ImmuCell
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 ________________________ FORM 10-K ________________________ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 001-12934 (Commission file number) ImmuCell Corporation (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State of incorporation) 56 Evergreen Drive, Portland, Maine (Address of principal executive office) 01-0382980 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 04103 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number: (207) 878-2770 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Common Stock, par value $0.10 per share (Title of class) Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  No  Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes  No  Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No  Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes  No  Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. Large accelerated filer  Accelerated filer  Non-accelerated filer  Smaller reporting company  Emerging growth company  If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  No  The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates at June 30, 2018 was approximately $31,531,000 based on the closing sales price on June 29, 2018 of $6.82 per share. The number of shares of the Registrant’s common stock outstanding at March 18, 2019 was 5,573,231. Documents incorporated by reference: Portions of the Registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III hereof. ImmuCell Corporation TABLE OF CONTENTS December 31, 2018 ITEM 1. PART I Business…………………………………………………………………………………. ITEM 1A. Risk Factors……………………………………………………………………………... ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments…………………………………………………………….. ITEM 2. Properties……………………………………………………………………………....... ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings……………………………………………………………………….. ITEM 4. ITEM 5. Mine Safety Disclosures………………………………………………………………… PART II Market for Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities………………………………………………………………………… ITEM 6. Selected Financial Data…………………………………………………………………. ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations……………………………………………………………………………….. ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk…………………………... ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data…………………………………………. ITEM 9. Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure……………………………………………………………………………….. ITEM 9A Controls and Procedures………………………………………………………………… ITEM 9B. Other Information……………………………………………………………………….. PART III ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance……………………………… ITEM 11. Executive Compensation………………………………………………………………... ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters……………………………………………………………. ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence………… ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services………………………………………………... ITEM 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules……………………………………………. 1 12 18 18 19 19 19 19 21 28 29 29 29 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 Audited Financial Statements…………………………………………………………… F-1 to F-25 Signatures ITEM 1 – BUSINESS ImmuCell Corporation Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements (Safe Harbor Statement): This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Such statements include, but are not limited to, any statements relating to: our plans and strategies for our business; projections of future financial performance; the value of our deferred tax assets; projections about depreciation expense and its impact on income for book and tax return purposes; the scope and timing of ongoing and future product development work and commercialization of our products; future costs of product development efforts; the estimated prevalence rate of subclinical mastitis; the expected efficacy of new products; estimates about the market size for our products; future market share of and revenue generated by current products and products still in development; our ability to increase production output and reduce costs of goods sold associated with our new product, Tri-Shield First Defense®; the future adequacy of our own manufacturing facilities or those of third parties with which we have contractual relationships to meet demand for our products on a timely basis; the continuing availability to us on reasonable terms of third-party providers of critical products or services; the robustness of our manufacturing processes and related technical issues; estimates about our production capacity; the future adequacy of our working capital and the availability and cost of third-party financing; the timing and outcome of pending or anticipated applications for regulatory approvals; future regulatory requirements relating to our products; future expense ratios and margins; future compliance with bank debt covenants; future cost of our variable interest rate exposure on most of our bank debt; costs associated with sustaining compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations in our current operations and attaining such compliance for the facility to produce the Drug Substance; factors that may affect the dairy and beef industries and future demand for our products; implementation of international trade tariffs that could reduce the export of dairy products, which could in turn weaken the price received by our customers for their products; our effectiveness in competing against competitors within both our existing and our anticipated product markets; the cost-effectiveness of additional sales and marketing expenditures and resources; anticipated changes in our manufacturing capabilities and efficiencies; anticipated competitive and market conditions; and any other statements that are not historical facts. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “expects”, “may”, “anticipates”, “aims”, “intends”, “would”, “could”, “should”, “will”, “plans”, “believes”, “estimates”, “targets”, “projects”, “forecasts”, “seeks” and similar words and expressions. In addition, there can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we anticipate. Such statements involve risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those risks and uncertainties relating to difficulties or delays in development, testing, regulatory approval, production and marketing of our products (including First Defense® and Re-Tain™), competition within our anticipated product markets, customer acceptance of our new and existing products, product performance, alignment between our manufacturing resources and product demand, our reliance upon third parties for financial support, products and services, changes in laws and regulations, decision making by regulatory authorities, possible dilutive impacts on existing stockholders from any equity financing transactions in which we may engage, currency values and fluctuations and other risks detailed from time to time in filings we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K and our Current Reports on Form 8-K. Such statements involve risks and uncertainties and are based on our current expectations, but actual results may differ materially due to various factors, including the risk factors summarized under Part I, Item 1A — “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report and uncertainties otherwise referred to in this Annual Report. Summary ImmuCell Corporation was founded in 1982 and completed an initial public offering of common stock in 1987. After achieving approval from the Center for Veterinary Biologics, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to sell First Defense® in 1991, we focused most of our efforts during the 1990’s attempting to develop human product applications of the underlying milk protein purification technology. Beginning in 1999, we re-focused our business strategy on the First Defense® product line and other products that improve the health and productivity of dairy and beef cattle. The demand for animal protein, that must be produced efficiently while ensuring food quality and safety, increases as the human population grows. Further, our products help address the growing human health concern about using less antibiotics in food-producing animals. We aim to capitalize on the growth in sales of the First Defense® product line (a product that provides significant Immediate Immunity™ to newborn dairy and beef livestock) and to revolutionize the mastitis 1 ImmuCell Corporation treatment paradigm with Re-Tain™ (formerly Mast Out®), a product we are developing to treat this most significant cause of economic loss to the dairy industry. During 2000, we began the development of Re-Tain™, our purified Nisin treatment for subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. No sales of this product can be made without prior approval of our New Animal Drug Application (NADA) by the Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We have now achieved FDA approval for four out of five of the significant regulatory submissions required for product approval. Regulatory achievements to date have significantly reduced the product development risks in the areas of safety and effectiveness. Our primary product development focus has now turned to completion of the manufacturing objectives required for FDA approval. Since 2006, we have made ongoing efforts to maintain compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations in all of our manufacturing operations, which requires a sustained investment that further enhances the quality of all of our products and our operating efficiency. As we make process improvements, we continue to invest in personnel, equipment and facility modifications to increase the efficiency and quality of our operations. To provide a portion of the funding needed for the development of Re-Tain™ and expansion of the First Defense® product line, we issued an aggregate of 2,401,497 shares of common stock, raising gross proceeds of approximately $13.46 million in four separate transactions during 2017 and 2016. In order to minimize the dilutive effects of these transactions on our existing stockholders, we chose not to issue any form of convertible or preferred securities and issued these common shares without any warrants. During 2017 and 2016, we also secured approximately $6.8 million in new debt. We have invested this new capital to complete the development of Re-Tain™ without relying on funding from a partner or licensee, thereby keeping control over all product rights and potential revenues. Our operations have been generally profitable, except when we have elected to make unusually large investments in product development expenses for future growth. During the twenty years in which we have focused on products for the dairy and beef industries, we have funded our operations and improved our net financial position, as demonstrated in the following table (in thousands, except for percentages): Cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and long-term investments Net working capital Total assets Stockholders’ equity Market capitalization Common shares outstanding(1) As of December 31, 1998 Net Increase Over Tw e nt y - Year Period As of December 31, 2018 Net % Increase Over Twenty- Year Period $1,539 + $1,866 + $3,145 + $2,248 + $3,036 + 2,429 + $982 = $1,990 = $29,586 = $19,496 = $36,225 = 3,140 = $2,521 $3,856 $32,731 $21,744 $39,261 5,569 64% 107% 941% 867% 1,193% 129% (1) There were approximately 250,000 and 394,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under stock options that were outstanding as of December 31, 1998 and 2018, respectively. Animal Health Products The First Defense® product line is manufactured from hyperimmune cows’ colostrum (the antibody rich milk that a cow produces immediately after giving birth) utilizing our proprietary vaccine and milk protein purification technologies. The First Defense® product line provides bovine antibodies that newborn calves need but are unable to produce on their own immediately after birth. The target disease, calf scours (bovine enteritis), causes diarrhea and dehydration in newborn calves and often leads to serious sickness and even death. The First Defense® product line is the only USDA-licensed, orally delivered scours preventive product on the market for calves with claims against E. coli K99, coronavirus and rotavirus (three leading causes of scours). A single dose of our product provides a guaranteed level of protection proven to reduce mortality and morbidity. Our milk antibody products provide Immediate Immunity™ during the first few critical days of life when calves need this protection most. Studies have 2 ImmuCell Corporation shown that calves that scour are more susceptible to other diseases later in life and under-perform calves that do not contract scours. The direct, two-part mode-of-action of the First Defense® product line delivers specific immunoglobulins at the gut level to immediately protect against disease, while also providing additional antibodies that are absorbed into the bloodstream. These circulating antibodies function like a natural timed-release mechanism, as they are re-secreted into the gut later to provide extended protection. The First Defense® product line is convenient to use. A calf needs to receive only one dose of First Defense® within the first twelve hours after birth. The capsule format of this product is stored at room temperature and no mixing is required before it is given to the calf. The gel tube formats of this product require refrigeration in accordance with product label indications. We are a leader in the scours prevention market with this product. The third quarter of 2018 marked the 27th anniversary of the original USDA approval of this product in 1991. During the fourth quarter of 2018, our cumulative sales of First Defense® since inception exceeded 22,000,000 doses. We believe that these milestones demonstrate the value of our technology and the long-term market acceptance of our product. We believe that the long-term growth in sales of the First Defense® product line may reflect, at least in part, the success of our strategic decision initiated in 2010 to invest in additional sales and marketing efforts to help us intro- duce the expanding First Defense® product line to new customers. We launched a communications campaign at the end of 2010 that continues to emphasize how the unique ability of the First Defense® product line to provide Im- mediate Immunity™ generates a dependable and competitive return on investment for dairy and beef producers. Preventing newborn calves from becoming sick helps them to reach their genetic potential and reduces the need to use treatment antibiotics later in life. Our new product line extension, Tri-Shield First Defense, is the first calf-level, passive antibody product on the market with USDA-approved disease claims providing Immediate Immunity™ against each of the three leading causes of calf scours (E. coli, coronavirus and rotavirus). This new product achieved USDA approval during the fourth quarter of 2017 and was listed with the Organic Materials Research Institute (OMRI) during the first quarter of 2019, which means it can be used on organic farms. Tri-Shield combines the E. coli and coronavirus antibodies contained in our bivalent product with a guaranteed level of rotavirus antibody in one preventative dose in a gel tube delivery format. This unique breadth of claims further differentiates our product from competitive products on the market that contain only one or two of these label claims. Because it is possible that all farms may not have a rotavirus problem, we are continuing to sell the bivalent formats of the First Defense product line as options for customers. Historically, the primary tool to help combat scours has been to vaccinate the cow with a dam-level scours vac- cine. With this expanded claim set, we believe we can compete more effectively against these dam-level vaccine products that are given to the mother cow to increase the antibody level against specific scours-causing pathogens in the colostrum that she produces for her newborn. It is generally believed that only 80% of animals respond to a vaccine, which could leave about 20% of calves unprotected. We believe that the variability in a cow’s immune response to vaccines creates a sales opportunity for our product. Additionally, our research suggests that treatment protocols for dam-level scours vaccine programs are not always followed, leaving even more calves compromised. Our new mar- keting campaign, Beyond Vaccination, emphasizes that by delivering Immediate Immunity™ directly to the calf via Tri-Shield, producers can reduce stress-causing injections to the cow and save the associated labor for vaccines that are more critical to cow health. Reliance on a dam-level scours vaccine requires that money be spent before it is known whether the cow is carrying a viable, valued calf. With Tri-Shield, every calf is equally protected and that investment can be targeted to the calves that are most critical to the operation. This, in turn, can free up space in the cow’s vaccination schedule to improve her immune response to vaccines that are critical to her health. First Defense Technology® is a unique whey protein concentrate that is processed utilizing our proprietary colostrum (first milk) protein purification methods, for the nutritional and feed supplement markets without the claims of our USDA-licensed product. During 2012, we initiated a limited launch of a gel tube delivery format of our First Defense Technology® in a gel solution. We achieved USDA claims for this product format during the fourth quarter of 2018 and Canadian approval during the first quarter of 2019, and it is now being sold as Dual-Force™ First Defense®. We are selling the same concentrated whey proteins in a bulk powder format (no capsule), which is delivered with a scoop and mixed with colostrum for feeding to calves. We are working to achieve USDA claims for this product format during 2019. During 2011, Milk Products, LLC of Chilton, Wisconsin launched commercial sales of their product, Ultra Start® 150 Plus and certain similar private label products, which are colostrum replacers with First Defense Technology® Inside. 3 ImmuCell Corporation Other competition for resources that dairy producers allocate to their calf enterprises has been increased by the many new products (principally feed supplements) that have been introduced to the calf market. Warm and dry weather reduces the producer’s perception of the need for a disease preventative product like the First Defense® product line. However, heat stress on calves caused by extremely hot summer weather can increase the incidence of scours, just as harsher winter weather benefits our sales. Market conditions in the dairy and beef industries, including milk pricing and prices for calves, have weakened since 2014. Milk prices made modest improvements in 2017 over the annual averages for 2016 and 2015 but declined by 10% in 2018 in comparison to 2017. Despite the significant market volatility affecting both milk prices and feed costs, we continue to increase our sales. During the first quarter of 2017, we discontinued the topical wipes product line due to its limited sales growth potential and minimal contribution to profits. During 2001, we began to offer our own, internally developed California Mastitis Test (CMT). CMT is most often used as a quick on-farm diagnostic to determine which quarter of the udder is mastitic. This test can be performed at cow-side for early detection of mastitis. CMT products are also made by other manufacturers and are readily available to the dairy producer. In connection with our acquisition of certain gel formulation technologies during the first quarter of 2016, we also acquired private label manufacturing rights covering two feed supplement product lines that we now produce and sell under private label relationships with Ridley, USA Inc. of Mankato, MN and Genex Cooperative Inc. of Shawano, WI. These products do not utilize our proprietary antibody technology. Sales and Markets Our sales and marketing team consists of one vice president, seven regional manager positions and one inside sales and marketing position. The First Defense® product line and CMT are sold primarily through major animal health distributors who, in turn, sell to veterinary clinics, fleet stores and direct to farms. We have experienced minimal bad debt with respect to these products. Sales of the First Defense® product line are normally seasonal, with higher sales expected during the first quarter, largely driven by the beef calving season, which runs primarily from January to April, unlike the dairy industry in which operations generally calve year round. We estimate that the total U.S. market for scours preventative products (including sales of our product) that are given to newborn calves (the calf-level market) is approximately $18 million annually. With the additional claim for our new product (Tri-Shield First Defense®) against rotavirus, we are now competing against the dam-level vaccine products that are given to the mother cow to increase the antibody level against specific scours-causing pathogens in the colostrum that she produces for her newborn. We estimate that the dam-level product category covers approximately twice as many calves as the calf-level product segment reaches. The majority of our international sales are to Canada. We price our products in U.S. dollars. To the extent that the value of the dollar declines with respect to any other currency, our competitive position may be enhanced. Conversely, an increase in the value of the dollar in any country in which we sell products may have the effect of increasing the local price of our products, thereby leading to a potential reduction in demand. Generally, our international sales have been generated through relationships with in-country distributors that have knowledge of the local regulatory and marketing requirements. We are initiating our plan to expand the number of countries to which our First Defense® product line is approved for export. Generally, it is our intent to be the holder of these product registrations for each country rather than rely on distribution partners to gain and hold these registrations. This is a long regulatory process but allows us to maximize the use of our product label claims and avoid long-term exclusive distribution agreements. We continue our efforts to grow sales of the First Defense® product line in North America, where there are approximately 41,300,000 dairy and beef cows in the United States and 4,645,000 dairy and beef cows in Canada. We believe that even greater market opportunities exist in other international territories. There are estimated to be approximately 67,400,000 dairy and beef cows in China, 35,450,000 in the European Union, 18,470,000 in Australia and New Zealand, 11,150,000 in Mexico, 1,700,000 in South Korea and 1,470,000 in Japan. The statistics above are provided by an industry compilation of USDA data for 2019. However, industry practices, economic conditions, cause of disease, distribution channels and regulatory requirements may differ in these international markets from what we experience in North America making it more difficult or costly for us to generate and sustain sales volumes at profitable margins in these markets. 4 ImmuCell Corporation We introduced First Defense® into South Korea in 2005 through Medexx Co., Ltd of Gyeonggi-do, Korea and its equivalent into Japan in 2007 through NYS Co., Ltd of Iwate, Japan. The business in Japan is currently not active, but we hope to resume sales in this territory in the coming quarters. We entered into distribution contracts covering certain Middle Eastern countries with Triplest for Drugs and Trade of Madaba, Jordan during the first quarter of 2017 and covering Iran with Senikco, LLC of Laguna Niguel, CA during the fourth quarter of 2016. With Re-Tain™, we are working to expand our product offerings to include an intramammary treatment for subclinical mastitis for the mother cow during lactation. Mastitis (inflammation of the mammary gland) is estimated to cost the U.S. dairy industry approximately $2 billion in economic harm per year, which makes it the most costly and common disease affecting the dairy industry. The disease diminishes the saleable quantity and overall value of milk, in addition to causing other herd health and productivity losses. While the benefit of treating clinical mastitis is widely known, subclinical mastitis (those cases where cows have infected udders, but still produce saleable milk) is associated with its own significant economic losses and is recognized as a substantial contributor to clinical mastitis cases. There is a growing awareness of the cascade of adverse events and conditions associated with subclinical mastitis for both the dairy producer and the milk processor, including reduced or foregone milk quality premiums, lower milk production (some have estimated approximately 1,500 pounds of lost milk, or about $225 at $15.00 per hundredweight, per infected cow), shorter shelf life for fluid milk, lower yields and less flavor for cheese, higher rates of clinical mastitis, lower conception rates, increased abortions and increased cull rates. Some industry experts have estimated that subclinical mastitis costs the U.S. dairy industry approximately $1 billion per year. We believe that Re-Tain™ could revolutionize the way that mastitis is treated by making earlier treatment of subclinically infected cows economically feasible by not requiring a milk discard during, or for a period of time after, treatment, which would be a significant competitive advantage for our product. No other FDA-approved mastitis treatment product on the market can offer this value proposition. Because the milk from cows treated with traditional antibiotics must be discarded, most dairy producers simply do not treat subclinically infected cows. It is generally current practice to treat mastitis only when the disease has progressed to the clinical stage where the milk from an infected cow cannot be sold. The ability to treat such cases without a milk discard could revolutionize the way mastitis is managed in a herd. It is common practice to move sick cows from their regular herd group to a sick cow group for treatment and the related milk discard. This movement causes stress on the cow and a reduction in milk production. Cows treated with our product would not have to be moved, allowing this costly drop in production to be avoided. Our product likely will be priced at a premium to the traditional antibiotic products currently on the market, which are all sold subject to a milk discard requirement. Common milk discard periods cover the duration of treatment and extend from 36 to 96 hours after last treatment, depending on the antibiotic. On average, a cow produces approximately 60 to 80 pounds of milk per day. While milk prices vary significantly, at an average value of $15.00 per 100 pounds, a cow produces approximately $9 to $12 worth of milk per day. These estimated figures would result in milk discard costs ranging from approximately $32 (for 3.5 days of milk at 60 pounds per day) to $132 (for 11 days of milk at 80 pounds per day) per treated animal. We estimate that the approximate cost to the U.S. dairy industry of this discarded milk may be around $300 million per year. We believe that the product’s value proposition demonstrates a return on investment to the dairy producer and the milk processor that will justify a premium over other mastitis treatments on the market today. The USDA’s National Animal Health Monitoring System through its Dairy 2014 study suggests that 21% of all dairy cows are treated with a mastitis drug, of which approximately 51% are treated with third generation cephalosporins. Many fear that the possible overuse of antibiotics in livestock undermines the effectiveness of drugs to combat human illnesses and contributes to a rising number of life-threatening human infections from antibiotic-resistant bacteria, commonly known as “superbugs”. The FDA is committed to addressing this public health risk. Citing concerns about untreatable, life-threatening infections in humans, new FDA and European regulations are aimed at restricting the use of antibiotics (including cephalosporins) in food animals and at improving milk quality. Regulators have recently increased their monitoring of antibiotic residues in milk and meat. During the first quarter of 2012, the USDA reduced the allowable level of somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk from 750,000 (cells per milliliter) to 400,000 at the individual farm level (not a blended calculation of comingled milk) in order to qualify for an EU health certification for export. The FDA’s Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) became effective January 1, 2017, restricting the use of medically important antibiotics for performance purposes and requiring more oversight of antibiotic usage in food producing animals by a veterinarian, and more changes and restrictions relating to antibiotic usage appear to be likely. Several 5 ImmuCell Corporation major food processors and retailers have implemented policies addressing this growing public health concern. By reducing the risk of antibiotic residues and slowing the development of antibiotic-resistant organisms, we can improve food quality and preserve medically important antibiotics for human disease treatment. This would not be a concern for Re-Tain™ because Nisin is not used for human health. This current environment could be favorable to the introduction of our new product as an alternative to traditional antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalosporins. We believe that this changing environment of new regulations and public opinion supports the value of our ongoing development and commercialization efforts for Re-Tain™. Additionally, we believe that the use of our First Defense® product line is consistent with this trend of reducing the use of antibiotics because the prevention of calf scours early in life with our purified colostrum antibodies can reduce the need for treatment antibiotics later in a calf’s life. It is difficult to estimate the potential size of the market for the treatment of subclinical mastitis because this disease is largely left untreated presently. We believe that approximately 20-30% of the U.S. dairy herd is affected by subclinical mastitis caused by Gram-positive organisms falling within the claim spectrum of our product. This compares to approximately 2% of the U.S. herd that is thought to be infected with clinical mastitis, where approximately $60 million per year is spent on drug treatments. We believe that similar market opportunities also exist outside of the United States and for the treatment of dry (non-lactating) cows. We expect the Drug Substance production facility that we constructed for approximately $20.8 million to have annual production capacity sufficient to meet approximately $10 million in sales of Re-Tain™. Our new facility is designed to have enough room to add a second fermentation and recovery portion of the production line to be purchased and installed at the cost of approximately $7 million to effectively double production output. We would consider making this investment only after commercial acceptance of the product is demonstrated. If annual sales exceed approximately $20 million with finished product filling services provided by a contractor, we would evaluate all Nisin supply options, factoring in efficiencies and yield improvements. Building an additional Drug Substance production facility to meet our needs at that time may be the most cost-effective solution. See additional disclosures about our manufacturing strategies and capacity under “Product Development” below. With a measured approach to expanding our customer-facing staff, it is our objective to increase our current annual level of product sales of approximately $11 million to approximately $20 million through both continued growth in sales of the First Defense® product line and a successful launch of Re-Tain™ as soon as possible. As market penetration for both new products is achieved and additional resources are dedicated to production, sales, marketing and technical services, our longer-term goal is to exceed the $30 million level of annual product sales as soon as possible during the five-year period after the market launch of Re-Tain™. Product Development The majority of our product development spending has been focused on the development of Re-Tain™, our purified Nisin treatment for subclinical mastitis in lactating cows. During the nineteen-year period that began on January 1, 2000 and ended on December 31, 2018, we invested the aggregate of approximately $15,543,000 (excluding depreciation and the capital cost of our Drug Substance production facility) in the development of this product. This estimated allocation reflects only direct expenditures and includes no allocation of product development or administrative overhead expenses. Approximately $2.9 million of this investment was offset by related product licensing revenues and grant income, most of which was earned from 2001 to 2007. Nisin is a bacteriocin that is not used in human medicines and could alleviate some of the social concerns that the widespread use of antibiotics encourages the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (“superbugs”). This antibacterial peptide is known to be effective against most Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria. Mastitis, which costs the dairy industry about $2 billion per year, is currently treated with traditional antibiotic products, and treatment is generally reserved for clinical infections when the cow produces non-saleable milk. The “zero milk discard” product feature approved for Re-Tain™ would make earlier treatment of sick cows economically feasible, while these cows are still producing saleable milk. No other existing product can provide this kind of value proposition. During 2000, we acquired an exclusive license from Nutrition 21, Inc. (formerly Applied Microbiology Inc. or AMBI) to develop and market Nisin-based products for animal health applications, which allowed us to initiate the development of Re-Tain™. In 2004, we paid Nutrition 21 approximately $965,000 to buy out this royalty and milestone-based license to Nisin, thereby acquiring control of the animal health applications of Nisin. Nisin is a well 6 ImmuCell Corporation characterized substance, having been used in food preservation applications for over 50 years. Food-grade Nisin, however, cannot be used in pharmaceutical applications because of its low purity. Our Nisin technology includes processing and purification methods to achieve pharmaceutical-grade purity. In 2004, we entered into a product development and marketing agreement with Pfizer Animal Health (now known as Zoetis) covering this product. That company elected to terminate the agreement in 2007. We believe that this decision was not based on any unanticipated efficacy or regulatory issues. Rather, we believe the decision was primarily driven by a marketing concern relating to their fear that the milk from treated cows could interfere with the manufacture of certain cultured dairy products. Due to the zero milk discard feature, there is a risk that Nisin from the milk of treated cows could interfere with the manufacture of certain (but not all) commercial cultured dairy products, such as some kinds of cheese and yogurt, if a process tank contains a high enough percentage of milk from treated cows. The impact of this potential interference ranges from a delay in the manufacturing process (which does happen at times for other reasons) to the less likely stopping of a cheese starter culture. Milk from cows that have been treated with our product that is sold exclusively for fluid milk products presents no such risk. We worked with scientists and mastitis experts to conduct a formal risk assessment to quantify the impact that milk from treated cows may have on cultured dairy products. This study concluded that the dilution of milk from treated cows through comingling with milk from untreated cows during normal milk hauling and storage practices reduces the risk of interference with commercial dairy cultures to a negligible level when the product is used in accordance with the product label. We do not believe that such a premium-priced product will be used as part of a whole herd (“blitz”) treatment protocol, which reduces the risk of cheese interference. We do not see this as a significant problem as modern “precision dairying” practices, as well as cost and other economic considerations, support reducing the indiscriminate use of drug treatments. The NADA for Re-Tain™ is comprised of five principal Technical Sections and one administrative submission that are subject to phased review by the FDA. By statute, each Technical Section submission is generally subject to a six-month review cycle by the FDA. Each Technical Section can be reviewed and approved separately. Upon review and assessment by the FDA that all requirements for a Technical Section have been met, the FDA may issue a Technical Section Complete Letter. The current status of our work on these submissions to the FDA is as follows: 1) Environmental Impact: During the third quarter of 2008, we received the Environmental Impact Technical Section Complete Letter from the FDA. 2) Target Animal Safety: During the second quarter of 2012, we received the Target Animal Safety Technical Section Complete Letter from the FDA. 3) Effectiveness: During the third quarter of 2012, we received the Effectiveness Technical Section Complete Letter from the FDA. The draft product label carries claims for the treatment of subclinical mastitis asso- ciated with Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, and coagulase-negative staphylococci in lactating dairy cattle. In our pivotal effectiveness study, statistically significant cure rates were as- sociated with a statistically significant reduction in milk somatic cell count, which is an important measure of milk quality. 4) Human Food Safety (HFS): During the third quarter of 2018, we received the Human Food Safety Technical Section Complete Letter from the FDA confirming, among other things, a zero milk discard period and a zero meat withhold period during and after treatment with our product. 5) Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls (CMC): Obtaining FDA approval of the CMC Technical Section is the final critical step to FDA approval and to initial commercial sales. Implementing Nisin production at commercial scale, which is a required component of the CMC Technical Section, has been the most expensive part of this project. We previously entered into an agreement with a multi-national pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturer for our commercial-scale supplies of Nisin. However, we determined in 2014 that the agreement did not offer us the most advantageous supply arrangement in terms of either cost or long-term dependability. We presented this product development opportunity to a variety of large and small animal health companies. While such a corporate partnership could have provided access to a much larger sales and marketing team and allowed us to avoid the large investment in a commercial-scale production facility, the partner would have taken a large share of the gross margin from all future product sales of Re-Tain™. The regulatory and marketing feedback about the prospects for this product that we received from prospective partners, following their due diligence, was positive. During the third quarter of 2014, we completed an investment in facility modifications and processing equipment necessary to pro- 7 ImmuCell Corporation duce the Nisin Drug Substance (the active pharmaceutical ingredient) at small-scale. This small-scale facility was used to i) expand our process knowledge and controls, ii) establish operating ranges for critical process parameters, iii) conduct product stability studies, iv) optimize process yields and v) verify the cost of production. We believe these efforts have reduced the risks associated with our investment in the commercial-scale production facility. During the fourth quarter of 2015, we acquired land nearby to our existing Portland facility for the construction of a new commercial-scale Drug Substance manufacturing facility. We commenced construction of this facility during the third quarter of 2016 and completed construction during the fourth quarter of 2017. Equipment installation and qualification was initiated during the third quarter of 2017 and completed during the third quarter of 2018. The total cost of this building and equipment investment was approximately $20.8 million. We made our first phased Drug Substance submission to the FDA of this comprehensive and complex Technical Section during the first quarter of 2019. This Technical Section includes data from the Nisin Drug Sub- stance Registration Batches produced at commercial scale in our new manufacturing facility. This submission is subject to a six-month review period. The timing of this first submission does not directly impact the regulatory timeline because the second phased Nisin Drug Product submission (which will include responses to the FDA review of the first phased submission and detailed information about the manufacturing process and controls for the sterile Nisin Drug Product) defines the critical path to product approval. A successful FDA inspection of our manufacturing facility must also be achieved. The second phased Drug Product submission, which is also subject to a six-month review period, will not be made in time to achieve product approval by our original goal of December 2019. Since 2010, we have been a party to a long-term exclusive product development and contract manufacturing agreement with Norbrook Laboratories Limited of Newry, Northern Ireland, an FDA-approved Drug Product manu- facturer, covering the final formulation, aseptic filling and final packaging services for Re-Tain™. Norbrook has provided services to us under this contract throughout the FDA process for use in all of our pivotal studies. During the fourth quarter of 2015, this agreement was amended and restated to, among other things, extend the term of the agreement to January 1, 2024. It has been our expectation that we would have these services available through both the remainder of the development process and approximately the first four years of commercial sales. However, the agreement includes a provision potentially entitling Norbrook to terminate the agreement if we fail to receive FDA approval for Re-Tain™ by mid-December of 2019. Due to unexpected difficulties and delays encountered by Nor- brook at this late stage of the development and the usual FDA timeline for processing CMC Technical Sections, we do not expect to receive FDA approval by the December 2019 date. In anticipation of this potential issue, we have made requests to Norbrook to amend the existing agreement to avoid early termination, including a shorter term and increased payments to Norbrook. However, we have not yet reached resolution on an amendment, and it remains unclear whether we will be able to reach agreement on a suitable amendment, or if we do, for how long we will continue to have access to Norbrook’s services. Consequently, we have been actively investigating multiple alternatives, including securing an agreement for such services with another qualified third party or performing the services in-house by constructing an aseptic filling capability within our new Drug Substance production facility. Because both of these alternatives would likely delay our commencement of commercial sales of Re-Tain™ to at least 2021, we believe, in the case of a new third-party manufacturer, and to at least 2022, we estimate, in the case of performing these services in-house, our strong preference would be to reach at least an interim arrangement with Norbrook, while we pursue the implementation of the chosen alternative in parallel. The option of establishing our own final formulation, aseptic filling and final packaging capability for Drug Product would provide us with the longer-term advantage of controlling the entire manufacturing process for Re-Tain™ in one facility, thereby reducing our dependence on third parties and potentially reducing our manufac- turing costs, but it would require us to raise additional capital to fund the cost of the equipment, facility modifications and related validation process, which we estimate on a very preliminary basis to be approximately $4 million. This equipment would occupy space in our new Drug Substance facility that we had originally intended to use to double our Drug Substance manufacturing capacity if warranted by Re-Tain™ sales volumes during the initial years following product launch, as discussed above under “Sales and Markets”, thus limiting the maximum production capacity of our new Drug Substance facility. This could possibly leave us unable to meet growing customer demand for Re-Tain™ until and unless we are able to expand that capacity elsewhere or otherwise relocate certain manufacturing activities to enable the expansion to occur. After approval of the CMC Technical Section, there is a 60-day administrative review before anticipated product license approval can be issued and commercial sales can be initiated. 8 ImmuCell Corporation We are party to a long-term, exclusive supply agreement with Plas-Pak Industries, Inc. (now owned by Nordson Corporation) of Norwich, Connecticut covering the proprietary syringe that was developed specifically for treating cows with our mastitis product. These syringes were used for all pivotal studies. During the third quarter of 2017, this agreement was extended to January 1, 2024. Our second most important product development initiatives (in terms of dollars invested and, we believe, potential market impact) have been focused on other improvements, extensions or additions to our First Defense® product line. During the second quarter of 2009 we entered into an exclusive license with the Baylor College of Medicine covering the underlying rotavirus vaccine technology used to generate the specific antibodies for use with animals. This perpetual license (if not terminated for cause) is subject to ongoing royalty payments. We achieved product license approval and initiated market launch of this product, Tri-Shield First Defense®, during the fourth quarter of 2017. During the third quarter of 2018, we obtained approval from the Canadian Food Inspection Agency to sell Tri-Shield® in Canada. We expect to initiate sales in Canada after domestic demand is met. We achieved USDA approval of our bivalent gel tube formulation (formerly marketed as First Defense Technology®) during the fourth quarter of 2018 and have re-branded this product format, together with the bolus format, as Dual-Force™ First Defense®. We are currently working to establish USDA claims for our bivalent bulk powder formulation of First Defense Technology®. We are also investing in additional studies comparing the First Defense® product line to the competition. At the same time, we are working to expand our product development pipeline of bacteriocins that can be used as alternatives to traditional antibiotics. During the second quarter of 2015, we entered into an exclusive option agreement to license new bacteriocin technology from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. During the first quarter of 2019, we extended this exclusive option agreement through March 2021. This technology focuses on bacteriocins having activity against Gram-negative infections for use in combating mastitis in dairy cattle. Subject to the availability of resources, we intend to begin new development projects that are aligned with our core competencies and market focus. We also remain interested in acquiring, on suitable terms, other new products and technologies that fit with our sales focus on the dairy and beef industries. Competition Our competition in the animal health market includes other biotechnology companies and major animal health companies. Many of these competitors have substantially greater financial, marketing, manufacturing and human resources and more extensive product development capabilities than we do. We would consider any company that sells an antibiotic to treat mastitis, such as Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck Animal Health and Zoetis (formerly Pfizer Animal Health, a division of Pfizer, Inc.), to be among the potential competitors with respect to Re-Tain™. We expect the FDA to grant a period of five years of market exclusivity for our product (meaning the FDA would not grant approval to a second NADA with the same active drug for a period of five years after the first NADA approval is granted) under Section 512(c)(2)F of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. There are several other products on the market (some with claims and some without) that are delivered to newborn calves to prevent scours. We believe that the First Defense® product line offers two significant competitive advantages. First, only the First Defense® product line provides protection against E. coli, coronavirus and rotavirus, three of the leading causes of calf scours. Second, being derived from colostrum, our product offers Immediate ImmunityTM through antibodies that both function at the gut level and are absorbed into the blood stream for future protection. All formats of our product can be administered without delaying or adversely affecting maternal colostrum. Zoetis sells a product that competes directly with the First Defense® product line in preventing scours via oral delivery to newborn calves. Their product (Calf-Guard®) is a modified-live virus vaccine. Newborn calves respond poorly to vaccines and the immune system must be given time to develop a response to vaccines. Both our product and Calf-Guard® carry claims against coronavirus and rotavirus infections, but this competitive product does not carry a claim against E. coli infections like our product does. It is common practice to delay colostrum feeding when dosing a calf with Calf-Guard® so that the antibodies in the colostrum do not inactivate the vaccine product. There is no nutritional benefit to withholding milk from newborn calves. In contrast, we encourage the feeding of four quarts of high quality colostrum immediately after birth when dosing a calf with our product, which is standard practice for 9 ImmuCell Corporation good calf health. Because the antibodies in our product would likely work to inactivate a modified-live vaccine, rendering it useless or less useful, our product label historically included a precaution that First Defense® should not be used within five days of such a vaccine. During the first quarter of 2015, the USDA granted us permission to remove this precaution from our label, and we have done so. We believe that this precaution should be required on the Calf-Guard® label to prevent inactivation of that product by First Defense® antibodies or colostrum. Our product is priced at a premium to Calf-Guard®. Elanco Animal Health (a division of Eli Lilly and Company) and Boehringer Ingelheim also sell directly competitive products. The Elanco product (Bovine Ecolizer® and Bovine Ecolizer® + C20) was acquired through Elanco’s January 2015 acquisition of Novartis Animal Health and carries claims to prevent scours in newborn calves caused by E. coli and C. perfringens. The Boehringer product (Bar-Guard-99™) carries claims to prevent scours in newborn calves caused by E. coli. These two products are both derived from horse blood rather than the bovine colostrum used for the First Defense® product line. Equine antibodies are less efficiently absorbed into the bovine bloodstream, so fewer antibodies are re-secreted for additional protection. During the fourth quarter of 2016, Merck launched a new competitive product into this market space. This product (BOVILIS® Coronavirus) is a modified-live virus intranasal vaccine that carries a claim against coronavirus only. When compared to the other USDA-approved calf-level scours preventatives, we believe we are first in sales dollars and second in volume. This product category is comprised of five (increasing from four until the fourth quarter of 2016) primary brands that are given either orally or intranasal to newborn dairy and beef calves immediately after birth. Market research that we subscribe to suggests that our product comprised approximately 34% and 33% of the total doses sold in this product category (one dose equates to one calf, according to label administration on all products) during 2018 and 2017, respectively. These estimates are down from 36% during 2016 and 40% during 2015 when the product category included only 4 primary brands (one of which experienced lack of supply to the market during late 2014 and into the middle of 2015). This market share estimate is slightly up from 32% in 2014 and up from 26% and 22% in 2013 and 2012, respectively, as the total volume in the product category has steadily increased. These estimates do not include sales of vaccine products that are given to the dam (mother cow), which is discussed below. With the new rotavirus claim for our product (Tri-Shield First Defense®) we are now competing against dam-level vaccine products that are given to the mother cow to increase the antibody level against scours-causing pathogens in the colostrum that she produces for her newborn. Those products are sold by Elanco (Scour Bos™), Merck (Guardian®) and Zoetis (ScourGuard®). Despite the best-managed dam vaccine program, colostrum quality is naturally variable and newborn calves do not always get the antibodies they need from maternal colostrum. We believe that the guaranteed dose of antibodies in our product provides more consistent protection than such vaccine products. We may not be aware of competition that we face, or may face in the future, from other companies. Our competitive position will be highly influenced by our ability to attract and retain key scientific, managerial and sales personnel, to develop proprietary technologies and products, to obtain USDA, FDA or foreign approvals for new products, to effectively promote and market our products, to have available properly licensed, efficient and effective raw material and finished product manufacturing resources and to continue to profitably sell our current products. We currently compete on the basis of product performance, price and distribution capability. We continue to monitor our network of independent distributors to maintain our competitive position. Intellectual Property We own a broad collection of intellectual property rights relating to our research, products and processes. This includes patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade dress, trade secrets, know-how and other intellectual property rights in the United States and other countries. While the Company believes the ownership of its intellectual property rights is an important factor in its business and that its success depends in part on such ownership, the Company also relies heavily on the innovative skills, technical competence and marketing abilities of its personnel. We own: (a) U.S. Patent No. 6,794,181 entitled “Method of Purifying Lantibiotics”, which covers a manufac- turing process for preparing pharmaceutical-grade Nisin, which was issued in 2004; and (b) U.S. Patent No. 10,023,617 entitled “Methods and Systems of Producing Pharmaceutical Grade Lantibiotics”, which covers key, novel 10 ImmuCell Corporation and proprietary aspects of our manufacturing process for preparing pharmaceutical-grade Nisin, and was issued during the third quarter of 2018. In the future, we may file additional patent applications for certain products under devel- opment. There can be no assurance that patents will be issued with respect to any pending or future applications. In some cases, we have chosen (and may choose in the future) not to seek patent protection for certain products or pro- cesses. In those instances, we have sought (and may seek in the future) to maintain the confidentiality of any relevant intellectual property and other proprietary rights through operational measures and contractual agreements. We own numerous trademarks and trade dress that are very important to our business, and have several trademark and trade dress applications and registrations in the United States, Canada, Iran and Turkey. We own the following U.S. trademark registrations: IMMUCELL, FIRST DEFENSE, FD FIRST DEFENSE (& Design), FIRST DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY, TRI-SHIELD FIRST DEFENSE, TRI-SHIELD FIRST DEFENSE (& Design), YOUR CALF CREW, BEYOND VACCINATION, BEYOND VACCINATION (& Design), CALF HERO and TRI-SHIELD. We also own U.S. registrations for the color blue for our blue gel and blue bolus FIRST DEFENSE products. We own pending U.S. trademark applications for the DUAL-FORCE and RE-TAIN trademarks. The United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a determination that our IMMEDIATE IMMUNITY trademark, which we use in connection with marketing of all of our products, is generic. Rather than appeal this finding, we are continuing to build our common law rights in the brand. The FDA issued a determination that the name, MAST OUT, which we had intended to use for our purified Nisin product, is overly promotional. Rather than continuing an appeal of this decision, we selected a new product name, RE-TAIN, which was approved by the FDA during the first quarter of 2019. During the first quarter of 2017, we sold our registered trademarks related to dairy wipes, WIPE OUT and THE ONE STEP COW PREP, when we discontinued that product line. Government Regulation We believe that we are in compliance with current regulatory requirements relating to our business and products. The manufacture and sale of animal health biologicals within the United States is generally regulated by the USDA. We have received USDA and Canadian Food Inspection Agency approval for the bolus format of First Defense® and for the gel tube formats of Tri-Shield First Defense® and Dual-Force™ First Defense®. Re-Tain™ is regulated by the FDA, which regulates veterinary drugs. Regulations in the European Union will likely require that our product be sold subject to a milk discard requirement in that territory, although the duration of the milk discard requirement may be shorter than the discard requirement applicable to competitive antibiotic products in that market. Comparable agencies exist in foreign countries, and foreign sales of our products will be subject to regulation by such agencies. Many countries have laws regulating the production, sale, distribution or use of biological products, and we may have to obtain approvals from regulatory authorities in countries in which we propose to sell our products. Depending upon the product and its applications, obtaining regulatory approvals may be a relatively brief and inexpensive procedure or it may involve extensive clinical tests, incurring significant expenses and an approval process of several years’ duration. We generally rely on in-country experts to assist us with or to perform international regulatory applications. Employees We currently employ 51 employees (including 4 part-time employees). Approximately 29 full-time equivalent employees are engaged in manufacturing operations, 9.7 full-time equivalent employees in sales and marketing, 6 full-time equivalent employees in product development activities and 4.3 full-time equivalent employees in finance and administration. As needed, we augment our staff with contracted temporary employees. At times, manufacturing personnel are also utilized, as needed, in the production of clinical material for use in product development. All of our employees are required to execute non-disclosure, non-compete and invention assignment agreements intended to protect our rights in our proprietary products. We are not a party to any collective bargaining agreement and consider our employee relations to be excellent. Public Information As a reporting company, we file quarterly and annual reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on Form 10-Q and Form 10-K. We also file current reports on Form 8-K, whenever events warrant or require such a filing. The public may read and copy any materials that we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information about us that we file electronically with the SEC at 11 ImmuCell Corporation http://www.sec.gov. Our internet address is http://www.immucell.com. ITEM 1A — RISK FACTORS Projection of net income (loss): Generally speaking, our financial performance can differ significantly from management projections, due to numerous factors that are difficult to predict or that are beyond our control. Weaker than expected sales of the First Defense® product line could lead to less profits or an operating loss. Large investments in product development (or cost overruns) can result in a net loss. We were profitable during the second half of 2014, during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 and during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2017. Dur- ing the five quarters since then, we have incurred net losses largely due to facility start-up and development costs related to our Nisin product development program. Depreciation expenses related to the Drug Substance production facility are expected to contribute to reported net losses until and unless product sales increase to offset these non-cash expenses. Deferred tax assets: The realizability of our deferred tax assets is a subjective estimate that is contingent upon many variables. During the second quarter of 2018, we recorded a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets that significantly increased our net loss in comparison to other periods. This non-cash expense could be reversed in the future if justified by current and near-term projections of profitability. We will continue to assess the need for the valuation allowance at each quarter, and in the event that actual results differ from these estimates or we adjust these estimates in future periods, we may need to adjust our valuation allowance. Reliance on sales of the First Defense®product line: We are heavily reliant on the market acceptance of the First Defense®product line to generate product sales and fund our operations. Our business would not have been prof- itable during the nine consecutive years in the period ended December 31, 2007 or during the years ended December 31, 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2016 without the gross margin that we earned on sales of the First Defense®product line, which accounted for 97% and 94% of our total product sales during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Concentration of sales: Approximately 100% and 98% of our product sales were made to customers in the dairy and beef industries throughout the world during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Approximately 87% and 82% of our product sales were made to customers in the U.S. dairy and beef industries during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The animal health distribution segment has been ag- gressively consolidating over the last few years with larger distributors acquiring smaller distributors. A large portion of our product sales (66% and 65% during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively) was made to two large distributors. A large portion of our trade accounts receivable (72% as of December 31, 2018 and 69% as of December 31, 2017) was due from these two distributors. We have a good history with these distributors, but the concentration of sales and accounts receivable with a small number of customers does present a risk to us, including risks related to such customers experiencing financial difficulties or altering the basis on which they do business with us. Gross margin on product sales: It is one of our goals to again achieve a gross margin (before related de- preciation expenses) as a percentage of total sales close to 50% after the initial launch of new products. Depreciation expense will be a larger component of costs of goods sold for Re-Tain™ than it is for First Defense®, and gross margins generally improve over time. Many factors discussed in this report impact our costs of goods sold. There is a risk that we are not able to achieve our gross margin goals, which would adversely affect our operating results and could impact our future operating plans. Product risks: The sale of our products is subject to production, financial, efficacy, regulatory, competitive and other market risks. Elevated standards to achieve and maintain regulatory compliance required to sell our products continue to evolve. Failure to achieve acceptable biological yields from our production processes can materially increase our costs of goods sold and reduce our production output, leading to an order backlog. We have experienced customer complaints pertaining to the gel tube format of the First Defense product line about some product that has become compacted and not expressible. We believe these failures result from exposure of our original formula to excessive heat conditions. This is a risk to achieving and maintaining customer acceptance. The costs associated with replacing defec- tive product are accounted for in costs of goods sold. We believe we have improved our formulation and production processes to prevent this problem going forward and are now incurring added costs to ship this product on dry ice. There is no assurance that we will continue to achieve market acceptance at a profitable price level or that we can continue to 12 ImmuCell Corporation manufacture our products at a low enough cost to result in a sufficient gross margin to justify their continued manufac- ture and sale. Product liability: The manufacture and sale of our products entails a risk of product liability. Our exposure to product liability is mitigated to some extent by the fact that our products are principally directed towards the animal health market. We have maintained product liability insurance in an amount which we believe is reasonable in relation to our potential exposure in this area. We have no history of claims of this nature being made. Regulatory requirements for the First Defenseproduct line: First Defense is sold in the United States subject to a product license from the Center for Veterinary Biologics, USDA, which was first obtained in 1991. As such, our operations are subject to periodic inspection by the USDA. The potency of serial lots is directly traceable to the original serial used to obtain the product performance claims (the “Reference Standard”). Due to the unique nature of the label claims, host animal re-testing is not required as long as periodic laboratory analyses continue to support the stability of stored Reference Standard. To date, these analyses have demonstrated strong stability. However, if the USDA were not to approve requalification of the Reference Standard, additional clinical studies could be required to meet regulatory requirements and allow for continued sales of the product. We expect to be subject to similar regulatory oversight risks in territories outside of the United States where we sell our products. Regulatory requirements for Re-Tain™: The commercial introduction of this product in the United States will require us to obtain FDA approval. Completing the development through to approval of the NADA by the FDA involves risk. While four of the five required Technical Sections have been approved, the development process timeline has been extensive (approximately 19 years) and has involved multiple commercial production strategies. The Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls Technical Section was submitted for the Nisin Drug Substance during the first quarter of 2019. The timeline for the Nisin Drug Product submission defines the critical path to product approval. To reduce the risk associated with this process, we have met with the FDA on multiple occasions to align on filing strategy and requirements. We have disclosed a timeline of events that could lead to potential approval during the first half of 2020. However, there remains a risk that approval could be delayed or not obtained. We are exposed to additional regulatory compliance risks through the subcontractors that we choose to work with to produce Re-Tain™, who also need to satisfy certain regulatory requirements in order to provide us with the products and services we need. International regulatory approvals would be required for sales outside of the United States. European regulatory authorities are not expected to approve a product with a zero milk discard claim, which would remove a significant competitive advantage in that territory. However, the assigned milk discard period may be shorter for our product than it is for other products on the market in Europe. Economics of the dairy and beef industries: • The January count of all cattle and calves in the United States had steadily declined from 97,000,000 as of January 1, 2007 to 88,500,000 as of January 1, 2014. Then this figure increased to 89,100,000 as of January 1, 2015, to 91,900,000 as of January 1, 2016, to 93,700,000 as of January 1, 2017, to 94,300,000 as of January 1, 2018 and to 94,800,000 as of January 1, 2019, which is 0.5% higher than at January 1, 2018. • From 1998 through 2018, the size (annual average) of the U.S. dairy herd ranged from approximately the low of 9,011,000 (2004) to the high of 9,392,000 (2017). The monthly average for 2018 decreased slightly to 9,385,000. • The Class III milk price (an industry benchmark that reflects the value of product used to make cheese) is an important indicator because it defines our customers’ revenue level. This annual average milk price level (measured in dollars per hundred pounds of milk) reached its highest point ever during 2014 at $22.34 (peaking at $24.60 in September 2014) since these prices were first reported in 1980. The 2014 high price for milk corresponds to a low count of cattle and calves of 88,500,000 on January 1, 2014 and an average annual U.S. dairy herd size of 9,256,000 during 2014. This average annual herd size from 1998 to 2013 was always lower than the 2014 level (except for during 2008), and since 2014 this average annual herd size has always been higher than the 2014 level. This strong milk price level during 2014 declined to the average of $15.80 during 2015 and further declined to $14.87 during 2016, but increased by 9% to $16.17 during 2017 and then declined by 10% to $14.61 during 13 ImmuCell Corporation 2018. The low price level in 2018 is very problematic to the profitability of our customers. The recent annual fluctuations in this milk price level are demonstrated in the following table: Average Class III Milk Price for the Year Ended December 31, (Decrease) Increase 2014 $22.34 2015 $15.80 2016 $14.87 2017 $16.17 2015 $15.80 2016 $14.87 2017 $16.17 2018 $14.61 (29%) (6%) 9% (10%) • The actual level of milk prices may be less important than its level relative to feed costs. One measure of this relationship is known as the milk-to-feed price ratio, which represents the amount of feed that one pound of milk can buy. The annual average for this ratio of 1.52 in 2012 was the lowest recorded since this ratio was first reported in 1985. The highest annual average this ratio has reached since 1985 was 3.64 in 1987. Since this ratio reached 3.24 in 2005, it has not exceeded 3.0. The annual average of 2.54 for 2014 was the highest this ratio has been since it was 2.81 in 2007. This ratio dropped 16% from 2017 to an annual average of 2.04 during 2018. The annual average has not been lower than this level since 2013. An increase in feed costs also has a negative impact on the beef industry. The fol- lowing table demonstrates the annual volatility and the low values of this ratio recently: Average Milk-To-Feed Price Ratio for the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2.54 2015 2.14 2016 2.26 2017 2.42 2015 2.14 2016 2.26 2017 2.42 2018 2.04 (Decrease) Increase (16%) 6% 7% (16%) • While the number of cows in the U.S. herd and the production of milk per cow directly influence the supply of milk, the price for milk is also influenced by very volatile international demand for milk products. • The all-time high value (annual average) for a milk cow was $1,993 during 2015. Since then, this annual average value has steadily declined to $1,358 during 2018. The 2018 value represents a 32%, or $635, decrease from the 2015 high. • The industry data referred to above is compiled from USDA databases. Additionally, the value of newborn bull calves had risen to the unusually high level of approximately $300 to $400 during 2015 but has declined to very little presently, depending on region. • Given our focus on the dairy and beef industries, the volatile market conditions and the resulting finan- cial insecurities of our primary end users are risks to our ability to maintain and grow sales at a profita- ble level. These factors also heighten the challenge of selling premium-priced animal health products (such as Tri-Shield First Defense and Re-Tain™) into the dairy market. Product development risks: The development of new products is subject to financial, scientific, regulatory, and market risks. Our current business growth strategy relies heavily on the development of Re-Tain™, our new product to treat subclinical mastitis, which has required (and will continue to require) a substantial investment of capital resources and personnel. Our efforts will be subject to inspection and approval by the FDA. There is no assurance whether or when 14 ImmuCell Corporation we will obtain all of the data necessary to support regulatory approval for this product. Risks associated with our funding strategy for Re-Tain™: Producing our pharmaceutical-grade Nisin at commer- cial-scale is the most critical action in front of us on our path to U.S. regulatory approval for this product. Having com- pleted construction of the production facility described elsewhere in this report at a cost of approximately $20.8 million, we will continue to incur product development expenses to operate this facility. We do not know whether we will receive the necessary regulatory approvals to manufacture and sell the product, or whether the product will achieve market ac- ceptance and profitability. The additional debt we incurred to fund this project will significantly increase our debt service costs going forward. These loans are subject to certain financial covenants. Absent sufficient sales of Re-Tain™ at a profitable gross margin, we would be required to fund all debt service costs from sales of the First Defense product line, which would reduce, and could eliminate, our expected profitability going forward and significantly reduce our cash flows. As discussed elsewhere in this report, we may incur additional capital costs to construct our own aseptic filling capability for Re-Tain™ which would magnify the risks detailed in this paragraph. Uncertainty of market size and product sales estimates for Re-Tain™: Estimating the size of the market for any new product is subject to numerous uncertainties. Some of the uncertainties surrounding our product include market acceptance, the development of the subclinical mastitis treatment market, the effect of a premium selling price on market penetration, competition from existing products sold by substantially larger competitors, the risk of competition from other new products, cost of manufacture and integration of milk from treated cows with susceptible cheese starter cultures. Given what we believe to be reasonable assumptions, we estimate that the market potential for first year sales of our new product could be approximately $5.8 million and could grow to approximately $36.1 million during the fifth year after market launch. The amount of sales that we can capture from this estimated market potential and the timing of when this can be achieved is very difficult to know, and the actual size of the market for our new product may differ materially from our estimates (up or down). We expect the Drug Substance production facility that we have constructed to have production capacity to meet approximately $10 million in annual sales. Our new facility is designed to have enough room to add a second fermentation and recovery portion of the production line to be purchased and installed at the cost of approximately $7 million to effectively double production output. However, we are considering the strategic alternative of using this available space to perform the final formulation, aseptic filling and final packaging services in-house. Exposure to debt service obligations and debt covenants: Rising interest rates could negatively affect our operating results due to the large portion of our borrowings that bear interest at variable rates (which were not effectively converted to fixed rate obligations through interest rate swaps) as well as by increasing dairy farmers’ operating costs and thus putting further financial pressure on an already stressed business sector. Based on the terms of our bank debt agreements effective as of December 31, 2018, we are required by bank debt covenant to maintain at least $2 million of otherwise unrestricted cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. This requirement effectively reduces the availability of our liquid assets for operational needs and creates a risk of non-compliance. Competition from others: Many of our competitors are significantly larger and more diversified in the relevant markets than we are and have substantially greater financial, marketing, manufacturing and human resources and more extensive product development capabilities than we do, including greater ability to withstand adverse economic or market conditions and declining revenues and/or profitability. Elanco, Merck and Zoetis, among other companies, sell product line in preventing scours in newborn calves. The scours products that compete directly with the First Defense product sold by Zoetis sells for approximately half the price of our product, but it does not have an E. coli claim (which ours does). The market for the treatment of mastitis in dairy cows is highly competitive, and presently is dominated by large companies such as Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck and Zoetis. The mastitis products sold by these large companies are well established in the market and are priced lower than what we expect for our product, but all of them involve traditional antibiotics and are sold subject to a requirement to discard milk during and for a period of time after treatment. There is no assurance that our product will compete successfully in this market. We may not be aware of other companies that compete with us or intend to compete with us in the future.  Access to raw materials and contract manufacturing services: Our objective is to maintain more than one source of supply for the components used to manufacture and test our products that we obtain from third parties. However, there is a risk that we could have difficulty in efficiently acquiring essential supplies. We have significantly increased the number of farms from which we purchase colostrum. The loss of farms from which we buy raw material for the First Defense product line could make it difficult for us to produce enough inventory to meet customer demand. The  15 ImmuCell Corporation     , Tri-Shield First Defense product line are not readily available from specific antibodies that we purify from colostrum for the First Defense other sources. We are and will be dependent on our manufacturing facilities and operations in Portland for the product line and Nisin. We are and will be dependent on Plas-Pak Industries, Inc. production of the First Defense (now owned by Nordson Corporation) for the supply of the syringes used for our gel tube format of Dual-Force™ and Re-Tain™. The supply contract covering the mastitis syringes has First Defense been extended to January 1, 2024. We expect to be dependent on a contract with Norbrook for the final formulation, aseptic filling and final packaging of our Nisin Drug Substance into Drug Product unless we find an alternative contractor or invest to perform these services in-house. Norbrook may have the right to terminate the agreement in December 2019 and charge us a $100,000 termination fee if (as we anticipate) we do not receive FDA approval for Re-Tain™ by that date. We have been and are currently negotiating certain contract modifications and a term extension with Norbrook. There is no assurance that this negotiation will be successful for us. Due to the potential loss of this contract as discussed elsewhere in this report, we are evaluating alternative sources for these services (including a potential investment in our own facility to perform these services internally) for potential use post-approval, but given the requirement that such a facility be inspected and approved by the FDA, it could be costly and time-consuming to find and qualify an adequate alternative source for these services. Also, our potential alternative options for these services are narrowed considerably because our product cannot be formulated or filled in a facility that also processes traditional antibiotics (i.e. beta lactams). Not many potential sites meet this requirement. There can be no assurance that we would be able to identify and reach contractual terms with a duly licensed/certified provider of these services, as applicable, if our relationship with Norbrook were to be terminated or, if we were able to do so, how quickly that could occur and on what terms. Such a shift could result in significant production interruptions, delay in market launch, significantly increased cost of goods sold and reduced margins, the effects of which could be material and adverse to us. Any significant damage to or other disruption in the services at any of these third-party facilities (including due to regulatory non-compliance) could adversely affect the production of inventory and result in significant added expenses and potential loss of future sales. Production Capacity Constraints: The failure to meet market demand for our products discussed elsewhere in product line requires ongoing this report is a risk to our business. Our plan to continue to expand the First Defense review of equipment capacity and utilization across the manufacturing value stream at the 56 Evergreen Drive facility as well as assessment of functional obsolescence and reliability of equipment. It is anticipated that we will need to add a product line over the next two or three years at a cost of third freeze dryer to the equipment train for the First Defense approximately $1-$2 million in order to meet customer demand. Our current two freeze dryers are functioning at a utilization rate of approximately 85%. Additional liquid processing equipment may be required at a cost of approximately $1-$2 million. There is a risk that we will not be able to achieve our production capacity growth objectives on a timely basis.   Small size; dependence on key personnel: We are a small company with 51 employees (including 4 part-time employees). As such, we rely on certain key employees to support multiple operational functions, with limited redundancy in capacity. The loss of any of these key employees could adversely affect our operations until a qualified replacement is hired and trained. Our competitive position will be highly influenced by our ability to attract and retain key scientific, manufacturing, managerial and sales and marketing personnel, to develop proprietary technologies and products, to obtain USDA or FDA approval for new products, to maintain regulatory compliance with current products and to continue to profitably sell our current products. We continue to monitor our network of independent distributors to maintain our competitive position. Failure to protect intellectual property: In some cases, we have chosen (and may choose in the future) not to seek patent protection for certain products or processes. Instead, we have sought (and may seek in the future) to maintain the confidentiality of any relevant proprietary technology through operational safeguards and contractual agreements. Reliance upon trade secret, rather than patent, protection may cause us to be vulnerable to competitors who successfully replicate our manufacturing techniques and processes. Additionally, there can be no assurance that others may not independently develop similar trade secrets or technology or obtain access to our unpatented trade secrets or proprietary technology. Other companies may have filed patent applications and may have been issued patents involving products or technologies potentially useful to us or necessary for us to commercialize our products or achieve our business goals. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain licenses to such patents on terms that are acceptable. There is also a risk that competitors could challenge the claims in patents that have been issued to us. 16 ImmuCell Corporation Cost burdens of our reporting obligations as a public company: Operating a public company involves substantial costs to comply with reporting obligations under federal securities laws and the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Exposure to risks associated with the financial downturn and economic instability: Positive indications about the health of the U.S. economy could prove temporary, and a downturn could occur. Some observers believe that the housing market remains problematic for the overall U.S. economy, the United States has taken on too much national debt and the equity markets are overvalued. Interest rates are trending higher, which could adversely affect us and the general economy and our customers. This extraordinary period of instability in the U.S. economy and the financial markets has been troubling for many Americans and businesses. The dairy market is presently under extreme economic pressure, causing many of our customers to lose money or only earn minimal profits. A small percentage reduction in the export of dairy products results in a significant drop in the domestic price of milk. A combination of the conditions, trends and concerns summarized above could have a corresponding negative effect on our business and operations, including the demand for our products in the U.S. market and our ability to penetrate or maintain a profitable presence in international markets. Bovine diseases: The potential for epidemics of bovine diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease, Bovine Tuberculosis, Brucellosis and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) presents a risk to us and our customers. Documented cases of BSE in the United States have led to an overall tightening of regulations pertaining to ingredients of animal origin, especially bovine. The First Defense which is not considered a BSE risk material. Future regulatory action to increase protection of the human food supply could affect the First Defense product line, although presently we do not anticipate that this will be the case. product line is manufactured from bovine milk (colostrum),   Biological terrorism: The threat of biological terrorism is a risk to both the economic health of our customers and our ability to economically acquire and collect good quality raw material from our contract farms. Any act of wide- spread bioterrorism against the dairy industry could adversely affect our operations. Certain provisions might discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our Company or changes in our management: Provisions of our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws, our Common Stock Rights Plan or Delaware law may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares of our com- mon stock. These provisions may also prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our man- agement. These provisions include: • • • limitations on the removal of directors; advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals and nominations; the ability of our Board of Directors to alter or repeal our bylaws; the ability of our Board of Directors to refuse to redeem rights issued under our Common Stock Rights Plan or otherwise to limit or suspend its operation that would work to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer, likely preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by our Board of Directors; and • Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a publicly-held Delaware cor- poration from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder (generally defined as a person which together with its affiliates owns, or within the last three years has owned, 15% of our voting stock, for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder) unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. The existence of the foregoing provisions and anti-takeover measures could depress the trading price of our common stock or limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. They could also deter potential acquirers of our Company, thereby reducing the likelihood of obtaining a premium for our common stock in an acquisition. Stock market valuation and liquidity: Our common stock trades on The Nasdaq Stock Market (Nasdaq: ICCC). Our average daily trading volume (although it has increased recently) is lower than the volume for most other companies 17 ImmuCell Corporation and the bid/ask stock price spread can be larger and prices can be volatile, which could result in investors facing diffi- culty selling their stock for proceeds that they may expect or desire. There are companies in the animal health sector with market capitalization values that greatly exceed our current market capitalization of approximately $37,982,000 as of March 18, 2019. We currently (for the year ended December 31, 2018) have annual product sales of approximately $11,000,000. Before gross margin from the sale of new products is achieved, our market capitalization may be heavily dependent on the perceived potential for growth from our products under development. No expectation to pay any dividends or repurchase stock for the foreseeable future: We do not anticipate paying any dividends to, or repurchasing stock from, our stockholders for the foreseeable future. Instead, we expect to use cash to fund product development costs and investments in our facility and production equipment, and to increase our work- ing capital and to reduce debt. Stockholders must be prepared to rely on sales of their common stock after price appre- ciation to earn an investment return, which may never occur. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, con- tractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable laws, current and anticipated needs for liquidity and other factors our Board of Directors deems relevant. Possible dilution: We may need again to access the capital markets and issue additional common stock in order to fund our growth objectives, as described elsewhere in this report. Such issuances could have a dilutive effect on our existing stockholders. ITEM 1B — UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None ITEM 2 — PROPERTIES We own a 35,000 square foot (approximately) building at 56 Evergreen Drive in Portland, Maine. We currently use this space for substantially all of our office, laboratory and manufacturing needs. When we originally purchased this building in 1993, its size was 15,000 square feet, including 5,000 square feet of unfinished space on the second floor. In 2001, we completed a construction project that added approximately 5,200 square feet of new manufacturing space on the first floor and approximately 4,100 square feet of storage space on the second floor. In 2007, we built out the 5,000 square feet of unfinished space on the second floor into usable office space. After moving first floor offices into this new space on the second floor, we modified and expanded the laboratory space on the first floor and added approximately 2,500 additional square feet of storage space on the second floor. During 2009, we added 350 square feet of cold storage space connected to our first floor production area and added an additional 600 square feet to the second floor storage area. During the first quarter of 2015, we completed construction of a two-story addition connected to our facility to provide us with approximately 7,100 additional square feet for cold storage, production and warehouse space for our operations. During the fourth quarter of 2015, we exercised an option to acquire land at 33 Caddie Lane in Portland, Maine which is nearby to our facility at 56 Evergreen Drive, on which we initiated construction of our production facility for purified Nisin during the third quarter of 2016. During the fourth quarter of 2017, we obtained a certificate of occupancy from the City of Portland for our 16,202 square foot (9,803 on the first floor and 6,399 on the second floor) Drug Substance production facility. During 2016, we rented approximately 3,266 square feet in Minnesota on a short-term basis, where we formulated our gel tube delivery format of First Defense Technology® and certain private label products. This lease expired during the first quarter of 2017, and we no longer utilize this space. The manufacturing of this product line was transferred to the Portland facility during the first quarter of 2017. During the first quarter of 2017, we purchased a 4,114 square foot facility adjacent to the Drug Substance production facility. We are using this warehouse space primarily for storage of inventory, materials and equipment. Previously, we rented approximately 640 square feet of office and warehouse space in New York to support our farm operations. During the first quarter of 2017, we exited this property and entered into a renewable, two-year lease for approximately 1,350 square feet of office, warehouse and garage space nearby. This lease has been extended through February of 2021. 18 ImmuCell Corporation We are renting approximately 960 square feet in Minnesota for a sales office through at least June 2020. We maintain property insurance in amounts that approximate replacement cost and a modest amount of business interruption insurance. We also maintain access to certain animals, primarily cows, through contractual relationships with commercial dairy farms. ITEM 3 — LEGAL PROCEEDINGS In the ordinary course of business, we may become subject to periodic lawsuits, investigations and claims. Although we cannot predict with certainty the ultimate resolution of any such lawsuits, investigations and claims against us, we do not believe that any pending or threatened legal proceedings to which we are or could become a party will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. ITEM 4 — MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES None PART II ITEM 5 — MARKET FOR COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our common stock trades on The Nasdaq Capital Market tier of The Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol ICCC. No dividends have been declared or paid on the common stock since the Company’s inception, and we do not anticipate or contemplate the payment of cash dividends in the foreseeable future. As of March 18, 2019, we had 11,000,000 common shares authorized and 5,573,231 common shares outstanding, and there were approximately 750 shareholders of record. The last sales price of our common stock on March 18, 2019 was $6.82 per share as quoted on The Nasdaq Stock Market. The following table sets forth the high and low sales price information for our common stock as reported by The Nasdaq Stock Market during the period January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2018: 2017 2018 Three-Month Periods Ended Three-Month Periods Ended March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 High Low $6.14 $5.00 $7.60 $5.24 $7.74 $5.26 $9.25 $6.50 $8.79 $6.70 $8.65 $6.74 $9.24 $6.50 $9.30 $6.38 Equity Compensation Plan Information The table below summarizes the common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2018 or that could be granted in the future: Number of shares to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options Number of shares remaining available for future issuance under stock-based compensation plans (excluding shares reflected in first column of this table) Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders Total 394,000 — 394,000 $6.37 — $6.37 189,500 — 189,500 19 ImmuCell Corporation ITEM 6 — SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA You should read the following consolidated financial data in conjunction with Part II, Item 7 — “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements and the related notes appearing in Part II, Item 8 — “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We prepare our financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). We derived the below statements of operations and statements of cash flows data for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 from our audited financial statements appearing in Part II, Item 8 — “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We derived the statements of operations and statements of cash flows data for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 from our audited financial statements that are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in any future period. The following tables present certain unaudited quarterly financial information for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively (in thousands, except per share amount): March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 During the Three-Month Periods Ended Statement of Operations Data: Fiscal 2018: Product sales Gross margin Product development expenses Selling and administrative expenses Gain on sale of assets Net operating loss Other expenses, net Loss before taxes Net loss Per common share: Basic net loss Diluted net loss Fiscal 2017: Product sales Gross margin Product development expenses Selling and administrative expenses Net operating income (loss) Other expenses, net Income (loss) before income taxes Net income (loss) Per common share: Basic net income (loss) Diluted net income (loss) $2,881 1,360 583 955 — (178) 92 (270) (221) ($0.04) ($0.04) $3,544 2,152 340 894 918 30 888 584 $0.12 $0.12 $3,015 1,487 762 918 — (193) 103 (297) (798) ($0.15) ($0.15) $1,750 921 387 800 (265) 36 (302) (218) ($0.05) ($0.05) $2,154 951 909 891 700 (149) 106 (256) (250) ($0.05) ($0.05) $2,005 936 586 832 (482) 49 (532) (339) ($0.07) ($0.07) $2,937 1,396 1,263 1,059 — (926) 112 (1,038) (1,052) ($0.19) ($0.19) $3,133 1,212 734 891 (413) 80 (493) (195) ($0.04) ($0.04) The following tables present certain audited financial information for the years ended and as of December 31, 2018 through 2014, respectively (in thousands, except per share amounts): Statement of Operations Data: Product sales Gross margin During the Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 $10,986 5,194 $10,431 5,221 $9,544 5,421 $10,229 6,251 $7,597 4,449 20 Product development expenses Sales and marketing expenses Administrative expenses Gain on sale of assets Net operating (loss) income Other expenses, net (Loss) income before income taxes Net (loss) income Per common share: Basic net (loss) income Diluted net (loss) income Cash dividend Statement of Cash Flows Data: Net cash (used for) provided by operating activities Depreciation and amortization expenses Balance Sheet Data: Cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and long-term investments Net working capital Total assets Stockholders’ equity Per outstanding common share: Cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and long-term investments Stockholders’ equity ImmuCell Corporation 3,517 2,085 1,739 700 (1,447) 413 (1,860) ($2,322) ($0.42) ($0.42) — 2,047 1,893 1,525 — (243) 196 (438) ($168) ($0.03) ($0.03) — 1,244 1,831 1,455 — 890 132 758 $508 $0.12 $0.12 — 1,235 1,607 1,286 — 2,122 59 2,064 $1,213 $0.40 $0.38 — 2,179 1,317 1,159 — (206) 49 (255) ($167) ($0.06) ($0.06) — ($373) $1,521 $1,176 $904 ($222) $802 $2,900 $526 $302 $449 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 As of December 31, $2,521 3,856 32,731 $21,744 $3,799 5,443 34,299 $23,595 $10,624 12,289 24,697 $19,722 $6,534 7,087 14,540 $10,614 $0.45 $3.90 $0.69 $4.31 $2.19 $4.07 $2.14 $3.47 $3,835 4,460 11,052 $9,258 $1.27 $3.06 ITEM 7 — MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included in Part II, Item 8 — “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. One should review Part I, Item 1A — “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. Liquidity and Capital Resources We have funded most of our operations principally from our gross margin on product sales and equity and debt financings. We were profitable during the six-month period ended December 31, 2014 and during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 and during the unaudited nine-month period ended September 30, 2017. The table below summarizes the changes in selected, key accounts (in thousands, except for percentages): Cash and cash equivalents Net working capital Total assets As of December 31, 2018 As of December 31, 2017 (Decrease) Increase Amount % $2,521 $3,856 $32,731 $3,799 $5,443 $34,299 ($1,278) ($1,587) ($1,568) (34%) (29%) (5%) 21 ImmuCell Corporation Stockholders’ equity Common shares outstanding $21,744 5,569 $23,595 5,476 ($1,851) 93 (8%) 2% Net cash (used for) operating activities amounted to ($373,000) during the year ended December 31, 2018 in contrast to net cash provided by operating activities of $1.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2017. Cash paid for capital expenditures totaled $2 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 in comparison to capital expenditures of $17.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 reflecting the completion of our Drug Sub- stance production facility. We are required to make a statement about the adequacy of our capital resources. We believe we have sufficient capital resources to continue operations for at least twelve months from the date of this filing. During 2017 and 2016, we raised gross proceeds of approximately $13.5 million (net proceeds were approximately $12.2 million) from four different common equity transactions. During the first and fourth quarters of 2016, we issued an aggregate of approximately 1.8 million shares of common stock at $5.25 per share, raising net proceeds of approximately $8.5 million in two separate transactions. During the third quarter of 2017, we issued 200,000 shares of common stock at $5.25 per share, raising net proceeds of just over $1.0 million. During the fourth quarter of 2017, we issued 417,807 shares of common stock at $7.30 per share, raising net proceeds of approximately $2.7 million. No additional equity transactions were completed during 2018. During 2017 and 2016, we secured debt financing from TDBank N.A. in the form of three different facilities ag- gregating approximately $6.8 million. This debt is in addition to two mortgage loans entered into during 2010 and 2015 that aggregated $3.5 million at inception, also with TDBank N.A. As of December 31, 2018, $9.4 million was out- standing under these five facilities. We also have a $500,000 line of credit with TDBank N.A. that is available as needed through May 31, 2020 and subject to extension by the bank after that date. As of December 31, 2018, $500,000 was outstanding under the line of credit. These credit facilities are subject to certain restrictions and financial covenants and are secured by substantially all of our assets, including our facility at 56 Evergreen Drive in Portland, which was inde- pendently appraised at $4.2 million in connection with the 2015 financing. We are required by bank debt covenant to maintain at least $2 million of otherwise unrestricted cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, thus reducing the effective availability of our liquid assets for operational needs by that amount. We are negotiating with the bank to return to an acceptable covenant based on income statement performance in order to regain access to these liquid assets. We were in compliance with all applicable covenants as of December 31, 2018. No additional debt facilities were en- tered into during 2018. During the third quarter of 2016, we initiated construction of our Drug Substance production facility. We completed construction of the building during the fourth quarter of 2017 and began depreciating these construction costs at that time. We began equipment installation during the third quarter of 2017 and began depreciating these costs when the equipment was placed into service for its intended purpose (which is to produce Nisin) during the third quarter of 2018. We anticipate that depreciation expense, while not affecting our cash flows from operations, will result in net operating losses until product sales increase sufficiently to offset these non-cash expenses. Going forward, repayments of the indebtedness incurred to acquire these assets will reduce our cash flows from financing activities. The following table details the amount and timing of this investment on a cash-paid basis: Period Paid through December 31, 2016 Paid during the year ended December 31, 2017 Paid during the ten-month period ended October 31, 2018 Total cost of investment Amount $2,080,000(1) 17,161,000(2) 1,596,000(3) $20,837,000(4) (1) (2) (3) (4) This amount does not include approximately $1,250,000 that was capitalized as of December 31, 2016 but not paid until the first quarter of 2017. This amount includes approximately $1,250,000 that was capitalized as of December 31, 2016 but paid during the first quarter of 2017. This amount does not include approximately $641,000 that was capitalized as of December 31, 2017 but not paid until the first quarter of 2018. This amount includes approximately $641,000 that was capitalized as of December 31, 2017 but paid during the first quarter of 2018. This total does not include approximately $40,000 of equipment that we expect to pay for out of our routine capital expenditures budget during 2019. As detailed in the following table, our capital expenditures from January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2018 22 ImmuCell Corporation have been larger than our historical norm due to investments to increase our production capacity for the First Defense® product line and to construct and equip our Drug Substance production facility: Paid during the years ended December 31, Project Description Facility addition at 56 Evergreen Drive Production capacity increase Land for Nisin production facility Nisin production facility and equipment Purchase of warehouse building Other capital expenditures Total 2015 $914,000 1,077,000 265,000 — — 463,000 $2,719,000 2016 $— 1,173,000 13,000 2,080,000 — 320,000 $3,586,000 2017 $— — 53,000 17,161,000 472,000 74,000(2) $17,760,000 2018 $— — — 1,596,000 — 434,000 $2,030,000 Total $914,000(1) 2,250,000 331,000 20,837,000 472,000 1,291,000 $26,095,000 (1) An additional $1,041,000 was paid during the year ended December 31, 2014 to bring the total cost of this project to $1,955,000. (2) This amount is net of a credit of approximately $61,000 for a returned fixed asset acquired during 2016. As of January 1, 2019, we had additional authorization from our Board of Directors to invest up to approximately $500,000 through December 31, 2019 in routine and necessary capital expenditures. We believe that our cash, together with gross margin to be earned from ongoing product sales and available bank debt, will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements and to finance our ongoing business operations for at least twelve months from the date of this filing. During the third quarter of 2016, the City of Portland approved a Tax Increment Financing (TIF) credit enhancement package that reduces the real estate taxes on our Drug Substance production facility by 65% over the eleven-year period beginning on July 1, 2017 and ending June 30, 2028 and by 30% during the twelve-month period ending June 30, 2029, at which time the rebate expires. During the second quarter of 2017, the TIF was approved by the Maine Department of Economic and Community Development. Based on the assessed value of $1.7 million as of April 1, 2017, the TIF reduced our property taxes by approximately $22,000 during the twelve-month period ended June 30, 2018 (the first year of the TIF benefit). Based on the assessed value of $4 million as of April 1, 2018, the TIF has reduced our property taxes by approximately $58,000 during the twelve-month period ending June 30, 2019 (the second year of the TIF benefit). The value of the tax savings will increase (decrease) in proportion to any increase (decrease) in the assessment of the building for city real estate tax purposes. Outlook The prolonged period of order backlog we experienced for our First Defense® product line (which began early in 2015 and extended through the middle of 2016) disrupted our normal product shipping patterns. In response, we completed investments necessary to increase our liquid processing capacity by 50% during the fourth quarter of 2015 and our freeze drying capacity by 100% during the first quarter of 2016. With this expanded production capacity, we can now produce product with an annual sales value of approximately $18 million. The actual value of the production output will vary subject to product yields, selling price and product format mix. Since the third quarter of 2016 and through most of 2017, we had sufficient available inventory and were shipping in accordance with the current demand of our distributors. However, we quickly sold out of our initial launch quantities of Tri-Shield First Defense® soon after regulatory approval was obtained during the fourth quarter of 2017. Presently, we are only accepting purchase orders from customers to match available inventory, which requires a careful allocation of product supply directly to certain farms. Production of this new product format has not kept pace with demand primarily because of our inability to produce enough of the new, complex rotavirus vaccine that is used to immunize our source cows in this time frame. Current production improvements in our vaccine laboratory will allow us to immunize more source cows, but the increased supply of finished product will not be available for sale in a significant way until the second half of 2019. While this product shortage is a problem and has adversely impacted customer relations and resulted in lost sales, it is also a positive indication that the market is accepting our new product offering. During the first quarter of 2018, sales demand for Dual-Force™ First Defense® also exceeded available inventory, resulting in a backlog of orders worth approximately $901,000 as of March 31, 2018, which was filled during the second quarter of 2018. The estimated value of this backlog was calculated by multiplying the number of units for which customer orders had been received but were not shipped at the end of the period by the expected selling price. In order to produce more doses quickly to clear the 2015/2016 order backlog, we significantly increased the quantity of our supply of colostrum at the same time 23 ImmuCell Corporation that we were making the investments to increase our production capacity, discussed above. The 2018 backlog problem was largely caused by a reduction in the biological yield from this new colostrum supply. To address the inherent variability in our biological yields, among other process improvements, we have optimized the mix of early milk that is rich with antibodies and later milk that contains less antibodies but is required to run our production process. As we rebuild target inventory levels of Dual-Force™, we are confident that we will again consistently supply product to the market because of the improved production methods to increase yields and the enhanced manufacturing redundancies that we have implemented. Given the strength of what we are seeing for potential demand for the First Defense® product line in North America, we are making preliminary plans to further increase our liquid processing capacity by 100% and our freeze drying capacity by 50%. This would require additional capital to be raised. Our very preliminary estimate of the cost of this investment is approximately $3 million. Results of Operations 2018 Compared to 2017 Product Sales Total product sales during the three-month period ended December 31, 2018 decreased by 6%, or $196,000, to $2,937,000, from $3,133,000 during the same period in 2017, with domestic sales increasing by 1%, or $29,000, and international sales decreasing by 35%, or $225,000, in comparison to the same period during 2017. Total product sales during the year ended December 31, 2018 increased by 5%, or $555,000, to $10,986,000 from $10,431,000 during the same period in 2017, with domestic sales increasing by 11%, or $933,000, and international sales decreasing by 21%, or $377,000, in comparison to 2017. Approximately 87% of our sales during 2018 were made in the domestic market. Sales of our core animal health products (excluding one product that was divested during 2017 and another that was divested during 2018) increased by 8%, or $821,000, during 2018 over 2017. As of December 31, 2018, we had orders worth approximately $393,000 that did not ship until the beginning of 2019 because of the holiday schedule and our restriction against shipping product that requires cold shipment over a weekend or holiday. The First Defense® product line continues to benefit from wide acceptance by dairy and beef producers as an effective tool to prevent scours (diarrhea) in newborn calves. Sales of the First Defense® product line aggregated 98% and 94% of our total product sales during the three-month periods ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Sales of the First Defense® product line during the three-month period ended December 31, 2018 decreased by 3% in comparison to the same period during 2017, with domestic sales increasing by 3% and international sales decreasing by 29% in comparison to the same period during 2017. Sales of the First Defense® product line aggregated 97% and 94% of our total product sales during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Sales of the First Defense® product line during the year ended December 31, 2018 increased by 9% in comparison to 2017, with domestic sales increasing by 13% and international sales decreasing by 13% in comparison to 2017. Going forward, we expect to only provide disclosures about sales of the First Defense® product line as a whole. However, to provide some insight into the new product launch, we are disclosing that sales of Tri-Shield® approximately $250,000, $236,000, $216,000, $252,000 and $442,000 during the fourth quarter of 2017, the first quarter of 2018, the second quarter of 2018, the third quarter of 2018 and the fourth quarter of 2018, respectively. We expect to during the first quarter of 2019. By the third quarter of 2019, we expect sell approximately $795,000 worth of Tri-Shield to be able to produce product with a sales value of approximately $1-$1.5 million per quarter. As these projections suggest, we are satisfied that we are successfully addressing the vaccine production and biological yield issues pertaining to the manufacture of this new product. were  During 2015, we implemented an increase of approximately 10% to the selling price of the gel tube format of First Defense Technology® (which is now being marketed with USDA claims as Dual-Force™ First Defense®). During the middle of 2016, we implemented a price increase of approximately 5% for First Defense®. Effective in December of 2018, we implemented an 11% increase for Tri-Shield First Defense®. Effective January 1, 2019, we implemented a 2% increase to the bivalent formats of the First Defense® product line. Going forward, we anticipate making more frequent (but not more than annual) price increases in line with current rates of inflation. Sales of products other than the First Defense® product line decreased by $116,000 during the three-month period ended December 31, 2018 in comparison to the same period during 2017. Sales of these other products 24 ImmuCell Corporation decreased by $294,000 during the year ended December 31, 2018 in comparison to 2017. Sales of these other products aggregated 2% and 6% of our total product sales during the three-month periods ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, and 3% and 6% of our total product sales during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We acquired several other private label products (our second leading source of product sales during 2018) in connection with our January 2016 acquisition of certain gel formulation technology. During the fourth quarter of 2016, we shut down the manufacturing site in Minnesota that had been used to produce these products and moved these operations to our Portland facility. We are realizing reduced labor and overhead expenses and benefiting from certain other operating efficiencies as a result of this consolidation. We sell our own California Mastitis Test (CMT) (our third leading source of product sales during 2018), which is used to detect somatic cell counts in milk. We have made and sold bulk reagents for Isolate™ (our third leading source of product sales during 2017), which is a drinking water test that is sold by our distributor in the United Kingdom. Sales of this product amounted to $24,000 and $193,000 during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Because this product is non-core to our strategic focus, we sold the underlying cell line assets and intellectual property to a distributor during the third quarter of 2018 for $700,000. We made one final sale of this product to this distributor during the first quarter of 2019. We have retained the rights to all animal health, diagnostic, feed and nutritional applications of this technology. Sales of our Nisin-based topical wipes (our second leading source of animal health product sales prior to 2017) aggregated approximately $97,000 during the year ended December 31, 2017 (all recorded during the first quarter of 2017). The topical wipes product line contributed very little to our profits and required a significant portion of our production and storage capacity. Because we believed that the sales growth potential for this product line was limited, we discontinued the production and sale of this product line during the first quarter of 2017. Gross Margin Changes in the gross margin on product sales are summarized in the following table for the respective periods (in thousands, except for percentages): Gross margin Percent of Product sales During the Three-Month Periods Ended December 31, Increase 2018 2017 Amount % $1,396 48% $1,212 39% $184 9% 15% 23% The gross margin as a percentage of product sales was 48% and 39% during the three-month periods ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Several events occurred during the fourth quarter of 2017 that drove our costs of goods sold higher than normal. Costs associated with the initial batches of Tri-Shield First Defense® yielded fewer doses at a higher cost than we expected. Two batches of the First Defense® product line did not meet our stringent quality standards. One had to be discarded, and the other has to be re-processed. In addition, several lots yielded fewer doses than normal due to biological yield factors. We believe we understand the cause of this biological variance and have corrected for it. The improved margin during the fourth quarter of 2018 was achieved consistently for the full year. Gross margin Percent of Product sales During the Years Ended December 31, Decrease 2018 2017 Amount % $5,194 47% $5,221 50% ($27) (3%) (1%) (6%) The gross margin as a percentage of product sales was 47% and 50% during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. This compares to gross margin percentages of 57% and 61% during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The gross margin percentage for the legacy formats of the First Defense® product line was in line with prior years. The new gel formats of our product are more expensive and contribute a lower gross margin. However, these new formats are creating sales growth for us, and we are focused on increasing total gross margin, even if that is accomplished with a lower gross margin percentage of sales. As we evaluate our product costs and selling price, it is one of our goals to continue to achieve a gross margin (before related depreciation expenses) as a percentage of total sales approaching 50%. We have achieved this annual objective since 2009, but the 2018 result is lower than prior years. A number of factors account for the variability in our costs, resulting in some fluctuations in 25 ImmuCell Corporation gross margin percentages from quarter to quarter. The gross margin on the First Defense® product line is affected by biological yields from our raw material, which do vary over time. Just as our customers’ cows respond differently to commercial dam-level vaccines depending on time of year and immune competency, our source cows have similar biological variances in response to our proprietary vaccine. The value of our First Defense® product line is that we compensate for that variability by standardizing each dose of finished product. This impacts our costs of goods sold but insures that every calf is equally protected, which is something that dam-level commercial scours vaccines cannot offer. Like most U.S. manufacturers, we have also been experiencing increases in the cost of raw materials that we purchase. Our costs have increased due to increased labor costs and other expenses associated with our efforts to sustain compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations in our production processes. Over time, we have been able to minimize the impact of cost increases by implementing yield improvements. Product Development Expenses Product development expenses increased by 72%, or $1,470,000, to $3,517,000 during the year ended December 31, 2018 in comparison to $2,047,000 during the same period in 2017. Product development expenses aggregated 32% and 20% of product sales during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. It is important to note that these figures include $783,000 and $176,000 of non-cash depreciation expense and $148,000 and $100,000 of non-cash, stock-based compensation expense during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Excluding these non-cash expenses, cash-based product development expenses increased by 46%, or $815,000, to $2,585,000 during the year ended December 31, 2018 in comparison to $1,771,000 during the same period in 2017. The majority of our product development spending is focused on the development of Re-Tain™, our purified Nisin treatment for subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. Sales and Marketing Expenses Sales and marketing expenses increased by approximately 10%, or $192,000, to $2,085,000 during the year ended December 31, 2018 in comparison to $1,893,000 during the same period in 2017, amounting to 19% and 18% of product sales during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We continue to leverage the efforts of our small sales force by using animal health distributors. These expenses have increased due principally to a strategic decision to invest more to support sales of the First Defense® product line. Our current budgetary objective in 2019 is to invest less than 20% of product sales in sales and marketing expenses on an annual basis. This ratio can come down incrementally as sales grow. Administrative Expenses Administrative expenses increased by approximately 14%, or $214,000, to $1,739,000 during the year ended December 31, 2018 in comparison to $1,525,000 during the same period in 2017. Administrative expenses include $70,000 and $76,000 of non-cash depreciation expense and $148,000 and $100,000 of non-cash, stock-based compensation expense during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We strive to be efficient with these expenses while funding costs associated with complying with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and all the legal, audit and other costs associated with being a publicly-held company. Prior to 2014, we had limited our investment in investor relations spending. Beginning in the second quarter of 2014, we initiated an investment in a more active investor relations program while continuing to provide full disclosure of the status of our business and financial condition in three quarterly reports and one annual report each year, as well as in Current Reports on Form 8-K when legally required or deemed appropriate by management. Additional information about us is available in our annual Proxy Statement. All of these reports are filed with the SEC and are available on-line or upon request to the Company. Gain on Sale of Assets During the third quarter of 2018, we sold the assets underlying our water diagnostic product for $700,000. This sale of assets was recognized as an operating activity at that time. An upfront payment of $250,000 was received upon closing, a second payment of $250,000 is due during the third quarter of 2019 and a third payment of $200,000 is due during the fourth quarter of 2019. 26 ImmuCell Corporation Net Operating Loss Our net operating loss during the year ended December 31, 2018 of $1,447,000 was $1,204,000 larger than a net operating loss of $243,000 during the year ended December 31, 2017. The net operating loss included $1,537,000 and $920,000 of non-cash depreciation, amortization and deferred finance cost expenses and $344,000 and $200,000 of non-cash, stock-based compensation expense during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. This increase in our net operating loss was driven primarily by an increase in cost of goods sold (on similar sales volume) and an increase in product development expenses (in addition to the increase in the non-cash expenses discussed above). Other expenses, net Other expenses, net, aggregated $413,000 and $196,000 during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Interest expense (including amortization of debt issuance costs of approximately $17,000 and $15,000 during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively) increased by approximately 96%, or $209,000, to $428,000 during the year ended December 31, 2018 in comparison to $219,000 during the same period in 2017, due to higher levels of outstanding debt at modestly higher interest rates on the variable rate credit facilities. Assuming an interest rate of 5.0% on our variable rate notes, we estimate that interest expense would be approximately $460,000 during the year ending December 31, 2019. Actual interest expense will be charged at 2.25% over the one-month LIBOR. The one-month LIBOR was 2.51% as December 31, 2018. Interest income decreased by approximately 15%, or $3,000, to $14,000 during the year ended December 31, 2018, in comparison to $17,000 during 2017. Less interest income was earned during the 2018 periods because we had less cash and investments on hand and because these funds were held in more liquid investments (that earn a lower rate of interest) during the current periods in order to fund our capital expenditure requirements. Loss Before Income Taxes and Net Loss Our loss before income taxes of $1,860,000 during the year ended December 31, 2018 was $1,422,000 larger than our loss before income taxes of $438,000 during the year ended December 31, 2017. We recorded an income tax expense (benefit) of 25% and (62%) of the loss before income taxes during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was signed into law. This legislation makes significant changes in the U.S. tax laws, including a reduction in the corporate tax rates, changes to net operating loss carryforwards and carrybacks, and a repeal of the corporate alternative minimum tax. The legislation reduced the U.S. corporate tax rate from the current rate of 34% to 21%. Our net loss of $2,322,000, or $0.42 per share, during the year ended December 31, 2018 compares to a net loss of $168,000, or $0.03 per share, during the year ended December 31, 2017. During the second quarter of 2018, we assessed our historical and near-term future profitability and determined the need to record non-cash income tax expense of approximately $563,000 to create a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets (which consist largely of net operating loss carryforwards and federal and state tax credits). Should future profitability be realized at an adequate level, we will be able to realize these deferred tax assets to offset future taxable income before they expire. However, we do not believe that will be soon enough to avoid the need for this valuation allowance at present, based on applicable current accounting standards and practices. Therefore, because we had incurred a net loss for three consecutive quarters and anticipated additional net losses for some period going forward before returning to profitability, it was determined, based on such accounting standards and practices, that this valuation allowance was necessary. We will continue to assess the need for the valuation allowance at each quarter and, in the event that actual results differ from these estimates or we adjust these estimates in future periods, we may need to adjust our valuation allowance. During the year ended December 31, 2018, our loss before income taxes of $1,860,000 included non-cash depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation and deferred finance cost expenses of $1,882,000. In comparison, our loss before income taxes of $438,000 during the year ended December 31, 2017 included non-cash depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation and deferred finance cost expenses of $1,120,000. We began depreciating our Drug Substance production facility during the fourth quarter of 2017, and we began depreciating the related production equipment during the third quarter of 2018. For tax return purposes only, our depreciation expense for the Drug Substance production facility and equipment was approximately $9,200,000 and $1,500,000 for the years 27 ImmuCell Corporation ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. This significant increase was largely related to accelerated depreciation allowed for tax purposes for our Drug Substance production facility investment. This increased our net operating loss carryforward to $11,800,000 as of December 31, 2018 from $1,700,000 as of December 31, 2017, which will be available to offset future taxable income. Our preliminary estimate of depreciation expense for books for the year ending December 31, 2019 is approximately $2,300,000. This figure is a preliminary estimate only and actual depreciation expense will vary from this estimate. This depreciation expense (that is far larger than what we have incurred historically) may cause, in part, a net loss for the year ending December 31, 2019. We believe it will be important to consider our net cash (used for) provided by operating activities from our Statements of Cash Flows (see page F-5 of the accompanying financial statements) to assess the cash generating ability of our operations going forward. Net cash (used for) provided by operating activities (which does not include investing or financing activities) was ($373,000) and $1,176,000 during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Given our increased level of outstanding bank debt, it is also important to consider the amount of our debt principal repayments that is disclosed as part of our net cash provided by financing activities from our Statements of Cash Flows (see page F-5 of the accompanying financial statements). Critical Accounting Policies The financial statements are presented on the basis of accounting principles that are generally accepted in the United States. All professional accounting standards that were effective and applicable to us as of December 31, 2018 have been taken into consideration in preparing the financial statements. The preparation of financial statements requires that we make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, income taxes, contingencies and the useful lives and carrying values of intangible and long lived assets. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We have chosen to highlight certain policies that we consider critical to the operations of our business and understanding our financial statements. We sell products that provide Immediate Immunity™ to newborn dairy and beef cattle. We recognize revenue in accordance with the five step model in ASC 606. These include i) identification of the contract with the customer, ii) identification of the performance obligations in the contract, iii) determination of the transaction price, iv) allocation of the transaction price to the separate performance obligations in the contract and v) recognition of revenue associated with performance obligations as they are satisfied. We recognize revenue at the time of shipment (including to dis- tributors) for substantially all products, as title and risk of loss pass to the customer on delivery to the common carrier after concluding that collectability is reasonably assured. We do not bill for or collect sales tax because our sales are generally made to distributors and thus our sales to them are not subject to sales tax. We generally have experienced an immaterial amount of product returns. Inventory includes raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods and is recorded at the lower of cost, on the first-in, first-out method, or net realizable value (determined as the estimated selling price in the normal course of busi- ness, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation). Work-in-process and finished goods inventories include materials, labor and manufacturing overhead. ITEM 7A — QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK We believe that neither inflation nor interest rates nor currency exchange rates have had a significant effect on our revenues and expenses. However, future increases in inflation or interest rates or the value of the U.S. dollar could affect our customers and the demand for our products. We hope to increase the level of our future sales of products outside the United States. The cost of our products to international customers could be affected by currency fluctuations. The decline of the U.S. dollar against other currencies could make our products less expensive to international customers. Conversely, a stronger U.S. dollar could make our products more costly for international customers. During 2010, we hedged our interest rate exposure to a $1,000,000 mortgage with an interest rate swap agreement that effectively converted a floating interest rate to the fixed rate of 6.04%. During 2015, we hedged our interest rate exposure to a $2,500,000 mortgage with an interest rate swap agreement that effectively converted a floating interest rate to the fixed rate of 4.38%. We had outstanding debt totaling approximately $7,084,000 at 28 ImmuCell Corporation December 31, 2018 (including a $500,000 outstanding balance on our line of credit) that bears interest at variable rates and is not subject to interest rate swaps. ITEM 8 — FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Our financial statements, together with the notes thereto and the report of the independent registered public accounting firm thereon, are set forth on Pages F-1 through F-25 at the end of this report. The index to these financial statements is as follows: Report of RSM US LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 Statements of Operations during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 Statements of Comprehensive Loss during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 Statements of Stockholders’ Equity during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 Notes to Financial Statements F-1 F-2 F-3 F-3 F-4 F-5 to F-6 F-7 to F-25 ITEM 9 — CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None ITEM 9A — CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Our management, with the participation of the individual who serves as our principal executive and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2018. Based on this evaluation, that officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of that date. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. The management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. We conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal controls over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. This evaluation included a review of the documentation of controls, evaluation of the design effectiveness of controls, testing the operating effectiveness of the controls and a conclusion on this evaluation. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management assesses the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting at the end of each quarter. We concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of September 30, 2018 and June 30, 2018, because we identified a material weakness during the second quarter of 2018. We had an inadequate review of the calculation of our income tax provision and related disclosures, specifically our evaluation of the need for and the adequacy of a valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets (which consist largely of net operating loss carryforwards and federal and state tax credits). We have implemented some changes to our internal controls over financial reporting, including the scheduling of more formal communications between ourselves and our tax consultant regarding our income tax provision and related disclosures. As a result, we have concluded that this ma- terial weakness over internal controls has been remediated as of December 31, 2018. Based on management’s as- 29 ImmuCell Corporation sessment, we believe that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s internal control report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit the Company to provide only management’s report. Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting. The individual who serves as our principal executive and principal financial officer periodically evaluates any change in internal control over financial reporting that has occurred during the prior fiscal quarter. We have concluded that there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B — OTHER INFORMATION None PART III ITEM 10 — DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Executive Officers of the Company Our executive officers as of March 21, 2019 were as follows: MICHAEL F. BRIGHAM (Age: 58, Officer since 1991, Director since 1999) was appointed to serve as President and Chief Executive Officer in February 2000, while maintaining the titles of Treasurer and Secretary, and was appointed to serve as a Director of the Company in March 1999. He previously had been elected Vice President of the Company in December 1998 and had served as Chief Financial Officer since October 1991. He has served as Secretary since December 1995 and as Treasurer since October 1991. Prior to that, he served as Director of Finance and Administration since originally joining the Company in September 1989. Mr. Brigham has been a member of the Board of Directors of the United Way of York County since 2012, serving as its Treasurer until June 2016 and is presently immediate past Chair of the Board of Directors a member of its Executive Committee. Mr. Brigham served as the Treasurer of the Board of Trustees of the Kennebunk Free Library from 2005 to 2011. He re-joined the Finance Committee of the library in 2012. Prior to joining the Company, he was employed as an audit manager for the public accounting firm of Ernst & Young. Mr. Brigham earned his Masters in Business Administration from New York University in 1989 and a Bachelor of Arts degree (with a double major in Economics and Spanish) from Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut in 1983. BOBBI JO BROCKMANN (Age: 42, Officer since February 2015, Director since January 2018) served as a Director of the Company from March 2017 to September 2017 and from January 2018 to the present. She was promoted to Vice President of Sales and Marketing in February 2015. She joined the Company as Director of Sales and Marketing in January 2010. Prior to that, she had been employed as Director of Sales since May 2008 and Sales Manager from February 2004 to April 2008 at APC, Inc. of Ankeny, Iowa, a developer and marketer of functional protein products for animal health and nutrition. Prior to that, she held other sales and marketing positions at APC, W & G Marketing Company, Inc. of Ames, Iowa, The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology of Ames, Iowa and Meyocks Group Advertising of West Des Moines, Iowa after graduating from Iowa State University. JOSEPH H. CRABB, Ph.D. (Age: 64, Officer since 1996) was elected Vice President of the Company in December 1998, while maintaining the title of Chief Scientific Officer. He has served as Chief Scientific Officer since September 1998. Prior to that, he served as Vice President of Research and Development since March 1996. Prior to that, he served as Director of Research and Development and Senior Scientist since originally joining the Company in November 1988. He served as a Director of the Company from March 2001 (having previously served in that capacity from March 1999 until February 2000) until September 2017. He served as Chair of the Board of Directors from June 2009 to February 2013. Concurrent with his employment, he has served on national study sections and advisory panels, served as a peer reviewer, and held several adjunct faculty positions. Prior to joining the Company in 1988, Dr. Crabb earned his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Dartmouth Medical School and completed postdoctoral studies in 30 ImmuCell Corporation microbial pathogenesis at Harvard Medical School, where he also served on the faculty. ELIZABETH L. WILLIAMS (Age: 63, Officer since April 2016) joined the Company during the second quarter of 2016 as Vice President of Manufacturing Operations. Previously, she led the U.S. Region for Zoetis as Vice President, Global Manufacturing and Supply. Prior to that, she held multiple Site Leader positions at Pfizer Animal Health facilities in Lincoln, Nebraska (2008-2011), Conshohocken, Pennsylvania (2006-2008) and Lee’s Summit, Missouri (2003-2006). She led the manufacturing organization (1999-2003) and the Process and Product Development group (1995-1999), achieving registration, approval and successful scale-up of five new products at the Lee’s Summit facility. She earned her Masters of Business Administration from Rockhurst University in Kansas City, Missouri and her Bachelor’s degree in Biology from the University of Missouri. Information with respect to our directors is incorporated herein by reference to the section of our 2019 Proxy Statement titled “Election of the Board of Directors”, which we intend to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2018. There is no family relationship between any director, executive officer, or person nominated or chosen by the Company to become a director or executive officer. ITEM 11 — EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Information regarding compensation paid to our executive officers is incorporated herein by reference to the section of our 2019 Proxy Statement titled “Executive Officer Compensation”, which we intend to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2018. ITEM 12 — SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Information regarding ownership of our common stock by certain owners and management is incorporated herein by reference to the section of our 2019 Proxy Statement titled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters”, which we intend to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2018. ITEM 13 — CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Information regarding certain relationships and related transactions, and director independence is incorporated herein by reference to the section of our 2019 Proxy Statement titled “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence”, which we intend to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2018. ITEM 14 — PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES Information regarding our principal accounting fees and services is incorporated by reference to the section of our 2019 Proxy Statement titled “Principal Accounting Fees and Services”, which we intend to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2018. ITEM 15 — EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s 1987 Registration Statement No. 33-12722 on Form S-1 as filed with the Commission). Certificate of Amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation effective July 23, 1990 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008). Certificate of Amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation effective August 24, 1992 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008). Certificate of Amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation effective June 16, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Amended Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed on June 16, 2016). 31 ImmuCell Corporation 4.1D 4.1A 4.1 3.5 3.6 4.1E 4.1B Certificate of Amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation effective June 18, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 18, 2018). Bylaws of the Company as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008). Rights Agreement dated as of September 5, 1995, between the Company and American Stock Transfer and Trust Co., as Rights Agent, which includes as Exhibit A thereto the form of Right Certificate and as Exhibit B thereto the Summary of Rights to Purchase Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2009). First Amendment to Rights Agreement dated as of June 30, 2005 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1A of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 5, 2005). Second Amendment to Rights Agreement dated as of June 30, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008). 4.1C Third Amendment to Rights Agreement dated as of August 9, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three-month period ended June 30, 2011). Fourth Amendment to Rights Agreement dated as of June 16, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1D of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 17, 2014). Fifth Amendment to Rights Agreement dated as of April 15, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three-month period ended March 31, 2015). Sixth Amendment to Rights Agreement dated as of August 10, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three-month period ended June 30, 2017). + Form of Indemnification Agreement (updated) entered into with each of the Company’s Directors and Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3A to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-KSB for the year ended December 31, 2006). + 2000 Stock Option and Incentive Plan of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008). + Form of Incentive Stock Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008). + Amendment to Employment Agreement between the Company and Michael F. Brigham dated March 26, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009). + Amendment to Employment Agreement between the Company and Joseph H. Crabb dated March 26, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009). + 2010 Stock Option and Incentive Plan of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010). + Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010). 4.1F 10.2 10.5 10.1 10.7 10.6 10.3 10.4 10.8 Commercial Promissory Note for $1,000,000 between the Company and TDBank, N.A. dated August 13, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three-month period ended June 30, 2010). Line of Credit Agreement and Promissory Note for up to $500,000 between the Company and TDBank, N.A. dated August 13, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three-month period ended June 30, 2010). 10.9 10.10 Mortgage Loan Note for $2,500,000 between the Company and TDBank, N.A. dated September 21, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 24, 2015). 10.11 Construction Loan Note Agreement for $2,000,000 between the Company and TDBank N.A. dated March 28, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 31, 2016). 10.12 Term Loan Note for $2,500,000 between the Company and TDBank N.A. dated March 28, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 31, 2016). 10.13 Second Amended and Restated Loan Agreement for up to $4,500,000 between the Company and TDBank N.A. dated March 28, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 31, 2016). 10.14 Amended and Restated Promissory Note for $2,560,000 given by the Company in favor of TDBank N.A. 32 ImmuCell Corporation dated March 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016). 10.15 Amended and Restated Promissory Note for $3,940,000 given by the Company in favor of TDBank N.A. dated March 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016). 10.16 Amendment to Construction Loan Agreement between the Company and TDBank N.A. dated March 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016). 10.17 Mortgage Loan Note for $340,000 between the Company and TDBank N.A. dated March 16, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016). 10.18(1) Contract Manufacture Agreement between the Company and Norbrook Laboratories Limited dated as of December 17, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 22, 2015). 10.19 Supply Agreement between the Company and Plas-Pak Industries, Inc. dated as of October 14, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three- month period ended September 30, 2015). 10.20 Amendment to Supply Agreement between the Company and Plas-Pak Industries, Inc. (now owned by Nordson Corporation) dated as of July 24, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three-month period ended June 30, 2017). 10.21+* Incentive Compensation Agreement dated March 21, 2019 between the Company and Elizabeth L. Williams. 10.22+ 2017 Stock Option and Incentive Plan of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three-month period ended June 30, 2017). Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 20, 2014). 14 23.1* Consent of RSM US LLP. 31* 32* Certifications required by Rule 13a-14(a). Certification pursuant to Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101.INS XBRL Instance Document. 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. + (1) Confidential treatment as to certain portions has been requested, which portions have been omitted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Filed herewith. * 33 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of ImmuCell Corporation Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of ImmuCell Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes to the financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ RSM US LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016. Boston, Massachusetts March 22, 2019 F-1 ImmuCell Corporation BALANCE SHEETS ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS: Cash and cash equivalents Trade accounts receivable, net Inventory Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets As of December 31, 2018 2017 $2,521,050 932,298 2,331,671 635,817 6,420,836 $3,798,811 1,344,022 2,049,732 314,667 7,507,232 PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, net 26,027,549 26,069,689 DEFERRED TAX ASSETS, net INTANGIBLE ASSETS, net GOODWILL INTEREST RATE SWAPS OTHER ASSETS TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY CURRENT LIABILITIES: Accounts payable and accrued expenses Current portion of bank debt Line of credit Deferred revenue Total current liabilities LONG-TERM LIABILITIES: Bank debt, net of current portion Interest rate swaps Total long-term liabilities TOTAL LIABILITIES CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND COMMITMENTS (See Note 17) STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: Common stock, $0.10 par value per share, 11,000,000 and 8,000,000 shares authorized, 5,662,645 and 5,662,645 shares issued and 5,568,962 and 5,476,197 shares outstanding, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively Additional paid-in capital (Accumulated deficit) retained earnings Treasury stock, at cost, 93,683 and 186,448 shares as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Total stockholders’ equity TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY — 133,728 95,557 40,209 12,953 $32,730,832 472,726 152,832 95,557 — 920 $34,298,956 $1,220,660 844,351 500,000 — 2,565,011 8,421,487 — 8,421,487 10,986,498 $1,723,270 316,629 — 24,100 2,063,999 8,639,021 996 8,640,017 10,704,016 566,265 22,695,557 (1,342,698) (204,947) 30,157 21,744,334 $32,730,832 566,265 22,458,219 978,973 (407,879) (638) 23,594,940 $34,298,956 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. F-2 ImmuCell Corporation STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Product sales Costs of goods sold Gross margin OPERATING EXPENSES (INCOME): Product development expenses Sales and marketing expenses Administrative expenses Gain on sale of assets Operating activities, net NET OPERATING LOSS Other expenses, net During the Years Ended December 31, 2018 $10,986,297 5,792,392 5,193,905 2017 $10,431,091 5,209,734 5,221,357 3,516,619 2,084,903 1,738,953 (700,000) 6,640,475 2,046,564 1,892,823 1,524,815 — 5,464,202 (1,446,570) (242,845) 413,481 195,635 LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAXES (1,860,051) (438,480) Income tax expense (benefit) NET LOSS Basic weighted average common shares outstanding Basic net loss per share Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding Diluted net loss per share 461,620 (270,333) ($2,321,671) ($168,147) 5,486,154 ($0.42) 5,486,154 ($0.42) 4,949,213 ($0.03) 4,949,213 ($0.03) STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS Net loss Other comprehensive income: Interest rate swaps, before taxes Income tax applicable to interest rate swaps Other comprehensive income, net of taxes Total comprehensive loss During the Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 ($2,321,671) ($168,147) 41,206 (10,411) 30,795 ($2,290,876) 36,350 (13,086) 23,264 ($144,883) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. F-3 ImmuCell Corporation STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Common Stock Treasury Stock Shares Amount Additional paid-in capital Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) Shares Amount Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income Total Stockholders’ Equity 5,044,838 $504,484 $18,526,383 $1,147,120 197,448 ($431,943) ($23,902) $19,722,142 — — — — — (168,147) — — — — — — (168,147) 23,264 23,264 — — — 1,034,164 — — 200,000 20,000 1,014,164 417,807 — 41,781 — 2,692,393 25,496 — (11,000) 24,064 — — 199,783 — — — — — — 2,734,174 49,560 199,783 BALANCE, December 31, 2016 Net loss Other comprehensive income, net of taxes Private placement of common stock, net of $15,836 of offering costs Public offering of common stock, net of $315,818 of offering costs Exercise of stock options Stock-based compensation BALANCE, December 31, 2017 5,662,645 $566,265 $22,458,219 $978,973 186,448 ($407,879) ($638) $23,594,940 Net loss Other comprehensive income, net of taxes Exercise of stock options Stock-based compensation — — — — — — — — — (2,321,671) — — — (2,321,671) — (106,678) 344,016 — — — — (92,765) — 202,932 30,795 — 30,795 96,254 — — — 344,016 BALANCE, December 31, 2018 5,662,645 $566,265 $22,695,557 ($1,342,698) 93,683 ($204,947) $30,157 $21,744,334 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. F-4 ImmuCell Corporation STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net loss Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used for) provided by operating During the Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 ($2,321,671) ($168,147) activities: Depreciation Amortization Non-cash interest expense Deferred income taxes Stock-based compensation Gain on sale of assets Loss (gain) on disposal of fixed assets Recovery of provision for uncollectible accounts, net Changes in: Trade accounts receivable, gross Accrued interest income Inventory Prepaid expenses and other current assets Other assets Accounts payable and accrued expenses Deferred revenue Net cash (used for) provided by operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchase of property, plant and equipment Payment of contingent royalties related to 2016 acquisition Maturities of investments Purchases of investments Proceeds from sale of assets Proceeds from sale of fixed assets Net cash used for investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from public offering, net Proceeds from private placement, net Proceeds from debt issuance Proceeds from line of credit Debt principal repayments Payments of debt issuance costs Proceeds from exercise of stock options Net cash provided by financing activities NET DECREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS BEGINNING CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS ENDING CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS 1,501,607 19,104 16,829 462,315 344,016 (700,000) 1,733 — 411,724 — (281,939) 128,849 (12,033) 80,162 (24,100) (373,404) (2,029,895) (14,077) — — 250,000 — (1,793,972) — — 693,640 500,000 (398,308) (1,971) 96,254 889,615 (1,277,761) 3,798,811 $2,521,050 885,331 19,104 15,291 (284,809) 199,783 — (2,323) (21,326) (330,306) 24,013 77,167 289,816 33,344 448,641 (9,756) 1,175,823 (17,759,876) (8,661) 5,699,000 (249,000) — 45,000 (12,273,537) 2,734,174 1,034,164 6,146,360 — (151,976) (66,101) 49,560 9,746,181 (1,351,533) 5,150,344 $3,798,811 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements F-5 SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION CASH PAID FOR: Income taxes Interest expense NON-CASH ACTIVITIES: Change in capital expenditures included in accounts payable and accrued expenses Net change in fair value of interest rate swaps Fixed asset disposals, gross $4,222 $403,535 $6,066 $186,542 ($568,695) ($30,795) $22,681 ($608,473) ($23,264) $3,478 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. F-6 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements 1. BUSINESS OPERATIONS ImmuCell Corporation (the “Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”) was originally incorporated in Maine in 1982 and reincorporated in Delaware in 1987, in conjunction with its initial public offering of common stock. We are an animal health company whose purpose is to create scientifically-proven and practical products that improve the health and productivity of dairy and beef cattle. We market products that provide Immediate Immunity™ to newborn dairy and beef cattle. We are developing product line extensions and are in the late stages of developing a treatment for mastitis, the most significant cause of economic loss to the dairy industry. These products help reduce the need to use traditional antibiotics in food producing animals. The Company is subject to certain risks associated with its stage of development including dependence on key individuals and third-party providers of critical goods and services, competition from other larger companies, the successful sale of existing products and the development and acquisition of additional commercially viable products with appropriate regulatory approvals, where applicable. Based on our best estimates and projections, we believe that we have sufficient capital resources to continue operations for at least twelve months from the date of this filing. 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (a) Basis of Presentation We have prepared the accompanying audited financial statements reflecting all adjustments that are, in our opinion, necessary in order to ensure that the financial statements are not misleading. We follow accounting standards set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). The FASB sets generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) that we follow to ensure we consistently report our financial condition, results of operations, earnings per share and cash flows. References to GAAP in these footnotes are to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification™ (Codification). Accordingly, we believe that the disclosures are adequate to ensure that the information presented is not misleading. (b) Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all highly liquid investment instruments that mature within three months of their purchase dates to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are principally invested in securities backed by the U.S. government. Certain cash balances in excess of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) limits of $250,000 per financial institution per depositor are maintained in money market accounts at financial institutions that are secured, in part, by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation. Amounts in excess of these FDIC limits per bank that are not invested in securities backed by the U.S. government aggregated $2,268,737 and $3,546,529 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We account for investments in marketable securities in accordance with Codification Topic 320, Investments — Debt and Equity Securities. See Note 3. (c) Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are carried at the original invoice amount less an estimate made for doubtful collection. Management determines the allowance for doubtful accounts on a monthly basis by identifying troubled accounts and by using historical experience applied to an aging of accounts. Accounts receivable are considered to be past due if a portion of the receivable balance is outstanding for more than 30 days. Past due accounts receivable are subject to an interest charge. Accounts receivable are written off when deemed uncollectible. The amount of accounts receivable written off during all periods reported was immaterial. Recoveries of accounts receivable previously written off are recorded as income when received. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we determined that no allowance for bad debt was necessary. See Note 4. (d) Inventory Inventory includes raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods and is recorded at the lower of cost, on the first-in, first-out method, or net realizable value (determined as the estimated selling price in the normal course of F-7 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation). Work-in-process and finished goods inventories include materials, labor and manufacturing overhead. At each monthly balance sheet date, we evaluate our ending inventories for excess quantities and obsolescence. Inventories that we consider excess or obsolete are reserved. Once inventory is written down and a new cost basis is established, it is not written back up if demand increases. We believe that supplies and raw materials for the production of our products are available from more than one vendor or farm. Our policy is to maintain more than one source of supply for the components used in our products when practicable. See Note 5. (e) Property, Plant and Equipment We depreciate property, plant and equipment on the straight-line method by charges to operations and costs of goods sold in amounts estimated to expense the cost of the assets from the date they are first put into service to the end of the estimated useful lives of the assets. The facility we have constructed to produce the active pharmaceutical ingredient, Nisin, is being depreciated over 39 years from when a certificate of occupancy was issued during the fourth quarter of 2017. We began depreciating the equipment for our Nisin production facility when it was placed in service during the third quarter of 2018. Approximately 89% of these assets are being depreciated over ten years. Significant repairs to fixed assets that benefit more than a current period are capitalized and depreciated over their useful lives. Insignificant repairs are expensed when incurred. See Note 7. (f) Intangible Assets and Goodwill We amortize intangible assets on the straight-line method by charges to costs of goods sold in amounts estimated to expense the cost of the assets from the date they are first put into service to the end of the estimated useful lives of the assets. We have recorded intangible assets related to customer relationships, non-compete agreements, and developed technology, each with defined useful lives. We have classified as goodwill the amounts paid in excess of fair value of the net assets (including tax attributes) acquired in purchase transactions. We assess the impairment of intangible assets and goodwill that have indefinite lives at the reporting unit level on an annual basis (as of December 31st) and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. We would record an impairment charge if such an assessment were to indicate that the fair value of such assets was less than the carrying value. Judgment is required in determining whether an event has occurred that may impair the value of goodwill or identifiable intangible assets. Factors that could indicate that an impairment may exist include significant under-performance relative to plan or long-term projections, significant changes in business strategy and significant negative industry or economic trends. Although we believe intangible assets and goodwill are properly stated in the accompanying financial statements, changes in strategy or market conditions could significantly impact these judgments and require an adjustment to the recorded balance. No goodwill impairments were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2018 or 2017. See Notes 2(h), 8 and 9 for additional disclosures. (g) Fair Value Measurements In determining fair value measurements, we follow the provisions of Codification Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. Codification Topic 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value under GAAP and enhances disclosures about fair value measurements. The topic provides a consistent definition of fair value which focuses on an exit price, which is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The topic also prioritizes, within the measurement of fair value, the use of market-based information over entity-specific information and establishes a three-level hierarchy for fair value measurements based on the nature of inputs used in the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, inventory, other assets, accounts payable, deferred revenue and accrued liabilities approximate fair value because of their short-term nature. The amount outstanding under our bank debt facilities is measured at carrying value in our accompanying balance sheets. Our bank debt facilities are valued using Level 2 inputs. The estimated fair value of our bank debt facilities approximates their carrying value based on similar instruments with similar maturities. The three-level hierarchy is as follows: F-8 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) Level 1 — Pricing inputs are quoted prices available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the measurement date. Level 2 — Pricing inputs are quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term through corroboration with observable market data. Level 3 — Pricing inputs are unobservable for the assets or liabilities, that is, inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, an asset’s or liability’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the investment. From time to time, we also hold money market mutual funds in a brokerage account, which are classified as cash equivalents and measured at fair value. The fair value of these investments is based on their closing published net asset value. We assess the levels of the investments at each measurement date, and transfers between levels are recognized on the actual date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer in accordance with our accounting policy regarding the recognition of transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no transfers between levels. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our Level 1 assets measured at fair value by quoted prices in active markets consisted of bank savings accounts and money market funds. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our interest rate swaps were classified as Level 2 and were measured by observable market data in combination with expected cash flows for each instrument. There were no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2018 or 2017. As of December 31, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets: Cash and money market accounts Interest rate swaps Total $2,521,050 — $2,521,050 $— 40,209 $40,209 $— — $— $2,521,050 40,209 $2,561,259 Assets: Cash and money market accounts $3,798,811 $— $— $3,798,811 As of December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Liabilities: Interest rate swaps Total (h) Valuation of Long-Lived Assets — $3,798,811 (996) ($996) — $— (996) $3,797,815 We periodically evaluate our long-lived assets, consisting principally of fixed assets and amortizable intangible assets, for potential impairment. In accordance with the applicable accounting guidance for the treatment of long-lived assets, we review the carrying value of our long-lived assets or asset group that is held and used, including intangible assets subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Under the held for use approach, the asset or asset group to be tested for impairment should represent the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets and liabilities. We evaluate our long-lived assets whenever events or circumstances suggest that the F-9 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. No impairment was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. (i) Concentration of Risk Concentration of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is principally limited to certain customers to whom we make substantial sales. To reduce risk, we routinely assess the financial strength of our customers and, as a consequence, believe that our accounts receivable credit risk exposure is limited. We maintain an allowance for potential credit losses when deemed necessary, but historically we have not experienced significant credit losses related to an individual customer or groups of customers in any particular industry or geographic area. Sales to significant customers that amounted to 10% or more of total product sales are detailed in the following table: Animal Health International, Inc. MWI Animal Health During the Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 43% 23% 42% 22% Trade accounts receivable due from significant customers amounted to the percentages of total trade accounts receivable as detailed in the following table: MWI Animal Health Animal Health International, Inc. ANIMART LLC *Amount is less than 10% (j) Interest Rate Swap Agreements As of December 31, 2018 36% 35% 15% As of December 31, 2017 29% 40% * All derivatives are recognized on the balance sheet at their fair value. We entered into interest rate swap agreements in 2010 and 2015. On the dates the agreements were entered into, we designated the derivatives as hedges of the variability of cash flows to be paid related to our long-term debt. The agreements have been determined to be highly effective in hedging the variability of identified cash flows, so changes in the fair market value of the interest rate swap agreements are recorded as comprehensive income (loss), until earnings are affected by the variability of cash flows (e.g., when periodic settlements on a variable-rate asset or liability are recorded in earnings). We formally documented the relationship between the interest rate swap agreements and the related hedged items. We also formally assess, both at the interest rate swap agreements’ inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the agreements are highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flow of hedged items. See Note 11. (k) Revenue Recognition We sell products that provide Immediate Immunity™ to newborn dairy and beef cattle. For periods ended on and before December 31, 2017, we recognized revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 605 when four criteria were met. These included i) persuasive evidence that an arrangement existed, ii) delivery had occurred, iii) our price was fixed and determinable and iv) collectability was reasonably assured. For periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, we recognize revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASC 606 is a single comprehensive model for companies to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers. The core principle is that we recognize the amount of revenue to which we expect to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. In addition, the standard requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. ASC 606 replaces most existing revenue recognition guidance in accordance with GAAP. We evaluated the new standard against our existing accounting policies and practices, including reviewing distributor agreements, F-10 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) purchase orders, invoices and shipping forms, and conducting questionnaires with our sales team. We adopted the standard using the modified retrospective transition method, and the adoption did not have a material impact on our financial statements as of the date of adoption (January 1, 2018). Comparative prior periods have not been adjusted and continue to be reported under ASC 605. We conduct our business with customers through valid purchase orders or sales orders which are considered contracts and are not interdependent on one another. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct product to the customer. The transaction price is the amount of consideration we expect to receive under the arrangement. Revenue is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer. The transaction price of a contract is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized when or as the customer receives the benefit of the performance obligation. Product transaction prices on a purchase or sale order are discrete and stand-alone. We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation in a contract by transferring control over a product to a customer when product delivery occurs. Consideration is typically paid approximately 30 days from the time control is transferred. Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control over a product has transferred to a customer are accounted for as a fulfillment cost in costs of goods sold. We have enhanced disclosures related to disaggregation of revenue sources and accounting policies prospectively as a result of adopting these standards. We do not bill for or collect sales tax because our sales are generally made to distributors and thus our sales to them are not subject to sales tax. We generally have experienced an immaterial amount of product returns. See Note 13. (l) Expense Recognition In 2018, we adopted ASC 340-40, Accounting for Other Assets and Deferred Costs, which requires sales commissions and other third party acquisition costs resulting directly from securing contracts with customers to be recognized as an asset when incurred and to be expensed over the associated contract term or estimated customer life depending on the nature of the underlying contract. We do not incur costs in connection with product sales to customers that are eligible for capitalization. Advertising costs are expensed when incurred, which is generally during the month in which the advertisement is published. Advertising expenses amounted to $28,415 and $55,263 during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. All product development expenses are expensed as incurred, as are all related patent costs. We capitalize costs to produce inventory during the production cycle, and these costs are charged to costs of goods sold when the inventory is sold to a customer. Adoption of the amended provisions of ASC 340-40 did not have a material impact on our financial statements. (m) Income Taxes We account for income taxes in accordance with Codification Topic 740, Income Taxes, which requires that we recognize a current tax liability or asset for current taxes payable or refundable and a deferred tax liability or asset for the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards to the extent they are realizable. During the second quarter of 2018, we assessed our historical and near-term future profitability and decided to record $563,252 in non-cash income tax expense to create a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets (which consist largely of net operating loss carryforwards and federal and state tax credits). At that time, we had incurred a net loss for six consecutive quarters, had not been profitable on a year-to-date basis since the nine-month period ended September 30, 2017 and projected additional net losses for some period going forward before returning to profitability. We consider future taxable income and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for a valuation allowance at each quarter end. If we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of the net recorded amount over a reasonably short period of time, a reduction of the valuation allowance would increase income in the period such determination was made. Likewise, if we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax asset in the future, an increase to the valuation allowance would be charged to income in the period such determination was made. Codification Topic 740-10 clarifies the accounting for income taxes by prescribing a minimum recognition threshold that a tax position must meet before being recognized in the financial statements. In the ordinary course of business, there are transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax outcome is uncertain. In addition, we are subject to periodic audits and examinations by the Internal Revenue Service and other taxing authorities. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2015. We have evaluated the positions taken on our filed tax returns. We have concluded that no uncertain tax positions exist as of December 31, 2018 or 2017. Although we believe that our estimates are reasonable, actual results could differ from F-11 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) these estimates. See Note 16. (n) Stock-Based Compensation We account for stock-based compensation in accordance with Codification Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, which generally requires us to recognize non-cash compensation expense for stock-based payments using the fair-value-based method. The fair value of each stock option grant has been estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Accordingly, we recorded compensation expense pertaining to stock-based compensation of $344,016 and $199,783 during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. (o) Net Loss Per Common Share Net loss per common share has been computed in accordance with Codification Topic 260-10, Earnings Per Share. The net loss per share has been computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. All stock options have been excluded from the denominator in the calculation of dilutive earnings per share when we are in a loss position, as the inclusion would be anti-dilutive. The weighted average number of shares outstanding was 5,486,154 and 4,949,213 during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Outstanding stock options that were not included in this calculation because the effect would be anti-dilutive amounted to 394,000 and 360,000 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. (p) Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Although we regularly assess these estimates, actual amounts could differ from those estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded during the period in which they become known. Significant estimates include our inventory valuation, valuation of goodwill and long-lived assets, valuation of deferred tax assets, accrued expenses, costs of goods sold, and useful lives of intangible assets. (q) New Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The guidance in this ASU supersedes the leasing guidance in Topic 840, Leases. Under the new guidance, lessees are required to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. This ASU and its amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption was permitted. We elected to adopt this ASU effective January 1, 2019. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-10, Codification improvements to Topic 842, Leases. The amendments in ASU 2018-10 provide more clarification in regards to the application and requirements of ASU 2016-02. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Topic 842, Leases - Targeted improvements. The amendments in ASU 2018-11 provide for the option to adopt the standard prospectively and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as well as offer a new practical expedient that will allow the Company to elect, by class of un- derlying asset, to not separate non-lease and lease components in certain circumstances and instead to account for those components as a single item. Based on our current lease agreements and a review of all of our material vendor relationships for potential embedded lease obligations, we have concluded that we are not subject to material lease obli- gations, and the adoption of ASU 2016-02 did not have a material impact on our financial statements as of January 1, 2019. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718) Scope of Modification Accounting to provide clarity and reduce both diversity in practice and cost complexity when applying the guidance in Topic 718 to a change to the terms and conditions of a stock-based payment award. ASU 2017-09 also provides guidance about the types of changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award that require an entity to apply modification accounting in accordance with Topic 718. The standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. We adopted this guidance F-12 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) during the three-month period ended March 31, 2018. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements. In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. The new guidance is intended to more closely align hedge accounting with entities’ hedging strategies, simplify the application of hedge accounting and increase the transparency of hedging programs. ASU 2017-12 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. For cash flow and net investment hedges existing at the date of adoption, ASU 2017-12 must be applied through a cumulative-effect adjustment. The amended presentation and disclosure guidance is required only prospectively. The adoption of ASU 2017-12 did not to have a material impact on our financial statements as of January 1, 2019. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which modifies the disclosure requirements of fair value measurements. Topic 820 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements. 3. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS Cash and cash equivalents amounted to $2,521,050 and $3,798,811 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Short-term investments were liquidated during 2017 to partially finance the investment in our Nisin production facility. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Realized gains and losses and declines in value, judged to be other than temporary, are included in investment income. We are required by bank debt covenant to maintain at least $2,000,000 of otherwise unrestricted cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. 4. TRADE ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, net Trade accounts receivable amounted to $932,298 and $1,344,022 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. No allowance for bad debt and product returns was recorded as of December 31, 2018 or 2017. 5. INVENTORY Inventory consisted of the following: Raw materials Work-in-process Finished goods Total As of December 31, 2018 As of December 31, 2017 $483,329 1,349,649 216,754 $2,049,732 $338,991 1,337,035 655,645 $2,331,671 6. PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following: As of December 31, 2018 Prepaid expenses Other receivables(1) Security deposits (2) Total As of December 31, 2017 $130,813 149,590 34,264 $314,667 $142,528 493,289 - $635,817 (1) This amount as of December 31, 2018 includes $450,000 due from a third party for the sale of assets. See Note 14. F-13 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) (2) This amount as of December 31, 2017 represents the current portion of escrow funds held against certain construction performance requirements that was released during the fourth quarter of 2018. 7. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, net Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following: Laboratory and manufacturing equipment Building and improvements Office furniture and equipment Construction in progress Land Property, plant and equipment, gross Accumulated depreciation Property, plant and equipment, net Estimated Useful Lives (in years) 3-10 10-39 3-10 n/a n/a As of December 31, 2018 As of December 31, 2017 $5,511,452 16,966,728 698,877 8,315,436 518,999 32,011,492 (5,941,803) $26,069,689 $15,092,252 17,018,316 731,510 91,067 516,867 33,450,012 (7,422,463) $26,027,549 As of December 31, 2018, construction in progress consisted principally of down payments towards two pieces of manufacturing equipment. As of December 31, 2017, construction in progress consisted principally of payments for equipment to be used in our Nisin production facility. Approximately $22,681 and $435,448 of property, plant and equipment was disposed of during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Depreciation expense was approximately $1,501,607 and $885,331 during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. 8. BUSINESS ACQUISITION On January 4, 2016, we acquired certain business assets and processes from DAY 1™ Technology, LLC of Minnesota. The acquired rights and know-how are primarily related to formulating our bovine antibodies into a gel solution (or paste) for an oral delivery option to newborn calves via a syringe (or tube). This product format offers customers an alternative delivery option to the bolus (the standard delivery format of the bivalent First Defense® product since first approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and product launch in 1991). This gel formulation had been sold as a feed product without disease claims since 2012. During the fourth quarter of 2018, we achieved USDA approval of an improved bivalent gel formulation and began marketing this product as Dual-Force™ First Defense®. We achieved Canadian approval of this product during the first quarter of 2019. We were also interested in a gel formulation in anticipation of the launch of Tri-Shield First Defense® (which was approved by the USDA during the fourth quarter of 2017) because the additional rotavirus antibodies in this new product would not fit in a bolus full of E. coli and coronavirus antibodies. This purchase also included certain other related private-label products. The total purchase price was approximately $532,000. Approximately $368,000 of this amount was paid as of the closing date. A technology transfer payment of $97,000 was made during the third quarter of 2016. There were also royalty payments owed based on a percentage of sales made through December 31, 2018, which were due semi-annually in January and July. As of January 4, 2016, we estimated the aggregate royalties to be paid would be approximately $67,000, which was recorded in accounts payable and accrued expenses. Royalty expense of $17,268, $10,615 and $8,200 was incurred for sales recorded during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the amount due was approximately $8,914, which was recorded in accounts payable. The estimated fair values of the assets purchased in this transaction included inventory of approximately $113,000, machinery and equipment of approximately $132,000, a developed technology intangible of approximately $191,000 (which includes an immaterial amount of value associated with customer relationships and a non-compete agreement, and was valued using the relief from royalty method) and goodwill of approximately $96,000. The goodwill arising from the acquisition consists largely of the estimated value of anticipated growth opportunities arising from synergies and efficiencies. The measurement period for the transaction was closed as of June 30, 2016, and we continue to assess any impairment of these assets acquired in accordance with our policies. The impact of the acquisition on our pro forma prior year operations is not material. As of December 31, 2016, we vacated the rented facility in Minnesota that had been used to produce the gel solution format of our product and certain other related F-14 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) private-label products. This resulted in the termination of employment of four employees, as these production functions were consolidated into our Portland facility, which enables us to better utilize existing infrastructure and larger scale equipment to improve operating efficiencies. 9. INTANGIBLE ASSETS The intangible assets described in Note 8 are being amortized to costs of goods sold over their useful lives, which are estimated to be 10 years. Intangible amortization expense was $19,104 during both of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. The net value of these intangibles was $133,728 as of December 31, 2018. A summary of intangible amortization expense estimated for the periods subsequent to December 31, 2018 is as follows: Period Year ending December 31, 2019 Year ending December 31, 2020 Year ending December 31, 2021 Year ending December 31, 2022 Year ending December 31, 2023 After December 31, 2023 Total Amount $19,104 19,104 19,104 19,104 19,104 38,208 $133,728 Intangible assets as of December 31, 2018 consisted of the following: Developed technology Customer relationships Non-compete agreements Total Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Net Book Value $184,100 1,300 5,640 $191,040 ($55,230) (390) (1,692) ($57,312) $128,870 910 3,948 $133,728 Intangible assets as of December 31, 2017 consisted of the following: Developed technology Customer relationships Non-compete agreements Total Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Net Book Value $184,100 1,300 5,640 $191,040 ($36,820) (260) (1,128) ($38,208) $147,280 1,040 4,512 $152,832 10. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES Accounts payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following: Accounts payable – trade Accounts payable – capital Accrued payroll Accrued professional fees Accrued other Total 11. BANK DEBT As of December 31, 2018 As of December 31, 2017 $580,456 641,389 254,743 64,200 182,482 $1,723,270 $531,048 72,695 358,451 93,050 165,416 $1,220,660 We have in place five credit facilities and a line of credit with TD Bank N.A. These five credit facilities are secured by substantially all of our assets and are subject to certain restrictions and financial covenants. F-15 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) The first note (Loan #1) is not to exceed 80% of the appraised value of our corporate headquarters and production and research facility at 56 Evergreen Drive in Portland. Proceeds of $1,000,000 were received during the third quarter of 2010 with monthly principal and interest payments due for ten years, calculated based on a fifteen-year amortization schedule. A balloon principal payment of $451,885 will be due during the third quarter of 2020. As of December 31, 2018, $562,604 was outstanding under Loan #1. Proceeds from a $2,500,000 second mortgage on this corporate headquarters (Loan #2) were received during the third quarter of 2015 with monthly principal and interest payments due for ten years, calculated based on a twenty-year amortization schedule. A balloon principal payment of approximately $1,550,000 will be due during the third quarter of 2025. As of December 31, 2018, $2,233,768 was outstanding under Loan #2. During the first quarter of 2016, we entered into two additional credit facilities (Loans #3 and #4) aggregating up to approximately $4,500,000. As a result of loan amendments entered into the during the first quarter of 2017, these two credit facilities were increased to up to $6,500,000, subject to certain restrictions set forth in the agreements. Loan #3 is comprised of a construction loan of up to $3,940,000 and not to exceed 80% of the cost of the equipment installed in our commercial-scale Nisin production facility at 33 Caddie Lane in Portland. As amended, interest only was payable at a variable rate equal to the one-month LIBOR (adjusted at each monthly payment date) plus a margin of 2.25% through September 2018, at which time the loan converted to a seven-year term loan facility at the same variable interest rate (which was equal to 4.60% as of December 31, 2018) with monthly principal and interest payments due based on a seven-year amortization schedule. As of December 31, 2018, $3,799,286 was outstanding under Loan #3. Loan #4 is comprised of a construction loan of up to $2,560,000 and not to exceed 80% (75% prior to the 2017 amendments) of the appraised value of our commercial-scale Nisin production facility. As amended, interest only was payable at a variable rate equal to the one-month LIBOR (adjusted at each monthly payment date) plus a margin of 2.25% through March 2018, at which time the loan converted to a term loan facility at the same variable interest rate (which was equal to 4.60% as of December 31, 2018) with monthly principal and interest payments due for ten years, calculated based on a twenty-year amortization schedule. A balloon principal payment of approximately $1,408,000 will be due during the first quarter of 2027. As of December 31, 2018, $2,464,000 was outstanding under Loan #4. The fifth note (Loan #5) is a mortgage that is secured by the 4,114 square foot warehouse and storage facility we acquired adjacent to our Nisin production facility. Proceeds of $340,000 were received during the first quarter of 2017. This note bears interest at a variable rate equal to the one-month LIBOR (adjusted at each monthly payment date) plus a margin of 2.25% (which was equal to 4.71% as of December 31, 2018) with monthly principal and interest payments due for ten years, calculated based on a twenty-year amortization schedule. A balloon principal payment of approximately $208,000 will be due during the first quarter of 2027. As of December 31, 2018, $320,767 was outstanding under Loan #5. We hedged our interest rate exposures on Loan #1 and Loan #2 with interest rate swap agreements that effectively converted floating interest rates based on the one-month LIBOR plus a margin of 3.25% and 2.25% to the fixed rates of 6.04% and 4.38%, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the variable rates on these two mortgage notes were 5.68% and 4.73%, respectively. All derivatives are recognized on the balance sheet at their fair value. At the time of the closings and thereafter, the agreements were determined to be highly effective in hedging the variability of the identified cash flows and have been designated as cash flow hedges of the variability in the hedged interest payments. Changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements are recorded in other comprehensive income, net of taxes. The original notional amounts of the interest rate swap agreements of $1,000,000 and $2,500,000 amortize in accordance with the amortization of the mortgage notes. The notional amount of the interest rate swaps was $2,796,372 as of December 31, 2018. The fair values of the interest rate swaps have been determined using observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data. Accordingly, the interest rate swaps are classified as level 2 within the fair value hierarchy provided in Codification Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. F-16 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) Payments required by interest rate swaps Other comprehensive income, net of taxes During the Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $9,581 $30,795 $37,502 $23,264 In connection with the credit facilities entered into during the third quarters of 2010 and 2015, we incurred debt issue costs of $26,489 and $34,125, respectively. In connection with the credit facilities and amendments thereto entered into during the first quarters of 2016 and 2017, we incurred debt issue costs of $46,734 and $68,072, respectively. The 2017 amendments to Loan #3 and Loan #4 were accounted for as modifications. The amortization of debt issuance costs is being recorded as a component of other expenses and is being amortized over the underlying terms of the respective credit facilities. Debt proceeds received and principal repayments made during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are reflected in the following table by year and by loan: Loan #1 Loan #2 Loan #3 Loan #4 Loan #5 Total During the Year Ended December 31, 2018 During the Year Ended December 31, 2017 Proceeds from Debt Issuance Debt Principal Repayments Proceeds from Debt Issuance Debt Principal Repayments $— — 426,499 267,141 — $693,640 ($64,876) (86,097) (140,714) (96,000) (10,621) ($398,308) $— — 3,513,501 2,292,859 340,000 $6,146,360 ($61,056) (82,308) — — (8,612) ($151,976) Principal payments (net of debt issuance costs) due under bank loans outstanding as of December 31, 2018 (excluding our $500,000 line of credit) are reflected in the following table by the year that payments are due: Loan #1 Loan #2 Loan #3(1) Loan #4(1) Loan #5(2) Subtotal Debt Issuance Costs Total Year ending 12/31/2019 Year ending 12/31/2020 Year ending 12/31/2021 Year ending 12/31/2022 Year Ending 12/31/2023 After 12/31/2023 $68,908 89,997 562,857 128,000 11,564 $861,326 $493,696 94,005 562,857 128,000 12,102 $1,290,660 $— 98,538 562,857 128,000 12,664 $802,059 $— 103,077 562,857 128,000 13,253 $807,187 $— $— 107,769 1,740,382 985,001 562,857 128,000 1,824,000 257,315 13,869 $812,495 $4,806,698 Total $562,604 2,233,768 3,799,286 2,464,000 320,767 9,380,425 (114,587) $9,265,838 (1) (2) These notes bear interest at a variable rate equal to the one-month LIBOR plus a margin of 2.25%. Figures in this table are estimated using an interest rate of approximately 4.60%. The actual interest rate and principal payments will be different. This note bears interest at a variable rate equal to the one-month LIBOR plus a margin of 2.25%. Figures in this table are estimated using an interest rate of approximately 4.55%. The actual interest rate and principal payments will be different. During the third quarter of 2010, we entered into a $500,000 line of credit with TD Bank N.A., which is secured by substantially all of our assets and is subject to certain restrictions and financial covenants. This line of credit has been renewed approximately annually since then, is available as needed and has been extended through May 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2018, $500,000 was outstanding under this line of credit. There was no outstanding balance under this line of credit as of December 31, 2017. Interest on borrowings against the line of credit is variable at the higher of 4.25% per annum or the one-month LIBOR plus 3.5% per annum. F-17 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) 12. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY On October 28, 2015, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-207635) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for the potential issuance of up to $10,000,000 in equity securities (subject to certain limitations). This registration statement became effective on November 10, 2015. Under this form of registration statement, we were limited within a twelve-month period to raising gross proceeds of no more than one-third of the market capitalization of our common stock (as determined by the high price of our common stock within the preceding 60 days leading up to a sale of securities) held by non-affiliates (non-insiders) of the Company. Having raised $10,000,000 in gross proceeds under the February 2016, July 2017 and December 2017 equity transactions described below, no additional equity securities can be issued under this registration statement. On February 3, 2016, we sold 1,123,810 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $5.25 per share in an underwritten public offering pursuant to our effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, raising gross proceeds of approximately $5,900,000 and resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $5,313,000 (after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses incurred in connection with the equity financing). On October 21, 2016, we closed on a private placement of 659,880 shares of common stock to nineteen institutional and accredited investors at $5.25 per share, raising gross proceeds of approximately $3,464,000 and resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $3,161,000 (after deducting placement agent fees and other expenses incurred in connection with the equity financing). On July 27, 2017, we issued 200,000 shares of our common stock at a price of $5.25 per share to two related investors pursuant to our effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, raising gross proceeds of $1,050,000 and resulting in net proceeds of approximately $1,034,000 (after deducting expenses incurred in connection with the equity financing). On December 21, 2017, we sold 417,807 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $7.30 per share in an underwritten public offering pursuant to our effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, raising gross proceeds of approximately $3,050,000 and resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $2,734,000 (after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses incurred in connection with the equity financing). On November 20, 2018, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-228479) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for the potential issuance of up to $20,000,000 in equity securities (subject to certain limitations). This registration statement became effective on November 29, 2018. Under this form of registration statement, we are limited within a twelve-month period to raising gross proceeds of no more than one-third of the market capitalization of our common stock (as determined by the high price of our common stock within the preceding 60 days leading up to a sale of securities) held by non-affiliates (non-insiders) of the Company. At the June 15, 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, we reported that our stockholders voted to approve an amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance from 8,000,000 to 10,000,000. After careful consideration, we determined that the method of voting instructions described in our Proxy Statement was not consistent with the way the votes were actually recorded in accordance with stock exchange rules. Therefore, during the second quarter of 2017, we elected to treat the amendment as ineffective, and there was no increase in our authorized common stock. At the June 14, 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, our stockholders voted to approve an amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance from 8,000,000 to 11,000,000. In June 2000, our stockholders approved the 2000 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2000 Plan”) pursuant to the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, under which employees and certain service providers may be granted options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at i) no less than fair market value on the date of grant in the case of incentive stock options and ii) no less than 85% of fair market value on the date of grant in the case of non-qualified stock options. Vesting requirements are determined by the Compensation and Stock Option Committee of the Board of Directors on a case by case basis. Originally, 250,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2000 Plan. The stockholders of the Company approved an increase in this number to 500,000 shares in June 2001. All options granted under the 2000 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant. The 2000 Plan expired in February 2010, after which date no further options could be granted under the 2000 F-18 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) Plan. However, outstanding options under the 2000 Plan may be exercised in accordance with their terms. In June 2010, our stockholders approved the 2010 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2010 Plan”) pursuant to the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, under which employees and certain service providers may be granted options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at no less than fair market value on the date of grant. At that time, 300,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2010 Plan and subsequently no additional shares have been reserved for the 2010 Plan. Vesting requirements are determined by the Compensation and Stock Option Committee of the Board of Directors on a case by case basis. All options granted under the 2010 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant. The 2010 Plan expires in June 2020, after which date no further options could be granted under the 2010 Plan. However, options outstanding under the 2010 Plan at that time could be exercised in accordance with their terms. In June 2017, our stockholders approved the 2017 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”) pursuant to the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, under which employees and certain service providers may be granted options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at no less than fair market value on the date of grant. At that time, 300,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan and subsequently no additional shares have been reserved for the 2017 Plan. Vesting requirements are determined by the Compensation and Stock Option Committee of the Board of Directors on a case by case basis. All options granted under the 2017 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant. The 2017 Plan expires in March 2027, after which date no further options could be granted under the 2017 Plan. However, options outstanding under the 2017 Plan at that time could be exercised in accordance with their terms. Activity under the stock option plans described above was as follows: Outstanding at December 31, 2016 Grants Terminations Exercises Outstanding at December 31, 2017 Grants Terminations Exercises Outstanding at December 31, 2018 Vested at December 31, 2018 Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2018 Reserved for future grants ____________ 2000 Plan 2010 Plan 2017 Plan Weighted Average Exercise Price 126,500 — (5,000) (4,000) 117,500 — — (105,000) 12,500 12,500 124,500 141,000 (16,000) (7,000) 242,500 48,500 (19,000) (2,000) 270,000 47,500 — — — — — 122,500 (11,000) — 111,500 — Aggregate Intrinsic Value(1) $516,990 $3.89 $5.92 $5.68 $3.47 $4.58 $1,513,980 $7.38 $6.63 $1.89 $6.37 $4.90 $266,020 $129,110 12,500 — 270,000 1,000 111,500 188,500 $6.37 $266,020 (1) Intrinsic value is the difference between the fair market value as of the date indicated and as of the date of the option grant. F-19 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) The following table displays additional information about the stock option plans described above: Non-vested stock options as of January 1, 2018 Non-vested stock options as of December 31, 2018 Stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2018 Stock options that vested during the year ended December 31, 2018 Stock options that were forfeited during the year ended December 31, 2018 Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant Date Weighted Average Exercise Price Number of Shares 205,000 334,000 171,000 12,000 $3.49 $3.63 $3.83 $3.55 30,000 $3.78 $6.07 $6.64 $7.38 $7.52 $6.63 During the year ended December 31, 2018, seven employees exercised stock options covering an aggregate of 107,000 shares, of which 51,500 of these shares were acquired for cash, resulting in total proceeds of $96,240, and 55,500 of these shares were acquired by the surrender of 14,235 shares of common stock with a fair market value of $105,785 at the time of exercise and $14 in cash. During the year ended December 31, 2017, six employees exercised stock options covering 11,000 shares for cash, resulting in total proceeds of $49,560. The weighted average remaining life of the options outstanding under the 2000 Plan, the 2010 Plan and the 2017 plan as of December 31, 2018 was approximately 6 years and 7 months. The weighted average remaining life of the options exercisable under these plans as of December 31, 2018 was approximately 2 years and 7 months. The exercise prices of the options outstanding as of December 31, 2018 ranged from $3.15 to $8.90 per share. The 171,000 stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2018 had exercise prices between $6.81 and $8.43 per share. The 141,000 stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2017 had exercise prices between $5.33 and $8.90 per share. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during 2018 and 2017 approximated $582,590 and $43,470, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair values of options granted during 2018 and 2017 were $3.83 and $3.51 per share, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, total unrecognized stock-based compensation related to non-vested stock options aggregated $645,261, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1 year and 9 months. The fair value of each stock option grant has been estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, for the purpose discussed in Note 2(n), with the following weighted-average assumptions for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017: Risk-free interest rate Dividend yield Expected volatility Expected life For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2.6% 0% 56% 5.4 years For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 1.9% 0% 61% 6.5 years The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury yields for a maturity approximating the expected option term, while the other assumptions are derived from averages of our historical data. Common Stock Rights Plan In September 1995, our Board of Directors adopted a Common Stock Rights Plan (the “Rights Plan”) and declared a dividend of one common share purchase right (a “Right”) for each of the then outstanding shares of the common stock of the Company. Each Right entitles the registered holder to purchase from the Company one share of common stock at an initial purchase price of $70.00 per share, subject to adjustment. The description and terms of the Rights are set forth in a Rights Agreement between the Company and American Stock Transfer & Trust Co., as Rights Agent. The Rights (as amended) become exercisable and transferable apart from the common stock upon the earlier of i) 10 days following a public announcement that a person or group (Acquiring Person) has, without the prior consent F-20 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) of the Continuing Directors (as such term is defined in the Rights Agreement), acquired beneficial ownership of 20% or more of the outstanding common stock or ii) 10 days following commencement of a tender offer or exchange offer the consummation of which would result in ownership by a person or group of 20% or more of the outstanding common stock (the earlier of such dates being called the Distribution Date). Upon the Distribution Date, the holder of each Right not owned by the Acquiring Person would be entitled to purchase common stock at a discount to the initial purchase price of $70.00 per share, effectively equal to one half of the market price of a share of common stock on the date the Acquiring Person becomes an Acquiring Person. If, after the Distribution Date, the Company should consolidate or merge with any other entity and the Company were not the surviving company, or, if the Company were the surviving company, all or part of the Company’s common stock were changed or exchanged into the securities of any other entity, or if more than 50% of the Company’s assets or earning power were sold, each Right would entitle its holder to purchase, at the Rights’ then-current purchase price, a number of shares of the acquiring company’s common stock having a market value at that time equal to twice the Right’s exercise price. At any time after a person or group becomes an Acquiring Person and prior to the acquisition by such person or group of 50% or more of the outstanding common stock, the Board of Directors of the Company may exchange the Rights (other than Rights owned by such person or group which have become void), in whole or in part, at an exchange ratio of one share of common stock per Right (subject to adjustment). At any time prior to 14 days following the date that any person or group becomes an Acquiring Person (subject to extension by the Board of Directors), the Board of Directors of the Company may redeem the then outstanding Rights in whole, but not in part, at a price of $0.005 per Right, subject to adjustment. At various times over the years, our Board of Directors has voted to authorize amendments of the Rights Agreement to extend the Final Expiration Date, which is currently September 19, 2022. Our Board of Directors also has voted to authorize amendments to increase the ownership threshold for determining “Acquiring Person” status to 20%. During the second quarter of 2015, our Board of Directors also voted to authorize an amendment to remove a provision that prevented a new group of directors elected following the emergence of an Acquiring Person (an owner of more than 20% of our stock) from controlling the Rights Plan by maintaining exclusive authority over the Rights Plan with pre-existing directors. We did this because such provisions have come to be viewed with disfavor by Delaware courts. Each time that we made such amendments we entered into amendments to the Rights Agreement with the Rights Agent reflecting such extensions, threshold increases or provision changes. No other changes have been made to the terms of the Rights or the Rights Agreement. 13. REVENUE We primarily offer the First Defense product line to dairy and beef producers to prevent scours in newborn calves. Generally, our products are promoted to veterinarians and dairy and beef producers by our sales team and then sold through distributors. Our primary market is North America. We do sell into select international regions and may expand this international reach in the future. There were no material changes between the allocation and timing of revenue recognition during the year ended December 31, 2018 (under ASC 606) and the year ended December 31, 2017 (under ASC 605). We do not have any contract assets such as contracts for which we have satisfied the per- formance obligations but do not yet have the right to bill for or contract liabilities such as customer advances. All trade receivables on our balance sheet are from contracts with customers. We incur no material costs to obtain contracts. As of March 31, 2018, we had a backlog of orders (representing purchase orders received from customers which were not fulfilled or paid) worth approximately $1,245,000 for the First Defense® product line. Before June 30, 2018 we cleared all of this backlog that was related to orders for our bivalent formats of the First Defense® product line (which have been re-branded as Dual-Force™ First Defense). Demand for Tri-Shield First Defense® continues to exceed our available inventory, but we are not accepting orders in excess of available inventory, which requires a careful allocation of inventory as it becomes available to address the needs of specific customers. As of December 31, 2018, we had received orders representing a backlog worth approximately $393,000. We had sufficient inventory on hand to satisfy these orders, but this product did not ship to customers until the beginning of 2019 for several reasons including the following: i) most of these orders were received during the last two days of the year, ii) product requiring cold shipment does not ship over a weekend or holiday and iii) normal shipping services were interrupted due to the holiday schedule. F-21 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) The following table presents our product sales disaggregated by geographic area: United States Other Total product sales During the Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $9,559,142 1,427,155 $10,986,297 $8,626,517 1,804,574 $10,431,091 The following table presents our product sales disaggregated by major product category:  product line First Defense Other animal health Other Total product sales 14. GAIN ON SALE OF ASSETS During the Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $10,663,265 298,932 24,100 $10,986,297 $9,814,501 423,790 192,800 $10,431,091 During the third quarter of 2018, we sold the assets underlying our water diagnostic product for $700,000. This sale of assets was recognized as an operating activity at that time in accordance with ASC 610: Other Income and ASC 810: Consolidation. An upfront payment of $250,000 was received upon closing, a second payment of $250,000 is due during the third quarter of 2019 and a third payment of $200,000 is due during the fourth quarter of 2019 (both of these payments receivable were recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets as of December 31, 2018). 15. OTHER EXPENSES, NET Other expenses, net, consisted of the following: Interest expense Interest income Other gains Other expenses, net 16. INCOME TAXES During the Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $427,782 (14,301) — $413,481 $218,571 (16,909) (6,027) $195,635 Our income tax expense (benefit) aggregated $461,620 and ($270,333) (amounting to 25% and (62%) of our loss before income taxes, respectively) for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of $11,839,349 of which $10,127,442 does not expire and $1,711,907 expires in 2034 through 2037 (if not utilized before then) and state net operating loss carryforwards of $3,485,949 that expire in 2037 through 2038 (if not utilized before then). Additionally, we had federal general business tax credit carryforwards of $407,023 that expire in 2027 through 2038 (if not utilized before then) and state tax credit carryforwards of $763,350 that expire in 2023 through 2038 (if not utilized before then). The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, deferred taxes represent the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between book and tax treatment of assets and liabilities and carryforwards to the extent they are realizable. During the second quarter of 2018, we assessed our historical and near-term future profitability and recorded $563,252 in non-cash income tax expense to create a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets (which consist largely of net operating loss carryforwards and federal and state credits). At that time, we had incurred a net loss for six consecutive quarters, had not been F-22 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) profitable on a year-to-date basis since the nine-month period ended September 30, 2017 and projected additional net losses for some period going forward before returning to profitability. Net operating loss carryforwards, credits, and other tax attributes are subject to review and possible adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code contains provisions that could place annual limitations on the future utilization of net operating loss carryforwards and credits in the event of a change in ownership of the Company, as defined. The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and several state jurisdictions. We currently have no tax examinations in progress. We also have not paid additional taxes, interest or penalties as a result of tax examinations nor do we have any unrecognized tax benefits for any of the periods in the accompanying financial statements. The income tax provision consisted of the following: Current Federal State Current subtotal Deferred Federal State Deferred subtotal, gross Valuation allowance Deferred subtotal, net Income tax expense (benefit) During the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $— (820) (820) (274,495) (504,072) (778,567) 1,241,007 462,440 $461,620 $— 14,476 14,476 (173,180) (111,629) (284,809) — (284,809) ($270,333) The actual income tax expense (benefit) differs from the expected tax computed by applying the U.S. federal corporate tax rate of 21% and 34% to the loss before income taxes during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 respectively, as follows: Computed expected tax benefit/rate State income taxes, net of federal expense Share-based compensation Tax credits Deferred tax statutory rate change Valuation allowance Other Income tax expense (benefit)/rate During the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ % $ % ($390,610) 136,843 67,181 (602,813) — 1,241,007 10,012 $461,620 (21.00%) 7.36 3.61 (32.41) — 66.72 0.54 24.82% ($149,083) 30,089 55,955 (137,983) (71,034) — 1,723 ($270,333) (34.00%) 6.86 12.76 (31.47) (16.20) — 0.40 (61.65%) The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was enacted on December 22, 2017. This legislation made significant changes in the U.S. tax laws including a reduction in the corporate tax rates, changes to net operating loss carryforwards and carrybacks, and a repeal of the corporate alternative minimum tax. The legislation reduced the U.S. corporate tax rate from the prior rate of 34% to 21%. As a result of the enacted law, we were required to revalue deferred tax assets and liabilities at the rate enacted in 2017. This revaluation resulted in a benefit of $71,000 to income tax expense in continuing operations and a corresponding increase in the deferred tax assets during 2017. On December 22, 2017, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin #118 that provides additional guidance and allows companies to apply a F-23 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) measurement period of up to twelve months to account for the impacts of this legislation in their financial statements. The accounting for the transitional impacts of this legislation is now complete. The significant components of our deferred tax assets, net, consisted of the following: Product rights Property, plant and equipment Federal general business tax credits Federal net operating loss carryforwards State tax credits carryover Interest rate swaps Prepaid expenses and other UNICAP Valuation allowance Deferred tax assets, net As of December 31, 2018 $14,226 (2,534,799) 407,023 2,486,263 845,967 (10,052) 13,354 19,025 (1,241,007) $— 2017 $29,261 (527,186) 335,486 359,764 242,244 233 16,355 16,569 — $472,726 17. CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND COMMITMENTS Our bylaws, as amended, in effect provide that the Company will indemnify its officers and directors to the maximum extent permitted by Delaware law. In addition, we make similar indemnity undertakings to each director through a separate indemnification agreement with that director. The maximum payment that we may be required to make under such provisions is theoretically unlimited and is impossible to determine. We maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, which may provide reimbursement to the Company for payments made to, or on behalf of, officers and directors pursuant to the indemnification provisions. Our indemnification obligations were grandfathered under the provisions of Codification Topic 460, Guarantees. Accordingly, we have recorded no liability for such obligations as of December 31, 2018. Since our incorporation, we have had no occasion to make any indemnification payment to any of our officers or directors for any reason. The development, manufacturing and marketing of animal health care products entails an inherent risk that liability claims will be asserted against us during the normal course of business. We are aware of no such claims against us as of the date of this filing. We feel that we have reasonable levels of liability insurance to support our operations. We enter into agreements with third parties in the ordinary course of business under which we are obligated to indemnify such third parties from and against various risks and losses. The precise terms of such indemnities vary with the nature of the agreement. In many cases, we limit the maximum amount of our indemnification obligations, but in some cases those obligations may be theoretically unlimited. We have not incurred material expenses in discharging any of these indemnification obligations, and based on our analysis of the nature of the risks involved, we believe that the fair value of the liabilities potentially arising under these agreements is minimal. Accordingly, we have recorded no liabilities for such obligations as of December 31, 2018. We are committed to purchasing certain key parts (syringes) and services (final formulation, aseptic filling and final packaging of Drug Product) pertaining to Re-Tain™, our Nisin-based intramammary treatment of subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows, exclusively from two contractors. Because we will not achieve regulatory approval for the sale of Re-Tain™ in the U.S. by December 17, 2019, the contract counter party for final formulation, aseptic filling and final packaging of that product may have the right at that date to terminate the agreement, and we could be liable for a $100,000 termination fee. We are negotiating with this party to amend and extend the contract term to allow us to achieve regulatory approval and initiate commercial launch with the availability of this party’s services, while we seek an alternative contract services provider or raise the funds necessary to build the required infrastructure to perform these services for ourselves. During the second quarter of 2009, we entered into an exclusive and perpetual (unless terminated for cause) license with the Baylor College of Medicine covering the underlying rotavirus vaccine technology used to generate the F-24 ImmuCell Corporation Notes to Audited Financial Statements (continued) specific antibodies for our product line extension, Tri-Shield First Defense®. A milestone payment of $150,000 due upon regulatory approval of the product was accrued at December 31, 2017 and paid in January 2018. The license is also subject to a royalty equal to 4% of the sales of the First Defense® product line realized above the average of the sales of our bivalent product line for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, plus a growth assumption of 6%. Earned royalties due are subject to annual minimums of $5,000, $10,000, $15,000, $20,000 and $25,000 for the years ending December 31, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 (and thereafter), respectively. Royalties of $5,000 were accrued at December 31, 2017 and paid in January 2018. Royalties of $10,396 were accrued at December 31, 2018 and paid in January 2019. In addition to the commitments discussed above, we had committed $581,000 to the purchase of inventory and $179,000 to other obligations as of December 31, 2018. 18. SEGMENT INFORMATION We principally operate in the business segment described in Note 1. Pursuant to Codification Topic 280, Segment Reporting, we operate in one reportable business segment, that being the development, acquisition, manufacture and sale of products that improve the health and productivity of dairy and beef cattle. Almost all of our internally funded product development expenses are in support of such products. The significant accounting policies of this segment are described in Note 2. Our single operating segment is defined as the component of our business for which financial information is available and evaluated regularly by our chief operating decision-maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Our chief operating decision-maker is our President and CEO. Sales of the First Defense® product line aggregated 97% and 94% of our total product sales during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our primary customers for the majority of our product sales (87% and 82% during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively) are in the U.S. dairy and beef industries. Product sales to international customers, who are also in the dairy and beef industries, aggregated 13% and 15% of our total product sales during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. 19. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS Dr. David S. Tomsche (Chair of our Board of Directors) is a controlling owner of Leedstone Inc., a domestic distributor of ImmuCell products (the First Defense® product line and CMT) and of J-t Enterprises of Melrose, Inc., an exporter. His affiliated companies purchased $527,819 and $610,073 of products from us during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, on terms consistent with those offered to other distributors of similar status. We made marketing-related payments of $12,380 and $8,118 to these affiliated companies during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, that were expensed as incurred. Our accounts receivable (subject to standard and customary payment terms) due from these affiliated companies aggregated $16,283 and $14,176 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. 20. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS We have a 401(k) savings plan (the Plan) in which all employees completing one month of service with the Company are eligible to participate. Participants may contribute up to the maximum amount allowed by the Internal Revenue Service. We currently match 100% of the first 3% of each employee’s salary that is contributed to the Plan and 50% of the next 2% of each employee’s salary that is contributed to the Plan. Under this matching plan, we paid $104,843 and $87,521 into the plan for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. 21. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS We have evaluated subsequent events through the time of filing on March 22, 2019, the date we have issued this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As of such date, there were no material, reportable subsequent events. F-25 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. Signatures ImmuCell Corporation Registrant Date: March 22, 2019 By: /s/ Michael F. Brigham Michael F. Brigham President, Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer POWER OF ATTORNEY We, the undersigned directors of ImmuCell Corporation, hereby severally constitute and appoint Michael F. Brigham our true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for us and in our stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this report and all documents relating thereto, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agent, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing necessary or advisable to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact and agent, or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or to be done by virtue hereof. In accordance with the Exchange Act, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Date: March 21, 2019 Date: March 21, 2019 Date: March 21, 2019 Date: March 21, 2019 Date: March 21, 2019 Date: March 21, 2019 Date: March 21, 2019 By: /s/ Michael F. Brigham Michael F. Brigham President, Chief Executive Officer, Principal Financial Officer and Director By: /s/ Bobbi Jo Brockmann Bobbi Jo Brockmann, Director By: /s/ David S. Cunningham David S. Cunningham, Director By: /s/ Steven T. Rosgen Steven T. Rosgen, Director By: /s/ Jonathan E. Rothschild Jonathan E. Rothschild, Director By: /s/ David S. Tomsche David S. Tomsche, DVM, Director By: /s/ Paul R. Wainman Paul R. Wainman, Director EXHIBIT 23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement (Nos. 333-214641 and 333-228479) on Form S-3 and the Registration Statements (Nos. 333-02631, 333-65514, and 333-167721) on Form S-8 of ImmuCell Corporation of our report dated March 22, 2019, relating to the financial statements of ImmuCell Corporation, appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of ImmuCell Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2018. /s/ RSM US LLP Boston, Massachusetts March 22, 2019 EXHIBIT 31 CERTIFICATIONS REQUIRED BY RULE 13a-14(a) I, Michael F. Brigham, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of ImmuCell Corporation (the Company); 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. I am responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have: a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under my supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company is made known to me by others within the Company, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under my supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report my conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Company’s most recent fiscal quarter (the Company’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. I have disclosed, based on my most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 22, 2019 /s/ Michael F. Brigham Michael F. Brigham President, Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer EXHIBIT 32 CERTIFICATION REQUIRED BY SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of ImmuCell Corporation (the “Company”) for the period ended December 31, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Michael F. Brigham, President, Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act); and (2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company. This certification is provided pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and Item 601(b)(32) of Regulation S-K (Item 601(b)(32)) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act), and the Exchange Act. In accordance with clause (ii) of Item 601(b)(32), this certification (A) shall not be deemed “filed” for the purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, and (B) shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by reference. /s/ Michael F. Brigham Michael F. Brigham President, Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer March 22, 2019 A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to ImmuCell Corporation and will be retained by ImmuCell Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. 

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