited by a lack of industry-wide standards, by resistance from our retail distributors, network acceptance members, third-party processors or consumers to these changes, or by the intellectual property rights of third parties. Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to develop new technologies and adapt to technological changes and evolving industry standards. These initiatives are inherently risky, and they may not be successful or may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We face settlement risks from our distributors and banking partners, which may increase during an economic downturn. The majority of our business is conducted through retail distributors that sell our products and services to consumers at their store locations. Our retail distributors collect funds from the consumers who purchase our products and services and then must remit these funds directly to accounts established for the benefit of these consumers at the banks that issue our cards. The remittance of these funds by the retail distributor takes on average two business days. If a retail distributor becomes insolvent, files for bankruptcy, commits fraud or otherwise fails to remit proceeds to our card issuing bank from the sales of our products and services, we are liable for any amounts owed to our customers. As of December 31, 2016, we had assets subject to settlement risk of $137.1 million. Given the possibility of recurring volatility in global financial markets, the approaches we use to assess and monitor the creditworthiness of our retail distributors may be inadequate, and we may be unable to detect and take steps to mitigate an increased credit risk in a timely manner. Economic downturns could result in settlement losses, whether or not directly related to our business. We are not insured against these risks. Significant settlement losses could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Economic, political and other conditions may adversely affect trends in consumer spending. The electronic payments industry, including the prepaid financial services segment within that industry, depends heavily upon the overall level of consumer spending. If conditions in the United States become uncertain or deteriorate, we may experience a reduction in the number of our cards that are purchased or reloaded, the number of transactions involving our cards and the use of our reload network and related services. A sustained reduction in the use of our 21 products and related services, either as a result of a general reduction in consumer spending or as a result of a disproportionate reduction in the use of card-based payment systems, would materially harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. We must be able to operate and scale our technology effectively. Our ability to continue to provide our products and services to network participants, as well as to enhance our existing products and services and offer new products and services, is dependent on our information technology systems. If we are unable to manage the technology associated with our business effectively, we could experience increased costs, reductions in system availability and losses of our network participants. Any failure of our systems in scalability and functionality would adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our future success depends on our ability to attract, integrate, retain and incentivize key personnel. Our future success will depend, to a significant extent, on our ability to attract, integrate, retain and recognize key personnel, namely our management team and experienced sales, marketing and program and technology development personnel. Replacing departing key personnel can involve organizational disruption and uncertainty. We have experienced transitions among our executive officers, including the departures and subsequent appointments of two executive officers since August 31, 2016. In February 2017, we also announced that our Chief Financial Officer intends to step down from his role upon his successor being appointed. If we fail to manage these transitions successfully, we could experience significant delays or difficulty in the achievement of our development and strategic objectives and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely harmed. We must retain and motivate existing personnel, and we must also attract, assimilate and motivate additional highly-qualified employees. We may experience difficulty in managing transitions and assimilating our newly-hired personnel, which may adversely affect our business. Additionally, continued activist shareholder activities involving our company could make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel. Competition for qualified management, sales, marketing and program and technology development personnel can be intense. Competitors have in the past and may in the future attempt to recruit our top management and employees. If we fail to attract, integrate, retain and incentivize key personnel, our ability to manage and grow our business could be harmed. We might require additional capital to support our business in the future, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If our unrestricted cash and cash equivalents balances and any cash generated from operations are not sufficient to meet our future cash requirements, we will need to access additional capital to fund our operations. We may also need to raise additional capital to take advantage of new business or acquisition opportunities. We may seek to raise capital by, among other things: • • • issuing additional shares of our Class A common stock or other equity securities; issuing convertible or other debt securities; and borrowing funds under a credit facility. We may not be able to raise needed cash in a timely basis on terms acceptable to us or at all. Financings, if available, may be on terms that are dilutive or potentially dilutive to our stockholders. The holders of new securities may also receive rights, preferences or privileges that are senior to those of existing holders of our Class A common stock. In addition, if we were to raise cash through a debt financing, the terms of the financing might impose additional conditions or restrictions on our operations that could adversely affect our business. If we require new sources of financing but they are insufficient or unavailable, we would be required to modify our operating plans to take into account the limitations of available funding, which would harm our ability to maintain or grow our business. Our business could be negatively affected as a result of actions of stockholders. The actions of stockholders could adversely affect our business. Specifically, certain actions of certain types of stockholders, including without limitation public proposals, requests to pursue a strategic combination or other transaction or special demands or requests, could disrupt our operations, be costly and time-consuming or divert the attention of our management and employees and increase the volatility of our stock. In addition, perceived uncertainties as to our future direction in relation to the actions of our stockholders may result in the loss of potential business opportunities or the perception that we are unstable and need to make changes, which may be exploited by our competitors and make it more difficult to attract and retain personnel as well as customers, service providers and partners. Actions by our stockholders may also cause fluctuations in our stock price based on speculative market perceptions or other factors that do not necessarily reflect the underlying fundamentals and prospects of our business. 22 The occurrence of catastrophic events could damage our facilities or the facilities of third parties on which we depend, which could force us to curtail our operations. We and some of the third-party service providers on which we depend for various support functions, such as customer service and card processing, are vulnerable to damage from catastrophic events, such as power loss, natural disasters, terrorism and similar unforeseen events beyond our control. Our principal offices, for example, are situated in southern California near known earthquake fault zones. If any catastrophic event were to occur, our ability to operate our business could be seriously impaired. In addition, we might not have adequate insurance to cover our losses resulting from catastrophic events or other significant business interruptions. Any significant losses that are not recoverable under our insurance policies, as well as the damage to, or interruption of, our infrastructure and processes, could seriously impair our business and financial condition. If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired, which could result in a loss of investor confidence in our financial reports and have an adverse effect on our stock price. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. If we are unable to maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting, we might be unable to report our financial information on a timely basis and might suffer adverse regulatory consequences or violate NYSE listing standards. There could also be a negative reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of investor confidence in us and the reliability of our financial statements. We have in the past and may in the future discover areas of our internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that need improvement. Our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company will be detected. If we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls, we may not be able to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and could result in regulatory action, and could require us to restate, our financial statements. Any such restatement could result in a loss of public confidence in the reliability of our financial statements and sanctions imposed on us by the SEC. Changes in accounting standards or inaccurate estimates or assumptions in the application of accounting policies could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. Some of these policies require use of estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported value of our assets or liabilities and results of operations and are critical because they require management to make difficult, subjective and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. If those assumptions, estimates or judgments were incorrectly made, we could be required to correct and restate prior period financial statements. Accounting standard-setters and those who interpret the accounting standards (such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the SEC and banking regulators) may also amend or even reverse their previous interpretations or positions on how various standards should be applied. These changes can be difficult to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in the need to revise and republish prior period financial statements. Our debt agreements contain restrictive covenants and financial ratio tests that restrict or prohibit our ability to engage in or enter into a variety of transactions. If we fail to comply with these covenants or tests, our indebtedness under these agreements could become accelerated, which could adversely affect us. In October 2014 we entered into a $225.0 million term credit agreement with Bank of America, N.A., as an administrative agent, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and other lenders. This agreement contains various covenants that may have the effect of limiting, among other things, our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to: merge with other entities, enter into a transaction resulting in a change in control, create new liens, incur additional indebtedness, sell assets outside of the ordinary course of business, enter into transactions with affiliates (other than subsidiaries) or substantially change the general nature of our and our subsidiaries’ business, taken as a whole, make certain investments, enter into restrictive agreements, or make certain dividends or other distributions. These restrictions could limit our ability to take advantage of financing, merger, acquisition or other opportunities, to fund our business operations or to fully implement our current and future operating strategies. 23 Under the agreement, we have agreed to maintain compliance with a maximum consolidated leverage ratio and a minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.75 and 1.25, respectively, at the end of any fiscal quarter. Our ability to meet these financial ratios and tests will be dependent upon our future performance and may be affected by events beyond our control (including factors discussed in this “Risk Factors" section). If we fail to satisfy these requirements, our indebtedness under these agreements could become accelerated and payable at a time when we are unable to pay them. This would adversely affect our ability to implement our operating strategies and would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock The price of our Class A common stock may be volatile. In the recent past, stocks generally, and financial services company stocks in particular, have experienced high levels of volatility. The trading price of our Class A common stock has been highly volatile since our initial public offering and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations. The trading price of our Class A common stock depends on a number of factors, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our Class A common stock include the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • • price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time; significant volatility in the market prices and trading volumes of financial services company stocks; actual or anticipated changes in our results of operations or fluctuations in our operating results; actual or anticipated changes in the expectations of investors or the recommendations of any securities analysts who follow our Class A common stock; actual or anticipated developments in our business or our competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally; the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC; business disruptions and costs related to shareholder activism; litigation and investigations or proceedings involving us, our industry or both or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors; new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business; changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles; general economic conditions; changes to the indices in which our Class A common stock is included; and sales of shares of our Class A common stock by us or our stockholders. In the past, many companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have become subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business. Our charter documents, Delaware law and our status as bank holding company could discourage, delay or prevent a takeover that stockholders consider favorable and could also reduce the market price of our stock. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change in control of our company. These provisions could also make it more difficult for stockholders to nominate directors for election to our board of directors and take other corporate actions. These provisions, among other things: • • • • provide for non-cumulative voting in the election of directors; provide for a classified board of directors; authorize our board of directors, without stockholder approval, to issue preferred stock with terms determined by our board of directors and to issue additional shares of our Class A common stock; limit the voting power of a holder, or group of affiliated holders, of more than 24.9% of our common stock to 14.9%; 24 • • • provide that only our board of directors may set the number of directors constituting our board of directors or fill vacant directorships; prohibit stockholder action by written consent and limit who may call a special meeting of stockholders; and require advance notification of stockholder nominations for election to our board of directors and of stockholder proposals. These and other provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions under Delaware law, could discourage potential takeover attempts, reduce the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our Class A common stock and result in the trading price of our Class A common stock being lower than it otherwise would be. In addition to the foregoing, under the BHC Act and the Change in Bank Control Act, and their respective implementing regulations, Federal Reserve Board approval is necessary prior to any person or company acquiring control of a bank or bank holding company, subject to certain exceptions. Control, among other considerations, exists if an individual or company acquires 25% or more of any class of voting securities, and may be presumed to exist if a person acquires 10% or more of any class of voting securities. These restrictions could affect the willingness or ability of a third party to acquire control of us for so long as we are a bank holding company. If securities analysts do not continue to publish research or reports about our business or if they publish negative evaluations of our Class A common stock, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline. We expect that the trading price for our Class A common stock will be affected by any research or reports that securities analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who currently cover us or our business downgrade their evaluations of our Class A common stock, the price of our Class A common stock would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company, we could lose visibility in the market for our Class A common stock, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline. 25 ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None ITEM 2. Properties Our headquarters is located in Pasadena, California where we lease approximately 140,000 square feet. We own the real property where our subsidiary bank's only office is located in Provo, Utah. Through our wholly owned subsidiaries, we lease office facilities in Birmingham, Alabama; San Diego, California; San Ramon, California; Sandy, Utah; and Shanghai, China. We also lease additional technology development and sale and support offices in Tampa, Florida; Rogers, Arkansas; Boise, Idaho; Palo Alto, California; Westlake Village, California and Manila, Philippines. We believe that our existing and planned facilities are adequate to support our existing operations and that, as needed, we will be able to obtain suitable additional facilities on commercially reasonable terms. ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings None. ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 26 PART II ITEM 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market Information Our Class A common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “GDOT.” The following table sets forth for the periods indicated the high and low sales prices per share of our Class A common stock as reported on the NYSE. Year ended December 31, 2016 Fourth Quarter Third Quarter Second Quarter First Quarter Year ended December 31, 2015 Fourth Quarter Third Quarter Second Quarter First Quarter Holders of Record Low High $ 21.45 $ 22.44 20.79 15.28 $ 15.83 $ 15.91 14.59 13.87 25.42 24.41 23.67 23.50 19.27 20.94 21.62 20.79 As of January 31, 2017, we had 114 holders of record of our Class A common stock. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders, and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities. Dividends We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock, and we do not currently intend to pay any cash dividends on our Class A common stock for the foreseeable future. As a bank holding company, the Federal Reserve Board’s risk-based and leverage capital requirements, as well as other federal laws applicable to banks and bank holding companies, could limit our ability to pay dividends. We expect to retain future earnings, if any, to fund the development and future growth of our business. Additionally, our ability to pay dividends on our Class A common stock is limited by restrictions on our ability to pay dividends or make distributions under the terms of our existing credit facility. Any future determination to pay dividends on our Class A common stock, if permissible, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other factors, our financial condition, operating results, current and anticipated cash needs, plans for expansion and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. 27 Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers Share repurchase activity during the three months ended December 31, 2016 was as follows (in millions, except per share amounts): Period October 1, 2016 to October 31, 2016 November 1, 2016 to November 30, 2016 December 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016 Total Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid Per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs 0.3 — — 0.3 (1) — — 0.3 $ — — 0.3 $ 50 50 50 50 In June 2015, our Board of Directors authorized a repurchase of shares of our Class A Common Stock in an amount up to $150 million under a stock repurchase program with no expiration date. After giving effect to our share repurchases completed to date, the remaining authorized amount for stock repurchases under this program was $50 million. (1) As discussed in Note 11- Stockholder's Equity to the Consolidated Financial Statements, in February 2016, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase agreement ("ASR") with a financial institution to repurchase shares of our common stock for $50 million. The ASR agreement became effective in April 2016, at which point we received an initial delivery of approximately 1.9 million shares based on the then current market price of our stock. The ASR settled in October 2016 and we received approximately 0.3 million in additional shares. In total, approximately 2.2 million shares were delivered under the ASR at an average repurchase price of $22.54. Stock Performance Graph This performance graph shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that section and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Green Dot Corporation under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. The graph and table below compare the cumulative total stockholder return of Green Dot Corporation Class A common stock, the Russell 2000 Index, the S&P Small Cap 600 Index and the S&P 500 Financials Index for the period beginning on the close of trading on the NYSE on December 31, 2011 and ending on the close of trading on the NYSE on December 31, 2016. The graph assumes a $100 investment in our Class A common stock and each of the indices, and the reinvestment of dividends. The comparisons in the graph and table below are based on historical data and are not intended to forecast the possible future performance of our Class A common stock. 28 Total Return to Shareholders (Includes reinvestment of dividends) Company/ Index Green Dot Corporation Russell 2000 S&P Smallcap 600 S&P Financials Base Period 12/31/11 $ $ $ $ 100 100 100 100 $ $ $ $ 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 39 116 116 129 $ $ $ $ 81 162 164 175 $ $ $ $ 66 169 174 201 $ $ $ $ 53 162 170 198 $ $ $ $ 75 196 216 243 29 ITEM 6. Selected Financial Data The following tables present selected historical financial data for our business. This information should be read in conjunction with Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this report. The selected consolidated financial data in this section is not intended to replace the financial statements and is qualified in its entirety by the consolidated financial statements and related notes. We derived the statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively, and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 from our audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this report. We derived the statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, and balance sheet data as of December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this report. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results to be expected in any future period. Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: Operating revenues: Card revenues and other fees Processing and settlement service revenues Interchange revenues Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands, except per share data) $ 337,821 $ 318,083 $ 253,155 $ 227,227 $ 224,745 184,342 196,611 182,614 196,523 179,289 178,040 183,359 171,757 165,232 164,559 Stock-based retailer incentive compensation(1) — (2,520) (8,932) (8,722) (8,251) Total operating revenues Operating expenses: Sales and marketing expenses Compensation and benefits expenses(2) Processing expenses Other general and administrative expenses Total operating expenses Operating income Interest income Interest expense Other income Income before income taxes Income tax expense Net income Income attributable to preferred stock Net income allocated to common stockholders Basic earnings per common share: Class A common stock Basic weighted-average common shares issued and outstanding: Class A common stock Diluted earnings per common share: Class A common stock Diluted weighted-average common shares issued and outstanding: 718,774 694,700 601,552 573,621 546,285 249,096 159,456 107,556 139,350 655,458 63,316 7,367 (9,122) — 61,561 19,961 41,600 (802) 230,441 168,226 102,144 134,560 635,371 59,329 4,737 (5,944) — 58,122 19,707 38,415 (1,102) 235,227 123,083 79,053 105,200 542,563 58,989 4,064 (1,276) 7,129 68,906 26,213 42,693 (4,842) 218,370 127,287 89,856 88,976 209,870 114,930 77,445 71,900 524,489 474,145 49,132 3,440 (72) — 52,500 18,460 34,040 (5,360) 72,140 4,074 (76) — 76,138 28,919 47,219 (7,599) 40,798 $ 37,313 $ 37,851 $ 28,680 $ 39,620 0.82 $ 0.73 $ 0.92 $ 0.78 $ 1.11 $ $ 49,535 51,332 40,907 35,875 34,499 $ 0.80 $ 0.72 $ 0.90 $ 0.76 $ 1.07 Class A common stock 50,797 51,875 41,770 37,156 35,933 For the periods presented above, as applicable, we grouped the components of Class B common stock basic earnings per common share, or EPS, and diluted EPS with Class A common stock, as if they were one class, to conform to the current period presentation. 30 Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(3) $ 744,761 $ 777,922 $ 728,805 $ 426,591 $ 297,225 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 As of December 31, (In thousands) Investment securities, available-for-sale Settlement assets(4) Loans to bank customers Total assets Deposits Obligations to customers(4) Settlement obligations(4) Long-term debt Total liabilities Total stockholders' equity ___________ 208,426 137,083 6,059 181,539 69,165 6,279 120,431 148,694 6,550 1,740,344 1,691,448 1,614,288 737,414 652,145 565,401 46,043 4,877 79,720 61,300 5,074 100,686 1,056,611 1,028,126 683,733 663,322 98,052 4,484 121,651 985,298 628,990 198,744 183,787 37,004 6,902 875,474 219,580 65,449 4,839 — 473,225 402,249 36,127 7,552 725,728 198,451 46,156 3,639 — 397,964 327,764 (1) Represents the recorded fair value of the shares for which our right to repurchase lapsed during the specified period pursuant to the terms of the agreement under which we issued 2,208,552 shares of our Class A common stock to Walmart. Our right to repurchase these shares fully lapsed in May 2015. See “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Key components of our results of operations — Operating revenues — Stock-based retailer incentive compensation” for more information. (2) Includes stock-based compensation expense of $28.3 million, $27.0 million, $20.3 million, $14.7 million, and $12.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. (3) Includes $12.1 million, $5.8 million, $4.2 million, $3.0 million, and $0.6 million of restricted cash as of December 31, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively. Also includes $0.0 million, $0.0 million, $0.5 million, $0.1 million and $3.0 million of federal funds sold as of December 31, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. (4) Our retail distributors collect customer funds for purchases of new cards and reloads at the point of sale and then remit these funds directly to bank accounts established for the benefit of these customers by the banks that issue our cards. During the third quarter of 2012, our retail distributors began remitting these funds to our subsidiary bank as we transitioned our card issuing program with Synovus Bank to our subsidiary bank. During the first quarter of 2014, we transitioned our card issuing program with GE Capital Bank to our subsidiary bank. Our retail distributors’ remittance of these funds takes an average of two business days. Settlement assets represent the amounts due from our retail distributors for customer funds collected at the point of sale that have not yet been received by our subsidiary bank. Obligations to customers represent customer funds collected from or to be remitted by our retail distributors for which the underlying products have not been activated. Settlement obligations represent the customer funds received by our subsidiary bank that are due to third-party card issuing banks upon activation. 31 ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contains forward-looking statements regarding future events and our future results that are subject to the safe harbors created under the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical facts are statements that could be deemed to be forward-looking statements. These statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about the industries in which we operate and the beliefs and assumptions of our management. Words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “targets,” “goals,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “continues,” “endeavors,” “strives,” “may” and “assumes,” variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward- looking statements. In addition, any statements that refer to projections of our future financial performance, our anticipated growth and trends in our businesses, and other characterizations of future events or circumstances are forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict, including those identified below, under “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors,” and elsewhere herein. Therefore, actual results may differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason. In this Annual Report, unless otherwise specified or the context otherwise requires, “Green Dot,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Green Dot Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries. Overview Green Dot Corporation, along with its wholly owned subsidiaries, is a pro-consumer financial technology innovator with a mission to reinvent personal banking for the masses. We are a leading provider of reloadable prepaid debit cards and cash reload processing services in the United States. We are also a leader in mobile technology and mobile banking with our award-winning GoBank mobile checking account. Additionally, we are the largest processor of tax refund disbursements in the U.S. Our products and services are available to consumers through a large-scale "branchless bank" distribution network of approximately 100,000 U.S. locations, including retailers, neighborhood financial service center locations and tax preparation offices, as well as online, in the leading app stores and through leading online tax preparation providers. Financial Results and Trends Our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: Total operating revenues Total operating expenses Net income Total operating revenues Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 Change % (In thousands, except percentages) 718,774 655,458 41,600 694,700 635,371 38,415 24,074 20,087 3,185 3.5% 3.2% 8.3% Total operating revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, as a result of the shift in the mix of our active card portfolio toward higher revenue generating customers as compared to 2015 and improved unit economics on our new suite of prepaid card products within our Account Services segment, which consists of our branded and private label deposit account programs. In the first quarter of 2016, we launched a new suite of Green Dot branded products with improved unit economics and removed our prior suite of products at all of our retail distributors. This business strategy contributed to an improvement in the quality of our active card portfolio, as evidenced by greater customer engagement through increased gross dollar volume and purchase volume on a lower base of active cards, each on a year-over-year basis. The combination of greater utilization rates and our ability to increase the collectability rate of our monthly maintenance fees through our new fee policies generated greater revenue per number of active cards for our Account Services segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, despite a year-over-year decline in the number of active cards in our portfolio of 8%, which we believe was primarily attributable to our suspension of our MoneyPak PIN product in the first quarter of 2015. Total operating revenues also increased as a result of improved unit economics in our Processing and Settlement Services segment, which consists of cash transfer revenues, fees assessed on our MoneyPak PIN product, 1099 program disbursement revenues and tax refund processing services. Our Processing and Settlement Services segment experienced an increase in the number of reload transactions per active card for the year ended December 31, 2016 32 compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, as well as greater revenue per number of cash transfers over the same period, despite a year-over-year decline in the number of cash transfers of 3%, which we believe was primarily due to the previous suspension of our legacy MoneyPak PIN product in the first quarter of 2015. In April 2016, we began rolling out a new version of our MoneyPak PIN product to participating retail distributors with the goal of reaching broad distribution of this product. While we expect the new version of our MoneyPak PIN product to offset some of the lost revenues attributable to the suspension of our legacy MoneyPak PIN product in our cash transfer business, we do not expect the revenues derived from the new version to reach the size and scale of the legacy product as customers have transitioned to our POS swipe reload method or have switched to other replacement products. Total operating revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016 were also favorably impacted by a reduction in stock-based retailer incentive compensation, which was recognized as contra-revenue. As further discussed under "Key Components of our Results of Operations," beginning in May 2015, we no longer record stock-based retailer compensation as a result of our repurchase right lapsing completely. Total operating expenses Total operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased compared to the year ended December 31, 2015 due to increases in sales and marketing expenses, processing expenses and other general and administrative expenses, which in each case increased slightly as a percentage of total revenues. These increases in operating expenses were offset by reductions in total compensation and benefits expenses as a result of our implementation of platform initiatives to drive cost reductions throughout our organization in accordance with our Six Step plan (the "Six Step plan") announced in February 2016. Sales and marketing expenses increased year-over-year driven by incremental costs of manufacturing and distributing card packages associated with our new suite of prepaid products with improved unit economics. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we incurred costs of manufacturing and distributing card packages of $11.4 million for the new suite of Green Dot branded prepaid card products introduced at our retail distributors. Additionally, revenues generated under the MoneyCard program represent a sizable portion of our total operating revenues in all periods presented. We renewed our Walmart MoneyCard agreement in June 2015. Under this new agreement, effective May 1, 2015, the sales commission rate we pay to Walmart for the MoneyCard program increased from the prior agreement, which has increased, and impacted the comparability of our year-over-year sales and marketing expenses since May 2015. Processing expenses increased for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the year ended December 31, 2015 as a result of higher volume of purchase and ATM transactions initiated by our cardholders and lower rebate incentives received from our payment networks compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. In the first half of 2016, we continued our planned conversion of customer files from our legacy third-party card processor to our new third-party card processor. As part of the conversion process, a small number of our active cards experienced limited disruptions in service that caused us to incur losses including, but not limited to, an aggregate of approximately $4.1 million for customer credits and cardholder transaction losses associated with the service disruption. Our new third- party processor fully reimbursed us for these customer credits and cardholder transaction losses, although we estimate we incurred an immaterial amount of other expenses as a result of the service disruption that were not reimbursed. Additionally, our new third party processor has materially reimbursed us for the additional expenses we incurred in the second half of 2016 related to the need to continue to support customer accounts on both the legacy and new third party processors due to the delay in the planned migration schedule caused by the service disruption. While we are negotiating reimbursement for the additional expenses we incur in 2017 through the completion of the processor migration, there can be no assurance that our new third party processor will fully or even partially reimburse us for any material costs and losses incurred in 2017 as a result of the delay in our planned migration schedule. Other general and administrative expenses increased primarily due to increases in cardholder transaction losses and changes in the fair value of our contingent consideration related to our acquisitions, partially offset by the absence of impairment charges associated with internally developed software compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded a $2.5 million favorable adjustment for the fair value of contingent consideration related to our acquisition in the fourth quarter of 2014. We recorded the change in fair value as a component of other general and administrative expenses on our consolidated statements of operations. The impact that this contingent consideration will have on our 2017 results of operations will depend upon the financial performance of the applicable acquired subsidiaries. Compensation and benefits expenses decreased year-over-year due to a decrease in our employee headcount and our third party contractor expenses as a result of cost reduction initiatives implemented as part of our Six Step plan, partially offset by an increase in stock-based compensation expense. 33 Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $20.0 million, compared to $19.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Income tax expense increased primarily as a result of generating higher taxable income. Key Metrics We review a number of metrics to help us monitor the performance of, and identify trends affecting, our business. We believe the following measures are the primary indicators of our quarterly and annual revenues. Number of Cash Transfers — represents the total number of reload transactions that we conducted through our retail distributors in a specified period. We processed 37.79 million, 38.88 million, and 50.13 million reload transactions for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. We review this metric as a measure of the size and scale of our retail cash reload network, as an indicator of customer engagement and usage of our products and services, and to analyze cash transfer revenue, which is a key component of our financial performance. As explained above, we believe the decline in the number of cash transfers from the year ended December 31, 2014 to the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily due to the suspension of our legacy MoneyPak PIN product in the first quarter of 2015. Number of Tax Refunds Processed — represents the total number of tax refunds processed in a specified period. We processed 10.52 million and 10.68 million tax refund transactions for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We had no tax refund transactions processed for the year ended December 31, 2014 since we did not acquire TPG until the fourth quarter of 2014. We review this metric as a measure of the size and scale of our tax refund processing platform and as an indicator of customer engagement and usage of our products and services. Number of Active Cards — represents the total number of GPR cards and checking accounts in our portfolio that had a purchase, reload or ATM withdrawal transaction during the previous 90-day period. We had 4.13 million, 4.50 million, and 4.72 million active cards outstanding as of December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. We review this metric as a measure of the overall size and scale of our GPR card portfolio and an indicator of customer engagement and usage of our products and services. Gross Dollar Volume — represents the total dollar volume of funds processed and settled by our consolidated enterprise, excluding tax refunds processed. Our gross dollar volume was $23.0 billion, $22.0 billion, and $19.8 billion for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. We review this metric as a measure of the size and scale of our processing infrastructure and as an indicator of customer engagement and usage of our products and services. Purchase Volume — represents the total dollar volume of purchase transactions made by customers using our GPR, checking account and gift card products. This metric excludes the dollar volume of ATM withdrawals. Our purchase volume was $16.3 billion, $16.1 billion, and $14.2 billion for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. We use this metric to analyze interchange revenue, which is a key component of our financial performance. Key components of our results of operations Operating Revenues We classify our operating revenues into the following four categories: Card Revenues and Other Fees — Card revenues consist of monthly maintenance fees, ATM fees, new card fees and other revenues. We charge maintenance fees on GPR cards and checking accounts, such as GoBank, to cardholders on a monthly basis pursuant to the terms and conditions in our cardholder agreements. We charge ATM fees to cardholders when they withdraw money at certain ATMs in accordance with the terms and conditions in our cardholder agreements. We charge new card fees, if applicable, when a consumer purchases a GPR card, gift card, or a checking account product. Other revenues consist primarily of revenue associated with our gift card program, transaction-based fees and fees associated with optional products or services, which we offer to cardholders from time to time. Our aggregate monthly maintenance fee revenues vary primarily based upon the number of active cards in our portfolio and the average fee assessed per account. Our average monthly maintenance fee per active account depends upon the mix of products in our portfolio at any given point in time and upon the extent to which fees are waived based on various incentives provided to customers in an effort to encourage higher usage and retention. Our aggregate ATM fee revenues vary based upon the number of cardholder ATM transactions and the average fee per ATM transaction. The average fee per ATM transaction depends upon the mix of products in our portfolio at any given point in time and the extent to which cardholders use ATMs within our free network that carry no fee for cash withdrawal transactions. Our aggregate new card fee revenues vary based upon the number of GPR cards and checking accounts activated and the average new card fee. The average new card fee depends primarily upon the mix of products that we sell 34 since there are variations in new account fees based on the product and/or the location or source where our products are purchased. Our aggregate other fees vary primarily based upon account sales of all types, gift card sales, purchase transactions and the number of active accounts in our portfolio. Processing and Settlement Service Revenues — Processing and settlement service revenues consist of cash transfer revenues, tax refund processing service revenues and 1099 program disbursement revenues. We earn cash transfer revenues when consumers fund their cards through a reload transaction at a Green Dot Network retail location. Our aggregate cash transfer revenues vary based upon the mix of locations where reload transactions occur, since reload fees vary by location. We earn tax refund processing service revenues when a customer of a third party tax preparation company chooses to pay their tax preparation fee through the use of our tax refund processing services. We earn 1099 program disbursement fees from our business partners as payment disbursements are made. Interchange Revenues — We earn interchange revenues from fees remitted by the merchant’s bank, which are based on rates established by the payment networks, when customers make purchase transactions using our products. Our aggregate interchange revenues vary based primarily on the number of active cards in our portfolio, the average transactional volume of the active cards in our portfolio and on the mix of cardholder purchases between those using signature identification technologies and those using personal identification numbers and the corresponding rates. Stock-based retailer incentive compensation — In May 2010, we issued to Walmart 2,208,552 shares of our Class A common stock, subject to our right to repurchase them at $0.01 per share upon a qualifying termination of our prepaid card program agreement with Walmart. Prior to May 2015, we recognized each month the fair value of the 36,810 shares issued to Walmart as to which our right to repurchase lapsed using the then-current fair market value of our Class A common stock. We recorded the fair value recognized as stock-based retailer incentive compensation, a contra-revenue component of our total operating revenues. Beginning in May 2015, we no longer record stock-based retailer compensation as a result of our repurchase right lapsing completely. There is no additional stock-based retailer compensation under the terms of the renewed Walmart MoneyCard agreement. Operating Expenses We classify our operating expenses into the following four categories: Sales and Marketing Expenses — Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of the sales commissions we pay to our retail distributors and brokers, advertising and marketing expenses, and the costs of manufacturing and distributing card packages, placards and promotional materials to our retail distributors and personalized GPR and GoBank cards to consumers who have activated their cards. We generally establish sales commission percentages in long-term distribution agreements with our retail distributors, and aggregate sales commissions are determined by the number of prepaid cards, checking account products and cash transfers sold at their respective retail stores and, in certain cases, by the revenue generated from the ongoing use of those cards. We incur advertising and marketing expenses for television, online and in-store promotions. Advertising and marketing expenses are recognized as incurred and typically deliver a benefit over an extended period of time. For this reason, these expenses do not always track changes in our operating revenues. Our manufacturing and distribution costs vary primarily based on the number of GPR and GoBank accounts activated by consumers. Compensation and Benefits Expenses — Compensation and benefits expenses represent the compensation and benefits that we provide to our employees and the payments we make to third-party contractors. While we have an in- house customer service function, we employ third-party contractors to conduct call center operations, handle routine customer service inquiries and provide consulting support in the area of IT operations and elsewhere. Compensation and benefits expenses associated with our customer service and loss management functions generally vary in line with the size of our active card portfolio, while the expenses associated with other functions do not. Processing Expenses — Processing expenses consist primarily of the fees charged to us by the payment networks, which process transactions for us, the third-party card processors that maintains the records of our customers' accounts and processes transaction authorizations and postings for us, and the third-party banks that issue our accounts. These costs generally vary based on the total number of active accounts in our portfolio and gross dollar volume transacted by those accounts. Also included in processing expenses are bank fees associated with our tax refund processing services. Bank fees generally vary based on the total number of tax refund transfers processed. Other General and Administrative Expenses — Other general and administrative expenses consist primarily of professional service fees, telephone and communication costs, depreciation and amortization of our property and equipment and intangible assets, changes in contingent consideration, transaction losses (losses from customer disputed transactions, unrecovered customer purchase transaction overdrafts and fraud), rent and utilities, and insurance. We incur telephone and communication costs primarily from customers contacting us through our toll-free telephone numbers. These costs vary with the total number of active cards in our portfolio, as do losses from customer 35 disputed transactions, unrecovered customer purchase transaction overdrafts and fraud. Costs associated with professional services, depreciation and amortization of our property and equipment, amortization of our acquired intangible assets, rent and utilities vary based upon our investment in infrastructure, business development, risk management and internal controls and are generally not correlated with our operating revenues or other transaction metrics. Income Tax Expense Our income tax expense consists of the federal and state corporate income taxes accrued on income resulting from the sale of our products and services. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience, current circumstances and various other assumptions that our management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. In many instances, we could reasonably use different accounting estimates, and in some instances changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. Accordingly, actual results could differ significantly from the estimates made by our management. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates. Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue when the price is fixed or determinable, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the product is sold or the service is performed, and collectibility of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured. We defer and recognize new card fee revenues on a straight-line basis over the period commensurate with our service obligation to our customers. We consider the service obligation period to be the average card lifetime. We determine the average card lifetime for each pool of homogeneous products (e.g., products that exhibit the same characteristics such as nature of service and terms and conditions) based on company-specific historical data. Currently, we determine the average card lifetime separately for our GPR cards and gift cards. For our GPR cards, we measure the card lifetime as the period of time, inclusive of reload activity, between sale (or activation) of a card and the date of the last positive balance on that card. We analyze GPR cards activated between six and thirty months prior to each balance sheet date. We use this historical look-back period as a basis for determining our average card lifetime because it provides sufficient time for meaningful behavioral trends to develop. Currently, our GPR cards have an average card lifetime of five months. The usage of gift cards is limited to the initial funds loaded to the card. Therefore, we measure these gift cards’ lifetime as the redemption period over which cardholders initiate the substantial majority of their transactions. Currently, gift cards have an average lifetime of six months. We reassess average card lifetime quarterly. Average card lifetimes may vary in the future as cardholder behavior changes relative to historical experience because customers are influenced by changes in the pricing of our services, the availability of substitute products, and other factors. We also defer and expense commissions paid to retail distributors related to new card sales ratably over the average card lifetime, which is currently five months for our GPR cards and six months for gift cards. We report our different types of revenues on a gross or net basis based on our assessment of whether we act as a principal or an agent in the transaction. To the extent we act as a principal in the transaction, we report revenues on a gross basis. In concluding whether or not we act as a principal or an agent, we evaluate whether we have the substantial risks and rewards under the terms of the revenue-generating arrangements, whether we are the party responsible for fulfillment of the services purchased by the cardholders, and other factors. For most of our significant revenue-generating arrangements, including GPR and gift cards, we recognize revenues on a gross basis. As it relates to our tax refund processing services, we act as an agent in these transactions and record revenues on a net basis. Generally, customers have limited rights to a refund of the new card fee or a cash transfer fee. We have elected to recognize revenues prior to the expiration of the refund period, but reduce revenues by the amount of expected refunds, which we estimate based on actual historical refunds. On occasion, we enter into incentive agreements with our retail distributors and offer incentives to customers designed to increase product acceptance and sales volume. We record these incentives, including the issuance of 36 equity instruments, as a reduction of revenues and recognize them over the period the related revenues are recognized or as services are rendered, as applicable. Stock-Based Compensation We record employee stock-based compensation expense based on the grant-date fair value. For stock options and stock purchases under our employee stock purchase plan, we base compensation expense on fair values estimated at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. For stock awards, including restricted stock units, we base compensation expense on the fair value of our Class A common stock at the grant date. We recognize compensation expense for awards with only service conditions that have graded vesting schedules on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the award. Vesting is based upon continued service to our company. For performance based awards, we recognize compensation cost for the restricted stock units if and when we conclude it is probable that the performance will be satisfied, over the requisite service period based on the grant-date fair value of the stock. We reassess the probability of vesting at each reporting period and adjust compensation expense based on the probability assessment. For market based restricted stock units, we base compensation expense on the fair value estimated at the date of grant using a Monte Carlo simulation or similar lattice model. We recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period regardless of the market condition being satisfied, provided that the requisite service has been provided, since the estimated grant date fair value already incorporates the probability of outcomes that the market condition will be achieved. We measure the fair value of equity instruments issued to non-employees as of the earlier of the date a performance commitment has been reached by the counterparty or the date performance is completed by the counterparty. We determine the fair value using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model or the fair value of our Class A common stock, as applicable, and recognize related expense in the same periods that the goods or services are received. Reserve for Uncollectible Overdrawn Accounts Our cardholder accounts may become overdrawn as a result of maintenance fee assessments or from purchase transactions that we honor, in each case in excess of the funds in the cardholder’s account. While we decline authorization attempts for amounts that exceed the available balance in a cardholder’s account, the application of card association rules, the timing of the settlement of transactions and the assessment of the card’s monthly maintenance fee, among other things, can result in overdrawn accounts. Overdrawn account balances are deemed to be our receivables due from cardholders, and we include them as a component of accounts receivable, net, on our consolidated balance sheets. We generally recover overdrawn account balances from those cardholders that perform a reload transaction. In addition, we recover some overdrawn account balances related to purchase transaction through enforcement of payment network rules, which allow us to recover the amounts from the merchant where the purchase transaction was conducted. However, we are exposed to losses from any unrecovered overdrawn account balances. The probability of recovering these amounts is primarily related to the number of days that have elapsed since an account had activity, such as a purchase, ATM transaction or fee assessment. Generally, we recover 50-60% of overdrawn account balances in accounts that have had activity in the last 30 days, less than 15% in accounts that have had activity in the last 30 to 60 days, and less than 10% when more than 60 days have elapsed. We establish a reserve for uncollectible overdrawn accounts. We classify overdrawn accounts into age groups based on the number of days since the account last had activity. We then calculate a reserve factor for each age group based on the average recovery rate for the most recent six months. These factors are applied to these age groups to estimate our overall reserve. We rely on these historical rates because they have remained relatively consistent for several years. When more than 90 days have passed without any activity in an account, we consider recovery to be remote and charge off the full amount of the overdrawn account balance against the reserve for uncollectible overdrawn accounts. Our actual recovery rates and related estimates thereof may change in the future in response to factors such as customer behavior, product pricing and features that impact the frequency and velocity of reloads and other deposits to such accounts. We include our provision for uncollectible overdrawn accounts related to maintenance fees and purchase transactions as an offset to card revenues and other fees and in other general and administrative expenses, respectively, in our consolidated statements of operations. Goodwill and Intangible Assets We review the recoverability of goodwill at least annually or whenever significant events or changes occur, which might impair the recovery of recorded costs. Factors that may be considered a change in circumstances indicating that the carrying value of our goodwill may not be recoverable, include a decline in our stock price and market capitalization, declines in the market conditions of our products, reductions in our future cash flow estimates, and significant adverse industry or economic market trends, amongst others. We test for impairment of goodwill by assessing 37 various qualitative factors with respect to developments in our business and the overall economy and calculating the fair value of a reporting unit using the discounted cash flow method, as necessary. In the event that the carrying value of assets is determined to be unrecoverable, we would estimate the fair value of the reporting unit and record an impairment charge for the excess of the carrying value over the fair value. The estimate of fair value requires management to make a number of assumptions and projections, which could include, but would not be limited to, future revenues, earnings and the probability of certain outcomes. Intangible and other long lived-assets subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Certain factors which may occur and indicate that an impairment exists include, but are not limited to the following: significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results; significant changes in the manner of use of the underlying assets; and significant adverse industry or market economic trends. In reviewing for impairment, we compare the carrying value of such assets to the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. In the event that the carrying value of assets is determined to be unrecoverable, we would estimate the fair value of the assets and record an impairment charge for the excess of the carrying value over the fair value. The estimate of fair value requires management to make a number of assumptions and projections, which could include, but would not be limited to, future revenues, earnings and the probability of certain outcomes. During the three months ended December 31, 2016, we completed our annual goodwill impairment test as of September 30, 2016. Based on the results of step one of the annual goodwill impairment test, we determined that step two was not required for each of our reporting units as their fair values exceeded their carrying values indicating there was no impairment. No impairment charges were recognized related to goodwill or intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014. 38 Comparison of Consolidated Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 Operating Revenues The following table presents a breakdown of our operating revenues among card revenues and other fees, processing and settlement service revenues and interchange revenues, as well as contra-revenue items: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 Amount % of Total Operating Revenues Amount % of Total Operating Revenues (In thousands, except percentages) Operating revenues: Card revenues and other fees Processing and settlement service revenues Interchange revenues Stock-based retailer incentive compensation Total operating revenues $ $ 337,821 184,342 196,611 — 718,774 47.0% $ 25.6 27.4 — 100.0% $ 318,083 182,614 196,523 (2,520) 694,700 45.8% 26.3 28.3 (0.4) 100.0% Card Revenues and Other Fees — Card revenues and other fees totaled $337.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $19.7 million, or 6%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase was driven by a shift in the mix of our active card portfolio toward higher revenue generating customers as compared to 2015 and improved unit economics on our new suite of prepaid card products, which increased monthly maintenance fees and ATM fees earned, partially offset by lower new card fees for the comparable periods. These factors have contributed to the year-over-year growth in revenue per active card, which we define as operating revenues for our Account Services segment divided by the number of active cards in each case for or as of the applicable period end, despite a 8% decline in the number of active cards from the year ended December 31, 2015 to the year ended December 31, 2016. Processing and Settlement Service Revenues — Processing and settlement service revenues totaled $184.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $1.7 million, or 1%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. The number of cash transfers sold and tax refund transfers processed each decreased year- over-year. In each case, the decline in transactions was partially offset by higher revenue per transaction. The number of cash transfers sold decreased year-over-year due to the suspension of our MoneyPak PIN product, which was discontinued in the first quarter of 2015 and reintroduced in a different format in April 2016. Interchange Revenues — Interchange revenues totaled $196.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $0.1 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. Despite year-over-year growth of 2% in purchase volume, we earned a lower effective interchange rate on purchase volume due to a mix shift of purchase volume routed by certain merchants to lower revenue generating payment networks than in the prior year. Stock-based Retailer Incentive Compensation — As a result of our repurchase right lapsing in May 2015, we had no stock-based retailer incentive compensation for the year ended December 31, 2016, a decrease of $2.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. Operating Expenses The following table presents a breakdown of our operating expenses among sales and marketing, compensation and benefits, processing, and other general and administrative expenses: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 Amount % of Total Operating Revenues Amount % of Total Operating Revenues (In thousands, except percentages) Operating expenses: Sales and marketing expenses Compensation and benefits expenses Processing expenses Other general and administrative expenses Total operating expenses $ $ 249,096 159,456 107,556 139,350 655,458 39 34.7% $ 22.2 15.0 19.3 91.2% $ 230,441 168,226 102,144 134,560 635,371 33.2% 24.2 14.7 19.4 91.5% Sales and Marketing Expenses — Sales and marketing expenses totaled $249.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $18.7 million, or 8% compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase was primarily the result of $11.4 million of incremental costs of manufacturing and distributing card packages as a result of the continued introduction of our new suite of prepaid card products with improved unit economics at our retail distributors. Sales and marketing expenses also increased due to an increase in sales commission expenses due in part to the impact of the increased sales commission rate we pay Walmart under the new agreement executed in May 2015 being applied to sales for the entire year ended December 31, 2016 compared to eight months of the year ended December 31, 2015. Compensation and Benefits Expenses — Compensation and benefits expenses totaled $159.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, a decrease of $8.7 million or 5%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. Salaries and wages decreased by approximately $5.4 million and third party contractor expenses decreased by approximately $3.8 million, partially offset by an increase of $1.3 million in stock-based compensation expense. These decreases are a result of our cost reduction initiatives throughout our organization implemented as part of our Six Step plan. Processing Expenses — Processing expenses totaled $107.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $5.5 million, or 5%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase was due to our growth in period-over-period purchase volume of 2%, higher fees charged to us by our payment networks for ATM and purchase transactions and lower bonus incentives received from our payment networks compared to the prior year. As discussed under "Financial Results and Trends," we incurred additional processing expenses during the second half of the year ended December 31, 2016 due to delays in the planned migration schedule to our new third party processor. Other General and Administrative Expenses — Other general and administrative expenses totaled $139.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $4.8 million, or 4%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. Other general and administrative expenses increased primarily due to year-over-year increases in cardholder transaction losses of $3.6 million, and a year-over-year decrease of $5.7 million in gains associated with the change in fair value of contingent consideration. These increases were offset by an absence in impairment charges during the year ended December 31, 2016, as we recorded $5.7 million associated with the write down of certain internal-use software during the year ended December 31, 2015. Income Tax Expense The following table presents a breakdown of our effective tax rate among federal, state and other: U.S. federal statutory tax rate State income taxes, net of federal benefit General business credits Employee stock-based compensation Transaction costs Other Effective tax rate Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 35.0% 0.4 (3.4) 0.3 — 0.1 32.4% 35.0% 0.4 (0.9) 0.8 (2.1) 0.7 33.9% Our income tax expense increased by $0.3 million to $20.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2016 from the comparable period in 2015 due to an increase in income before income taxes. The decrease in our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015 from 33.9% to 32.4% is primarily attributable to the reversal of previously accrued tax positions on uncertain tax positions that were no longer necessary due to the expiration of statute of limitations and settlement with certain taxing jurisdictions. Results of Operations by Segment Refer to Note 23 — Segment Information to the consolidated financial statements and related notes in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this report. 40 Comparison of Consolidated Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 Operating Revenues The following table presents a breakdown of our operating revenues among card revenues and other fees, processing and settlement service revenues and interchange revenues, as well as contra-revenue items: Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 Amount % of Total Operating Revenues Amount % of Total Operating Revenues (In thousands, except percentages) Operating revenues: Card revenues and other fees Processing and settlement service revenues Interchange revenues Stock-based retailer incentive compensation Total operating revenues $ $ 318,083 182,614 196,523 (2,520) 694,700 45.8% $ 26.3 28.3 (0.4) 100.0% $ 253,155 179,289 178,040 (8,932) 601,552 42.1% 29.8 29.6 (1.5) 100.0% Card Revenues and Other Fees — Card revenues and other fees totaled $318.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $64.9 million, or 26%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily the result of a higher volume of monthly maintenance fees, ATM fees and transaction fees of $26.7 million, $16.8 million and $10.4 million, respectively, driven by recent acquisitions of companies focused on online and direct-to-consumer marketing channels in the fourth quarter of 2014 and first quarter of 2015. Card revenues and other fees also increased as a result of period-over-period growth in revenue per active card, driven by favorable customer behavior in all of our prepaid card portfolios. Processing and Settlement Service Revenues — Processing and settlement service revenues totaled $182.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $3.3 million, or 2%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. We generated $70.0 million in tax refund processing services, for which there were minimal revenues for 2014. The revenues generated from our tax refund processing services were offset by a period-over- period decline of 22% in the number of cash transfers sold or $66.6 million, due to the discontinuation of our MoneyPak PIN product during the first quarter of 2015. Interchange Revenues — Interchange revenues totaled $196.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $18.5 million, or 10%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily the result of period-over-period growth of 13% in purchase volume, partially offset by a slight decline in the effective interchange rate we earn on purchase volume. This average rate decline was the result of a shift in the mix of payment networks and payment types and can fluctuate period to period. Stock-based Retailer Incentive Compensation — Stock-based retailer incentive compensation was $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of $6.4 million, or 72%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. Beginning in May 2015, we ceased recording stock-based retailer compensation as a result of our repurchase right lapsing completely. Operating Expenses The following table presents a breakdown of our operating expenses among sales and marketing, compensation and benefits, processing, and other general and administrative expenses: Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 Amount % of Total Operating Revenues Amount % of Total Operating Revenues (In thousands, except percentages) Operating expenses: Sales and marketing expenses Compensation and benefits expenses Processing expenses Other general and administrative expenses Total operating expenses $ $ 230,441 168,226 102,144 134,560 635,371 41 33.2% $ 24.2 14.7 19.4 91.5% $ 235,227 123,083 79,053 105,200 542,563 39.1% 20.5 13.1 17.5 90.2% Sales and Marketing Expenses — Sales and marketing expenses totaled $230.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of $4.8 million, or 2%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. Despite the increased sales commission rate we began paying to Walmart under the new agreement in May 2015, sales commissions decreased as a result of a period-over-period decline in the number of active cards in our portfolio and a decrease in our cash transfer revenues. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in advertising and marketing expenses of $3.3 million due to our acquired subsidiaries that focus on online and direct-to-consumer marketing channels. Compensation and Benefits Expenses — Compensation and benefits expenses totaled $168.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $45.1 million or 37%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. This increase was due to increases of $35.8 million in employee salaries and related benefits, $6.7 million in stock- based compensation expense and $2.7 million in third party contractor expenses, each primarily driven by our acquisitions from the fourth quarter of 2014 and first quarter of 2015. Processing Expenses — Processing expenses totaled $102.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $23.0 million, or 29%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. This increase was due to our growth in period-over-period purchase volume of 13%, primarily attributable to our acquisitions from the fourth quarter of 2014 and first quarter of 2015, offset by an increase in volume incentives from the payment networks. Other General and Administrative Expenses — Other general and administrative expenses totaled $134.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $29.4 million, or 28%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. This increase was primarily driven by increases of $18.7 million in amortization of acquired intangibles, $6.1 million in depreciation and amortization of property and equipment, and $5.9 million in impairment charges associated with certain capitalized internal-use use software. Other general and administrative expenses were also impacted by increases in general overhead expenses incurred during the normal course of operations and our acquisitions of $5.3 million, our provision for overdrawn accounts of $3.4 million, and telecommunication expenses of $2.9 million. The overall increases in other general and administrative expenses was partially offset by an $8.2 million gain associated with the change in the fair value of contingent consideration, and decreases of $7.7 million in losses from customer disputed transactions and professional services of $1.3 million. Income Tax Expense The following table presents a breakdown of our effective tax rate among federal, state and other: U.S. federal statutory tax rate State income taxes, net of federal benefit General business credits Employee stock-based compensation Transaction costs Other Effective tax rate Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 35.0% 0.4 (0.9) 0.8 (2.1) 0.7 33.9% 35.0% 1.1 (1.3) 0.7 1.8 0.7 38.0% Our income tax expense decreased by $6.5 million to $19.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014 due to a decrease in income before income taxes and a decrease in our effective tax rate by 4.1 percentage points from 38.0% to 33.9%. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2014 is primarily attributable to transaction costs. Results of Operations by Segment Refer to Note 23 — Segment Information to the consolidated financial statements and related notes in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this report. 42 Capital Management As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we were categorized as "well capitalized" under the regulatory framework. There were no conditions or events since December 31, 2016 which management believes would have changed our category as "well capitalized." Our capital ratios and related regulatory requirements were as follows: Green Dot Corporation: Tier 1 leverage Common equity Tier 1 capital Tier 1 capital Total risk-based capital Green Dot Bank: Tier 1 leverage Common equity Tier 1 capital Tier 1 capital Total risk-based capital Green Dot Corporation: Tier 1 leverage Common equity Tier 1 capital Tier 1 capital Total risk-based capital Green Dot Bank: Tier 1 leverage Common equity Tier 1 capital Tier 1 capital Total risk-based capital December 31, 2016 Amount Ratio Regulatory Minimum (1) "Well-capitalized" Minimum (1) (In thousands, except ratios) 332,101 332,101 332,101 333,288 139,491 139,491 139,491 139,768 24.3% 61.0% 61.0% 61.2% 17.0% 54.8% 54.8% 54.9% 4.0% 4.5% 6.0% 8.0% 4.0% 4.5% 6.0% 8.0% n/a n/a 6.0% 10.0% 5.0% 6.5% 8.0% 10.0% December 31, 2015 Amount Ratio Regulatory Minimum (1) "Well-capitalized" Minimum (1) (In thousands, except ratios) 347,801 347,801 347,801 349,396 152,737 152,737 152,737 153,164 25.9% 70.7% 70.7% 71.1% 20.4% 132.2% 132.2% 132.5% 4.0% 4.5% 6.0% 8.0% 15.0% 4.5% 6.0% 8.0% n/a n/a 6.0% 10.0% 15.0% 6.5% 8.0% 10.0% (1) The tier 1 leverage regulatory minimum and well-capitalized minimum ratios for banks is 4% and 5%, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 our subsidiary bank was subject to separate tier 1 leverage requirements that we had committed to with the Federal Reserve Board and Utah Department of Financial Institutions. Our commitments with the Federal Reserve Board and Utah Department of Financial Institutions lapsed in November 2016. 43 Liquidity and Capital Resources The following table summarizes our major sources and uses of cash for the periods presented: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (In thousands) Total cash provided by (used in) Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities $ 111,520 $ 156,720 $ (78,291) (72,682) (175,718) 66,489 (Decrease) increase in unrestricted cash, cash equivalents and federal funds sold $ (39,453) $ 47,491 $ 69,217 (187,346) 419,146 301,017 During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 we financed our operations primarily through our cash flows provided by operating activities. Additionally, during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we financed certain investing activities through our borrowings under our Senior Credit Facility. At December 31, 2016, our primary source of liquidity was unrestricted cash and cash equivalents totaling $732.7 million. We also consider our $208.4 million of investment securities available-for-sale to be highly-liquid instruments. On January 25, 2017, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire all of the equity interests of UniRush, LLC (“UniRush”) for approximately $147 million plus a minimum $4 million annual earn-out payment for five years following the closing. We plan to finance the acquisition consideration, net of UniRush’s cash balances, with a combination of cash from our consolidated balance sheet, borrowings under our Revolving Facility and, to a lesser extent, borrowings under committed short-term debt financing arrangements. We expect the acquisition close in the first quarter of fiscal 2017. We use trend and variance analysis as well as our detailed budgets and forecasts to project future cash needs, making adjustments to the projections when needed. We believe that our current unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, cash flows provided by operating activities, and borrowing capacity under our Senior Credit Facility and other committed sources will be sufficient to meet our UniRush acquisition commitment and working capital, stock repurchase and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. Thereafter, we may need to raise additional funds through public or private financings or borrowings for future capital needs. Any additional financing we require may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our Class A common stock. No assurance can be given that additional financing will be available or that, if available, such financing can be obtained on terms favorable to our stockholders and us. Cash Flows from Operating Activities Our $111.5 million of net cash provided by operating activities in the year ended December 31, 2016 principally resulted from $41.6 million of net income, adjusted for certain non-cash operating expenses of $94.1 million, offset by a decrease in our net changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $24.2 million, driven primarily by a decrease in our accounts payable and accrued liabilities and an increase in tax payments made during the year. Our $156.7 million of net cash provided by operating activities in the year ended December 31, 2015 principally resulted from $38.4 million of net income, adjusted for certain non-cash operating expenses of $91.2 million, and an increase in our net changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $27.1 million, driven primarily by an increase in our accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and income taxes receivable. Our $69.2 million of net cash provided by operating activities in the year ended December 31, 2014 principally resulted from $42.7 million of net income, adjusted for certain non-cash operating expenses of $67.4 million, offset by a decrease of $48.7 million in amounts due to card issuing banks for overdrawn accounts, primarily related to payments to GE Capital Retail Bank to settle our liability associated with overdrawn cardholder account balances. Cash Flows from Investing Activities Our $78.3 million of net cash used in investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily reflects payments for acquisition of property and equipment of purchases of $43.3 million, and purchases of available-for-sale investment securities, net of proceeds from sales and maturities, of $28.9 million. Our $175.7 million of net cash used in investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2015 reflects payments for business acquisitions of $65.2 million, net of cash acquired, payments for acquisition of property and equipment of $47.8 million, and purchases of available- for-sale investment securities, net of proceeds from sales and maturities, of $62.7 million. Our $187.3 million of net cash used in investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2014 reflects payments for business acquisitions of $227.0 million, net of cash acquired, and payments for acquisition of property and equipment of $39.3 million, partially 44 offset by proceeds from sales and maturities of available-for-sale investment securities, net of purchases, of $77.2 million. Cash Flows from Financing Activities Our $72.7 million of net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was primarily the result of an $83.4 million decrease in obligations to customers, $59.0 million used for our stock repurchase program, $22.5 million in repayments of our note payable, and $8.2 million in taxes paid from net settled equity awards, offset by increases of $85.3 million in deposits to customers associated with our GPR card program and $14.9 million from stock option exercise and employee stock purchase plan proceeds. Our $66.5 million of net cash provided by financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily the result of increases of $86.7 million of deposits to customers associated with our GPR card program and $45.4 million in obligations to customers, offset by $22.5 million in repayments of our note payable and $41.0 million used for our stock repurchase program. Our $419.1 million of net cash provided by financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily the result of $345.8 million of deposits, proceeds of $150.0 million associated with our term loan and proceeds and excess tax benefits of $13.9 million associated with equity award activities. These were offset by decreases of $79.4 million in obligations to customers. Commitments We anticipate that we will continue to purchase property and equipment as necessary in the normal course of our business. The amount and timing of these purchases and the related cash outflows in future periods is difficult to predict and is dependent on a number of factors including the hiring of employees, the rate of change of computer hardware and software used in our business and our business outlook. During 2017, we intend to continue to invest in new products and programs, new features for our existing products and IT infrastructure to scale and operate effectively to meet our strategic objectives. We have used cash to acquire businesses and technologies and we anticipate that we may continue to do so in the future. The nature of these transactions makes it difficult to predict the amount and timing of such cash and additional financing requirements to complete additional acquisitions in the future. As discussed above and in Note 24- Subsequent Events to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, in January 2017 we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire all of the equity interests of UniRush for approximately $147 million plus a minimum $4 million annual earn- out payment for five years following the closing. We plan to finance the acquisition consideration, net of UniRush's cash balances, with cash from our consolidated balance sheet, borrowings under our Revolving Facility and, to a lesser extent, borrowings under committed short-term debt financing arrangements. The earn-out payments will be made each year, with the minimum payment potentially becoming greater if certain revenue growth targets for the RushCard GPR card program are met in a given year, although any potential increase is not expected to be material to the overall price of the acquisition. We expect the acquisition to close in the first quarter of fiscal 2017. Additionally, we may need to make ongoing cash contributions to our subsidiary bank, Green Dot Bank, to maintain its capital, leverage and other financial commitments at levels we have agreed to with our regulators. For example, in connection with the transition of our card issuing program with GE Capital Retail Bank to Green Dot Bank in February 2014, we contributed approximately $50 million in capital to Green Dot Bank and we settled our liability associated with overdrawn cardholder account balances, which is included in our consolidated balance sheet as "amounts due to card issuing banks for overdrawn accounts." Additionally, our investment securities may act as short-term collateral to Green Dot Bank to satisfy any requirements associated with its legal lending limit. Senior Credit Facility In October 2014, we entered into a $225 million credit agreement with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and other lenders party thereto. The agreement provides for (i) a $75 million five-year revolving facility (the “Revolving Facility”) and (ii) a five-year $150 million term loan facility (the “Term Facility” and, together with the Revolving Facility, the “Senior Credit Facility”). At our election, loans made under the credit agreement bear interest at (1) a LIBOR rate or (2) a base rate as defined in the agreement, plus an applicable margin (3.52% as of December 31, 2016). The balance outstanding on the Term Facility was $100.7 million at December 31, 2016, net of deferred financing fees. Quarterly principal payments of $5.6 million are payable on the loans under the Term Facility. The loans made under the Term Facility mature and all amounts then outstanding thereunder are payable on October 23, 2019. There were no borrowings on the Revolving Facility at December 31, 2016. We are also subject to certain financial covenants, which include maintaining a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and a maximum consolidated leverage ratio at the end of each fiscal quarter, as defined in the agreement, as amended. At December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with all such covenants. 45 Share Repurchase Program In June 2015, we announced that our Board of Directors had authorized a stock repurchase program for the repurchase of up to $150 million of common stock. The stock repurchase program will continue until otherwise suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason by our Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2016, the remaining authorized amount under the current authorization totaled approximately $50 million, after giving effect to all of our share repurchases under the program. We currently expect to repurchase the remaining amount authorized under our share repurchase plan in 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase agreement ("ASR") with a financial institution to repurchase shares of our common stock as part of our repurchase program. Under the ASR agreement, we purchased $40 million of our Class A common stock at an average price of $17.08 per share, resulting in approximately 2.4 million shares. We also entered into a $10 million agreement to repurchase shares under a Rule10b5-1 plan during the year ended December 31, 2015. Under this agreement, we received approximately 0.6 million shares at an average price of $16.15. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we entered into an ASR agreement with a financial institution for the purchase of an additional $50 million of our Class A common stock. Under this ASR agreement, we repurchased approximately 2.2 million shares at an average price of $22.54 per share. Contractual Obligations Our contractual commitments will have an impact on our future liquidity. The following table summarizes our contractual obligations, including both on and off-balance sheet transactions that represent material expected or contractually committed future obligations, at December 31, 2016. We believe that we will be able to fund these obligations through cash generated from operations and from our existing cash balances. Long-term debt obligations Capital lease obligations Operating lease obligations Purchase obligations(1) Total ___________ Payments Due by Period Total Less than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years (In thousands) More than 5 Years $ 105,000 $ 22,500 $ 82,500 $ 370 35,702 28,650 370 7,236 22,859 — 11,579 5,791 — $ — 11,823 — — — 5,064 — $ 169,722 $ 52,965 $ 99,870 $ 11,823 $ 5,064 (1) Primarily future minimum payments under agreements with vendors and our retail distributors. See Note 19 – Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements. In addition to the above contractual obligations, our definitive agreement to acquire all of the equity interests of UniRush provides for a minimum $4 million annual earn-out payment for five years following the closing. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated organizations or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities that would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. 46 Statistical Disclosure by Bank Holding Companies As discussed in Part I, Item 1. Business, we became a bank holding company in December 2011. This section presents information required by the SEC’s Industry Guide 3, “Statistical Disclosure by Bank Holding Companies.” The tables in this section include Green Dot Bank information only. Distribution of Assets, Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity The following table presents average balance data and interest income and expense data for our banking operations, as well as the related interest yields and rates for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 and average balance data for the period ended December 31, 2014: 2016 Interest income/ interest expense Average balance Year ended December 31, Yield/ rate Average balance 2015 Interest income/ interest expense (In thousands, except percentages) Period ended December 31, 2014 Yield/ rate Average balance Assets Interest-bearing assets Loans (1) $ 6,806 $ 872 12.8% $ 7,014 $ 739 10.5% $ 7,154 Taxable investment securities Non-taxable investment securities Federal reserve stock Federal funds sold Cash Total interest-bearing assets Non-interest bearing assets Total assets $ 152,941 677 3,953 — 585,701 750,078 127,809 877,887 Liabilities Interest-bearing liabilities Negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) Savings deposits Time deposits, denominations greater than or equal to $100 Time deposits, denominations less than $100 Total interest-bearing liabilities Non-interest bearing liabilities Total liabilities Total stockholders' equity $ 1,107 $ 11,926 6,217 1,834 21,084 696,747 717,831 160,056 2,135 12 238 — 3,160 6,417 1 15 52 13 81 1.4 1.8 6.0 — 0.5 0.9% 108,122 903 3,855 468 676,400 796,762 66,828 1,179 19 234 1 1,734 3,906 1.1 2.1 6.1 0.2 0.3 0.5% $ 863,590 $ 0.1% $ 1,025 $ 0.1 0.8 0.7 0.4% 8,181 5,576 1,874 16,656 696,176 712,832 150,758 1 11 44 12 68 0.1% $ 0.1 0.8 0.6 0.4% 53,280 1,029 3,481 380 642,608 707,932 64,632 772,564 1,338 6,820 5,735 1,806 15,699 626,110 641,809 130,755 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 877,887 $ 863,590 $ 772,564 Net interest income/yield on earning assets ___________ $ 6,336 0.5% $ 3,838 0.1% (1) Non-performing loans and leases are included in the respective average loan and lease balances. Income, if any, on such loans and leases is recognized on a cash basis. 47 The following table presents the rate/volume variance in interest income and expense for the year ended December 31, 2016: Loans Taxable investment securities Non-taxable investment securities Federal reserve stock Federal funds sold Cash Negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) Savings deposits Time deposits, denominations greater than or equal to $100 Time deposits, denominations less than $100 ___________ Total Change in Interest Income/ Expense December 31, 2016 Change Due to Rate (1) (In thousands) Change Due to Volume (1) $ $ $ $ $ 133 956 (7) 4 (1) 1,426 2,511 $ — $ 4 8 1 13 $ $ 160 330 (3) (2) (1) 1,915 2,399 $ — $ (1) 3 1 3 $ (27) 626 (4) 6 — (489) 112 — 5 5 — 10 (1) The change in interest income and expense not solely due to changes in volume or rate has been allocated on a pro-rata basis to the volume and rate columns. Investment Portfolio The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of Green Dot Bank’s investment portfolio at December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014: December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value (In thousands) Corporate bonds $ 15,952 $ 15,958 $ 30,186 $ 30,147 $ 27,107 $ Mortgage-backed securities Municipal bonds Asset-backed securities 117,990 1,460 26,614 117,490 1,430 26,458 100,206 99,781 36,251 854 — 865 — 908 — 27,069 36,220 920 — Total fixed-income securities $ 162,016 $ 161,336 $ 131,246 $ 130,793 $ 64,266 $ 64,209 The following table shows the scheduled maturities, by amortized cost, and average yields for Green Dot Bank’s investment portfolio at December 31, 2016: Due in one year or less Due after one year through five years Due after five years through ten years Due after ten years Total (In thousands, except percentages) 12,841 $ 3,111 $ — $ — $ Corporate bonds Mortgage-backed securities Municipal bonds Asset-backed securities Total fixed-income securities Weighted-average yield $ $ 117,990 909 — 15,952 117,990 1,460 26,614 $ 118,899 $ 162,016 1.52% 1.56% — 282 — — 210 17,865 13,123 $ 21,186 $ 1.33% 1.79% — 59 8,749 8,808 1.96% 48 Loan Portfolio The aggregate loan portfolio carrying value, gross of the related allowance for loan losses, totaled $6.3 million at December 31, 2016 or a 6% decrease compared to December 31, 2015. The following table shows the composition of Green Dot Bank’s loan portfolio as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014: Residential Commercial Installment Other Total loans Loans on nonaccrual status Loans past due 90 days or more Total TDR As of December 31, 2016 2015 2014 $ $ $ (In thousands) 3,724 $ 3,863 $ 366 1,744 502 313 2,529 — 6,336 $ 6,705 $ 368 $ 365 $ 2 414 19 457 3,861 697 2,436 — 6,994 189 4 158 The following table presents a maturity distribution for loan categories as of December 31, 2016: Residential Fixed rate Commercial Fixed rate Installment Fixed rate Other Fixed rate Total loans Due in one year or less Due after one year through five years Due after five years Total (In thousands) $ 1,426 $ 1,586 $ 712 $ 3,724 366 530 502 — 1,214 — — — — $ 2,824 $ 2,800 $ 712 $ 366 1,744 502 6,336 Allowance for Loan Losses The allowance for loan losses totaled $0.3 million and $0.4 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Our allowance for loan losses is established based on the credit characteristics and risk inherent in our loan portfolio, as well as the identification of certain impaired loans and the specific reserves we apply to cover their potential losses. Refer to Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in Item 8 of this report for our accounting policy on allowance for loan losses. 49 Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance Loans charged off: Commercial Residential Installment Other Total Recoveries of loans previously charged off: Commercial Residential Installment Other Total Net loans charged off Reduction of allowance for loan losses Ending balance Allowance for loan losses to loans outstanding at year-end Net charge-offs to average loans Total reduction of credit losses to average loans Recoveries to gross charge-offs Allowance for loan losses as a multiple of net charge-offs December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 (In thousands, except percentages) $ 426 $ 444 — — 24 1 25 14 — 13 — 27 $ (2) (151) 277 $ 4.3 % (0.03)% (2.22)% 108.00 % (138.50) — — 44 — 44 10 4 50 — 64 (20) (38) 426 6.3 % (0.29)% (0.54)% 145.45 % (21.30) At December 31, 2016, the carrying value, gross of the related allowance for loan losses, of impaired and TDR loans totaled $0.6 million, of which there was a specific allowance of $0.2 million. The components of our allowance for loan losses, by category, are as follows: Loan category: Commercial Residential Installment Other Total December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Allowance % of Loans Allowance % of Loans (In thousands, except percentages) $ $ 4 107 151 15 277 1.5% $ 38.6 54.5 5.4 100.0% $ 9 119 298 — 426 2.1% 27.9 70.0 — 100.0% Loan Portfolio Concentrations Green Dot Bank, our subsidiary bank, operates at a single office in Provo, Utah located in the Utah County area. As of December 31, 2016, approximately 93.3% of our borrowers resided in the state of Utah and approximately 42.0% in the city of Provo. Consequently, this loan portfolio is susceptible to any adverse market or environmental conditions that may impact this specific geographic region. 50 Deposits The following table shows Green Dot Bank’s average deposits and the annualized average rate paid on those deposits for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014: December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Average Balance Weighted- Average Rate Average Balance Weighted- Average Rate Average Balance Weighted- Average Rate (In thousands, except percentages) Interest-bearing deposit accounts Negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) $ Savings deposits Time deposits, denominations greater than or equal to $100 Time deposits, denominations less than $100 Total interest-bearing deposit accounts Non-interest bearing deposit accounts 1,107 11,926 6,217 1,834 21,084 509,777 0.1% $ 0.1 0.8 0.7 0.4% 1,025 8,181 5,576 1,874 16,656 589,601 0.1% $ 0.1 0.9 1.0 0.5% 1,054 7,034 5,321 1,806 15,215 469,661 —% 0.1 0.9 0.7 0.4% Total deposits $ 530,861 $ 606,257 $ 484,876 The following table shows the scheduled maturities for Green Dot Bank’s time deposits portfolio greater than $100,000 at December 31, 2016: Less than 3 months 3 through 6 months 6 through 12 months Greater than 12 months Key Financial Ratios December 31, 2016 (In thousands) $ $ 521 710 1,796 2,105 5,132 The following table shows certain of Green Dot Bank’s key financial ratios for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014: Net return on assets Net return on equity Equity to assets ratio December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 1.3% 7.2 18.2 1.2% 6.9 17.5 1.3% 7.5 16.9 ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Market risk is the potential for economic losses from changes in market factors such as foreign currency exchange rates, credit, interest rates and equity prices. We believe that we have limited exposure to risks associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and equity prices. We have no significant foreign operations. We do not hold or enter into derivatives or other financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Interest rates We do not consider our cash and cash equivalents or our investment securities to be subject to significant interest rate risk due to their short duration. As of December 31, 2016, we had a $100.7 million term loan outstanding under our $225.0 million credit agreement. Refer to Note 10 — Note Payable to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for additional information. Our term loan and revolving credit facility are, and are expected to be, at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, and our net income would decrease. Although any short-term borrowings under our revolving credit facility would likely be insensitive to interest rate changes, interest expense on short-term borrowings will increase and decrease with changes in the underlying short-term interest rates. Assuming our credit agreement is drawn up to its maximum borrowing capacity of $225.0 million, based on the applicable LIBOR and margin in effect as of December 31, 2016, each quarter point of change in interest rates would result in a $0.6 51 million change in our annual interest expense. We actively monitor our interest rate exposure and our objective is to reduce, where we deem appropriate to do so, fluctuations in earnings and cash flows associated with changes in interest rates. In order to accomplish this objective, we may enter into derivative financial instruments, such as forward contracts and interest rate hedge contracts only to the extent necessary to manage our exposure. We do not hold or enter into derivatives or other financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Credit and liquidity risk We do have exposure to credit and liquidity risk associated with the financial institutions that hold our cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, available-for-sale investment securities, settlement assets due from our 1099 distribution partners and retail distributors that collect funds and fees from our customers, and amounts due from our issuing banks for fees collected on our behalf. We manage the credit and liquidity risk associated with our cash and cash equivalents, available-for-sale investment securities and amounts due from issuing banks by maintaining an investment policy that restricts our correspondent banking relationships to approved, well capitalized institutions and restricts investments to highly liquid, low credit risk assets. Our policy has limits related to liquidity ratios, the concentration that we may have with a single institution or issuer and effective maturity dates as well as restrictions on the type of assets that we may invest in. The management Asset Liability Committee is responsible for monitoring compliance with our Capital Asset Liability Management policy and related limits on an ongoing basis, and reports regularly to the audit committee of our board of directors. Our exposure to credit risk associated with our retail distributors and 1099 distribution partners is mitigated due to the short time period, currently an average of two days that retailer settlement assets are outstanding. We perform an initial credit review and assign a credit limit to each new retail distributor and 1099 distribution partner. We monitor each retail distributor’s and 1099 distribution partner's settlement asset exposure and its compliance with its specified contractual settlement terms on a daily basis and assess their credit limit and financial condition on a periodic basis. Our management's Enterprise Risk Management Committee is responsible for monitoring our retail distributor and 1099 distribution partner exposure and assigning credit limits and reports regularly to the audit committee of our board of directors. 52 ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 All financial statement schedules have been omitted, since the required information is not applicable or is not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or because the information required is included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. 53 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders Green Dot Corporation We have audited Green Dot Corporation's (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). Green Dot Corporation's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, Green Dot Corporation maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016 of Green Dot Corporation and our report dated February 27, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Los Angeles, California February 27, 2017 54 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders Green Dot Corporation We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Green Dot Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Green Dot Corporation at December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Green Dot Corporation's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 27, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Los Angeles, California February 27, 2017 55 GREEN DOT CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS Assets Current assets: Unrestricted cash and cash equivalents Federal funds sold Restricted cash Investment securities available-for-sale, at fair value Settlement assets Accounts receivable, net Prepaid expenses and other assets Income tax receivable Total current assets Investment securities available-for-sale, at fair value Loans to bank customers, net of allowance for loan losses of $277 and $426 as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively Prepaid expenses and other assets Property and equipment, net Deferred expenses Net deferred tax assets Goodwill and intangible assets Total assets Current liabilities: Accounts payable Deposits Obligations to customers Settlement obligations Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Amounts due to card issuing banks for overdrawn accounts Other accrued liabilities Deferred revenue Note payable Total current liabilities Other accrued liabilities Note payable Net deferred tax liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note 19) Stockholders’ equity: Convertible Series A preferred stock, $0.001 par value: 10 shares authorized as of December 31, 2016 and 2015; 0 and 2 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively Class A common stock, $0.001 par value; 100,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2016 and 2015; 50,513 and 50,502 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity December 31, 2016 2015 (In thousands, except par value) $ 732,676 $ 772,128 — 12,085 46,686 137,083 40,150 32,186 12,570 1,013,436 161,740 6,059 4,142 82,621 16,647 4,648 451,051 $ $ 1,740,344 $ 22,856 $ 737,414 46,043 4,877 1,211 102,426 25,005 20,966 960,798 12,330 79,720 3,763 1 5,793 49,106 69,165 42,153 30,511 6,434 975,291 132,433 6,279 6,416 78,877 14,509 3,864 473,779 1,691,448 37,186 652,145 61,300 5,074 1,067 87,635 22,901 20,966 888,274 37,894 100,686 1,272 1,056,611 1,028,126 — 51 358,155 325,708 (181) 683,733 2 51 379,376 284,108 (215) 663,322 1,691,448 See notes to consolidated financial statements $ 1,740,344 $ 56 GREEN DOT CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (In thousands, except per share data) $ 337,821 $ 318,083 $ Operating revenues: Card revenues and other fees Processing and settlement service revenues Interchange revenues Stock-based retailer incentive compensation Total operating revenues Operating expenses: Sales and marketing expenses Compensation and benefits expenses Processing expenses Other general and administrative expenses Total operating expenses Operating income Interest income Interest expense Other income Income before income taxes Income tax expense Net income Income attributable to preferred stock Net income available to common stockholders Basic earnings per common share: Diluted earnings per common share: Basic weighted-average common shares issued and outstanding: Diluted weighted-average common shares issued and outstanding: $ $ $ 184,342 196,611 — 718,774 249,096 159,456 107,556 139,350 655,458 63,316 7,367 (9,122) — 61,561 19,961 41,600 (802) 40,798 0.82 0.80 49,535 50,797 $ $ $ 182,614 196,523 (2,520) 694,700 230,441 168,226 102,144 134,560 635,371 59,329 4,737 (5,944) — 58,122 19,707 38,415 (1,102) 37,313 $ 0.73 0.72 $ $ 51,332 51,875 253,155 179,289 178,040 (8,932) 601,552 235,227 123,083 79,053 105,200 542,563 58,989 4,064 (1,276) 7,129 68,906 26,213 42,693 (4,842) 37,851 0.92 0.90 40,907 41,770 See notes to consolidated financial statements 57 GREEN DOT CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) Unrealized holding gains (losses), net of tax Comprehensive income 2016 Year Ended December 31, 2015 (In thousands) 2014 41,600 $ 38,415 $ 42,693 34 41,634 $ (163) 38,252 $ (5) 42,688 $ $ See notes to consolidated financial statements 58 GREEN DOT CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY Convertible Preferred Stock Class A Common Stock Shares Amount Shares Amount Additional Paid-in Capital (In thousands) Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Total Stockholders' Equity 37,729 $ 38 $ 199,251 $ 203,000 $ (47) $ 402,249 Balance at December 31, 2013 7 $ Common stock issued under stock plans, net of withholdings and related tax effects Stock-based compensation Stock-based retailer incentive compensation Conversion of preferred stock Issuance of shares related to acquisitions Net income Other comprehensive loss Balance at December 31, 2014 Common stock issued under stock plans, net of withholdings and related tax effects Stock-based compensation Stock-based retailer incentive compensation Shares issued in business combination Repurchases of Class A common stock Net income Other comprehensive loss Balance at December 31, 2015 Common stock issued under stock plans, net of withholdings and related tax effects Stock-based compensation Conversion of preferred stock Repurchases of Class A common stock Net income Other comprehensive income Balance at December 31, 2016 — — — (5) — — — 2 — — — — — — — 2 — — (2) — — — $ $ — $ 7 — — — (5) — — — 2 — — — — — — — 2 — — (2) — — — — 1,487 — — 5,345 6,585 — — 51,146 $ 798 — — 514 1 — — 5 7 — — 51 1 — — 1 — — 50,502 $ 1,716 — 1,519 (3,224) — — 50,513 $ — — 51 1 — 2 (3) — — 51 10,680 20,329 8,932 — 144,104 — — — — — — — 42,693 — — — — — — — (5) 10,681 20,329 8,932 — 144,111 42,693 (5) $ 383,296 $ 245,693 $ (52) $ 628,990 (2,059) 27,011 2,520 10,258 — — — — — — — 38,415 — $ 379,376 $ 284,108 $ 8,803 28,321 — (58,345) — — — — — — 41,600 — — — — — — — (163) (215) $ — — — — — 34 (2,058) 27,011 2,520 10,259 (41,652) 38,415 (163) 663,322 8,804 28,321 — (58,348) 41,600 34 $ 358,155 $ 325,708 $ (181) $ 683,733 (1,956) (2) (41,650) See notes to consolidated financial statements 59 GREEN DOT CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 (In thousands) 2014 $ 41,600 $ 38,415 $ 42,693 Operating activities Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment Amortization of intangible assets Provision for uncollectible overdrawn accounts Provision for uncollectible trade receivables Employee stock-based compensation Stock-based retailer incentive compensation Amortization of premium on available-for-sale investment securities Change in fair value of contingent consideration Amortization of deferred financing costs Impairment of capitalized software Deferred income tax expense (benefit) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other assets Deferred expenses Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities Amounts due to card issuing banks for overdrawn accounts Deferred revenue Income tax receivable Other, net Net cash provided by operating activities Investing activities Purchases of available-for-sale investment securities Proceeds from maturities of available-for-sale securities Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities (Increase) decrease in restricted cash Payments for acquisition of property and equipment Net principal collections on loans Acquisitions, net of cash acquired Net cash used in investing activities Financing activities Borrowings from note payable Repayments of borrowings from note payable Borrowings on revolving line of credit Repayments on revolving line of credit Proceeds from exercise of options Excess tax benefits from stock compensation Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards Net increase in deposits Net (decrease) increase in obligations to customers Contingent consideration payments Repurchase of Class A common stock Deferred financing costs Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities 39,460 23,021 74,841 1,520 28,321 — 1,357 (2,500) 1,534 142 1,270 (74,851) 1,131 (2,138) (19,156) 144 2,004 (6,657) 477 111,520 (135,920) 105,544 1,430 (6,292) (43,273) 220 — (78,291) — (22,500) 145,000 (145,000) 14,917 2,995 (8,223) 85,269 (83,372) (2,755) (59,013) — (72,682) 38,509 23,205 63,294 — 27,011 2,520 1,167 (8,200) 1,535 5,881 (406) (54,450) (5,766) 2,817 13,179 (157) (1,617) 9,995 (212) 156,720 (195,132) 84,435 47,953 (199) (47,837) 271 (65,209) (175,718) — (22,500) 30,001 (30,001) 3,832 222 (5,124) 86,744 45,372 (1,071) (40,986) — 66,489 32,454 4,530 38,273 — 20,329 8,932 1,105 (698) 289 — 463 (30,479) 1,086 (1,887) 1,167 (48,706) (319) 29 (44) 69,217 (212,446) 153,265 136,425 1,360 (39,338) 352 (226,964) (187,346) 150,000 — — — 9,960 3,945 (3,224) 345,821 (79,442) (242) — (7,672) 419,146 301,017 423,621 724,638 1,276 21,602 Net (decrease) increase in unrestricted cash, cash equivalents, and federal funds sold Unrestricted cash, cash equivalents, and federal funds sold, beginning of year Unrestricted cash, cash equivalents, and federal funds sold, end of year Cash paid for interest Cash paid for income taxes (39,453) 772,129 732,676 7,586 22,316 $ $ $ 47,491 724,638 772,129 4,410 9,892 $ $ $ $ $ $ See notes to consolidated financial statements 60 Note 1—Organization Green Dot Corporation (“we,” “us” and “our” refer to Green Dot Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries) is a pro-consumer technology innovator with a mission to reinvent personal banking for the masses. Our products and services include: Green Dot MasterCard and Visa-branded prepaid debit cards and several co-branded reloadable prepaid card programs, collectively referred to as our GPR cards; Visa-branded gift cards; Visa-branded secured credit cards; checking account products, such as GoBank, an innovative checking account developed for use via mobile phones that is available at Walmart and online; our proprietary swipe reload and MoneyPak products referred to as our cash transfer products, which enable cash loading and transfer services through our Green Dot Network; money processing services under 1099 programs; and tax refund processing services designed to facilitate the secure receipt of a customer's income tax refund. Our products and services are available to consumers through a large-scale "branchless bank" distribution network of approximately 100,000 U.S. locations, including retailers, neighborhood financial service center locations and tax preparation offices, as well as online, in the leading app stores and through leading online tax preparation providers. The Green Dot Network enables consumers to use cash to reload our prepaid debit cards or to transfer cash to any of our Green Dot Network acceptance members, including competing prepaid card programs and other online accounts. We are also the tax refund processing service provider for several leading consumer tax preparation companies. We market our products and services to consumers in the United States. Our products are issued by our wholly- owned subsidiary, Green Dot Bank and third-party issuing banks including The Bancorp Bank, MetaBank and Sunrise Banks, N.A. We also have multi-year distribution arrangements with many large and medium-sized retailers, including Walmart, Walgreens, CVS, Rite Aid, 7-Eleven, Kroger, Kmart, and Dollar Tree, and with various industry resellers, including Blackhawk Network and InComm. We refer to participating retailers collectively as our “retail distributors.” Our tax refund processing services are integrated into the offerings of partnering tax software companies, which enables us to serve approximately 27,000 independent online and in-person tax preparers and accountants nationwide. Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation Our consolidated financial statements include the results of Green Dot Corporation and our wholly-owned subsidiaries. We prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, or GAAP. We eliminate all significant intercompany balances and transactions in consolidation. We include the results of operations of acquired companies from the date of acquisition. Use of Estimates and Assumptions The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements, including the accompanying notes. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical factors, current circumstances, and the experience and judgment of management. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Unrestricted Cash and Cash Equivalents and Federal Funds Sold We consider all unrestricted highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be unrestricted cash and cash equivalents. Federal funds sold consist of unsecured overnight advances of excess balances in our bank reserve account and are included in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated statements of cash flows. Investment Securities Our investment portfolio is primarily comprised of fixed income securities. We classify these securities as available- for-sale and report them at fair value with the related unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, included in accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of stockholders’ equity. We classify investment securities with maturities less than or equal to 365 days as current assets. We regularly evaluate each fixed income security where the value has declined below amortized cost to assess whether the decline in fair value is other-than-temporary. In determining whether an impairment is other-than-temporary, we consider the severity and duration of the decline in fair value, the length of time expected for recovery, the financial condition of the issuer, and other qualitative factors, as well as whether we either plan to sell the security or it is more- 61 Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) likely-than-not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost. If the impairment of the investment security is credit-related, an other-than-temporary impairment is recorded in earnings. We recognize non-credit-related impairment in accumulated other comprehensive income. If we intend to sell an investment security or believe we will more-likely-than-not be required to sell a security, we record the full amount of the impairment as an other-than-temporary impairment. Interest on fixed income securities, including amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, is included in interest income. Obligations to Customers and Settlement Assets and Obligations At the point of sale, our retail distributors collect customer funds for purchases of new cards and balance reloads and then remit these funds directly to the banks that issue our cards. Our retail distributors’ remittance of these funds takes an average of two business days. Settlement assets represent the amounts due from our retail distributors for customer funds collected at the point of sale that have not yet been received by our subsidiary bank. Obligations to customers represent customer funds collected from (or to be remitted by) our retail distributors for which the underlying products have not been activated. Once the underlying products have been activated, the customer funds are reclassified as deposits in a bank account established for the benefit of the customer. Settlement obligations represent the customer funds received by our subsidiary bank that are due to third-party card issuing banks upon activation. Accounts Receivable, net Accounts receivable is comprised principally of receivables due from card issuing banks, overdrawn account balances due from cardholders, trade accounts receivable, fee advances and other receivables. We record accounts receivable net of reserves for estimated uncollectible accounts. Receivables due from card issuing banks primarily represent revenue-related funds held at the third-party card issuing banks related to our gift card program that have yet to be remitted to us. These receivables are generally collected within a short period of time based on the remittance terms in our agreements with the third-party card issuing banks. Fee advances represent short-term advances to in- person tax return preparation companies made prior to and during tax season. These advances are collateralized by their clients' tax preparation fees and are generally collected within a short period of time as the in-person tax preparation companies begin preparing and processing their clients' tax refunds. Overdrawn Account Balances Due from Cardholders and Reserve for Uncollectible Overdrawn Accounts Our cardholder accounts may become overdrawn as a result of maintenance fee assessments or from purchase transactions that we honor, in excess of the funds in a cardholder’s account. We are exposed to losses from any unrecovered overdrawn account balances. We establish a reserve for uncollectible overdrawn accounts. We classify overdrawn accounts into age groups based on the number of days that have elapsed since an account last had activity, such as a purchase, ATM transaction or maintenance fee assessment. We calculate a reserve factor for each age group based on the average recovery rate for the most recent six months. These factors are applied to these age groups to estimate our overall reserve. When more than 90 days have passed without activity in an account, we write off the full amount of the overdrawn account balance. We include our provision for uncollectible overdrawn accounts related to maintenance fees and purchase transactions as an offset to card revenues and other fees and in other general and administrative expenses, respectively, in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Restricted Cash At December 31, 2016 and 2015, restricted cash amounted to $12.1 million and $5.8 million, respectively. Restricted cash as of December 31, 2016, primarily consists of funds required to collateralize a pre-funding obligation with a counter-party. Balances at December 31, 2015 consists primarily of funds held in an escrow account under the terms of a purchase agreement related to one of our business acquisitions, as well as funds required to collateralize outstanding letters of credit related to our corporate facility lease. Loans to Bank Customers We report loans measured at historical cost at their outstanding principal balances, net of any charge-offs, and for purchased loans, net of any unaccreted discounts. We recognize interest income as it is earned. 62 Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Nonperforming Loans Nonperforming loans generally include loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status. We generally place loans on nonaccrual status when they are past due 90 days or more. We reverse the related accrued interest receivable and apply interest collections on nonaccrual loans as principal reductions; otherwise, we credit such collections to interest income when received. These loans may be restored to accrual status when all principal and interest is current and full repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest is expected. We consider a loan to be impaired when it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Once we determine a loan to be impaired, we measure the impairment based on the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate. We may also measure impairment based on observable market prices, or for loans that are solely dependent on the collateral for repayment, the estimated fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell. If the recorded investment in impaired loans exceeds this amount, we establish a specific allowance as a component of the allowance for loan losses or by adjusting an existing valuation allowance for the impaired loan. Allowance for Loan Losses We establish an allowance for loan losses to account for estimated credit losses inherent in our loan portfolio. For the portfolio of loans, our estimate of inherent losses is separately calculated on an aggregate basis for groups of loans that are considered to have similar credit characteristics and risk of loss. We analyze historical loss rates for these groups and then adjust the rates for qualitative factors which in our judgment affect the expected inherent losses. Qualitative considerations include, but are not limited to, prevailing economic or market conditions, changes in the loan grading and underwriting process, changes in the estimated value of the underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans, delinquency and nonaccrual status, problem loan trends, and geographic concentrations. We separately establish specific allowances for impaired loans based on the present value of changes in cash flows expected to be collected, or for impaired loans that are considered collateral dependent, the estimated fair value of the collateral. Property and Equipment We carry our property and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. We generally compute depreciation on property and equipment using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, except for land, which is not depreciated. We generally compute amortization on tenant improvements using the straight-line method over the shorter of the related lease term or estimated useful lives of the improvements. We expense expenditures for maintenance and repairs as incurred. We capitalize certain internal and external costs incurred to develop internal-use software during the application development stage. We also capitalize the cost of specified upgrades and enhancements to internal-use software that result in additional functionality. Once a development project is substantially complete and the software is ready for its intended use, we begin depreciating these costs on a straight-line basis over the internal-use software’s estimated useful life. The estimated useful lives of the respective classes of assets are as follows: Land Building Computer equipment, furniture and office equipment Computer software purchased Capitalized internal-use software Tenant improvements Impairment of Long Lived Assets N/A 30 years 3-10 years 3 years 2-7 years Shorter of the useful life or the lease term We evaluate long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If the sum of expected undiscounted future cash flows from an asset is less than the carrying amount of the asset, we estimate the fair value of the assets. We measure the loss as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds its fair value calculated using the present value of estimated net future cash flows. We recorded impairment charges of $0.1 million and $5.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, associated with capitalized internal-use software we determined to no longer be utilized 63 Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) and any remaining carrying value was written off. These impairment charges are included in other general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. There were no such impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2014. Business Acquisitions We allocate the purchase price of business acquisitions to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair value. The excess of the purchase price over estimated fair value of the net identifiable assets is allocated to goodwill. Determining the fair value of assets and liabilities requires various assumptions and estimates. These estimates and assumptions are refined with adjustments recorded to goodwill as information is gathered and final valuations are completed over a one-year measurement period. The changes in these estimates or different assumptions used in determining these estimates could impact the amount of assets, including goodwill, and liabilities recorded on our consolidated balance sheet and could impact our operating results subsequent to such acquisition. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill is the purchase premium after adjusting for the fair value of net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized but is reviewed for potential impairment on an annual basis, or when events or circumstances indicate a potential impairment, at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit, as defined under applicable accounting guidance, is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment, referred to as a component. We may in any given period bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to a two-step method to assess and measure impairment of the reporting unit's goodwill. We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely-than-not (i.e., a likelihood of more than 50 percent) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. This step serves as the basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step quantitative impairment test. The first step of the quantitative impairment test involves a comparison of the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is not impaired; however, if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, then the second step of the quantitative impairment test must be performed. The second step compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill with its carrying amount to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined in the same manner as the amount of goodwill recognized in a business combination. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. For intangible assets subject to amortization, we recognize an impairment loss if the carrying amount of the intangible asset is not recoverable and exceeds its estimated fair value. The carrying amount of the intangible asset is considered not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset. No impairment charges were recognized related to goodwill or intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which is our best estimate of the pattern of economic benefit, based on legal, contractual, and other provisions. The estimated useful lives of the intangible assets, which consist primarily of customer relationships and trade names, range from 5-15 years. Amounts Due to Card Issuing Banks for Overdrawn Accounts Third-party card issuing banks fund overdrawn cardholder account balances on our behalf. Amounts funded are due from us to the card issuing banks based on terms specified in the agreements with the card issuing banks. Generally, we expect to settle these obligations within two months. In February 2014, we completed the transition of all outstanding customer deposits associated with our GPR card program with GE Capital Retail Bank to Green Dot Bank. In conjunction with this transition, we paid approximately $50 million to GE Capital Retail Bank to settle all of our previously accrued liabilities outstanding at the time of transition associated with overdrawn cardholder account balances. 64 Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Fair Value Under applicable accounting guidance, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability. As such, fair value reflects an exit price in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. We determine the fair values of our financial instruments based on the fair value hierarchy established under applicable accounting guidance, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The following describes the three-level hierarchy: Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 1 assets and liabilities include debt and equity securities and derivative contracts that are traded in an active exchange market, as well as certain U.S. Treasury securities that are highly liquid and are actively traded in over-the-counter markets. Level 2 – Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 2 assets and liabilities include fixed income securities with quoted prices that are traded less frequently than exchange-traded instruments. This category generally includes U.S. government and agency mortgage-backed fixed income securities and corporate fixed income securities. Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the overall fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation. The fair value for such assets and liabilities is generally determined using pricing models, market comparables, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar techniques that incorporate the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability. This category generally includes certain private equity investments and certain asset-backed securities. Revenue Recognition Our operating revenues consist of card revenues and other fees, processing and settlement service revenues and interchange revenues. We recognize revenue when the price is fixed or determinable, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the product is sold or the service is performed, and collectability of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured. Card revenues and other fees consist of monthly maintenance fees, ATM fees, new card fees and other revenues. We charge maintenance fees on a monthly basis pursuant to the terms and conditions in the applicable cardholder agreements. We recognize monthly maintenance fees ratably over the month for which they are assessed. We charge ATM fees to cardholders when they withdraw money at certain ATMs in accordance with the terms and conditions in our cardholder agreements. We recognize ATM fees when the withdrawal is made by the cardholder, which is the same time our service is completed and the fees are assessed. We charge new card fees when a consumer purchases a new card in a retail store. We defer and recognize new card fee revenues on a straight-line basis over our average card lifetime, which is currently five months for our GPR cards and six months our gift cards. We determine the average card lifetime based on our recent historical data for comparable products. We measure card lifetime for our GPR cards as the period of time, inclusive of reload activity, between sale (or activation) of the card and the date of the last positive balance. We measure the card lifetime for our gift cards as the redemption period during which cardholders initiate the substantial majority of their transactions. We reassess average card lifetime quarterly. We report the unearned portion of new card fees as a component of deferred revenue in our consolidated balance sheets. Other revenues consist primarily of revenue associated with our gift card program, transaction-based fees and fees associated with optional products or services, which we offer to cardholders from time-to-time. We generally recognize these revenues as purchase transactions occur or when the underlying services are completed. Our processing and settlement services consist of cash transfer revenues, tax refund processing service revenues and 1099 program disbursement revenues. We generate cash transfer revenues when consumers purchase our cash transfer products (reload services) in a retail store. We recognize these revenues when the cash transfer transactions are completed, generally within two business days from the time of sale of these products. We earn tax refund processing service revenues when a customer of a third party tax preparation company chooses to pay their tax preparation fee through the use of our tax refund processing services. We recognize tax refund processing service revenues as we remit tax return proceeds to the taxpayer. We earn 1099 disbursement fees from our business partners as payment disbursements are made. 65 Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) We earn interchange revenues from fees remitted by the merchant’s bank, which are based on rates established by the payment networks, such as Visa and MasterCard, when cardholders make purchase transactions using our cards. We recognize interchange revenues as these transactions occur. We report our different types of revenues on a gross or net basis based on our assessment of whether we act as a principal or an agent in the transaction. To the extent we act as a principal in the transaction, we report revenues on a gross basis. In concluding whether or not we act as a principal or an agent, we evaluate whether we have the substantial risks and rewards under the terms of the revenue-generating arrangements, whether we are the party responsible for fulfillment of the services purchased by the cardholders, among other factors. For all of our significant revenue-generating arrangements, including GPR and gift cards, we record revenues on a gross basis with the exception of our tax refund processing service revenues which are recorded on a net basis. Generally, customers have limited rights to a refund of a new card fee or a cash transfer fee. We have elected to recognize revenues prior to the expiration of the refund period, but reduce revenues by the amount of expected refunds, which we estimate based on actual historical refunds. On occasion, we enter into incentive agreements with our retail distributors and offer incentives to customers designed to increase product acceptance and sales volume. We record incentive payments, including the issuance of equity instruments, as a reduction of revenues and recognize them over the period the related revenues are recognized or as services are rendered, as applicable. Sales and Marketing Expenses Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of sales commissions, advertising and marketing expenses, and the costs of manufacturing and distributing card packages, placards, promotional materials to our retail distributors’ locations and personalized GPR cards to consumers who have activated their cards. We pay our retail distributors and brokers commissions based on sales of our prepaid debit cards and cash transfer products in their stores. We defer and expense commissions related to new cards sales ratably over the average card lifetime, which is currently five months for our GPR cards and six months for our gift cards. Absent a new card fee, we expense the related commissions immediately. We expense commissions related to cash transfer products when the cash transfer transactions are completed. We expense costs for the production of advertising as incurred. The cost of media advertising is expensed when the advertising first takes place. We record the costs associated with card packages and placards as prepaid expenses, and we record the costs associated with personalized GPR cards as deferred expenses. We recognize the prepaid cost of card packages and placards over the related sales period, and we amortize the deferred cost of personalized GPR cards, when activated, over the average card lifetime. Included in sales and marketing expenses are advertising and marketing expenses of $11.9 million, $10.1 million and $6.8 million and shipping and handling costs of $3.7 million, $2.8 million and $3.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Also included in sales and marketing expenses were liabilities that we incurred for use tax to various states related to purchases of materials since we do not charge sales tax to customers when new cards or cash transfer transactions are purchased. Employee Stock-Based Compensation We record employee stock-based compensation expense based on the grant-date fair value. For stock options and stock purchases under our employee stock purchase plan, or ESPP, we base compensation expense on fair values estimated at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. For stock awards, including restricted stock units, we base compensation expense on the fair value of our common stock at the grant date. We recognize compensation expense for awards with only service conditions that have graded vesting schedules on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the award. Vesting is based upon continued service to our company. At times, we have issued performance based and market based restricted stock units to our executive officers. For performance based awards, we recognize compensation cost for the restricted stock units if and when we conclude it is probable that the performance will be satisfied, over the requisite service period based on the grant-date fair value of the stock. We reassess the probability of vesting at each reporting period and adjust compensation expense based on the probability assessment. For market based restricted stock units, we base compensation expense on the fair value estimated at the date of grant using a Monte Carlo simulation or similar lattice model. We recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period regardless of the market condition being satisfied, provided that the requisite 66 Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) service has been provided, since the estimated grant date fair value already incorporates the probability of outcomes that the market condition will be achieved. Income Taxes Our income tax expense is comprised of current and deferred income tax expense. Current income tax expense approximates taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period. Deferred income tax expense results from the changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities during the periods. These gross deferred tax assets and liabilities represent decreases or increases in taxes expected to be paid in the future because of future reversals of temporary differences between the basis of assets and liabilities as measured by tax laws and their basis as reported in our consolidated financial statements. We also recognize deferred tax assets for tax attributes such as net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. We record valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts we conclude are more likely-than-not to be realized in the foreseeable future. We recognize and measure income tax benefits based upon a two-step model: 1) a tax position must be more likely-than-not to be sustained based solely on its technical merits in order to be recognized, and 2) the benefit is measured as the largest dollar amount of that position that is more likely-than-not to be sustained upon settlement. The difference between the benefit recognized for a position and the tax benefit claimed on a tax return is referred to as an unrecognized tax benefit. We accrue income tax related interest and penalties, if applicable, within income tax expense. Earnings Per Common Share We apply the two-class method in calculating earnings per common share, or EPS, because our preferred stockholders are entitled to participate with our common stockholders in the distributions of earnings through dividends. The two-class method requires net income, after deduction of any preferred stock dividends, deemed dividends on preferred stock redemptions, and accretions in the carrying value on preferred stock, to be allocated between each class or series of common and preferred stockholders based on their respective rights to receive dividends, whether or not declared. Basic EPS is then calculated by dividing net income allocated to each class of common stockholders by the respective weighted-average common shares issued and outstanding. We divide adjusted net income for each class of common stock by the respective weighted-average number of the common shares issued and outstanding for each period plus amounts representing the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, shares to be purchased under our employee stock purchase plan and the dilution resulting from the conversion of convertible securities, if applicable. We exclude the effects of convertible securities, restricted stock units and stock options from the computation of diluted EPS in periods in which the effect would be anti-dilutive. We calculate dilutive potential common shares using the treasury stock method, if-converted method and the two-class method, as applicable. Regulatory Matters and Capital Adequacy As a bank holding company, we are subject to comprehensive supervision and examination by the Federal Reserve Board and must comply with applicable regulations, including minimum capital and leverage requirements. If we fail to comply with any of these requirements, we may become subject to formal or informal enforcement actions, proceedings, or investigations, which could result in regulatory orders, restrictions on our business operations or requirements to take corrective actions, which may, individually or in the aggregate, affect our results of operations and restrict our ability to grow. If we fail to comply with the applicable capital and leverage requirements, or if our subsidiary bank fails to comply with its applicable capital and leverage requirements, the Federal Reserve Board may limit our or Green Dot Bank's ability to pay dividends. In addition, as a bank holding company and a financial holding company, we are generally prohibited from engaging, directly or indirectly, in any activities other than those permissible for bank holding companies and financial holding companies. This restriction might limit our ability to pursue future business opportunities which we might otherwise consider but which might fall outside the scope of permissible activities. We may also be required to serve as a “source of strength” to Green Dot Bank if it becomes less than adequately capitalized. 67 Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Recent Accounting Pronouncements In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Restricted Cash ("ASU 2016-18"), to require that restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of- period and end-of-period total cash amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. Consequently, transfers between cash and restricted cash will not be presented as a separate line item in the operating, investing or financing sections of the cash flow statement. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendments should be applied retrospectively to each period presented. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-18 on our consolidated financial statements, however, we do not anticipate material impact upon adoption of the ASU. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASU 2016-13") that requires financial assets measured at amortized cost be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. Credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities should be recorded through an allowance for credit losses limited by the amount that the fair value is less than amortized cost. ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-13 on our consolidated financial statements. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2016-09") that will simplify how companies account for certain aspects of share-based payments to employees, including the accounting for income taxes upon vesting or exercise of share-based payments, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities with respect to statutory tax withholding thresholds, accounting for forfeitures, as well as certain classifications on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those annual periods. We will adopt the provisions of ASU 2016-09 effective January 1, 2017. Under ASU 2016-09, all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies related to stock compensation will be recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement instead of additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets. The impact of adopting this standard on our consolidated financial statements is dependent upon the intrinsic value of share-based compensation awards at the time of exercise, vesting or expiration and may result in more variability in our effective tax rate and net profit or loss, as well as impact our share dilution. Since we do not have any previously unrecognized excess tax benefits, no cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings will be required upon adoption. Excess tax benefits will also be classified as operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows instead of in financing activities. Additionally, upon adoption of ASU 2016-09, we will elect to account for forfeitures on stock-based compensation as they occur, rather than estimate future expected forfeitures. We do not expect the change in our accounting policy for forfeitures to have a material impact on our financial results and, except as described above with respect to excess tax benefits, do not expect any of the other provisions of ASU 2016-09 to have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) ("ASU 2016-02") in order to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for those leases classified as operating leases under previous GAAP. ASU 2016-02 requires that a lessee should recognize a liability to make lease payments and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for leases with a term greater than 12 months. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 (including interim periods within those periods) using a modified retrospective approach and early adoption is permitted. We are currently in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption of ASU 2016-02 on our consolidated financial statements. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities ("ASU 2016-01"). ASU 2016-01 revises the classification and measurement of investments in certain equity investments and the presentation of certain fair value changes for certain financial liabilities measured at fair value. ASU 2016-01 requires the change in fair value of many equity investments to be recognized in net income. The standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2016-01 may result in a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the year of adoption. We are currently evaluating the impact of 68 Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) the provisions of ASU 2016-01, however, we do not expect the adoption of it to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) ("ASU 2014-09"), which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under GAAP. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is to recognize revenues when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 defines a five step process to achieve this core principle and, in doing so, more judgment and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process than are required under existing GAAP. ASU 2014-09, as amended by ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The FASB has also issued a number of additional technical corrections since the initial ASU, all of which follow the effective dates of the new revenue recognition guidance under Topic 606. The amendment allows companies to use either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective approach to adopt this ASU. We have formed a project team and are currently assessing the impact of the adoption of this principle on our consolidated financial statements. We anticipate adopting this ASU on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach, however, may opt for the full retrospective method depending on the final outcome of our evaluation. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net) (“ASU 2016-08"). ASU 2016-08 clarifies the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations. The guidance includes indicators to assist an entity in determining whether it controls a specified good or service before it is transferred to the customers. The effective date and transition requirements for the ASU is the same as the effective date and transition requirements of ASU 2014-09. We are currently in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption of ASU 2016-08 on our consolidated financial statements in conjunction with ASU 2014-09, as discussed above. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-04, Liabilities – Extinguishment of Liabilities (Subtopic 405-20): Recognition of Breakage for Certain Prepaid Stored-Value Products ("ASU 2016-04"). ASU 2016-04 aligns recognition of the financial liabilities related to prepaid stored-value products (for example, gift cards) with Topic 606, Revenues from Contracts with Customers, for non-financial liabilities. In general, these liabilities may be extinguished proportionately in earnings as redemptions occur, or when redemption is remote if issuers are not entitled to the unredeemed stored value. ASU 2016-04 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. Based on our current accounting policy, we do not expect the adoption of ASU 2016-04 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Note 3—Business Acquisitions AccountNow, Inc. In January 2015, we completed the acquisition of AccountNow, Inc. ("AccountNow"). We issued approximately 514,000 shares of our Class A common stock on the date of close and the remainder of the consideration in cash for a total purchase price of approximately $78.7 million. AccountNow's results of operations are included in our consolidated statements of operations following the acquisition date. The assets and liabilities acquired consisted of $3.3 million in cash and cash equivalents, $4.1 million in accounts and other receivables, $4.9 million in prepaid and other assets and $12.8 million in accrued liabilities. Additionally, we recorded goodwill and intangible assets for $63.0 million and $16.1 million, respectively. Transaction costs associated with this acquisition were not material. 69 Note 3—Business Acquisitions (continued) SBBT Holdings, LLC On October 23, 2014, we completed our acquisition of SBBT Holdings, LLC ("TPG"), a provider of integrated tax refund processing services. In connection with the acquisition, total consideration amounted to approximately $358.5 million, which included cash, stock and contingent consideration. We financed the transaction with $204.5 million in cash, of which $150.0 million was raised from our Term Facility, as discussed in Note 10 — Note Payable, and 6.1 million shares of our Class A common stock at a closing price of $21.86 (of which 1.1 million shares were initially deposited in an escrow fund to serve as a source of payment of any indemnification obligations). Additionally, the transaction terms included a potential $80.0 million cash earn-out payable to the former owners of TPG based on TPG meeting certain pre-determined performance targets. The earn-out period spans from July to June each fiscal year from 2015 to 2017. Certain performance targets must be achieved each fiscal year in order to earn a corresponding portion of the cash earn-out. For fiscal years 2015 and 2016, these performance targets were not met, and therefore no cash earn-out payments were made. The operating results for the period from October 24, 2014 to December 31, 2014 of TPG are included in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2014. Revenues and net losses for this period were $0.4 million and $7.6 million, respectively. TPG did not contribute a material amount of revenue during this period because TPG earns substantially all of its revenues and income during the tax season (January through April). We incurred transaction costs of approximately $6.2 million in connection with the acquisition, which are included in other general and administrative expenses on our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2014. Note 4—Investment Securities Our available-for-sale investment securities were as follows: December 31, 2016 Corporate bonds Commercial paper U.S. Treasury notes Agency securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal bonds Asset-backed securities Total investment securities December 31, 2015 Corporate bonds Commercial paper U.S. Treasury notes Agency securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal bonds Asset-backed securities Total investment securities Amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Fair value (In thousands) $ 21,533 $ 12,427 21,603 4,002 117,990 1,460 30,131 9 4 1 — 242 1 1 $ (7) $ (1) (41) (1) (741) (31) (156) $ $ 209,146 $ 258 $ (978) $ 33,201 $ — $ (47) $ 6,504 17,541 4,034 100,131 1,954 18,725 3 — — 195 11 — (2) (16) (19) (554) (65) (57) 21,535 12,430 21,563 4,001 117,491 1,430 29,976 208,426 33,154 6,505 17,525 4,015 99,772 1,900 18,668 $ 182,090 $ 209 $ (760) $ 181,539 70 Note 4—Investment Securities (continued) As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the gross unrealized losses and fair values of available-for-sale investment securities that were in unrealized loss positions were as follows: Less than 12 months 12 months or more Fair value Unrealized loss Fair value Unrealized loss Total fair value Total unrealized loss (In thousands) December 31, 2016 Corporate bonds Commercial paper U.S. Treasury notes Agency securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal bonds Asset-backed securities Total investment securities December 31, 2015 Corporate bonds Commercial paper U.S. Treasury notes Agency securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal bonds Asset-backed securities $ 8,739 $ (7) $ 1,999 $ — $ 10,738 $ $ $ 2,672 16,211 4,002 23,300 — 25,501 (1) (41) (1) (236) — (156) — — — 61,383 937 — — — — (505) (31) — 2,672 16,211 4,002 84,683 937 25,501 80,425 $ (442) $ 64,319 $ (536) $ 144,744 $ 20,416 $ (22) $ 10,679 $ (25) $ 31,095 $ 4,322 17,525 4,015 53,634 — 18,668 (2) (16) (19) (410) — (57) — — — 21,518 1,035 — — — — (144) (65) — 4,322 17,525 4,015 75,152 1,035 18,668 Total investment securities $ 118,580 $ (526) $ 33,232 $ (234) $ 151,812 $ (7) (1) (41) (1) (741) (31) (156) (978) (47) (2) (16) (19) (554) (65) (57) (760) We did not record any other-than-temporary impairment losses during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 on our available-for-sale investment securities. We do not intend to sell these investments and we have determined that it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell these investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be at maturity. As of December 31, 2016, the contractual maturities of our available-for-sale investment securities were as follows: Due in one year or less Due after one year through five years Due after five years through ten years Due after ten years Mortgage and asset-backed securities Total investment securities Amortized cost Fair value $ $ (In thousands) 46,694 $ 13,610 58 910 147,874 209,146 $ 46,686 13,582 57 881 147,220 208,426 The expected payments on mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities may not coincide with their contractual maturities because the issuers have the right to call or prepay certain obligations. 71 Note 5—Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following: Overdrawn account balances due from cardholders Reserve for uncollectible overdrawn accounts Net overdrawn account balances due from cardholders Trade receivables Reserve for uncollectible trade receivables Net trade receivables Receivables due from card issuing banks Fee advances Other receivables Accounts receivable, net December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 $ (In thousands) 14,773 $ (11,932) 2,841 1,941 (372) 1,569 8,497 16,708 10,535 $ 40,150 $ 10,198 (7,999) 2,199 10,644 (58) 10,586 8,852 11,621 8,895 42,153 Activity in the reserve for uncollectible overdrawn accounts consisted of the following: Balance, beginning of period Provision for uncollectible overdrawn accounts: Fees Purchase transactions Charge-offs Balance, end of period Note 6—Loans to Bank Customers Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (In thousands) 7,999 $ 11,196 $ 10,363 67,798 7,043 (70,908) 55,595 7,699 (66,491) 11,932 $ 7,999 $ 34,057 4,216 (37,440) 11,196 $ $ The following table presents total outstanding loans, gross of the related allowance for loan losses, and a summary of the related payment status: 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due 90 Days or More Past Due Total Past Due Total Current or Less Than 30 Days Past Due Total Outstanding December 31, 2016 Residential Commercial Installment Other Total loans Percentage of outstanding December 31, 2015 Residential Commercial Installment Total loans $ $ $ $ — $ — — — — $ 6 — — — 6 $ $ (In thousands) — $ — 2 — 2 $ 6 — 2 — 8 $ $ 3,718 $ 366 1,742 502 6,328 $ 3,724 366 1,744 502 6,336 —% 0.1% —% 0.1% 99.9% 100.0% — $ — $ — $ — $ 3,863 $ — 2 2 — — $ — $ 19 — 19 $ 19 2 21 $ 294 2,527 6,684 $ 3,863 313 2,529 6,705 Percentage of outstanding —% —% 0.3% 0.3% 99.7% 100.0% 72 Note 6—Loans to Bank Customers (continued) Nonperforming Loans The following table presents the carrying value, gross of the related allowance for loan losses, of our nonperforming loans. See Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for further information on the criteria for classification as nonperforming. Residential Commercial Installment Total loans Credit Quality Indicators December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 $ $ (In thousands) 368 $ — — 368 $ 341 19 5 365 We closely monitor and assess the credit quality and credit risk of our loan portfolio on an ongoing basis. We continuously review and update loan risk classifications. We evaluate our loans using non-classified or classified as the primary credit quality indicator. Classified loans are those loans that have demonstrated credit weakness where we believe there is a heightened risk of principal loss, including all impaired loans. Classified loans are generally internally categorized as substandard, doubtful, or loss, consistent with regulatory guidelines. The table below presents the carrying value, gross of the related allowance for loan losses, of our loans within the primary credit quality indicators related to our loan portfolio: Residential Commercial Installment Other Total loans December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Non-Classified Classified Non-Classified Classified $ $ (In thousands) 3,036 $ 688 $ 3,404 $ 366 1,432 502 — 312 — 294 2,173 — 5,336 $ 1,000 $ 5,871 $ 459 19 356 — 834 Impaired Loans and Troubled Debt Restructurings When, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, we grant a concession for other than an insignificant period of time to a borrower that we would not otherwise consider, the related loan is classified as a Troubled Debt Restructuring, or TDR. Our TDR modifications related to extensions of the maturity dates at a stated interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk. The following table presents our impaired loans and loans that we modified as TDRs as of December 31, 2016 and 2015: Residential Commercial Installment December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Unpaid Principal Balance Carrying Value Unpaid Principal Balance Carrying Value $ 388 $ 316 $ (In thousands) — 220 — 98 $ 365 257 284 298 19 140 73 Note 6—Loans to Bank Customers (continued) Allowance for Loan Losses Activity in the allowance for loan losses consisted of the following: Balance, beginning of period Provision (benefit) for loans Loans charged off Recoveries of loans previously charged off Balance, end of period Note 7—Property and Equipment Property and equipment consisted of the following: Land Building Computer equipment, furniture, and office equipment Computer software purchased Capitalized internal-use software Tenant improvements Less accumulated depreciation and amortization Property and equipment, net Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 $ $ (In thousands) 426 $ 444 $ (151) (25) 27 (38) (44) 64 277 $ 426 $ 464 20 (66) 26 444 December 31, 2016 2015 (In thousands) $ 205 $ 1,105 44,789 19,370 139,730 10,101 215,300 (132,679) $ 82,621 $ 205 605 45,508 16,900 113,721 9,914 186,853 (107,976) 78,877 Depreciation and amortization expense was $39.5 million, $38.5 million and $32.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Included in those amounts are depreciation expense related to internal-use software of $25.6 million, $23.0 million and $18.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We recorded impairment charges of $0.1 million and $5.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, associated with capitalized internal-use software we determined to no longer be utilized and any remaining carrying value was written off. There were no such impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2014. The net carrying value of capitalized internal-use software was $58.1 million and $47.6 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. 74 Note 8—Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill and intangible assets on our consolidated balance sheets consisted of the following: Goodwill Intangible assets, net Goodwill and intangible assets Goodwill Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill were as follows: Balance, beginning of period Acquisitions Adjustments related to final purchase accounting Balance, end of period December 31, 2016 2015 (In thousands) 208,355 $ 242,696 451,051 $ 208,079 265,700 473,779 December 31, 2016 2015 (In thousands) 208,079 $ — 276 208,355 $ 144,662 64,713 (1,296) 208,079 $ $ $ $ During the three months ended December 31, 2016, we completed our annual goodwill impairment test as of September 30, 2016. Based on the results of step one of the annual goodwill impairment test, we determined that step two was not required for each of our reporting units as their fair values exceeded their carrying values indicating there was no impairment. Intangible Assets The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization related to intangibles assets were as follows: December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Net Book Value (In thousands) Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Net Book Value (In thousands) Weighted Average Useful Lives (Years) Customer relationships $ 251,273 $ (43,707) $ 207,566 $ 251,273 $ (23,862) $ 227,411 Trade names Patents Other 38,586 3,000 964 (6,192) (545) (683) 32,394 2,455 281 38,586 3,000 964 (3,353) (273) (635) 35,233 2,727 329 Total intangible assets $ 293,823 $ (51,127) $ 242,696 $ 293,823 $ (28,123) $ 265,700 13.9 14.5 11.0 9.3 Amortization expense on finite-lived intangibles, a component of other general and administrative expenses, was $23.0 million, $23.2 million, and $4.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. None of our intangible assets were considered impaired as of December 31, 2016 or 2015. The following table shows our estimated amortization expense for intangible assets for each of the next five succeeding years and thereafter : 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Total 75 December 31, (In thousands) $ $ 23,029 23,028 22,910 18,853 18,838 136,038 242,696 Note 9—Deposits Deposits are categorized as non-interest or interest-bearing deposits as follows: Non-interest bearing deposit accounts GPR deposits Other demand deposits Total non-interest bearing deposit accounts Interest-bearing deposit accounts Negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) Savings Time deposits, denominations greater than or equal to $100 Time deposits, denominations less than $100 Total interest-bearing deposit accounts Total deposits December 31, 2016 2015 (In thousands) $ 617,220 $ 100,405 717,625 1,209 11,950 5,132 1,498 19,789 $ 737,414 $ 610,652 23,644 634,296 851 8,848 6,268 1,882 17,849 652,145 The scheduled contractual maturities for total time deposits are presented in the table below: Due in 2017 Due in 2018 Due in 2019 Due in 2020 Due in 2021 Total time deposits December 31, (In thousands) $ $ 3,876 694 403 812 845 6,630 As of December 31, 2016, we had aggregate time deposits of $2.5 million in denominations that met or exceeded the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance limit. Note 10—Note Payable In October 2014, we entered into a $225.0 million credit agreement with Bank of America, N.A., as an administrative agent, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and the other lenders party thereto. The credit agreement provides for 1) a $75.0 million five-year revolving facility (the "Revolving Facility") and 2) a five-year $150.0 million term loan facility ("Term Facility" and, together with the Revolving Facility, the "Senior Credit Facility"). The credit agreement also includes an accordion feature that, subject to securing additional commitments from existing lenders or new lending institutions, will allow us to increase the aggregate amount of these facilities by up to an additional $50.0 million. We drew the entire Term Facility on October 23, 2014, and used the proceeds to finance our acquisition of SBBT Holdings, LLC, as discussed in Note 3 — Business Acquisitions. We use the proceeds of any borrowings under the Revolving Facility for working capital and other general corporate purposes, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the credit agreement. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, our outstanding debt consisted of the following, net of deferred financing costs of $4.3 million and $5.8 million, respectively: Term facility Revolving facility Total notes payable December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 $ $ (In thousands) 100,686 $ — 100,686 $ 121,652 — 121,652 76 Note 10—Note Payable (continued) Interest and other fees At our election, loans made under the credit agreement bear interest at 1) a LIBOR rate (the “LIBOR Rate") or 2) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (a) the Bank of America prime rate, (b) the United States federal funds rate plus 0.50% and (c) a daily rate equal to one-month LIBOR rate plus 1.0% (the “Base Rate"), plus in either case an applicable margin. The applicable margin for borrowings depends on our total leverage ratio and varies from 2.50% to 3.00% for LIBOR Rate loans and 1.50% to 2.00% for Base Rate loans. The effective interest rate on borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2016 was 3.52%. Interest expense related to our Senior Credit Facility was $4.0 million, $4.3 million, and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We also pay a commitment fee, which varies from 0.30% to 0.40% per annum on the actual daily unused portions of the Revolving Facility. Letter of credit fees are payable in respect of outstanding letters of credit at a rate per annum equal to the applicable margin for LIBOR Rate loans. Maturity and payments The Revolving Facility matures, the commitments thereunder terminate, and all amounts then outstanding thereunder are payable on October 23, 2019. Quarterly principal payments of $5.6 million are payable on the loans under the Term Facility. The loans made under the Term Facility mature and all amounts then outstanding thereunder are payable on October 23, 2019. The following table sets forth future annual contractual principal payment commitments as of December 31, 2016: 2017 2018 2019 Total December 31, (In thousands) $ $ 22,500 22,500 60,000 105,000 We have the option to prepay the borrowings under the Senior Credit Facility without premium or penalty (other than customary breakage costs). The credit agreement requires us to repay certain amounts outstanding thereunder with (1) net cash proceeds of certain asset sales or other dispositions that exceed certain thresholds, to the extent such proceeds are not reinvested or committed to be reinvested in the business in accordance with customary reinvestment provisions and (2) net cash proceeds of the incurrence of certain indebtedness. Borrowings under the Senior Credit Facility are guaranteed by each of our domestic subsidiaries (the "Guarantor"), other than certain excluded subsidiaries (including bank subsidiaries) and subject to certain other exceptions set forth in the credit agreement. Obligations under the Senior Credit Facility are secured by first priority liens on, and security interests in, substantially all of our assets and each Guarantor, subject to certain customary exceptions. Covenants and restrictions The Senior Credit Facility contains customary representations and warranties relating to us and our subsidiaries. The Senior Credit Facility also contains certain affirmative and negative covenants including negative covenants that limit or restrict, among other things, liens, indebtedness, investments and acquisitions, mergers and fundamental changes, asset sales, restricted payments, changes in the nature of the business, transactions with affiliates and other matters customarily restricted in such agreements. We must maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and a maximum consolidated leverage ratio at the end of each fiscal quarter, as set forth in the credit agreement. At December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with all such covenants. If an event of default shall occur and be continuing under the Senior Credit Facility, the commitments may be terminated and the principal amounts outstanding under the Senior Credit Facility, together with all accrued unpaid interest and other amounts owing in respect thereof, may be declared immediately due and payable. 77 Note 11—Stockholders’ Equity Convertible Preferred Stock In December 2011, we filed a restated Certificate of Incorporation that authorized 10,085 shares of Series A Convertible Junior Participating Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, or Series A Preferred Stock. We then entered into and completed a share exchange with a significant shareholder, whereby 6,859,000 shares of our Class B common stock were exchanged for 6,859 shares of our newly created series of preferred stock. During the year ended December 31, 2014, 5,345 shares of our Series A Preferred Stock converted into 5,345,000 shares of Class A Common Stock. As of December 31, 2015, 1,515 shares of our Series A Preferred Stock were outstanding. All remaining Series A Preferred shares outstanding converted into equivalent shares of Class A Common Stock during the year ended December 31, 2016. Common Stock Our Certificate of Incorporation specifies the following rights, preferences, and privileges for our common stockholders. Voting Holders of our Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share. We have not provided for cumulative voting for the election of directors in our restated Certificate of Incorporation. In addition, our Certificate of Incorporation provides that a holder, or group of affiliated holders, of more than 24.9% of our common stock may not vote shares representing more than 14.9% of the voting power represented by the outstanding shares of our Class A common stock. Dividends Subject to preferences that may apply to any shares of preferred stock outstanding at the time, the holders of outstanding shares of our Class A common stock are entitled to receive dividends out of funds legally available at the times and in the amounts that our board of directors may determine. In the event a dividend is paid in the form of shares of common stock or rights to acquire shares of common stock, the holders of Class A common stock will receive Class A common stock, or rights to acquire Class A common stock, as the case may be. Liquidation Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the assets legally available for distribution to our stockholders would be distributable ratably among the holders of our Class A common stock and any participating preferred stock outstanding at that time after payment of liquidation preferences, if any, on any outstanding shares of our preferred stock and payment of other claims of creditors. Preemptive or Similar Rights Our Class A common stock is not entitled to preemptive rights or subject to redemption. Non-Employee Stock-Based Payments Shares Subject to Repurchase In May 2010, we amended our commercial agreement with Walmart, our largest retail distributor, and GE Money Bank. The agreement commenced on May 1, 2010 with a five-year term. As an incentive to amend our prepaid card program agreement, we issued Walmart 2,208,552 shares of our Class A common stock. These shares were subject to our right to repurchase them at $0.01 per share upon termination of our agreement with Walmart other than a termination arising out of our knowing, intentional and material breach of the agreement. Our right to repurchase the shares lapsed with respect to 36,810 shares per month over the five-year term of the agreement. Our right to repurchase shares lapsed completely during the year ended December 31, 2015, and therefore, there were no shares subject to our repurchase right as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. 78 Note 11—Stockholders’ Equity (continued) Registration Rights Agreements Registration Rights Agreement dated as of May 27, 2010 as amended We are a party to a Ninth Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of May 27, 2010, as amended (the "Registration Rights Agreement") with certain of our investors, pursuant to which we have granted those persons or entities the right to register shares of common stock held by them under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. Holders of these rights are entitled to demand that we register their shares of common stock under the Securities Act so long as certain conditions are satisfied and require us to include their shares of common stock in future registration statements that may be filed, either for our own account or for the account of other security holders exercising registration rights. In addition, after an initial public offering, these holders have the right to request that their shares of common stock be registered on a Form S-3 registration statement so long as certain conditions are satisfied and the anticipated aggregate sales price of the registered shares as of the date of filing of the Form S-3 registration statement is at least $1.0 million. The foregoing registration rights are subject to various conditions and limitations, including the right of underwriters of an offering to limit the number of registrable securities that may be included in an offering. The registration rights terminate as to any particular shares on the date on which the holder sells such shares to the public in a registered offering or pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act. We are generally required to bear all of the expenses of these registrations, except underwriting commissions, selling discounts and transfer taxes. We are not obligated under the Registration Rights Agreement to transfer consideration, whether in cash, equity instruments, or adjustments to the terms of the financial instruments that are subject to the registration payment arrangement, to the investors, if the registration statement is not declared effective within the specified time or if effectiveness of the registration statement is not maintained. The Registration Rights Agreement expired pursuant to its terms in July 2015. Registration Rights Agreement dated as of October 23, 2014 We are party to a Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of October 23, 2014, with certain persons listed on Exhibit A thereto (the “New Registration Rights Agreement”), which we entered into in connection with our acquisition of TPG. The terms of the New Registration Rights Agreement grant the selling stockholders (and their successors and permitted assigns who hold shares of our Class A common stock in accordance with the New Registration Rights Agreement) certain rights with respect to the registration of their shares under the Securities Act. We were required to file a Form S-3 shelf registration statement to register the shares of Class A common stock issued in the acquisition of TPG as soon as reasonably practicable after the closing of the acquisition and to cause the registration statement to be declared effective within 75 days of the closing of the merger. We filed the Form S-3 registration statement with the SEC on December 12, 2014. Subject to certain exceptions, we must keep the Form S-3 registration statement continuously effective until the earlier of (x) the date following the second anniversary of the closing of the acquisition on which there remain fewer than 1,840,001 registrable securities (i.e., approximately 30% of the aggregate shares of our common stock issued in the acquisition) and (y) the 30 month anniversary of the acquisition closing. The New Registration Rights Agreement grants holders holding at least $30 million of registrable securities the right to cause us to effect up to two underwritten offerings under the Form S-3 registration statement of, in each case, registrable securities having an aggregate offering price of at least $30 million. The foregoing registration rights are subject to various conditions and limitations, including the right of underwriters of an offering to limit the number of registrable securities that may be included in an offering. The registration rights under the New Registration Rights Agreement will terminate as to any particular shares on the date on which the holder sells such shares to the public in a registered offering or pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act. We will generally pay all expenses, other than underwriting discounts and commissions, transfer taxes and the fees and disbursements of more than one counsel for the selling stockholders, incurred in connection with the registration described above. Refer to Note 3 — Business Acquisitions for additional information regarding our acquisition of TPG. Comprehensive Income The tax impact on unrealized losses on investment securities available-for-sale for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was approximately $0.2 million, $0.3 million and $0.0 million, respectively. 79 Note 11—Stockholders’ Equity (continued) Stock Repurchase Program In June 2015, our Board of Directors authorized a repurchase of shares of our Class A Common Stock in an amount up to $150 million under a stock repurchase program ("Repurchase Program") with no expiration date. The Repurchase Program may be carried out at the direction of management, subject to the limitations set forth in Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Exchange Act") and other legal requirements, and any further limitations that may be established by the Board of Directors. Repurchases may be made through open market purchases, block trades, and in negotiated private transactions. The stock may be repurchased on an ongoing basis and will be subject to the availability of stock, general market conditions, the trading price of the stock, alternative uses for capital and our financial performance. As of December 31, 2016 we have repurchased $100 million of Class A Common Stock under the Repurchase Program. Accelerated Share Repurchases We have entered into accelerated share repurchase arrangements (“ASRs”) with a financial institution. In exchange for an up-front payment, the financial institution delivers shares of our Class A Common Stock during the purchase periods of each ASR. Upon settlement, we will either receive additional shares from the financial institution or we may be required to deliver additional shares or cash to the financial institution, at our election. The final number of shares received upon settlement for the ASR is determined based on the volume-weighted average price of our common stock over the term of the agreement less an agreed upon discount and subject to adjustments pursuant to the terms and conditions of the ASR. The up-front payments are accounted for as a reduction to shareholders’ equity on our consolidated balance sheets in the periods the payments are made. The ASRs are accounted for in two separate transactions: 1) a treasury stock repurchase for the initial shares received and 2) a forward stock purchase contract indexed to our own stock for the unsettled portion of the ASR. The par value of the shares received are recorded as a reduction to common stock with the remainder recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital and retained earnings. The ASRs meet all of the applicable criteria for equity classification, and therefore are not accounted for as derivative instruments. The initial repurchase of shares resulted in an immediate reduction of the outstanding shares used to calculate the weighted- average common shares outstanding for basic and diluted earnings per share. The shares are retired upon repurchase, but remain authorized for registration and issuance in the future. The following table summarizes our ASR activity since inception of the stock repurchase program: Purchase Period End Date Number of Shares (In thousands) Average repurchase price per share ASR Amount (In thousands) April 2016 ASR September 2015 ASR October 2016 January 2016 2,219 2,342 $ $ 22.54 17.08 $ $ 50,000 40,000 Other In connection with the Repurchase Program, we entered into a repurchase plan in December 2015 under Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act for $10 million. The timing, nature and amount of purchases depend on a variety of factors, including market conditions and the volume limit defined by Rule 10b-18. We completed all repurchases under this plan during the first quarter of 2016 and total repurchases amounted to approximately 0.6 million shares at an average price of $16.15. 80 Note 12—Employee Stock-Based Compensation Employee Stock-Based Compensation In June 2010, our board of directors adopted, and in July 2010 our stockholders approved, the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, which replaced our 2001 Stock Plan, and the 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. The 2010 Equity Incentive Plan authorizes the award of stock options, restricted stock awards, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, performance shares and stock bonuses. Options granted under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan generally vest over four years and expire five years or ten years from the date of grant. The 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan enables eligible employees to purchase shares of our Class A common stock periodically at a discount. Our 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan is intended to qualify as an employee stock purchase plan under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code. Upon adoption, we reserved 2,000,000 shares and 200,000 shares of our Class A common stock for issuance under our 2010 Equity Incentive Plan and 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, respectively. The number of shares reserved for issuance under our 2010 Equity Incentive Plan and our 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan automatically increases on the first day of January of each of 2011 through 2014 and 2011 through 2018, respectively, by up to a number of shares equal to 3% of the total outstanding shares our Class A common stock as of the immediately preceding December 31st. Our board of directors or its compensation committee may reduce the amount of the annual increase under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan or 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan in any particular year. At our 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, our stockholders approved amendments to our 2010 Equity Incentive Plan to increase the number of shares reserved for issuance by 3,400,000 shares. Approximately 1.3 million shares are available for grant under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan as of December 31, 2016. Stock-based compensation for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 includes expense related to awards of stock options and restricted stock units and purchases under the 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Total stock-based compensation expense and the related income tax benefit were as follows: Total stock-based compensation expense $ Related income tax benefit Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (In thousands) 28,321 $ 9,167 27,011 $ 8,602 20,329 6,949 The following table summarizes stock options and restricted stock units granted (no stock options granted for the years ended December 31, 2016 or 2015): Stock options granted Weighted-average exercise price Weighted-average grant-date fair value Restricted stock units granted Weighted-average grant-date fair value Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (In thousands, except per share data) $ $ $ — — $ — $ — — $ — $ 1,703 22.65 $ 1,980 16.34 $ 106 20.92 10.75 2,035 19.49 We estimated the fair value of each stock option grant on the date of grant using the following weighted-average assumptions: Risk-free interest rate Expected term (life) of options (in years) Expected dividends Expected volatility Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 —% — — —% —% — — —% 1.8% 5.79 — 54.0% 81 Note 12—Employee Stock-Based Compensation (continued) Determining the fair value of stock-based awards at their respective grant dates requires considerable judgment, including estimating expected volatility and expected term (life). We based our expected volatility on the historical volatility of comparable public companies over the option’s expected term. We calculated our expected term based on the simplified method, which is the mid-point between the weighted-average graded-vesting term and the contractual term. The simplified method was chosen as a means to determine expected term as we have limited historical option exercise experience as a public company. We derived the risk-free rate from the average yield for the five-and seven- year zero-coupon U.S. Treasury Strips. We estimate forfeitures at the grant date based on our historical forfeiture rate and revise the estimate, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2016 was as follows: Options Weighted-Average Exercise Price Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In thousands, except per share data and years) Outstanding at December 31, 2015 Options granted Options exercised Options canceled Outstanding at December 31, 2016 Vested or expected to vest at December 31, 2016 Exercisable at December 31, 2016 3,348 $ — (822) (379) 2,147 $ 2,145 2,030 18.97 — 14.04 23.58 20.03 20.03 19.97 4.10 4.09 3.97 $ $ $ 11,246 11,242 10,854 The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $6.4 million, $0.5 million and $14.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. Restricted stock unit activity for the year ended December 31, 2016 was as follows: Outstanding at December 31, 2015 Restricted stock units granted Restricted stock units canceled Restricted stock units vested Outstanding at December 31, 2016 Shares Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value (In thousands) 3,446 1,703 $ $ (549) $ (1,057) $ 3,543 $ 17.99 23.04 18.38 18.42 20.24 The total fair value of shares vested for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $23.2 million, $14.0 million and $8.2 million, respectively, based on the price of our Class A common stock on the vesting date. As of December 31, 2016, there was $1.0 million and $50.9 million of aggregate unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options and restricted stock units, respectively, expected to be recognized in compensation expense in future periods, with a weighted-average period of 0.63 years and 2.54 years, respectively. Stock-Based Retailer Incentive Compensation As discussed in Note 11 — Stockholders’ Equity, we issued Walmart 2,208,552 shares of our Class A common stock in May 2010. We recognized the fair value of 36,810 shares each month over the five-year term of the commercial agreement. We recorded the fair value recognized as stock-based retailer incentive compensation, a contra-revenue component of our total operating revenues. We recognized monthly the fair value of the shares for which our right to repurchase has lapsed using the then-current fair market value of our Class A common stock. We recognized $2.5 million and $8.9 million of stock-based retailer incentive compensation for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Our repurchase right lapsed completely in April 2015, and we no longer recorded stock-based compensation beginning in May 2015. 82 Note 13—Income Taxes The components of income tax expense included in our consolidated statements of operations were as follows: Current: Federal State Foreign Current income tax expense Deferred: Federal State Foreign Deferred income tax expense (benefit) Income tax expense Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (In thousands) $ 16,540 $ 18,988 $ 1,934 217 18,691 2,362 (1,142) 50 1,270 1,104 21 20,113 (138) (287) 19 (406) 24,382 1,368 — 25,750 760 (224) (73) 463 $ 19,961 $ 19,707 $ 26,213 Income tax expense differs from the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income before income taxes. The sources and tax effects of the differences are as follows: U.S. federal statutory tax rate State income taxes, net of federal benefit General business credits Employee stock-based compensation Transaction costs Other Effective tax rate Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 35.0% 0.4 (3.4) 0.3 — 0.1 32.4% 35.0% 0.4 (0.9) 0.8 (2.1) 0.7 33.9% 35.0% 1.1 (1.3) 0.7 1.8 0.7 38.0% The decrease in the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015 is primarily due to the reversal of previously accrued tax provisions on uncertain tax positions that were no longer necessary due to the expiration of statue of limitations and settlement of certain taxing jurisdictions, included in general business credits. 83 Note 13—Income Taxes (continued) The tax effects of temporary difference that give rise to significant portions of our deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows: Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carryforwards Stock-based compensation Reserve for overdrawn accounts Accrued liabilities Tax credit carryforwards Other Total deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Internal-use software costs Property and equipment, net Deferred expenses Intangible assets Gift card revenue Total deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax assets December 31, 2016 2015 (In thousands) $ $ $ $ 12,619 $ 13,221 4,684 6,910 3,590 2,293 43,317 $ 20,415 $ 692 5,881 11,208 4,236 42,432 885 $ 14,726 12,535 3,162 6,206 2,592 2,531 41,752 17,955 1,669 4,730 10,623 4,183 39,160 2,592 We establish a valuation allowance when we consider it more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. As of December 31, 2016, we do not have a valuation allowance on any of our deferred tax assets as we believe it is more-likely-than-not that we will realize the benefits of our deferred tax assets. We are subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, and various state tax authorities. We remain subject to examination of our federal income tax returns for the five-months ended December 31, 2009 and the years ended December 31, 2010, through 2015. We generally remain subject to examination of our various state income tax returns for a period of four to five years from the respective dates the returns were filed. As of December 31, 2016, we have net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $41.2 million and $32.3 million for federal and state tax purposes, respectively, which will be available to offset future income. If not used, these carryforwards will expire between 2017 and 2035. In addition, we have state business tax credits of approximately $7.7 million that can be carried forward indefinitely and other state business tax credits of approximately $1.1 million that will expire 2026. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had a liability of $7.3 million and $7.4 million, respectively, for unrecognized tax benefits related to various federal and state income tax matters excluding interest, penalties and related tax benefits. The reconciliation of the beginning unrecognized tax benefits balance to the ending balance is as follows: 84 Note 13—Income Taxes (continued) Beginning balance Increases related to positions taken during prior years Increases related to positions taken during the current year Decreases related to positions settled with tax authorities Decreases due to a lapse of applicable statute of limitations Ending balance The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate $ $ $ 2016 Year Ended December 31, 2015 (In thousands) 7,371 $ 6,189 $ 2014 134 1,023 (1,105) (109) 759 423 — — 7,314 $ 7,371 $ 3,724 856 1,609 — — 6,189 7,314 $ 7,371 $ 6,189 We recognized accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, of approximately $0.6 million, $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Note 14—Earnings per Common Share The calculation of basic and diluted EPS was as follows: Basic earnings per Class A common share Net income Income attributable to preferred stock Income attributable to other classes of common stock Net income allocated to Class A common stockholders Weighted-average Class A shares issued and outstanding Basic earnings per Class A common share Diluted earnings per Class A common share Net income allocated to Class A common stockholders Re-allocated earnings Diluted net income allocated to Class A common stockholders Weighted-average Class A shares issued and outstanding Dilutive potential common shares: Stock options Restricted stock units Employee stock purchase plan Diluted weighted-average Class A shares issued and outstanding Diluted earnings per Class A common share Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (In thousands, except per share data) 41,600 $ 38,415 $ (802) — 40,798 $ 49,535 0.82 $ (1,102) (21) 37,292 $ 51,332 0.73 $ 40,798 $ 37,292 $ 20 40,818 $ 49,535 11 37,303 $ 51,332 507 753 2 293 243 7 50,797 0.80 $ 51,875 0.72 $ 42,693 (4,842) (349) 37,502 40,907 0.92 37,502 94 37,596 40,907 640 220 3 41,770 0.90 $ $ $ $ $ $ 85 Note 14—Earnings per Common Share (continued) For the periods presented, we excluded all shares of convertible preferred stock and certain stock options and restricted stock units outstanding, which could potentially dilute basic EPS in the future, from the computation of diluted EPS as their effect was anti-dilutive. The following table shows the weighted-average number of anti-dilutive shares excluded from the diluted EPS calculation: Class A common stock Options to purchase Class A common stock Restricted stock units Conversion of convertible preferred stock Total options, restricted stock units and convertible preferred stock Note 15—Fair Value Measurements Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (In thousands) 124 2 974 1,100 650 31 1,518 2,199 598 15 5,282 5,895 We determine the fair values of our financial instruments based on the fair value hierarchy established under applicable accounting guidance which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs used to measure fair value. For more information regarding the fair value hierarchy and how we measure fair value, see Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, our assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows: December 31, 2016 Assets Corporate bonds Commercial paper U.S. Treasury notes Agency securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal bonds Asset-backed securities Total assets Liabilities Contingent consideration December 31, 2015 Assets Corporate bonds Commercial paper U.S. Treasury notes Agency securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal bonds Asset-backed securities Total assets Liabilities Contingent consideration Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Fair Value (In thousands) — $ 21,535 $ — $ — — — — — — 12,430 21,563 4,001 117,491 1,430 29,976 — — — — — — — $ 208,426 $ — $ 21,535 12,430 21,563 4,001 117,491 1,430 29,976 208,426 — $ — $ 8,634 $ 8,634 — $ 33,154 $ — $ — — — — — — 6,505 17,525 4,015 99,772 1,900 18,668 — — — — — — 33,154 6,505 17,525 4,015 99,772 1,900 18,668 — $ 181,539 $ — $ 181,539 — $ — $ 13,889 $ 13,889 86 $ $ $ $ $ $ Note 15—Fair Value Measurements (continued) We based the fair value of our fixed income securities held as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 on quoted prices in active markets for similar assets. We had no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 assets or liabilities during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. The following table presents changes in our contingent consideration payable for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, which is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy: Balance, beginning of period Issuance Payments of contingent consideration Purchase accounting adjustment Change in fair value of contingent consideration Balance, end of period Note 16—Fair Value of Financial Instruments Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (In thousands) 13,889 $ 23,160 $ — (2,755) — (2,500) — (1,071) — (8,200) — 24,500 (242) (400) (698) 8,634 $ 13,889 $ 23,160 $ $ The following describes the valuation technique for determining the fair value of financial instruments, whether or not such instruments are carried at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets. Short-term Financial Instruments Our short-term financial instruments consist principally of unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents, federal funds sold, settlement assets and obligations, and obligations to customers. These financial instruments are short-term in nature, and, accordingly, we believe their carrying amounts approximate their fair values. Under the fair value hierarchy, these instruments are classified as Level 1. Investment Securities The fair values of investment securities have been derived using methodologies referenced in Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. Under the fair value hierarchy, our investment securities are classified as Level 2. Loans We determined the fair values of loans by discounting both principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected using a discount rate commensurate with the risk that we believe a market participant would consider in determining fair value. Under the fair value hierarchy, our loans are classified as Level 3. Deposits The fair value of demand and interest checking deposits and savings deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. We determined the fair value of time deposits by discounting expected future cash flows using market-derived rates based on our market yields on certificates of deposit, by maturity, at the measurement date. Under the fair value hierarchy, our deposits are classified as Level 2. Contingent Consideration The fair value of contingent consideration obligations are estimated through valuation models designed to estimate the probability of such contingent payments based on various assumptions. Estimated payments are discounted using present value techniques to arrive at an estimated fair value. Our contingent consideration payable is classified as Level 3 because we use unobservable inputs to estimate fair value, including the probability of achieving certain earnings thresholds and appropriate discount rates. Changes in fair value of contingent consideration are recorded through operating expenses. Note Payable The fair value of our note payable is based on borrowing rates currently required of loans with similar terms, maturity and credit risk. The carrying amount of our note payable approximates fair value because the base interest rate charged varies with market conditions and the credit spread is commensurate with current market spreads for issuers of similar risk. The fair value of the note payable is classified as a Level 2 liability in the fair value hierarchy. 87 Note 16—Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued) Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying values and fair values of certain financial instruments that were not carried at fair value, excluding short-term financial instruments for which the carrying value approximates fair value, at December 31, 2016 and 2015 are presented in the table below. Financial Assets Loans to bank customers, net of allowance Financial Liabilities Deposits Note payable $ $ $ Note 17—Concentrations of Credit Risk December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value (In thousands) 6,059 $ 5,421 $ 6,279 $ 5,847 737,414 100,686 $ $ 737,356 100,686 $ $ 652,145 121,652 $ $ 652,060 121,652 Financial instruments that subject us to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, investment securities, accounts receivable, loans and settlement assets. We deposit our unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and our restricted cash with regional and national banking institutions that we periodically monitor and evaluate for creditworthiness. Credit risk for our investment securities is mitigated by the types of investment securities in our portfolio, which must comply with strict investment guidelines that we believe appropriately ensures the preservation of invested capital. Credit risk for our accounts receivable is concentrated with card issuing banks and our customers, and this risk is mitigated by the relatively short collection period and our large customer base. We do not require or maintain collateral for accounts receivable. We maintain reserves for uncollectible overdrawn accounts and uncollectible trade receivables. With respect to our loan portfolio, approximately 93.3% of our borrowers reside in the state of Utah and approximately 42.0% in the city of Provo. Consequently, this loan portfolio is susceptible to any adverse market or environmental conditions that may impact this specific geographic region. Credit risk for our settlement assets is concentrated with our retail distributors, which we periodically monitor. Note 18—Defined Contribution Plan On January 1, 2004, we established a defined contribution savings plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Employees who have attained at least 21 years of age are generally eligible to participate in the plan on the first day of the calendar month following the month in which they commence service with us. Participants may make pre-tax contributions to the plan from their eligible earnings up to the statutorily prescribed annual limit on pre- tax contributions under the code. We may contribute to the plan at the discretion of our board of directors. Currently, employer contributions amount to 25% of the first 5% of a participant's eligible compensation. Our contributions are allocated in the same manner as that of the participant’s elective contributions. We made contributions to the plan of $0.8 million, $0.9 million, and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Note 19—Commitments and Contingencies In December 2011, we entered into a ten-year office lease for 140,000 square feet of office space in Pasadena, California. This facility serves as our corporate headquarters. The initial term of the lease is ten years and is scheduled to expire on October 31, 2022. Through our wholly owned subsidiaries, we also lease various office facilities and maintain smaller administrative or project offices. Our total rental expense for these and former leases amounted to $8.0 million, $8.8 million and $5.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. 88 Note 19—Commitments and Contingencies (continued) At December 31, 2016, the future minimum aggregate rental commitment under all operating leases and minimum annual payments through various agreements with vendors and retail distributors was as follows: Year ending December 31, 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Total of future commitments Operating Leases Vendor/Retail Distributor Commitments (In thousands) 7,236 $ 5,885 5,694 5,821 6,002 5,064 22,859 5,601 190 — — — 35,702 $ 28,650 $ $ In the event we terminate our processing services agreement for convenience, we are required to pay a single lump sum equal to any minimum payments remaining on the date of termination. These future minimum obligations are included in our vendor and retail distributor commitments. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had $0.5 million and $1.5 million outstanding in standby letters of credit related to our corporate facility lease, respectively. Litigation and Claims In the ordinary course of business, we are a party to various legal proceedings, including, from time to time, actions which are asserted to be maintainable as class action suits. We review these actions on an ongoing basis to determine whether it is probable and estimable that a loss has occurred and use that information when making accrual and disclosure decisions. We have provided reserves where necessary for all claims and, based on current knowledge and in part upon the advice of legal counsel, all matters are believed to be adequately covered by insurance, or, if not covered, we do not expect the outcome in any legal proceedings, individually or collectively, to have a material adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations. During the three months ended June 30, 2016, we continued our planned conversion of customer files from our legacy third-party card processor to our new third-party card processor. As part of the conversion process, a small percentage of our active cardholders experienced limited disruptions in service that resulted in losses to us including, but not limited to, approximately $4.1 million in specific credits we paid to our customers and specific cardholder transaction losses incurred by us as a result of the service disruption. These specific losses have been fully reimbursed by our new third-party processor, while other expenses we incurred as a result of the disruption in service were not reimbursed to us. As a result of this limited disruption in service, two putative class action complaints were filed during the second quarter of 2016. Any settlement amount paid to resolve the consolidated class actions will be borne equally between us and our new third-party card processor. We recorded an estimated accrual of approximately $2.8 million, which represents our portion of the estimated total settlement amount inclusive of legal fees, of which our insurance carrier has agreed to reimburse us for up to approximately $2.3 million. These amounts are recorded in other accrued liabilities and account receivable, respectively, on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we received net cash proceeds of $6.4 million in connection with the settlement of a lawsuit. We recorded this settlement, net of legal costs incurred in connection with the litigation, as other income on our consolidated statements of operations. Other Matters We monitor the laws of all 50 states to identify state laws or regulations that apply (or may apply) to our products and services. We have obtained money transmitter licenses (or similar such licenses) where applicable, based on advice of counsel or when we have been requested to do so. If we were found to be in violation of any laws and regulations governing banking, money transmitters, electronic fund transfers, or money laundering in the United States or abroad, we could be subject to penalties or could be forced to change our business practices. 89 Note 19—Commitments and Contingencies (continued) From time to time we enter into contracts containing provisions that contingently require us to indemnify various parties against claims from third parties. These contracts primarily relate to: (i) contracts with our card issuing banks, under which we are responsible to them for any unrecovered overdrafts on cardholders’ accounts; (ii) certain real estate leases, under which we may be required to indemnify property owners for environmental and other liabilities, and other claims arising from our use of the premises; (iii) certain agreements with our officers, directors, and employees, under which we may be required to indemnify these persons for liabilities arising out of their relationship with us; and (iv) contracts under which we may be required to indemnify our retail distributors, suppliers, vendors and other parties with whom we have contracts against claims arising from certain of our actions, omissions, violations of law and/or infringement of patents, trademarks, copyrights and/or other intellectual property rights. Generally, a maximum obligation under these contracts is not explicitly stated. Because the obligated amounts associated with these types of agreements are not explicitly stated, the overall maximum amount of the obligation cannot be reasonably estimated. With the exception of overdrafts on cardholders’ accounts, historically, we have not been required to make payments under these and similar contingent obligations, and no liabilities have been recorded for these obligations in our consolidated balance sheets. For additional information regarding overdrafts on cardholders’ accounts, refer to Note 5 — Accounts Receivable. Note 20—Significant Customer Concentration A credit concentration may exist if customers are involved in similar industries, economic sectors, and geographic regions. Our retail distributors operate in similar economic sectors but diverse domestic geographic regions. The loss of a significant retail distributor could have a material adverse effect upon our card sales, profitability, and revenue growth. Revenue Concentrations Revenues derived from our products sold at retail distributors constituting greater than 10% of our total operating revenues were as follows: Walmart Year Ended December 31, 2016 45% 2015 46% 2014 54% Excluding stock-based retailer incentive compensation of $0 million, $2.5 million and $8.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, revenues derived from our products sold at retail distributors constituting greater than 10% of our total operating revenues were as follows (stock-based retailer incentive compensation no longer incurred beginning May 2015): Walmart Year Ended December 31, 2016 45% 2015 46% 2014 55% No other retail distributor made up greater than 10% of our total operating revenues for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014. Settlement Asset Concentrations Settlement assets derived from our products sold at at retail distributors constituting greater than 10% of the settlement assets outstanding on our consolidated balance sheets were as follows: Walmart December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 42% 62% 90 Note 21—Regulatory Requirements Our subsidiary bank, Green Dot Bank, is a member bank of the Federal Reserve System and our primary regulator is the Federal Reserve Board. We are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines, we must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the assets, liabilities and certain off- balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we were categorized as "well capitalized" under the regulatory framework. There were no conditions or events since December 31, 2016 which management believes would have changed our category as "well capitalized." Our capital ratios and related regulatory requirements were as follows: Green Dot Corporation: Tier 1 leverage Common equity Tier 1 capital Tier 1 capital Total risk-based capital Green Dot Bank: Tier 1 leverage Common equity Tier 1 capital Tier 1 capital Total risk-based capital Green Dot Corporation: Tier 1 leverage Common equity Tier 1 capital Tier 1 capital Total risk-based capital Green Dot Bank: Tier 1 leverage Common equity Tier 1 capital Tier 1 capital Total risk-based capital December 31, 2016 Amount Ratio Regulatory Minimum (1) "Well-capitalized" Minimum (1) (In thousands, except ratios) 332,101 332,101 332,101 333,288 139,491 139,491 139,491 139,768 24.3% 61.0% 61.0% 61.2% 17.0% 54.8% 54.8% 54.9% 4.0% 4.5% 6.0% 8.0% 4.0% 4.5% 6.0% 8.0% n/a n/a 6.0% 10.0% 5.0% 6.5% 8.0% 10.0% December 31, 2015 Amount Ratio Regulatory Minimum (1) "Well-capitalized" Minimum (1) (In thousands, except ratios) 347,801 347,801 347,801 349,396 152,737 152,737 152,737 153,164 25.9% 70.7% 70.7% 71.1% 20.4% 132.2% 132.2% 132.5% 4.0% 4.5% 6.0% 8.0% 15.0% 4.5% 6.0% 8.0% n/a n/a 6.0% 10.0% 15.0% 6.5% 8.0% 10.0% (1) The tier 1 leverage regulatory minimum and well-capitalized minimum ratios for banks is 4% and 5%, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 our subsidiary bank was subject to separate tier 1 leverage requirements that we had committed to with the Federal Reserve Board and Utah Department of Financial Institutions. Our commitments with the Federal Reserve Board and Utah Department of Financial Institutions lapsed in November 2016. 91 Note 22— Selected Unaudited Quarterly Financial Information The following tables set forth a summary of our quarterly financial information for each of the four quarters in 2016 and 2015: Total operating revenues Total operating expenses Operating (loss) income Interest expense, net (Loss) income before income taxes Income tax (benefit) expense Net (loss) income (Loss) earnings per common share Basic Class A common stock Diluted Class A common stock Total operating revenues Total operating expenses Operating (loss) income Interest expense, net (Loss) income before income taxes Income tax (benefit) expense Net (loss) income (Loss) earnings per common share Basic Class A common stock Diluted Class A common stock Note 23—Segment Information 2016 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 (In thousands, except per share data) 162,768 $ 154,494 $ 173,488 $ 166,290 155,011 (3,522) 393 (3,129) (1,784) (1,345) $ (517) 207 (310) (2,347) 2,037 $ 160,619 12,869 125 12,994 4,968 8,026 $ (0.03) $ 0.04 $ 0.16 $ (0.03) $ 0.04 $ 0.16 $ 2015 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 (In thousands, except per share data) 150,928 $ 146,360 $ 170,247 $ 162,707 (11,779) (321) (12,100) (6,027) 148,066 163,329 (1,706) (337) (2,043) (2,222) 6,918 (431) 6,487 2,991 (6,073) $ 179 $ 3,496 $ (0.12) $ (0.12) $ — $ — $ 0.07 $ 0.06 $ 228,024 173,538 54,486 (2,480) 52,006 19,124 32,882 0.64 0.63 227,165 161,269 65,896 (118) 65,778 24,965 40,813 0.77 0.76 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ As of December 31, 2014 and prior, our operations were within one reportable segment. As a result of acquisitions occurring in the fourth quarter of 2014 and first quarter of 2015, we realigned our operations into two reportable segments during 2015: 1) Account Services and 2) Processing and Settlement Services. We identified our reportable segments based on factors such as how we manage our operations and how our chief operating decision maker views results. Our chief operating decision maker organizes and manages our business primarily on the basis of product and service offerings and uses operating income to assess profitability. The Account Services segment consists of revenues and expenses derived from our branded and private label deposit account programs. These programs include our Green Dot-branded and affinity-branded GPR card accounts, private label GPR card accounts, checking accounts, open-loop gift cards and secured credit cards. The Processing and Settlement Services segment consists of revenues and expenses derived from reload services through the Green Dot Network, 1099 disbursement programs and our tax refund processing services. The Corporate and Other segment primarily consists of unallocated corporate expenses, depreciation and amortization, intercompany eliminations and other costs that are not considered when management evaluates segment performance. We do not evaluate performance or allocate resources based on segment asset data, and therefore such information is not presented. 92 Note 23—Segment Information (continued) The following tables present certain financial information for each of our reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. We have determined that it is impracticable to restate segment information for the year ended December 31, 2014, as well as to provide disclosures under both the old basis and new basis of reporting for certain items. Therefore, no such disclosures are presented. Account Services Processing and Settlement Services Corporate and Other Total Year Ended December 31, 2016 544,271 $ 454,187 90,084 $ (In thousands) 203,569 $ 137,296 66,273 $ (29,066) $ 63,975 (93,041) $ 718,774 655,458 63,316 Account Services Processing and Settlement Services Corporate and Other Total Year Ended December 31, 2015 531,410 $ 440,669 90,741 $ (In thousands) 195,000 $ 133,539 61,461 $ (31,710) $ 61,163 (92,873) $ 694,700 635,371 59,329 $ $ $ $ Operating revenues Operating expenses Operating income Operating revenues Operating expenses Operating income Note 24—Subsequent Events On January 25, 2017, we entered into an Equity Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Empowerment Ventures, LLC ("Empowerment Ventures"), and UniRush, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Empowerment Ventures (“UniRush”). The Purchase Agreement provides for, among other things, the purchase of all of UniRush’s limited liability company interests. At closing, we expect to pay consideration of $147 million in cash, subject to customary net working capital adjustments and reductions for certain of UniRush’s liabilities and its debt and transaction expenses, as defined in the Purchase Agreement. In addition, we agreed to pay Empowerment Ventures an earn-out equal to the greater of (i) a specified percentage of the revenue generated by the RushCard portion of UniRush's business during the five-year period following the closing or (ii) $20 million, payable quarterly over the five years. Completion of the purchase is subject to certain customary conditions, which has not been completed as of the date of this report. 93 ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreement With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures Disclosure controls and procedures — Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 13d-15(e)), and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) at the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, at the end of such period, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Report of management on internal control over financial reporting — Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for Green Dot Corporation. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2016, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on these criteria. Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, which is included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Change in internal control over financial reporting — There was no material change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) during the three months ended December 31, 2016 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls — Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. ITEM 9B. Other Information None. 94 ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to our proxy statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2016. ITEM 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to our proxy statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2016. ITEM 12. Securities Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to our proxy statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2016. ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to our proxy statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2016. ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to our proxy statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2016. 95 ITEM 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a) The following documents are filed as exhibits to this report: 1. Financial Statements PART IV The Index to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this report is incorporated herein by reference as the list of financial statements required as part of this report. 2. Financial Statement Schedules All financial statement schedules have been omitted, since the required information is not applicable or is not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or because the information required is included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. 3. Exhibits: The following exhibits are filed as part of or furnished with this annual report on Form 10-K as applicable: The exhibit list in the Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference as the list of exhibits required as part of this report. 96 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURE Date: February 27, 2017 Green Dot Corporation By: Name: Title: /s/ Steven W. Streit Steven W. Streit President, Chief Executive Officer, Director KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS that each individual whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Steven W. Streit, John C. Ricci, and Mark Shifke, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorneys- in-fact and agents with full power of substitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or his, her or their substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done or by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature By: /s/ Steven W. Streit Name: Steven W. Streit By: /s/ Mark Shifke Name: Mark Shifke By: /s/ Jess Unruh Name: Jess Unruh By: /s/ William I. Jacobs Name: William I. Jacobs By: /s/ Kenneth C. Aldrich Name: Kenneth C. Aldrich By: /s/ J. Chris Brewster Name: J. Chris Brewster Title President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Date February 27, 2017 Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) February 27, 2017 Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) February 27, 2017 Chairman/Presiding Director February 27, 2017 Director Director February 27, 2017 February 27, 2017 By: /s/ Glinda Bridgforth Hodges Director February 27, 2017 Name: Glinda Bridgforth Hodges By: /s/ Rajeev V. Date Name: Rajeev V. Date By: /s/ Saturnino Fanlo Name: Saturnino Fanlo By: /s/ George W. Gresham Name: George W. Gresham By: /s/ George T. Shaheen Name: George T. Shaheen Director Director Director Director 97 February 27, 2017 February 27, 2017 February 27, 2017 February 27, 2017 The following documents are filed as exhibits to this report: EXHIBIT INDEX Exhibit Number 2.1^ 2.2^ 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 10.1* 10.2* 10.3* 10.4* 10.5 10.6† 10.7 10.8 10.9 Exhibit Title Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of September 17, 2014 by and among the Registrant, Patriot Merger Sub LLC, SBBT Holdings, LLC, Platform TPG LLC, solely in its capacity as the initial Holder Representative thereunder, and the certain persons delivering joinder agreements therewith. Equity Purchase Agreement, dated as of January 25, 2017, by and among Green Dot Corporation, Empowerment Ventures, LLC and UniRush, LLC. Incorporated by Reference Form 8-K Date September 17, 2014 Number 2.01 Filed Herewith 8-K January 30, 2017 2.1 Tenth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant. S-1(A2) April 26, 2010 3.02 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant. Certificate of Designations of Series A Convertible Junior Participating Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock of Green Dot Corporation dated as of December 8, 2011. Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of October 23, 2014, by and among the Registrant and the persons listed on Exhibit A thereto. Form of Indemnity Agreement. Second Amended and Restated 2001 Stock Plan and forms of notice of stock option grant, stock option agreement and stock option exercise letter. 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, and forms of notice of stock option grant, stock option award agreement, notice of restricted stock award, restricted stock agreement, notice of stock bonus award, stock bonus award agreement, notice of stock appreciation right award, stock appreciation right award agreement, notice of restricted stock unit award, restricted stock unit award agreement, notice of performance shares award and performance shares agreement. 8-K 8-K December 19, 2016 December 14, 2011 3.1 3.01 8-K October 24, 2014 4.01 S-1(A4) June 29, 2010 S-1(A3) June 2, 2010 10.01 10.02 8-K May 23, 2014 10.01 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. S-1(A4) June 29, 2010 10.19 Lease Agreement between the Registrant and Wells REIT II - Pasadena Corporate Park L.P., dated December 5, 2011 Amended and Restated Walmart MoneyCard Program Agreement dated as of May 1, 2015 by and among the Registrant, Green Dot Bank, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Walmart Stores Texas L.P., Wal-Mart Louisiana, LLC, Wal- Mart Stores Arkansas, LLC, Wal-Mart Stores East, L.P. and Wal-Mart Puerto Rico, Inc. Credit Agreement, dated as of October 23, 2014, by and between the Registrant, Bank of America, N.A., and the other lenders party thereto. First Amendment to Credit Agreement and Consent, dated as of February 12, 2015, by and between the Registrant, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, Bank of America, N.A., and other lenders party thereto. Second Amendment to Credit Agreement and Consent, dated as of December 11, 2015, by and between the Registrant, Bank of America, N.A., and other lenders party thereto. 10-K February 29, 2012 10.8 10-Q August 10, 2015 10.01 8-K October 24, 2014 10.1 10-K February 29, 2016 10.8 10-K February 29, 2016 10.9 98 Exhibit Number 10.10 Exhibit Title Form Date Number Incorporated by Reference Third Amendment to Credit Agreement and Consent, dated as of April 7, 2016, by and between the Registrant, Bank of America, N.A., and other lenders party thereto. Filed Herewith X 10.11* Employment letter agreement, dated September 16, 2016, between the Registrant and Steven W. Streit. 8-K September 22, 2016 10.01 10.12* Form of Executive Severance Agreement. S-1(A2) April 26, 2010 10.12 Performance-based restricted stock units award agreement between the Registrant and Steven W. Streit. 10-Q May 11, 2015 10.9 Performance-based restricted stock units award agreement between the Registrant and Steven W. Streit. 8-K March 31, 2016 10.02 10.13* 10.14* 10.15* 10.16* Performance-based restricted stock units award agreement between the Registrant and Konstantinos Sgoutas. Form of performance-based restricted stock units award agreement under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan 10.17* Green Dot Corporation Corporate Transaction Policy 10.18* 2015 Executive Officer Incentive Bonus Plan 10.19* 10.20* 2016 Executive Officer Incentive Bonus Plan Letter agreement regarding terms of separation, dated January 26, 2017, between the Registrant and Lewis B. Goodwin. 21.1 23.1 24.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 Subsidiaries of Green Dot Corporation Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm. Power of Attorney (included on the signature page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K). Certification of Steven W. Streit, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Mark Shifke, Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Steven W. Streit, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Mark Shifke, Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101.INS XBRL Instance Document** 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document** 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document** 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document** 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document** 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document** 99 10-Q May 11, 2015 10.10 8-K March 31, 2016 10.03 8-K 10-K 8-K 8-K April 9, 2015 March 2, 2015 March 31, 2016 February 1, 2017 10.01 10.20 10.01 10.01 X X X X X X X X X X X X X ________________ ^ * ** † Schedules and exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. Green Dot hereby undertakes to furnish supplementally copies of any of the omitted schedules and exhibits upon request by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. Pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, the Interactive Data Files on Exhibit 101 hereto are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended ("Securities Act"), are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("Exchange Act"), and otherwise are not subject to liability under those sections. The Interactive Data File will be filed by amendment to this Form 10-K within 30 days of the filing date of this Form 10-K, as permitted by Rule 405(a)(2)(ii) of Regulation S-T. Registrant has omitted portions of the referenced exhibit and filed such exhibit separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to a grant of confidential treatment under Rule 406 or Rule 24b-2 promulgated under the Securities Act or Rule 24b-2 promulgated under the Exchange Act. 100 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Kenneth C. Aldrich President, The Aldrich Company J. Chris Brewster Former Chief Financial Officer, Cardtronics, Inc. Glinda Bridgforth Hodges Founder, Bridgforth Financial & Associates, LLC EXECUTIVE OFFICERS Steven W. Streit President and Chief Executive Officer Mark L. Shifke Chief Financial Officer Kuan Archer Chief Operating Officer Rajeev V. Date Managing Partner, Fenway Summer LLC Mary J. Dent Chief Executive Officer, Green Dot Bank Saturnino “Nino” Fanlo President and Chief Financial Officer, Social Finance, Inc. Brett Narlinger Chief Revenue Officer George W. Gresham Chief Executive Officer, Granite Reef Advisers, Inc. John C. Ricci General Counsel and Secretary William I. Jacobs Chairman, Global Payments, Inc. George T. Shaheen Chairman, Korn/Ferry International Steven W. Streit President and Chief Executive Officer INVESTOR RELATIONS ir@greendot.com INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Ernst & Young LLP, Los Angeles STOCK LISTING & SYMBOL New York Stock Exchange Symbol: GDOT CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS 3465 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91107 Telephone: (626) 765-2000 www.greendot.com ©2017 Green Dot Corporation. 

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