Hostess Brands
Annual Report 2019

Plain-text annual report

[THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission file number 001-37540 ☒ ☐ HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 7905 Quivira Road, Lenexa, KS (Address of principal executive offices) 47-4168492 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 66215 (zip code) (816) 701-4600 Registrant’s telephone number, including area code Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act Title of Each Class Ticker Symbol Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered Class A Common Stock, par value of $0.0001 per share TWNK The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC 56,499,790 Warrants, each exercisable forff Stock half share of Class A Common TWNKWWW The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None. Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ¨ Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.Yes x No o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§229.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.: Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No x The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2019, computed by reference to the closing price reported on the NASDAQ Capital Market on such date was $1,568,915,646 (108,650,668 shares at a closing price per share of $14.44). Shares of Class A common stock outstanding - 123,186,308 shares at February 21, 2020 Shares of Class B common stock outstanding - 7,440,587 shares at February 21, 2020 Portions of the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to its 2020 annual meeting of stockholders (the “2020 Proxy Statement”) are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K where indicated. The 2020 Proxy Statement will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. FORM 10-K FOR THE YEAR ENDED December 31, 2019 Item 1. Business Item 1A. Risk Factors Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Item 2. Item 3. Properties Legal Proceedings Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures INDEX Part I Part II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Item 6. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Selected Financial Data Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Item 9B. Other Information Part III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Item 11. Item 12. Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Part IV Page 4 11 25 26 26 26 27 29 33 42 43 74 74 74 75 75 75 75 75 75 Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements This Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) contains statements reflecting our views about our future performance that constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements contained in this Annual Report other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, our business strategy and plans, and our objectives forff future operations, are forward-looking statements. Statements that constitute forward-looking statements are generally identified through the inclusion of words such as “believes,” “expects,” “intends,” “estimates,” “projects,” “anticipates,” “will,” “plan,” “may,” “should,” or similar language. Statements addressing our future operating performance and statements addressing events and developments that we expect or anticipate will occur are also considered as forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements included herein are made only as of the date hereof. It is routine for our internal projections and expectations to change throughout the year, and any forward-looking statements based upon these projections or expectations may change prior to the end of the next quarter or year. Readers of this Annual Report are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Risks and uncertainties are identified and discussed in Item 1A-Risk Factors in this Annual Report. All subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by these risk factors. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of no ew information, future events, or 7- otherwise. The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations included in ItemII Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8 of to histt Annual Report. Explanatory Note Hostess Brands, Inc. (f/k/a Gores Holdings, Inc.) was originally incorporated in Delaware on June 1, 2015 as a special purpose acquisition company (“SPAC”), formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capia tal stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization, or other similar business combination with one or more target businesses. On August 19, 2015, Gores Holdings, Inc. consummated its initial public offering (the “IPO”), following which its shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“NASDAQ”). On November 4, 2016 (the “Closing Date”), in a transaction referred to as the “Hostess Business Combination,” Gores Holdings, Inc. acquired a controlling interest in Hostess Holdings, L.P. (“Hostess Holdings”), an entity owned indirectly by C. Dean Metropoulos (the “Metropoulos Entities”) and certain equity funds managed by affiliates of Apollo Global Management, LLC (the “Apollo Funds” and, together with the Metropoulos Entities, the “Legacy Hostess Equityholders”). Hostess Holdings had acquired the Hostess® brand and certain strategic assets out of the bankruptcy liquidation proceedings of its prior owner (“Old Hostess”), free and clear of all past liabilities, in April 2013, and relaunched the Hostess® brand later that year. In connection with the closing of the Hostess Business Combination, Gores Holdings, Inc. changed its name to Hostess Brands, Inc. and its trading symbols on NASDAQ from “GRSH” and “GRSHW,” to “TWNK” and “TWNKW”. As a result of the Hostess Business Combination, for accounting purposes, Hostess Brands, Inc. (“we”, “us”, “our” or the “Company”) is the acquirer and Hostess Holdings is the acquired party and accounting predecessor. Our financial statement presentation includes the financial statements of Hostess Holdings and its subsidiaries as “Predecessor” for periods prior to the completion of the Hostess Business Combination and of Hostess Brands, Inc., including the consolidation of Hostess Holdings and its subsidiaries, for periods from and after the Closing Date. 3 Item 1. Business Hostess - Who We Are PART I We are a leading packaged food company focused on developing, manufacturing, selling and distributing baked goods in North America. The Company produces a variety of new and classic treats including Hostess® CupCakes, Twinkies®, Donettes®, Ding Dongs®, and Zingers® in addition to Danishes, Honey Buns and Coffee Cakes. In January 2020, the Company acquired Voortman Cookies, Limited (“Voortman”), which produces a variety of cookies and wafer products, including sugar-free products under the Voortman® brand. Our strategic vision is to be an iconic branded baking company that builds brands and categories to delight our consumers and customers. We seek to leverage our differentiated core competencies of strong brand equity, continuous innovation, efficient manufacturing and distribution model, collaborative customer partnerships, and significant cash flows to drive profitable and sustainable growth by engaging consumers with our sweet baked goods while seeking opportunities in adjacent bakery categories. We operate in the growing snacking market where indulgent, sweet snacking continues to be a top driver. Our brands represented 18.8% of the Sweet Baked Goods (“SBG”) category according to Nielsen total universe for the 52-weeks ended December 28, 2019. We believe our strong brand history and market position in the SBG category combined with our entrepreneurial spirit and scalable operating model provide a strong platform to execute our strategic initiatives. We have invested significantly in retailer and consumer data analysis to identify distribution and pricing opportunities and in automated baking and packaging lines to enhance production efficiency. These investments, combined with our Direct-to-Warehouse (“DTW”) distribution model, have maintained our leading, premium brand position within the $6.8 billion U.S. SBG category and have increased our distribution channels, paving a path towards futff urt e sustainable, profitable growth. Our DTW distribution model uses centralized distribution centers and common carriers to fill orders, with products generally delivered to our customers’ warehouses. This model has eliminated the need for Direct-Store-Delivery (“DSD”) routes and drivers, which allows us to expand our core distribution while gaining access to new channels (e.g., further penetration into convenience, drug store, dollar, foodservice, and cash & carry). Brands and Products PP Hostess® has been an iconic American brand for generations. In 2019, we celebrated our 100 year anniversary of the launch of our first CupCake. Our extensive portfolio of timeless and universally recognized names such as Twinkies®, HoHos® and Ding Dongs® evoke an emotional affinity with consumers that has the potential to be further unlocked through effective marketing and consumer-insight based innovation. We produce Hostess®, Dolly Madison®, Cloverhill® and Big Texas® branded products. Each brand targets different key markets and consumer needs. Additionally, we added the Voortman® brand to our portfolio in January 2020. 4 Our Growth Strategy We are executing our growth strategy by strengthening our core Hostess® brand and expanding into adjacent categories through innovation and strong partnerships with our customers, leveraging our highly efficient and profitable business model and executing strategic acquisitions to accelerate growth, while effectively managing our capital structure. Optimize the core Hostess Brand and expand into adjacent categories We believe that we have maintained the Hostess® brand power and category awareness for over a century by satisfying consumers’ need for great-tasting sweet treats. We believe our portfolio of highly recognized products is synonymous with American snacking. We have established our leadership position in the SBG segment through the strength and quality of our products, developing and promoting a brand that unites our loyal consumer base and by pricing our products at a reasonable premium to other snacking alternatives. We plan to capitalize on the strength of the Hostess® brand and our attractive retailer economics in order to drive growth by attracting new consumers and increasing the number of stores carrying our products. With the potential afforded by the extended reach of our DTW distribution model, our market share gains are expected to come from traditional channels (“core expansion”) through our investment in quality, targeted marketing, product renovation ff and a focus on our most effective brands and SKUs. Our brand strategy, combined with investments in highly effective marketing and brand-building, has resulted in what we believe to be one of the strongest brand equities in snacking. By expanding points of distribution and increasing SKU assortments, we plan to continue top line growth in the future. Our top three products (Donettes®, Twinkies® and CupCakes) have all commodity volume (“ACV”) distribution rates in core channels that are significantly higher than the average rate achieved by other products in our portfolio (based on Nielsen 52-weeks ending December 28, 2019). These high levels are directly correlated to our focused approach on our strategic initiatives. By applying this tailored and focused approach to our other existing product lines, we will work with retailers to expand the average number of SKUs offered and attempt to reduce distribution gaps. The average number of our products selling at core retailers today is approximately 23 items. Innovation is key to fueling our growth. We are devoted to maintaining our iconic brands while contemporizing them in order to stay relevant with our consumer base and attract new consumers. We believe that to support our premium position, we must continually evolve with changing consumer preferences and trends. We are focused on continuing to innovate and expand our core products by launching new flavors of iconic products to leverage the brand’s power and drive incremental revenue and profit.The success of our product innovation is in part driven by understanding consumer preferences, providing awareness and trials by partnering with our customers, all while maintaining our iconic brands and product quality. 5 We are driving incremental growth in the Hostess® brand through extensions of our core products and limited time offerings. During 2019, we had great success with our Birthday CupCake. Originally created as a limited time offering to celebrate our 100 year anniversary, it was quickly added to our core product portfolio due to high consumer demand. The Birthday CupCake is now our #2 selling CupCake flavor. New products such as Triple Chocolate Brownies and Totally Nutty® expand the Hostess® brand into new consumer segments. Fun seasonable items such as Baseball CupCakes, Mint Chocolate Twinkies as well as other limited time offerings tied to cultural trends such as Unicorn CupCakes and Fruitfetti Donettes®, continue to engage our target consumers and provide a fresh perspective to the brand. During 2019, the breakfast sub-category also provided a significant opportunity for us to expand our total share of the SBG category. This sub-category represents approximately 52% of the $6.8 billion SBG category according to Nielsen U.S. total universe for the 52-weeks ended December 28, 2019. According to a January 2019 study by Mintel, breakfast was one of the top consumer snacking opportunities. These consumption trends play to our strengths as our products conveniently come packaged in both single-serve and multipack varieties. The acquisition of the Cloverhill® Business in 2018 enabled us to leverage our existing platform and to expand our breakfast capabilities in this significant consumer segment. In 2019, we launched our new Hostess® Cinnamon Rolls, Danishes and Jumbo Donettes®. We also launched additional pack-types for our classic breakfast treats, such as the snack size Donettes®, which are addressing consumer needs for on the go products. We continue to launch new partnerships and enter into licensing agreements to leverage our iconic brands. During 2019, we partnered with other consumer packaged goods companies to bring our iconic brands and flavor profiles to including coffee and breakfast cereal. Our products are also distributed by third parties various products, internationally, including products packed specifically for Mexico, the United Kingdom and Canada. Our products are also sold on various e-commerce platforms. We understand the need to continually evolve while maintaining the traditional offerings our loyal consumer base has come to know and love. We continue to invest in new product development and building our long-term pipeline, leveraging our innovation pipeline and commercialization process to bring new products to market in a timely fashion. Leverage highly efficient and profitable business model When we relaunched the Company, we set out to disrupt the status quo business model of the SBG category. We established our innovative DTW distribution model and heavily invested in our bakeries, which has resulted in energy, labor and time savings, along with the ability to produce quality products. These investments also paved the way for new product innovation. The DTW model uses centralized distribution centers and common carriers. During 2019, we entered into a lease forff a new primary distribution center and successfully transitioned a significant portion of the shipments of our products to the new facility in Kansas. Our former primary distribution center was managed by a third party provider, while our new distribution center will be managed internally. This in-sourcing has improved visibility and control of this key component of our operating model. We continue to utilize other smaller distribution centers that are owned and operated by third parties for select products. The distribution centers are able to fill customer orders and reduce inventory on-hand as a result of this centralized consolidation of inventory. Products are delivered to customers’ warehouses from the distribution centers using common carriers. A small number of our customers pick up their orders directly from our distribution centers. The DTW model is enabled by our extended shelf life (“ESL”) technology. As a result of our DTW model, we do not keep a significant backlog of finished goods inventory, as our bakery products are promptly shipped to our distribution centers after being produced. Some of our products are shipped frozen at the request of certain retailers. We believe our DTW distribution model has created a substantial whitespace opportunity. We have greater access to convenience, drug and dollar stores. Distributing to these channels under a DSD model can be inefficient due to small average drop size. Historically, DSD snack cake companies have competed with candy and tobacco companies 6 for distribution; however, our DTW model has enabled us to partner with these third-party distributors who can profitably penetrate both the convenience store and drug store channels and who are looking for opportunities to gain share in the SBG category. In 2019, convenience and drug stores accounted for 31.5% of our net revenues. We have established a strong presence and market share in the convenience and drug channels and are focused on continuously expanding coverage. These partnerships further expand our distribution reach in a highly efficient manner, and we believe they will add to our growth potential going forward. We have a tailored channel based go-to-market model that demonstrates key capabilities for growth. We continue to invest in data capabilities, which enables focus on store-level compliance and growth opportunities with our Hostess Partner Program (“HPP”). We also have a unique consortium retail merchandising approach where we partner with brokers to drive in-store performance at lower costs. We believe that impulse purchase decisions are another fundamental driver of retail sales of our products, which makes prominent in-store placement an essential growth lever. The DTW and centralized distribution model provide us with a competitive advantage through the ability to utilize retail-ready corrugate displays. These pre-built displays are visually impactful, produced economically, and require minimal in-store labor to assemble or load, thus providing cost-efficient display vehicles that benefit both us and the retailer. Preloaded displays also allow us full control over our brand marketing, which allows us to execute retailer-wide campaigns regionally or nationally in a consistent manner, providing a unique competitive advantage across the entire SBG category, which is predominantly DSD-served. Our business model is supported by cost-advantaged manufacturing and distribution, expanded channel/retail store reach and enhanced in-store merchandising capabilities, and offers our retail partners attractive margins that incentivize further distribution of our products. We have continued to invest in the business since the re-launch in 2013 and anticipate continued investment in the business to further our strategic initiatives. Our disciplined capital investment focus will be on operational capabilities that directly support or expand our growth and innovation with strong return on investment metrics. Further, we anticipate continued investment in automation, which allows for improved product quality, consistency and efficiency. Platform for acquisitions We have a solid platform for growth through acquisitions. Within the fragmented consumer packaged goods market, the opportunity exists to drive value creation through acquisitions by leveraging our brand, infrastructure and performance-driven management culture. We are committed to seeking-out opportunities that add new capabilities to our already broad offerings. The 2018 acquisition and integration of the Cloverhill® business in Chicago, Illinois, is another example where we are leveraging our warehouse model and expanding our breakfast capabilities. The transformation and significant capital investment we have made in this facility have provided us with a platform to leverage our brand in the breakfast sub-category. Net revenue from the sale of Hostess® products through the club channel increased 44.7% from the prior year, demonstrating our ability to leverage customer relationships acquired from the Cloverhill® business to drive sales in our core product portfolio. On August 30, 2019, we sold the In-Store Bakery operations in order to provide more focus on future investments in areas of our business that better leverage our core competencies. We sold the In-Store Bakery operations for $65.0 million, subject to post-closing adjustments. The acquisition of Voortman in January 2020 diversifies and expands our product offerings and manufacturing capabilities in the attractive, adjacent $7.8 billion cookie category based on Nielsen data as of December 28, 2019. The Voortman® brand and its unique product offerings have the #1 share of the sugar-free and wafer segments within this category. The acquisition also leverages our broad customer reach and lean and agile business model. The combined company expects to realize additional benefits of scale via sharing established, efficient infrastructure and strengthening of collaborative retail partnerships in the United States and Canada. We expect the transaction to 7 deliver on key growth opportunities while achieving significant cost synergies within the first 12 - 18 months following the close of the transaction. As we explore other opportunities, we will consider our ability to leverage our existing brands or reinvigorate acquired brands within the snacking category. We will also consider our ability to integrate acquisitions with our existing business and the opportunities to generate synergies through leveraging of our existing assets and warehouse model. We believe our scale, access to capital and management experience will allow us to consider acquisitions in the future and to efficiently integrate them. The Category: Large and Attractive The average American is snacking 3-5 times per day and the larger snacking market is expected to grow by 20% between 2018 and 2022 according to Mintel. The U.S. SBG category is one of the largest categories within the broader U.S. Total Snack category, with estimated retail sales of $6.8 billion in 2019 according to the Nielsen U.S. total universe for the 52-weeks ended December 28, 2019. The SBG category includes breakfast items (e.g., donuts, breakfasff t danishes, and muffins) and all-day snacking items (e.g., snack cakes, pies, bars, brownies, blondies, and cookies). With a January 2019 Mintel study showing that flavor is the most important snacking attribute to consumers and the number one reason for snacking is to “satisfy a craving or treat myself”, our product portfolio is well positioned to benefit from these broader snacking trends. During 2019, point of sale for our combined brands grew 77.6 million representing 60.3% of total SBG category growth. Our combined brands represented 18.8% share of the SBG category during 2019, which represents an opportunity for continued growth in comparison to 22.8% share prior to the Hostess® brands hiatus from 2012 to 2013. Competitive landscape Hostess® is the #2 brand in the U.S. SBG category. The top three brands, Hostess, Little Debbie, and Entenmann's account for 62% of the SBG retail sales according to Nielsen, while the rest of the category remains fairly fragmented. With limited private label penetration in the category, consumers have shown a strong preference for trusted brands within the SBG category. The leading positions are solidified through extensive product portfolios, strong brand awareness, established distribution capabilities and long-standing relationships with critical high- volume retailers. Furthermore, high levels of capital investment are required to establish manufacturing and distribution capabilities of meaningful scale, providing additional barriers to entry. We face competition from other brands, large national bakeries, smaller regional operators and supermarket chains with their own private label brands. The key competitive factors in the industry include product quality, price, customer service, brand recognition and loyalty, promotional activities, access to retail outlets, sufficient shelf-space and ability to identify and satisfy consumer preferences. Some of our largest national competitors include Flowers Foods, Inc., Grupo Bimbo, S.A. and McKee Foods Corporation. In addition, we also compete with regional sweet goods branded manufacturers and other companies that produce cookies, candies and other sweet snacks. At times, we experience pricing pressure in certain of our markets from competitor promotions and other pricing practices. However, we believe our brand recognition, product quality and innovation have generated consumer loyalty to many of our products which helps mitigate this impact. Seasonality Sweet baked goods revenues tend to be moderately seasonal, with declines during the early winter period, which we believe are attributable to altered consumption patterns during the holiday season. We expect this trend to continue to be applicable to our business. We strive to mitigate the seasonality by running certain targeted promotional campaigns. 8 Production We have a lean, agile and scalable model that delivers quality results. We produce our products at five bakeries located in Emporia, Kansas; Columbus, Georgia; Indianapolis, Indiana; Chicago, Illinois; and our newly acquired bakery in Canada. Our state of the art auto-bake technologies have resulted in significant energy, labor and time savings. The technology provides fully-automated industrial baking ovens and systems, combining cost efficient, compact and continuous baking solutions that can be custom configured. We have also invested in equipment that fully-automates the packaging process (from wrapping to palletizing). A portion of our products are manufactured and packaged by third parties under our brands and distributed through our facilities. Raw Materials Our principal raw materials are flour, sweeteners, edible oils and compound coating, as well as corrugate and films used to package our products. We utilize various buying strategies to lock in prices for certain raw materials and packaging to reduce the impact of commodity price fluctuations. In addition, we are dependent on natural gas as fuel for firing our ovens. Our third-party common carriers use gasoline and diesel as fuel for their trucks. We have strategic, long-term relationships with our key suppliers for our raw materials and packaging that help leverage our buying power. While the cost of some raw materials has, and may continue to increase or decrease over time, we believe that we will be able to purchase an adequate supply of raw materials as needed. We also sole source d certain raw materials. We have multiple vendors that meet our supply materials, supply sourced continue to i except iin hthe case fof evaluate l technology. certain enzymes u dsed iin our ESL technology. i hWith respect to hthe enzymes, we requirements ffor hthe imaintaiin b ibusiness hother sources iin flexibility. dand flexibility. continuity i dorder to lsole i l i i i CCustomers Our top 10 customers in 2019 accounted for 62.3% of total net revenue. During 2019, our largest customer, Wal- Mart and related entities, represented 23.6% of our net revenue. No other customer accounted for more than 10% of 2019 net revenue. The loss of, or a material negative change in, our relationship with Wal-Mart or any of our other top 10 customers could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our customers include mass merchandisers, supermarkets and other retailers and distributors, convenience, drug and dollar stores. Trademarks and Other Intellectual Property We believe that our intellectual property has substantial value and has contributed to the success of our business. In particular, our trademarks, including our registered Hostess®, Dolly Madison®, Cloverhill®, and Big Texas® and Voortman® brand trademarks and our sub-brand trademarks, including Twinkies®, Ding Dongs®, Ho Hos®, Zingers®, Sno Balls®, and Donettes®, are valuable assets that we believe reinforce our consumers’ favorable perception of our products. This value provides us the opportunity to sell our products at premium price points and pursue licensing opportunities. From time to time, third parties have used names similar to ours, have applied to register trademarks similar to ours and, we believe, have infringed or misappropriated our intellectual property rights. Third parties have also, from time to time, opposed our trademarks and challenged our intellectual property rights. We respond to these actions on a case-by-case basis. We rely on laws and regulations, as well as contractual restrictions, to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights. 9 Research and Development The majority of our research and development spend is dedicated to enhancing and expanding our product lines, responding to changing consumer preferences and trends and continuing to enhance the taste of our products. In addition, our research and development organization provides technical support to ensure that our core products are consistently produced in accordance with our high standards of quality and specifications. Finally, this department is charged with developing processes to reduce our costs without adversely affecting the quality of our products. Government Regulation Our operations, including the manufacturing, processing, formulating, packaging, labeling and advertising of products, are subject to regulation by various federal agencies, including the Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”), the Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”), and the Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”). Our products are subject to various local, state, and federal laws, regulations and administrative practices affecting our business. We must comply with provisions regulating registrations and licensing, health and sanitation standards, current Good Manufacturing Practices and traceability, hazard analysis and risk-based preventative controls, food labeling, equal employment, wage and hour requirements, and environmental protection, among others. We take compliance and the safety of our products seriously and take all steps that we consider necessary or appropriate to comply with all applicable laws, rules and regulations. Experienced Team The Company’s culture is an integral part of our strategy, built on entrepreneurship, innovation, collaboration and a competitive spirit. Embodying these tenets is a strong and experienced management team, led by Andy Callahan, our President and Chief Executive Officer. Members of the management team have extensive experience in the consumer packaged goods industry across the sales, operations, marketing, legal and finance disciplines. Our management team is complemented by an experienced Board of Directors, all of whom have senior executive leadership and bring with them extensive consumer products knowledge. Our board members and management include: Board of Directors: Andy P. Callahan, Director Management: Andy P. Callahan, President and Chief Executive Officer ff C. Dean Metropoulos, Chairman Craig D. Steeneck, Director Brian T. Purcell, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer Michael J. Cramer, Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer ff Gretchen R. Crist, Director Ioannis Skoufalos, Director Jerry D.Kaminski, Director Laurence D. Bodner, Director Andrew W. Jacobs, Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer Thomas A. Peterson, Executive Vice President, Strategy and M&A John L. Kalal, Senior Vice President of Bakery Operations and Supply Chain Chad S. Lusk, Senior Vice President, Chief Marketing Officer Darryl P. Riley, Senior Vice President of Quality, Food Safety and R&D Jolyn J. Sebree, Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary ff Robert C. Weber, Senior Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer A detailed biography of each of our board members and key management team members can be found at www.hostessbrands.com. Unless expressly stated otherwise, the information contained on or accessible through our website is not incorporated by referff ence into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 10 As of December 31, 2019, we employed approximately 2,000 people. Of our total workforce, approximately 81% were located at our bakery facilities. The remaining workers comprised functions including operations management, sales and supply chain, among other corporate functions. We have entered into collective bargaining agreements with the local unions of the Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers Union in Indianapolis, Indiana and Columbus, Georgia, AFL-CIO and the Chemical Production Workers Union Local No. 30 in Chicago, Illinois. Approximately 901 employees are covered by these collective bargaining agreements. We consider our relations with employees to be good and have not experienced a strike or significant work stoppage. Employee Safety and Environmental Sustainability We are committed to keeping our employees safe, protecting the environment and providing developmental opportunities for our employees. We endeavor to be a company of energized people and to be a good corporate citizen. Our goal is to create a higher standard of living and quality of life for our employees and our communities. We believe new automation, safety investments and behavioral safety training have resulted in higher employee engagement and lower workers’ compensation costs. We meet periodically with local and state leaders to discuss business planning and ways to become a better community partner with educational, municipal and regulatory agencies. We promote participation in charitable organizations and make philanthropic donations in the communities where we operate. We also routinely donate a portion of our excess production to food banks in areas where we operate. Available Information This discussion of the business should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified by reference to, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) under Item 7 herein. In addition, the information set forth under the headings “Forward Looking Statements,” and “Introduction” in the MD&A and the segment and geographic information included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 6. Segment Reporting are incorporated herein by reference in partial response to this Item 1. The Company’s Internet website address is www.hostessbrands.com. The Company makes available free of charge (other than an investor’s own Internet access charges) through its Internet website its Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, on the same day they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company is not including the information contained on or available through its website as a part of, or incorporating such information by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 11 Item 1A. Risk Factors You should carefully consider the following risk factors, together with all of the other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The risks described below are those which we believe are the material risks that we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or which we currently consider immaterial may also have an adverse effect on us. Any risk described below may have a material adverse impact on our business or financial condition. Under these circumstances, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or ff part of your investment. Risks Related to Our Business Maintaining, extending and expanding our reputation and brand image are essential to our business success. We have many iconic brands with long-standing consumer recognition. Our success depends on our ability to maintain our brand image for our existing products, extend our brands to new platforms, and expand our brand image with new product offerings. We seek to maintain, extend, and expand our brand image through marketing investments, including advertising and consumer promotions, and product innovation. Increasing attention on the role of food marketing could adversely affect our brand image. It could also lead to stricter regulations and greater scrutiny of marketing practices. Existing or increased legal or regulatory restrictions on our advertising, consumer promotions and marketing, or our response to those restrictions, could limit our efforts to maintain, extend and expand our brands. Moreover, adverse publicity about regulatory or legal action against us could damage our reputation and brand image, undermine our customers’ confidence and reduce long-term demand for our products, even if the regulatory or legal action is unfounded or not material to our operations. In addition, our success in maintaining, extending, and expanding our brand image depends on our ability to adapta to a rapidly changing media environment. We increasingly rely on social media and online dissemination of advertising campaigns. Social and digital media increases the speed and extent that information or misinformation and opinions can be shared. Negative posts or comments about us, our brands or our products on social or digital media, whether or not valid, could seriously damage our brands and reputation. If we do not maintain, extend, and expand our brand image, then our product sales, financial condition and operating results could be materially and adversely affected. Our intellectual property rights are valuable, and our failure to protect them could reduce the value of our products and brands. We consider our intellectual property rights, including our trademarks, trade names, copyrights, trade secrets and trade dress, to be a significant and valuable part of our business. We attempt to protect our intellectual property rights by taking advantage of a combination of applicable laws, registrations of our intellectual property, third-party agreements (including non-disclosures, assignments, distribution and/or manufacturing, licenses, consents and co- existence) and policing and enforcement of third-party misuse or infringement of our intellectual property. Our failure to obtain or adequately protect our intellectual property rights, or any change in law or other changes that serve to lessen or intellectual property, may diminish our legal protections of our competitiveness and could materially harm our business. In addition, third-party claims of intellectual property infringement might require us to pay monetary damages or enter into costly license agreements. We also may be subject to injunctions against development and sale of certain of our products. remove the current Any litigation regarding intellectual property (including third-party infringement claims or litigation initiated by us to protect our intellectual property rights) could be costly and time-consuming and could divert management’s and other key personnel’s attention from our business operations. Any of the occurrences outlined above could materially and adversely affect our reputation, product sales, financial condition and operating results. 12 We may be unable to leverage our brand value to compete against lower-priced alternative brands. In most of our product categories, we compete with lower-priced alternative products. Our products must provide higher value and/or quality to our consumers than alternatives, particularly during periods of economic uncertainty. Consumers may not buy our products if relative differences in value and/or quality between our products and retailer or other economy brands change in favor of competitors’ products or if consumers perceive this type of change. If consumers choose the lower-priced brands, then we could lose market share or sales volumes, which could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition, and operating results. We may be unable to correctly predict, identify and interpret changes in consumer preferences and demand and offer new products or methods of distribution to meet those changes. Consumer preferences for food and snacking products change continually. Our success will depend on our ability to predict, identify and interpret the tastes, dietary habits, purchasing behavior and other preferences of consumers and to offer products that appeal to these preferences. Moreover, weak economic conditions, recession or other factors could affect consumer preferences and demand. If we do not offer products that appeal to consumers or if we misjudge consumer demand for our products, our sales and market share will decrease and our profitability could suffer. We continually introduce new products or product extensions and our operating results and growth will depend upon the market reception of such new products. There can be no assurance that new products will find widespread acceptance among consumers, and unsuccessful product launches may decrease our profitability and damage our brands’ reputation. The continued prevalence of e-commerce and other methods of distribution outside of traditional retail shopping could also impact our sales and profitability if we are unable to adequately modify the marketing and distribution of our products in response. In addition, prolonged negative perceptions concerning the health implications of certain food products could influence consumer preferences and acceptance of some of our products and marketing programs. For example, consumers are increasingly focused on health and wellness, and aware of product ingredients such as added sugar and artificial flavors or colors. We might be unsuccessful in our efforts to effectively respond to changing consumer preferences and social expectations. Continued negative perceptions and failure to satisfy consumer preferences could materially and adversely affect our reputation, product sales, financial condition and operating results. We operate in a highly competitivett industry. The SBG industry is highly competitive. Numerous brands and products compete for shelf space and sales, with competition based primarily on product quality, brand recognition and loyalty, price, trade promotion, consumer promotion, customer service, and the ability to identify and satisfy emerging consumer preferences. We face competition from other large national bakeries, smaller regional operators, supermarket chains with their own private labeled brands, grocery stores with their own in-store bakery departments and diversified food companies. Our competitors include a significant number of companies of varying sizes, including divisions, subdivisions, or subsidiaries of larger companies. Many of these competitors have multiple product lines, substantially greater financial and other resources available to them, and may be substantially less leveraged than us. We may not be able to compete successfully with these companies. Competitive pressures or other factors could cause us to lose market share, which may require us to lower prices, increase marketing and advertising expenditures, or increase the use of discounting or promotional campaigns, each of which could materially and adversely affect our margins and could result in a decrease in our operating results and profitability. Our growth may be limited by our inability to maintain or add additional shelf or retail space for our products. Our results will depend on our ability to drive revenue growth, in part, by expanding the distribution channels for our products. However, our ability to do so may be limited by our inability to secure additional shelf, display, or other retail space for our products. Retail space for sweet baked goods is limited and subject to competitive and other pressures, and there can be no assurance that retail operators will provide us sufficient space for our products to enable us to meet our growth objectives. If we are unable to maintain or increase our retail space we could experience an adverse impact on our product sales, financial condition and operating results. 13 Our success will depend on our continued ability t life. tt o ptt roduce and successfully market products with extended shelf We have invested to extend our product shelf life, while maintaining our products’ taste, texture and quality. Extended shelf life, or ESL, is an important component of our DTW model. Our ability to produce and successfully market existing and new products with ESL, while maintaining taste, texture and quality, is essential to our success. If we are unable to continue to produce products with ESL or if the products are not accepted by consumers, we could be forced to make changes to our distribution model and that could have an adverse effect on our product sales, financial condition and operating results. If we do not successfully integrate and manage our acquired businesses or brands, our operating results may be adversely affected. From time to time, we acquire businesses or brands to expand our product portfolio and distribution, including Voortman, which was acquired in January of 2020. We may incur unforeseen liabilities and obligations in connection with the acquisition, integration, or management of the acquired businesses or brands and may encounter unexpected difficulties and costs in integrating them into our operating and internal control structures. We may also experience delays in extending our internal control over financial reporting to a newly acquired business, which may increase the risk of failure to prevent misstatements in their financial records and in our consolidated financial statements. Our financial performance depends in large part on how well we can manage and improve the performance of acquired businesses or brands. We cannot assure you, however, that we will be able to achieve our strategic and financial objectives for such acquisitions. If we are unable to achieve such objectives, our financial condition and operating results could be negatively affected. We may be unable to drive revenue growth in our key products or add products that are faster-growing and more profitable. The SBG industry’s overall growth is linked to population growth. Our future results will depend on our ability to drive revenue growth in our key products. Because our operations are concentrated in North America where growth in the SBG industry has been moderate, our success also depends in part on our ability to enhance our portfolio by adding innovative new products. There can be no assurance that new products will find widespread acceptance among consumers. Our failure to drive revenue growth in our key products or develop innovative new products could materially and adversely affect our profitability, financial condition and operating results. The cost to manufacture our products is subject to pricing volatility. We purchase and use large quantities of commodities, including flour, sweeteners, edible oils and compound coating to manufacture our products. In addition, we purchase and use significant quantities of corrugate and films to package our products. Prices for commodities, energy, transportation and other inputs are volatile and can fluctuate due to conditions that are difficult to predict, including global competition for resources, currency fluctuations, severe weather, the potential effects of climate change, consumer, industrial or investment demand, and changes in regulatory, trade, alternative energy, or agricultural policies. Rising commodity, energy, transportation and other input costs could materially and adversely affect our cost of operations, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. We monitor our exposure to commodity prices as an integral part of our overall risk management program, and seek to utilize forward buying strategies through short-term and long-term advance purchase contracts, to lock in prices for certain high-volume raw materials, packaging components and fuel inputs. These strategies, however, may not protect us from increases in specific raw materials costs. Continued volatility or sustained increases in the prices of commodities, transportation and other supplies we purchase could increase the costs of our products, and our profitability could suffer. Moreover, increases in the prices of our products to cover these increased costs may result in lower sales volumes. If we are not successful in our buying strategies, or if we are unable to price our products to cover increased costs, then commodity and other input price volatility or increases could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. 14 We may be limited in our ability to pass cost increases on to our customers in the form of price realize a decdd rease in s ales volume in the event price increases are implemented. ff ii increases or may We may not be able to pass some or all of any increases in the price of raw materials, energy, and other input costs to our customers by raising prices. In the event we increase our prices, customers and consumers may choose to purchase competing products or may shift purchases to private label or other lower-priced offerings, which may adversely affect our operating results. Consumers may be less willing or able to pay a price differential for our branded products, and may increasingly purchase lower-priced offerings and may forego some purchases altogether, especially during economic downturns. Retailers may also increase levels of promotional activity for lower-priced offerings as they seek to maintain sales volumes during times of economic uncertainty. Accordingly, sales volumes of our branded products could be reduced or lead to a shift in sales mix toward our lower-margin offerings. As a result, decreased demand for our products may adversely affecff t our operating results. The ability to distribute our products is subject to significant changes in the availability and pricing of transportation. We utilize third-party carriers to ship our products to customers. The availability of timely and reliable transportation and the associated costs are subject to market demand, carrier capacity, fuel prices and regulatory oversight. Our procurement of transportation services from a diversified group of carriers and continuous monitoring of carrier usage and pricing could be insufficient to protect us from changes in market demand or carrier capacity. If we lose one or more of our major customers, or if any of our major customers experience significant business interruption, our operating results could be adversely affected. We have several large customers that account for a significant portion of our sales. Wal-Mart together with its affiliates is our largest customer and represented approximately 23.6% of our net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019. Cumulatively, including Wal-Mart, our top ten customers accounted for 62.3% of total net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019. We do not have long-term supply contracts with any of our major customers. The loss of one or more major customers, a material reduction in sales to these customers for any reason, including but not limited to a significant demand and plan production to fulfill business interruption of our customers’ operations or our inability to forecast customer orders would result in a decrease in our product sales, financial condition and operating results. ff Our geographic focus makes us particularly vulnerable to economic and other events and trends in the United States. We operate in North America and are particularly susceptible to adverse United States regulations, trade policies, economic climate, consumer trends, market fluctuations, including commodity price fluctuations or supply shortages of our key ingredients, and other adverse events. The concentration of our businesses in North America could present challenges and may increase the likelihood that an adverse event in the United States would materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and operating results. The consolidation of retail customers could adversely affect us. Retail customers may continue to consolidate, resulting in fewer customers for our business. Consolidation also produces larger retail customers that may seek to leverage their position to improve their profitability by demanding improved efficiency, lower pricing, increased promotional programs, or specifically tailored products. In addition, larger retailers have the scale to develop supply chains that permit them to operate with reduced inventories or to develop and market their own retailer brands. Retail consolidation and increased retailer power could materially and adversely affecff t our product sales, financial condition, and operating results. Retail consolidation also increases the risk that adverse changes in our customers’ business operations or financial performance will have a corresponding material and adverse effect on us. For example, if our customers cannot access sufficient funds or financing, then they may delay, decrease, or cancel purchases of our products, or delay or fail to pay us for previous purchases, which could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition, and operating results. 15 Our results could be adversely impacted as a result of increased labor and employee-related ll expenses. Inflationary pressures and any shortages in the labor market could increase labor costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated operating results or financial condition. Our labor costs include the cost of providing employee benefits, including health and welfare, and severance benefits. The annual costs of benefits vary with increased costs of health care and the outcome of collectively-bargained wage and benefit agreements. Various federal and state labor laws govern our relationships with our employees and affect operating costs. These laws include employee classifications as exempt or non-exempt, minimum wage requirements, unemployment tax rates, workers’ compensation rates, overtime, family leave, safety standards, payroll taxes, citizenship requirements and other wage and benefit requirements for employees classified as non-exempt. As our employees are paid at rates set above, but related to, the applicable minimum wage, further increases in the minimum wage could increase our labor costs. Significant additional government regulations could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. Higher health care costs and labor costs due to statutory and regulatory changes could adversely affect our business. Under the United States Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the “ACA”), we are required to provide affordable coverage, as defined in the ACA, to all employees, or otherwise be subject to a payment per employee based on the affordability criteria in the ACA. Additionally, some states and localities have passed state and local laws mandating the provision of certain levels of health benefits by some employers. Increased health care and insurance costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. In addition, changes in federal or state workplace regulations could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. A portion of our workforce belongs to unions. Failure to successfully negotiate collective bargaining agreements, or strikes or work stoppages could cause our business to suffer. Approximately 44% of our employees, as of December 31, 2019, are covered by collective bargaining agreements and other employees may seek to be covered by collective bargaining agreements. Strikes or work stoppages or other business interruptions could occur if we are unable to renew these agreements on satisfactory terms or enter into new agreements on satisfactory terms, which could impair manufacturing and distribution of our products or result in a loss of sales, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition or operating results. The terms and conditions of existing, renegotiated or new collective bargaining agreements could also increase our costs or otherwise affect our ability to fully implement future operational changes to enhance our efficiency or to adapt to changing business needs or strategy. We may be subject to product liability claims should the consumption of any of our products cause injury, illness or death. We sell food products for human consumption, which involves risks such as product contamination or spoilage, mislabeling, product tampering and other adulteration of food products. Consumption of a mislabeled, adulterated, contaminated or spoiled product may result in personal illness or injury. We could be subject to claims or lawsuits relating to an actual or alleged illness or injury, and we could incur liabilities that are not insured or exceed our insurance coverage. Even if product liability claims against us are not successful or fully pursued, these claims could be costly and time consuming and may require our management to spend time defending the claims rather than operating the business. In addition, publicity regarding these claims could adversely affect our reputation and brands. Product recalls may increase our costs, negatively impact our brands’ reputation, and adversely affect our business. A product that has been actually or allegedly misbranded or becomes adulterated could result in product withdrawals or recalls, destruction of product inventory, negative publicity, temporary plant closings, substantial cost of compliance or remediation, and potentially significant product liability judgments against us. Any of these events could result in a loss of demand for our products, which would have a material adverse effeff ct on our finff ancial condition, operating results or cash flows. We could also be adversely affected if consumers lose confidence in our product quality, safety and integrity generally. 16 Unanticipated business disruptions could adversely affect our ability to provide our products to our customers. Factors that are hard to predict or beyond our control, like weather, natural disasters, the potential effects of climate change, fire, explosions, terrorism, political unrest, generalized labor unrest or health pandemics could damage or disrupt our operations. In addition, our operations could be disrupted by one or more material equipment failures. We do not have significant redundant operating equipment to allow for such disruptions. Accordingly, if we do not effectively respond to disruptions in our operations, for example, by replacing capacity at our manufacturing locations, or cannot quickly repair damage to our information, production or supply systems, we may be late in delivering or unable to deliver products to our customers. If that occurs, we may lose our customers’ confidence, and long-term consumer demand for our products could decline. These events could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and operating results. ff We rely on third parties for services related to sales, marketing and distribution. We utilize third-party sales and marketing services and common carriers to execute order fulfillment for the majority of our products. While these services have increased our market penetration and expanded our distribution reach, we are dependent upon these third parties to effectively market, sell and distribute our products. We do not have long- term contracts with any of these third-party service providers. Accordingly, any termination by a third-party provider of their services to us, or any failure by these third parties to perform their obligations to us, would have a material adverse impact on our business and operating results. We may not successfully identify or complete strategic acquisitions, alliances, divestitures or joint ventures. From time to time, we may evaluate acquisition candidates, alliances or joint ventures that may strategically fit our business objectives, or we may consider divesting businesses that do not meet our strategic objectives, growth or profitability targets. These activities may present financial, managerial, and operational risks, including, but not limited to, diversion of management’s attention from existing core businesses. In addition, to the extent we undertake acquisitions, alliances or joint ventures or other developments outside our core geography or in new categories, we may face additional risks related to such developments. For example, the acquisition of Voortman in January 2020 creates new exposure to Canadian regulatory, market and currency exchange risks. Any of these factors could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition, and operating results. Unsuccessful implementation of business strategies to reduce costs may adversely affect our business, financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows. Many of our costs, such as freight, raw materials and energy, are subject to factors outstide of our control. Therefore, we must seek to reduce costs in other areas, such as through operating efficiency. If we are not able to complete projects designed to reduce costs and increase operating efficiency on time or within budget, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be adversely impacted. In addition, if the cost-saving initiatives we have implemented, or any future cost-saving initiatives, do not generate the expected cost savings and synergies, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be adversely affected. Legal claims or other regulatory enforcement actions could subject us to civil and criminal penalties. As a large fooff d company, we operate in a highly regulated environment with constantly evolving legal and regulatory frameworks. Various laws and regulations govern food production, storage, distribution, sales, advertising and marketing, as well as licensing, trade, labor, tax and environmental matters, and health and safety practices. Government authorities regularly change laws and regulations and their interpretations. Consequently, we are subject to heightened risk of legal claims or other regulatory enforcement actions. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with existing laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that our employees, contractors, or agents will not violate our policies and procedures. Moreover, a failure to maintain effective control processes could lead to violations, unintentional or otherwise, of laws and regulations. Legal claims or regulatory enforcement actions arising out of our failure or alleged failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could subject us to civil and criminal penalties that could materially and adversely affect our product sales, reputation, financial condition, and operating results. 17 Our insurance may not provide adequate levels of coverage against claims. We believe that we maintain insurance customary for businesses of our size and type. However, there are types of losses we may incur that cannot be insured against or that we believe are not economically reasonable to insure. Such losses could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results. We are subject to laws and regulations relating to protection of the environment, worker health, and workplace safety. Costs to comply with these laws and regulations, or claims with respect to environmental, health and safety matters, could have a significant negative impact on our business. Our operations are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, including those governing the discharge of pollutants into the air and water, the management and disposal of solid and hazardous materials and wastes, employee exposure to hazards in the workplace and the cleanup of contaminated sites. We are required to obtain and comply with environmental permits for many of our operations, and sometimes we are required to install pollution control equipment or to implement operational changes to limit air emissions or wastewater discharges and/or decrease the likelihood of accidental releases of hazardous materials. We could incur substantial costs, including cleanup costs, civil or criminal fines or penalties, and third-party claims for property damage or personal injury as a result of any violations of environmental laws and regulations, noncompliance with environmental permit conditions or contamination for which we may be responsible that is identified or that may occur in the future. Such costs may be material. Under federal and state environmental laws, we may be liable for the costs of investigation, removal or remediation of certain hazardous or toxic substances, as well as related costs of investigation and damage to natural resources, at various properties, including our current and former properties and the former properties of our predecessors, as well as off-site waste handling or disposal sites that we or our predecessors have used. Liability may be imposed upon us without regard to whether we knew of or caused the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. Any such locations we currently own or occupy, or locations that we may acquire in the future, may result in liability to us under such laws or expose us to third-party actions such as tort suits based on alleged conduct or environmental conditions. In addition, we may be liable if hazardous or toxic substances migrate from properties for which we may be responsible to other properties. In addition to regulations applicable to our operations, failure by any of our suppliers to comply with regulations, or allegations of compliance failure, may disrupt their operations and could result in potential liability. Even if we were able to obtain insurance coverage or compensation for any losses or damages resulting from the noncompliance of a supplier with applicable regulations, our brands and reputation may be adversely affected by negative perceptions of our brands stemming from such compliance failures. We cannot predict what environmental or health and safety legislation or regulations will be enacted in the future or how existing or future laws or regulations will be enforced, administered or interpreted. We also cannot predict the amount of future expenditures that may be required in order to comply with such environmental or health and safety laws or regulations or to respond to environmental claims. Our operations are subject to regulation by the FDA, FTC and other governmental entities, and such regulations are subject to change from time to time which could impact how we manage our production and sale of products. ff Our operations are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA, the FTC and other national, state, and local to the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (“FDCA”) and regulations authorities. For example, we are subject promulgated thereunder by the FDA. This comprehensive regulatory program governs, among other things, the manufacturing, processing composition and ingredients, packaging, holding and safety of food. Under this program, the FDA regulates manufacturing practices for foods through, among other things, its current “good manufacturing practices” regulations, or CGMPs, and specifies the ingredients for certain foods. Our processing facilities and products are subject to periodic inspection by federal, state, and local authorities. The Food Safety Modernization Act increased the number of inspections at food facilities in the United States in an effort to enhance the detection of food-borne illness outbreaks and order recalls of tainted food products. It also imposes greater responsibility upon factors throughout the food chain to design and implement effective preventive controls in food safety programs throughout the supply chain. The FTC and other authorities regulate how we market and advertise our products, and we could be the target of claims relating to alleged false or deceptive advertising under federal, state, and foreign laws and regulations. Changes in these laws or regulations or the introduction of new laws or regulations could 18 increase the costs of doing business for us or our customers or suppliers or restrict our actions, causing our operating results to be adversely affected. We seek to comply with applicable regulations through a combination of employing internal personnel to ensure quality-assurance compliance and contracting with third-party laboratories that conduct analysis of products for the nutritional-labeling requirements. Compliance with regulations is costly and time-consuming. Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations or maintain permits and licenses relating to our operations could subject us to civil remedies, including fines, injunctions, recalls or seizures, as well as potential criminal sanctions or suspensions or revocations of our registration, permits or licenses, which could result in increased operating costs resulting in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results. Significant additional labeling or warning requirements or limitations may reduce demand for such products and could adversely affect our business or operating results. on the marketing or sale of our products tt Certain jurisdictions in which our products are made, manufactured, distributed or sold have either imposed, or are considering imposing, product labeling or warning requirements or limitations on the marketing or sale of certain of our products as a result of ingredients or substances contained in such producd ts. These types of provisions have required that we provide a label that highlights perceived concerns about a product or warns consumers to avoid consumption of certain ingredients or substances present in our products. For example, in California, Proposition 65 requires a specific warning on any product that contains a substance listed by the State of California as having been found to cause cancer or birth defects, unless the level of such substance in the product is below a safe hff arbor level. In addition, the United States has imposed new nutrition labeling regulations that require food manufacturers to declare the quantity of added sugar, as well as update serving sizes and labeling requirements for certain package sizes. As we continue to transition our packaging to comply with the new requirements by July 1, 2020, our new product labeling may impact the consumption and public perception of our products. The imposition or proposed imposition of additional product labeling or warning requirements could reduce overall consumption of our products, lead to negative publicity (whether based in scientific fact or not) or leave consumers with the perception (whether or not valid) that our products do not meet their health and wellness needs. Such factors could adversely affect our business and operating results. Changes in laws, regulations or rules, or a failure affect our business, investments and results of operations. ff to comply with any laws, regulations or rules, may adversely We are subject to laws, regulations and rules enacted by national, regional and local governments and NASDAQ. In particular, we are required to comply with certain SEC, NASDAQ and other regulatory requirements. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws, regulations and rules may be difficult, time consuming and costly. Those laws, regulations or rules and their interpretation and application may also change from time to time and those changes could have a material adverse effeff ct on our business and operating results. A failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations or rules, as interpreted and applied, could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results. legal or Unanticipated changes in effective tax rates or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We are subject to income taxes in the United States and Canada, and our tax liabilities will be subject to the allocation of expenses in differing jurisdictions. Our future effective tax rates could be subject to volatility or adversely affected by a number of factors, including: • • • • • • of stock-based compensation; changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities; expected timing and amount of the release of any tax valuation allowances; tax effects ff costs related to intercompany restructurings; changes in tax laws, regulations or interpretations thereof; aff nd lower than anticipated future earnings in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory tax rates and higher than anticipated future earnings in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory tax rates. 19 transaction taxes by taxing In addition, we may be subject authorities. Outcomes from these audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. income, sales and other to audits of our ial impii A matertt affect our consolidated operating results and net worth. ent in t ii hett airmii carrying value of acquired goodwill or other intangible assets could negatively A significant portion of our assets is goodwill and other intangible assets, the majority of which are not amortized but are reviewed for impairment at least annually and more often if indicators of impairment exist. If the carrying value of these assets exceeds the current estimated fair value, the asset is considered impaired, and this would result in a noncash charge to earnings, which could be material. Events and conditions that could result in impairment include a sustained drop in the market price of our Class A common stock, increased competition or loss of market share, obsolescence, product claims that result in a significant loss of sales or profitability over the product life, deterioration in macroeconomic conditions, or declining financial performance in comparison to projected results. Our business operations could be disrupted if our information technology systems fail to perform adequately. The efficient operation of our business depends on our information technology systems, most of which are managed by third-party service providers. We rely on our information technology systems to effectively manage our business data, communications, supply chain, order entry and fulfillment, and other business processes. The failure of our information technology systems to perform as we anticipate could disrupt our business and could result in transaction errors, processing inefficiencies, and the loss of sales and customers, causing our business and operating results to suffer. In addition, our information technology systems may be vulnerable to damage or interruption from circumstances beyond our control, including fire, natural disasters, the potential effects of climate change, power outages, systems failures, security breaches, cyber-attacks and viruses. Any such damage or interruption could have a material adverse effecff t on our business. We continuously monitor and update our information technology networks and infrastructure to prevent, detect, address and mitigate the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, and other events that could have a security impact. We invest to protect our data and business processes against risk of data security breach and cyber-attacks. We believe our security processes provide adequate measures of protection against security breaches. Nevertheless, despite continued vigilance in these areas, disruptions in information technology systems, including unauthorized use of data, are possible and could have a negative impact on our operations or business reputation. Failure of our systems, including failures due to cyber-attacks that would prevent the ability of systems to function as intended, could cause transaction errors, loss of customers and sales, and could have negative consequences to our operations, our employees and those with whom we do business. This in turn could have a negative impact on our financial condition and results or operations. We may be unable to hire or retain and develop key personnel or a highly skilled and diverse workforce or manage changes in our workforce. We must hire, retain and develop a highly skilled and diverse workforce. We compete to hire new personnel in the many regions in which we manufacture and market our products and then to develop and retain their skills and competencies. Unplanned turnover or failure to develop adequate succession plans for leadership positions or hire and retain a diverse workforce with the skills and in the locations we need to operate and grow our business could deplete our institutional knowledge base and erode our competitiveness. We also face increased personnel-related risks. These risks could lead to operational challenges, including increased competition for employees with the skills we require to achieve our business goals, and higher employee turnover, including employees with key capabilities. Furthermore, we might be unable to manage changes in, or that affect, our workforce appropriately or satisfy the legal requirements associated with how we manage and compensate our employees. These risks could materially and adversely affect our reputation, ability to meet the needs of our customers, product sales, financial condition and operating results. 20 Risks Related to Our Capital Structure Our substantial leverage could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry, expose us to interest rate risk to the extent of our variable rate debt, and prevent us from meeting our obligations under our indebtedness. We are highly leveraged. As of December 31, 2019, our total balance on long term debt, excluding deferred financing charges, discount, premium, and lease obligations, was approximately $973.9 million. Our high degree of leverage could have important consequences, including: • requiring a substantial portion of cash flow from operations to be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, thereby reducing our ability to use our cash flow to fund our operations, capital expenditures, and future business opportunities or to pay dividends; • exposing us to the risk of increased interest rates because the portion of our borrowings not hedged by swap agreements are subject to variable rates; us to make payments on our indebtedness; • making it more difficult forff • increasing our vulnerability to general economic and industry conditions; • restricting us from making strategic acquisitions or causing us to make non-strategic divestitures; • subjecting us to restrictive covenants that may limit our flexibility in operating our business; • limiting our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, product or other purposes; and development, debt service requirements, acquisitions, and general corporate rr • placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors who are less highly leveraged. Despite our significant leverage, we may be able to incur significant additional amounts of debt, which could further exacerbate the risks associated with our significant leverage. Changes in interest rates may adversely affect our earnings and/or cash flows. Our term loan and revolving line of credit bear interest at variable interest rates that use the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) as a benchmark rate. On July 27, 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit LIBOR quotations after 2021 (the “FCA Announcement”). The FCA Announcement indicates that the continuation of LIBOR on the current basis cannot and will not be assured after 2021, and LIBOR may cease to exist or otherwise be unsuitable for use as a benchmark. Recent proposals for LIBOR reforms may result in the establishment of new methods of calculating LIBOR or the establishment of one or more alternative benchmark rates. Although our credit agreement provides for successor base rates, the successor base rates may be related to LIBOR, and the consequences of any potential cessation, modification or other reform of LIBOR cannot be predicted at this time. We work to reduce our exposure to LIBOR through swap contracts which effectively fix a portion of our variable- rate interest payments. If LIBOR ceases to exist, we may need to amend our credit agreement and swap contracts. As a result, our interest expense may increase, and our available cash flow may be adversely affected. We may be unable to obtain additional financing to fund our operations and growth. We may require additional financing to fund our operations or growth. The failure to secure additional financing could have a material adverse effect on our continued development or growth. None of our officers, directors or stockholders are required to provide any financing to us. 21 We are required to pay the Tax Receivable Agreement counterparties for a significant portion of the tax benefit relating to any additional tax depreciationtt or amortization deductions we claim as a result of any step up in the tax basis of the assets of our operating subsidiaries resulting from the Metropoulos Entities’ exchange of shares of Class B common stock and Class B units of Hostess Holdings for shares of our Class A common stock. Class B units in Hostess Holdings may be exchanged (together with the cancellation of shares of our Class B common stock) by the holders thereof for, at the Company’s election, shares of Class A common stock, on a one- for-one basis (subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments), or the cash equivalent of such shares. The exchanges may result in increases to our share of the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of our operating subsidiaries that otherwise would not have been available, although the United States Internal Revenue Service may challenge all or part of that tax basis increase, and a court could sustain such a challenge by the United States Internal Revenue Service. These increases in tax basis, if sustained, may reduce the amount of tax that we would otherwise be required to pay in the future. We are party to a Tax Receivable Agreement that provides for the payment by us of approximately 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in United States federal, state and local income tax that the Company actually realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) as a result of: (i) certain increases in tax basis resulting from the Hostess Business Combination; (ii) certain tax attributes of Hostess Holdings and its subsidiaries existing prior to the lClass B u inits; (iii) certain increases in tax basis Hostess Business Combination resulting from exchanges of Class B units; (iv) imputed interest deemed to be paid by the Company as a result of payments that it makes under the Tax Receivable Agreement; and (v) certain increases in tax basis resulting from payments that the Company makes under the Tax Receivable Agreement. bsubsequent exchanges exchanges fof iprior to dand In January 2018, we entered into an agreement to terminate all future payment obligations to one of the counterparties in exchange for a payment of $34.0 million. Subsequent to the agreement, we will now retain a greater portion of the net cash tax savings related to tax attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement. If our dividend policy is materially different than the distribution policy of Hostess Holdings, upon the exchange of any Class B units, the limited partners of Hostess Holdings could receive a disproportionate interest in the aggregate distributions by our operating subsidiaries that have not been distributed by us. dd We and the Metropoulos Entities are limited partners of Hostess Holdings. To the extent Hostess Holdings distributes to its limited partners a greater share of income received from our operating subsidiaries than we distribute to our stockholders, then any of the Metropoulos Entities who participate in such distribution by Hostess Holdings and subsequently exercise their rights to exchange limited partnership units in Hostess Holdings for Class A common stock may receive a disproportionate interest in the aggregate distributions by our operating subsidiaries that have not been distributed by us. The reason is that such Metropoulos Entity could receive both (i) the benefit of a distribution by Hostess Holdings to its limited partners, including such Metropoulos Entity, and (ii) the benefit of a distribution by the Company to the holders of Class A common stock, including such Metropoulos Entity. Consequently, if our dividend policy does not match the distribution policy of Hostess Holdings, other holders of Class A common stock as of the date of an exchange could experience a reducd tion in their interest in the profits previously distributed by our operating subsidiaries that have not been distributed by us. Our current dividend policy could result in distributions to our common stockholders that are different from the distributions made by Hostess Holdings to its limited partners. 22 Our only significant asset is our ownership interest in our operating subsidiaries and such ownership may not be sufficient to pay dividends or make distributions or loans to enable us to pay any dividends on our common stock or satisfy our other financial obligations, including our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement. We have no direct operations and no significant assets other than our ownership interest in our operating subsidiaries. We depend on our operating subsidiaries for distributions, loans and other payments to generate the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations, including our expenses as a publicly traded company, to pay any dividends with respect the Tax Receivable Agreement. The financial condition and operating requirements of our operating subsidiaries may limit our ability to obtain cash from our operating subsidiaries. The earnings from, or other available assets of, our operating subsidiaries may not be sufficient to pay dividends or make distributions or loans to enable us to pay any dividends on our common stock or satisfy our other financial obligations, including our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement. to our common stock, and to satisfy our obligations under The ability of our operating subsidiaries (other than subsidiaries which have been designated as unrestricted pursuant to our ability to do so in certain limited circumstances) to make distributions, loans and other payments to us for the purposes described above and for any other purpose are governed by the terms of our credit facilities and will be subject to the negative covenants set forth therein. Any loans or other extensions of credit will be subject to the investment covenants contained therein, which provide for several exceptions including, among others (i) a general investment basket equal to the greater of a fixed dollar amount and a percentage of EBITDA and (ii) an unlimited investment basket based on satisfying a total net leverage ratio on a pro forma basis. Similarly, any dividends, distributions or similar payments will be subject to the dividends and distributions covenant under such credit facilities, which also provide for several exceptions including, among others (i) for payment of overhead and certain fees and expenses of parent companies, (ii) for tax distributions, subject to certain limitations, (iii) a general dividend and distribution basket equal to the greater of a fixed dollar amount and a percentage of EBITDA and (iv) ff an unlimited dividend and distribution basket based on satisfying a total net leverage ratio on a pro forma basis. ff Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock Resales of the shares of Class A common stock could depress the market price of our Class A common stock. There may be a large number of shares of Class A common stock sold in the market in the near future. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our Class A common stock. As of February 2020 the Metropoulos Entities held approximately February 21, 6% of our common stock, including 100% of our Class B common stock. All such shares of Class A common stock held by or obtainable in exchange for Class B common stock and Class B units held by the Metropoulos Entities have been registered for resale under the Securities Act pursuant to a shelf registration statement filed in 2016. , We have approximately 123,186,308 hshares February 21, 2020. Thhere are also remaining registered shares of Class A common stock that we may issue under the Hostess Brands, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan, which shares may be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to compliance with stock ownership guidelines and volume limitations applicable to affiliates. stock outstanding lClass A common outstanding as fof February fof k In addition, as of December 31, 2019, there were 48,453,154 public warrants and 8,046,636 private warrants outstanding. Each warrant entitles its holder to purchase one half of one share of our Class A common stock at an exercise price of $5.75 per half share, to be exercised only for a whole number of shares of our Class A common stock. Such sales of shares of Class A common stock or the perception of such sales may depress the market price of our Class A common stock. 23 A market for our securities may not continue, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of our securities. The price of our securities may fluctuate significantly due to general market and economic conditions. An active trading market for our securities may not be sustained. In addition, the price of our securities can vary due to general economic conditions and forecasts, our general business condition and the release of our financial reports. Additionally, if our securities become delisted from NASDAQ for any reason, and are quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board, an inter-dealer automated quotation system for equity securities that is not a national securities exchange, the liquidity and price of our securities may be more limited than if we were quoted or listed on NASDAQ or another national securities exchange. You may be unable to sell your securities unless a market can be established or sustained. If securities or industry analysts cease publishing research or reports about us, our business, or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our Class A common stock adversely, then the price and trading volume of our Class A common stock could decline. The trading market for our Class A common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market, or our competitors. Securities and industry analysts may cease to publish research on us. If any of the analysts who may cover us change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our Class A common stock would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on it, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results. We are required to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act, which requires, among other things, that companies maintain disclosure controls and procedures to ensure timely disclosure of material information, and that management review the effectiveness of those controls on a quarterly basis. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and to help prevent fraud, and our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance requirements. Moreover, these rules and regulations increased our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. We cannot be certain that we will be able to maintain adequate controls over our financial processes and reporting in the future or that we will be able to comply with our obligations under Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act. Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act also requires us to evaluate annually the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as of the end of each fiscal year and to include a management report assessing the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, we cannot assure you that we will be able to conclude in the future that we have effective internal control over financial reporting and/or we may encounter difficulties in implementing or improving our internal controls, which could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. If we fail to maintain effective internal controls, we might be subject to sanctions or investigation by regulatory authorities, such as the SEC. Any such action could adversely affect our financial results and may also result in delayed filings with the SEC. 24 Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly and could fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors due to seasonality and other factors, some of which are beyond our control, resulting in a decline in our stock price. Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly because of seasonality and several other factors, including: labor availability and costs for hourly and management personnel; profitability of our products, especially in new markets and due to seasonal fluctuations; changes in interest rates; impairment of long-lived assets; • • • • • macroeconomic conditions, both nationally and locally; disruption in production by us or a co-manufacturer; • negative publicity relating to products we sell; • changes in consumer preferences and competitive conditions; • expansion to new markets; • fluctuat • ff actions by our competitors (e.g., pricing promotions). • ions in commodity prices; and Fluctuations in our operating results due to the foregoing or other factors could cause our results to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in our stock price. Anti-takeover provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.m tt Our certificate of incorporation contains provisions that may discourage unsolicited takeover proposals that stockholders may consider to be in their best interests. We are also subject to anti-takeover provisions under Delaware law, which could delay or prevent a change of control. Together, these provisions may make more difficult the removal of management and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our securities. These provisions include: • • • • • no cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates; the right of our board to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our board or the resignation, death or removal of a director in certain circumstances, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board; a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders; a prohibition on stockholders calling a special meeting and the requirement that a meeting of stockholders may only be called by members of our board, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors; advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our board or to propose matters to be acted upon at a meeting of stockholders, which may discourage or deter a potential acquirer froff m conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. 25 Item 2. Properties As of December 31, 2019, we operated the following facilities, supporting our Sweet Baked Goods reporting segment's operations, as shown in the chart below. Type Location Owned/Leased Size (Sq. Ft.) Bakery Bakery Bakery Bakery Distribution Center Third-Party Warehouse Distribution Center Third-Party Warehouse Third-Party Warehouse Distribution Center Distribution Center Commercial Office Space Corporate Headquarters Emporia, Kansas Columbus, Georgia Indianapolis, Indiana Chicago, Illinois Chicago, Illinois Chicago, Illinois Shorewood, Illinois Carthage, Missouri Hobart, Indiana Edgerton, Kansas Emporia, Kansas Chicago, Illinois Lenexa, Kansas Owned Leased(1) Owned Owned Leased Other(2) Leased Other(2) Other(2) Leased Leased Leased Owned (1) The Columbus, GA facility is available for the purchase amount of $100. (2) Variable usage fees are charged on a per-pallet basis. Item 3. Legal Proceedings 278,500 313,700 195,000 137,000 64,816 — 507,187 — — 765,000 24,112 9,325 50,200 We are involved in lawsuits, claims and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. These matters may involve personnel and employment issues, personal injury, contract and other proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Although we do not expect the outcome of these proceedings to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations, litigation is inherently unpredictable. Therefore, we could incur judgments or enter into settlements or claims that could materially impact our results. The information required to be furnished by us under this Part I, Item 3 (Legal Proceedings) is incorporated by reference to the information contain ded iin Note 15. financial i l l statements i Commitments i Annual Report on Form 10-K. included iin Part II, Item 8 on thihis dand Contiingenciies to hthe consolidated fi lid l d d d Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 26 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Our Class A common stock and warrants are currently quoted on NASDAQ under the symbols “TWNK” and “TWNKW,” respectively. As of February 21, 2020, there were approximately 6 stockholders of record of our Class A common stock and 9 stockholders of record of our Class B common stock. We currently do not pay dividends and have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock to date. Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (A) Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (B) Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants, and Rights (C) Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plan (excluding securities reflected in column (A)) 2,699,721 (1) $ 13.35 (2) 3,490,775 (3) — 2,699,721 — $ 13.35 — 3,490,775 Plan Category Equity Compensation Plans approved by stockholders..................................... Equity Compensation Plans not approved by stockholders..................... Total..................................................... (1) Consists of shares subject to outstanding stock options, restricted stock units and performance restricted stock units under the Hostess Brands, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”), some of which are vested and some of which remain subject to the vesting and/or performance criteria relating to the respective equity award. (2) Represents the weighted average exercise price of 1,717,671 stock options and excludes the impact of 982,050 shares of restricted stock units for which no exercise price is payable. (3) Consists of shares available for future issuance under the 2016 Plan. For additional information, refer to Item 11 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds The Metropoulos Entities may exchange the Class B units in Hostess Holdings, together with shares of Class B common stock for shares of our Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis. Other than any shares of Class A common stock issued in such exchanges, we did not issue any equity securities without registration during the period covered by this annual report on Form 10-K. Issuer Purchase of Equity Securities The Company did not have any repurchases of common stock for the year ended December 31, 2019. 27 Warrants rwere 48,453,154 public warrants and 8,046,636 private warrants outstanding. Each As fof December 31, 2019, thhere warrant entitles its holder to purchase one half of one share of our Class A common stock at an exercise price of $5.75 per half share, to be exercised only forff became exercisable on December 4, 2016 and expire five years after that date or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. The Company may redeem the outstanding public warrants at a price $0.01 per warrant, if the last sale price of the Company’s common stock equals or exceeds $24.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading day period ending on the third business day before the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders. The private placement warrants, however, are nonredeemable so long as they are held by Gores Sponsor, LLC or its permitted transferees. The private warrants were registered with the SEC for future potential sales to the public. When sold to the public, the private placement warrants will become public warrants. a whole number of shares of our Class A common stock. The warrants Performance Graph The following graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or be deemed to be “filed” with the Commission, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing. The following stock performance graph compares, for the period November 30, 2015 (the first day our common stock was traded following our initial public offering) through December 31, 2019 (the last trading day of our fiscal year), the cumulative total stockholder return for (1) the Company’s common stock, (2) the Standard & Poor’s 500 and (3) the Standard & Poor’s 1500 Packaged Foods and Meats Index. The graph assumes the value of the investment in our common stock and each index was $100.00 on November 30, 2015 and assumes reinvestment of any dividends. The stock price performance below is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. of Cumulative Total Return e u l a V x e d n I 200 150 100 50 0 1 1/3 0/1 5 1 2/3 1/1 5 0 3/3 1/1 6 0 6/3 0/1 6 0 9/3 0/1 6 1 2/3 0/1 6 0 3/3 1/1 7 0 6/3 0/1 7 0 9/2 9/1 7 1 2/2 9/1 7 0 3/3 1/1 8 0 6/3 0/1 8 0 9/3 0/1 8 1 2/3 1/1 8 0 3/3 1/1 9 0 6/3 0/1 9 0 9/3 0/1 9 1 2/3 1/1 9 S&P 500 Hostess Brands, Inc. S&P 1500 Packaged Food & Meats Period Ending 28 Item 6. Selected Financial Data The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial data for the last five years. The selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. ff As a result of the Hostess Business Combination on November 4, 2016, Hostess Brands, Inc. is the acquirer for accounting purposes and Hostess Holdings is the acquiree and accounting predecessor. Our financial statement presentation includes the financial statements of Hostess Holdings as “Predecessor” for periods prior to the Closing Date and, for periods after the Closing Date, includes Hostess Brands, Inc., including the consolidation of Hostess Holdings as “Successor”. Our selected financial data below under the headings “2019 (Successor)”, “2018 (Successor)”, “2017 (Successor)” and “2015 (Predecessor)” are as of December 31 or for the year then ended, as applicable. The selected financial data presented under the heading “2016 (Successor)” are as of December 31, 2016 or for the period November 4, 2016 to December 31, 2016, as applicable, and the “2016 (Predecessor)” data are for the period January 1, 2016 to November 3, 2016. (In thousands except for per ( share data)) p p 2019 (1) 2018 (2) 2017 (3) 2016 (4) 2015 (Successor) (Successor) (Successor) (Successor) (Predecessor) (Predecessor) Statements of operations: Net revenue......................... $ 907,675 $ 850,389 $ 776,188 $ 111,998 $ 615,588 $ Gross profit......................... Net income (loss)................ Basic earnings (loss) per share (5).............................. Diluted earnings (loss) per share (5).............................. Balance sheet: 299,834 77,565 267,277 81,426 326,898 258,108 0.57 0.55 0.63 0.61 2.26 2.13 38,714 (8,485) (0.05) (0.05) 266,529 60,425 Total assets (6).................... 3,097,701 3,010,713 2,966,275 2,847,892 Long-term debt and lease obligations (6)..................... Liquidity: 987,288 988,004 999,188 1,004,870 620,815 262,203 88,760 613,871 1,202,917 Capital expenditures (7)...... 35,536 53,748 36,383 7,627 31,477 27,252 Notes to the selected financial ff data: 1. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we divested our In-Store Bakery business. Also during the year, currency contract purchased in anticipation we recognized a $7.1 million gain on the valuation of a foreign of the purchase of Voortman in January of 2020. ff 2. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we entered into an agreement to buyout a counterparty’s rights to all current and future tax savings under the tax receivable agreement entered into in connection with the Hostess Business Combination (the “Tax Receivable Agreement”) in exchange for a $34.0 million cash payment, resulting in a gain of $12.4 million. We also acquired the Cloverhill Business in February 2018. 3. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized a gain of $161.5 million related to the 4. remeasurement of deferred tax items and the Tax Receivable Agreement primarily dued referred to as “Tax Reform”. 2016 Predecessor and Successor financial results reflect certain transactions related to the Hostess Business Combination, including business combination costs of $31.8 million in the Predecessor Period and stock compensation expense of $26.4 million in the Successor Period. We also completed the acquisition of Superior in May of 2016. to enacted tax laws 5. Earnings per basic and diluted share is not presented for the Predecessor, which is a partnership. 6. Balance sheet information is not provided for the 2016 Predecessor period. 7. Capital expenditures consists of purchases of property and equipment and acquisition and development of software assets paid in cash or accrued during the period. 29 RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES Adjusted gross profit, adjusted net income, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EPS collectively referred to as “Non- GAAP Financial Measures,” are commonly used in the Company's industry and should not be construed as an alternative to gross profit, net income or earnings per share as indicators of operating performance (as determined in accordance with GAAP). These Non-GAAP Financial Measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. The Company has included these Non-GAAP Financial Measures because it believes the measures provide management and investors with additional information to measure the Company's performance, estimate the Company's value and evaluate the Company's ability to service debt. Non-GAAP Financial Measures are adjusted to exclude certain items that affect comparability. The adjustments are itemized in the tables below. You are encouraged to evaluate these adjustments and the reason the Company supplemental analysis. In evaluating adjustments, you should be aware that in the considers them appropriate forff future the Company may incur expenses that are the same as or similar to some of the adjustments set forth below. The presentation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures should not be construed as an inference that future results will be unaffected by unusual or recurring items. The Company defines adjusted EBITDA as net income adjusted to exclude (i) interest expense, net, (ii) depreciation and amortization, (iii) income taxes and (iv) share-based compensation, as further adjusted to eliminate the impact of certain items that the Company does not consider indicative of its ongoing operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of the Company's results as reported under GAAP. For example, adjusted EBITDA: • • • • does not reflect the Company's capital expenditures, future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments; does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, the Company's working capital needs; does not reflect the significant interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on the Company's debt; and does not reflect payments related to income taxes, the Tax Receivable Agreement or distributions to the non-controlling interest to reimburse its tax liability. 30 Reconciliation of Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted EBITDA (In thousands) 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 (Successor) (Successor) (Successor) (Successor) (Predecessor) (Predecessor) Reconciliation of Adjusted Gross Profit j Gross profit............................ $ 299,834 $ 267,277 $ 326,898 $ 38,714 $ 266,529 $ 262,203 Non-GAAP adjustments: Acquisition, disposal and integration related costs........ Facility transition costs........ Special employee incentive compensation........................ 1,563 9,381 10,137 — 33 1,965 — — — 8,914 — — — — — — 2,195 2,649 Adjusted gross profit............. $ 310,811 $ 279,379 $ 326,898 $ 47,628 $ 268,724 $ 264,852 j Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA Net income (loss).................... $ Non-GAAP adjustments: Income tax provision........... Interest expense, net............ Depreciation and amortization......................... Share-based compensation.. Tax Receivable Agreement remeasurement and gain on buyout.................................. Impairment of property and equipment, intangible assets and goodwill........................ Special employee incentive compensation....................... Foreign currency contract gain...................................... Acquisition, disposal and integration related costs....... 77,565 $ 81,426 $ 258,108 $ (8,485) $ 60,425 $ 88,760 16,892 39,870 43,334 9,231 12,954 39,404 41,411 5,600 (67,204) 39,174 38,170 7,413 (7,762) 6,649 5,843 26,748 186 (14,237) (50,222) 1,976 1,910 4,717 3,444 (7,127) — 5,484 10,434 1,003 — — — — — — — — 8,914 — 2,554 (763) 439 60,384 10,265 3,890 — 50,011 9,836 1,381 — — 7,300 4,698 — 31,832 — — 2,700 3,923 — — — 25,880 Facility transition costs........ 12,080 Loss (gain) on debt modification......................... Loss (gain) on sale/ abandonment of property and equipment and bakery shutdown costs (recoveries). Other (i)............................... 2,023 — 1,233 — — 253 770 (144) 1,360 — 751 2,551 1,624 4,182 (8,743) Adjusted EBITDA................. $ 204,657 $ 186,176 $ 230,212 $ 31,895 $ 183,408 $ 177,930 i. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015 other included transaction-related and other non-operating professional fees. 31 Reconciliation of Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EPS ) (In thousands, except share and per share data) ( p p , 2019 2018 2017 2016 (1) Reconciliation of Adjusted EPS j (Successor) (Successor) (Successor) (Successor) Net income (loss)....................................................................... $ 77,565 $ 81,426 $ 258,108 $ (8,485) Non-GAAP adjustments: Tax Receivable Agreement remeasurement and gain on buyout...................................................................................... Executive chairman agreement termination and execution..... 186 — (14,237) (50,222) — — — 26,748 Remeasurement of deferred taxes............................................ (4,564) (5,375) (108,621) Impairment of property and equipment, intangible assets and goodwill................................................................................... Special employee incentive compensation.............................. Foreign currency contract gain................................................ Acquisition, disposal and integration related costs.................. Facility transition costs............................................................ Loss (gain) on debt refinancing............................................... Loss (gain) on sale/abaa ndonment of property and equipment and bakery shutdown costs (recoveries).................................. Other........................................................................................ Tax impact of adjustments....................................................... Adjusted net income Non-controlling interest allocation of net income................... Non-controlling interest allocation of adjustmd ents.................. 1,976 1,910 (7,127) 5,484 12,080 2,023 — 1,233 (3,918) 86,848 (14,450) (2,192) 4,717 3,444 — 10,434 — — 253 — (2,027) 78,635 (18,531) (4,343) 1,003 — — — — 2,554 (144) — (717) 101,961 (34,211) (1,077) — — — — 8,914 — (763) — — (10,470) 15,944 4,081 (9,772) Adjusted Net income attributed to Class A stockholders...... $ 70,206 $ 55,761 $ 66,673 $ 10,253 Weighted average Class A shares outstanding-diluted............... 114,699,447 103,098,394 105,307,293 97,791,658 Adjusted EPS.......................................................................... $ 0.61 $ 0.54 $ 0.63 $ 0.10 1. Excludes the Predecessor Period from January 1, 2016 through November 4, 2016. 32 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8 of to histt Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Overview We are a leading packaged food company focused on developing, manufacturing, marketing, selling and distributing baked goods in North America, providing a wide range of snack cakes, donuts, sweet rolls, breakfast pastries, snack pies and related products. As of December 31, 2019, we operate four baking facilities and utilize distribution centers and third-party warehouses to distribute our products. Our DTW product distribution system allows us to deliver to our customers’ warehouses. Our customers in turn distribute to their retail stores and/or distributors. In January 2020, we acquired Voortman which produces a variety of cookies and wafers products, including sugar-free products under the Voortman® brand. We have two reportable segments: “Sweet Baked Goods” and “In-Store Bakery”. Sweet Baked Goods consists of fresh and frozen sweet baked goods and bread products sold under the Hostess®, Dolly Madison®, Cloverhill®, and Big Texas® brands along with private label products. In-Store Bakery consisted primarily of Superior on Main® branded eclairs, madeleines, brownies, and iced cookies sold in the bakery section of grocery and club stores. We divested the In-Store Bakery operations in August 2019. Hostess® is the second leading brand by market share within the SBG category, according to Nielsen U.S. total universe. For the 52-week period ended December 28, 2019 our branded SBG products (which include Hostess®, Dolly Madison®, Cloverhill®, and Big Texas® ) market share was 18.8% per Nielsen’s Nielsen’s U.S. SBG category ddata. Principal Components of Operating Results Net Revenue We generate revenue primarily through selling sweet baked goods and other products under the Hostess® group of brands, which includes iconic products such as CupCakes, Twinkies®, Donettes®, Ding Dongs®, and Zingers® in addition to Danishes, Honey Buns and Coffee Cakes. We also sell products under the Dolly Madison®, Cloverhill® and Big Texas® brands along with private label products. Our product assortment is sold to customers’ warehouses and distribution centers by the case or in display ready corrugate units. Retailers display and sell our products to the end consumer in single-serve, multi-pack or club-pack formats. We sell our products primarily to supermarket chains, national mass merchandisers and convenience and drug stores, along with a smaller portion of our product sales going to dollar stores, vending, club, and other retail outlets. Our revenues are driven by average net price and total volume of products sold. Factors that impact unit pricing and sales volume include product mix, the cost of ingredients, the promotional activities implemented by the Company and its competitors, industry capacity, new product initiatives and quality and consumer preferences. We do not keep a significant backlog of finished goods inventory, as our baked products are promptly shipped to our distribution centers after being produced and then distributed to customers. Cost of Goods Sold Cost of goods sold consists of ingredients, packaging, labor, energy, other production costs, warehousing and transportation costs including in-bound freight, inter-plant transportation and distribution of our products to customers. The cost of ingredients and packaging represent the majority of our total costs of goods sold. All costs that are incurred at the bakeries, including the depreciation of bakery facilities and equipment, are included in cost of goods sold. We do not allocate any corporate functions into cost of goods sold. 33 Our cost of ingredients consists principally of flour, sweeteners, edible oils and cocoa, which are subject to substantial price fluctuations, as is the cost of paper, corrugate, films and plastics used to package our products. The prices for raw materials are influenced by a number of factors, including the weather, crop production, transportation and processing costs, government regulation and policies and worldwide market supply and demand. We also rely on fuel products, such as natural gas, diesel, propane and electricity, to operate our bakeries and produce our products. Fluctuations in the prices of the raw materials or fuel products used in the production, packaging or transportation of our products affect the cost of products sold and our product pricing strategy. We utilize forward buying strategies through short-term and long-term advance purchase contracts to lock in prices for certain high-volume raw materials, packaged components and certain fuel inputs. Through these initiatives, we believe we are able to obtain competitive pricing. ff Advertising and Marketing Our advertising and marketing expenses relate to our advertising campaigns, which include social media, print, online advertising, local promotional events, monthly agency fees and payroll costs. We also invest in wire racks and corrugate displays delivered to customers to display our products off shelf, field marketing and merchandising services to reset and check our store inventory on a regular basis. Selling Expense Selling expenses primarily include sales management, employment, travel, and related expenses, as well as broker fees. We utilize brokers for sales support, including managing promotional activities and order processing. General and Administrative General and administrative expenses primarily include employee and related expenses for the accounting, planning, customer service, legal, human resources, corporate operations, research and development, purchasing, logistics and executive functions. Also included are professional service fees related to audit and tax, legal, outsourced information technology functions, transportation planning, and corporate site and insurance costs, as well as the depreciation and amortization of corporate assets. Non-Controlling Interest Mr. Metropoulos and the Metropoulos Entities hold their equity investment in us primarily through Class B limited partnership units in the Company’s subsidiary, Hostess Holdings (“Class B Units”), and an equal number of shares of the Company’s Class B common stock (“Class B Stock”). Our Class B Stock has voting, but no economic rights, while Hostess Holdings’ Class B Units have economic, but no voting rights. Each Class B Unit, together with a share of Class B Stock held by the Metropoulos Entities, is exchangeable for a share of the Company’s Class A common stock (or at the option of the Company, the cash equivalent thereof). The Company holds 100% of the general partnership interest in Hostess Holdings and a majority of the limited partnership interests and consolidates Hostess Holdings in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The interest of the Metropoulos Entities in Hostess Holdings’ Class B Units is reflected in our consolidated financial statements as a non-controlling interest. Class B Stock ownership in the Company decreased from approximately 23% at December 31, 2018 to approximately 6% at December 31, 2019 through a series exchanges of shares of Class B Stock and Class B Units for an equal number of Class A shares. Factors Impacting Recent Results Disposition the Company sold the In-Store Bakery operations, trademarks and licensing On August 30, 2019, agreements, to an unrelated party. The In-Store Bakery operations provided products that were primarily sold in the in-store bakery section of the U.S. retail channels under the Superior on Main® brand or store-branded. The Company divested the operations to focus more on future investment in areas of our business that better leverage our core competencies. including relevant 34 Acquisition On February 1, 2018, we acquired certain U.S. breakfast assets from Aryzta, LLC, which included a bakery, inventory, and the Big Texas® and Cloverhill® brand names (collectively referred to as the “Cloverhill Business”). We acquired these assets to expand our product portfolio and to gain previously outsourced manufacturing capabilities for our existing product portfolio. Our consolidated statements of operations includes the operation of these assets from February 1, 2018 through December 31, 2019. Tax Receivable Agreement Buyout On January 26, 2018, we entered into a transaction to terminate all future payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement outflow on payable to the Apollo Funds in exchange for a cash payment of $34.0 million, which was recognized as a financing the consolidated statements of cash flow. This transaction did not affect the portion of the rights under the Tax Receivable Agreement payable to the Metropoulos Entities. We recognized a $12.4 million gain in the non-operating section of our consolidated statements of operations, which represented the difference between the $46.4 million carrying value of the portion of the Tax Receivable Agreement liability which was terminated and the $34.0 million of cash payments. ff Tax Reform During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Reform”) was signed into law. Tax Reform significantly changed U.S. tax law by lowering the corporate income tax rate permanently fromff a maximum of 35% to a flat 21% rate, effective January 1, 2018. This impacted the valuation of our tax items and the Tax Receivable Agreement. 35 Results of Operations ) (In thousands, except per share data p p , Year Ended December 31, 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Net revenue.......................................................................................................................... $ Gross profit.......................................................................................................................... 907,675 299,834 As a % of no et revenue....................................................................................................... 33.0 % Operating costs and expenses.............................................................................................. $ Operating income ............................................................................................................... Other expense...................................................................................................................... Income tax expense (benefit)............................................................................................... Net income .......................................................................................................................... Net income attributable to Class A shareholders................................................................. 163,738 136,096 41,639 16,892 77,565 63,115 $ $ $ $ 850,389 267,277 31.4 % 145,719 121,558 27,178 12,954 81,426 62,895 776,188 326,898 42.1 % 92,906 233,992 43,088 (67,204) 258,108 223,897 Earnings per Class A share: Basic.................................................................................................................................... Diluted................................................................................................................................. 0.57 0.55 0.63 0.61 2.26 2.13 Adjusted EBITDA (1)......................................................................................................... Adjusted EPS (1)................................................................................................................. 204,657 0.61 186,176 0.54 230,212 0.63 (1) Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EPS are non-GAAP measures. See Item 6 fof hithis Annual Report on Form 10-K - Selected Financial Data for definition of these measures and a reconciliation to the related GAAP measures for each period presented. l Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Net Revenue Net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $57.3 million, or 6.7%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. Excluding the impact of the In-Store Bakery disposition in 2019, net revenue increased $72.0 million, or 8.6%. The increase in net revenue was attributed to volume growth in our core products across multiple customer channels, the introduction of our breakfast innovation products, including Danishes and Cinnamon Rolls, and the impact of pricing actions implemented in the fourth quarter of 2018. Gross Profit Gross profit was 33.0% of net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of 160 basis points from a gross margin of 31.4% for the year ended December 31, 2018. Gross profit in 2019 benefited from pricing actions, higher sales volume and bakery savings initiatives executed across all bakeries, particularly in our Chicago bakery. These benefits were partially offset by higher input costs. Operating Costs and Expenses Operating costs and expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased by 12.4% from the year ended December 31, 2018. During 2019, we recognized a $7.1 million gain on the valuation of a foreign currency contract originated to hedge the January 2020 purchase of Voortman in Canadian dollars. During 2018, we recognized a $3.3 million impairment charge related to our In-Store Bakery assets, which were sold in August 2019. Excluding these costs, operating costs and expenses increased due to additional expense related to incentive and stock compensation, additional payroll to execute strategic corporate initiatives, transaction costs related the sale of In-Store Bakery and the acquisition of Voortman, and facility transition costs to relocate our primary distribution center as well an increase from the remeasurement of the Tax Receivable Agreement. ff 36 Operating Income Operating income for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $136.1 million compared to $121.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in operating income was attributed to higher sales volume, the impact of pricing actions and bakery operating efficiencies as well as the gain on the foreign currency contract. These increases to operating income were partially offset by higher incentive and stock compensation, transaction and facility transition costs as well an increase from the remeasurement of the Tax Receivable Agreement. Other Expense For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, interest expense related to our term loan was $43.3 million and $41.3 million, respectively. Also, during the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized a loss of $0.5 million related to the refinancing of our term loan. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized a $12.4 million gain related to the buyout of the Tax Receivable Agreement. Income Taxes Our effective tax rate was 17.9% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 13.7% for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in the effective tax rate was primarily due to the Class B forff Class A share exchanges during 2019. Subsequent to these exchanges, more income from Hostess Holdings, L.P was allocated to Hostess Brands, Inc. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2018 reflects the tax impact of the gain on the buyout of the Tax Receivable Agreement and the tax benefit related to revaluing our deferred tax liabilities due to a change in our estimated state tax rate. NNet Income d d ended December 31, 2019, net iincome was $$77.6 For hthe year ended d d December 31, 2018 T. he decrease in net income was primarily attributed to the buyout of the tax receivable agreement in 2018, which partially offset by higher operating income in 2019. illimillion ffor hthe year compared to $$81.4 d illimillion 37 Earnings Per ShShare Earnings Our (basic) (b i ) earnings per i dand $$0.61 (dil (basic) lclass A shhare was $$0.57 (b i ) d d (dilutive) ffor hthe year i ended December 31, 2018. dand $$0.55 (dil ) i (dilutive) ffor hthe year ) ended December 31, 2019, compa dred to $$0.63 d d i dj earnings per hshare was $$0.61 ffor hthe year Adjusted ended December 31, 2019, compared to $0.54 for the year ended d December 31, 2018. The increase was attributed to higher operating income offset by an increase in the dilutive impact of our outstanding warrants. d d A jAdjusted EBITDA A d dj ended d d Adjusted EBITDA was $$204.7 adjusted EBITDA was attributed to higher sales volume, the impact of pricing actions December 31, 2018. Thhe iimprovement iin dj and bakery operating efficiencies, partially offset by a shift in product mix and additional operating costs to execute the relocation of our primary distribution center and in support of revenue growth and marketing initiatives. ended December 31, 2019, c illimillion ffor hthe year illimillion ffor hthe year ompared to $$186.2 d d d d Segments We have two reportable segments: Sweet Baked Goods and In-Store Bakery. Our Sweet Baked Goods segment consists of fresh and frozen baked goods and bread products that are sold under the Hostess®, Dolly Madison®, Cloverhill® and Big Texas® brands. The In-Store Bakery segment consists of Superior on Main® branded and store-branded products sold through the in- store bakery section of grocery and club stores. The operations included within the In-Store Bakery segment were sold on August 30, 2019. We evaluate performance and allocate resources based on net revenue and gross profit. Information regarding the operations of these reportable segments is as follows: ) (In thousands) ( Net revenue: Year Ended December 31, 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Sweet Baked Goods..................................................................................................... $ In-Store Bakery............................................................................................................ Net revenue.................................................................................................................. $ 878,973 28,702 ,, 907,675 Gross profit: Sweet Baked Goods..................................................................................................... $ In-Store Bakery............................................................................................................ Gross profit.................................................................................................................. $ 293,648 6,186 ,, 299,834 Capital expenditures (1): Sweet Baked Goods..................................................................................................... $ In-Store Bakery............................................................................................................ Capital expenditures.................................................................................................... $ 35,354 182 ,, 35,536 $ $ $ $ $ $ 808,355 42,034 ,, 850,389 258,995 8,282 ,, 267,277 53,394 354 ,, 53,748 $ $ $ $ $ $ 733,827 42,361 ,, 776,188 316,916 9,982 ,, 326,898 35,609 774 ,, 36,383 (1) For all periods presented, capital expenditures consists of purchases of property and equipment and acquisition and development of software assets paid in cash or acquired through accounts payable. Sweet Baked Goods net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $70.6 million, or 8.7%, from the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in net revenue was attributed to sales growth in our core products across multiple customer channels, the introduction of our breakfast innovation products, including Danishes and Cinnamon Rolls, and the impact of pricing actions implemented in the fourth quarter of 2018. Sweet Baked Goods gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2019 was 33.4% of net revenue, compared to 32.0% of net revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2018. Gross profit in 2019 benefited from pricing actions, higher sales volume and bakery savings initiatives executed across all bakeries, particularly in our Chicago bakery. These benefits were partially offset by a shift in product mix. 38 In-Store Bakery net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019 decreased 31.7% from the year ended ended December 31, 2018 as a result of the sale of the In-Store Bakery operations in August of 2019. In-Store Bakery gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2019 was 21.6% of net revenue compared to 19.7% for the year ended December 31, 2018. Liquidity and Capital Resources Our primary sources of liquidity are from the cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet, future cash flow generated from operations, and availability under our revolving credit agreement (“Revolver”). We believe that cash flows from operations and the current cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet will be sufficient to satisfy the anticipated cash requirements associated with our existing operations for at least the next 12 months. Our ability to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities depends on our future performance, which is subject to general economic, political, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. In addition, our future capital expenditures and other cash requirements could be higher than we currently expect as a result of various factors, including any expansion of our business that we undertake, including acquisitions. We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. We had working capital, excluding cash, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 of $8.1 million and $12.0 million, respectively. We have the ability to borrow under our Revolver to meet obligations as they come due. As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately $$95.8 illimillion available for borrowing, net of letters of credit, under our Revolver. Cash Flows from Operating Activities Cash flows provided by operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were $144.0 million and $143.7 million, respectively. The increase in operating cash flows from 2018 to 2019 was driven by an investment in inventory to support the transition to our new distribution center in the fourth quarter of 2019 partially offset by higher operating income. Cash Flows provided by and used in Investing Activities Cash flows provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 were $22.9 million while cash flows used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $70.9 million. During 2019, we received proceeds of $63.3 million from the sale of our In-Store Bakery business, while in 2018 we used $23.2 million to purchase the Cloverhill business and had higher capital expenditures to support the integration of the Cloverhill business. Cash Flows used in Financing Activities Cash flows used in financing activities were $28.1 million and $62.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2019, financing cash usage primarily included principal payments on our term loan as well as costs incurred to refinance and extend the maturity of the term loan. During the year ended December 31, 2018 we bought out a portion of the Tax Receivable Agreement for $34.0 million, as well as made the first payment to the remaining. Long-Term Debt i b fof d i December 31, 2019, $, 973.9 million aggregate fof lletters credit, di Contingencies to hthe i reducing hthe amount d i l consolidated fi lid regarding hthe lletters fof di di December 31, 2019, we were iin fof As amount dand information i f b fof certain i comply i hwith hthese covenants ffor hthe f l financial covenants. credit. W he h dad no compliance li dBased on our current foreseeable ffuture. bl restrictive fi i i l i i i hwith llall covenants principal amount i l available il bl i dunder hthe outstanding b di dand l Revolver, were outstanding. See Note 15. l principal l i i fof our term lloan andand $4.2 million aggregate di Commitments i nnual Report on Form 10-K ffor December 31, 2019. As l b contains Revolver l Revolver. hThe i illwill fperformance, we b libelieve hthat we borrowings dunder our term lloan d Revolver as fof projected fi dunder our financial i l dand hthe j i l financial statements iin Part II, Item 8 off thihis A In January 2020, we agreement. hThe proceeds, entered iinto $$140.0 h d d together illimillion fof i hcash on h dhand, fi i hwith incremental term lloans h l financed hthe $$320 d illimillion h through an purchase fof Voortman. h amendment to our d existing i i credit di Commitments and Contingencies As fof lleases, statements i December 31, 2019, thhe Company hhas b dand dadvance commitments. i purchase h included iin Part II, Item 8 on thihis l d d i commitments a dnd fRefer to Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies to hthe Annual Report on Form 10-K. contingencie fs forff receivable arrangements, d bdebt, opera iting financial i l consolidated fi lid i bl tax d i i l 39 Contractual Commitments as of December 31, 2019 , ) (In thousands) ( Voortman acquisition (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax receivable agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Term loan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest payments on term loan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ingredient procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Packaging procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Committed Less than 1 yeary y 1 to 3 years 3 to 5 y years More than y 5 years $ $ 320,067 138,196 3,931 214,404 18,922 76,441 49,260 , 1,791,221 , , , $ $ 320,067 12,100 9,764 39,720 3,541 75,280 49,260 ,, 509,732 $ — $ 14,800 19,527 78,556 4,716 1,161 — ,, 118,760 $ $ — $ 15,900 19,528 77,104 9,636 — — ,, 122,168 — 95,396 925,112 19,024 1,029 — — $ 1,040,561 , , , , (1) Represents the US dollar funding needed to settle our outstanding Canadian dollar foreign currency purchase contract, which in turn funded the Canadian dollar denominated purchase of Voortman. This purchase was financed with cash on hand and the proceeds from $140 million of additional term loans on our existing credit agreement borrowed in January 2020. Tax receivable agreement i bl The Tax Receivable Agreement generally provides for the payment by the Company to the legacy Hostess Equity Holders of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that the Company actually realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after the closing of the 2016 Hostess Business Combination (which periods may extend, unless the Tax Receivable Agreement is terminated early in accordance with its terms, for more than 15 years following any exchange of Class B units of Hostess Holdings for shares of the Company’s Class A common stock or the cash equivalent thereof) as a result of (i) certain increases in tax basis resulting from the 2016 Hostess Business Combination; (ii) certain tax attributes of Hostess Holdings, LP and its subsidiaries existing prior to the Hostess Business Combination and prior to subsequent exchanges of Class B Units; (iii) certain increases in tax basis resulting from exchanges of Class B Units; (iv) imputed interest deemed to be paid by the Company as a result of payments it makes under the Tax Receivable Agreement; and (v) certain increases in tax basis resulting from payments the Company makes under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The Company retained the benefit of the remaining 15% of these cash savings. Certain payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be made to the Metropoulos Entities in accordance with specified percentages, regardless of the source of the applicable tax attribute. In January 2018, we entered into an agreement to terminating all future payment obligations to one of the counterparties in exchange for a payment of $34.0 million. Subsequent to the agreement, we will now retain a greater portion of the net cash tax savings related to tax attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement. Critical Accounting Policies The preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States requires the use of judgment, estimates and assumptions. We make such subjective determinations after careful consideration of our historical performance, management’s experience, current economic trends and events and information from outside sources. Inherent in this process is the possibility that actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions for any particular period. accounting significant accounting Our significant areas are hthe most iimportant policies are d detailed iin Note 1 to our cons lid l d olidated fi judgments. subjective judgments. difficult, subjective require hthe most diffi il d i li i dand financial statements i l following i hiwithin Item 8. hThe following dTrade dand consumer promotion programs i i ffoffer lsales i ivarious dand consumers, incentive programs to customers We iprice didiscounts, iin-store display incentives, cooperative advertising programs and new product introduction fees. The mix between promotional programs, which are classified as reductions in revenue in the statements of operations, and advertising or other marketing activities, which are classified as marketing and selling expenses in the statements of operations, fluctuates between periods based on our overall marketing plans, and such fluctuations have an impact on revenues. These trade programs also require management to make estimates about the expected total cost of the programs and related allocations amongst participants (who might have different levels of incentives based on various program requirements). These estimates are inherently uncertain and are generally based on historical experience, adjusted for any new facts or circumstances that might impact the ultimate cost estimate forff a particular program or programs. hsuch as ffeature 40 Goodwill and Indefinite-lived trade names When evaluating goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment under U.S. GAAP, we may first perform an assessment of qualitative factors to determine if the fair value of the reporting unit or the intangible asset is more-likely-than- not greater than the carrying amount. Such qualitative factors include, but are not limited to, macro-economic conditions, market and industry conditions, cost considerations, competitive environment, share price fluctuations, overall financial performance and results of past impairment tests. Based on a review of the qualitative factors, if we determine it is not more- likely-than-not that the fair value is less than the carrying value, we may bypass the quantitative impairment test. We also may elect not to perform the qualitative assessment for some or all reporting units and perform a quantitative impairment test. For our 2019 annual impairment testing, we elected to perform a qualitative assessment for our reporting units. No indicators of impairment were noted. For our 2018 annual impairment testing, we elected to perform a quantitative assessment for our reporting units. This test estimated the fair value of each of the reporting units and compared it to the carrying value. To the extent the fair value was in excess of the carrying value, no impairment existed. Otherwise, an impairment loss was recognized for the amount that the carrying value of a reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeded its fair value. In performing the quantitative test of goodwill, fair value was determined based on a calculation which gave consideration to an income approach utilizing the discounted cash flow method and the market approach using the market comparable and market transaction methods. Significant assumptions used to determine fair value under the discounted cash flow method included future trends in sales, operating expenses, capital expenditures and changes in working capital. When forecasting these future trends, we utilized historical financial performance, expected terminal growth rates, known industry-specific trends as well internal forecasts and planned initiatives including expected innovation which would impact financial performance. In addition to projected financial information, we also developed an appropriate discount rate for each reporting unit reflecting the reporting unit’s estimated cost of equity capital and after-tax cost of debt, which we estimated by considering the reporting unit’s current borrowing rate, required return on invested capital and future economic and market conditions. Significant assumptions used to determine the fair value under the market comparable and market transaction methods utilized for the market approach included the identification of publicly-traded companies and transactions involving a purchase or sale. When identifying such companies or transactions, we considered size, industry, product and geographic diversification and cost structure. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized an additional impairment charge to the In-Store Bakery reporting unit goodwill of $1.0 million reflecting a change in certain market assumptions (level 1 inputs). Based on the results of the 2018 impairment testing, the fair value of the Sweet Baked Goods reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by 3.1%. The fair value of the In-Store Bakery reporting unit was less than its carrying value and we recognized an impairment charge of $2.7 million to goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2018. Our indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of trademarks and trade names. The $1,408.6 million and $1,409.9 million balances at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, were recognized as part of the Hostess Business Combination and the acquisition of the Cloverhill Business. The trademarks and trade names are integral to the Company’s identity and are expected to contribute indefinitely to our corporate cash flows. Fair value for trademarks and tradenames was determined using the income approach. The application of the income approach was premised on a royalty savings method, whereby the trademark and tradenames are valued by reference to the amount of royalty income they could generate if they were licensed, in an arm’s- length transaction, to a third party. These assets have been assigned an indefinite life and therefore are not amortized but rather evaluated for impairment annually using the qualitative or quantitative methods similar to goodwill. During 2019, we performed a qualitative test. No indicators of impairment were noted. During 2018, we performed a quantitative assessment. For this assessment, the valuation of trademarks and trade names are determined using the relief from royalty method. Significant assumptions used in this method include future trends in sales, a royalty rate and a discount rate to be applied to the forecast revenue stream. As a result of the 2018 quantitative tests, we recognized impairment charges of $0.6 million to the In- Store Bakery intangibles assets during the year ended December 31, 2018. Changes in certain significant assumptions could have a significant impact on the estimated fair value, and therefore, a futff ure impairment or additional impairments could result for a portion of goodwill, long-lived assets or intangible assets. Business Combinations We account for business acquisitions using the purchase method of accounting. Assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and non- controlling interests are recorded at their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The excess of purchase price over fair value of the net assets acquired, including the amount assigned to identifiable intangible assets, is recorded as goodwill. Given the time it takes to obtain pertinent information to finalize the acquired company’s balance sheet, it may be multiple quarters 41 before we are able to finalize those initial fair value estimates. Accordingly, it is not uncommon for the initial estimates to be subsequently revised. Tax Receivable Agreement We recognize a liability on the consolidated balance sheet based on the undiscounted estimated future payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The most significant estimates utilized by management to calculate the corresponding liability is the Company’s increase in tax basis related to exchanges, future cash tax savings rates, which are projected based on current tax laws and the Company’s historical and future tax profile, and the allocation of the liability between short-term and long-term based on when the Company realizes certain tax attributes. New Accounting Pronouncements Refer to Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information regarding recently issued accounting standards. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk We are exposed to market risks related to interest rates, commodity pricing and foreign currency exchange rates. Market risk on variable-rate financial instruments Our term loan and Revolver each bear interest on outstanding borrowings thereunder at variable interest rates. The rate in effect at December 31, 2019 for the outstanding term loan was a LIBOR-based rate of 4.14% per annum. At December 31, 2019, we had an aggregate principal balance of $973.9 million outstanding under the term loan and $95.8 million available for borrowing, net of letters of credit of $4.2 million, under the Revolver. Increases in market interest rates would cause interest expense to increase and earnings before income taxes to decrease. To manage the risk related to our variable rate debt, we have entered into an interest rate swap contract with a counter party to interest rate of 1.78% and receive a series of payments based on the greater of make a series of payments based on a fixed LIBOR or 0.75%. Both the fixed and floating payment streams are based on a notional amount of $500 million at the inception of the contract and are reduced by $100 million each year of the five year contract. At December 31, 2019, a notional amount of $300.0 million remained outstanding on the swap contract. ff The change in interest expense and earnings before income taxes resulting from a change in market interest rates would be dependent upon the weighted average outstanding borrowings and the portion of those borrowings that are hedged by our swap contract during the reporting period following an increase in market interest rates. An increase in applicable interest rates of 1% for the year ended December 31, 2019 would result in an increase in interest expense of approximately $9.8 million, or approximately $6.5 million after accounting for the impact of our swap contract. Commodity Price Risk In the ordinary course of business, we are exposed to commodity price risks relating to the purchases of raw materials and other manufacturing inputs. We regularly use vendor purchase commitments to lock-in pricing to manage certain of these exposures. For the year ended December 31, 2019, a hypothetical 1% adverse change in the market price of our principal commodities, including sugars, oils and corrugate, would increase our costs of goods sold by approximately $3.0 million, before considering the impact of our outstanding purchase commitments. Foreign Currency Risk In November 2019, we entered into a contract to purchase Voortman for $425.0 million Canadian dollars (“CAD”). The transaction closed in January 2020. To reduce our exposure, we entered into a contract to purchase CADs at a definff ed exchange rate sufficient to cover the purchase price and expected short-term cash outflows related to the conversion and integration of Voortman's operations. At December 31, 2019, a hypothetical 1% adverse change in the US dollar (“USD”) to CAD exchange rate would increase the USD cash outflow to purchase Voortman by approximately $3.3 million. Our CAD purchase contract eliminates this exposure. Subsequent to close we will continue to be exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates related to the operation of Voortman's Canadian production facility, sales and related operating expenses. 42 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Audited Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 43 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and Board of Directors Hostess Brands, Inc.: Opinions on the Consolidated Financial FF Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Hostess Brands, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of Framework (2013) issued by the Committee December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. II In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. II Basis for Opinions The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. ff ff We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effecff t on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. 44 Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. Evaluation of customer trade allowances As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has recorded a liability for customer trade allowances, consisting primarily of pricing allowances and merchandising programs associated with sales to customers. The estimated liability for these programs is dependent on factors such as the ultimate purchase volume activity, the mix of customers and retailers participating in the programs, and redemption rates on retail incentives. The Company’s liability for customer trade allowances as of December 31, 2019 was $45.7 million. We have identified the evaluation of the customer trade allowance as a critical audit matter because of the degree of auditor judgment required to evaluate the Company’s estimates. This is due to uncertainty around the amount of settlements, which typically occurs in a period subsequent to the related sales transaction, and in particular, the estimate of purchase volumes made by retailers from distributors. The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We tested certain internal controls over the determination and monitoring of this liability within the Company’s trade process at disaggregated levels, including controls over the Company’s trade spend trending and lookback analyses based on final settlement. We analyzed the liability by trade allowance type to identify unusual trends. We assessed the Company’s historical ability to accurately estimate its customer trade allowances by comparing historical estimates to final settlements. We also tested a sample of settlements recognized subsequent to period end. Evaluation of the Tax Receivable Agreement Liability As discussed in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s future expected payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement (TRA) related to Hostess Holdings, LP Class B unit exchanges made through December 31, 2019 are $12.1 million for 2020 and $126.1 million for 2021 and all years thereafter. These payments are the result of the application of the TRA to certain increases in tax basis and delivery of certain other tax attributes to the Company. The Company’s estimated future expected payments utilize inputs that include the Company’s cash tax savings rate. We identified the evaluation of the TRA liability as a critical audit matter. There was a higher degree of auditor judgment required to evaluate the liability primarily due to the increased complexity in determining the increase in tax basis resulting from the volume of Hostess Holdings, LP Class B unit exchanges by Metropoulos Entities throughout 2019. In addition, the classification of the liability between short-term and long-term future expected payments resulting from these exchanges required specialized skills and knowledge of the TRA and newly enacted tax rules. The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We tested certain internal controls over the Company’s process to estimate the TRA liability, including controls related to the calculation of tax basis related to the exchanges. Further, we tested certain internal controls related to the allocation of the liability between short- term and long-term future expected payments. We, with the assistance of tax professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, evaluated the Company’s TRA liability calculation through inspection and assessment of internal documentation and consideration of publicly available information about the Company. The evaluation included the increase in tax basis and the classification of the TRA liability between short-term and long-term future expected payments. In addition, our tax professionals compared their interpretation of the tax laws and regulations to the Company’s application of those laws and regulations found in the Company’s calculations. /s/ KPMG LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2013. Kansas City, Missouri February 26, 2020 45 HOSTESS BRANDS, R INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Amounts in thousands, except shares) ASSETS Current assets: December 31, December 31, 2019 2018 Cash and cash equivalents................................................................................................................. $ 285,087 $ Accounts receivable, net.................................................................................................................... Inventories......................................................................................................................................... Prepaids and other current assets....................................................................................................... Total current assets............................................................................................................................... Property and equipment, net................................................................................................................. 104,892 47,608 15,569 453,156 242,384 Intangible assets, net............................................................................................................................. 1,853,315 Goodwill............................................................................................................................................... Other assets, net.................................................................................................................................... 535,853 12,993 146,377 105,679 38,580 8,806 299,442 220,349 1,901,215 575,645 14,062 Total assets........................................................................................................................................... $ 3,097,701 $ 3,010,713 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Long-term debt and lease obligations payable within one year........................................................ $ 11,883 $ Tax receivable agreement obligations payable within one year........................................................ Accounts payable ............................................................................................................................ Customer trade allowances................................................................................................................ Accrued expenses and other current liabilities.................................................................................. Total current liabilities.......................................................................................................................... Long-term debt and lease obligations................................................................................................... Tax receivable agreement obligations.................................................................................................. Deferred tax liability............................................................................................................................. 12,100 68,566 45,715 21,661 159,925 975,405 126,096 256,051 11,268 4,400 65,288 42,010 18,137 141,103 976,736 64,663 277,954 Total liabilities...................................................................................................................................... 1,517,477 1,460,456 Commitments and Contingencies (Note 15) Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 122,108,086 and 100,046,392 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively........................... Class B common stock, $0.0001 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized, 8,409,834 and 30,255,184 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.................. 12 1 Additional paid in capital..................................................................................................................... 1,152,055 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)................................................................................ (756) Retained earnings................................................................................................................................. Stockholders’ equity............................................................................................................................. Non-controlling interest........................................................................................................................ 334,480 1,485,792 94,432 10 3 925,902 2,523 271,365 1,199,803 350,454 Total liabilities, stockholders’ equity and non-controlling interest...................................................... $ 3,097,701 $ 3,010,713 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 46 HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Amounts in thousands, except shares and per share data) Year Ended December 31, 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Net revenue........................................................................................................................... $ 907,675 $ 850,389 $ Cost of goods sold................................................................................................................. Gross profit........................................................................................................................... 607,841 299,834 583,112 267,277 Operating costs and expenses: Advertising and marketing............................................................................................... Selling expense................................................................................................................ General and administrative.............................................................................................. Amortization of customer relationships........................................................................... Business combination transaction costs .......................................................................... Tax receivable agreement liability remeasurement......................................................... Gain on foreign currency contract................................................................................... Other operating expense.................................................................................................. Total operating costs and expenses....................................................................................... Operating income ................................................................................................................. Other (income) expense: Interest expense, net......................................................................................................... Gain on buyout of tax receivable agreement................................................................... Other expense .................................................................................................................. Total other expense............................................................................................................... Income before income taxes................................................................................................. Income tax expense (benefit)ff ................................................................................................ Net income ........................................................................................................................... Less: Net income attributable to the non-controlling interest............................................... 39,775 30,719 69,423 23,377 1,914 186 (7,128) 5,472 163,738 136,096 39,870 — 1,769 41,639 94,457 16,892 77,565 14,450 35,069 30,071 52,760 24,057 297 (1,866) — 5,331 145,719 121,558 39,404 (12,372) 146 27,178 94,380 12,954 81,426 18,531 776,188 449,290 326,898 33,004 32,086 52,943 23,855 — (50,222) — 1,240 92,906 233,992 39,174 — 3,914 43,088 190,904 (67,204) 258,108 34,211 Net income attributable to Class A stockholders.................................................................. $ 63,115 $ 62,895 $ 223,897 Earnings per Class A share: Basic................................................................................................................................... Diluted................................................................................................................................ 0.57 0.55 0.63 0.61 2.26 2.13 Weighted-average shares outstanding: Basic................................................................................................................................... 110,540,264 99,957,049 99,109,629 Diluted................................................................................................................................ 114,699,447 103,098,394 105,307,293 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 47 R CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. (Amounts in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Net income ............................................................................................... $ 77,565 $ 81,426 $ 258,108 Other comprehensive income:.................................................................. Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate swap da flow hedge............................................................................................ esignated as a cash Income tax benefit (expense)................................................................ Comprehensive income ........................................................................... Less: Comprehensive income attributed to non-controlling interest.... (5,768) 1,222 73,019 13,292 2,187 (470) 83,143 19,050 2,878 (890) 260,096 34,881 Comprehensive income attributed to Class A shareholders..................... $ 59,727 $ 64,093 $ 225,215 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 48 HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (Amounts in thousands, except shares data) Class A Voting Common Stock Class B Voting Common Stock Shares Amount Shares Amount Balance–December 31, 2016................ 98,250,917 $ Comprehensive income.......................... — Share-based compensation, net of income taxes of $2,610.......................... 154,849 Exchanges.............................................. 1,385,424 Distributions........................................... Payment of taxes for employee stock awards.................................................... Exercise of public warrants.................... Tax receivable agreement arising from exchanges, net of income taxes of $1,898..................................................... — — 55 — Balance–December 31, 2017................ 99,791,245 $ Adoption of new accounting standards net of income taxes of $83..................... Comprehensive income.......................... Share-based compensation, net of income taxes of $505............................. Exchanges.............................................. Distributions........................................... Payment of taxes for employee stock awards.................................................... Tax receivable agreement arising from exchanges, net of income taxes of $33... — — 190,767 64,380 — — — Balance–December 31, 2018................ 100,046,392 $ Comprehensive income.......................... — Share-based compensation, net of income taxes of $1,354.......................... 208,831 Exchanges.............................................. 21,845,350 Distributions........................................... Exercise of employm ee stock options....... Payment of taxes for employee stock awards.................................................... Exercise of public warrants.................... Tax receivable agreement arising from exchanges, net of income taxes of $28,817................................................... — 7,463 — 50 — Balance–December 31, 2019................ 122,108,086 $ 10 — — — — — — — 10 — — — — — — — 10 — — 2 — — — — — 12 31,704,988 $ — — (1,385,424) — — — — 30,319,564 $ — — — (64,380) — — — 30,255,184 $ — — (21,845,350) — — — — — 8,409,834 $ 3 — — — — — — — 3 — — — — — — — 3 — — (2) — — — — — 1 Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Accumulated Losses / Retained Earnings Total Stockholders’ Equity Non- controlling Interest $ 912,824 $ — $ (15,618) $ 897,219 $ 334,192 — 1,318 223,897 225,215 34,881 4,803 13,848 — (436) 1 (10,317) — — — — — — — — — — — — 4,803 13,848 — (436) 1 (10,317) — (13,848) (12,985) — — — $ 920,723 $ 1,318 $ 208,279 $ 1,130,333 $ 342,240 — — 5,095 1,370 — (1,025) (261) 7 1,198 191 62,895 198 85 64,093 19,050 — — — — — — — — — 5,095 1,370 — (1,025) (261) — (1,370) (9,551) — — $ 925,902 $ 2,523 $ 271,365 $ 1,199,803 $ 350,454 — (3,388) 63,115 59,727 13,292 7,877 262,547 — 23 (1,431) — (42,863) — 109 — — — — — — — — — — — — 7,877 — 262,656 (262,656) — 23 (1,431) — (42,863) (6,658) — — — — 1,152,055 $ (756) $ 334,480 $ 1,485,792 $ 94,432 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 49 R CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. (Amounts in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Operating activities Net income.............................................................................................................................. $ 77,565 $ 81,426 $ Depreciation and amortization................................................................................................ Impairment of property, goodwill and intangibles ................................................................. Non-cash loss on debt modification........................................................................................ Debt premium amortization..................................................................................................... Tax receivable agreement remeasurement and gain on buyout............................................... Non-cash fees on sale of business........................................................................................... Gain on foreign currency contract........................................................................................... Share-based compensation...................................................................................................... Loss on sale/abandonment of property and equipment........................................................... Deferred taxes.......................................................................................................................... Change in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and dispositions: Accounts receivable.............................................................................................................. Inventories............................................................................................................................. Prepaids and other current assets ....................................................................................... Accounts payable and accrued expenses............................................................................... Customer trade allowances................................................................................................... Net cash provided by operating activities................................................................................... Investing activities Purchases of property and equipment..................................................................................... Acquisition of business, net of cash........................................................................................ Proceeds from sale of business, net of cash............................................................................ Proceeds from sale of assets.................................................................................................... Acquisition and development of software assets..................................................................... Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities.................................................................... Financing activities Repayments of long-term debt and capital a lease obligations.................................................. Debt refinancing costs............................................................................................................. Distributions to non-controlling interest................................................................................. Payment of taxes related to the net issuance of employee stock awards................................. Payments on tax receivable agreement................................................................................... Proceeds from the exercise of warrants................................................................................... Net cash used in financing activities........................................................................................... Net increase in cash and cash equivalents.................................................................................. Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period...................................................................... Cash and cash equivalents at end of period........................................................................... $ Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information Interest paid............................................................................................................................. $ Taxes paid................................................................................................................................ $ Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing 43,334 1,505 531 (747) 185 1,414 (7,128) 9,231 471 14,121 (2,570) (12,477) 265 14,072 4,202 143,974 (34,875) — 63,345 — (5,609) 22,861 (9,894) (7,433) (6,658) (1,431) (2,732) 23 (28,125) 138,710 146,377 285,087 43,986 1,840 Accrued capital expenditures.................................................................................................. $ 2,910 $ $ $ $ See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 41,411 4,717 — (1,079) (14,237) — — 5,600 253 10,255 (3,667) 3,569 (510) 14,418 1,499 143,655 (44,585) (23,160) — 639 (3,839) (70,945) (10,105) — (9,551) (1,025) (41,353) — (62,034) 10,676 135,701 146,377 37,617 3,422 7,858 $ $ $ $ 258,108 38,170 1,003 1,453 (925) (50,222) — — 7,413 11 (81,270) (11,775) (3,901) (3,039) 4,839 3,820 163,685 (32,913) — — 85 (2,381) (35,209) (5,144) (1,066) (12,985) (436) — 1 (19,630) 108,846 26,855 135,701 45,431 16,617 1,089 50 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies ii Description of Business ff Hostess Brands, Inc. is a Delaware corporation headquartered in Lenexa, Kansas. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Hostess Brands, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, including Hostess Holdings, L.P. (“Hostess Holdings”) (collectively, the “Company”). The Company is a leading packaged food company primarily focused on developing, manufacturing, marketing, selling and distributing baked goods in North America. The Hostess® brand dates to 1919 when the Hostess® CupCake was introduced to the public, followed by Twinkies® in 1930. In 2013, the Legacy Hostess Equityholders (as defined below) acquired the Hostess® brand and other assets out of the bankruptcy liquidation proceedings of its prior owners, free and clear of all past liabilities. After a brief hiatus in production, the Company began providing Hostess® products to consumers and retailers across the nation in July 2013. Today, the Company produces a variety of new and classic treats primarily under the Hostess®, Dolly Madison®, Cloverhill®, and Big Texas® brands, including Donettes®, Twinkies®, CupCakes, Ding Dongs®, Zingers®, Danishes, Honey Buns and Coffee Cakes. In January 2020, the Company acquired Voortman Cookies, Limited (“Voortman”), which produces a variety of cookies and creme wafers under the Voortman® brand. The Company's trading symbols on NASDAQ are “TWNK” and “TWNKW”. Basis of Presentation ff The consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned or controlled subsidiaries, collectively referff red to as the Company. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company has determined that Hostess Holdings, a limited partnership, is a variabla e interest entity (“VIE”) and that the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The Company determined that, due to its ownership of Hostess Holdings’ general partnership units, the Company has the power to direct all of the activities of Hostess Holdings, with no substantive kick-out rights or participating rights by the limited partners individually or as a group. Hostess Holdings constitutes the majority of the assets of the Company. C. Dean Metropoulos and entities under his control (the “Metropoulos Entities”) hold their equity investment in the Company primarily through Class B limited partnership units in Hostess Holdings (“Class B Units”) and an equal number of shares of the Company’s Class B common stock (“Class B Stock”). The Company’s Class B Stock has voting, but no economic rights, while Hostess Holdings’ Class B Units have economic, but no voting rights. Each Class B Unit, together with a share of Class B Stock held by the Metropoulos Entities, is exchangeable for a share of the Company’s Class A common stock (or at the option of the Company, the cash equivalent thereof). The interest of the Metropoulos Entities in Hostess Holdings’ Class B Units is reflected in the consolidated financial statements as a non-controlling interest. The Company has two reportable segments: Sweet Baked Goods and In-Store Bakery. The Company sold its In- Store Bakery operations on August 30, 2019. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned or controlled subsidiaries (including those for which the Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE), collectively referred to as the Company. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Adoption of New Accounting Standards On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases, along with the related ASUs 2018-01, 2018-10 and 2018-11 (collectively, “Topic 842”). Topic 842 requires a lessee to record on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by lease terms of more than 12 months. To adopt this standard, the Company utilized a modified retrospective transition method. Under this approach, the results for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2019 are presented under Topic 842. Prior period 51 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the historic accounting standards. There was no cumulative effect of applying Topic 842 to the opening balance of retained earnings. The Company has elected to apply the practical expedients under Topic 842 which allow entities to not reassess the lease classification for expired or existing leases and to not reassess if expired or existing contracts contain leases under the Topic 842 definition. The Company has also elected to use hindsight when determining the lease term of existing leases. As a result of the adoption, on January 1, 2019, the Company recognized right of use assets of $8.2 million, offset by associated accumulated amortization of $5.2 million and corresponding lease liabilities of $3.0 million. The recognition of leases subsequent to the adoption of Topic 842 is further described in Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”), using the modified retrospective transition method. Under this method, results for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2018 are presented under Topic 606. Prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the historic accounting under Topic 605, with the cumulative effect of applying Topic 606 to prior period amounts recognized as an adjustment to opening retained earnings. The Company has elected to apply the new standard to contracts that were not complete as of January 1, 2018. Under this transition method, the Company deemed contracts to be not complete if, as of the date of transition, the Company had not fulfilled its performance obligations. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging: Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities (“ASU 2017-12”). The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. In March 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2018-05, Income Taxes: Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“Topic 740”), which updates the income tax accounting in U.S. GAAP to reflect the SEC’s interpretive guidance released on December 22, 2017, when the legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Reform”) was signed into law. Additional information regarding the adoption of this standard is contained in Note 13. Income Taxes. In September 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other Internal-Use Software: Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (“Subtu opic 350-40”), which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and for the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management utilizes estimates, including, but not limited to, valuation and useful lives of tangible and intangible assets, inputs used to calculate the Tax Receivable Agreement liability including increases in tax basis related to exchanges, future cash tax savings rate, and the allocation of the liability between short-term and long-term based on when the Company realizes certain tax attributes and reserves for trade and promotional allowances. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less when purchased as cash equivalents and are recorded at cost. Under the Company’s cash management system, checks that have been issued and are out of the control of the Company, but which have not cleared the bank by the balance sheet date, are reported as a reducd tion of cash. 52 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable represents amounts invoiced to customers for which the Company’s obligation to the customer has been satisfied. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company’s accounts receivable were $104.9 million and $105.7 million, respectively, which have been reduced by allowances for damages occurring during shipment, quality claims and doubtful accounts in the amount of $2.7 million and $2.6 million, respectively. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market on a first-in expense, freight, handling costs, and wasted material (spoilage) are expensed in the period they are incurred. first-out basis. Abnormal amounts of idle facility ff The components of inventories are as follows: ) (In thousands) ( Ingredients and packaging................................................................................................. $ Finished goods................................................................................................................... Inventory in transit to customers........................................................................................ $ December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 21,439 22,513 3,656 ,, 47,608 $ $ 18,865 16,446 3,269 ,, 38,580 Property and Equipment Property and equipment acquired in Business Combinations were assigned useful lives for purposes of depreciation that the Company believes to be the remaining useful life of such assets. Additions to property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated straight line over estimated useful lives of 15 to 50 years for buildings and land improvements and 3 to 20 years for machinery and equipment. In order to maximize the efficiency of the Company’s operations and to operate the acquired equipment, occasionally the Company will remove and relocate equipment between bakeries. Such removal and relocation costs are expensed as incurred. Reinstallation costs are capitalized if the useful life is extended or the equipment is significantly improved. Otherwise, reinstallation costs are expensed as incurred. Expenditures forff repairs and maintenance are charged to expense when incurred. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments, which extend the useful lives of existing property and equipment, are capitalized and depreciated. Upon retirement or disposition of property and equipment, the capitalized cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company assesses property, plant and equipment for impairment when circumstances arise which could change its use or expected life. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 the Company recorded impairment losses of $0.5 million, $1.4 million and $1.0 million, respectively, in the Sweet Baked Goods segment. Software Costs Costs associated with computer software projects during the preliminary project stage are expensed as incurred. Once management authorizes and commits to funding a project, appropriate application development stage costs are capitalized. Capitalization ceases when the project is substantially complete and the software is ready for its intended use. Upgrades and enhancements to software are capitalized when such enhancements are determined to provide additional functionality. Training and maintenance costs associated with software applications are expensed as incurred. Included in the caption “Other assets” in the consolidated balance sheets is capitalized software in the amount of approximately $11.9 million and $8.5 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Capitalized software costs are amortized over their estimated useful life of five years commencing when such assets are ready for their intended use. Software amortization expense included in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations was $2.7 million for both years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, and $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Goodwill and Intangible Assets At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the goodwill balances of $535.9 million and $575.6 million, respectively, represent the excess of the amount the Company paid for the acquisition of Hostess Holdings from the Metropoulos Entities 53 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. and other former equity holders in a 2016 transaction over the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The resulting goodwill was allocated to the Sweet Baked Goods reporting unit and the In-Store Bakery reporting unit. No goodwill was recorded in connection with the acquisition of the Cloverhill Business during the year ended December 31, 2018 as the fair value of net assets approximated the consideration paid. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company divested the In-Store Bakery operations and removed all allocated goodwill. Goodwill by reporting unit is tested for impairment annually by either performing a qualitative evaluation or a quantitative test. The qualitative evaluation is an assessment of factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. The Company may elect not to perform the qualitative assessment for some or all reporting units and perform a quantitative impairment test. For the 2019 annual impairment test, the Company elected to perform the qualitative test. No indicators of impairment were noted. For the 2018 annual impairment test, the Company elected to perform a quantitative impairment test. For this test, fair value was determined based on a combination of an income approach utilizing the discounted cash flow method and the market approach using the market comparable method. Significant assumptions used to determine fair value under the discounted cash flow method included future trends in sales, operating expenses, capital expenditures and changes in working capital, along with an appropriate discount rate based on our estimated cost of equity capital, after-tax cost of debt and future economic and market conditions. To the extent the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds fair value, goodwill is considered impaired and an impairment charge was recorded to reduce the reporting unit to fair value. The Company’s indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of trademarks and trade names. The $1,408.6 million and $1,409.9 million balances at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, were recognized as part of the 2016 acquisition of Hostess Holdings and the 2018 acquisition of the Cloverhill Business. The trademarks and trade names are integral to the Company’s identity and are expected to contribute indefinitely to its corporate cash flows. Fair value for trademarks and tradenames was determined using the income approach, which is considered to be Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The application of the income approach was premised on a royalty savings method, whereby the trademark and tradenames are valued by reference to the amount of royalty income they could generate if they were licensed, in an arm’s-length transaction, to a third party. These assets have been assigned an indefinite life and therefore are not amortized but rather evaluated for impairment annually using the qualitative or quantitative methods similar to goodwill. For the quantitative assessment, the valuation of trademarks and trade names are determined using the relief of royalty method. significant assumptions used in this method include future trends in sales, a royalty rate and a discount rate to be applied to the forecast revenue stream. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recognized impairment charges of $1.0 million and $3.3 million, respectively, to the In-Store Bakery goodwill and intangibles. See Note 7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets for more information on impairment charges. Also, the Company has finite-lived intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $444.7 million and $491.3 million balances on December 31, 2019 and 2018 respectively, that consist of customer relationships that were recognized as part of the Hostess Holdings and Cloverhill acquisitions. For customer relationships, the application of the income approach (Level 3) was premised on an excess earnings method, whereby the customer relationships are valued by the earnings expected to be generated from those customers after other capital charges. Definite-lived intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated remaining useful lives of the assets. Reserves for Self-Insurance Benefits The Company’s employee health plan is self-insured by the Company up to a stop-loss amount of $0.3 million for each participant per plan year. In addition, the Company maintains insurance programs covering its exposure to workers’ compensation. Such programs include the retention of certain levels of risks and costs through high deductibles and other risk retention strategies. Included in the accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheets is a reserve forff healthcare claims in the amount of approximately $2.0 million and $1.6 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and a reserve forff workers’ compensation claims of $2.7 million and $1.9 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. 54 RR NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. Leases Subsequent to its adoption of Topic 842 on January 1, 2019, the Company recognizes a right of use asset and corresponding lease liability on the consolidated balance sheet for all lease transactions with terms of more than 12 months. Agreements are determined to contain a lease if they convey the use and control of an underlying physical asset. Based on the nature of the lease transaction, leases are either classified as financing or operating. Under both classifications, the right of use asset and liability are initially valued based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments using an effective borrowing rate at the inception of the lease. The Company determined the effective borrowing rate based on its expected incremental borrowing rate on collateralized debt. At December 31, 2019, 4.4% was the weighted average effective borrowing rates for outstanding operating leases. Under a financing lease, interest expense related to the lease liability is recognized over the lease term using an ff effective interest rate method and right of use assets are amortized straight-line over the term of the lease. Under an operating lease, minimum lease payments are expensed straight-line over the lease term. Lease liabilities are amortized using an effective interest rate method and right of use assets are reduced based on the excess of the sum of the straight-line lease expense and the reduction of the lease liability over the actual lease payments. At December 31, 2019, the average remaining terms on operating leases were approximately six years. Variable lease payments, such as taxes and insurance, are expensed as incurred. Expenses related to leases with original terms less than 12 months (short-term leases) are expensed as incurred. For all leases related to distribution, bakery and corporate facilities, to separate non-lease components from lease components. the Company has elected not At December 31, 2019, right of use assets related to operating leases are included in property and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheet (see Note 5. Property and Equipment). Lease liabilities for operating leases are included in the current and non-current portions of long-term debt and lease obligations on the consolidated balance sheet (see Note 10. Debt). Revenue Recognition Net revenue consists primarily of sales of packaged food products. The Company recognizes revenue when the obligations under the terms of its agreements with customers have been satisfied. The Company’s obligation is satisfied when control of the product is transferred to its customers along with the title, risk of loss and rewards of ownership. Depending on the arrangement with the customer, these criteria are met either at the time the product is shipped or when the product is received by such customer. Customers are invoiced at the time of shipment or customer pickup based on credit terms established in accordance with industry practice. Invoices generally require payment within 30 days. Net revenue is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for that product. Amounts billed to customers related to shipping and handling are classified as net revenue. A provision for payment discounts and other allowances is estimated based on the Company’s historical performance or specific terms with the customer. anticipated expired or The Company generally does not accept product returns and provides these allowances forff damaged products. Trade promotions, consisting primarily of customer pricing allowances, merchandising funds and consumer coupons, are offered through various programs to customers and consumers. A provision for estimated trade promotions is recorded as a reducd tion of revenue in the same period when the sale is recognized. The Company also offers rebates based on purchase levels, product placement locations in retail stores and advertising placed by customers. The ultimate cost of these programs is dependent on certain factors such as actual purchase volumes or customer activities and is the subject of significant management estimates. The Company accounts for these programs as variable consideration and recognizes a reducd tion in revenue in the same period as the underlying program. For product produced by third parties, management evaluates whether the Company is the principal (i.e., report revenue on a gross basis) or agent (i.e., report revenue on a net basis). Management has determined that it is the principal in all cases, since it establishes its own pricing for such product, generally assumes the credit risk for amounts billed to its customers, and often takes physical control of the product before it is shipped to customers. 55 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. The Company utilizes a practical expedient approach under Topic 606 and does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue at the amount to which the Company has the right to invoice for services performed. See Note 6. Segment Reporting for a disaggregation of net revenue. The Company has one customer that accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s total net revenue. The percentage of total net revenues for this customer is presented below by segment: Year Ended December 31, 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Sweet Baked Goods ............................................................... In-Store Bakery....................................................................... Total........................................................................................ 23.3 % 0.3 % 23.6 % 20.4 % 0.6 % 21.0 % 19.7 % 0.7 % 20.4 % Equity Compensation The grant date fair values of stock options are valued using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, including a simplified method to estimate the number of periods to exercise date (i.e., the expected option term). Management has determined that the equity plan has not been in place for a sufficient amount of time to estimate the post vesting exercise behavior. Therefore, it will continue to use this simplified method until such time as it has sufficient history to provide a reasonable basis to estimate the expected term. Forfeitures are recognized as a reduction of expense as incurred. For awards which have performance and market conditions, compensation expense is calculated based on the number of shares expected to vest after assessing the probability that the performance or market criteria will be met. The equity-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures, is recognized using a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards, which corresponds to the vesting periods of the awards. For performance- based awards, compensation expense is remeasured throughout the vesting period as probability is reassessed. For market-based awards, probability is not reassessed and compensation expense is not remeasured subsequent to the initial assessment on the grant date. Collective Bargaining C ll Agreements argaining Agreements i As of December 31, 2019, approximately 44%, off thhe Company’s e pmployees are covered by collective bargaining agreements. None of these agreements expire before December 31, 2020. Employee Benefit Plans The Company provides several benefitff plans for employees depending upon employee eligibility. The Company has a health care plan, a defined contribution retirement plan (401(k)), company-sponsored life insurance, and other benefit plans. The Company’s contributions to the defined contribution retirement plan were $1.8 million, $1.9 million and $1.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company offers an annual incentive plan based upon annual operating targets. Final payout is approved by the board of directors. As of December 31, 2019 there was $6.8 million accrued for this plan. No amounts were accrued for this plan at December 31, 2018. Income Taxes Hostess Brands, Inc. owns a controlling interest in Hostess Holdings, which is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal and most applicable state and local income tax purposes. As a partnership, Hostess Holdings is not directly subject to U.S. federal and certain state and local income taxes. Any taxable income or loss generated by Hostess Holdings is passed through to and included in the taxable income or loss of its partners, including the Company. The Company is subject to U.S. federal income taxes, in addition to state and local income taxes with respect to its allocable share of any taxable income of Hostess Holdings. 56 HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Tax Reform was signed into law. The Company has recognized the tax impacts related to the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities. Further information on the tax impacts of Tax Reform is included in Note 14. Income Taxes Derivatives The Company has entered into an interest rate swap contract to mitigate its exposure to changes in the variable interest rate on its long-term debt. This contract was designated as a cash flow hedge. Changes in the fair value of this instrument are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income in the consolidated balance sheets and reclassified into earnings in the period in which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Hedging ineffectiveness, if any, is recognized as a component of interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Payments made under this contract are included in the supplemental disclosure of interest paid in the consolidated statements of cash flows. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company used foreign currency forward contracts to manage the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates relative to future commitments denominated in currencies other than the US dollar. The foreign currency contract outstanding as of December 31, 2019 did not qualify as a cash flow hedge. Fair Value Measurements The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the best extent possible. The Company determines fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels: • • • Level 1 inputs: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs: Other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the fulff l term of the asset or liability. Level 3 inputs: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at measurement date. New Accounting Pronouncements (( In June 2016, ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments-Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“Topic 326”)” was issued. This ASU requires entities to measure the impairment of certain financial instruments, including trade receivables, based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for financial statement periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2020. Based on its assessment, the Company does not expect the adoption will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In December 2019, ASU 2019-12 Income Taxes: Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“Topic 740”) was including intraperiod tax issued. This ASU simplifies the accounting for certain income tax related items, allocations, deferred taxes related to foreign subsidiaries and step-up in tax basis of goodwill. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is still assessing the impact of this update. 2. Divestiture of In-Store Bakery Operations On August 30, 2019, the Company sold its In-Store Bakery operations, including relevant trademarks and licensing agreements, to an unrelated party. The operations included products that were primarily sold in the in-store bakery section of U.S. retail channels. The Company divested the operations to provide more focus on future investment in areas of its business that better leverage its core competencies. 57 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. The Company received proceeds from the divestiture of $65.0 million prior to transaction expenses and subject to certain post-closing adjustments. In connection with the sale, during the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized transaction expenses of $2.1 million and a loss on disposal of $0.3 million within other operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. 3. Business Combinations On February 1, 2018 (the “Purchase Date”), the Company acquired certain U.S. breakfast assets from Aryzta, LLC, including a bakery and the Cloverhill® and Big Texas® brand names (the “Cloverhill Business”). The Company acquired the Cloverhill Business to expand its breakfast product portfolio and to gain previously outsourced manufacturing capabilities for its existing product portfolio. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed constitute a business and were recorded at their fair values as of the Purchase Date under the acquisition method of accounting. Consideration for this acquisition included cash payments of $23.2 million. The following is a summary of the allocation of the purchase price: ) (In thousands) ( Inventory............................................................................................................................................................... $ Other current assets............................................................................................................................................... Property and equipment........................................................................................................................................ Trade name and trademarks.................................................................................................................................. Customer relationships.......................................................................................................................................... Other current liabilities.......................................................................................................................................... Net assets acquired................................................................................................................................................ $ 8,335 500 13,272 1,648 1,136 (1,731) 23,160 No goodwill was recognized as part of this acquisition. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred $0.3 million of expenses related to this acquisition. These expenses are classified as business combination transaction costs on the consolidated statements of operations. 4. Stock-Based Compensation Hostess Brands, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan The Hostess Brands, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) provides for the granting of various equity- based incentive awards to members of the Board of Directors of the Company, employees and service providers to the Company. The types of equity-based awards that may be granted under the 2016 Plan include: stock options, stock appreciation rights (SARs), restricted stock, restricted stock units (RSUs), and other stock-based awards. There are 7,150,000 registered shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan. All awards issued under the 2016 Plan may only be settled in shares of Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2019, 3,490,775 shares remained available for issuance under the 2016 Plan. Share-based compensation expense totaled approximately $9.2 million, $5.6 million and $7.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. 58 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) The fair value of RSU awards is calculated based on the closing market price of the Company’s Class A Common Stock on the date of grant. Compensation expense is recognized straight-line over the requisite service period of the awards, ranging from one to three years. The vesting of certain RSU awards is contingent upon the Company attaining positive earnings per share for the fiscal year ending immediately prior to the vesting date. Management has determined it is probable that these performance conditions will be met. For certain RSU awards, a portion of the granted units are banked at each annual performance period if the Company achieves certain EBITDA targets. Banked shares continue to be subject to the requisite service period under the terms of the awards. Depending on actual performance during each of the three annual performance periods, award recipients have the opportunity to receive up to 225% of the granted units. At December 31, 2019 there were no RSU awards with EBITDA performance conditions outstanding. As of December 31, 2018 there were 0.3 million RSU awards with EBITDA performance conditions outstanding. The vesting of certain RSU awards is contingent upon the Company’s Class A stock achieving a certain total stockholder return (“TSR”) in relation to a group of its peers, measured over a two or three year period. Depending on the actual performance over the measurement period, an award recipient has the opportunity to receive up to 200% of the granted awards. At December 31, 2019 and 2018 there were 0.3 million and 0.1 million RSU awards with TSR performance conditions outstanding, respectively. Upon an employee’s termination, certain RSU awards provided that unvested awards will be forfeited and the shares of common stock underlying such award will become available for issuance under the 2016 Plan. Other RSU awards provide for accelerated vesting upon an employee's termination under certain circumstances. ff The following tabla e summarizes the activity of the Company’s unvested RSUs: Restricted Stock Units Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Unvested as of December 31, 2017................................................................................. 915,894 $ Total Granted............................................................................................................... Forfeited...................................................................................................................... Vested(1)..................................................................................................................... 440,883 (172,257) (288,736) Unvested as of December 31, 2018................................................................................. 895,784 $ Total Granted .............................................................................................................. Forfeited...................................................................................................................... Vested(2)..................................................................................................................... 721,985 (298,601) (415,033) Unvested as of December 31, 2019................................................................................. 904,135 $ 15.73 12.92 15.46 15.61 14.46 12.76 14.96 14.26 12.99 (1) Includes 81,960 shares withheld to satisfy $1.0 million of employee tax obligations upon vesting. (2) Includes 108,012 shares withheld to satisfy $1.4 million of employee tax obligations upon vesting. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, there was $7.6 million and $6.4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost, respectively, related to non-vested RSUs granted under the 2016 Plan that are considered probable to vest; that cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average remaining period of approximately 1.8 years and 1.5 years, respectively. As of December 31, 2019 there were no awards outstanding for which it was not probable that the performance conditions would be met. As of December 31, 2018 the grant date fair value of such awards was $4.1 million. 59 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, $7.2 million and $4.3 million, respectively, of compensation expense related to the RSUs was recognized within general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. Restricted Stock Awards (“(( RSAs”)” During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company granted 0.4 million shares of restricted stock to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer under the 2016 Plan. The fair value of the restricted stock was calculated based on the closing market price of the Company’s Class A common stock on the grant date. Also during 2017, in connection with the announcement of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer’s retirement, the grant was reduced so 0.1 million shares would vest on January 1, 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recognized expense of $1.0 million related to the restricted stock awards within general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. No restricted stock awards were issued by the Company during 2019 or 2018. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no outstanding shares of restricted stock. Stock Options The following table includes the significant inputs used to determine the fair value of options issued under the 2016 plan. Year Ended December 31, 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Expected volatility (1)................................................................................................................. 26.66% Expected dividend yield (2)......................................................................................................... —% 27.13% —% Expected option term (3)............................................................................................................. 6.00 years 6.25 years Risk-free rate (4).......................................................................................................................... 1.8% 3.0% (1) The expected volatility assumption was calculated based on a peer group analysis of stock price volatility with a look back period based on the expected term and ending on the grant date. (2) From its inception through December 31, 2019, the Company has not paid any dividends on its common stock. As of the stock option grant date, the Company does not anticipate paying any dividends on common stock over the term of the stock options. Option holders have no right to dividends prior to the exercise of the options. (3) The Company utilized the simplified method to determine the expected term of the stock options since the Company does not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate expected term. (4) The risk-free interest rate was based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant which corresponds to the expected term of the stock options. The stock options vest in equal annual installments on varying dates through 2022. The maximum term under the grant agreement is ten years. As of December 31, 2019, there was $3.7 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options outstanding under the 2016 Plan; that cost is expected to be recognized over the vesting periods. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, there was $2.0 million and $1.3 million, respectively, of expense related to the stock options recognized within general and administrative costs on the consolidated statements of operations. 60 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. The following table summarizes the activity of the Company’s unvested stock options. Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) 5.54 0 0 5.54 4.53 — — — 8.35 7.35 Number of Options 827,620 382,070 (265,751) 943,939 273,759 905,421 (7,463) (124,226) 1,717.671 486,663 Weighted Average Exercise Price 15.74 $ 15.78 14.7 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value 4.97 $ 5.04 5.24 $ $ $ $ 13.54 15.47 11.59 13.11 12.42 13.35 15.43 $ $ $ $ 4.97 5.00 3.76 4.17 4.13 4.15 4.80 Outstanding as of December 31, 2017.................... Granted............................................................... Forfeited.............................................................. Outstanding as of December 31, 2018.................... Exercisable as of December 31, 2018.................... Granted............................................................... Exercised............................................................ Forfeited.............................................................. Outstanding as of December 31, 2019.................... Exercisable as of December 31, 2019.................... Related Party Stock Awards Under the terms of its employment agreement with C. Dean Metropoulos, the Company was obligated to grant additional equity to Mr. Metropoulos if certain EBITDA thresholds were met for 2017 and 2018. These thresholds were not met and no additional equity was granted to Mr. Metropoulos under these arrangements. The agreements expired by their terms on December 31, 2018. 5. Property and Equipment Property and equipment consists of the following: ) (In thousands) ( December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Land and buildings........................................................................................................ $ Right of use assets - operating Machineryrr and equipment............................................................................................. Construction in progress................................................................................................ Less accumulated depreciation................................................................................ $ 53,683 23,771 209,382 5,878 292,714 (50,330) $ 242,384 $ 47,418 — 194,830 6,059 248,307 (27,958) 220,349 Depreciation expense was $17.2 million, $14.6 million and $11.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, respectively. 61 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. 6. Segment Reporting The Company has two reportable segments: Sweet Baked Goods and In-Store Bakery. The Company’s Sweet Baked Goods segment consists of fresh and frozen baked goods and bread products that are sold under the Hostess®, Dolly Madison®, Cloverhill®, and Big Texas® brands. The In-Store Bakery segment consists primarily of Superior on Main® branded products sold through the in-store bakery section of grocery and club stores. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company divested its In-Store Bakery business. As of December 31, 2019, there were no assets related to the In-Store Bakery business. The Company evaluates performance and allocates resources based on net revenue and gross profit. Information regarding the operations of these reportable segments is as follows: ) (In thousands) ( Net revenue: Year Ended December 31, 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Sweet Baked Goods.......................................................... $ 878,973 $ In-Store Bakery................................................................. 28,702 Net revenue....................................................................... $ 907,675 $ Depreciation and amortization (1): Sweet Baked Goods.......................................................... $ In-Store Bakery................................................................. Depreciation and amortization ......................................... $ 41,732 $ 1,602 43,334 $ Gross profit: Sweet Baked Goods.......................................................... $ 293,648 $ In-Store Bakery................................................................. 6,186 Gross profit....................................................................... $ 299,834 $ Capital expenditures (2): Sweet Baked Goods.......................................................... $ 35,354 $ In-Store Bakery................................................................. 182 Capital expenditures......................................................... $ 35,536 $ 808,355 42,034 850,389 38,607 2,804 41,411 258,995 8,282 267,277 53,394 354 53,748 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 733,827 42,361 776,188 35,441 2,729 38,170 316,916 9,982 326,898 35,609 774 36,383 (1) Depreciation and amortization include charges to net income classified as costs of goods sold and general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. (2) Capital expenditures consists of purchases of property and equipment and acquisition and development of software assets paid in cash or acquired through accounts payable. Total assets by reportable segment are as follows: ) (In thousands) ( Total segment assets:..................................................................................................... December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Sweet Baked Goods.............................................................................................. $ 3,097,701 In-Store Bakeryrr ..................................................................................................... — Total segment assets.............................................................................................. $ 3,097,701 $ $ 2,924,333 86,380 3,010,713 62 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. 7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill and intangible assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were recognized as part of the 2016 purchase of Hostess Holdings from the Metropoulos Entities and other legacy equity holders, as well as the acquisition of the Cloverhill Business in 2018. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recognized goodwill impairment charges related to its In-Store Bakery reporting unit of $1.0 million and $2.7 million, respectively, within other operating expense on the consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company divested its In-Store Bakery segment (see Note 2. Divestiture of In-Store Bakery Operations). G d ill presented d oodwill belowbelow bby reportable segment: activity iis i i bl ) (In thousands) ( Sweet Baked Goods In-Store Bakery Total Balance as of December 31, 2017................................................ $ 529,423 $ 50,023 $ 579,446 Impairment................................................................................... Other reclassifications and tax adjustments................................. — 6,430 (2,700) (7,531) Balance as of December 31, 2018................................................ $ 535,853 $ 39,792 $ Impairment................................................................................... Divestiture.................................................................................... — — (1,000) (38,792) Balance as of December 31, 2019................................................ $ 535,853 $ — $ (2,700) (1,101) 575,645 (1,000) (38,792) 535,853 Intangible assets consist of the following: ) (In thousands) ( December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Intangible assets with indefinite lives (Trademarks and Trade Names)........................ $ 1,408,630 $ 1,410,497 Intangible assets with definite lives (Customer Relationships)..................................... Less accumulated amortization (Customer Relationships)......................................... Less accumulated impairment charges (Trademarks and Trade Names).................... 515,713 (71,028) — 543,120 (51,802) (600) Intangible assets, net...................................................................................................... $ 1,853,315 $ 1,901,215 During the year ended December 31, 2019,the Company divested of its In-Store Bakery segment, resulting in a reduction of intangible assets, net of $24.5 million. Amortization expense was $23.4 million, $24.1 million and $23.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 respectively. The unamortized portion of customer relationships will be expensed over their remaining useful life, from 19 to 23 years. The weighted-average amortization period as of December 31, 2019 for customer relationships was 19.8 years. Future expected amortization expense is as follows: 63 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. ) (In thousands) ( 2020.................................................................................................................................................................... $ 2021.................................................................................................................................................................... 2022.................................................................................................................................................................... 2023.................................................................................................................................................................... 2024.................................................................................................................................................................... 22,513 22,513 22,513 22,513 22,513 2025 and thereafter............................................................................................................................................. 332,120 8. Accrued Expenses Included in accrued expenses are the following: (In thousands) ( ) December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Incentive compensation................................................................................................. $ Accrued interest............................................................................................................. Payroll, vacation and other compensation..................................................................... Workers compensation reserve..................................................................................... Self-insurance reserves.................................................................................................. Taxes............................................................................................................................. Interest rate swap ca ontract............................................................................................. $ 6,840 4,870 3,389 2,665 1,938 1,255 704 3,261 4,849 6,104 1,866 1,646 411 — $ 21,661 $ 18,137 9. Tax Receivable Agreement The tax receivable agreement generally provides for the payment by the Company to the legacy Hostess Equity Holders of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income taxes that the Company realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after the closing of the 2016 acquisition (which periods may extend, unless the Tax Receivable Agreement is terminated early in accordance with its terms, for more than 15 years following any exchange of Class B Units of Hostess Holdings for shares of the Company’s Class A common stock or the cash equivalent thereof) as a result of (i) certain increases in tax basis resulting from the 2016 acquisition; (ii) certain tax attributes of Hostess Holdings and its subsidiaries existing prior to the 2016 acquisition and prior to subsequent exchanges of Class B Units; (iii) certain increases in tax basis resulting from exchanges of Class B Units; (iv) imputed interest deemed to be paid by the Company as a result of payments it makes under the Tax Receivable Agreement; and (v) certain increases in tax basis resulting from payments the Company makes under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The Company will retain the benefit of the remaining 15% of these cash savings. Certain payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be made to the Metropoulos Entities in accordance with specified percentages, regardless of the source of the applicable tax attribute. The Company recognizes a liability on the consolidated balance sheet based on the undiscounted estimated future payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Significant inputs used to estimate the future expected payments include a 26.4% cash tax savings rate. 64 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. The following table summarizes activity related to the Tax Receivable Agreement obligations: ) (In thousands) ( Balance December 31, 2017 ............................................................................................................... $ Exchange of Class B units for Class A shares.................................................................................. Reduction of future ff payments dued to Buyout................................................................................... Remeasurement due to change in estimated state tax rate................................................................ Payments........................................................................................................................................... Balance December 31, 2018 ............................................................................................................... $ Exchange of Class B units for Class A shares.................................................................................. Remeasurement due to disposal of In-Store Bakery orr perations....................................................... Remeasurement due to change in estimated state tax rate................................................................ Payments........................................................................................................................................... 124,360 294 (46,372) (1,866) (7,353) 69,063 71,679 1,779 (1,593) (2,732) Balance December 31, 2019................................................................................................................ $ 138,196 The Tax Receivable Agreement obligations increased $71.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2019, due to additional tax basis realized from the exchange of Class B Units. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company remeasured the Tax Receivable Agreement obligations due to changes in state tax rates resulting in a $1.6 million benefit as the Company decreased its estimated cash tax savings rate from 26.9% to 26.4%. Additionally, the disposition of the In-Store Bakery operations resulted in a $1.8 million expense recognized on the consolidated statement of operations. On January 26, 2018, the Company entered into an agreement to terminate all future payments payable under the Tax Receivable Agreement to the Apollo Funds in exchange for a payment of $34.0 million (the “Buyout”). Subsequent to the Buyout, the Company will retain a greater portion of the future cash tax savings subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement. The Buyout did not affect the portion of the rights under the Tax Receivable Agreement payable to the Metropoulos Entities, including those previously assigned by the Apollo Funds. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company also recognized a gain due to a change in the estimated state tax rate which decreased the Company’s estimated cash tax savings rate from approximately 27.5% to 26.9%. As of December 31, 2019 the future expected payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are as follows: ) (In thousands) ( 2020.................................................................................................................................................................... $ 12,100 2021.................................................................................................................................................................... 2022.................................................................................................................................................................... 2023.................................................................................................................................................................... 2024.................................................................................................................................................................... Thereafter........................................................................................................................................................... 7,400 7,400 7,800 8,100 95,396 65 HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 10. Debt A term loan was originated on October 1, 2019 through the Company’s subsidiary, Hostess Brands, LLC (referred to below as the “Fourth Term Loan”). It requires quarterly payments of interest at a rate of the greater of the applicable LIBOR or 0.75% per annum (“New LIBOR Floor”) plus a margin of 2.25% per annum and principal at a rate of 0.25% of the aggregate principal balance with the remaining principal amount due upon maturity on August 3, 2025. The Fourth Term Loan is secured by substantially all of Hostess Brands, LLC’s present and future assets. The Fourth Term Loan refinanced the remaining balance of $976.4 million on the Third New First Lien Term Loan (“Third Term Loan”) through a non-cash refinancing transaction. The Third Term Loan was originated by Hostess Brands, LLC on November 20, 2017 and required quarterly payments of interest at a rate equal to the the New LIBOR Floor plus a margin of 2.50% per annum and principal at a rate of 0.25% of the aggregate principal balance with the remaining principal amount due upon maturity on August 3, 2022. A summary of the carrying value of the debt and the lease obligations is as follows: ) (In thousands) ( December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Term Loan (4.14% as of December 31, 2019).............................................................. Principal.................................................................................................................... $ 973,930 $ Unamortized debt premium and issuance costs........................................................ Lease obligations........................................................................................................... Total debt and lease obligations................................................................................ Less: Amounts due within one year.......................................................................... (3,094) 970,836 16,452 987,288 (11,883) Long-term portion......................................................................................................... $ 975,405 $ 983,825 3,778 987,603 401 988,004 (11,268) 976,736 At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the approximate fair value of the Company’s debt was $977.6 million and $927.3 million, respectively. The fair value is calculated using current interest rates and pricing from financial institutions (Level 2 inputs). At December 31, 2019, minimum debt repayments under the Fourth Term Loan are due as follows: ) (In thousands) ( 2020.................................................................................................................................................................... $ 2021.................................................................................................................................................................... 2022.................................................................................................................................................................... 2023.................................................................................................................................................................... 2024.................................................................................................................................................................... 9,764 9,764 9,764 9,764 9,764 2025 and thereafter............................................................................................................................................. 925,110 Revolving Credit Facilitytt On October 1, 2019, Hostess Brands, LLC amended its Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Revolver”), providing for borrowings up to $100.0 million, a stated maturity date of August 3, 2024 and secured by liens on substantially all of Hostess Brands, LLC’s present and future assets, including accounts receivable and inventories, as defined in the Revolver. The Revolver is ranked equally with the Fourth Term Loan in regards to secured liens. The Revolver has an annual commitment fee on the unused portion of between 0.375% and 0.50% annually based upon the unused percentage. Interest on borrowings under the Revolver is, at Hostess Brands, LLC’s option, either the applicable LIBOR plus a margin of 2.25% per annum or the base rate plus a margin of 1.25% per annum. 66 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. Prior to the amendment the Revolver originated on August 3, 2015 had a stated maturity date of August 3, 2020 and an annual commitment fee on the unused portion of between 0.375% and 0.50% annually based upon the unused percentage. Interest on borrowings under the Revolver was, at Hostess Brands, LLC’s option, either the applicable LIBOR plus a margin of between 3.00% and 3.50% per annum or the base rate plus a margin of 2.00% to 2.50% per annum. All other significant terms and provisions were unchanged by the amendment. The Company had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolver as of December 31, 2019 or 2018. See Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies for information regarding the letters of credit, which reduce the amount available December 31, b for borrowing under the Revolver. The Revolver contains certain restrictive financial covenants. As fof i hwith hthese covenants. 2019, thhe Company was iin compliance li 11. Derivative Contracts To reduce the effect of interest rate fluctuations, the Company entered into an interest rate swap contract with a counter party to make a series of payments based on a fixed interest rate of 1.78% and receive a series of payments based on the greater of LIBOR or 0.75%. Both the fixed and floating payment streams are based on a notional amount of $500 million at the inception of the contract and are reduced by $100 million each year of the five-year contract. As of December 31, 2019, the notional amount is $300 million. The Company entered into this transaction to reduce its exposure to changes in cash flows associated with its variable rate debt and has designated this derivative as a cash flow hedge. At December 31, 2019, the effective fixed interest rate on the long-term debt hedged by this contract was 4.03%. ff As of December 31, 2019, the fair value of the interest rate swap contract of $0.7 million was reported within accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. As of 43465, the fair value of the interest rate swap contract of $5.1 million was reported within other assets, net on the consolidated balance sheet. The $0.4 million of unrealized expense recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2019 is expected to be reclassified into interest expense through December 31, 2020. The fair value of the interest rate swap contract is measured on a recurring basis by netting the discounted future fixed cash payments and the discounted expected variable cash receipts. The variable cash receipts are based on the expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observed market interest rate curves (Level 2). In connection with the agreement to purchase Voortman as described in Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies, the Company entered into a deal-contingent foreign currency contract to hedge the $440 million Canadian Dollars (“CAD”) forecasted purchase price and a portion of the subsequent expected conversion costs. The contract was settled in cash following the completion of the purchase on January 3, 2020. At December 31, 2019, the contract had a value of $7.1 million recognized within other current assets on the consolidated balance sheet based on available market information on similar contracts (Level 2) and a corresponding gain of $7.1 million was recognized in gain on foreign currency contract within the consolidated statements of operations. 12. Equity The Company’s authorized common stock consists of three classes: 200,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, 50,000,000 shares of Class B Stock, and 10,000,000 shares of Class F common stock (none of which were issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 or 2018). As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were 122,108,086 and 100,046,392 shares of Class A common stock issued and outstanding, respectively. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018 there were 8,409,834 and 30,255,184 shares of Class B common stock issued and outstanding, respectively. Shares of Class A common stock and Class B Stock have identical voting rights. However, shares of Class B Stock do not participate in earnings or dividends of the Company. Ownership of shares of Class B Stock is restricted to owners of Class B Units in Hostess Holdings. Class B units in Hostess Holdings may be exchanged (together with the cancellation of an equivalent number of shares of Class B Stock) by the holders thereof for, at the election of the Company, shares of Class A common stock or the cash equivalent of such shares. 67 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were 48,453,154 and 48,274,307 public warrants, and 8,046,636 and 8,225,583 private placement warrants outstanding, respectively. Each warrant entitles its holder to purchase one-half of one share of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $5.75 per half share, to be exercised only for a whole number of shares of Class A common stock. The warrants expire on December 4, 2021, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. The Company may call the outstanding public warrants for redemption at a price of $0.01 per warrant, if the last sale price of the Company’s common stock equals or exceeds $24.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on the third business day before the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders. The private placement warrants, however, are nonredeemable so long as they are held by Gores Sponsor, LLC or its permitted transferees. The potential resale of the private placement to the public warrants has been registered with the SEC. When sold to the public, the private placement warrants will become public warrants. 13. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to the Company’s Class A stockholders for the period by the weighted average number of Class A common shares outstanding for the period excluding non- vested restricted stock awards. In computing dilutive earnings per share, basic earnings per share is adjusted for the assumed issuance of all applicable potentially dilutive share-based awards, including: public and private placement warrants, RSUs, restricted stock awards, and stock options. Below are basic and diluted earnings per share: Year Ended December 31, 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Numerator: Net income attributable to Class A stockholders (in thousands)............. $ 63,115 $ 62,895 $ 223,897 Denominator: Weighted-average Class A shares outstanding - basic (excluding non- vested restricted stock awards)................................................................ 110,540,264 99,957,049 99,109,629 Dilutive effect ff of warrants....................................................................... Dilutive effect ff of RSAs and RSUs.......................................................... 3,693,758 465,425 3,021,239 120,106 6,113,053 84,611 Weighted-average shares outstanding - diluted....................................... 114,699,447 103,098,394 105,307,293 Earnings per Class A share - basic.......................................................... $ Earnings per Class A share - dilutive...................................................... $ 0.57 0.55 $ $ 0.63 0.61 $ $ 2.26 2.13 For all years presented, the dilutive effect of stock options were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because the assumed proceeds from the awards’ exercise were greater than the average market price of the common shares. 14. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the difference is expected to reverse. Additionally, the impact of changes in the enacted tax rates and laws on deferred taxes, if any, is reflected in the financial statements in the period of enactment. 68 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. The income tax expense (benefit) consisted of the following: ) (In thousands) ( Current tax expense (benefit)ff Year Ended December 31, 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Federal............................................................................................................. $ 1,724 $ 622 $ State and local................................................................................................. Total Current...................................................................................................... 1,047 2,771 2,077 2,699 Deferred tax expense (benefit)ff Federal............................................................................................................. State and local ................................................................................................ Total Deferred.................................................................................................... 14,859 (738) 14,121 14,476 (4,221) 10,255 Income tax expense (benefit), ff net...................................................................... $ 16,892 $ 12,954 $ 11,163 2,903 14,066 (93,457) 12,187 (81,270) (67,204) The Company owns a controlling interest in Hostess Holdings, which is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal and most applicable state and local income tax purposes. As a partnership, Hostess Holdings is not itself subject to U.S. federal and certain state and local income taxes. Any taxable income or loss generated by Hostess Holdings is passed through and included in the taxable income or loss of its partners. The Company is subject to U.S. federal income taxes, in addition to state and local income taxes with respect to its allocable share of any taxable income of Hostess Holdings. The operations of Hostess Holdings include those of its C corporation subsidiaries. These C corporation subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. The Company’s tax provision includes income taxes for the share of Hostess Holdings income or loss passed through to the Company, the income or loss of the Company’s C corporation subsidiaries and the deferred tax impact of outside basis differences in its investments in subsidiaries. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, the effective income tax rate differs from the federal statutory income tax rate as explained below: Year Ended December 31, 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 U. S. federal statutory income tax rate........................................................ 21.0 % 21.0 % 35.0 % State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit ................................... Income attributable to non-controlling interest........................................... Tax Cuts and Jobs Act................................................................................. Change in state tax rate............................................................................... Gain on TRA buyout................................................................................... Other............................................................................................................ 4.6 (3.2) — (4.8) — 0.3 4.3 (4.1) — (6.0) (1.4) (0.1) 3.8 (6.3) (66.2) 1.2 — (2.7) Effective income tax rate............................................................................. 17.9 % 13.7 % (35.2)% Deferred income taxes are provided for the effects of temporary differences between the tax basis of an asset or liability and its reported amount in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. These temporary differences result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years. Details of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are summarized as follows: 69 HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ) (In thousands) ( Deferred tax assets As of December 31, 2019 As of December 31, 2018 Imputed interest.......................................................................................................................... $ 6,198 $ Tax credits.................................................................................................................................. Disallowed interest carryforward............................................................................................... Net operating loss carryforwards............................................................................................... Other........................................................................................................................................... Total deferred tax assets ............................................................................................................ 2,599 — 249 1,343 10,389 3,064 2,696 2,374 1,000 1,252 10,386 Deferred tax liabilities Investment in partnership........................................................................................................... (266,440) (279,015) Goodwill and intangible assets................................................................................................... Property and equipment............................................................................................................. Other........................................................................................................................................... — — — (7,023) (1,261) (1,041) Total deferred tax liabia lities....................................................................................................... (266,440) (288,340) Total deferr ff ed tax assets and liabilities.................................................................................. $ (256,051) $ (277,954) The recognition of deferred tax assets is based on management’s belief that it is more likely than not that the tax benefits associated with temporary differences, net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits will be utilized. The Company assesses the recoverability of the deferred tax assets on an ongoing basis. In making this assessment, the Company considers all positive and negative evidence, and all potential sources of taxable income including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, tax-planning strategies, projected future taxable income and recent financial performance. The Company and its C corporation subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and local jurisdictions. For federal and state tax purposes, the Company and its C corporation subsidiaries are generally subject to examination for three years after the income tax returns are filed. As such, income tax returns filed since 2016 remain open for examination by tax authorities. The Company’s C corporation subsidiaries utilized U.S. loss carryforwards which date back to 2005, therefore those carryforwards are subject to examination as well. Hostess Holdings is under IRS examination for the 2017 tax year. At December 31, 2019, the Company has gross state net operating losses of approximately $4.0 million and state credits of approximately $3.3 million. Unless utilized, the state net operating losses carryforwards expire from 2030 to 2036 and the state credits expire from 2028 to 2035. The Company does not have any significant uncertain tax positions and therefore has no unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2019 or 2018 that if recognized, would affect the annual effective tax rate. Therefore,the Company has not recorded any penalties and interest during the years ended December 31, 2019 or 2018. Interest and penalties related to income tax liabilities, if incurred, are included in income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations. a Tax Reform significantly changed U.S. tax law by lowering the corporate income tax rate permanently fromff maximum of 35% to a flat 21% rate, effective January 1, 2018. As a result of the reduction in the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% under Tax Reform, the Company revalued its ending net deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2017 and recognized a non-cash tax benefit of $111.3 million in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017. ff 70 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. 15. Commitments and Contingencies Share Purchase Agreement On November 29, 2019, a subsidiary of the Company entered into a share purchase agreement to acquire all of the shares of the parent company of Voortman, a Canadian manufacturer of premium, branded wafers, as well as sugar- free and specialty cookies for approximately $320 million ($425 million CAD), subject to customary adjustments for net indebtedness of the acquired business and working capital. This agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants of the parties. Subject to certain exceptions and other provisions, the parties have agreed to indemnify each other for breaches of representations and warranties, breaches of covenants and certain other matters. Approximately $10.8 million CAD of the purchase price was deposited into an escrow account to satisfy amounts in respect of purchase price adjustments and to provide for payment of indemnity claims, if any. The transaction closed on January 3, 2020. A preliminary allocation of the purchase price to the net assets acquired in this business combination is expected to be made during the first quarter of 2020. The transaction was financed with cash on hand and incremental debt. On January 3, 2020, Hostess Brands, LLC entered into $140.0 million of incremental term loans through an amendment to its existing credit agreement. The terms, conditions and covenants applicable to the new term loans were the same as the terms, conditions and covenants applicable to the existing term loans described in Note 10. Debt. Accruals and the Potential Effect of Litigation From time to time, the Company is subject to various legal actions, lawsuits, claims and proceedings related to products, employment, environmental regulations, and other matters incidental to its businesses. Based upon information presently known, the Company does not believe that the ultimate resolution of such matters will have a material effect on the Company’s financial position, although the final resolution of such matters could have a material effect on its results of operations or cash flows in the period of resolution. Liabilities related to legal proceedings are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the associated amount can be reasonably estimated. Where the estimated amount of loss is within a range of amounts and no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the low end of the range is accrued. As additional information becomes available, the potential liabilities related to these matters are reassessed and the to change in the future based on new estimates revised, developments in each matter, or changes in circumstances, which could have a material effecff t on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. if necessary. These accrued liabilities are subject 71 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. Lease Commitments Operating Leases the Company leased facilities for its commercial office and primary distribution centers under In 2019, noncancelable operating lease arrangements. The future minimum lease payments under these agreements as of December 31, 2019 are shown below. (In thousands) 2020............................................................................................................................................................. $ 2021............................................................................................................................................................. 2022............................................................................................................................................................. 2023............................................................................................................................................................. 2024............................................................................................................................................................. Thereafter..................................................................................................................................................... 3,541 2,222 2,494 2,735 3,848 4,081 Financing Leases The Company entered into a bond-lease agreement with the Development Authority of Columbus, Georgia on December 1, 2013, which was amended in December, 2016. The bond-lease transaction required the Company to exchange its property to the taxing jurisdiction for tax-exempt bonds issued in the name of the Company not to exceed $18 million. As the issuer and holder of the bonds, the Company is not required to make lease payments. On December 16, 2013, the Company received an ad valorem tax agreement from the Columbus, Georgia Board of Tax Assessors granting tax abatement for the real and personal property located at the Company’s Columbus, Georgia bakery through 2023. The Company has elected to use the right of offset under ASC 210-20 to net the asset and the liability. The table below shows the composition of lease expenses for the period subsequent to the adoption of Topic 842: ) (In thousands) ( Reduction of right of use asset, finff ancing lease......................................................................................... $ Interest, financing lease.............................................................................................................................. Operating lease expense............................................................................................................................. Short-term lease expense............................................................................................................................ Variable lease expense............................................................................................................................... $ Year Ended December 31, 2019 133 16 3,070 968 1,076 5,263 For short-term leases, Hostess records rent expense in its consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments, which primarily include taxes, insurance and common area maintenance, are expensed as incurred. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company entered into a lease agreement for its new distribution center in Edgerton, Kansas. The agreement has a base term of six and a half years with two five year extension. The right of use of use asset and lease liability were calculated using the six and a half year term. Rent expense for operating leases prior to the adoption of Topic 842 was $1.9 million and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. 72 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. Contractual Commitments The Company is a party to various long-term arrangements through advance purchase contracts to lock in prices for certain high-volume raw materials and packaging components for normal product production requirements. These advance purchase arrangements are contractual agreements and can only be canceled with a termination penalty that is based upon the current market price of the commodity at the time of cancellation. These agreements qualify for the “normal purchase” exception under accounting standards; and the purchases under these contracts are included as a component of cost of goods sold. Contractual commitments were as follows: ) (In thousands) ( Total Committed Commitments within 1 year Commitments beyond 1 year Ingredients..................................................................................................... $ Packaging...................................................................................................... $ 76,441 $ 49,260 $ 75,280 $ 49,260 $ 1,161 — Letters of Credit hThe Company iis a party to Letter fof $$4.2 hthe amount llcolla support hthe fof dand $$3.0 illimillion requirements ffor iinsurance. hThe Letters fof i teral l d d diCredit are 100% diCredit arrangements to illimillion ffor hthe years provide ffor hthe iissuance fof standby id dand 2018, r ended 2019 credit iin di espectively.ly. hThe arrangements standby lletters fof i secured through d through our Revolver. l 16. Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data Summarized quarterly financial data: ) (In thousands, expect per share data) p ( p , Three Months Ended December 31, 2019 September 30, 2019 June 30, 2019 March 31, 2019 Net revenue............................................... $ 216,666 $ 227,211 $ 241,060 $ Operating income...................................... Net income................................................ Net income attributable to Class A stockholders.............................................. Earnings per Class A share: Basic.......................................................... Diluted....................................................... 39,534 23,555 21,721 0.18 0.17 23,571 10,729 8,785 0.08 0.07 36,881 16,669 11,483 0.11 0.10 222,738 36,110 26,612 21,126 0.21 0.21 ) (In thousands, except per share data) ( p p , Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 September 30, 2018 June 30, 2018 March 31, 2018 Net revenue................................................ $ 214,815 $ 210,982 $ 215,849 $ Operating income....................................... Net income ................................................ Net Income attributable to Class A stockholders............................................... Earnings per Class A share: Basic........................................................... Diluted........................................................ 23,693 11,152 7,941 0.08 0.08 34,649 24,620 19,283 0.19 0.18 30,344 16,352 11,830 0.12 0.12 73 208,743 32,872 29,302 23,841 0.24 0.23 R NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOSTESS BRANDS, INC. 17. Subsequent Events In February 2020 the Company entered into five-year interest rate swap contracts to further reduce the effect of interest rate fluctuations on its variable-rate Term Loan. The total notional value of these contracts was $250 million. Under the terms of the contracts, the Company will make quarterly payments based on a fixed interest rates ranging from 1.53% to 1.64% and receive quarterly payments based on the greater of LIBOR or 0.75%. ff Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures (a) Evaluation Of Disclosure Controls And Procedures We have established disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and that information relating to the Company is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our current disclosure controls and procedures are effective at a level of reasonable assurance. (b) Management’s Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in Internal Control - IntII egrag ted Framework (2013) by the Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019. The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control of financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein. (c) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting Beginning in November 2019, we relocated our primary distribution center to Edgerton, Kansas. As part of this relocation, we implemented a new warehouse management system to handle all warehouse and distribution activity. We implemented changes to our internal controls to incorporate this system into our financial reporting process. Changes arising from this new system represent a material change in internar reporting, otherwise there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the most recent calendar quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. l controls over financial ff Item 9B. Other Information None. 74 Item 10. Directors, Executive Offiff cers and Corporate Governance The information required by this item will be contained in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC in connection with our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this item will be contained in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC in connection with our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this item will be contained in our definitive proxy statement to be fil ded i hwith hthe SEC iin connection i hwith our 2020 Stockholders, hi hwhich iis Annual Meeting l after the end of our fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference. expected to bbe filfiledd not llater thhan 120 daysdays Meeting fof kh ld d i Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this item will be contained in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC in connection with our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed not later hthan 120 daysdays after the end of our fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accounting Accounting Fees and S Services i i i information hThe i f required byby hithi i d i connection i hwith our 2020 i fiscal year, l fafter hthe is item willill bbe contai dined iin our d fi i i Annual Meeting l dand iis i kh ld herein byby i d Stockholders, hi hwhich iis incorporated h dend fof our fi Meeting fof freference. definitive proxy statement to bbe fifil dled i hwith hthe SEC iin expected to bbe filfiledd not llater thhan 120 daysdays d Part IV. Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules d“Index to See statement i f i d information i or hthe accompanying lid consolidat ded fi schedules hhave bbeen h d l required iin hthose accompanying notes. financial statements” iin Part II, Item 8 off thihis A i l iomitt ded bbecause theythey are not schedules i heithe ir is not ma h d l terial or iis i i l l required or are not included id in thhe i d l d nnual Report on Form 10-K. Financial i l applicable or bbecause hthe li bl financial statements i l consolidated fi d lid i 75 

Continue reading text version or see original annual report in PDF format above