UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F
(Mark One)
(cid:0) REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF
1934
(cid:0) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021
OR
(cid:0) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to .
OR
(cid:0) SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF
1934
Date of event requiring this shell company report __________
Commission file number: 001-38283
InflaRx N.V.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
The Netherlands
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
Winzerlaer Str. 2
07745 Jena, Germany
(+49) 3641 508 180
(Address of principal executive offices)
Dr. Thomas Taapken,
Chief Financial Officer
Tel: (+49) 89 4141 897 800
Fraunhoferstr. 22, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Copies to:
Sophia Hudson
Kirkland & Ellis LLP
601 Lexington Avenue
New York, NY 10022
Phone: (212) 446-4750
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class
Trading Symbol(s)
Common Shares, nominal value €0.12
per share
IFRX
Name of each exchange on which
registered
The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period
covered by the annual report.
The number of outstanding common shares as of December 31, 2021 was 44,203,763.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes (cid:0) No (cid:0)
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to
Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes (cid:0) No (cid:0)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such
reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes (cid:0) No (cid:0)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be
submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter
period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes (cid:0) No (cid:0)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an
emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer, “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule
12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large Accelerated Filer
Accelerated Filer
(cid:0)
(cid:0)
Non-accelerated Filer
Emerging growth company
(cid:0)
(cid:0)
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if
the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting
standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.(cid:0)
† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards
Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attention to its management’s assessment of the
effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b))
by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. (cid:0)
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
(cid:0) U.S. GAAP
(cid:0) International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board
(cid:0) Other
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the
registrant has elected to follow. (cid:0) Item 17 (cid:0) Item 18
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the
Exchange Act). Yes (cid:0) No (cid:0)
InflaRx N.V.
Table of Contents
Page
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS
PART I
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
A.
B.
C.
Directors and senior management
Advisers
Auditors
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Offer statistics
A.
B. Method and expected timetable
ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION
A.
B.
C.
Capitalization and indebtedness
Reasons for the offer and use of proceeds
Risk factors
ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
A.
B.
C.
D.
History and development of the company
Business Overview
Organizational structure
Property, plant and equipment
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Operating results
Liquidity and capital resources
Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.
Trend information
Off-balance sheet arrangements
Safe harbor
ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Directors and senior management
Compensation
Board practices
Employees
Share ownership
ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A. Major shareholders
B.
C.
Related party transactions
Interests of Experts and Counsel
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
A.
B.
Consolidated statements and other financial information
Significant changes
ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING
Offering and listing details
Plan of distribution
A.
B.
C. Markets
D.
E.
F.
Selling shareholders
Dilution
Expenses of the issue
ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Share capital
A.
B. Memorandum and articles of association
C. Material contracts
2
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Exchange controls
Taxation
Dividends and paying agents
Statement by experts
Documents on display
Subsidiary information
ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
Debt securities
A.
B. Warrants and rights
Other securities
C.
5
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
58
58
59
95
95
96
96
96
103
106
106
106
106
107
107
109
112
115
115
116
116
119
119
120
120
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
122
122
122
122
122
122
138
138
138
138
139
139
139
139
139
American Depositary Shares
D.
PART II
ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
A.
B.
Defaults
Arrears and delinquencies
ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF
PROCEEDS
A. Material modifications to instruments
B. Material modifications to rights
C. Withdrawal or substitution of assets
Change in trustees or paying agents
D.
Use of Proceeds
E.
ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
A.
B. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
C.
D.
Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
ITEM 16. RESERVED
ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS
ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Audit Fees
Audit-Related Fees
Tax Fees
All Other Fees
Audit Committee’s Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
Audit Work Performed by Other Than Principal Accountant if Greater than 50%
ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
PART III
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
ITEM 19. Exhibits
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
3
139
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
141
141
141
141
141
141
141
141
141
141
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
143
143
143
144
144
144
144
F-1
Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, or this
Annual Report, to “InflaRx N.V.,” “InflaRx,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “ours,” “us” or similar terms refer to InflaRx N.V.
and its subsidiaries.
Presentation of Financial Statements
We report in Euros under International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting
Standards Board, or the IASB. We have made rounding adjustments to some of the figures included in this Annual Report.
Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that preceded
them.
In this Annual Report, unless otherwise indicated, translations from U.S. dollars to Euros (and vice versa) relating to
payments made on or before December 31, 2021 were made at the rate in effect at the time of the relevant payment.
The terms “$” or “dollar” refer to U.S. dollars, and the terms “€” or “Euro” refer to the currency introduced at the start of
the third stage of European economic and monetary union pursuant to the treaty establishing the European Community, as
amended.
Industry and Other Data
We obtained the industry, statistical and market data in this Annual Report from our own internal estimates and research
as well as from industry and general publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. All of the market
data used in this Annual Report involves a number of assumptions and limitations. While we believe that the information from
these industry publications, surveys and studies is reliable, the industry in which we operate is subject to a high degree of
uncertainty and risk due to a variety of important factors, including those described in the section titled ‘ITEM 3. KEY
INFORMATION — C. Risk factors.’ These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the
estimates made by the independent parties and by us.
Trademarks
InflaRx™ is our trademark. The trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this Annual Report are property
of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this Annual Report are referred to without
the symbols ® and ™, but such references should not be construed as any indication that their respective owners will not assert, to
the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto.
Table of Contents
4
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. In some cases,
you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,”
“intend,” “target,” “project,” “estimate,” “believe,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other
similar expressions intended to identify statements about the future. These statements speak only as of the date of this Annual
Report and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results,
performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied
by the forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and
projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of
operations. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements about the following:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
the timing, progress and results of clinical trials of vilobelimab (previously denominated as “IFX-1”) and any other
product candidates, including statements regarding the timing of initiation and completion of studies or trials and
related preparatory work, the period during which the results of the trials will become available, the costs of such trials
and our research and development programs generally;
the timing and outcome of any discussions or submission of filings for regulatory approval of vilobelimab or any other
product candidate, and the timing of and our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of vilobelimab for any
indication;
our ability to leverage our proprietary anti-C5a and anti-C5aR technology to discover and develop therapies to treat
complement-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory diseases;
our ability to protect, maintain and enforce our intellectual property protection for vilobelimab and any other product
candidates, and the scope of such protection;
whether the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA) or comparable foreign
regulatory authority will accept or agree with the number, design, size, conduct or implementation of our clinical trials,
including any proposed primary or secondary endpoints for such trials;
the success of our future clinical trials for vilobelimab and any other product candidates and whether such clinical
results will reflect results seen in previously conducted preclinical studies and clinical trials;
our expectations regarding the size of the patient populations for, market opportunity for and clinical utility of
vilobelimab or any other product candidates, if approved for commercial use;
our manufacturing capabilities and strategy, including the scalability and cost of our manufacturing methods and
processes and the optimization of our manufacturing methods and processes, and our ability to continue to rely on our
existing third-party manufacturers and our ability to engage additional third-party manufacturers for our planned future
clinical trials and potentially for commercial supply of vilobelimab;
our estimates of our expenses, ongoing losses, future revenue, capital requirements and our needs for or ability to obtain
additional financing;
our expectations regarding the scope of any approved indication for vilobelimab;
our ability to defend against liability claims resulting from the testing of our product candidates in the clinic or, if,
approved, any commercial sales and the costs of responding to, and defending against, any government investigations
or other actions;
·
·
our ability to commercialize vilobelimab or our other product candidates;
if any of our product candidates obtain regulatory approval, our ability to comply with and satisfy ongoing obligations
and continued regulatory overview;
Table of Contents
5
·
·
·
our ability to comply with enacted and future legislation in seeking marketing approval and commercialization;
our future growth and ability to compete, which depends on our retaining key personnel and recruiting additional
qualified personnel; and
our competitive position and the development of and projections relating to our competitors in the development of C5a
and C5aR inhibitors or our industry.
Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted
or quantified and some of which are beyond our control, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of
future events. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual
results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. You should refer to the ‘ITEM 3. KEY
INFORMATION: — A. Risk factors.’ section of this Annual Report for a discussion of important factors that may cause our
actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. Moreover, we operate in an
evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to
predict all risk factors and uncertainties. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in
this Annual Report will prove to be accurate. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any
forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or
otherwise. You should, however, review the factors and risks and other information we describe in the reports we will file from
time to time with the SEC after the date of this Annual Report.
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS
We are a public company with limited liability (naamloze vennootschap) incorporated under the laws of the Netherlands
and our headquarters is located in Germany. Substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. The majority of
our executive officers and directors reside outside the United States. As a result, it may not be possible for investors to effect
service of process within the United States upon such persons or to enforce against them or us in U.S. courts, including judgments
predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States.
The United States and the Netherlands currently do not have a treaty providing for the reciprocal recognition and
enforcement of judgments, other than arbitration awards, in civil and commercial matters. Consequently, a final judgment for
payment given by a court in the United States, whether or not predicated solely upon U.S. securities laws, would not automatically
be recognized or enforceable in the Netherlands. In order to obtain a judgment which is enforceable in the Netherlands, the party
in whose favor a final and conclusive judgment of the U.S. court has been rendered will be required to file its claim with a court of
competent jurisdiction in the Netherlands.
This court will have discretion to attach such weight to the judgment rendered by the relevant U.S. court as it deems
appropriate. Under current practice, the courts of the Netherlands may be expected to render a judgement in accordance with the
judgment of the relevant foreign court, provided that such judgment (i) is a final judgment and has been rendered by a court which
has established its jurisdiction vis-à-vis the relevant Dutch companies or Dutch company, as the case may be, on the basis of
internationally accepted grounds of jurisdiction, (ii) has not been rendered in violation with the principles of proper procedure
(behoorlijke rechtspleging), (iii) is not contrary to the public policy of the Netherlands, and (iv) is not incompatible with (a) a
prior judgment of a Dutch court rendered in a dispute between the same parties, or (b) a prior judgment of a foreign court rendered
in a dispute between the same parties, concerning the same subject matter and based on the same cause of action, provided that
such prior judgment is recognizable in the Netherlands. Dutch courts may deny the recognition and enforcement of punitive
damages or other awards. Moreover, a Dutch court may reduce the amount of damages granted by a U.S. court and recognize
damages only to the extent that they are necessary to compensate actual losses or damages. Enforcement and recognition of
judgments of U.S. courts in the Netherlands are solely governed by the provisions of the Dutch Civil Procedure Code. If no leave
to enforce is granted, claimants must litigate the claim again before a Dutch competent court.
Dutch civil procedure differs substantially from U.S. civil procedure in a number of respects. Insofar as the production of
evidence is concerned, U.S. law and the laws of several other jurisdictions based on common law provide for pre-trial discovery, a
process by which parties to the proceedings may prior to trial compel the production of documents by adverse or third parties and
the deposition of witnesses. Evidence obtained in this manner may be decisive in the outcome of any proceeding. No such pre-trial
discovery process exists under Dutch law.
Table of Contents
6
The United States and Germany currently do not have a treaty providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of
judgments, in civil and commercial matters. Consequently, a final judgment for payment or declaratory judgments given by a
court in the United States, whether or not predicated solely upon U.S. securities laws, would not automatically be recognized or
enforceable in Germany. German courts may deny the recognition and enforcement of a judgment rendered by a U.S. court if they
consider the U.S. court not to be competent or the decision to be in violation of German public policy principles. For example,
judgments awarding punitive damages are generally not enforceable in Germany. A German court may reduce the amount of
damages granted by a U.S. court and recognize damages only to the extent that they are necessary to compensate actual losses or
damages.
In addition, actions brought in a German court against us, our directors, our senior management and the experts named
herein to enforce liabilities based on U.S. federal securities laws may be subject to certain restrictions. In particular, German
courts generally do not award punitive damages. Litigation in Germany is also subject to rules of procedure that differ from the
U.S. rules, including with respect to the taking and admissibility of evidence, the conduct of the proceedings and the allocation of
costs. German procedural law does not provide for pre-trial discovery of documents, nor does Germany support pre-trial discovery
of documents under the 1970 Hague Evidence Convention. Proceedings in Germany would have to be conducted in the German
language and all documents submitted to the court would, in principle, have to be translated into German. For these reasons, it
may be difficult for a U.S. investor to bring an original action in a German court predicated upon the civil liability provisions of
the U.S. federal securities laws against us, our directors, our senior management and the experts named in this annual report.
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
A. Directors and senior management
PART I
Not applicable.
B. Advisers
Not applicable.
C. Auditors
Not applicable.
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
A. Offer statistics
Not applicable.
B. Method and expected timetable
Not applicable.
ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION
A. Capitalization and indebtedness
Not applicable.
B. Reasons for the offer and use of proceeds
Not applicable.
Table of Contents
C. Risk factors
7
You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and the other information in this Annual Report
before making an investment in our common shares. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially
and adversely affected if any of these risks occurs, and as a result, the market price of our common shares could decline and you
could lose all or part of your investment. This Annual Report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and
uncertainties. See “Forward-Looking Statements.” Our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated
in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors.
Risk Factor Summary
The following is a summary of the principal risks that could adversely affect our business, operations and financial
results. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face. For a more complete discussion of the material risks facing
our business, see further below.
Risks related to our financial position and need for additional capital
·
·
·
·
·
·
Risk of never being able to achieve or maintain profitability and risk of losing the entire investment.
Risks related to obtaining additional funding and risk of delay, reduction or elimination of product discovery and
development programs or commercialization efforts due to inability to obtain additional funding.
Risks of dilution to shareholders through raising capital, risk of restriction and/or relinquishment to rights to
technologies and product candidates.
Risk future viability due to limited operation history and no history of commercialization.
Risks related to grants funded by the German federal government.
Risk related to exchange rate fluctuations
Risks related to the discovery, development and commercialization of our product candidates
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
Risks related to the discovery, development and commercialization of our product candidates;
Risk related to inability to successfully develop product candidates due to inaptness of the mechanism of action related
to the chosen molecular pathway.
Risk of failure of successful vilobelimab development, including failure in completing development by inability to
demonstrate safety and efficacy in clinical trials.
Risk of failure in product development due to unexpected side effects or other properties negatively affecting ability to
commercialize, including unexpected and undesired immune responses caused by our products.
Risk of uncertainty in obtaining marketing authorization for our product candidates, in the U.S. and/or in other
countries, including risk of not obtaining orphan drug designation for some of our product candidates.
Risk of falsely assuming efficacy of our products due to conduct of retrospective analyses.
Risk of delays or inability to recruit patients in clinical trials.
Risk of inability to generate sufficient revenues due to low market acceptance of our products in case of regulatory
approval, in the U.S. and other countries, including due to insufficient or unfavorable third-party payor coverage of our
products.
Risk of unsuccessful commercialization due to limited drug marketing experience, including due to misallocation of
marketing resources.
Risk of high cost and uncertainties in the development of current and future product candidates.
Risk of harming the business by not being able to comply with governmental regulations, including risk of incurring
penalties by non-compliance with anti-fraud, false claim or physician transparency regulations.
Risk of obtaining sufficiently high reimbursement for our products due to enacted and future legislation limiting the
amounts obtainable.
Risk of market withdrawal of our products in the United States or abroad based on failure to comply with post-market
requirements imposed by regulators or failure to comply with other regulatory requirements.
Table of Contents
Risks related to our dependence on third parties
8
·
·
·
·
Risk of delays or inability to develop product candidates due to inadequate performance of clinical trials by third
parties.
Risk of not being able to establish and/or dependence from commercial third-party relationships to execute our
business.
Risk of reputational or financial damage through misconduct of third-party collaborators.
Risk of unsuccessful evaluation of future acquisitions of assets.
Risks related to our intellectual property
·
Risk of financial impact due to high cost and risk of failure in obtaining and/or maintaining patent coverage on our
products, product candidates, technologies and methods of use, in the U.S. and in other foreign countries due to
uncertainties associated with the patent application process.
Risk of losing patent coverage of our products, product candidates, technologies and methods of use due to third-party
challenges, narrowing, circumvention or invalidation of our patents.
Risk of uncertainty of maintaining patent protection of our products, candidates, technologies and methods of use due to
uncertainty of being first-to-file.
Risk of failure in obtaining and/or maintaining patent coverage for our products, candidates, technologies and methods
of use due to inability to comply with complex and frequently changing laws, rules and regulations with respect to
patent laws in the U.S. and other countries.
Risk of insufficient patent life and thus lack of market exclusivity for not obtaining patent term extension under the
Hatch-Waxman Act or comparable foreign legislation.
Risk of losing patent protection and therefore market exclusivity.
Risk of not being able to enforce patent protection in the U.S. and foreign countries.
Risk of becoming party to intellectual property litigation including third parties claiming ownership and litigating the
validity of our patents related to our technologies, products, product candidates and methods.
Risk of financial loss or inability to develop our products due to being sued for infringement of third-party patents.
Risk of losing third-party license rights by failure to comply with contractual obligations.
Risk of adverse effect to our business by inability to adequately protect our trade names.
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
Risks related to employee matters and managing growth
·
·
·
·
Risk of disruption to our business through fluctuation of key employees, officers and directors and inability to identify
adequate replacements, including risk to manage growth in number of personnel.
Risk of liability to our business by improper activities of our employees and third-party contractors.
Risk of litigation and other liability for breaching data protection and privacy laws.
Risk of damage and disruption to our business through cyber-attacks and failure of telecommunication and information
technology equipment.
Risks related to our common shares and our status as a public company
·
·
·
Risk of securities litigation as result of losses suffered by investors as consequence of the volatility of our share price.
Risk of not yielding an appropriate return on investment due to misallocation of funds as result of broad management
discretion.
Risk associated with being a foreign private issuer and not being subject to U.S. proxy rules, following home country
governance practices rather than the Nasdaq listing requirements.
· We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our share capital in the foreseeable future. Accordingly,
·
·
·
shareholders must rely on capital appreciation, if any, for any return on their investment.
Risk of increase of aggregate tax liabilities by not being able to utilize operating loss carry-forwards or of being taxed in
a jurisdiction other than Germany.
Risk of adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences in 2021 and in the future by being classified as a “passive foreign
investment company,” or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Risk of needing to withhold tax on dividends payable to holders of our shares in both Germany and the Netherlands,
including dividends payable to parties in low-taxed jurisdictions.
· We are a Dutch public company with limited liability. The rights of our shareholders are different from the rights of
shareholders in companies governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions and may not protect investors in a similar fashion
afforded by incorporation in a U.S. jurisdiction.
Provisions of our Articles of Association or Dutch corporate law might deter acquisition bids for us that might be
considered favorable and prevent, delay or frustrate any attempt to replace or remove the members of our board of
directors.
Risk of unenforceability of U.S. civil liability claims against us.
·
·
Table of Contents
Risks related to our financial position and need for additional capital.
9
We have a history of significant operating losses and expect to incur significant and increasing losses for the foreseeable
future; we may never achieve or maintain profitability and investors may lose their entire investment.
We incurred net losses of €45.6 million, €34.0 million and €53.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020
and 2019, respectively. In addition, our accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2021 was €214.0 million.
We expect our net losses to increase as we advance vilobelimab and other product candidates into additional clinical
trials, as well as larger and later-stage clinical trials. To date, we have not commercialized any products or generated any revenues
from the sale of products and absent the realization of sufficient revenues from product sales, we may never attain profitability.
We have devoted substantially all of our financial resources and efforts to research and development, including preclinical studies
and clinical trials. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year. Net losses and negative cash
flows have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on our shareholders’ equity and working capital.
We anticipate that our expenses might increase if and as we:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
continue to develop and conduct clinical trials with respect to our lead product candidate, vilobelimab;
continue research, preclinical and clinical development efforts for any future product candidates, including IFX002 and
INF904;
actively seek to identify additional research programs and additional product candidates;
seek regulatory and marketing approvals for our product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials, if any;
establish sales, marketing, distribution and other commercial infrastructure in the future to commercialize various
products for which we may obtain marketing approval, if any;
require the scale-up and manufacturing of larger quantities of product candidates for clinical development and,
potentially, commercialization;
collaborate with strategic partners to optimize the manufacturing process for vilobelimab, IFX002, INF904 and other
future pipeline products;
maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;
hire and retain additional personnel, such as clinical, quality control and scientific personnel; and
add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our
product development and help us comply with our obligations as a public company.
Our ability to become and remain profitable depends on our ability to generate revenue. We do not expect to generate
significant revenue unless and until we are, or any future collaborator is, able to obtain marketing approval for, and successfully
commercialize, one or more of our product candidates. Successful commercialization will require achievement of key milestones,
including completing clinical trials of vilobelimab and any other product candidates, obtaining marketing approval for these
product candidates, manufacturing, marketing and selling those products for which we, or any of our future collaborators, may
obtain marketing approval, satisfying any post-marketing requirements and obtaining reimbursement for our products from private
insurance or government payors. Because of the uncertainties and risks associated with these activities, we are unable to
accurately predict the timing and amount of revenues, and if or when we might achieve profitability. We and any future
collaborators may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, or any future collaborators do, we may never generate
revenue that is large enough for us to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or
increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.
Table of Contents
10
We expect our financial condition and operating results to continue to fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year
due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. In order to succeed, we will need to transition from a company
with a research and development focus to a company capable of undertaking commercial activities. We may encounter unforeseen
expenses, difficulties, complications and delays, and may not be successful in such a transition.
Our failure to become and remain profitable could depress the market price of our common shares and could impair our
ability to raise capital, pay dividends, expand our business, diversify our product offerings or continue our operations. If we
continue to suffer losses as we have in the past, investors may not receive any return on their investment and may lose their entire
investment.
We will need substantial additional funding, and if we are unable to raise capital when needed, we could be forced to
delay, reduce or discontinue our product discovery and development programs or commercialization efforts.
Developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is a very time-
consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete. For example, for the years ended December 31, 2021
and December 31, 2020, we used €39.9 million and €36.5 million, respectively, in net cash for our operating activities, most of
which were related to research and development activities. We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing
activities, particularly as we initiate new clinical trials of, initiate new research and preclinical development efforts for and seek
marketing approval for, our current product candidates or any future product candidates, including those that we may acquire. In
particular, we will incur significant expenses as we conduct our planned clinical trial program and initiate new research and
preclinical development efforts. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, we may incur
significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution to the extent that such
sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution are not the responsibility of a future collaborator. Furthermore, we expect to
incur significant additional costs associated with operating as a public company. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial
additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive
terms, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or any future commercialization
efforts.
We plan to use our cash on hand primarily to fund our planned clinical trial programs, to initiate new research and
preclinical development efforts and for working capital and other general corporate purposes. We will be required to expend
significant funds in order to advance the development of vilobelimab in later stages of clinical development, as well as other
product candidates we may seek to develop, including IFX002 and INF904. We are also evaluating vilobelimab for a number of
additional indications. Any future development activities for our pipeline product candidates will depend heavily on the clinical
and marketing success of vilobelimab in any indication.
Our existing cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient to fund all the efforts that we plan to undertake or to fund the
completion of development of any of our product candidates. Accordingly, we will be required to obtain further funding through
public or private equity offerings, debt financings, royalty-based financings, collaborations and licensing arrangements or other
sources. We do not have any committed external source of funds, with exception of the recently awarded grant by the German
federal government to cover part of the development and manufacturing of vilobelimab for the treatment of severely ill COVID-
19 patients. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise
additional capital in sufficient amounts and on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or
discontinue the development or commercialization of vilobelimab or any of our other product candidates or potentially
discontinue operations altogether. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on our financial
condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy.
Table of Contents
11
We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will enable us to fund our operating
expenses and capital expenditure requirements under our current business plan for at least the next 24 months. Changing
circumstances, some of which may be beyond our control, could cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently
anticipate, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned. Our future funding requirements, both short-term and
long-term, will depend on many factors, including:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
the scope, progress, timing, costs and results of clinical trials of, and research and preclinical development efforts for,
our current and future product candidates, particularly for vilobelimab;
the number of future product candidates and indications that we pursue and their development requirements;
the outcome, timing and costs of seeking regulatory approvals;
the costs of preparation for commercialization and commercialization activities for any of our product candidates that
receive marketing approval to the extent such costs are not the responsibility of any future collaborators, including the
costs and timing of establishing product sales, marketing, distribution and commercial-scale manufacturing capabilities;
the effect of competing technological and market developments;
subject to receipt of marketing approval, revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of our current and future
product candidates;
our ability to fulfil the requirements of the German government with regards to the recently awarded government garnt
and our ability to earn income from this grant;
our ability to enter into, and the terms and timing of, any collaborations, licensing or other arrangements;
our headcount growth and associated costs as we expand our research and development activities;
the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and protecting our intellectual property
rights including enforcing and defending intellectual property related claims; and
the costs of operating as a public company.
We have a limited operating history and no history of commercializing pharmaceutical products, which may make it
difficult to evaluate the prospects for our future viability.
We commenced operations in 2008. Our operations to date have been limited to establishing our company, raising capital,
developing our proprietary anti-C5a and anti-C5aR technology, identifying and testing potential product candidates and
conducting clinical trials of our lead product candidate, vilobelimab. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully
complete late-stage clinical trials except for the completed Phase II/III clinical trial of vilobelimab in severely ill COVID-19
patients, obtain marketing approvals, manufacture a commercial-scale product, or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf,
or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. Accordingly, you should consider
our prospects in light of the costs, uncertainties, delays and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in the early stages of
development, especially clinical-stage biopharmaceutical companies such as ours. Any predictions you make about our future
success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history or a history of successfully
developing and commercializing pharmaceutical products.
We may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known or unknown factors in
achieving our business objectives. We will eventually need to transition from a company with a development focus to a company
capable of supporting commercial activities. We may not be successful in such a transition.
We expect our financial condition and operating results to continue to fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and
year to year due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, you should not rely upon the results
of any quarterly or annual periods as indications of future operating performance.
We may be subject to risks in relation to grants funded by the German federal government, which may result in the loss of
such grants.
The clinical Phase III study of vilobelimab in severely ill COVID-19 patients and some manufacturing related activities of
our product candidate vilobelimab were partly funded by the German federal government through a grant awarded to us in
October 2021. The German federal government has, in the case of a special public interest, a non-exclusive and transferable right
to use intellectual property generated as part of the funded work. Contracts with third parties relating to the exploitation of the
results of the funded work must be disclosed to the agency managing the grant on behalf of the German federal government and
any such contracts with parties outside of the European Union require the prior consent of the German federal government to the
extent they deviate from a commercial exploitation plan previously approved by the German federal government. Additionally, if
we fail to use or commercialize the results of the funded work we may be required to grant third parties licenses to use such
results. In certain scenarios, including if we come under the decisive influence of foreign investors, the funded results are
exclusively or predominantly used outside Germany without the prior consent of the German federal government or if we are in
breach of our obligations under the grant, the grant funding, including funding already received, can be revoked.
Table of Contents
12
We do not expect to the awarded grant of up to €43.7 million to allow us to achieve profitability. Because of the
uncertainties and risks associated with the realization of this grant-related income, we are unable to accurately predict its exact
timing and amount and whether we will be able to realize grant-related income at all.
Exchange rate fluctuations may materially affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Potential future expense and revenue may be incurred or derived from outside the European Union, particularly the
United States. As a result, our business and share price may be affected by fluctuations in foreign exchange rates between the euro
and other currencies, particularly the U.S. dollar, which may also have a significant impact on our reported results of operations
and cash flows from period to period. Currently, we do not have any exchange rate hedging arrangements in place.
Risks related to the discovery, development and commercialization of our product candidates.
We are at a very early stage in our development efforts, our approach of targeting C5a or C5aR inhibition is novel and we
may not be able to successfully develop and commercialize any product candidates.
Vilobelimab is a novel therapeutic antibody and its potential therapeutic benefit is unproven, and C5a or C5aR inhibition
to treat complement-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory diseases has only been partly validated. We have not yet succeeded
and may never succeed in demonstrating efficacy and safety for vilobelimab in pivotal clinical trials or in obtaining marketing
approval thereafter for HS or any other indication. If we are unsuccessful in our development efforts, we may not be able to
advance the development of our product candidates, commercialize products, raise capital, expand our business or continue our
operations.
We have encountered many challenges in developing vilobelimab for HS and may never succeed in obtaining regulatory
approval in HS.
The regulatory path for seeking approval of vilobelimab for HS is uncertain. We have had multiple interactions with the
FDA with the goal of seeing the FDA’s support for a new clinical endpoint for HS, and we have not achieved complete alignment.
We held a Type A meeting with the FDA in August of 2021 in which we proposed to conduct a Phase III clinical trial of
vilobelimab in HS in a study population consisting of patients with actively draining disease and in which we introduced a new
primary endpoint taking into account all three inflammatory lesions that characterize the disease (nodules, abscesses and draining
tunnels), referred to as “modified HiSCR” or “m-HiSCR”. In the fourth quarter of 2021, we submitted a full study protocol to the
FDA describing the details of the study and the proposed new primary endpoint. In February 2022, we received an advice letter
from the FDA related to our Phase III program with vilobelimab for the treatment of HS. Contrary to what the FDA had advised
during the Type A meeting, in the letter they recommended using the HiSCR as the primary endpoint in the Phase III trial. We
sought to clarify the advice and after communications with the FDA, in March 2022, we received a corrected advice letter. In this
letter, the FDA stated that it no longer recommends that we use the HiSCR as the primary endpoint for the chosen patient
population but gives recommendations related to implementation of the modified HiSCR. If we decide to conduct the Phase III
program of vilobelimab in HS without full alignment with the FDA on the primary endpoint, any open topics will be considered
by the FDA if and when we submit an application for approval. This may create greater uncertainty around the potential for
approval of vilobelimab for HS.
Furthermore, in the completed Phase IIb trial in HS in 2019, vilobelimab did not meet the primary endpoint as it did not
demonstrate a statistically significant dose-dependent effect on Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinical Response (HiSCR) rate at week
16. Following completion of the Phase IIb study, we performed a post-hoc analysis of the study data. That analysis showed
multiple signals of efficacy for the vilobelimab high dose group compared to the placebo group within the initial phase of the
study, including reductions in all combined inflammatory lesions and draining tunnels. Although we believe that these additional
analyses were warranted, a retrospective analysis performed after unblinding trial results can result in the introduction of bias if
the analysis is inappropriately tailored or influenced by knowledge of the data and actual results. Because of these limitations,
regulatory authorities typically give greatest weight to results from pre-specified analyses and less weight to results from post-hoc,
retrospective analyses. The post-hoc nature of our analysis could negatively impact the evaluation of vilobelimab for HS by the
FDA, the EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities.
We are heavily dependent on the success of vilobelimab, our lead product candidate, and if vilobelimab does not receive
regulatory approval or is not successfully commercialized, our business will be harmed.
We currently have no products that are approved for commercial sale and may never be able to develop marketable
products. We expect that a substantial portion of our efforts and expenditures over the next few years will be devoted to
vilobelimab, which is currently our only product candidate in active clinical development. Accordingly, our business currently
depends heavily on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of vilobelimab. We cannot be certain
that vilobelimab will receive regulatory approval or be successfully commercialized even if we receive regulatory approval for
any indication, due in part because vilobelimab remains in clinical development and a Phase IIb trial of vilobelimab in HS failed
to reach its primary endpoint in the past. Moreover, we may not be successful in our efforts to achieve regulatory approval or
expand the approval, if any, of vilobelimab for other indications. If we were required to discontinue development of vilobelimab
for any indication or if vilobelimab does not receive regulatory approval or fails to achieve significant market acceptance, we
would be delayed by many years in our ability to achieve profitability, if ever. In addition, our ability to develop additional
product candidates in our pipeline could be significantly hindered.
Table of Contents
13
Clinical failure may occur at any stage of clinical development, and the results of our clinical trials may not support our
proposed indications for our product candidates.
Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and we
cannot be sure that the results of later clinical trials will replicate the results of prior clinical trials and preclinical testing.
Moreover, success in clinical trials in a particular indication does not ensure that a product candidate will be successful in other
indications, even for the same underlying disease. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry, including
biotechnology companies, have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials, even after promising results in earlier preclinical
studies or clinical trials or successful later-stage trials in other related indications, including in the context of controlling
complement activation through C5 and C5a or C5aR inhibition. For example, while others in our industry have attempted to
develop C5a-specific antibodies, there is currently no approved therapy inhibiting C5a. These setbacks have been caused by,
among other things, preclinical findings made while clinical trials were underway and safety or efficacy observations made in
clinical trials, including previously unreported adverse events as well as lack of efficacy and patient benefit as reported by clinical
trial investigators. In particular, development of antibodies that target C5a rather than C5 to control complement activation is
comparatively novel, and there is currently no approved therapy specifically targeting C5a. As a result, inhibition of C5a rather
than C5, which blocks signaling to the two receptors C5aR and C5L2, may have unforeseen consequences or negative results that
may lead to clinical failure or withdrawal in later stages of our product candidate development. Product candidates in later stages
of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through preclinical and initial
clinical trials for a variety of reasons, including differences in patient populations, changes in trial protocols and complexities of
larger, multi-center trials among others. For example, our Phase IIb trial for vilobelimab in HS did not meet its primary endpoint.
A failure of a clinical trial to meet its predetermined endpoints may cause us to abandon a product candidate or an indication and
may delay development of any other product candidates. Any delay in, or termination of, our clinical trials will delay the
submission of the Biologics License Application, or BLA, to the FDA, the marketing authorization application to the EMA or
other similar applications with other relevant foreign regulatory authorities and, ultimately, our ability to commercialize any of our
product candidates and generate revenue.
If clinical trials of our product candidates fail to satisfactorily demonstrate safety and efficacy to the FDA and other
regulators, we, or any future collaborators, may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable
to complete, the development and commercialization of these product candidates.
We, and any future collaborators, are not permitted to commercialize, market, promote or sell any product candidate in
the United States without obtaining marketing approval from the FDA. Foreign regulatory authorities, such as the EMA, impose
similar requirements in their respective markets. We, and any future collaborators, must complete extensive preclinical
development and clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans before we will be able
to obtain these approvals.
The clinical development of our product candidates is susceptible to the risk of failure inherent at any stage of product
development. It is possible that even if one or more of our product candidates has a beneficial effect, that effect will not be
detected during clinical evaluation as a result of one or more of a variety of factors, including the size, duration, design,
measurements, conduct or analysis of our clinical trials. For instance, in the Phase IIb Shine trial completed in 2019, we failed to
meet the primary endpoint utilizing the HiSCR clinical endpoint, due in part, to a placebo efficacy rate of approximately 47%.
Conversely, as a result of the same factors, our clinical trials may indicate an apparent positive effect of a product candidate that is
greater than the actual positive effect, if any. Similarly, in our clinical trials we may fail to detect toxicity of or intolerability
caused by our product candidate, or mistakenly believe that our product candidates are toxic or not well tolerated when that is not
in fact the case. In addition, many of our product candidates are in early stages of development or clinical testing. As a result, it
may be years before any of our product candidates receives regulatory approval, if at all, and additional clinical trials may fail to
demonstrate safety, efficacy or tolerability for our targeted indications.
Table of Contents
14
Any inability to successfully complete preclinical and clinical development could result in additional costs to us or any
future collaborators and impair our ability to generate revenue from product sales, regulatory and commercialization milestones
and royalties. Moreover, if we or any future collaborators are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our
product candidates beyond the trials and testing that we or they contemplate, if we or they are unable to successfully complete
clinical trials of our product candidates or other testing or the results of these trials or tests are unfavorable, uncertain or are only
modestly favorable, or there are unacceptable safety concerns associated with our product candidates, we or any future
collaborators may:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
incur additional unplanned costs, including costs relating to additional required clinical trials or preclinical testing;
be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for vilobelimab or any of our other product candidates;
not obtain marketing approval at all;
obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired;
obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or significant safety warnings,
including boxed warnings;
be subject to additional post-marketing testing or other requirements; or
be required to remove the product from the market after obtaining marketing approval.
Our failure to successfully complete clinical trials of our product candidates and to demonstrate the efficacy and safety
necessary to obtain regulatory approval to market any of our product candidates would significantly harm our business.
Our product candidates may cause or be perceived to cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could
delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative
consequences following marketing approval, if any.
Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or
halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay, denial or withdrawal of regulatory approval by the FDA
or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Results of our clinical trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and
prevalence of side effects or unexpected characteristics. In addition, many of the patients that we enrolled in our clinical trials of
vilobelimab suffer from serious pre-existing disorders. While such disorders may lead to serious adverse events during trial
periods that may be found to be unrelated to vilobelimab, such events may create a negative safety perception and adversely
impact market acceptance of vilobelimab following any approval. For example, in our Phase IIa and IIb clinical trials of
vilobelimab for HS and in the Phase IIa trial for vilobelimab in PG, we observed several adverse events, even though some of
them were judged not to be related to vilobelimab administration by the investigator.
If unacceptable side effects arise in the development of our product candidates, we, the FDA or comparable foreign
regulatory authorities, the Institutional Review Boards, or IRBs, or independent ethics committees at the institutions in which our
studies are conducted or elsewhere, or the Data Safety Monitoring Board, or DSMB, could suspend or terminate our clinical trials
or the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease clinical trials or deny approval of our product
candidates for any or all targeted indications. Side effects, whether treatment-related or not, could also affect patient recruitment
or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. In addition, these side effects
may not be appropriately recognized or managed by the treating medical staff. We expect to have to train medical personnel using
our product candidates to understand the side effect profiles for our clinical trials and upon any commercialization of any of our
product candidates. Inadequate training in recognizing or managing the potential side effects of our product candidates could
result in patient injury or death. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.
Table of Contents
15
Moreover, clinical trials of our product candidates are conducted in carefully defined sets of patients who have agreed to
enter into clinical trials. Consequently, it is possible that our clinical trials, or those of any future collaborator, may indicate an
apparent positive effect of a product candidate that is greater than the actual positive effect, if any, or alternatively fail to identify
undesirable side effects. If, following approval of a product candidate, we, or others, discover that the product is less effective than
previously believed or causes undesirable side effects that were not previously identified, any of the following adverse events
could occur:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product or seize the product;
we, or any future collaborators, may need to recall the product, or be required to change the way the product is
administered or conduct additional clinical trials;
additional restrictions may be imposed on the marketing of, or the manufacturing processes for, the particular product;
we may be subject to fines, injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties;
regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as a “black box” warning or a
contraindication;
we, or any future collaborators, may be required to create a Medication Guide outlining the risks of the previously
unidentified side effects for distribution to patients;
we, or any future collaborators, may be required to implement a REMS that imposes distribution and use restrictions or
to conduct post-market studies or clinical trials;
we, or any future collaborators, could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients;
the product may become less competitive; and
our reputation may suffer.
Any of these events could harm our business and operations and could negatively impact our share price.
Our most advanced product candidates are either chimeric or humanized antibody proteins that could cause an immune
response in patients, resulting in the creation of harmful or neutralizing antibodies against these therapeutic proteins.
In addition to the safety, efficacy, manufacturing, and regulatory hurdles faced by our product candidates, the
administration of proteins such as monoclonal antibodies that are chimeric or humanized, including our product candidates
vilobelimab and IFX002, respectively, can cause an immune response, resulting in the creation of antibodies against the
therapeutic protein. These anti-drug antibodies can have no effect or can neutralize the effectiveness of the protein or require that
higher doses be used to obtain a therapeutic effect. Whether anti-drug antibodies will be created and how they react can often not
be predicted from preclinical or even clinical studies, and their detection or appearance is often delayed. As a result, neutralizing
antibodies may be detected at a later date or upon longer exposure of patients with our product candidates, such as following more
chronic administration in longer lasting clinical trials. In some cases, detection of such neutralizing antibodies can even occur after
pivotal clinical trials have been completed. Therefore, there can be no assurance that neutralizing antibodies will not be detected in
future clinical trials or at a later date upon longer exposure (including after commercialization). If anti-drug antibodies reduce or
neutralize the effectiveness of our product candidates, the continued clinical development or receipt of marketing approval for any
of our product candidates could be delayed or prevented and, even if any of our product candidates is approved, their commercial
success could be limited, any of which would impair our ability to generate revenue and continue operations. Low levels of anti-
drug antibodies were detected in previously completed clinical studies.
Even if we complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials for vilobelimab and any other product candidates,
the marketing approval process is expensive, time consuming and uncertain and may prevent us or any future collaborators from
obtaining approvals for the commercialization of some or all of our product candidates. As a result, we cannot predict when or if,
and in which territories, we, or any future collaborators, will obtain marketing approval to commercialize a product candidate.
The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, selling, marketing, promotion and distribution of products are
subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities. We, and any future collaborators, are
not permitted to market our product candidates in the United States or in other countries until we, or they, receive approval of a
BLA from the FDA or marketing approval from applicable regulatory authorities outside the United States. Our product
candidates are in various stages of development and are subject to the risks of failure inherent in drug development. We have not
submitted an application for or received marketing approval for any product candidate in the United States or in any other
jurisdiction. We have limited experience in conducting and managing the clinical trials necessary to obtain marketing approvals,
including FDA approval of a BLA. Further, there is no prior history of regulatory approval for product candidates targeting C5a
inhibition. In addition, while in the past a product was approved for HS using HiSCR as the primary clinical endpoint, in our
Phase IIb trial of vilobelimab in HS, for which HiSCR was the primary endpoint and was not met, we developed concerns about
HiSCR as a clinical endpoint. In August 2021, we agreed with the FDA on using an alternative endpoint to HiSCR, called
modified HiSCR or m-HiSCR as the primary endpoint in our Phase III clinical trials of vilobelimab in HS. In the fourth quarter of
2021, we submitted a full study protocol to the FDA describing the details of the study and the proposed new primary endpoint. In
February 2022, we received an advice letter from the FDA related to our Phase III program with vilobelimab for the treatment of
HS. Contrary to what the FDA had advised during the Type A meeting, in the letter they recommended using the HiSCR as the
primary endpoint in the Phase III trial. We sought to clarify the advice and after communications with the FDA, in March 2022,
we received a corrected advice letter. In this letter, the FDA stated that it no longer recommends that we use the HiSCR as the
primary endpoint for the chosen patient population but gives recommendations related to implementation of the modified HiSCR.
If we decide to conduct the Phase III program of vilobelimab in HS without full alignment with the FDA on the primary endpoint,
any open topics will be considered by the FDA if and when we submit an application for approval. This may create greater
uncertainty around the potential for approval of vilobelimab for HS. So far, there is no prior experience by us or anybody in the
industry in conducting clinical studies using this modified clinical endpoint.
Table of Contents
16
The process of obtaining marketing approvals, both in the United States and abroad, is lengthy, expensive and uncertain.
It may take many years, if approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the
type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved. Securing marketing approval requires the submission of
extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to
establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Securing marketing approval also requires the submission of information
about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the regulatory authorities. The FDA or
other regulatory authorities may determine that our product candidates are not safe and effective, only moderately effective or
have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that preclude our obtaining marketing approval or
prevent or limit commercial use. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to
gain approval may change during the course of a drug candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. Any
marketing approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render the
approved product not commercially viable. The FDA, EMA or any comparable foreign regulatory authorities may delay, limit or
deny approval of vilobelimab for many reasons, including:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
we may not be able to demonstrate that vilobelimab is safe and effective as a treatment for our targeted indications to
the satisfaction of the FDA, the EMA or comparable foreign regulatory agencies;
the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require additional clinical trials or non-clinical studies
of vilobelimab in addition to those already performed or planned, either before approval or as a post-approval
commitment, which would increase our costs and prolong our development time for vilobelimab;
the results of our clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical or clinical significance required by the FDA, EMA
or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to obtain marketing approval;
the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with the number, design, size, conduct or
implementation of our clinical trials, including designated clinical endpoints, such as the use of alternative clinical
endpoints to HiSCR in our planned clinical trials of vilobelimab for HS;
the population studied in the clinical program may not be sufficiently broad or representative to assure safety in the full
population for which we seek approval;
the contract research organizations, or CROs, that we retain to conduct clinical trials may take actions outside of our
control that materially adversely impact our clinical trials;
the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may not find the data from preclinical studies and clinical
trials sufficient to demonstrate that the clinical and other benefits of vilobelimab outweigh its safety risks;
the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from
preclinical studies and clinical trials;
the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may not accept data generated at clinical trial sites,
including for non-compliance with current Good Clinical Practices, or cGCP;
if our BLA, when submitted, is reviewed by an advisory committee, the FDA may have difficulties scheduling an
advisory committee meeting in a timely manner or the advisory committee may recommend against approval of our
application or may recommend that the FDA require, as a condition of approval, additional preclinical studies or
clinical trials, limitations on approved labeling or distribution and use restrictions;
the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require development of a risk evaluation and
mitigation strategy, or REMS, as a condition of approval;
the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may identify deficiencies in the manufacturing processes
or facilities of our third-party manufacturers, including non-compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices, or
cGMP; or
the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may change their respective approval policies or adopt
new regulations.
Of the large number of drugs in development in the biopharmaceutical industry, only a small percentage result in the
submission of a BLA to the FDA and even fewer are approved for commercialization. Furthermore, even if we do receive
regulatory approval to market vilobelimab, any such approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses or patient
populations for which we may market the product. Accordingly, even if we are able to obtain the requisite financing to continue to
fund our development programs, we cannot assure you that vilobelimab will be successfully developed or commercialized.
Table of Contents
17
Moreover, principal investigators for our clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to
time and receive compensation in connection with such services. Under certain circumstances, we may be required to report some
of these relationships to the FDA or other regulatory authorities. The FDA or other regulatory authorities may conclude that a
principal investigator, potentially including because of a financial relationship with us, has a conflict of interest that has affected
interpretation of the study. The FDA or other regulatory authorities may therefore question the integrity of the data generated at
the applicable clinical trial site and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized. This could result in a delay in
approval, or rejection, of our marketing applications by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, as the case may be, and may
ultimately lead to the denial of marketing approval of one or more of our product candidates.
Any delay in obtaining or failure to obtain required approvals could negatively impact our ability or that of any future
collaborators to generate revenue from the particular product candidate, which likely would result in significant harm to our
financial position and adversely impact our share price.
We depend on enrollment of patients in our clinical studies for our product candidates. If we encounter difficulties
enrolling patients in our clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.
We will also be required to identify and enroll a sufficient number of patients with HS, AAV, PG and cSCC for our
planned or ongoing clinical trials of vilobelimab in these indications. Some of these are rare disease indications or indication with
a relatively small patient population. Trial participant enrollment could be limited in future trials given that many potential
participants may be ineligible because they are already undergoing treatment with approved medications, or are participating in
other clinical trials.
Table of Contents
Patient enrollment is affected by other factors, including:
18
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
severity of the disease under investigation;
design of the clinical trial protocol;
size and nature of the patient population;
eligibility criteria for the trial in question;
perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under trial;
perceived safety and tolerability of the product candidate;
proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients;
availability of competing therapies and clinical trials;
clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the drug being studied in relation to other
available therapies, including standard-of-care and any new drugs that may be approved for the indications we are
investigating;
efforts to facilitate timely enrollment in clinical trials;
patient referral practices of physicians; and
our ability to monitor patients adequately during and after treatment.
Further, there are only a limited number of specialist physicians who treat patients with these diseases and major clinical
centers are concentrated in a few geographic regions. We also may encounter difficulties in identifying and enrolling such patients
with a stage of disease appropriate for our ongoing or future clinical trials. In addition, the process of finding and diagnosing
patients may prove costly. Our inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients for any of our clinical trials, if any, would result
in significant delays or may require us to abandon one or more clinical trials.
We have experienced slower recruitment than anticipated in the clinical trials of vilobelimab in severe COVID-19, AAV,
PG and cSCC, because of other compounds in clinical development for the same patient population, low disease prevalence,
difficulties in diagnosis or due to restrictions at clinical trial sites in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Further delays in the
completion of any clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and delay or potentially
jeopardize our ability to commence marketing and generate revenue. In addition, we may not be able to initiate or continue
clinical trials required by the FDA, EMA or other foreign regulatory agencies for vilobelimab or any of our other product
candidates that we pursue if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these
clinical trials.
Even if one of our product candidates receives marketing approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance
by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success, in which case
we may not generate significant revenues or become profitable.
Even if vilobelimab or any of our other product candidates is approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities for
marketing and sale, it may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and
others in the medical community. As a general proposition, physicians are often reluctant to switch their patients from existing
therapies (such as for the treatment of HS) even when new and potentially more effective or convenient treatments enter the
market. Further, patients often acclimate to the therapy that they are currently taking and do not want to switch unless their
physicians recommend switching therapy or they are required to switch therapies due to lack of reimbursement for existing
therapies. Adalimumab is the only drug approved for the treatment of HS, and even if we are able to obtain marketing approval of
vilobelimab for the treatment of HS, we may not be able to successfully convince physicians or patients to switch from
adalimumab to vilobelimab. Further, we may face a lack of acceptance by the physician community of the efficacy of targeting
C5a to inhibit terminal complement activation compared to targeting C5, which is well established in clinical practice (such as
eculizumab). In addition, vilobelimab may not be accepted by physicians or patients if we cannot demonstrate, or if vilobelimab is
perceived as not having, strong duration of effect, including compared to existing treatments for HS. The duration of effect of
vilobelimab has only been studied prospectively for durations less than the expected duration of any pivotal Phase III clinical
trials. It is possible that the effects seen in shorter term clinical trials will not be replicated at later time points or in larger clinical
trials. Further, even if we are able to demonstrate our product candidates’ safety and efficacy to the FDA and other regulators,
safety concerns in the medical community may hinder market acceptance.
Table of Contents
19
Efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of our product candidates may require
significant resources, including management time and financial resources, and may not be successful. If any of our product
candidates is approved but does not achieve an adequate level of market acceptance, we may not generate significant revenues and
we may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will
depend on a number of factors, including:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
the efficacy and safety of the product;
the potential advantages of the product compared to competitive therapies, notwithstanding success in meeting or
exceeding clinical trial endpoints;
the prevalence and severity of any side effects;
whether the product is designated under physician treatment guidelines as a first-, second- or third-line therapy;
our ability, or the ability of any future collaborators, to offer the product for sale at competitive prices;
the product’s convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative treatments;
the willingness of the target patient population to try, and of physicians to prescribe, the product;
limitations or warnings, including distribution or use restrictions contained in the product’s approved labeling;
the strength of sales, marketing and distribution support;
changes in the standard of care for the targeted indications for the product; and
availability and amount of coverage and reimbursement from government payors, managed care plans and other third-
party payors.
The failure of any of our product candidates, if approved, to find market acceptance would harm our business and could
require us to seek additional financing.
Even if we, or any future collaborators, are able to commercialize any product candidate that we, or they, develop, the
product may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations or third-party payor coverage and reimbursement policies, any of
which could harm our business.
Patients who are provided medical treatment for their conditions generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or
part of the costs associated with their treatment. Therefore, our ability, and the ability of any future collaborators, to
commercialize any of our product candidates will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and reimbursement for these
products and related treatments will be available from third-party payors including government health administration authorities
and public or private health coverage insurers. Third-party payors decide which medications they will cover and establish
reimbursement levels. We cannot be certain that reimbursement will be available for vilobelimab or any of our product candidates.
Also, we cannot be certain that less fulsome reimbursement policies will not reduce the demand for, or the price we can charge
for, our products, if approved. The insurance coverage and reimbursement status of newly approved products for orphan diseases
is particularly uncertain and failure to obtain or maintain adequate coverage and reimbursement for vilobelimab or any other
product candidates could limit our ability to generate revenue.
If coverage and reimbursement are not available, or reimbursement is available only to limited levels, we, or any future
collaborators, may not be able to successfully commercialize our product candidates. Even if coverage is provided, the approved
reimbursement amount may not be high enough to allow us, or any future collaborators, to establish or maintain pricing sufficient
to realize a sufficient return on our or their investments. In the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement
for products exists among third-party payors and coverage and reimbursement for products can differ significantly from payor to
payor. As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that will require us to provide
scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate
reimbursement will be applied consistently or obtained in the first instance.
There is significant uncertainty related to third-party payor coverage and reimbursement of newly approved drugs.
Marketing approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new drug products vary widely from country to country. Some countries
require approval of the sales price of a drug before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after
marketing or product licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject
to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we, or any future collaborators, might obtain
marketing approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay commercial launch of
the product, possibly for lengthy time periods, which may negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of
the product in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability or the ability of any future collaborators to recoup
our or their investment in one or more product candidates, even if our product candidates obtain marketing approval.
Table of Contents
20
The healthcare industry is acutely focused on cost containment, both in the United States and elsewhere. Government
authorities and other third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for
particular medications, which could affect our ability or that of any future collaborators to sell our product candidates profitably.
These payors may not view our products, if any, as cost-effective, and coverage and reimbursement may not be available to our
customers, or those of any future collaborators, or may not be sufficient to allow our products, if any, to be marketed on a
competitive basis. Cost-control initiatives or other policy measures by government authorities could cause us, or any future
collaborators, to decrease the price we, or they, might establish for products, which could result in lower than anticipated product
revenues. If the prices for our products, if any, decrease or if governmental and other third-party payors do not provide coverage
or adequate reimbursement, our prospects for revenue and profitability will suffer.
There may also be delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more
limited than the indications for which the drug is approved by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Moreover,
eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that any drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including
research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Reimbursement rates may vary, by way of example, according to the
use of the product and the clinical setting in which it is used. Reimbursement rates may also be based on reimbursement levels
already set for lower cost drugs or may be incorporated into existing payments for other services.
In addition, increasingly, third-party payors are requiring higher levels of evidence of the benefits and clinical outcomes
of new technologies and are challenging the prices charged. We cannot be sure that reimbursement coverage will be available for
any product candidate that we, or any future collaborator, commercialize and, if available, that the reimbursement rates will be
adequate. Further, the net reimbursement for drug products may be subject to additional reductions if there are changes to laws
that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. An
inability to promptly obtain coverage and adequate payment rates from both government-funded and private payors for any of our
product candidates for which we, or any future collaborator, obtain marketing approval could significantly harm our operating
results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overall financial condition.
We currently have no marketing, sales or distribution infrastructure with respect to our product candidates. If we are
unable to develop our sales, marketing and distribution capability on our own or through collaborations with marketing partners,
we will not be successful in commercializing our product candidates.
We currently have no marketing, sales or distribution capabilities and have limited sales or marketing experience within
our organization. If any of our product candidates is approved, we intend either to establish a sales and marketing organization
with technical expertise and supporting distribution capabilities to commercialize any such candidate, or to outsource this function
to a third party. Either of these options would be expensive and time consuming. Some or all of these costs may be incurred in
advance of any approval of our product candidates, including our lead candidate vilobelimab. In addition, we may not be able to
hire a sales force in the United States, Europe or other target market that is sufficient in size or has adequate expertise in the
medical markets that we intend to target. These risks may be particularly pronounced due to our focus on our initial indications of
HS, severe COVID-19 and AAV for vilobelimab, as well as additional focus on PG and cSCC, each of which are disease areas
with relatively small patient populations. Any failure or delay in the development of our or third parties’ internal sales, marketing
and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of vilobelimab and other future product candidates.
With respect to our existing and future product candidates, we may choose to collaborate with third parties that have
direct sales forces and established distribution systems, either to augment or to serve as an alternative to our own sales force and
distribution systems. Our product revenue may be lower than if we directly marketed or sold any approved products. In addition,
any revenue we receive will depend in whole or in part upon the efforts of these third parties, which may not be successful and are
generally not within our control. If we are unable to enter into these arrangements on acceptable terms or at all, we may not be
able to successfully commercialize any approved products. If we are not successful in commercializing any approved products,
our future product revenue will suffer and we may incur significant additional losses.
Table of Contents
21
We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on
product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.
We have limited financial and managerial resources, and therefore we intend to focus on developing product candidates
for specific indications that we identify as most likely to succeed, in terms of both their potential for marketing approval and
commercialization. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or for other
indications that may prove to have greater commercial potential.
Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market
opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and product candidates for specific
indications may not yield any commercially viable product candidates. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential
or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through
collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain
sole development and commercialization rights to the product candidate.
Clinical development involves a lengthy and expensive process, with an uncertain outcome. We may incur additional
costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of
vilobelimab or any future product candidate we may develop.
The risk of failure for vilobelimab and any other future product candidates we may develop is high. It is impossible to
predict when or if vilobelimab will prove to be effective and safe in humans or will receive regulatory approval for the treatment
of HS, severe COVID-19, AAV, PG, or cSCC indication, or other new indications. Additionally, before regulatory authorities
grant marketing approval for vilobelimab, for any future indications, or any future product candidate that we seek to develop, we
will be required to complete our ongoing extensive clinical trials to demonstrate safety and efficacy in humans. Clinical testing is
expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is inherently uncertain as to outcome.
Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that
believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain
marketing approval of their drugs.
We may experience numerous unforeseen events during or as a result of the regulatory approval process that could delay
or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval from regulators or commercialize vilobelimab or any future product
candidate, including:
·
·
·
·
·
regulators or institutional review boards may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or
conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site;
clinical trials of our product candidates may produce negative or inconclusive results, including failure to demonstrate
statistical significance, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials or abandon
drug development programs;
our product candidates may have undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics, causing us or our
investigators, regulators, ethics committees or institutional review boards to suspend or terminate the trials;
our third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us
in a timely manner, or at all; and
regulators, ethics committees or institutional review boards may require that we or our investigators suspend or
terminate clinical development for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements or a finding
that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks.
We could also encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, by an overseeing ethics committee, by
the institutional review boards of the institutions in which such trials are being conducted, by the data safety monitoring board for
such trial or by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Such authorities may impose such a suspension or termination due to a
number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical
protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the
imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a drug,
changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. If we
experience delays in the completion of, or termination of, any clinical trial of our product candidates, the commercial prospects of
our product candidates will be harmed, and our ability to generate drug revenues from any of these product candidates will be
delayed. In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product candidate
development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence drug sales and generate revenues. Any of these
occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or
lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval.
Table of Contents
22
Our product development costs will further increase if we experience delays in testing or marketing approvals. Significant
clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product
candidates or allow our competitors to bring drugs to market before we do and impair our ability to successfully commercialize
our product candidates. We are evaluating applications for orphan drug or breakthrough therapy designation for vilobelimab in
various indications, but we may be unable to obtain any such designation or to maintain the benefits associated with orphan drug
status, including market exclusivity, even if that designation is granted.
We are evaluating applications for orphan drug or breakthrough therapy designation for vilobelimab in some indications,
and we may seek orphan drug designation for other preclinical product candidates in our pipeline or that we may develop. In the
United States and other foreign countries, orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as opportunities for
grant funding towards clinical trial costs, tax advantages, and user-fee waivers. After the FDA or other foreign regulatory agency
grants orphan drug designation, the generic identity of the drug and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA.
Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the FDA review and approval process.
Breakthrough therapy designation is a process designed to expedite the development and review of drugs that are intended to treat
a serious condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over
available therapy on a clinically significant endpoint. Breakthrough therapy designation may make us eligible for intensive
guidance by the FDA on an efficient drug development program and organizational commitment involving senior FDA managers,
among others. Although we are evaluating applications for orphan drug or breakthrough therapy designation in some indications,
there can be no assurance that we will obtain such designations. Moreover, obtaining orphan drug or breakthrough therapy
designation for one indication does not mean we will be able to obtain such designation for another indication.
If a product that has orphan drug designation from the FDA subsequently receives the first FDA approval for a particular
active ingredient for the disease for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug exclusivity, which means
that the FDA may not approve any other applications, including a BLA, to market the same drug for the same indication for seven
years, except in limited circumstances such as if the FDA finds that the holder of the orphan drug exclusivity has not shown that it
can assure the availability of sufficient quantities of the orphan drug to meet the needs of patients with the disease or condition for
which the drug was designated. Similarly, the FDA can subsequently approve a drug with the same active moiety for the same
condition during the exclusivity period if the FDA concludes that the later drug is clinically superior, meaning the later drug is
safer, more effective, or makes a major contribution to patient care. Even if we were to obtain orphan drug designation for
vilobelimab from the FDA, we may not be the first to obtain marketing approval for any particular orphan indication due to the
uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceutical products, and thus approval of vilobelimab could be blocked for seven
years if another company obtains approval and orphan drug exclusivity for the same drug and same condition before us. If we do
obtain exclusive marketing rights in the United States, they may be limited if we seek approval for an indication broader than the
orphan designated indication and may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective
or if we are unable to assure sufficient quantities of the product to meet the needs of the relevant patients. Further, exclusivity may
not effectively protect the product from competition because different drugs with different active moieties can be approved for the
same condition, the same drugs can be approved for different indications and might then be used off-label in our approved
indication, and different drugs for the same condition may already be approved and commercially available.
Table of Contents
23
Even if we obtain FDA approval of vilobelimab or any of our other product candidates, we may never obtain approval or
commercialize our products outside of the United States.
In order to market any approved products outside of the United States, we must establish and comply with numerous and
varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding clinical trial design, safety and efficacy. If approved by the relevant
governmental authorities, we expect to market vilobelimab for the treatment of HS and other indications in Europe and
jurisdictions outside the United States, in part due to the relatively larger patient population that exists in Europe as compared to
that in the United States. Clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries,
and regulatory approval in one country does not mean that regulatory approval will be obtained in any other country. Approval
procedures vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and validation and additional administrative review
periods. Seeking foreign regulatory approvals could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and may require
additional preclinical studies or clinical trials which would be costly and time consuming and could delay or prevent introduction
of vilobelimab or any of our other product candidates in those countries. In addition, we expect to be subject to a variety of risks
related to operating in foreign countries if we obtain the necessary approvals, including:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
differing regulatory requirements in foreign countries;
the potential for so-called parallel importing, which is what happens when a local seller, faced with high or higher local
prices, opts to import goods from a foreign market (with low or lower prices) rather than buying them locally;
unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers, price and exchange controls and other regulatory requirements;
economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;
foreign reimbursement, pricing and insurance regimes;
compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;
foreign taxes, including withholding of payroll taxes;
foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenue, and other
obligations incident to doing business in another country;
difficulties staffing and managing foreign operations;
workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States;
potential liability under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 or comparable foreign regulations;
challenges enforcing our contractual and intellectual property rights, especially in those foreign countries that do not
respect and protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States;
·
·
production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and
business interruptions resulting from geo-political actions, including war and terrorism.
If we or our partners fail to comply with regulatory requirements or to obtain and maintain required approvals, our target
market will be reduced, including if we are unable to market vilobelimab for the treatment of HS or other indications in Europe or
elsewhere, and our ability to realize the full market potential of our product candidates will be harmed.
We are subject to extensive government regulation and the failure to comply with these regulations may have a material
adverse effect on our operations and business.
Both before and after approval of any product, we and our suppliers, contract manufacturers and clinical investigators are
subject to extensive regulation by governmental authorities in the United States and other countries, covering, among other things,
testing, manufacturing, quality control, clinical trials, post-marketing studies, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, import
and export, governmental pricing, price reporting and rebate requirements. Failure to comply with applicable requirements could
result in one or more of the following actions: warning letters; unanticipated expenditures; delays in approval or refusal to approve
a product candidate; product recall or seizure; interruption of manufacturing or clinical trials; operating or marketing restrictions;
injunctions; criminal prosecution and civil or criminal penalties including fines and other monetary penalties; adverse publicity;
and disruptions to our business. Further, government investigations into potential violations of these laws would require us to
expend considerable resources and face adverse publicity and the potential disruption of our business even if we are ultimately
found not to have committed a violation.
Obtaining FDA, EMA or other regulatory agency approval of our product candidates requires substantial time, effort and
financial resources and may be subject to both expected and unforeseen delays, and there can be no assurance that any approval
will be granted on any of our product candidates on a timely basis, if at all. The FDA, EMA or other regulatory agencies may
decide that our data are insufficient for approval of our product candidates and require additional preclinical, clinical or other
studies or additional work related to chemistry, manufacturing and controls, or CMC. If we are required to conduct additional
trials or to conduct other testing of our product candidates beyond that which we currently contemplate for regulatory approval, if
we are unable to complete successfully our clinical trials or other testing, or if the results of these and other trials or tests fail to
demonstrate efficacy or raise safety concerns, we may face substantial additional expenses, be delayed in obtaining marketing
approval for our product candidates or may never obtain marketing approval.
Table of Contents
24
We are also required to comply with extensive governmental regulatory requirements after a product has received
marketing authorization. Governing regulatory authorities may require post-marketing studies that may negatively impact the
commercial viability of a product. Once on the market, a product may become associated with previously undetected adverse
effects and/or may develop manufacturing difficulties. As a result of any of these or other problems, a product’s regulatory
approval could be withdrawn, which could harm our business and operating results.
Our current and future relationships with third-party payors, health care professionals and customers in the United States
and elsewhere may be subject, directly or indirectly, to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, false claims, physician payment
transparency, health information privacy and security and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to
significant penalties.
Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors in the United States and elsewhere will play a primary role in the
recommendation and prescription of any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our current and future
arrangements with health care professionals, third-party payors and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and
abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the federal
civil False Claims Act, that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct
clinical research, sell, market and distribute any drugs for which we obtain marketing approval. In addition, we may be subject to
transparency laws and patient privacy regulation by the federal government and by the U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions in
which we conduct our business. The applicable federal, state and foreign healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our
ability to operate include the following:
·
the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons and entities from knowingly and
willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or
reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good
or service, for which payment may be made under federal and state healthcare programs, such as Medicare and
Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have
committed a violation. Further, several courts have interpreted the statute’s intent requirement to mean that if any one
purpose of an arrangement involving remuneration is to induce referrals of federal healthcare covered business, the
Anti-Kickback Statute has been violated. Moreover, the government may assert that a claim including items or services
resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the
False Claims Act;
·
·
·
federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including, without limitation, the federal civil False Claims Act (that can be
enforced through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions), and the civil monetary penalties law, which impose criminal
and civil penalties against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal
government, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making
a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government;
the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which imposes criminal and civil
liability for, among other things, executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false
statements relating to healthcare matters. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need
to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation;
HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or
HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, which impose obligations on covered healthcare providers,
health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses, as well as their business associates that create, receive, maintain or transmit
individually identifiable health information for or on behalf of a covered entity, with respect to safeguarding the
privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information;
Table of Contents
25
·
·
the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, created under Section 6002 of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as
amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or collectively the Affordable Care Act, and its
implementing regulations, which requires specified manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for
which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific
exceptions, to report annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, information related to
payments or other ‘‘transfers of value’’ made to physicians, which is defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists,
podiatrists and chiropractors, and teaching hospitals and applicable manufacturers to report annually to CMS ownership
and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members by the 90th day of each calendar year.
All such reported information is publicly available; and
analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to
sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental
third-party payors, including private insurers; state and foreign laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply
with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated
by the federal government or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers; state and foreign
laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians
and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures; and state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security
of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are
not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.
Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and
regulations may involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices,
including our relationships with physicians and other healthcare providers, some of whom may recommend, purchase or prescribe
vilobelimab, if approved, may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and
abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations.
If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to
us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, including, without limitation, damages, fines,
disgorgement, individual imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, such as Medicare and
Medicaid, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar
agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, which
could have a material adverse effect on our business. If any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom
we expect to do business is found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or
administrative sanctions, including exclusions from participation in government healthcare programs, which could also materially
affect our business.
Enacted and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and
commercialize vilobelimab and affect the prices we may obtain.
In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and
proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of vilobelimab, restrict or
regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to profitably sell any product candidates for which we obtain marketing
approval.
Among policy makers and payors in the United States and elsewhere, there is significant interest in promoting changes in
healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and/or expanding access. In the United
States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by major
legislative initiatives such as the Affordable Care Act in 2010, a sweeping law intended to broaden access to health insurance,
reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add new transparency
requirements for the healthcare and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on the health industry and impose
additional health policy reforms. In the coming years, additional legislative and regulatory changes could be made to
governmental health programs that could significantly impact pharmaceutical companies and the success of our drug candidate.
Table of Contents
26
In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. These
changes included aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year effective April 1, 2013 and, due to
subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, will stay in effect through 2025, unless additional Congressional action is taken.
The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, further reduced, among other things, Medicare payments to several providers, and
increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. These
laws may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on
customers for our drugs, if approved, and, accordingly, our financial operations.
Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in
payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from
being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize our drugs.
Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and
promotional activities for drugs. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA
regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of
vilobelimab, if any, may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly
delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to more stringent drug labeling and post-marketing testing and other
requirements.
Even if we, or any future collaborators, obtain marketing approvals for our product candidates, the terms of approvals and
ongoing regulation of our products may limit how we manufacture and market our products, which could impair our ability to
generate revenue.
Once marketing approval has been granted, an approved product and its manufacturer and marketer are subject to ongoing
review and extensive regulation. We, and any future collaborators, must therefore comply with requirements concerning
advertising and promotion for any of our product candidates for which we or they obtain marketing approval. Promotional
communications with respect to prescription drugs are subject to a variety of legal and regulatory restrictions and must be
consistent with the information in the product’s approved labeling. Thus, we and any future collaborators will not be able to
promote any products we develop for indications or uses for which they are not approved.
In addition, manufacturers of approved products and those manufacturers’ facilities are required to comply with extensive
FDA requirements, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to current Good Manufacturing
Practices, or cGMPs, which include requirements relating to quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding
maintenance of records and documentation and reporting requirements. We, our contract manufacturers, any future collaborators
and their contract manufacturers could be subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA to monitor and ensure
compliance with cGMPs.
Accordingly, assuming we, or any future collaborators, receive marketing approval for one or more of our product
candidates, we, and any future collaborators, and our and their contract manufacturers will continue to expend time, money and
effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production, product surveillance and quality control.
Governments, including those outside the United States, tend to impose strict price controls, which may adversely affect
our revenues, if any.
In many countries, such as countries of the European Union, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to
varying price control mechanisms, often as part of national health systems. Other countries allow companies to fix their own
prices for medical products but monitor and control company profits. Pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take
considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some
countries, we, or any future collaborators, may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our
product to other available therapies. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is
set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be harmed. Additional price controls or other changes in pricing regulation could
restrict the amount that we are able to charge for our product candidates, and we believe the increasing emphasis on cost-
containment initiatives in the Europe Union has and will continue to put pressure on the pricing and usage of our product
candidates. As a result, given the relatively smaller target markets for severe COVID-19, HS, PG and AAV, our initial indications
for vilobelimab, any reduced reimbursement for such product candidates may be insufficient for us to generate commercially
reasonable revenue and profits and would adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Table of Contents
27
Any of our product candidates for which we, or any future collaborators, obtain marketing approval in the future could be
subject to post-marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market and we, or any future collaborators, may be subject to
substantial penalties if we, or they, fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we, or they, experience unanticipated
problems with our products following approval.
Any of our product candidates for which we, or any future collaborators, obtain marketing approval, as well as the
manufacturing processes, post-approval studies and measures, labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such product,
among other things, will be subject to ongoing requirements of and review by the FDA, the EMA and other regulatory authorities.
These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and listing
requirements, requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of
records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping. Even if marketing
approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product
may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, including the requirement to implement a REMS.
The FDA, the EMA and other regulatory authorities may also impose requirements for costly post-marketing studies or
clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of a product. The FDA and other agencies, including the
Department of Justice, closely regulate and monitor the post-approval marketing and promotion of products to ensure that they are
manufactured, marketed and distributed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved
labeling. The FDA imposes stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off-label use and if we, or any
future collaborators, do not market any of our product candidates for which we, or they, receive marketing approval for only their
approved indications, we, or they, may be subject to warnings or enforcement action for off-label marketing. Violation of the
FDCA and other statutes relating to the promotion and advertising of prescription drugs may lead to investigations or allegations
of violations of federal and state health care fraud and abuse laws and state consumer protection laws, including the False Claims
Act.
In addition, later discovery of previously unknown adverse events or other problems with our products or their
manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may yield various results,
including:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
restrictions on the manufacturing of such products;
restrictions on the labeling or marketing of such products;
restrictions on product distribution or use;
requirements to conduct post-marketing studies or clinical trials;
warning letters or untitled letters;
withdrawal of the products from the market;
refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit;
recall of products;
restrictions on coverage by third-party payors;
fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenues;
suspension or withdrawal of marketing approvals;
refusal to permit the import or export of products;
product seizure; or
injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.
Table of Contents
Risks related to our dependence on third parties
28
We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials. If they do not perform satisfactorily, our business could be harmed.
We do not independently conduct clinical trials of any of our product candidates. We rely on third parties, such as
contract research organizations, or CROs, clinical data management organizations, third-party consultants, medical institutions
and clinical investigators, to conduct these clinical trials and expect to rely on these third-parties to conduct clinical trials of any
other product candidate that we develop. Any of these third parties may terminate their engagements with us under certain
circumstances. We may not be able to enter into alternative arrangements or do so on commercially reasonable terms. In addition,
there is a natural transition period when a new contract research organization begins work. As a result, delays would likely occur,
which could negatively impact our ability to meet our expected clinical development timelines and harm our business, financial
condition and prospects.
Further, although our reliance on these third parties for clinical development activities limits our control over these
activities, we remain responsible for ensuring that each of our trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal
and regulatory requirements and scientific standards. For example, notwithstanding the obligations of a CRO for a trial of one of
our product candidates, we remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the
general investigational plan and protocols for the trial. Moreover, the FDA, the EMA and potentially other regulatory agencies of
different countries require us to comply with requirements, commonly referred to as current Good Clinical Practices, or cGCP, for
conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate
and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. The FDA and regulatory agencies inside the
European Union and other regulatory agencies enforce these cGCP regulations through periodic inspections of trial sponsors,
principal investigators, clinical trial sites and IRBs. If we or our third-party contractors fail to comply with applicable cGCP
regulations, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or other regulatory agencies
may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our product candidates, which would delay the marketing
approval process. We cannot be certain that, upon inspection, the FDA or other regulatory agencies will determine that any of our
clinical trials comply with cGCP. We are also required to register clinical trials and post the results of completed clinical trials on
a government-sponsored database, such as ClinicalTrials.gov in the United States, within certain timeframes. The same
requirement applies to clinical trials outside the United States, such as EudraCT.ema.europa.eu in Europe. Failure to do so can
result in fines, adverse publicity and civil and criminal sanctions.
Furthermore, the third parties conducting clinical trials on our behalf are not our employees, and except for remedies
available to us under our agreements with such contractors, we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time, skill and
resources to our ongoing development programs. These contractors may also have relationships with other commercial entities,
including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials or other drug development activities, which could
impede their ability to devote appropriate time to our clinical programs. If these third parties, including clinical investigators, do
not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our clinical trials in accordance with
regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we may not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing
approvals for our product candidates. If that occurs, we will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully
commercialize our product candidates. In such an event, our financial results and the commercial prospects for any product
candidates that we seek to develop could be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be
delayed, impaired or foreclosed.
We are subject to manufacturing risks and use of third parties to manufacture our product candidates may increase the risk
that we will not have sufficient quantities of our product candidates, products, or necessary quantities at an acceptable cost
We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of clinical or commercial quantities of our product
candidates, and we lack the resources and the capabilities to do so. As a result, we currently rely on third parties located in China
and elsewhere for supply of vilobelimab. Our current strategy is to outsource all manufacturing of our product candidates and
products to third parties while conducting certain quality control tests within our in-house manufacturing processes. The supply
chain and manufacturing in China may, also as a result of the current global pandemic, significantly impact our operations.
The process of manufacturing our products is complex, highly regulated and subject to several risks. The process of
manufacturing biologics, such as vilobelimab, is extremely susceptible to product loss due to contamination, equipment failure or
improper installation or operation of equipment, vendor or operator error, inconsistency in yields, variability in product
characteristics and difficulties in scaling the production process. Even minor deviations from normal manufacturing processes
could result in reduced production yields, product defects and other supply disruptions. If microbial, viral or other contaminations
are discovered in our product candidates or in the manufacturing facilities in which our product candidates are made, such
manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination.
Further, our product candidates that have been produced and are stored for later use may degrade, become contaminated or suffer
other quality defects, which may cause the affected product candidates to no longer be suitable for their intended use in clinical
trials or other development activities. If the defective product candidates cannot be replaced in a timely fashion, we may incur
significant delays in our development programs that could adversely affect the value of such product candidates.
Table of Contents
29
We currently engage third-party manufacturers to provide the final drug product formulation of vilobelimab that is being
used in our clinical trials. Although we believe that there are several potential alternative manufacturers who could manufacture
vilobelimab, we may incur added costs and delays in identifying and qualifying any such replacement. We currently have a main
manufacturer for the clinical supply of vilobelimab, which is located in China. There is no assurance that we will be able to timely
secure needed alternative supply arrangements on satisfactory terms, or at all. Our reliance on our main manufacturer and our
failure to secure alternative supply arrangements as needed could have a material adverse effect on our ability to complete the
development of our product candidates or, to commercialize them, if approved. There may be difficulties in scaling up to
commercial quantities or optimization of processes and formulation of vilobelimab and the costs of manufacturing could be
prohibitive. The current global pandemic could impact supply, depending on how much is required for ongoing and future trials,
as well as, any potential commercialization.
Even if we are able to establish and maintain arrangements with third-party manufacturers, reliance on third-party
manufacturers entails additional risks beyond our control, including, but not limited to:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
reliance on third parties for manufacturing process development, regulatory compliance and quality assurance;
costs and validation of new equipment and facilities required for additional scale-up or optimization of processes;
failure to comply with cGMP and similar foreign standards;
limitations on supply availability resulting from capacity and scheduling constraints of third parties;
lack of qualified backup suppliers for those components that are currently purchased from a sole or single source
supplier;
closures and restrictions on critical facilities resulting from public health crises;
the ability to freely import clinical trial material manufactured at our third-party manufacturer in China into the
countries in which the clinical trials are being conducted;
the possible breach of manufacturing agreements by third parties because of factors beyond our control; and
the possible termination or non-renewal of the manufacturing agreements by the third-party, at a time that is costly or
inconvenient to us, and our ability to obtain alternative supply.
If we do not maintain our key manufacturing relationships, we may fail to find replacement manufacturers or develop our
own manufacturing capabilities, which could delay or impair our ability to obtain regulatory approval for our products. If we do
find replacement manufacturers, we may not be able to enter into agreements with them on terms and conditions favorable to us
and there could be a substantial delay before new facilities could be qualified and registered with the FDA and other foreign
regulatory authorities. In addition, a change of the manufacturing facility contains inherent risks and is generally viewed as a
major change in the manufacturing process such that comparability studies have to be conducted to assure comparability between
the before established manufacturing process and the newly established manufacturing process potentially causing delays in the
drug product supply or, in case of a non-comparability of the manufactured drug product, warrant further additional pre-clinical
and or clinical studies with such non-comparable drug product which may also be imposed by any regulatory agency upon review
of the comparability data.
We participate in the manufacturing process with crucial quality control testing within our own laboratories, and we hold
the manufacturer license for, and therefore oversee, the overall manufacturing process, and we are responsible for ensuring that
this part of our business also operates according to cGMP standards. Additionally, we currently hold an importing license. We
therefore employ key personnel within the manufacturing process such as a head of quality assurance, a head of manufacturing,
and a qualified person.
Table of Contents
30
Thus, our laboratories and our quality control system and related documentation and personnel, are also subject to
frequent governmental inspections to assure adherence to cGMP guidelines and to maintain our manufacturing and importing
license. Related to these activities, there are risks which could negatively impact our ability to meet our expected clinical
development timelines and harm our business, financial condition and prospects, including, but not limited to, the following risks:
·
·
·
a loss of key personnel within the manufacturing activities could result in significant delays in the manufacturing and
release testing of our drug candidate and replacement of such personnel could be time consuming and be associated
with additional costs for us;
mistakes or misconduct within the release testing could result in false results which could result in both, the wrongfully
rejection of a manufactured drug product from being released or the wrongfully acceptance of a dysfunctional drug
product, causing data and trial results achieved with such drug product being false and potentially wrongly interpreted;
and
an inadequate cGMP compliance could result in a potential temporary or permanent loss of the manufacturing or
importing license resulting from an inspection of regulatory agencies.
Our third-party manufacturers, or we, may not be able to comply with the cGMP regulatory requirements applicable to
vilobelimab and biologics, including applicable provisions of the FDA’s drug cGMP regulations, device cGMP requirements
embodied in the Quality System Regulation, or QSR, or similar regulatory requirements outside the United States. Our failure, or
the failure of our third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us,
including clinical holds, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, seizures or voluntary
recalls of product candidates, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly affect supplies of
our product candidates. In addition, our third-party manufacturers and suppliers and we are subject to FDA and other local
regulatory authority inspection from time to time. Failure by our third-party manufacturers and suppliers or us to pass such
inspections and otherwise satisfactorily complete the FDA approval regimen with respect to our product candidate may result in
regulatory actions such as the issuance of FDA Form 483 notices of observations, warning letters or injunctions or the loss of
operating licenses. In addition, we and our third-party manufacturers and suppliers are subject to numerous environmental, health
and safety laws and regulations, including those governing the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of waste products,
and failure to comply with such laws and regulations could result in significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and
penalties for such third parties. Based on the severity of the regulatory action, our clinical or commercial supply of drug and
packaging and other services could be interrupted or limited, which could have a material adverse effect on our business,
including our clinical research activities and our ability to develop our product candidates and market our products following
approval, if any.
If any third-party manufacturer of our product candidates is unable to increase the scale of its production of our product
candidates, and/or increase the product yield of its manufacturing, then our costs to manufacture the product may increase and
commercialization may be delayed
In order to produce sufficient quantities to meet the demand for clinical trials and, if approved, subsequent
commercialization of vilobelimab or any of our other product candidates in our pipeline or that we may develop, our third-party
manufacturers will be required to increase their production and optimize their manufacturing processes while maintaining the
quality of the product. The transition to larger scale production could prove difficult or costly. Further, any claims in our
manufacturing process as a result of scaling up or optimization of the manufacturing, supply and fill process may result in the
need to obtain regulatory approvals. If our third-party manufacturers are not able to optimize manufacturing process to increase
the product yield for our product candidates or are unable to produce increased amounts of our product candidates while
maintaining the quality of the product, then we may not be able to meet the demands of clinical trials or market demands, which
could decrease our ability to generate profits. Difficulty in achieving commercial scale-up production or production optimization
or the need for additional regulatory approvals as a result could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of
operations.
We expect to seek to establish collaborations and, if we are not able to establish them on commercially reasonable terms,
we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans.
We expect to seek one or more collaborators for the development and commercialization of one or more of our product
candidates. Likely collaborators may include large and mid-size pharmaceutical companies, regional and national pharmaceutical
companies and biotechnology companies. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for product candidates from foreign
regulatory authorities, we may enter into strategic relationships with international biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies for
the commercialization of such product candidates outside of the United States.
Table of Contents
31
We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Whether we reach a definitive agreement for a
collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and
conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. Those factors may
include the potential differentiation of our product candidate from competing product candidates, design or results of clinical
trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA, the EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities and the regulatory pathway
for any such approval, the potential market for the product candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering
the product to patients and the potential of competing products. The collaborator may also consider alternative product candidates
or technologies for similar indications that may be available for collaboration and whether such a collaboration could be more
attractive than the one with us for our product candidate. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or
commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable
terms or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we may not be able to further develop our product candidates or bring them to
market and generate product revenue.
Collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. Further, there have been a significant
number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that may have resulted in a reduced number of
potential future collaborators. Any collaboration agreements that we enter into in the future may contain restrictions on our ability
to enter into potential collaborations or to otherwise develop specified product candidates. We may not be able to negotiate
collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all.
If we are unable to do so, we may have to curtail the development of the product candidate for which we are seeking to
collaborate, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay its potential
commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake
development or commercialization activities at our own expense.
If we enter into collaborations with third parties for the development and commercialization of our product candidates,
our prospects with respect to those product candidates will depend in significant part on the success of those collaborations.
We expect to maintain existing collaborations and enter into additional collaborations for the development and
commercialization of certain of our product candidates and in certain geographies. For example, we entered into a clinical trial and
supply agreement with Merck & Co. Inc. (“Merck,” known as MSD outside the U.S. and Canada) relating to a clinical trial in
cSCC. We may have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our collaborators will dedicate to the
development or commercialization of our product candidates. Our ability to generate revenues from these arrangements will
depend on any future collaborators’ abilities to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements. In
addition, any future collaborators may have the right to abandon research or development projects and terminate applicable
agreements, including funding obligations, prior to or upon the expiration of the agreed upon terms.
Collaborations involving our product candidates pose a number of risks, including the following:
collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these
collaborations;
collaborators may not perform their obligations as expected;
collaborators may not pursue development and commercialization of our product candidates or may elect not to
continue or renew development or commercialization programs, based on clinical trial results, changes in the
collaborators’ strategic focus or available funding or external factors, such as an acquisition, that divert resources or
create competing priorities;
collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or
abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate
for clinical testing;
collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly
with our product candidates;
·
·
·
·
·
Table of Contents
32
·
·
·
·
·
·
a collaborator with marketing and distribution rights to one or more products may not commit sufficient resources to the
marketing and distribution of such product or products;
disagreements with collaborators, including disagreements over proprietary rights, including trade secrets and other
intellectual property, contract interpretation, or the preferred course of research and development might cause delays or
termination of the research, development or commercialization of product candidates, might lead to additional
responsibilities for us with respect to product candidates, or might result in litigation or arbitration, any of which would
be time-consuming and expensive;
collaborators may not properly prosecute, maintain, defend or enforce our intellectual property rights or may use our
proprietary information or other intellectual property in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or
invalidate our intellectual property or expose us to potential litigation;
collaborators may infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of third parties, which
may expose us to litigation and potential liability;
collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further
development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates; and
collaboration agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of product candidates in the most efficient
manner or at all. If any future collaborator of ours is involved in a business combination, it could decide to delay,
diminish or terminate the development or commercialization of any product candidate licensed to it by us.
Risks related to our intellectual property
Our success depends on our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary anti-C5a and anti-C5aR
technology.
Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect, defend and enforce patent, trade secret and
other intellectual property protection in the United States and other countries worldwide with respect to vilobelimab and other
proprietary product candidates. If we do not adequately protect, maintain, defend and enforce our intellectual property rights,
competitors may be able to erode, negate or preempt any competitive advantage we may have, which could adversely affect our
business and ability to achieve profitability. To seek to protect our proprietary position, we file patent applications in the United
States and in certain other countries related to our novel product candidates and their potential use is different medical indications
that are important to our business. The patent application and approval process is expensive and time-consuming and we may not
be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications and obtain and maintain issued patents at a reasonable
cost or in a timely manner.
If the scope of the patent protection we obtain is not sufficiently broad, we may not be able to prevent others from
developing and commercializing technology and products similar or identical to ours. The degree of patent protection we require
to successfully compete in the market may be unavailable or severely limited in some cases and may not adequately protect our
rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. Although we enter into non-disclosure and confidentiality
agreements with parties who have access to confidential or patentable aspects of our research and development output, such as our
employees, contractors, prospective business collaborators, clinical investigators and other third parties, any of these parties could
breach the agreements and disclose such output before a patent application is filed, which could jeopardize our ability to seek and
obtain patent protection. In addition, publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries,
and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in
some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our patents or
pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions.
Table of Contents
33
The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal
and factual questions, and has been the subject of much litigation in recent years. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity,
enforceability, and commercial value of our patent rights may be uncertain. Our pending and future patent applications may not
result in patents being issued which protect our technology or product candidates or which effectively prevent others from
commercializing competitive technologies and product candidates. In addition, the coverage claimed in a patent application can be
significantly reduced before the patent is issued, and its scope can be reinterpreted after issuance. Even if our patent applications
issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors or other
third parties from competing with us, or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. For example, there can be no
assurance that our issued patents contain and pending patent applications will contain, when granted, claims of sufficient breadth
to cover all antibodies alleged to be a biosimilar of our product candidates. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that our issued
patents will not be challenged at the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, or foreign patent offices or in court
proceedings, and if any such challenge were successful, the scope of our issued patent claims could be limited so as to not cover
antibodies alleged to be a biosimilar of our product candidates. In addition, changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of
the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent
protection. In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the
laws of the United States. For example, patent laws in various jurisdictions, including significant commercial markets such as
Europe, restrict the patentability of methods of treatment of the human body more than United States law does.
Some of our future patents and patent applications and other intellectual property may be co-owned with third parties. If
we are unable to obtain an exclusive license to any such third-party co-owners’ interest in such patents or patent applications or
other intellectual property, such co-owners may be able to license their rights to other third parties, including our competitors, and
our competitors could market competing products and technology. In addition, we would need the cooperation of any such co-
owners of our patents in order to enforce such patents against third parties, and such cooperation may not be provided to us.
Furthermore, we, or any future partners, collaborators, or licensees, may fail to identify patentable aspects of inventions made in
the course of development and commercialization activities before it is too late to obtain patent protection on them. Therefore, we
may miss potential opportunities to strengthen our patent position. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on
our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
Our patents covering our proprietary anti-C5a and anti C5aR technology may be subject to challenge, narrowing,
circumvention and invalidation by third parties.
Any of our patents may be challenged, narrowed, circumvented, or invalidated by third parties. The issuance of a patent is
not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity, or enforceability, and our patents may be challenged in the courts or patent
offices in the United States and abroad. We may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the USPTO or
become involved in opposition, derivation, revocation, reexamination, post-grant and inter partes review, or interference
proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission,
proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our
technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or
commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. Moreover, we may have to participate in interference
proceedings declared by the USPTO to determine priority of invention or in post-grant challenge proceedings, such as oppositions
in a foreign patent office, that challenge priority of invention or other features of patentability. Such challenges may result in loss
of patent rights, loss of exclusivity, or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable, which could limit our
ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the
patent protection of our technology and product candidates. Such proceedings also may result in substantial cost and require
significant time from our scientists and management, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us.
In addition, our competitors and other third parties may be able to circumvent our patents by developing similar or
alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner. For example, a third party may develop a competitive therapy that
provides benefits similar to vilobelimab or other product candidates but that uses a technology that falls outside the scope of our
patent protection. Our competitors may also seek approval to market generic versions of any approved products and in connection
with seeking such approval may claim that our patents are invalid, unenforceable or not infringed. In these circumstances, we may
need to defend or assert our patents, or both, including by filing lawsuits alleging patent infringement. In any of these types of
proceedings, a court or other agency with jurisdiction may find our patents invalid or unenforceable, or that our competitors are
competing in a non-infringing manner. Thus, even if we have valid and enforceable patents, these patents still may not provide
protection against competing products or processes sufficient to achieve our business objectives. If the patent protection provided
by the patents and patent applications we hold or pursue with respect to our product candidates is not sufficiently broad to impede
such competition, our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates could be negatively affected, which could have
a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
Table of Contents
34
We cannot be sure that we were the first to make the anti-C5a and anti-C5aR technologies claimed in our patents or patent
applications or that we were the first to file for patent protection.
Assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, currently, the first to file a patent application is generally
entitled to the patent. However, prior to March 16, 2013, in the United States, the first to invent was entitled to the patent.
Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United
States and other jurisdictions are not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be
certain that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first
to file for patent protection of such inventions. Similarly, we cannot be certain that parties from whom we may license or purchase
patent rights were the first to make relevant claimed inventions, or were the first to file for patent protection for them. If third
parties have filed patent applications on inventions claimed in our patents or applications on or before March 15, 2013, an
interference proceeding in the United States can be initiated by such third parties to determine who was the first to invent the
subject matter covered our patent applications. If third parties have filed such applications after March 15, 2013, a derivation
proceeding in the United States can be initiated by such third parties to determine whether our invention was derived from theirs.
The patent application process is subject to numerous risks and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in
obtaining patents for which we have applied.
Pending patent applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such
applications unless and until a patent issues from such applications. The patent application process is subject to numerous risks
and uncertainties, and there can be no assurance that we or any of our future development partners will be successful in protecting
our product candidates by obtaining and defending patents. These risks and uncertainties include the following:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
the USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural,
documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent process. There are situations in which noncompliance
can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights
in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than would otherwise
have been the case;
the coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued, and its scope can
be reinterpreted after issuance;
patent applications may not result in any patents being issued;
patents that may be issued or in-licensed may be challenged, invalidated, modified, revoked, circumvented, narrowed,
found to be unenforceable or otherwise may not provide any competitive advantage;
our competitors, many of whom have substantially greater resources and many of whom have made significant
investments in competing technologies, may seek or may have already obtained patents that will limit, interfere with or
eliminate our ability to make, use, and sell our potential product candidates;
there may be significant pressure on the U.S. government and international governmental bodies to limit the scope of
patent protection both inside and outside the United States for disease treatments that prove successful, as a matter of
public policy regarding worldwide health concerns; and
countries other than the United States may have patent laws less favorable to patentees than those upheld by U.S.
courts, allowing foreign competitors a better opportunity to create, develop and market competing product candidates.
Any of the foregoing events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of
operations, and prospects.
Table of Contents
35
It is difficult and costly to protect our intellectual property and our proprietary anti-C5a and anti-C5aR technologies, and
we may not be able to ensure their protection.
Our commercial success will depend in part on obtaining and maintaining patent protection and trade secret protection for
the composition, use and structure of our product candidates, the methods used to manufacture them, the related therapeutic
targets and associated methods of treatment as well as on successfully defending these patents against potential third-party
challenges. Our ability to protect our product candidates from unauthorized making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing by
third parties is dependent on the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents that cover these activities.
The ultimate determination by the USPTO or by a court or other trier of fact in the United States, or any corresponding
foreign patent offices or courts or other triers of fact, on whether a claim meets all requirements of patentability cannot be assured.
Although our C5a and C5aR inhibitor portfolio consists of five families of patents and patent applications that we own directed to
C5a and C5aR inhibitors and related methods of use, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in
our patents or patent applications, in our future licensed patents or patent applications or in third-party patents.
We cannot provide assurances that any of our patent applications will be found to be patentable, including over our own
prior art patents, publications or other disclosures, or will issue as patents. Furthermore, given the differences in patent laws in the
United States, Europe and other foreign countries, for example, the availability of grace periods for filing patent applications and
what can be considered as prior art, we cannot make any assurances as to the scope of any claims that may issue from our pending
and future patent applications in the United States or in other jurisdictions. Similarly, we cannot make any assurances as to the
scope of any claims that may survive a proceeding initiated by a third party challenging the patentability, validity or enforceability
of our patents and patent applications in the United States or in other jurisdictions. Any such challenge, if successful, could limit
patent protection for our product candidates and/or materially harm our business.
The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection
and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage. For example:
·
·
·
·
we may not be able to generate sufficient data to support patent applications that protect the entire breadth of
developments in one or more of our programs, including our Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) program;
it is possible that one or more of our pending patent applications will not become an issued patent or, if issued, that the
patent(s) will be insufficient to protect our technology or products, provide us with a basis for commercially viable
products or provide us with any competitive advantages;
if our pending patent applications issue as patents, they may be challenged by third parties as not infringed, invalid or
unenforceable under United States or foreign laws; or
if issued, the patents under which we hold rights may not be valid or enforceable.
In addition, to the extent that we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for one of our product candidates or
in the event that such patent protection expires, it may no longer be cost-effective to extend our portfolio by pursuing additional
development of a product or product candidate for follow-on indications. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse
effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
Obtaining and maintaining patent protection of our anti-C5a and anti-C5aR technologies depends on compliance with
various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our
patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.
Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and applications are
required to be paid to the USPTO and various governmental patent agencies outside of the United States in several stages over the
lifetime of the patents and applications. The USPTO and various non-U.S. governmental patent agencies require compliance with
a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process and after a
patent has issued. There are situations in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent
application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. We may enter into certain license
agreements where we will not have the ability to maintain or prosecute patents in the portfolio and must therefore rely on third
parties to take such actions and comply with certain requirements. Failure by us or our future or any existing licensors to maintain
protection of our patent portfolio could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations,
and prospects.
36
Table of Contents
In addition, it is possible that defects of form in the preparation or filing of our patents or patent applications may exist, or
may arise in the future, for example with respect to proper priority claims, inventorship, claim scope, or requests for patent term
adjustments. If we fail to establish, maintain or protect such patents and other intellectual property rights, such rights may be
reduced, eliminated, invalid and/or unenforceable. If any of our present or future partners, collaborators, licensees, or licensors,
are not fully cooperative or disagree with us as to the prosecution, maintenance or enforcement of any patent rights, such patent
rights could be compromised. If there are material defects in the form, preparation, prosecution, or enforcement of our patents or
patent applications, such patents may be invalid and/or unenforceable, and such applications may never result in valid, enforceable
patents. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which may have a material
adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of
time and if we do not obtain protection under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments and similar non-U.S. legislation for extending the
term of patents covering each of our product candidates, our business may be materially harmed.
Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, the natural expiration of a patent is generally twenty years after it is
filed. Various extensions may be available, however, the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Given the amount
of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates
might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our patent portfolio may not provide us with
adequate and continuing patent protection sufficient to exclude others from commercializing products similar to our product
candidates.
Depending upon the timing, duration and conditions of FDA marketing approval of our product candidates, one or more
of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term
Restoration Act of 1984, referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments and similar legislation in the EU. The Hatch-Waxman
Amendments permit a patent term extension of up to five years for a patent covering an approved product as compensation for
effective patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. A patent term extension cannot
extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, only one patent may be
extended and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it, or a method for manufacturing it may be
extended. In Europe, a maximum of five and a half years of supplementary protection can be achieved for an active ingredient or
combinations of active ingredients of a medicinal product protected by a basic patent, if a valid marketing authorization exists
(which must be the first authorization to place the product on the market as a medicinal product) and if the product has not already
been the subject of supplementary protection. However, we may not receive an extension if we fail to apply within applicable
deadlines, fail to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise fail to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the
length of the extension could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or the term of any such
extension is less than we request, the period during which we can enforce our patent rights for that product will be shortened and
our competitors may obtain approval to market competing products sooner. As a result, our revenue from applicable products
could be reduced and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and
prospects.
Changes to the patent law in the United States and other jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general,
thereby impairing our ability to protect our product candidates.
As is the case with other biopharmaceutical companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property,
particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biopharmaceutical industry involves both technological and legal
complexity and is therefore costly, time consuming and inherently uncertain. Recent patent reform legislation in the United States,
including the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act, could increase those uncertainties and costs. The
America Invents Act was signed into law on September 16, 2011, and many of the substantive changes became effective on
March 16, 2013. The America Invents Act reforms United States patent law in part by changing the U.S. patent system from a
“first to invent” system to a “first inventor to file” system, expanding the definition of prior art, and developing a post-grant
review system. This legislation changed United States patent law in a way that may weaken our ability to obtain patent protection
in the United States for those applications filed after March 16, 2013.
Table of Contents
37
Further, the America Invents Act created procedures to challenge the validity of issued patents in the United States,
including post-grant review and inter partes review proceedings, which some third parties have been using to cause the
cancellation of selected or all claims of issued patents of competitors. For a patent with an effective filing date of March 16, 2013
or later, a petition for post-grant review can be filed by a third party in a nine-month window from issuance of the patent. A
petition for inter partes review can be filed immediately following the issuance of a patent if the patent has an effective filing date
prior to March 16, 2013. A petition for inter partes review can be filed after the nine-month period for filing a post-grant review
petition has expired for a patent with an effective filing date of March 16, 2013 or later. Post-grant review proceedings can be
brought on any ground of invalidity, whereas inter partes review proceedings can only raise an invalidity challenge based on
published prior art and patents. These adversarial actions at the USPTO review patent claims without the presumption of validity
afforded to U.S. patents in lawsuits in U.S. federal courts and use a lower burden of proof than used in litigation in U.S. federal
courts. Therefore, it is generally considered easier for a competitor or third party to have a U.S. patent invalidated in a USPTO
post-grant review or inter partes review proceeding than invalidated in a litigation in a U.S. federal court. If any of our patents are
challenged by a third party in such a USPTO proceeding, there is no guarantee that we or our licensors or collaborators will be
successful in defending the patent, which would result in a loss of the challenged patent right to us.
In addition, court rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened
the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in
the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents once obtained. The laws and
regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to
enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future. Any changes to patent law in the U.S. or other
jurisdictions that impairs our ability to protect vilobelimab and other product candidates or their use in therapy could have a
material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
Others may claim an ownership interest in our intellectual property and proprietary anti-C5a and anti-C5aRtechnologies
which could expose us to litigation and have a significant adverse effect on our prospects.
A third party may claim an ownership interest in one or more of our, or our future or any existing licensors’, patents or
other proprietary or other intellectual property rights. A third party could bring legal actions against us and seek monetary
damages and/or enjoin clinical testing, manufacturing and marketing of the affected product or products. While we are presently
unaware of any material claims or assertions by third parties with respect to our patents or other intellectual property, we cannot
guarantee that a third party will not assert a claim or an interest in any of such patents or other intellectual property. If we become
involved in any litigation, it could consume a substantial portion of our resources, and could cause a significant diversion of effort
by our technical and management personnel. If any of these actions are successful, in addition to any potential liability for
damages, we could be required to obtain a license to continue to manufacture or market the affected product, in which case we
may be required, for example, to pay substantial royalties or grant cross-licenses to our patents. We cannot, however, assure you
that any such license will be available on acceptable terms, if at all. Ultimately, we could be prevented from commercializing a
product, or be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations as a result of claims of patent infringement or other
violations of other intellectual property rights. Further, the outcome of intellectual property litigation is subject to uncertainties
that cannot be adequately quantified in advance, including the demeanor and credibility of witnesses and the identity of any
adverse party. This is especially true in intellectual property cases that may turn on the testimony of experts as to technical facts
upon which experts may reasonably disagree. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial
condition, results of operations, and prospects.
Table of Contents
38
If we are sued for infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating intellectual property rights of third parties, such
litigation could be costly and time consuming and could prevent or delay us from developing or commercializing our product
candidates.
Our commercial success depends, in part, on our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates
without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating the proprietary or any other intellectual property rights of third
parties. Third parties may have U.S. and non-U.S. issued patents and pending patent applications relating to compounds, methods
of manufacturing compounds and/or methods of use for the treatment of the disease indications for which we are developing our
product candidates that may cover our product candidates or approach to complement inhibition. If any third-party patents or
patent applications are found to cover our product candidates or their methods of use or manufacture, or our approach to
complement inhibition, we may not be free to manufacture or market our product candidates as planned without obtaining a
license, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.
There is a substantial amount of intellectual property litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, and
we may become party to, or threatened with, litigation or other adversarial proceedings regarding intellectual property rights with
respect to our product candidates, including interference and post-grant proceedings before the USPTO. There may be third-party
patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to
the composition, use or manufacture of our product candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there
may be currently pending patent applications which may later result in issued patents that our product candidates may be accused
of infringing. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes upon these
patents. Accordingly, third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on intellectual property rights that exist now or
arise in the future. The outcome of intellectual property litigation is subject to uncertainties that cannot be adequately quantified in
advance. The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have produced a significant number of patents, and it may not always
be clear to industry participants, including us, which patents cover various types of products or methods of use or manufacture.
The scope of protection afforded by a patent is subject to interpretation by the courts, and the interpretation is not always uniform.
If we are sued for patent infringement, we would need to demonstrate that our product candidates, products or methods either do
not infringe the patent claims of the relevant patent or that the patent claims are invalid or unenforceable, and we may not be able
to do this. Proving invalidity is difficult. For example, in the United States, proving invalidity requires a showing of clear and
convincing evidence to overcome the presumption of validity enjoyed by issued patents. Even if we are successful in these
proceedings, we may incur substantial costs and the time and attention of our management and scientific personnel could be
diverted in pursuing these proceedings, which could significantly harm our business and operating results. In addition, we may not
have sufficient resources to bring these actions to a successful conclusion.
If we are found to infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate a third party’s intellectual property rights, we could be
forced, including by court order, to cease developing, manufacturing or commercializing the infringing product candidate or
product. Alternatively, we may be required to obtain a license from such third party in order to use the infringing technology and
continue developing, manufacturing or commercializing the infringing product candidate or product. However, we may not be
able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be
non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us; alternatively or additionally, it could
include terms that impede or destroy our ability to compete successfully in the commercial marketplace. In addition, we could be
found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed a
patent. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or force us to cease some of our
business operations, which could harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the trade secrets or other confidential
information of any third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business. Any of the foregoing could have a material
adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
Table of Contents
39
We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that our employees or we have misappropriated their intellectual
property, or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property and proprietary anti-C5a and anti-C5aR
technology.
Many of our current and former employees and our licensors’ current and former employees, including our senior
management, were previously employed at universities or at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including some
which may be competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary
information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or
disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such third party. Litigation may be
necessary to defend against such claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may
lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel or sustain damages. Such intellectual property rights could be awarded to a
third party, and we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to commercialize our technology or products. Such
a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we are successful in defending against such
claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.
In addition, while we typically require our employees, consultants and contractors who are involved in the development
of intellectual property for us within the scope of such employees’, consultants’ and contractors’ employment or other engagement
by us to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement
with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own, or such agreements may be breached or
alleged to be ineffective, which may result in claims by or against us related to the ownership of such intellectual property. If we
fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual
property rights. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial
costs and be a distraction to our senior management and scientific personnel. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse
effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
We may lose exclusivity to certain of our our intellectual property rights to the German federal government
We hold all of our intellectual property through our wholly owned subsidiary InflaRx GmbH in Germany. In the event of
a national epidemic or pandemic, the German federal government, and the Federal Ministry of Health and other authorities have
the right to order the use of our owned and in-licensed patents in the interest of the public welfare or the security of the Federal
Republic of Germany. The German federal government may issue such an order with respect to our owned and in-licensed patents
and we may lose exclusivity with respect to the technologies covered by such patents.
Additionally, the research resulting in certain of our patents and technology, including patents and technology relating to
our clinical development in COVID-19, was funded in part by the German federal government. Results of such government
funded research projects must, subject to certain conditions, be made available free of charge for academic research and teaching
in Germany and must be published in bi-annual interim reports and a final report following completion of the funded work.
Information relating to intellectual property generated, commercial expectations, scientific chances of success, next steps and
certain additional information must be disclosed to the German government and to third parties for academic research and
teaching upon request under a written confidentiality agreement. The German federal government additionally has, in the case of a
special public interest, a non-exclusive and transferable right to use intellectual property generated as part of the funded work.
Certain of our employees and patents are subject to German law.
A number of our personnel, including our directors, work in Germany and may be subject to German employment law
through their employment contracts. Inventions which may be the subject of a patent or of protection as a utility model as well as
technical improvement proposals for other technical innovations that may not be the subject of a patent or of protection as a utility
model made by such employees are subject to the provisions of the German Act on Employees’ Inventions (Gesetz über
Arbeitnehmererfindungen), which regulates the ownership of, and compensation for, inventions made by employees. We face the
risk that disputes may occur between us and our current or past employees pertaining to the sufficiency of compensation paid by
us, allocation of rights to inventions under this act or alleged non-adherence to the provisions of this act, any of which may be
costly to resolve and take up our management’s time and efforts whether we prevail or fail in such dispute. In addition, under the
German Act on Employees’ Inventions, certain employees retain rights to patents they invented or co-invented and disclosed to us
prior to October 1, 2009. While we believe that all of our current and past German employee inventors have subsequently
assigned to us their interest in patents and inventions they invented or co-invented, there can be no assurance that all such
assignments are fully effective. Even if we lawfully own all inventions of our employee inventors who are subject to the German
Act on Employees’ Inventions, we are required under German law to reasonably compensate such employees for the use of the
patents. If we are required to pay increased compensation or face other disputes under the German Act on Employees’ Inventions,
our results of operations could be adversely affected.
Table of Contents
40
If any of our current or past employees obtain or retain ownership of any inventions or other intellectual property rights
that we believe we own, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights and may be required to obtain and maintain licenses
from such employees to such inventions or intellectual property rights, which may not be available on commercially reasonable
terms or at all, or may be non-exclusive. If we are unable to obtain and maintain a license to any such employee’s interest in such
inventions or intellectual property rights, we may need to cease the development, manufacture, and commercialization of one or
more of the product candidates we may develop. In addition, any loss of exclusivity of our intellectual property rights could limit
our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products. Any of the foregoing events
could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
Risks related to employee matters and managing growth
We only have a limited number of employees to manage and operate our business.
As of December 31, 2021, we had 59 full-time or part-time employees. Our focus on the development of vilobelimab
requires us to optimize cash utilization and to manage and operate our business with limited personnel. We cannot assure you that
we will be able to hire additional employees and/or retain adequate staffing levels to develop vilobelimab or run our operations or
to accomplish all the objectives that we otherwise would seek to accomplish.
We depend heavily on our executive officers and directors, and the loss of their services would materially harm our
business.
Our success depends, and will likely continue to depend, upon our ability to hire and retain the services of our current
executive officers, directors, principal consultants and others. We are highly dependent on the management, development, clinical,
financial and business development expertise of Professor Niels Riedemann, our Chief Executive Officer, Professor Renfeng Guo,
our Chief Scientific Officer, Dr. Korinna Pilz, our Chief Clinical Development Officer, Dr. Thomas Taapken, our Chief Financial
Officer and Jordan Zwick, our Chief Strategy Officer. Our ability to compete in the biotechnology and pharmaceuticals industries
depends upon our ability to attract and retain highly qualified managerial, scientific and medical personnel.
Our industry has experienced a high rate of turnover of management personnel in recent years. Any of our personnel may
terminate their employment at will. If we lose one or more of our executive officers or other key employees, our ability to
implement our business strategy successfully could be seriously harmed. Furthermore, replacing executive officers or other key
employees may be difficult and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry
with the breadth of skills and experience required to develop, gain marketing approval of and commercialize products
successfully.
Competition to hire from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain or motivate these
additional key employees on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology
companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from
universities and research institutions.
We rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific, strategic, regulatory and clinical advisors, to assist us in
formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by
other entities and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with those entities that may limit their
availability to us. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain highly qualified personnel, our ability to develop and
commercialize our product candidates will be limited.
Table of Contents
41
Our employees, independent contractors, consultants, collaborators and contract research organizations may engage in
misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could cause
significant liability for us and harm our reputation.
We are exposed to the risk that our employees, independent contractors, consultants, collaborators and contract research
organizations may engage in fraudulent conduct or other illegal activity. Misconduct by those parties could include intentional,
reckless or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violates: (i) FDA regulations or similar regulations
of comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities, including those laws requiring the reporting of true, complete and accurate
information to such authorities, (ii) manufacturing and clinical trial conduct standards, (iii) federal and state healthcare fraud and
abuse laws and regulations and similar laws and regulations established and enforced by comparable non-U.S. regulatory
authorities, and (iv) laws that require the reporting of financial information or data accurately. Activities subject to these laws also
involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and
serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and
prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from
governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws, standards or
regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights,
those actions could have a significant impact on our business and results of operations, including the imposition of civil, criminal
and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other
federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and curtailment of
our operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to operate our business and our results of
operations.
We expect to expand our organization, and as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which
could disrupt our operations.
We expect to experience significant growth in the number of our employees and the scope of our operations, particularly
in the areas of clinical development and regulatory affairs. To manage these growth activities, we must continue to implement and
improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional
qualified personnel. Our management may need to devote a significant amount of its attention to managing these growth activities.
Moreover, our expected growth could require us to relocate to a different geographic area of the country. Due to our limited
financial resources and the limited experience of our management team in managing a company with such anticipated growth, we
may not be able to effectively manage the expansion or relocation of our operations, retain key employees, or identify, recruit and
train additional qualified personnel. Our inability to manage the expansion or relocation of our operations effectively may result in
weaknesses in our infrastructure, give rise to operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced
productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could also require significant capital expenditures and may divert
financial resources from other projects, such as the development of additional product candidates. If we are unable to effectively
manage our expected growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate revenues could be reduced
and we may not be able to implement our business strategy, including the successful development and commercialization of our
product candidates.
The legal and regulatory environment related to data privacy is becoming stricter, which could result in additional costs or
changes to the manner in which we handle personal information, and a failure to comply with such laws or regulations, or to
otherwise protect personal data in our possession or control, could result in fines, litigation, or other penalties as well as
reputational damage.
We are subject to laws, regulations, and contractual obligations related to privacy, data protection, information security,
including (i) the EU General Data Protection Regulation, which came into effect on May 25, 2018 and which provides for greater
penalties for noncompliance than previous European data protection laws, with potential fines of up to the greater of €20 million
or 4% of total annual worldwide turnover and (ii) the California Consumer Privacy Act, which came into effect on January 1,
2020 and which provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to
increase data breach litigation.
As privacy, data protection and information security laws evolve and are implemented, interpreted and applied, our
compliance costs may increase, particularly in the context of ensuring that adequate data protection and data transfer mechanisms
are in place. Additionally, compliance with such obligations and regulations could significantly impact our current and planned
privacy and information security practices, our collection, use, sharing, retention and safeguarding of personal data, and our
current and planned business activities and operations. A failure to comply with such obligations or regulations could result in
fines, litigation, or other penalties and adversely impact our reputation.
Table of Contents
Risks related to our common shares and our status as a public company
42
The trading price of our common shares has been and may in the future be highly volatile, which could result in
substantial losses for holders of our common shares, and a decline in our share price and invite securities litigation against our
company or our management.
Our share price has been and is likely to be highly volatile in the future. The stock market in general and the market for
smaller pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been
unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. You should consider an investment in our common shares as risky
and invest only if you can withstand a significant loss and wide fluctuations in the market value of your investment. The market
price for our common shares may be influenced by many factors, including:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
the timing, enrollment and results of clinical trials of vilobelimab and any other product candidates;
regulatory actions with respect to vilobelimab, our other product candidates or our competitors’ products and product
candidates;
the success of existing or new competitive products or technologies;
any delay in our development or regulatory filings for vilobelimab or any future product candidate and any adverse
development or perceived adverse development with respect to the applicable regulatory authority’s review of such
filings, including without limitation the FDA’s issuance of a “refusal to file” letter or a request for additional
information;
announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, collaborations
or capital commitments;
commencement or termination of collaborations for our development programs;
failure or discontinuation of any of our development programs;
results of clinical trials of product candidates of our competitors;
regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries;
developments or disputes concerning patent applications, issued patents or other proprietary rights;
the recruitment or departure of key personnel;
the level of expenses related to any of our product candidates or clinical development programs;
the results of our efforts to develop additional product candidates or products;
actual or anticipated changes in estimates as to financial results or development timelines;
announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts;
sales of our common shares by us, our insiders or other shareholders;
variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;
changes in estimates or recommendations by securities analysts, if any, that cover our shares;
changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;
market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors;
general economic, industry and market conditions; and
the other factors described in this ‘ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION — C. Risk factors’ section.
In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company and its management following a
decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for biopharmaceutical companies, which have
experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could cause us or members of
our management to incur substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources from our business.
Future sales, or the possibility of future sales, of a substantial number of our common shares could adversely affect the
price of the shares and dilute shareholders.
Future sales of a substantial number of our common shares, or the perception that such sales will occur, could cause a
decline in the market price of our common shares. If we or our existing shareholders sell substantial amounts of common shares in
the public market, or the market perceives that such sales may occur, the market price of our common shares and our ability to
raise capital through an issue of equity securities in the future at attractive terms or at all could be adversely affected.
Table of Contents
43
We have broad discretion in the use of our cash on hand and may invest or spend it in way with which you do not agree
and in ways that may not yield a return on your investment.
As of December 31, 2021, we had €26.2 million in cash and cash equivalents and €83.7 million in marketable securities.
Our management will have broad discretion in the use of such cash and could spend it in ways that do not improve our results of
operations or enhance the value of our common shares. You will not have the opportunity to influence our decisions on how to use
our cash on hand. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could harm
our business, cause the price of our common shares to decline and delay the development of our product candidates. Pending its
use, we may invest our cash on hand in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.
We are a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we are not subject to U.S. proxy rules and are subject to Exchange Act
reporting obligations that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of a U.S. domestic public company.
We will report under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, as a non-U.S. company with
foreign private issuer status. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain
provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including (i) the sections of the Exchange
Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act, (ii)
the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and
liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time and (iii) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the
filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, or current
reports on Form 8-K, upon the occurrence of specified significant events. In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to
file their Annual Report on Form 20-F until four months after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are
accelerated filers are required to file their Annual Report on Form 10-K within 75 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign
private issuers are also exempt from the Regulation Fair Disclosure, aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures
of material information. As a result of the above, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies
that are not foreign private issuers.
As a foreign private issuer and as permitted by the listing requirements of Nasdaq, we follow certain home country
governance practices rather than the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.
We are a foreign private issuer. As a result, in accordance with the listing requirements of Nasdaq we rely on home
country governance requirements and certain exemptions thereunder rather than relying on the corporate governance requirements
of Nasdaq. In accordance with Dutch law and generally accepted business practices, our Articles of Association do not provide
quorum requirements generally applicable to general meetings of shareholders. To this extent, our practice varies from the
requirement of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5620(c), which requires an issuer to provide in its bylaws for a generally applicable quorum,
and that such quorum may not be less than one-third of the outstanding voting stock. Although we must provide shareholders with
an agenda and other relevant documents for the general meeting of shareholders, Dutch law does not have a regulatory regime for
the solicitation of proxies and the solicitation of proxies is not a generally accepted business practice in the Netherlands; thus, our
practice will vary from the requirement of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5620(b). As permitted by the listing requirements of Nasdaq, we
have also opted out of the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(d), which requires, among other things, an issuer to have a
compensation committee that consists entirely of independent directors and makes determinations regarding the independence of
any compensation consultants, Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(e), which requires independent director oversight of director
nominations, and Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(b)(2), which requires an issuer to have a majority of independent directors on its
board. In addition, we have opted out of shareholder approval requirements, as included in the Nasdaq Listing Rules, for the
issuance of securities in connection with certain events such as the acquisition of shares or assets of another company, the
establishment of or amendments to equity-based compensation plans for employees, a change of control of us and certain private
placements. To this extent, our practice varies from the requirements of Nasdaq Rule 5635, which generally requires an issuer to
obtain shareholder approval for the issuance of securities in connection with such events. Accordingly, you may not have the same
protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these Nasdaq requirements.
Table of Contents
44
We are an “emerging growth company” and, as a result of the reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable
to emerging growth companies, our common shares may be less attractive to investors.
We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act and we intend to take advantage of some of the
exemptions from reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies,
including:
·
·
·
not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements in the assessment of our internal control over
financial reporting;
reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports, proxy statements and
registration statements; and
not being required to hold a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any
golden parachute payments not previously approved.
We cannot predict if investors will find our common shares less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If
some investors find our common shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common shares
and our share price may be more volatile. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an
emerging growth company. We anticipate that we will remain an emerging growth company until December 31, 2022.
Under Section 107(b) of the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting
standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. Given that we currently report and expect to continue to
report under IFRS as issued by the IASB, we will not be able to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result,
we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required by the
IASB.
We will lose our “emerging growth company” status at the end of 2022 and accordingly will incur additional costs for,
and may encounter difficulties in the implementation and refinement of necessary processes in internal control over financial
reporting.
As of December 31, 2022, we will no longer qualify as an emerging growth company. Accordingly, in our Annual Report
on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022, we will no longer be subject to the reduced reporting requirements
applicable to emerging growth companies and we will be required to adhere to, among other things, the auditor attestation
requirement in the assessment of internal controls over financial reporting and compliance with the requirement that the Public
Company Accounting Oversight Board has adopted regarding a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional
information about the audit and the financial statements. As a result of losing our emerging growth company status at the end of
2022, we will incur additional costs that may continue as we refine our financial reporting processes and expand our operations.
We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our share capital in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, shareholders
must rely on capital appreciation, if any, for any return on their investment.
We have never declared nor paid cash dividends on our share capital. We currently plan to retain all of our future
earnings, if any, to finance the operation, development and growth of our business. In addition, the terms of any future debt or
credit agreements and any restrictions imposed by applicable law may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital
appreciation, if any, of our common shares will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. Investors seeking cash
dividends should not purchase our common shares.
See “ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS —A. Major shareholders.”
elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information regarding the ownership of our outstanding common shares by our
executive officers, directors and principal shareholders and their affiliates.
Table of Contents
45
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business,
our share price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common shares depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts
publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. We do currently have limited research coverage,
and there can be no assurance that analysts will cover us or provide favorable coverage going forward. Securities or industry
analysts may elect not to continue to provide research coverage of our common shares, and such lack of research coverage may
negatively impact the market price of our common shares. In the event we do have analyst coverage, if one or more analysts
downgrade our common shares, change their opinion of our common shares or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about
our business, our share price would likely decline. In addition, if one or more analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to
regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading
volume to decline.
Our ability to use our net operating loss carry forwards and other tax attributes may be limited.
Our ability to utilize our net operating losses, or NOLs, is currently limited, and may be limited further, under Section 8c
of the German Corporation Income Tax Act (“Körperschaftsteuergesetz” or KStG) and Section 10a of the German Trade Tax Act
(“Gewerbesteuergesetz” or GewStG). These limitations apply if a qualified ownership change, as defined by Section 8c KStG,
occurs and no exemption is applicable. Generally, a qualified ownership change occurs if more than 50% of the share capital or
the voting rights are directly or indirectly transferred to a shareholder or a group of shareholders within a period of five years. A
qualified ownership change may also occur in case of a transaction comparable to a transfer of shares or voting rights or in case of
an increase in capital leading to a respective change in the shareholding. In the case of such a qualified ownership change tax loss
carry forwards expire in full. To the extent that the hidden reserves (stille Reserven) taxable in Germany exceed the tax loss carry
forward, they may be further utilized despite a qualified ownership change. In case of a qualified ownership change within a
group, tax loss carry forwards will be preserved if certain conditions are satisfied. Additionally, tax loss carry forwards may be
retained upon application under certain conditions, to the extent that the corporation has exclusively maintained the same business
operations since its establishment or at least since the beginning of the third year prior to qualified ownership change
(“fortführungsgebundener Verlustvortrag”). If the aforementioned application is made and, after the qualified change of
ownership, this business operation is discontinued, the most recently determined tax loss carry forward would be lost.
An appeal has been filed by the fiscal court of Hamburg dated August 29, 2017 – 2 K 245/17 with regard to Section 8c,
paragraph 1, sentence 2 KStG (in its superseded version, now: Section 8c paragraph 1 sentence 1 KStG) that is, the forfeiture of
all tax loss carryforwards in case more than 50% of shares/voting rights will be assigned to a new shareholder. The appeal is still
pending. It is unclear when the Federal Constitutional Court will decide this case. According to statements in German legal
literature, there are good reasons to believe that the Federal Constitutional Court may come to the conclusion that Section 8,
paragraph 1, sentence 2 KStG (in its superseded version) is not in line with the German constitution.
As of December 31, 2021, we had NOL carry forwards for German tax purposes of €142.0 million available. Future
changes in share ownership may also trigger an ownership change and, consequently, a Section 8c KStG, or a Section 10a
GewStG limitation. Any limitation may result in the expiration of the complete tax operating loss carry forwards before they can
be utilized. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carry forwards to reduce
German income tax may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future cash tax liability to us.
Table of Contents
46
As of December 31, 2021, our U.S. subsidiary, InflaRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., had €10.2 million or $11.5 million of net
operating losses for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Transfers or issuances of our equity may impair or reduce the ability of
InflaRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. to utilize U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes in the future.
Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, contains rules that limit the ability of a company that
undergoes an “ownership change” to utilize its net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards and certain built-in losses
recognized in years after the ownership change. An “ownership change” is generally defined as an increase in ownership of a
corporation’s stock by more than 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period by stockholders that own (directly,
indirectly or constructively) 5% or more of the stock of a corporation at any time during the relevant rolling three-year period. If
an ownership change occurs, Section 382 imposes an annual limitation on the use of pre-ownership change net operating losses,
credits and certain other tax attributes to offset taxable income earned after the ownership change. The annual limitation is
generally equal to the product of the applicable long-term tax-exempt rate in effect for the month in which the ownership change
occurs and the value of the company’s stock immediately before the ownership change (subject to some adjustments). For
example, this annual limitation may be adjusted to reflect any unused annual limitation for prior years and certain recognized (or
treated as recognized) built-in gains and losses for the year. In addition, Section 383 generally limits the amount of tax liability in
any post-ownership change year that can be reduced by pre-ownership change tax credit carryforwards or capital loss
carryforwards. No assurance can be given that prior transactions have not resulted in an ownership change for purposes of Section
382 of the Code or that future transactions will not result in an ownership change. Even if a subsequent transaction does not result
in an ownership change, it may materially increase the likelihood that we will undergo an ownership change in the future. Sales of
our common shares by stockholders, whose interests may differ from our interests, may increase the likelihood that we or one of
our subsidiaries undergoes an ownership change. If we or our subsidiaries have or were to undergo an ownership change, it could
result in increased future tax liability to us.
We may become taxable in a jurisdiction other than Germany and this may increase the aggregate tax burden on us.
Since incorporation we intend to have, on a continuous basis, our place of effective management in Germany. We will
therefore be a tax resident of Germany under German national tax law. By reason of our incorporation under Dutch law, we are
also deemed tax resident in the Netherlands under Dutch tax law. However, based on our current management structure and
current tax laws of the United States, Germany and the Netherlands, as well as applicable income tax treaties, and current
interpretations thereof, we should be tax resident solely in Germany for the purposes of the convention between the Federal
Republic of Germany and the Netherlands for the avoidance of double taxation with respect to taxes on income of 2012. However,
we may become subject to limited income tax liability in other countries with regard to the income generated in the respective
other country, for example, due to the existence of a permanent establishment or a permanent representative.
The applicable tax laws or interpretations thereof may change. Furthermore, whether we have our place of effective
management in Germany and are as such tax resident in Germany is largely a question of fact and degree based on all the
circumstances, rather than a question of law, which facts and degree may also change. Changes to applicable laws or
interpretations thereof and changes to applicable facts and circumstances (for example, a change of board members or the place
where board meetings take place), may result in us becoming a tax resident of a jurisdiction other than Germany. As a
consequence, our overall effective income tax rate and income tax expense could materially increase, which could have a material
adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects, which could cause our share price and
trading volume to decline. However, if there is a double tax treaty between Germany and the respective other country the double
taxation of income may be avoided. Thus, the detrimental tax effects should be mitigated by the application of the respective
double tax treaty.
We believe it is likely that we were a “passive foreign investment company”, or a PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax
purposes in 2019, 2020 and 2021, and we may be a PFIC in one or more future taxable years. U.S. shareholders may be subject to
adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences in 2021 and in any future taxable year in which we are a PFIC.
We believe it is likely that we were a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes in 2019, 2020 and 2021, and we may be
a PFIC in one or more future taxable years. In addition, we may, now or in the future directly or indirectly, hold equity interests in
other PFICs. Under the Code, we will be a PFIC for any taxable year in which, after the application of certain look-through rules
with respect to subsidiaries, either (i) 75% or more of our gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the
average quarterly value of our assets consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. Passive
income includes, among other things, dividends, interest, certain non-active rents and royalties, and capital gains. It is possible
that we will be a PFIC in any future taxable year because, among other things, (i) we currently own a substantial amount of
passive assets, including cash and securities that may give rise to passive income, (ii) the valuation of our assets that generate non-
passive income for PFIC purposes, including our intangible assets, is uncertain and may vary substantially over time, and (iii) the
composition of our income may vary substantially over time.
Table of Contents
47
If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor holds common shares, we would continue to be treated
as a PFIC with respect to that U.S. investor for all succeeding years during which the U.S. investor holds common shares, even if
we ceased to meet the threshold requirements for PFIC status, unless certain exceptions apply. Such a U.S. investor may be
subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, including (i) the treatment of all or a portion of any gain on disposition
as ordinary income, (ii) the application of a deferred interest charge on such gain and the receipt of certain dividends and (iii)
compliance with certain reporting requirements.
For further discussion, see “ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION — E. Taxation — Material U.S. Federal Income
Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders of Common Shares.”
If we ever pay dividends, we may need to withhold tax on such dividends payable to holders of our shares in both
Germany and the Netherlands.
We do not intend to pay any dividends to holders of our shares. However, if we do pay dividends, we may need to
withhold tax on such dividends both in Germany and the Netherlands. As an entity incorporated under Dutch law any dividends
distributed by us are subject to Dutch dividend withholding tax on the basis of Dutch domestic law. However, on the basis of the
double tax treaty between Germany and the Netherlands, the Netherlands will be restricted from imposing dividend withholding
tax if we continue to be a tax resident of Germany and our place of effective management is in Germany. However, Dutch
dividend withholding tax is still required to be withheld from dividends if and when paid to Dutch resident holders of our shares
(and non-Dutch resident holders of our shares that have a permanent establishment in the Netherlands to which their shareholding
is attributable). As a result, upon a payment (or deemed payment) of dividends, we will be required to identify our shareholders in
order to assess whether there are Dutch residents (or non-Dutch residents with a permanent establishment to which the shares are
attributable) in respect of which Dutch dividend tax has to be withheld. Such identification may not always be possible in practice.
If the identity of our shareholders cannot be determined, withholding of both German and Dutch dividend tax from such dividend
may occur, upon a payment of dividends.
Furthermore, the withholding tax restriction referred to above is based on the current reservation made by Germany under
the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, or the MLI,
with respect to the tie-breaker provision included in Article 4(3) of the double tax treaty between Germany and the Netherlands,
orthe MLI tie-breaker reservation. If Germany changes its MLI tie-breaker reservation, we will not be entitled to any benefits of
the double tax treaty between Germany and the Netherlands, including the withholding tax restriction, as long as Germany and the
Netherlands do not reach an agreement on our tax residency for purposes of the double tax treaty between Germany and the
Netherlands, except to the extent and in such manner as may be agreed upon by the authorities. As a result, any dividends
distributed by us during the period no such agreement has been reached between Germany and the Netherlands, may be subject to
withholding tax both in Germany and the Netherlands.
In addition, a proposed law is pending before the Dutch parliament, namely the Emergency Act Conditional Exit
Dividend Tax (Spoedwet conditionele eindafrekening dividendbelasting) which would, if enacted, impose a dividend withholding
(exit) tax on certain deemed distributions if we cease to be a Dutch tax resident and become a tax resident of a jurisdiction that is
not a member of the EU or the EEA, when such jurisdiction does not satisfy certain conditions. In some cases, we would have a
right to recover the amount of tax from our shareholders when such shareholder is not entitled to an exemption. If enacted in the
form in which it is presently pending before the Dutch parliament, the proposed law will have retroactive effect to December 8,
2021
Dividends distributed on our shares to certain related entities in low-taxed or non-cooperative jurisdictions might in the
future become subject to an additional Dutch withholding tax on dividends, as of 1 January 2024.
We have no plans to pay regular dividends on our ordinary shares. However, if we do pay dividends, under current Dutch
tax law, dividends paid by us to holders of our shares could become subject to Dutch dividend withholding tax at a rate of 15%
under the Dutch Dividend Withholding Tax Act (Wet op de dividendbelasting 1965), unless a domestic or treaty exemption or
reduction applies; see “ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION — E. Taxation — Material Dutch Tax Considerations.” As of
January 1, 2024, a Dutch conditional withholding tax will be imposed on dividends paid to related entities in jurisdictions that
have a corporate income tax rate below 9% (low-tax jurisdiction) or jurisdictions that are included on the EU's blacklist of non-
cooperative jurisdictions (non-cooperative jurisdictions for tax purposes). In addition, the conditional withholding tax on
dividends may also apply in situations where artificial structures are put in place with the main purpose or one of the main
purposes to avoid the conditional withholding tax or in the event of a hybrid mismatch. The conditional withholding tax will be
imposed at the highest Dutch corporate income tax rate in effect at the time of the distribution (currently 25.8%). The conditional
withholding tax on dividends will be reduced, but not below zero, by any regular Dutch dividend withholding tax withheld in
respect of the same dividend payment. As such, based on the currently applicable rates, the overall effective tax rate of
withholding the regular dividend withholding tax and conditional withholding tax will not exceed the highest corporate income
tax rate in effect at the time of the distribution (currently 25.8%). As of January 1, 2024, the withholding tax rate on dividends
paid to shareholders that are (A) entities related (gelieerd) to us and (B)(i) established in a low-taxing state or non-cooperative
jurisdiction for tax purposes, (ii) a hybrid entity or reverse hybrid entity or (iii) interposed to avoid tax otherwise due by another
entity, may rise from 15% to the highest corporate tax rate (currently 25.8%).
Table of Contents
48
We are a Dutch public company with limited liability. The rights of our shareholders are different from the rights of
shareholders in companies governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions and may not protect investors in a similar fashion afforded
by incorporation in a U.S. jurisdiction.
We are a public company with limited liability (naamloze vennootschap) organized under the laws of the Netherlands.
Our corporate affairs are governed by our Articles of Association and by the laws governing companies incorporated in the
Netherlands. However, there can be no assurance that Dutch law will not change in the future or that it will serve to protect
investors in a similar fashion afforded under corporate law principles in the United States, which could adversely affect the rights
of investors.
The rights of shareholders and the responsibilities of directors may be different from the rights and obligations of
shareholders and board members in companies governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions. In the performance of its duties, our
executive officers and board of directors are required by Dutch law to consider the interests of our company, its shareholders, its
employees and other stakeholders, in all cases with due observation of the principles of reasonableness and fairness. It is possible
that some of these parties will have interests that are different from, or in addition to, your interests as a shareholder.
Provisions of our Articles of Association or Dutch corporate law might deter acquisition bids for us that might be
considered favorable and prevent, delay or frustrate any attempt to replace or remove the members of our board of directors.
Under Dutch law, various protective measures are possible and permissible within the boundaries set by Dutch law and
Dutch case law. Our governance arrangements include several provisions that may have the effect of making a takeover of our
company more difficult or less attractive. In this respect, our general meeting of shareholders granted the right to an independent
foundation under Dutch law, or protective foundation, to acquire preferred shares pursuant to a call option agreement, or the call
option agreement, entered into between us and such foundation. This call option under the call option agreement shall be
continuous in nature and can be exercised repeatedly on multiple occasions.
If the protective foundation exercises the call option pursuant to the call option agreement, an amount of preferred shares
up to 100% of our issued capital held by others than the protective foundation, minus one share, will be issued to the protective
foundation. These preferred shares will be issued to the protective foundation under the obligation to pay up to 25% of their
nominal value upon issuance. In order for the protective foundation to finance the issue price in relation to the preferred shares,
the protective foundation is expected to enter into a finance arrangement with a bank. As an alternative to securing financing with
a bank, subject to applicable restrictions under Dutch law, the call option agreement provides that the protective foundation may
request us to provide, or cause our subsidiaries to provide, sufficient funding to the protective foundation to enable it to satisfy the
payment obligation (or part thereof) in cash and/or to charge an amount equal to the payment obligation (or part thereof) against
our profits and/or reserves in satisfaction of such payment obligation.
The protective foundation’s articles of association provide that it will promote and protect the interests of the company,
the business connected with the company and the company’s stakeholders from time to time, and repressing possible influences
which could threaten the strategy, continuity, independence and/or identity of the company or the business connected with it, to
such an extent that this could be considered to be damaging to the aforementioned interests. These influences may include a third
party acquiring a significant percentage of our common shares, the announcement of an unsolicited public offer for our common
shares, shareholder activism, other concentration of control over our common shares or any other form of undue pressure on us to
alter our strategic policies. The protective foundation shall be structured to operate independently of us.
Table of Contents
49
If the protective foundation were to exercise its call option, the preferred shares to be issued pursuant thereto would be
issued against the obligation to pay up to 25% of their nominal value. The voting rights of our shares are based on nominal value
and, as we expect our common shares to trade substantially in excess of nominal value, preferred shares issued at 25% of their
nominal value can carry significant voting power for a substantially reduced price compared to the price of our common shares
and thus can be used as a defensive measure. These preferred shares will have both a liquidation and dividend preference over our
common shares and will accrue cash dividends at a pre-determined rate. The protective foundation would be expected to require
us to cancel its preferred shares once the perceived threat to the company and its stakeholders has been removed or sufficiently
mitigated or neutralized. However, subject to the same limitations described above, the protective foundation would continue to
have the right to exercise the call option in the future in response to a new threat to the interests of us, our business and our
stakeholders from time to time.
In addition, certain provisions of our Articles of Association may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control
of us or effect a change in our board of directors. These provisions include: a provision that our directors are appointed on the
basis of a binding nomination prepared by our board of directors which can only be overruled by a two-thirds majority of votes
cast representing more than 50% of our issued share capital; a provision that our directors may only be removed by the general
meeting of shareholders by a two-thirds majority of votes cast representing more than 50% of our issued share capital (unless the
removal is proposed by the board in which case a simple majority of the votes can be sufficient); and a requirement that certain
matters, including an amendment of our Articles of Association, may only be brought to our shareholders for a vote upon a
proposal by our board of directors.
We are not obligated to and do not comply with all the best practice provisions of the Dutch Corporate Governance Code.
This may affect your rights as a shareholder.
We are a Dutch public company with limited liability (naamloze vennootschap), and we are subject to the Dutch
Corporate Governance Code, or DCGC. The DCGC contains both principles and best practice provisions that regulate relations
between the board of directors and the shareholders (such as the general meeting of shareholders). The DCGC is based on a
“comply or explain” principle. Accordingly, companies are required to disclose in their annual reports, filed in the Netherlands,
whether they comply with the provisions of the DCGC. If they do not comply with those provisions (for example, because of a
conflicting Nasdaq requirement), the company is required to give the reasons for such non-compliance.
The DCGC applies to all Dutch companies listed on a government-recognized stock exchange, whether in the Netherlands
or elsewhere, including Nasdaq. We do not comply with all the best practice provisions of the DCGC. For a list of the most
substantial DCGC best practices that we do not comply with, see “ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION — B.
Memorandum and articles of association.” This may affect your rights as a shareholder and you may not have the same level of
protection as a shareholder in a Dutch company that fully complies with the DCGC.
Claims of U.S. civil liabilities may not be enforceable against us.
We are incorporated under the laws of the Netherlands, and our headquarters is located in Germany. Substantially all of
our assets are located outside the United States. The majority of our directors and executive officers reside outside the United
States. As a result, it may not be possible for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon such persons or to
enforce against them or us in U.S. courts, including judgements predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal
securities laws of the United States.
There is currently no treaty between the United States and the Netherlands for the mutual recognition and enforcement of
judgements (other than arbitration awards) in civil and commercial matters. Therefore, a final judgement for the payment of
money rendered by any federal or state court in the United States based on civil liability, whether or not predicated solely upon the
U.S. federal securities laws, would not be enforceable in the Netherlands unless the underlying claim is relitigated before a Dutch
court of competent jurisdiction. Under current practice, however, a Dutch court will generally, subject to compliance with certain
procedural requirements, grant the same judgement without a review of the merits of the underlying claim if such judgement (i) is
a final judgement and has been rendered by a court which has established its jurisdiction vis-à-vis the relevant Dutch companies or
Dutch company, as the case may be, on the basis of internationally accepted grounds of jurisdiction, (ii) has not been rendered in
violation of principles of proper procedure (behoorlijke rechtspleging), (iii) is not contrary to the public policy of the Netherlands,
and (iv) is not incompatible with (a) a prior judgement of a Netherlands court rendered in a dispute between the same parties, or
(b) a prior judgement of a foreign court rendered in a dispute between the same parties, concerning the same subject matter and
based on the same cause of action, provided that such prior judgement is capable of being recognized in the Netherlands. Dutch
courts may deny the recognition and enforcement of punitive damages or other awards.
Table of Contents
50
Moreover, a Dutch court may reduce the amount of damages granted by a U.S. court and recognize damages only to the
extent that they are necessary to compensate actual losses or damages. Enforcement and recognition of judgements of U.S. courts
in the Netherlands are solely governed by the provisions of the Dutch Code of Civil Procedure. Based on the foregoing, there can
be no assurance that U.S. investors will be able to enforce any judgements obtained in U.S. courts in civil and commercial matters,
including judgements under the U.S. federal securities.
The United States and Germany currently do not have a treaty providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of
judgements in civil and commercial matters. Consequently, a final judgement for payment or declaratory judgements given by a
court in the United States, whether or not predicated solely upon U.S. securities laws, would not automatically be recognized or
enforceable in Germany. German courts may deny the recognition and enforcement of a judgement rendered by a U.S. court if
they consider the U.S. court not to be competent or the decision to be in violation of German public policy principles. For
example, judgements awarding punitive damages are generally not enforceable in Germany. A German court may reduce the
amount of damages granted by a U.S. court and recognize damages only to the extent that they are necessary to compensate actual
losses or damages.
In addition, actions brought in a German court against us, our directors, our executive officers and the experts named
herein to enforce liabilities based on U.S. federal securities laws may be subject to certain restrictions. In particular, German
courts generally do not award punitive damages. Litigation in Germany is also subject to rules of procedure that differ from the
U.S. rules, including with respect to the taking and admissibility of evidence, the conduct of the proceedings and the allocation of
costs. German procedural law does not provide for pre-trial discovery of documents, nor does Germany support pre-trial discovery
of documents under the 1970 Hague Evidence Convention. Proceedings in Germany would have to be conducted in the German
language and all documents submitted to the court would, in principle, have to be translated into German. For these reasons, it
may be difficult for a U.S. investor to bring an original action in a German court predicated upon the civil liability provisions of
the U.S. federal securities laws against us, our directors, our executive officers and the experts named in this Annual Report.
Based on the lack of a treaty as described above, U.S. investors may not be able to enforce against us or directors,
executive officers or certain experts named herein who are residents of or possessing assets in the Netherlands, Germany, or other
countries other than the United States any judgements obtained in U.S. courts in civil and commercial matters, including
judgements under the U.S. federal securities laws.
General Risk Factors
COVID-19 has adversely impacted, and could continue to impact, our business, including our supply chain, clinical trials
and commercialization of our product candidates.
The continued spread of the COVID-19 pandemic is adversely impacting clinical and preclinical trials globally and in
different therapeutic areas. Our clinical trials or preclinical studies, including our ability to recruit and retain patients, principal
investigators and site staff who, as healthcare providers, were impacted in 2021 and may be further significantly impacted. We, or
our third-party contractors, manufacture our product candidates and perform clinical studies in different countries, including in
Europe, Asia, the United States and South America. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic varies among these countries;
however, measures implemented by local, state or federal authorities to counter the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic have
affected the ability of clinical and other staff to access research sites, including hospitals, manufacturing plants and laboratories,
which have, and could continue to, significantly delay and impede our and our contractor’s activities in such countries. Such
delays or impediments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and
prospects.
The negative impact of the pandemic has had and may continue to have on patient enrollment and treatment, and the
timing and execution of our clinical trials, could cause costly delays to our clinical trial activities, which could adversely affect our
ability to obtain regulatory approval for and to advance towards commercialization, increase operating expenses and have a
material adverse effect on our business and financial results.
Table of Contents
51
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have implemented, and continue to implement, mitigation procedures
designed to enable us to address the various issues that continue to arise from the COVID-19 pandemic, although there can be no
assurance that these procedures will be successful or that we can avoid a material and adverse disruption to our business. As the
pandemic continues, we experienced the prioritization of hospital resources toward the outbreak and further restrictions on travel.
Furthermore, some patients may be unwilling to enroll in our trials or be unable to comply with clinical trial protocols if
quarantines or travel restrictions impede patient movement or interrupt healthcare services.
The COVID-19 pandemic may also further negatively affect the operations of third-party contract research organizations
that we rely upon to carry out our clinical trials or the operations of our third-party manufacturers, each of which could result in
delays or disruptions in the supply of our product candidates. While our supply chain has not been significantly affected, there can
be no assurances that we will not experience supply disruptions in the future.
In addition, the spread of COVID-19 has resulted in significant governmental measures being implemented to control the
spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health officials have recommended and mandated precautions to mitigate the spread of
COVID-19, including prohibitions on congregating, traveling across borders, shelter-in-place orders and other similar measures.
We have taken precautionary measures intended to help minimize the risk of the virus to our employees, including temporarily
requiring some or all of our employees to work remotely, suspending all non-essential travel. Such measures have been
implemented to warrant the health and well-being of our employees, but they could negatively affect our business as remote work
may prove to be less effective in conducting our business operations. The COVID-19 pandemic has also caused volatility in the
global financial markets and has resulted in an associated recession in the global economy, which in the long term may negatively
affect our ability to raise additional capital on attractive terms or at all.
While many countries are in the process of vaccinating their residents against COVID-19, the large scale and challenging
logistics of distributing the vaccines, adoption rates, as well as uncertainty over the efficacy of the vaccine against new variants of
the virus may contribute to delays in economic recovery. Considering the evolving nature of COVID-19, the impact of the
COVID-19 pandemic on our business, financial condition and results of operations could materially change in the future. The
degree to which the COVID-19 pandemic affects us will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain, including, but
not limited to, the duration and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, the actions taken to reduce/cease the virus’ transmission and
the extent to which more stable economic and operating conditions resume. If the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated
recession continue for a prolonged period of time, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and clinical trial
activities could be further negatively impacted.
Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our shareholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights
to our technologies or product candidates.
We expect our expenses may increase in connection with expansion of operations. To the extent that we raise additional
capital through the issuance of common shares, convertible securities or other equity securities, your ownership interest may be
diluted, and the terms of these securities could include liquidation or other preferences and anti-dilution protections that could
adversely affect your rights as a common shareholder. In addition, debt financing, if available, may result in fixed payment
obligations and may involve agreements that include restrictive covenants that limit our ability to take specific actions, such as
incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, creating liens, redeeming shares or declaring dividends, that could
adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. In addition, securing financing could require a substantial amount of time
and attention from our management and may divert a disproportionate amount of their attention away from day-to-day activities,
which may adversely affect our management’s ability to oversee the development of our product candidates.
If we raise additional funds through collaborations or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties,
we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams or product candidates or grant licenses on
terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may be required to delay, limit,
reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product
candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.
Table of Contents
52
We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before
or more successfully than we do, and reducing or eliminating our commercial opportunity.
Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that
are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that
we, or any future collaborators, may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other marketing approval for their
products before we, or any future collaborators, are able to obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors
establishing a strong market position before we, or any future collaborators, are able to enter the market.
Many of our existing and potential future competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in
research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining marketing approvals and
marketing approved products than we do, and may be able to reduce the price at which they sell their products. Mergers and
acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a
smaller number of our competitors. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly if
acquired by, or through collaborative arrangements with, large and established companies. These competitors also compete with
us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient
registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, the development of our
product candidates.
The development and commercialization of new products is highly competitive. We expect that we, and any future
collaborators, will face significant competition from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and
biotechnology companies worldwide with respect to any of our product candidates that we, or any future collaborators, may seek
to develop or commercialize in the future. For example, other pharmaceutical companies may commence development efforts for
product candidates targeting the same indications as vilobelimab, including HS, severe COVID-19, AAV, PG or indications in the
oncology field including cSCC, or any other indications we may target. For a detailed analysis of the competitive environment in
which we operate, see “ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY — B. Business Overview — Competition.”
If any product liability lawsuits are successfully brought against us or any of our collaboration partners, we may incur
substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates.
We face an inherent risk of product liability lawsuits related to the testing of our product candidates in seriously ill
patients and will face an even greater risk if our product candidates are approved by regulatory authorities and introduced
commercially. Product liability claims may be brought against us or our partners by participants enrolled in our clinical trials,
patients, health care providers or others using, administering or selling any of our future approved products. If we cannot
successfully defend ourselves against any such claims, we may incur substantial liabilities.
If any of our product candidates are approved for commercial sale, we will be highly dependent upon consumer
perceptions of us and the safety and quality of our products. We could be adversely affected if we are subject to negative publicity
associated with illness or other adverse effects resulting from patients’ use or misuse of our products or any similar products
distributed by other companies.
Although we maintain product liability insurance coverage, this insurance may not fully cover potential liabilities that we
may incur. The cost of any product liability litigation or other proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. We
will need to increase our insurance coverage if we commercialize any product that receives marketing approval. In addition,
insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive and difficult to obtain. If we are unable to maintain sufficient insurance
coverage at an acceptable cost or to otherwise protect against potential product liability claims, it could prevent or inhibit the
development and commercial production and sale of our product candidates, which could harm our business, financial condition,
results of operations and prospects.
Table of Contents
53
We may be unsuccessful in evaluating material risks involved in future acquisitions.
We may, in the future, acquire companies, products and/or platforms that are complementary to our operational and
customer needs. As part of the process, we may conduct business, legal and financial due diligence to identify and evaluate
material risks involved in any particular transaction. Despite these efforts, we may be unsuccessful in ascertaining or evaluating
all such risks. As a result, the intended advantages of any given acquisition may not be realized. If we fail to identify certain
material risks from one or more acquisitions we may be exposed to significant costs and our business could be negatively
impacted.
We may not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world.
Filing, prosecuting, maintaining, enforcing and defending patents on our product candidates in all countries throughout
the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be
less extensive than those in the United States. The requirements for patentability may differ in certain countries, particularly in
developing countries; thus, even in countries where we do pursue patent protection, there can be no assurance that any patents will
issue with claims that cover our product candidates.
Moreover, our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights may be adversely affected by unforeseen
changes in the United States and foreign intellectual property laws. Additionally, laws of some countries outside of the United
States and Europe do not afford intellectual property protection to the same extent as the laws of the United States and Europe.
Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in certain foreign
jurisdictions. The legal systems of some countries, including India, China and other countries, do not favor the enforcement of
patents and other intellectual property rights. This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or the
misappropriation or other violations of our other intellectual property rights. For example, many foreign countries have
compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner must grant licenses to third parties. Consequently, we may not be able to
prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in certain countries outside the United States and Europe. Competitors may
use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop and market their own products and,
further, may export otherwise infringing products to jurisdictions where we have patent protection, if our ability to enforce our
patents to stop infringing activities is inadequate. These products may compete with our products, and our patents or other
intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.
Agreements under which we may be granted a license to any patent rights may not give us sufficient rights to permit us to
pursue enforcement of our licensed patents or defense of any claims asserting the invalidity of these patents (or control of
enforcement or defense) of such patent rights in all relevant jurisdictions as requirements may vary.
Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in the United States or foreign jurisdictions, whether or not successful, could
result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and resources from other aspects of our business. Moreover, such proceedings
could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and
could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or
other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Furthermore, while we intend to seek to protect our
intellectual property rights in major markets for our product candidates, we cannot ensure that we will be able to initiate or
maintain similar efforts in all jurisdictions in which we may wish to market our product candidates. Accordingly, our efforts to
protect our intellectual property rights in such countries may be inadequate. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse
effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, which could be
expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.
Competitors may infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate our patents, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual
property rights. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement or other claims, which can
be expensive and time consuming and divert the time and attention of our management and scientific personnel. Any claims we
assert against perceived infringers could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we infringe their
patents, in addition to counterclaims asserting that our patents are invalid or unenforceable, or both. In any patent infringement
proceeding, there is a risk that a court will decide that a patent of ours is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, and that we
do not have the right to stop the other party from using the invention at issue. There is also a risk that, even if the validity of such
patents is upheld, the court will construe the patent’s claims narrowly or decide that we do not have the right to stop the other
party from using the invention at issue on the grounds that our patent claims do not cover the invention. An adverse outcome in a
litigation or proceeding involving one or more of our patents could limit our ability to assert those patents against those parties or
other competitors and may curtail or preclude our ability to exclude third parties from developing, making and selling similar or
competitive products. Similarly, if we were to assert trademark infringement claims, a court may determine that the marks we
have asserted are invalid or unenforceable, or that the party against whom we have asserted trademark infringement has superior
rights to the marks in question. In this case, we could ultimately be forced to cease use of such trademarks.
Table of Contents
54
Even if we establish infringement, the court may decide not to grant an injunction against further infringing activity and
instead award only monetary damages, which may or may not be an adequate remedy. Furthermore, because of the substantial
amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential
information could be compromised by disclosure during litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of
hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be
negative, it could adversely affect the price of our common shares. Moreover, there can be no assurance that we will have
sufficient financial or other resources to file and pursue such infringement claims, which typically last for years before they are
concluded. Even if we ultimately prevail in such claims, the monetary cost of such litigation and the diversion of the attention of
our management and scientific personnel could outweigh any benefit we receive as a result of the proceedings. Any such litigation
could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
If we fail to comply with our obligations under any future or other intellectual property licenses with third parties, we
could lose license rights that are important to our business.
We may be reliant upon licenses to certain patent rights and proprietary anti-C5a and anti-C5aR technology and other
intellectual property from third parties that are important or necessary to the development of our product candidates and the
manufacture and other commercialization of our products. These and other licenses may not provide exclusive rights to use such
intellectual property and technology in all relevant fields of use and in all territories in which we may wish to develop,
manufacture or commercialize our technology and products in the future. As a result, we may not be able to prevent competitors
from developing, manufacturing and commercializing competitive products in territories included in all of our licenses. Our
licensors may have sublicensed patents and other intellectual property owned by a third party, or relied on third-party consultants
or collaborators or funds from third parties that have an ownership or other right, title or interest in or to such in-licensed
intellectual property, such that our licensors are not the sole and exclusive owners of the patents and other intellectual property we
in-license. This could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of
operations and prospects.
In addition, agreements under which we may license patent rights may not give us control over patent filings prosecution
or maintenance, so that we may not be able to control which claims or arguments are presented and may not be able to secure,
maintain, or successfully enforce and defend necessary or desirable patent protection from those patent rights. We cannot be
certain that patent filing prosecution and maintenance activities by our licensors will be conducted in compliance with applicable
laws and regulations or will result in valid and enforceable patents. Even if we are permitted to pursue such enforcement or
defense, we will require the cooperation of our future or any existing licensors, and cannot guarantee that we would receive it and
on what terms. We cannot be certain that our future licensors will allocate sufficient resources or prioritize their or our
enforcement of such patents or defense of such claims to protect our interests in any licensed patents. If we cannot obtain patent
protection or enforce existing or future patents against third parties, it could have a material adverse effect on our business,
financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
Further, agreements under which we may license technology or any other intellectual property to or from third parties are
complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract
interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant technology or
any other intellectual property, or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement,
either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.
Moreover, if disputes over technology or other intellectual property that we may license prevent or impair our ability to maintain
our licensing arrangements on commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop manufacture and
commercialize the affected product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions,
results of operations, and prospects. Disputes may arise regarding intellectual property subject to a licensing agreement, including:
Table of Contents
55
·
·
·
·
·
·
the scope of rights that may be granted under license agreements and other interpretation-related issues;
the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on intellectual property rights of the licensor that is not
subject to the licensing agreement;
the sublicensing of patent and other rights under current and any future collaborative development relationships;
our diligence obligations under any license agreement and what activities satisfy such obligations;
the inventorship and ownership of inventions and know-how and other intellectual property resulting from the joint
creation or use of intellectual property by our license counterparties and us and our partners; and
the priority of invention of patented technology.
In spite of our best efforts, our license counterparties might conclude that we have materially breached our license
agreements and might therefore terminate the license agreements, which may remove our ability to develop manufacture- and
commercialize the product candidates and technology covered by these license agreements. If any in-licenses are terminated,
competitors may be able to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, products identical to ours. It is possible that we may be
unable to obtain any additional licenses that we require at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In that event, we may
be required to expend significant time and resources to redesign our product candidates, technology, or the methods for
manufacturing them or to develop or license replacement technology, all of which may not be feasible on a technical or
commercial basis. If we are unable to do so, we may be unable to develop, manufacture or commercialize the affected product
candidates, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects significantly. Any of these
events could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and
prospects.
If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, the value of our technology could be negatively
impacted and our business would be harmed.
In addition to the protection afforded by patents, we also rely on trade secret protection for certain aspects of our
intellectual property. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into
non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, consultants,
independent contractors, advisors, contract manufacturers, suppliers and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and
invention or patent assignment agreements with employees and certain consultants and independent contractors. Any party with
whom we have executed such an agreement may breach that agreement and disclose our proprietary information, including our
trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally
disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable.
Additionally, if the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against
third parties for misappropriating the trade secret. Further, if any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or
independently developed by a competitor or other third party, we would have no right to prevent such third party, or those to
whom they communicate such technology or information, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of
our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed or otherwise obtained by a competitor or other third party, it
could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our
marks of interest and our business may be adversely affected.
Our trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be
infringing on other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names or may be forced to stop
using these names, which we need for name recognition by potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. During
trademark registration proceedings, we may receive rejections. Although we would be given an opportunity to respond to those
rejections, we may be unable to overcome such rejections. In addition, in the USPTO and in comparable agencies in many foreign
jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered
trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademarks, and our trademarks may not survive such
proceedings. If we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, we may not be able to
compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected.
Table of Contents
56
Cyber-attacks or other failures in telecommunications or information technology systems could result in information theft,
data corruption and significant disruption of our business operations.
We utilize information technology, or IT, systems and networks to process, transmit and store electronic information in
connection with our business activities. As use of digital technologies has increased, cyber incidents, including deliberate attacks
and attempts to gain unauthorized access to computer systems and networks, have increased in frequency and sophistication.
These threats pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks, the confidentiality and the availability and integrity of our
data. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in preventing cyber-attacks or successfully mitigating their effects.
Similarly, there can be no assurance that our collaborators, CROs, third-party logistics providers, distributors and other contractors
and consultants will be successful in protecting our clinical and other data that is stored on their systems. Any cyber-attack or
destruction or loss of data could have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects. In addition, we may suffer
reputational harm or face litigation or adverse regulatory action as a result of cyber-attacks or other data security breaches and
may incur significant additional expense to implement further data protection measures.
We may lose our foreign private issuer status which would then require us to comply with the Exchange Act’s domestic
reporting regime and cause us to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses.
We are a foreign private issuer and therefore we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current
reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. If in the future we are not a foreign private issuer
as of the last day of the second fiscal quarter in any fiscal year, we would be required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure,
current reporting requirements and proxy solicitation rules of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. In order to
maintain our current status as a foreign private issuer, either (a) a majority of our common shares must be either directly or
indirectly owned of record by non-residents of the United States or (b)(i) a majority of our directors and executive officers may
not be United States citizens or residents, (ii) more than 50% of our assets cannot be located in the United States and (iii) our
business must be administered principally outside the United States. If we were to lose this status, we would be required to
comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and
extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. We may also be required to make changes in our corporate governance
practices in accordance with various SEC and stock exchange rules. The regulatory and compliance costs to us if we are required
to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher than the costs we
would incur as a foreign private issuer. As a result, we expect that a loss of foreign private issuer status would increase our legal
and financial compliance costs and would make some activities highly time consuming and costly. These rules and regulations
could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified directors.
If our internal controls over financial reporting fail to be effective, such failure could result in material misstatements in
our financial statements, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other public information and have a
negative effect on the trading price of our common shares.
Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and, together
with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, are designed to prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or
improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations.
Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires management of public companies to develop and implement internal
controls over financial reporting and evaluate the effectiveness thereof. If we fail to design and operate effective internal controls,
it could result in material misstatements in our financial statements, impair our ability to raise revenue, result in the loss of
investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements and subject us to regulatory scrutiny and sanctions, which in turn
could harm the market value of our common shares.
We are required to disclose changes made in our internal controls and procedures and our management is required to
assess the effectiveness of these controls annually. However, for as long as we are an “emerging growth company” under the
JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal
controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404. We will cease to be an “emerging growth company” on December 31,
2022. Accordingly, in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022, we will be required to adhere to,
among other things, the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of internal controls over financial reporting. An
independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls could detect problems that our management’s assessment
might not. Undetected material weaknesses in our internal controls could lead to financial statement restatements and require us to
incur the expense of remediation.
57
Table of Contents
ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
D. History and development of the company
We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on applying our proprietary anti-C5a and anti-C5aR
technology to discover and develop first-in-class, potent and specific inhibitors of the complement activation factor known as C5a
and small molecule inhibitors or C5aR. C5a is a powerful inflammatory mediator involved in the progression of a wide variety of
autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases. Our lead product candidate, vilobelimab, is a novel intravenously delivered first-in-
class anti-C5a monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to free C5a and has demonstrated disease-modifying clinical activity
and tolerability in multiple clinical settings. We are developing vilobelimab for the treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa, or HS, a
rare and chronic debilitating systemic inflammatory skin disease, for which we are conducting a Phase III study, which we
initiated in January 2022. Beyond HS, we intend to develop vilobelimab and other proprietary development candidates to address
a wide array of complement-mediated diseases with significant unmet medical needs, including severe COVID-19, ANCA-
associated vasculitis, or AAV, a rare and life-threatening autoimmune disease; Pyoderma Gangrenosum, or PG, a chronic
inflammatory skin disorder and cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC) and potentially other new indications.
Our legal and commercial name is InflaRx N.V.. InflaRx was founded in 2007 as InflaRx GmbH by Professor Niels
Riedemann and Professor Renfeng Guo in Jena, Germany. Our agent for service of process in the United States is InflaRx
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. located at 600 S Wagner Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48103. Our principal executive offices and laboratories are
located in Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany, telephone: (+49) 3641 508 180. We have additional offices in Planegg-
Martinsried (Munich), Germany and in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, where we also have laboratories. We employ a total
of 59 employees, 18 of whom have M.D. or Ph.D. degrees. Our management team has extensive experience in the field of
complement research, clinical research and the biopharmaceutical industry. Both our Chief Executive Officer and founder,
Professor (Dr.) Niels Riedemann, and our Chief Scientific Officer and founder, Professor Renfeng Guo, have over 20 years of
complement research experience, having published extensively on C5a and its receptors. Our Chief Financial Officer, Dr. Thomas
Taapken, has served in executive positions and boards for various private and public European biotechnology companies over the
last 17 years and has 25 years total experience in the biopharmaceutical and venture capital industries. Jordan Zwick, our Chief
Strategy Officer, has over a decade of experience in working in finance, marketing and corporate development in a range of
industries including life sciences and financial services. In this role, he was responsible for business development transactions,
alliance management, strategic planning and portfolio management. Dr. Korina Pilz, our Chief Clinical Development Officer,
worked over 20 years in roles of increasing responsibility in academia and several biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies.
She established successful international clinical development plans and led international, multi-cultural project groups responsible
for execution of a broad spectrum of clinical studies, including first-in-human and Phase I to Phase III studies.
The SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports and other information about issuers, like us, that file
electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov. Our website can be found at www.inflarx.de. The
information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report, and you should not consider information
contained on our website to be a part of this Annual Report.
58
Table of Contents
B. Business Overview
Overview
Role of the C5a/C5aR axis as critical component in the immune system
C5a is a central part of the complement system and a critical component of the innate immune system. The most
prominent role of the complement system is to help the body defend itself against invading microorganisms through several
mechanisms, including the rapid creation of an inflammatory environment and the production of factors that directly kill
pathogens and recruit immune cells to sites of infection. Activation of the complement system ultimately results in the cleavage of
C5, which leads to the generation of C5a and C5b. C5a creates an inflammatory environment by attracting and strongly activating
neutrophils as well as by causing many different cell types to generate pro-inflammatory molecules. Such inflammation normally
benefits the body by helping to fight infection, but excessive or uncontrolled generation of C5a can cause severe damage to the
body’s own tissue, thereby contributing to the pathophysiology of many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
While the mode of action of C5a in inflammation has been intensely researched and confirmed, developing a highly
specific antibody with the ability to fully block C5a while preserving a critical innate defense mechanism, the formation of the
Membrane Attack Complex, or MAC, has been challenging. As such, there are currently no approved drugs that specifically target
C5a.
Our discovery of a novel epitope, or binding site, on C5a allowed us to overcome this challenge. We have identified
antibodies that potently and selectively bind to this conformational epitope to completely block C5a without compromising
important upstream functions of the complement system, as well as MAC formation. We intend to discover and develop
treatments leveraging our proprietary anti-C5a technology to address a wide array of complement-mediated diseases with
significant unmet needs.
Unlike its ligand C5a, C5aR can be pharmacologically inhibited by small molecules. It is generally believed that blockade
of C5a using antibodies offers a fast, complete, and safe way to control C5a-induced inflammation. The advantage of a small
molecule inhibitor to C5aR is that it can be administered orally, thereby offering broad, long-term ease of administration to
patients. Through proper clinical investigation of these small molecule C5aR antagonists in diseases induced by the activation of
C5aR/C5aR axis, the safety and efficacy of these agents can be established. As such, the development of both, C5a and C5aR
blocking agents, is possible to combat a variety C5a/C5aR-associated diseases.
Vilobelimab
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Vilobelimab is currently being developed for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa, or HS, a chronic debilitating
systemic inflammatory skin disease, where we estimate that moderate to severe HS has a prevalence of up to 200,000 patients,
while increasing evidence exists that the prevalence may be higher. HS results in painful inflammation of the skin and hair
follicles, especially in the armpit, groin and genitalia regions. In the more chronic form of the disease, patients experience draining
tunnels (previously referred to as draining fistulas), often requiring the use of bandages and diapers to absorb the constant flow of
pus, thus adversely affecting quality of life. We have demonstrated that HS patients have significant complement activation, and
in particular that C5a is a key promoter of neutrophil activation, believed to play a potential disease promoting role.
The only approved drug in the United States and in Europe to treat HS is adalimumab, an inhibitor of tumor necrosis
factor-alpha, or TNF-alpha. Although adalimumab provides clinical benefit to a portion of moderate to severe HS patients, a high
unmet medical need still persists.
We are currently conducting a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter pivotal Phase III study to
determine efficacy and safety of vilobelimab in patients with moderate to severe HS and actively draining tunnels, which we
initiated in January 2022 and which was paused in February 2022, after having received conflicting advice from the FDA
regarding the proposed clinical trial protocol and the primary endpoint of the study described therein. In March 2022, the FDA
corrected its advice to us and we are currently evaluating next steps regarding the development of vilobelimab in HS.
Table of Contents
COVID-19
59
We are also developing vilobelimab in severe COVID-19. On March 31, 2020, we initiated a randomized open label
multicenter trial Phase II/III clinical development program with vilobelimab in severe COVID-19 patients with severely
progressed pneumonia. In the Phase II part of the study, we evaluated vilobelimab treatment plus best supportive care compared to
best supportive care alone for up to 28 days. Vilobelimab treatment was associated with a lower 28-day all-cause mortality when
compared to the best supportive care group, along with trends in disease improvement, as evidenced by fewer patients
experiencing renal impairment assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rates, more patients showing reversal of blood
lymphocytopenia and a greater lowering of lactate dehydrogenase concentrations. Subsequently, we announced the first patient
enrolled in the Phase III part of the study. An interim analysis by an independent data monitoring committee (IDMC), which took
place in July 2021 and analyzed the data of the first 180 patients evaluable for the 28-day mortality endpoint, led to a
recommendation to continue the study as planned. On October 12, 2021, we announced full enrollment of
the study at 369 mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 across sites in the EU, South America and other regions. The
primary endpoint is 28-day all-cause mortality and topline data is expected within the first quarter of 2022. The results from this
Phase III trial will heavily influence our decision with respect to any future development of vilobelimab in COVID-19 and the
larger strategic focus of the company.
On October 19, 2021, we announced that we received a grant of up to EUR 43.7 million from the German Ministry of
Education and Research and the German Ministry of Health to support the Company’s development of vilobelimab for the
treatment of severe COVID-19 patients. The initial tranche amounts to up to EUR 25.8 million and is structured as reimbursement
of 80% of certain pre-specified expenses related to the clinical development and manufacturing of vilobelimab. The remainder of
the grant will be awarded in three additional subsequent tranches, each conditional on reaching agreed-upon development and
manufacturing-related milestones for the preceding tranche and structured as reimbursement for Company expenses. Individual
tranches will not be paid if the preceding milestone of a tranche is not met.
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis
We are also developing vilobelimab for the treatment of ANCA associated vasculitis, or AAV, a rare, life-threatening
autoimmune disease associated with powerful inflammatory flares that impair kidney function and lead to fatal organ dysfunction.
This disease affects approximately 40,000 and 75,000 patients in the United States and Europe, respectively. In addition, this
disease has a reported incidence of 4,000 and 7,500 new patients per year in the United States and Europe, respectively.
In October 2018, we dosed the first patient in a randomized, triple blind, placebo-controlled Phase II study with
vilobelimab in patients with AAV. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two dosing regimens
of vilobelimab in patients with moderate to severe AAV, when dosed in addition to standard of care, which includes treatment
with high dose glucocorticoids and either cyclophosphamide or rituximab. The primary endpoint of the study was the number and
percentage of subjects who experience at least one treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) per treatment group at week
24. Nineteen patients were enrolled at centers in the US. In May 2021, we reported topline data from the study. The results
indicated that vilobelimab, when given in addition to best standard of care, was well-tolerated.
In May 2019, we initiated a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II clinical study with vilobelimab in
patients with AAV. The main objective of this second study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vilobelimab in patients with
moderate to severe AAV. The primary endpoint of the study is a 50% reduction in Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS)
at week 16. The study was conducted in two parts. In Part 1, patients were randomized to receive either vilobelimab plus a
reduced dose of glucocorticoids, or placebo plus a standard dose of glucocorticoids. Patients received standard of care dosing in
both arms of rituximab or cyclophosphamide. In Part 2 of the study, patients were randomized to receive either vilobelimab plus
placebo, glucocorticoids or placebo plus a standard dose of glucocorticoids (both in addition to standard of care therapy consisting
of rituximab or cyclophosphamide). In November 2021, we announced that the study achieved its principal objective,
demonstrating comparable clinical response of vilobelimab to standard of care, while significantly reducing the need for
glucocorticoid (GC) treatment in this life-threatening indication.
We plan to discuss the data from both the U.S. and EU studies with regulatory authorities before determining next steps
with the program.
Table of Contents
Pyoderma Gangraenosum
60
We are also developing vilobelimab for the treatment of pyoderma gangraenosum (PG), a rare neutrophilic dermatosis
associated with chronic cutaneous ulcerations. PG usually has a devastating effect on patient’s life due to severe pain and
induction of significant movement impairment depending on lesions’ location. In February 2019, we initiated an open label, multi-
centric Phase IIa exploratory study enrolling 18 patients with moderate to severe PG in Canada, the U.S. and Poland. The
objectives of this study are to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vilobelimab in this patient population in three different doses.
On April 15, 2021 the study reached its enrollment target with 19 patients. On October 27, 2021, we announced
preliminary results from the study. In the third dosing cohort at 2400mg biweekly, six of the seven patients achieved clinical
remission with a PGA score of ≤ 1, which reflects a closure of the target ulcer. All patients in cohort 3 had elevated C5a levels at
baseline that were continuously suppressed after initiation of vilobelimab. From all cohorts, two patients had related serious
adverse events, or SAEs, that were reported: One patient experienced an erysipelas leading to hospitalization (judged as non-drug
related by sponsor), another developed a rash due to a delayed hypersensitivity reaction and withdrew from study. No dose-related
AEs were found. Overall, the observed adverse effect (AE) profile was in line with the underlying disease. With these results, we
plan to seek FDA guidance on next steps toward a pivotal program. Final results from all patients are expected in the first half of
2022.
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC)
We are also developing vilobelimab for the treatment of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor resistant/refractory locally advanced or
metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). cSCC is the second most common skin cancer. The incidence of cSCC
increases with increasing sun exposure and age and individuals with fair skin and hair are more often concerned. Approximately
200,000 to 400,000 cases of cSCC per year are being reported in the United States reaching up to estimates as high as 1 million
per year. Estimates in Europe vary by geographic location from approximately 30/100,000 per year in Northern Europe to
approximately 10/100,000 in Southern Europe. The incidence of cSCC is increasing dramatically around the world. The potential
for local recurrence or metastasis of cSCC varies with the pathologic variant and localization of the primary lesion, the risk for
metastasis in cSCC is approximately 2-5%. Advanced cSCC 10-year survival rates are less than 20% with regional lymph node
involvement and less than 10% with distant metastases. In June 2021, we announced the dosing of the first patient in the study. A
total of five patients have been enrolled in the study, four in the monotherapy arm and one in the combination arm. After five
weeks of treatment with the first three patients in the monotherapy arm, a safety assessment was completed, and enrollment in the
combination arm was opened.
INF904
We are developing an oral, small molecule drug candidate that targets the C5aR receptor. C5aR, a G-protein-coupled-
receptor expressed primarily by granulocytes, mediates the pathophysiological effects of C5a. We plan on targeting complement-
mediated, chronic auto-immune and inflammatory conditions where an oral small molecule is needed for patients. All IND-
enabling studies have been completed and we plan to initiate the Phase I program in the second half of 2022.
IFX002
To expand the breadth of our anti-C5a technology, we are developing IFX002 for the treatment of chronic inflammatory
indications. IFX002 shares the same mechanism of action as vilobelimab, blocking C5a with high specificity, but is designed with
a dosing regimen that may be more suitable for chronic therapy. IFX002 is in pre-clinical development.
Pipeline
We intend to leverage our expertise within the complement field as well as our proprietary technology to sustain our lead
in the anti-C5a space by developing a diverse pipeline focused on complement-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
with high unmet need. Rights to our proprietary anti-C5a technology are currently expected to extend up to 2038 if our latest filed
patent applications are granted.
Table of Contents
61
The figure below summarizes key information about our current pipeline of product candidates:
Our programs
Vilobelimab for the treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa
HS is a chronic debilitating systemic skin disease which results in painful inflammation of the hair follicles, most notably
in the armpit, groin and genitalia regions. The clinical hallmarks of this disease include very painful inflammatory nodules, boils
or abscesses that typically open and release odorous inflammatory fluids. In the more chronic form of the disease, patients
experience draining fistulas, also referred to as sinus tracts, which ultimately lead to scarring and related functional disability in
certain areas. HS patients suffer primarily from pain and significant discomfort resulting from the constant formation of pus, often
requiring the use of bandages and diapers, resulting in social isolation. Not surprisingly, HS severely adversely affects patients’
quality of life. The Hurley system is a classification system used to characterize the disease from early and easier to-treat forms of
HS in Hurley stage 1 to the chronic and difficult to treat forms in Hurley stages 2 and 3.
HS typically presents in the second and third decade of a patient’s life and often develops into a life-long debilitating
chronic disease. The target patient population for vilobelimab is HS patients displaying a moderate to severe form of the disease.
In the United States we estimate that moderate to severe HS has a prevalence of up to 200,000 patients, although recent
publications suggest a higher prevalence.
In Europe, the number of affected patients is also believed to be greater, with higher prevalence and incidence of HS in
countries with warmer climates. The diagnosis and treatment are in most countries handled by dermatologists even though patients
often first present with early symptoms to primary care physicians or even to emergency departments in order to seek surgical
relief of formed abscesses.
The accepted (but not approved) standard of care for HS patients includes topical, oral or intravenous antibiotic treatment,
as well as surgery, which often provide only temporary symptomatic relief. In some cases, patients also undergo different types of
surgery. HS is recognized as a systemic autoimmune disease, for which there are numerous suggested etiological factors,
including genetics. Neutrophils are believed to play a potential disease-promoting role as well as certain cytokines and mediators
commonly found in autoimmune diseases such as TNF-alpha, IL-17, IL-1 and others. This rationale is supported by the 2015
approval in the United States and Europe of adalimumab, an anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of patients
with moderate to severe HS (Hurley stage 2 and 3). The Hurley system is a classification system used to characterize the disease
from early and easier-to-treat forms of HS in Hurley stage 1 to the chronic and difficult to treat forms in Hurley stages 2 and 3.
The system has been used as the basis for clinical trials. Combined results from the two pivotal adalimumab trials, which enrolled
a total of 633 patients, showed that approximately 50% of the 316 patients who were treated with adalimumab achieved a response
in the HiSCR, while approximately 27% of the 317 patients who received placebo achieved a HiSCR response, in each case at the
end of a 12-week treatment period. Patients are HiSCR responders when they achieve a 50% or higher reduction of the combined
abscess and nodule, or AN, count from baseline, but no increase of the abscess or draining fistula count from baseline. The HiSCR
is the primary endpoint that was used to support regulatory approval by the FDA and EMA of adalimumab for the treatment of HS
patients. Despite having demonstrated clinical benefit, approximately 50% or more of the patients with moderate to severe HS did
not respond to adalimumab, thus a high unmet need remains among HS patients.
Table of Contents
62
C5a promotes inflammatory mediators and is a strong activator of neutrophils, which was the basis for our investigation
of our C5a blocking drug candidate vilobelimab in patients with HS. We established that patients suffering from HS show proof of
significant systemic complement activation with elevated plasma concentrations of C5a and other markers.
We further elaborated that C5a is activated in the plasma of HS patients and appears to be the main factor activating
neutrophils in human whole blood from healthy humans. Neutrophil activation was assessed by observing the upregulation of the
neutrophil surface marker CD11b (an established method to demonstrate neutrophil activation). These data were derived from
studies conducted in 2013 and 2014 as part of an investigative project in collaboration with an investigator from the University of
Athens, who provided HS patient plasma samples for the studies. In these studies, we found that CD11b, as a marker for
neutrophil activation, was greatly enhanced in fresh human whole blood from healthy volunteers when either recombinant human
C5a was added or when plasma from HS patients was added. Vilobelimab, our highly specific anti-C5a antibody, completely
inhibited neutrophil activation resulting from the addition of the HS plasma, suggesting that C5a may be the key mediator in
plasma from HS patients leading to neutrophil activation.
____________
Flow cytometry assay in fresh human whole blood demonstrating CD11b increase on blood neutrophils as marker of neutrophil
activation: recombinant human C5a strongly activates human neutrophils in whole blood (huPP-ctr + 20 nM rhC5a) which can be
fully blocked by addition of vilobelimab (previously denominated as “IFX-1”) (huPP-ctr + 20 nM rhC5a + 20 nM vilobelimab)
(open white bars). Plasma from two different HS patients (pat088 and pat092) also activates human neutrophils in whole blood
and this effect can be fully blocked by the addition of vilobelimab (middle and darker grey bars) thus implying that C5a in HS
patient plasma is the key neutrophil activating factor.
Vilobelimab was evaluated in a Phase IIa, single center open-label study in 12 patients who were diagnosed with Hurley stage 3
and had failed to respond to prior treatment attempts, including adalimumab, to which nine out of the 12 patients failed to respond.
Patients received weekly intravenous injections of vilobelimab for eight consecutive weeks and were subject to follow up for three
months thereafter. Results from the trial demonstrated a HiSCR response in 75% of patients at the end of eight weeks of treatment
and in 83% of patients at the end of the 12-week trial observation period, demonstrating initial clinical evidence of the product
candidate’s disease-modifying effect. The results from the trial revealed that weekly injections of vilobelimab resulted in reduced
C5a levels at 22 days and 50 days following the start of treatment while leaving MAC formation intact. The results also
demonstrated that vilobelimab administration was well tolerated, with no drug-related adverse events detected and no infusion-
related, allergic or anaphylactic reactions were observed.
Table of Contents
63
In addition to the HiSCR response, we observed additional trends for the disease-modifying effect of vilobelimab
treatment in HS patients. We investigated the absolute and percentage change from day one in the total combined count of
abscesses and nodules, or AN count. The median AN count was 6.0 at baseline and decreased during the treatment period: at day
50 the AN count had decreased by a median of 3.5 (69.70%), and at the end of the trial observation period (day 134) the AN count
had decreased by 4.5 (76.39%). At baseline, none of the 12 patients had an AN count of zero, one or two. At day 50, the end of the
treatment period, the number of patients displaying an AN count of zero, one or two increased to eight patients and, by day 134
(end of the trial observation period) to 10 patients.
Based on the initial Phase IIa results, we completed a larger multi-center, international Phase IIb study to determine the
efficacy and safety of vilobelimab in moderate to severe HS patients. The trial was a randomized, double-blind and placebo-
controlled multicenter study with five dose groups, including one placebo group. After a placebo-controlled double-blind period
of 16 weeks, each patient received vilobelimab open label for additional 28 weeks to assess long-term efficacy and safety. The
main objective of the study was to evaluate a dose response signal assessed by the HiSCR score at week 16 as the primary
endpoint. Secondary objectives included evaluation of safety and tolerability of vilobelimab.
On June 5, 2019, we announced the top-line results of the international SHINE Phase IIb study, in which we failed to
meet our primary endpoint utilizing HiSCR at week 16. The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study
enrolled a total of 179 patients in four active dose arms and a placebo arm at over 40 sites in 9 countries in North America and
Europe. The primary statistical analysis by multiple-comparison procedure modelling (MCP-mod) showed no significant dose
response for the vilobelimab treatment.
The individual HiSCR rates at week 16 for the four different dose arms and the placebo arm are outlined below:
vilobelimab
Placebo
Minimal dose
400mg every 4
weeks (Q4W)
40.0%
Low dose
800mg every 4
weeks (Q4W)
51.5%
Medium dose
800mg every 2
weeks (Q2W)
38.7%
High dose
1200mg every 2
weeks (Q2W)
45.5%
placebo Q2W
47.1%
A statistically significant reduction of the dermatology life quality index (DLQI) could be detected comparing the overall
treatment arms with the placebo arm at week 16 (p=0.031). The median DLQI reduction at week 16 compared to pre- dose values
was highest in the medium dose group (-5.5 points) when compared to the reduction in the placebo group (-1.5 points). There was
a trend in the reduction of the overall AN count comparing the placebo group (median reduction of -3.0) and the low, medium and
high dose group (-5.0, -5.0, and -4.5, respectively).
Vilobelimab was well tolerated. No difference could be detected in treatment emergent adverse events between placebo and
treatment groups. Overall, 72% of placebo treated patients experienced a treatment emergent adverse event when compared to
66% of the combined vilobelimab treated groups. The most common treatment emergent adverse events were exacerbation of HS
and nasopharyngitis.
On July 18, 2019 we published a post-hoc analysis. This analysis showed multiple additional signals of efficacy for the
vilobelimab high dose group compared to the placebo group within the initial phase of the SHINE study, which demonstrated
significant reductions in all combined inflammatory lesions, on draining fistula and on the IHS4² which also scores all
inflammatory lesions and has been developed by an international expert group to score severity and track treatment response,
although it has not be utilized in late stage clinical studies in HS. The IHS4 weights the most fluctuating lesions such as
inflammatory nodules (1 point), less than abscesses (2 points) or draining fistulas (4 points).
____________
2 In order to assess the potential long-lasting effect of vilobelimab treatment at the end of the three months observations period of
the initial Phase IIa study, an observational study was conducted on 10 of the 12 clinical subjects. The data revealed that the time
after concluding vilobelimab treatment to the first flare, defined as need for antibiotic treatment upon worsening of HS symptoms,
was 209 days (range 54 to 318 days) and that, while being off medication, 50% of patients had no flares until day 203.
Table of Contents
64
At week 16, there was a statistically significant reduction of draining fistulas, or DF, relative to baseline in the high dose
vilobelimab group when compared to placebo (Figure 1 – relating to all patients with at least 1DF at baseline).
Figure 1: Draining Fistula (DF) reduction relative to baseline at week 16 (left: Mean, right: Median) in all patients with at least 1
draining fistula at baseline. For mean comparisons and the p-value of high dose versus placebo, an ANCOVA model adjusted for
DF and Hurley stage at baseline was calculated. The p-value for the median comparison of high dose versus placebo was based on
the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Complete case analysis, no imputation of missing values.
This reduction in DF was visible as early as 2 weeks after induction of high dose vilobelimab therapy and consistent over
time with the strongest observed reductions seen at weeks 6, 8 and 16 (Figure 2). A temporary weakening of the strong reduction
was observed between weeks 10 to 14 which could not be explained by pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters. The
strong relative reduction of draining fistulas observed in the SHINE trial was consistent with earlier findings in the open label
Phase IIa study (manuscript under revision for publication).
Figure 2: Draining Fistula (DF) reduction relative to baseline per visit (left: Mean, right: Median) until week 16 for placebo and
the high dose group (vilobelimab 1200mg q2w) in all patients with at least one DF at baseline. For mean comparisons of high
dose versus placebo, an ANCOVA model adjusted for DF and Hurley stage at baseline was calculated. Complete case analysis, no
imputation of missing values.
Table of Contents
65
Vilobelimab therapy also reduced the AN count at week 16 relative to baseline with a trend to a dose dependent effect.
Further analysis showed that high dose vilobelimab therapy reduced abscesses and inflammatory nodule counts over time (Figure
3):
Figure 3: AN count per patient visit (left: Mean, right: Median) until week 16 for placebo and high dose group (vilobelimab
1200mg q2w). Complete case analysis, no imputation of missing values.
On November 6, 2019, we reported positive results of the open label extension (OLE) part of the international SHINE
Phase IIb study. The data were from a analysis at the end of the overall 9-month study treatment period (week 40). A total of 156
patients entered the 6-month OLE period upon completion of week 16 of the first part of the SHINE study. Patients participating
in the OLE part of the study remained blinded to their initial treatment regimen and were grouped into two arms, responders and
non-responders, according to the HiSCR at week 16. The Responder Group received a maintenance vilobelimab treatment dose of
800 mg every 4 weeks to investigate if they would maintain their response. The Non-responder Group received a vilobelimab
treatment of 800 mg every 2 weeks to investigate if they would become responders. As induction therapy, patients transitioning
from the former minimal dose or placebo groups received one or two additional 800 mg infusions, respectively. The endpoint for
the OLE part of the study was HiSCR response rate at week 40. Key results include:
·
·
70.6% of the Responder Group maintained their HiSCR response during the OLE, and
41.8% of the Non-responder Group became responders at week 40.
Thus, at the end of the 9-month treatment period, 56.3% of all patients who completed the OLE were HiSCR responders.
Overall, patients completing the OLE period showed a sustained improvement in inflammatory lesion count at week 40
compared to baseline counts of the OLE treatment group on day 1 of the SHINE study. There was a relative reduction in the total
body count of:
·
·
abscesses and inflammatory nodules (AN count) of -66.9% (mean) and -75.0% (median), and
draining fistula of -46.0% (mean) and -51.5% (median)
These results were also reflected in IHS4, which demonstrated an improvement with a relative change of - 54.5% (mean)
and -64.1% (median) when compared to the day 1 baseline values of the OLE patient group.
Table of Contents
66
In June 2020, we completed an end-of-Phase II meeting with the FDA and discussed the possible design of a pivotal
Phase III program for vilobelimab for the treatment of HS. The FDA agreed to key proposals to support a Biologics License
Application (BLA) submission, including certain aspects of the Phase III clinical trial design, vilobelimab dosing, target study
population, and the nonclinical and clinical pharmacology packages. While the FDA did not agree that the IHS4 is should be used
as a primary efficacy endpoint to support labeling, the FDA recommended that we obtain HS patient input to help determine the
validity of the IHS4 score. We have been assessing different strategies to progress the clinical development of vilobelimab for HS
in the United States. Additionally, we requested scientific advice from the EMA about a potential pathway for regulatory approval
in Europe and received feedback in July 2020. The EMA acknowledged that HiSCR response does not account for the clinical
relevance of a reduction in draining fistulas and the effort to construct a new endpoint that better captures these changes was
endorsed in principle. According to the EMA, although HiSCR was used as an endpoint in previous studies, IHS4 could be an
appropriate clinical endpoint to evaluate the efficacy of a novel compound in HS.
In March 2021, we submitted a Special Protocol Assessment (SPA) to the FDA for the Phase III HS program for
vilobelimab in Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS), suggesting International Hidradenitis Suppurativa Severity Score (IHS4) as the
primary efficacy endpoint and, in May 2021, the Company received an official response. The FDA agreed to the dosing regimen
in the protocol but did not agree with the assessment of the primary endpoint using IHS4.
At the FDA’s suggestion, we submitted a Type A meeting request to the FDA in July 2021 to align on the Phase III study
design and a proposed new primary endpoint instead of IHS4. At the meeting, the discussion focused on reaching consensus on
the overall study population and the primary endpoint measure. On September 8, 2021, we announced the outcome of this meeting
in which the FDA was supportive of the proposed pivotal study program focusing on patients with active draining tunnels. The
FDA also supported a new primary efficacy endpoint that will include measuring the reduction of all three inflammatory lesions
associated with HS - inflammatory nodules, abscesses and draining tunnels, called m-HISCR (modified Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Clinical Response). A m-HISCR responder is defined as, relative to baseline, at least a 50% reduction of ANdT count and at least
a 50% reduction of dT count. In the minutes of that meeting, FDA provided advice on how to implement, name and validate the
meaningfulness of the m-HiSCR for the intended patient population, especially since a reduction in draining tunnels is not
captured by the HiSCR. Following the advice received in the Type A meeting, in the fourth quarter of 2021, we submitted a full
clinical trial protocol for the planned clinical Phase III trial of vilobelimab in HS patients with actively draining disease to the
FDA. Upon submission of study protocol for review, we received no comments from FDA within the 30-day and 60-day review
periods.
Subsequently, in January 2022, we announced the initiation of the Phase III clinical trial in HS patients with activly draining
tunnels with the m-HiSCR as primary endpoint.
Table of Contents
67
On February 3, 2022, we held a virtual R&D event in which we disclosed a post-hoc analysis of the m-HISCR on the
Phase IIB SHINE data. Details can be seen down below.
The data is consistent with the fact that in the Phase IIB SHINE study, significant reduction of dT count is only achieved
with the high dose, the m-HiSCR response demands at least 50% reduction of dT count, and significant improvement on m-
HiSCR is only observed for the high dose group, which is the only group with significant reduction of dT count.
In February of 2022, we received an advice letter from the FDA related to our Phase III program with vilobelimab for the
treatment of HS. The feedback indicated that the FDA recommends using the HiSCR as the primary endpoint in the Phase III trial.
The FDA advice was provided nearly three months after our protocol submission and contrasted with the FDA advice provided to
us in the Type A meeting held previously. Given the unexpected details of the feedback from the FDA, we paused activities
related to the Phase III clinical trial. Howeverr, the FDA did not issue a clinical hold.
In March 2022, we received a corrected advice letter fromt eh FDA. In this letter, the FDA stated that itcorrects its advice
letter from February of 2022 and no longer recommends that we use the HiSCR as the primary endpoint for the chosen patient
population but gives recommendations related to implementation of the modified HiSCR.
We are currently evaluating next steps regarding the development of vilobelimab in HS.
Vilobelimab for the treatment of severe COVID-19
We are also developing vilobelimab for the treatment of severe COVID-19. On March 31, 2020, we initiated a Phase
II/III clinical development program with vilobelimab in patients with severe COVID-19 and enrolled the first patient at the
Amsterdam University Medical Centers in the Netherlands. The Phase II part of the study evaluated vilobelimab treatment plus
best supportive care compared to best supportive care alone for up to 28 days. Relative change (%) from baseline to day 5 in
oxygenation index (defined as PaO2/FiO2 ratio) was assessed as the primary endpoint along with additional clinical parameters
until day 28. In the study, patients were randomized to two treatment arms, either Arm A, best supportive care and vilobelimab or
Arm B, best supportive care alone. The primary endpoint was the relative percentage change from baseline to day 5 in the
Oxygenation Index (PaO2 / FiO2).
On June 17, 2020, we announced results from the Phase II part of the study. A total of 30 patients were randomized in the
trial, and 15 patients were treated in each arm: vilobelimab plus best supportive care or best supportive care alone. Over a
treatment period of 28 days, patients in the vilobelimab arm received a maximum of seven doses of 800 mg vilobelimab
intravenously on separate days. At randomization, 18 patients were intubated (60%), and 12 patients (40%) had other oxygen
supply. A higher number of patients with 2 or more comorbidities associated with increased COVID-19 mortality were reported in
the vilobelimab treatment group compared to best supportive care group. Relative change in the oxygenation index at day 5
showed no differences between treatment groups. However, vilobelimab treatment was associated with a lower 28-day all-cause
mortality when compared to the best supportive care group, along with trends in disease improvement, as evidenced by fewer
patients experiencing renal impairment assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rates, more patients showing reversal of blood
lymphocytopenia and a greater lowering of lactate dehydrogenase concentrations. In vilobelimab-treated patients, pulmonary
embolisms reported as serious adverse events occurred less compared to the best supportive care arm. Also, a temporary increase
of D-dimer levels, as potential expression of induction of blood clot lysis, was detected in the first days after initiation of
vilobelimab treatment. Twenty-eight-day all-cause mortality in the vilobelimab treatment group was 13% (2 out of 15) versus
27% (4 out of 15) in the control group. In the best supportive care group, four patients died of COVID-19-induced multi-organ
failure, and three of them had pulmonary embolisms reported as a serious adverse event. In the vilobelimab arm, one patient died
after an acute ventilator tube complication (leakage) and one patient with a history of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease died of pulmonary failure.
Table of Contents
68
Serious adverse event (SAE) rates were comparable between groups, but the rate of pulmonary embolisms reported as
SAEs was substantially lower in the vilobelimab treatment group. Upon review of the safety data, the independent data safety
monitoring board recommended continuation of the trial into the Phase III part.
The Phase II part of the trial was exploratory in nature and was not powered to show statistically significant differences in
clinical endpoints. Relative change (%) from baseline to day 5 in the oxygenation index, chosen as the primary endpoint for the
Phase II part, showed a large variability and dependency on patient positioning and intubation status which excludes this endpoint
from being used in a confirmatory study.
On September 14, 2020, we announced the first patient enrolled in the Phase III part of the study. An interim analysis by
an independent data monitoring committee (IDMC), which took place in July 2021 and analyzed the data of the first 180
patients evaluable for the 28-day mortality endpoint, led to a recommendation to continue the study as planned. Per
recommendations from the EMA and FDA, the option to potentially stop the study early based on efficacy was removed from the
interim analysis. On October 12, 2021, we announced full enrollment of the study at 369 mechanically ventilated patients with
COVID-19 across sites in the EU, South America and other regions. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either vilobelimab or
placebo; all patients received standard of care. The primary endpoint is 28-day all-cause mortality; key secondary endpoints
include assessment of organ support and disease improvement. Topline data for the 28-day mortality primary endpoint are
expected to be available within the first quarter of 2022. If the trial successfully reaches the primary endpoint goal, we will seek
marketing authorization in major markets including the U.S. and Europe through available expedited routes of approval, such as
emergency use authorization, or EUA, and others. In parallel, we also intend to seek for partners to support our
commercialization, such as partnerships in select regions and potentially building commercial infrastructure in other regions. The
commercialization strategy will depend on the quality of the clinical trial data, the commercial opportunity, launch timelines and
the ability to access capital for commercialization expenses.
On October 19, 2021, we announced that we received a grant of up to EUR 43.7 million from the German Ministry of
Education and Research and the German Ministry of Health to support the Company’s development of vilobelimab for the
treatment for severe COVID-19 patients. The initial tranche amounts to EUR 25.8 million (approximately USD 29.9 million) and
is structured as reimbursement of 80% of certain pre-specified expenses related to the clinical development and manufacturing of
vilobelimab. The remainder of the grant will be awarded in three additional subsequent tranches, each conditional on reaching
agreed-upon development and manufacturing-related milestones for the preceding tranche and structured as reimbursement for
Company expenses. Individual tranches will not be paid if the preceding milestone of a tranche is not met.
Vilobelimab for the treatment of ANCA-associated Vasculitis
AAV is a rare, life-threatening autoimmune disease with a relapsing nature, characterized by necrotizing vasculitis, an
inflammation of blood vessels. The disease is characterized by life-threatening flare phases affecting the kidney function and other
organs leading to organ dysfunction and failure, a potentially fatal outcome unless treated appropriately. AAV predominantly
affects small vessels associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, or ANCA. It comprises three disease entities: GPA,
or granulomatosis with polyangiitis (known as Wegener’s Granulomatosis); MPA, or microscopic polyangiitis; and eGPA, or
eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (known as Churg-Strauss syndrome).
AAV is designated as an orphan disease and affects approximately 40,000 and 75,000 patients in the United States and
Europe, respectively. In addition, AAV has a reported incidence of 4,000 and 7,500 new patients per year in the United States and
Europe, respectively.
Because of the life-threatening character of this disease, it is crucial to induce remission rapidly when a flare presents.
The treatment to induce remission differs from maintenance therapy. The current treatment regimen to induce remission uses a
combination of High Dose Corticosteroids, or HDCS, together with either rituximab or cyclophosphamide. The long lasting
HDCS therapy is associated with significant side effects and additional life-threatening risks for the patients.
The disease promoting role of C5a for AAV is well established. A priming effect of C5a for neutrophils appears to be the
essential factor leading to neutrophil-related damage of the endothelial cells in the vessels. In addition, patients with acute AAV
disease have significantly elevated complement activation parameters in their plasma when compared to AAV patients in
remission. In an experimental AAV disease model in mice, it was shown that while C5aR deficiency leads to reduction in disease
activity, C6 deficiency does not lead to such improvement, suggesting that MAC formation might not play a major role in this
disease. However, additional research is warranted to confirm this conclusion.
Table of Contents
69
Our clinical development strategy for vilobelimab in AAV first focused on acutely ill AAV patients, where we believe
vilobelimab has the potential to successfully induce remission and reduce or eliminate the need for HDCS therapy, leading to
reduction or elimination of HDCS therapy and providing an improved safety profile. Thereby we also intend to focus on speed of
induction of remission and reducing rate of renal replacement and kidney dysfunction. An additional focus could address the
maintenance of remission in patients.
We conducted a pre-IND meeting for vilobelimab therapy in AAV patients in February 2018 and, based on this, we
initiated a U.S. clinical Phase II study with vilobelimab in AAV patients primarily investigating safety and tolerability of
vilobelimab in AAV patients as well as exploring efficacy of vilobelimab when added to standard of care therapy. In addition, we
have initiated a second Phase II study with vilobelimab in AAV patients outside the U.S. focusing on safety as well as on
investigating the potential to reduce and avoid high dose glucocorticoid treatment during the induction phase of acute AAV. Part
of the development strategy will also be submission of an orphan drug application to the FDA and EMA once first data are
available.
In October 2018, we dosed the first patient in the randomized, triple blind, placebo-controlled U.S. Phase II IXPLORE
study with vilobelimab in patients with AAV. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two dosing
regimens of vilobelimab in patients with moderate to severe AAV, when dosed in addition to standard of care, which included
treatment with high dose glucocorticoids and either cyclophosphamide or rituximab. Patients were randomized to either receive a
low dose of vilobelimab in combination with a standard dose of glucocorticoids, a high dose of vilobelimab in combination with a
standard dose of glucocorticoids or placebo in combination with a standard dose of glucocorticoids. Patients in all three groups
received the standard of care dosing therapy consisting of rituximab or cyclophosphamide. The primary endpoint of the study is
the number and percentage of subjects who experience at least one treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) per treatment group
at week 24. The key secondary endpoint of the study is a 50% reduction in Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) at
week 16, a well-established endpoint that has been used in the previous AAV studies, along with clinical remission. It was
originally planned that we would enroll approximately 36 patients at centers in the US. After a blinded interim analysis was
conducted as well as an assessment of the potential impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, a decision was made to finalize
enrollment at 19 patients. In October 2020, we announced that the 19 patients had finished treatment. In May 2021, we announced
the topline results. U.S. IXPLORE Phase II trial achieved its objective; vilobelimab was shown to be safe and well tolerated in
patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis when added to current standard of care. Overall, no safety signal of concern could be
detected in the study, as observed TEAEs are reflective of the disease and SOC treatment. The IXPLORE study was not powered
to show statistical significance on efficacy endpoints; however, clinical response and remission for each treatment group was
measured at week 16 as secondary efficacy endpoints using the BVAS. The proportion of patients achieving a clinical response
was defined as a 50% reduction in BVAS at week 16 (and no worsening in any body system) compared to baseline, and clinical
remission was defined as BVAS=0. Although the sample size of the trial was small and it is difficult to interpret results not
powered to show statistical significance, patients across all three treatment groups demonstrated a strong response at week 16, and
more patients treated with SOC plus vilobelimab had clinical remissions at various timepoints throughout the study compared to
SOC plus placebo.
In May 2019, we initiated a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled European Phase II IXCHANGE study with
vilobelimab in patients with AAV. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vilobelimab in patients
with moderate to severe AAV. The primary endpoint of the study is a 50% reduction in Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score
(BVAS) at week 16. Secondary efficacy endpoints being analyzed include clinical remission, evaluation of the Vasculitis Damage
Index, reduction of glucocorticoid toxicity, several relevant biomarkers like glomerular filtration rate, and patient reported
outcomes. We originally planned that we would enroll approximately 80 patients at about 60 sites in up to 12 European countries
and Russia, with all participating study sites being closed in all countries by end of 2021. The study is being conducted in two
parts. In part 1, patients are being randomized to receive either vilobelimab plus a reduced dose of glucocorticoids, or placebo plus
a standard dose of glucocorticoids. Patients in both arms will receive the standard of care dosing of immunosuppressive therapy
(rituximab or cyclophosphamide). In part 2 of the study, patients are randomized to receive either vilobelimab plus placebo
glucocorticoids or placebo plus a standard dose of glucocorticoids (both in addition to standard of care immunosuppressive
therapy with rituximab or cyclophosphamide). After analyzing the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on the study, we
conducted a blinded internal interim analysis, in addition to obtaining review by an independent data monitoring committee
related to safety and efficacy. Based on the results of the blinded interim analysis of part 1 of the IXCHANGE study, we decided
to continue with part 2 of the study but decrease the number of enrolled patients. In November 2021, we announced topline data
from both parts of the study. The study achieved its principal objective, demonstrating comparable clinical response of
vilobelimab to standard of care, while significantly reducing the need for glucocorticoid (GC) treatment in this life-threatening
indication. Clinical response as well as clinical remission were achieved in comparably high rates in all three arms: Clinical
response at week 16 in evaluable patients was observed in 16 out of 18 (88.9%) patients in the treatment group receiving
vilobelimab alone; in 22 out of 23 (95.7%) patients receiving SDGC; and in 10 out of 13 (76.9%) patients in the vilobelimab +
RDGC group. The GTI composite score at week 16 was substantially lowered in the vilobelimab alone group (mean value of 0.8)
when compared to the SDGC group (mean value of 44.9) and the vilobelimab + RDGC group (mean value of 26.1). Assessment
of the VDI at week 16 suggested comparable values between groups with the vilobelimab only group showing the lowest value:
vilobelimab only group (1.0), SDGC group (1.5) and vilobelimab + RDGC group (1.9). eGFR, a secondary endpoint of the study,
demonstrated no observed medically meaningful changes in all three arms. The vilobelimab only group had the lowest number of
reported treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) as well as related TEAEs.
Table of Contents
70
We plan to discuss the data from both the U.S. and EU studies with regulatory authorities to determine next steps with the
program.
We believe that the potential advantages of treatment with vilobelimab in AAV are the following:
·
·
Rapid onset of action: vilobelimab has fast onset of action such that after its intravenous administration, vilobelimab
inhibits C5a-induced signaling completely, providing immediate protection from C5a induced priming and activation of
neutrophils in this disease. This may result in a faster response rate and a potentially quicker induction of remission
when compared to the currently available treatment options.
Potential potency advantages (over receptor inhibition): vilobelimab blocks the upstream ligand C5a, which inhibits
signaling through both receptors, C5aR and C5L2; C5a pro-inflammatory MoA through both C5aR and C5L2 has been
shown to be important for ANCA-primed and C5a-induced neutrophil degranulation as key disease-driving mechanism
in AAV (published by Hao and Wang et al 2013, PloS ONE).
Vilobelimab for the treatment of Pyoderma Gangraenosum
We are also developing vilobelimab for the treatment of Pyoderma Gangraenosum (PG). PG is a chronic inflammatory
form of neutrophilic dermatosis characterized by accumulation of neutrophils in the affected skin areas. The exact
pathophysiology is not fully understood, but it is postulated that inflammatory cytokine production as well as neutrophil activation
and dysfunction contribute to a sterile inflammation in the skin. PG presents as painful pustule or papule, mainly on the lower
extremities which rapidly progress to an extremely painful enlarging ulcer. Associated symptoms include fever, malaise, weight
loss and myalgia. PG usually has a devastating effect on a patient’s life due to the severe pain and induction of significant
movement impairment depending on lesions’ location. The exact prevalence of PG is not yet known but is estimated that up to
51,000 patients in the U.S. and Europe are affected by this disease. We plan to seek orphan drug designation for PG in the United
States and Europe.
In February 2019, we initiated an open label, multi-centric Phase IIa exploratory study enrolling 18 patients with
moderate to severe PG in Canada, the U.S. and Poland. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the safety and efficacy of
vilobelimab in this patient population in three different doses. In February 2020, we announced initial data from the first five
patients in this trial two patients achieved complete closure of the target ulcer. The drug was well tolerated, and no drug-related
severe adverse events (SAE) have been recorded to date in the study. On April 15, 2021 we announced the completion of the
enrollment target in this study with 19 patients. Data from the second dose cohort was announced on August 10,
2021. Ten patients were evaluable for the efficacy assessment on day 99 because 2 out of the 12 patients withdrew from the study
before reaching day 99 of the treatment. Out of the 10 patients evaluable for efficacy at day 99, four patients met the response
criteria, with three of them achieving complete closure of the target ulcer. The three patients who showed clinical response with a
PGA score of ≤ 3 with complete target ulcer closure had elevated C5a levels at baseline. InflaRx previously reported the clinical
response for two of these three patients in February 2020. The third patient demonstrating complete target ulcer closure had been
increased from the 1600mg dose group to the highest dose of 2400mg dose on day 57 of the study and closed the ulcer after the
dose escalation. The other six patients (three patients of which the results had been previously disclosed in February 2020) all
showed slight improvement in their condition according to the PGA definition (PGA score = 4). On October 27, 2021, we released
data from the third dosing cohort. In the third dosing cohort at 2400mg biweekly, six of the seven patients achieved clinical
remission with a PGA score of ≤ 1, which reflects a closure of the target ulcer. All patients in cohort 3 had elevated C5a levels at
baseline that were continuously suppressed after initiation of vilobelimab. From all cohorts, two patients had related SAEs that
were reported: One patient experienced an erysipelas leading to hospitalization (judged as non-related by sponsor), another
developed a rash due to a delayed hypersensitivity reaction and withdrew from study (which had been previously disclosed from
cohort 2). No dose-related AEs were found. Overall, the observed AE profile was in line with the underlying disease. Final
results from all patients are expected in the first half of 2022.
Table of Contents
Vilobelimab for the treatment of cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
71
We are also developing vilobelimab for the treatment of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor resistant/refractory locally advanced or
metastatic cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC). CSCC is the second most common skin cancer. The incidence of cSCC
increases with increasing sun exposure and age and individuals with fair skin and hair are more often concerned. Approximately
200,000 to 400,000 cases of cSCC per year are being reported in the United States reaching up to estimates as high as 1 million
per year. Estimates in Europe vary by geographic location from approximately 30/100,00 per year in Northern Europe to
approximately 10/100,000 in Southern Europe. The incidence of cSCC is increasing dramatically around the world. The potential
for local recurrence or metastasis of cSCC varies with the pathologic variant and localization of the primary lesion, the risk for
metastasis in cSCC is approximately 2-5%. Advanced SCC 10-year survival rates are less than 20% with regional lymph node
involvement and less than 10% with distant metastases. Distant metastases have median survival of less than 2 years. In June
2021, we announced the dosing of the first patient in the open label, non-comparative, two-stage, Phase II trial investigating two
independent arms: vilobelimab alone (Arm A) and vilobelimab in combination with pembrolizumab (Arm B). The main objectives
of the trial are to assess the safety and antitumor activity of vilobelimab monotherapy and to determine the maximum tolerated or
recommended dose, safety and antitumor activity in the combination arm. In February 2021, we announced that in the vilobelimab
and pembrolizumab combination arm (Arm B), the three patients enrolled in the first dosing cohort have been treated for 36 days
with no safety concerns and the independent Steering Committee unanimously voted to continue study as planned and open
enrollment for second dosing cohort. The interim analysis in Arm B required to move to the second stage of the Phase II trial is
expected after ten patients have been treated and are evaluable for response assessment at the recommended Phase II dose level,
which will be selected based on data from the safety run-in phase of the study. These data are expected to be available in the first
quarter of 2023. In parallel, we announced that enrollment continues in the monotherapy Arm A. Six patients are now enrolled in
this arm. The interim analysis in Arm A required to proceed to the second stage is expected to be available after ten patients are
evaluable for response assessment. These data are expected to be available in the third quarter of 2022.
INF-904
We are developing an oral, small molecule drug candidate that targets the C5aR receptor. C5aR, a G-protein-coupled-
receptor expressed primarily by granulocytes, mediates the pathophysiological effects of C5a. We plan on targeting complement-
mediated, chronic auto-immune and inflammatory conditions where an oral small molecule is needed for patients. All IND-
enabling studies have been completed and we plan to initiate the Phase I program in the second half of 2022. An evaluation of
optional clinical indications in which this drug candidate will be developed after completion of the Phase I safety study is
currently ongoing.
Our strategy
Our goal is to maintain and further advance our leadership position within the anti-C5a complement space, delivering
first-in-class autoimmune and anti-inflammatory therapies to market. To achieve this goal, we are executing on the following
strategies:
·
·
Advance our lead program vilobelimab for HS. Following the read-out of the Phase IIb trial, we have initiated a Phase
III program that would support a regulatory application for vilobelimab for the treatment of HS. We are currently
evaluating next steps regarding the development of vilobelimab in HS, based on the ongoing interactions with the FDA.
Advance vilobelimab to market approval for severe COVID-19: Complete the Phase III part of the Phase II/III trial in
severe COVID-19 patients and ultimately seek regulatory approval globally.
Table of Contents
72
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
Advance vilobelimab in PG. Based on the Phase IIa open label data, we plan to advance into a Phase III program once
we can align on the trial design with regulatory authorities
Complete Phase II clinical development of vilobelimab for SCC and other complement-mediated autoimmune and
inflammatory diseases. We are studying the potential benefit of vilobelimab treatment in PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor
resistant/refractory locally advanced or metastatic Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC) in an ongoing clinical
Phase II proof of concept study. We plan to eventually develop vilobelimab for other complement-mediated
autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in the future.
Complete a Phase I, first in human study with INF904. We plan to study our C5aR antagonist in a first in human study
in 2022, with a goal of developing this for the treatment of other complement-mediated auto-immune and inflammatory
diseases where a small molecule is needed for patient care.
Establish a fully validated manufacturing process for vilobelimab. We plan to establish a fully validated manufacturing
process for vilobelimab within an established and reputable CDMO with the goal to fulfill the quality criteria to gain
regulatory approval for such process. We plan to establish the final manufacturing of the finished pharmaceutical
product (“fill and finish”) in Germany and the transfer of the manufacturing process from China to Germany is
supported by the grant we were awarded from the German federal government.
Pursue the clinical development of IFX002 and continue to expand the breadth of our anti-C5a technology. We are
developing IFX002 as an injectable with a longer half-life than vilobelimab, making it suitable for chronic
inflammatory indications with less severe flares or closer to the onset of disease. IFX002 shares the same features as
vilobelimab with respect to its mechanism of action, covered binding epitope and selectivity. The pre-clinical
development of IFX002 is supported by a grant from the German government. We believe IFX002 holds the potential
to treat various chronic inflammatory diseases that could benefit from a dosing regimen more suitable for chronic
therapy.
Commercialize vilobelimab, if approved, either independently or in collaboration with a partner. We intend to
independently pursue the approval and commercialization of vilobelimab for HS and potentially other indications in the
United States and Europe. We plan to employ a targeted commercial infrastructure to promote access to vilobelimab
through centers-of-excellence that treat HS in these core markets. Outside of the United States and Europe, we may
pursue the approval and commercialization of vilobelimab for HS and potentially other indications either independently
or in collaboration with others. For other indications, we intend to develop and commercialize vilobelimab either
independently or through collaborations with other parties.
Solidify our leadership position in the anti-C5a space by leveraging the full potential of our proprietary anti-C5a
technology and expertise in complement and inflammation. We intend to continue to discover and develop treatments
that have the potential to address a broad spectrum of complement-mediated or immune response mediated indications
with significant unmet need, either internally or in collaboration with a partner. To accomplish this, we continue to
supplement our research and development activities with our discovery unit in Ann Arbor, Michigan and we are further
building out our business development capabilities.
The complement system and role of the C5a/C5aR axis as critical component in the immune system
The complement system: overview and terminal complement activation
The complement cascade consists of approximately 30 interacting proteins and forms a critical component of the innate
immune system. This system protects the body, for example by recognizing and removing bacteria, viruses and other infectious
agents, collectively referred to as pathogens. Activation of the complement system leads to a series of enzyme-like reactions that
produce factors that both directly kill pathogens and recruit immune cells to sites of infection. This activation can be triggered via
three major pathways: the classical pathway, the mannose binding lectin, or MBL, pathway and the alternative pathway.
Activation of any pathway will lead to the cleavage of C3 and formation of C5-convertases. Terminal complement activation,
which is also referred to as cleavage of C5, can be achieved by these C5 convertases. In addition, terminal complement activation
can also be achieved directly through the extrinsic pathway by naturally occurring enzymes present throughout the body but not
considered part of the complement system.
Table of Contents
73
Cleavage of C5 results in the generation of C5a and C5b, two molecules with distinct biological activities. C5a is a strong
inflammatory amplifier that exerts its biological functions by binding to two different receptors, C5aR and C5L2. C5b on the other
hand assembles with C6, C7, C8 and many C9 molecules to form the MAC, an important intrinsic defense mechanism that causes
the membranes of microorganisms to become permeable, leading to their disintegration, or lysis.
Functional importance of the complement system and the need for control
Overview of critical functions
The complement system serves many crucial functions within the innate immune response, such as:
·
·
·
·
Rapid creation of an inflammatory environment. Production of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as C5a, optimizes the
conditions under which enzymatic and other processes can act against microorganisms. These inflammatory conditions
include the onset of a fever or release of aggressive enzymes and oxygen radicals by neutrophils.
Lysis of microorganisms through formation of the Membrane Attack Complex. A rapid, first-line defense mechanism
resulting in the formation of pores in the cell membranes of invading microorganisms, leading to their disintegration.
Bridge to the adaptive immune system. This function is promoted by an activation product of C3, called C3b, which
tags particles and makes them visible and more easily processed by immune stimulatory cells. Such cells then present
these particles to B-cells, which in turn generate antibodies against the particles, leading to targeted elimination. This
mechanism takes a few weeks to take full effect.
Clearance of dead cell particles. The complement system also serves various other purposes, including the clearance of
dead cell particles from the body. This function is especially important because uncleared cell particles are believed to
potentially induce generation of antibodies against normal cells and tissues, leading to autoimmune inflammatory
responses and diseases.
Need for control
Complement activation is a double-edged sword: the fast acting and relatively non-specific functions of pro-inflammatory
responses driven by C5a and the lysis of microorganisms through MAC formation are usually very tightly controlled. However,
inappropriate activation of the system can quickly turn it from a beneficial defense system into an uncontrolled inflammatory
response. C5a’s uncontrolled activity in certain disease states can generate an inflammatory environment within the body that
results in tissue damage and promotes pro-inflammatory T-cell autoimmune responses. The resulting tissue damage is believed to
critically contribute to the disease progression of many acute as well as chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases,
particularly during flare-up phases. Examples of this include Lupus disease, inflammatory bowel disease and neutrophil-driven
diseases.
Table of Contents
74
Despite the MAC’s role as a rapid, first-line defense mechanism, MAC formation can also result in damage to our body’s
cells in some diseases. Normally, the body’s cells and tissues are protected from MAC-mediated lysis through surface inhibitors
that prevent MAC formation. However, in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinurea, or PNH, the patients’ cells lack the ability to
hold MAC inhibitors on their cell surface, resulting in extreme susceptibility to MAC-related cell lysis. In addition, patients with
diseases involving the kidney endothelial cells, such as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and certain forms of
glomerulonephritis, also often appear to be burdened by MAC-related damage. Blockade of MAC formation in these very rare
diseases can be lifesaving.
While blockade of MAC formation can be beneficial in certain circumstances, substantially blocking MAC formation can
also result in susceptibility to life-threatening infections. For example, patients dosed with drugs that block MAC formation, such
as with the marketed antibody eculizumab, must be immunized against meningococcal disease, which also carries the risk of side
effects. Therefore, it is desirable to leave MAC formation intact when blocking complement-mediated damage in the broad variety
of diseases in which an uncontrolled inflammatory response, and especially C5a, has been described as key driver of the damage.
We believe that C5a is a key inflammatory mediator driving tissue damage in many inflammatory diseases and thus
represents a very meaningful drug target with large therapeutic potential. Therefore, we have conducted substantial research over
the last 18 years to generate highly specific antibodies targeting only C5a while leaving MAC formation intact, to deliver an ideal
therapeutic approach for this attractive target.
Mechanisms of C5 activation
C5 can be produced by many cells, including epithelial cells of various organs, T-cells and other immune competent cells.
Terminal C5 activation does not require activation of the three complement pathways and related formation of C5-convertases.
Other enzymes can also directly cleave and activate C5, such that functionally active C5a can be generated in the complete
absence of other complement components. For example, in the absence of other complement factors in the cell culture, lung
epithelial cells can generate C5 upon stimulation, and lung macrophages can cleave and activate C5, leading to generation of C5a.
This example illustrates that C5 can be activated and C5a can be generated independently from the complement pathways.
In a recently published article in Clinical Immunology, we further demonstrated that direct enzymatic cleavage of C5
occurs uninhibited in the presence of eculizumab, a known C5 inhibitor that binds to the MG-7 domain of C5 and hinders the C5
convertases from engaging and binding to C5. This research suggests that direct enzymatic cleavage of C5a from C5 works
through a mechanism that is not blocked by C5 inhibitors such as eculizumab. Our studies further demonstrate that patients
sufficiently dosed with eculizumab may still display elevated plasma C5a levels, implying that C5 inhibitors like eculizumab are
not capable of fully blocking and controlling the C5a signaling pathway. Therefore, in diseases in which it plays a key promoting
role, we believe targeting C5a directly may yield a meaningful therapeutic benefit.
C5a and its role in disease and inflammation
C5a is a small, 74-amino acid-spanning protein whose biochemical and immunological properties have been well
documented in the scientific literature. C5a creates an inflammatory environment by attracting and strongly activating neutrophils
as well as by causing many different cell types to generate pro-inflammatory and inflammation-related molecules. While this can
help the body to respond strongly and rapidly to infections by optimizing the defense environment, uncontrolled C5a generation
can induce damage to the body’s tissues in a broad variety of diseases. As a result, we believe that controlling and limiting C5a
generation in the body may prevent the negative effects of an over-activated C5a immune response.
C5a quickly interacts with at least two independent receptors—C5aR and C5L2 (sometimes referred to as C5aR2). C5aR
and C5L2 serve as a large signaling pool for effects elicited by C5a. C5aR has been well characterized as a signaling receptor that
can be strongly upregulated in almost any cell across a variety of disease settings. Although less understood, C5L2 has also been
shown to promote inflammation and negatively affect outcomes in various experimental disease settings by promoting the adverse
effects elicited by uncontrolled C5a. Importantly, various other complement activation products such as C3a, C3a-desArg, C4a
etc. have been shown to bind to C5L2 and elicit effects different from those elicited by C5a. Thus, blocking specifically C5a as
achieved by use of vilobelimab will eliminate only C5a mediated effects.
Table of Contents
75
In the inflammatory response, C5a is an accelerator or “booster” of inflammation. This role of C5a extends to a broad
variety of responses that include, but are not limited to, the following mechanisms:
·
·
C5a boosts the generation of many different cytokines such as IL-8, IL-6, IL17, TNF-alpha and others in a variety of
cell types as well as within the bloodstream.
C5a induces a complex change in the cell-signaling cascade of immune-competent cells that leads to an altered and
often intensified signal transduction of other known signaling stimuli, such as the Toll-like receptor signaling.
·
·
C5a affects T-cell responses and causes a pro-inflammatory response, leading to the generation of further pro-
inflammatory cytokines.
C5a is capable of inducing adhesion molecule expression on the surfaces of blood vessels, leading to neutrophil
adherence to the internal vessel wall and migration through the vessel to the site of infection.
When C5a binds to its receptors on neutrophils, they are strongly activated and move to the source of damage or
infection, through a process referred to as chemotaxis, generating oxygen radicals and activated enzymes both believed to be
major contributors to cellular and tissue damage in the body. Given this central function, C5a is a powerful tool that, when
inappropriately activated, is capable of promoting damage to the body, ultimately leading to organ dysfunction and failure.
Various chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in humans are characterized by flare-up phases during which
substantial tissue damage occurs. Given C5a’s numerous inflammatory promoting functions, blocking it in chronic inflammatory
diseases may have a positive effect on T-cell function, overall control of the inflammatory status of the disease and a strong anti-
inflammatory effect on neutrophils, which may reduce tissue damage during the flare-up phases. Multiple international research
groups have demonstrated in various inflammatory animal models that blocking the C5a/C5aR signaling axis leads to reduced
inflammation, improved organ performance and favorable outcomes on clinical endpoints, including improved mortality rate,
disease severity or damage scores.
C5a also has been described as a potential disturbing factor for a balanced T-cell response by down-regulating regulatory
T-cells and promoting pro-inflammatory T-cell responses. Research published in 2013 in Nature Immunology and the Journal of
Experimental Medicine demonstrated that blocking the C5a/C5aR signaling axis in mice restored regulatory T-cell function,
inhibiting the progression of induced autoimmune diseases. Therefore, C5a is a potential drug target for the treatment of
autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases associated with T-cell imbalance.
Role of C5a in cancer growth and metastatic disease
Different cancer cells have been found to generate their own C5a when cultured in vitro in the absence of any other
complement factors or intact complement pathways. This result is possible because cancer cells produce C5, together with
enzymes to directly cleave C5, thereby generating functionally active C5a. Recent research suggests that C5a contributes to cancer
growth and metastatic disease, with multiple mechanisms proposed in the literature to explain this phenomenon. C5a appears to be
associated with the recruitment and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, also referred to as MDSCs, in tumors.
Activating MDSCs suppresses the important T-cell-mediated mechanisms that usually inhibit tumor growth. Recently published
findings in Cancer Cell in 2018 confirmed this mode of action that has been suggested in earlier published work. It has also been
documented that C5a generates a microenvironment favorable for tumor growth by increasing angiogenesis and enhancing the
expression of the checkpoint molecule PDL1, as well as other mediators that enable tumor growth. These and other existing data
may explain why combined therapy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and C5a blockade has been shown to effectively reduce tumor growth
and metastasis in a pre-clinical mouse model.
Table of Contents
Role of C5aR as potential target for therapeutic intervention
76
Two C5a receptors, C5aR (also known as C5aR1 or CD88) and C5aR2 (also known as C5L2 or GPR77), mediate the
biological activities of C5a. Activation of C5aR has broadly acknowledged proinflammatory roles, while activation of C5aR2
remains controversial having both pro- and anti-inflammatory roles. In animal models of sepsis, anti-C5a treatment ameliorated
the development of inflammatory responses and improved survival. In addition, experiment evidence suggests that blockade of
C5aR signaling similarly improves survival in animals with sepsis. Finally, C5aR antagonists have shown excellent therapeutic
effects in numerous models of inflammatory diseases involving complement activation.
Unlike its ligand C5a, C5aR can be pharmacologically inhibited by small molecules. In October 2021, Avacopan, an oral
C5aR antagonist, received market approval in the USA as an adjunctive treatment in adults for severe active ANCA-associated
vasculitis (specifically MPA and GPA) in combination with standard therapy including glucocorticoids.
It is generally believed that blockade of C5a using antibodies offers a fast, complete, and safe way to control C5a-induced
inflammation. The advantage of a small molecule inhibitor to C5aR is that it can be administered orally, thereby offering broad,
long-term ease of administration to patients. Through proper clinical investigation of these small molecule C5aR antagonists in
diseases induced by the activation of C5aR/C5aR axis, the safety and efficacy of these agents can be established. As such, the
development of both, C5a and C5aR blocking agents, is necessary to combat a variety C5a/C5aR-associated diseases.
Our proprietary anti-C5a/C5aR technology and product candidates
Despite C5a’s well-characterized role in promoting inflammation and related tissue and organ damage in different
diseases, no marketed drug targeting C5a exists. Based on more than 17 years of research in this field, we believe the challenge in
targeting C5a is to fully block the biological functions of C5a in its natural environment and leave MAC formation intact. We
believe our proprietary anti-C5a/C5aR technology enables us to overcome this challenge. Unlike its ligand C5a, C5aR can be
pharmacologically inhibited by small molecules. In October 2021, Avacopan, an oral C5aR antagonist, received market approval
in the USA as an adjunctive treatment in adults for severe active ANCA-associated vasculitis (specifically MPA and GPA) in
combination with standard therapy including glucocorticoids. We belive that the development of a small molecule inhibitor to
C5aR is that it can be administered orally, thereby offering broad, long-term ease of administration to patients. Through proper
clinical investigation of these small molecule C5aR antagonists in diseases induced by the activation of C5aR/C5aR axis, the
safety and efficacy of these agents can be established. As such, the development of both, C5a and C5aR blocking agents, is
necessary to combat a variety C5a/C5aR-associated diseases.
Our anti-C5a/C5aR technology
When targeting C5a with a drug, the challenge is to fully control and block C5a while leaving MAC formation intact. We
believe our discovery of a new conformational epitope, a binding site that can be detected by antibodies, on C5a has allowed us to
solve this challenge. We believe this conformational epitope is formed only after the cleavage of C5a from the C5 molecule,
suggesting that the three-dimensional structure of C5a changes upon release from C5, creating new epitopes that are only present
on the free C5a molecule. This permits binding to free C5a only after it is cleaved from C5 and thus allows blocking of C5a while
keeping MAC formation intact. We believe that this represents a breakthrough in the field of terminal complement C5a inhibition
and that this may be particularly valuable when treating diseases that are driven by C5a, such as HS and AAV.
Table of Contents
77
_________
A conformational epitope on the surface of the C5a molecule allows for generation of highly specific blocking antibodies directed
against C5a.
Our anti-C5a monoclonal antibodies are designed to have the following properties:
·
·
Complete immunological blockade and inhibition of C5a-induced effects: The human body has an abundant capacity to
generate C5a, and induce inflammatory effects through its two receptors, C5aR and C5L2. Therefore, our anti-C5a
antibodies are designed to:
·
·
generate complete immunological blockade of the C5a molecule to achieve potent and effective treatments.
Antibodies or inhibitors lacking this quality may leave a “signaling gap” for C5a, which, in a disease setting, will
likely be sufficient to allow for strong pro-inflammatory effects. This signaling gap would limit the ability to
silence the C5a/C5aR and C5a/C5L2 signaling axis to achieve the desired therapeutic effect; and
bind with high affinity to C5a to counteract the molecule’s rapid interactions with its two receptors, C5aR and
C5L2, which are abundantly present on the vast majority of cell types in the human body and that can be up-
regulated in various disease settings.
Limited effect on MAC formation: C5 blocking molecules that inhibit MAC formation in the blood increase the risk of
life-threatening infections caused by encapsulated bacteria such as meningococci. Therefore, leaving MAC formation
intact may offer a significant advantage in C5a driven diseases.
We believe that all of these features are necessary for a drug targeting C5a to achieve clinically meaningful
pharmacological performance for the treatment of C5a-driven diseases such as HS, AAV or others. Furthermore, we believe that
C5a-driven diseases may not be effectively targeted with complement inhibitory approaches that do not specifically and fully
block C5a. These approaches such as blocking the complement pathway-driven cleavage of C5 or inhibiting the complement
pathways upstream of C5, are characterized by two fundamental shortcomings:
·
·
Inability to fully block C5a without targeting it directly: C5a can be generated through C5 activation by various
enzymes in the complete absence of the complement pathways. For example, blocking the complement C5-convertase-
driven cleavage with the C5 inhibitor eculizumab cannot block direct enzymatic C5 activation and C5a generation in an
experimental setting. This may explain why elevated C5a levels remain measurable in patients effectively dosed with
eculizumab. Therefore, non-specific approaches that do not bind and inhibit C5a directly may fail to fully block its
effects; and
Lack of control over C5a’s signaling ability: C5a receptors are abundantly present on the majority of cells in humans
and can be strongly and rapidly upregulated in certain disease states. As such, even with low levels of C5a, the
receptors create a large “signaling sink” providing an abundant ability for even small amounts of C5a to transmit a
signal. Therefore, a fully blocking targeted C5a approach is warranted in order to achieve full control over C5a-induced
signaling events which may be especially important in highly acute inflammatory settings.
Table of Contents
Vilobelimab as first-in-class anti-C5a monoclonal antibody
78
Our lead product candidate, vilobelimab, is an intravenously delivered monoclonal anti-C5a antibody. It is based on our
proprietary anti-C5a technology and was the first C5a monoclonal antibody to enter clinical development. Vilobelimab is
differentiated by its ability to:
·
·
fully inhibit C5a-induced signaling and derived biological functions, as evidenced by its ability to completely prevent
C5a-induced neutrophil activation in human whole blood; and
leave MAC formation intact, as evidenced by testing the intact complement pathway driven MAC formation on red
blood cells, leading to the lysis of these cells.
We are currently evaluating vilobelimab in various disease indications. In our lead indication HS, we have completed an
international Phase IIb and an open-label Phase IIa study including a follow-on observational analysis. We have also completed
one placebo-controlled, single-center Phase I study of vilobelimab in healthy volunteers and completed two double-blind,
placebo-controlled, multi-center Phase IIa studies in two other acute care indications, early septic organ dysfunction and complex
cardiac surgery. In all completed studies, vilobelimab was observed to be well tolerated. The placebo-controlled, multi-center
Phase IIa studies in the two acute care indications demonstrated that the occurrence of adverse events was comparable between
treatment groups and placebo group. The results of these studies also demonstrated that vilobelimab blocked C5a with high
statistical significance (p-values < 0.001) and that MAC formation, as demonstrated by a CH50 assay described below, in the
groups treated with vilobelimab was not influenced, with mean CH50 values for treatment groups and control groups within the
normal range. To determine whether data is statistically significant, we use a “p-value,” which represents the probability that
random chance could explain the results. The FDA utilizes the reported statistical measures when evaluating the results of a
clinical trial, including statistical significance as measured by p-value as an evidentiary standard of efficacy, to evaluate the
reported evidence of a product candidate’s safety and efficacy. If not otherwise specified, we used a conventional 5% or lower p-
value (p < 0.05) to define statistical significance for the clinical trials and studies and data presented in this Annual Report.
Based on our clinical trials completed to date as well as the results from an EpiScreen ex vivo immunogenicity T-cell
response assay, we believe that vilobelimab carries a low risk of provoking an immune response following administration. The
immunogenicity assay used peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 21 donors and tested how many donors’ cells showed a
CD4+ T-cell response following introduction of vilobelimab ex vivo. A response rate of over 10% (or more than three out of 21)
means the applicable protein is considered to be high risk for immunogenicity, while a response rate of less than 10% means the
protein is considered to be low risk. The results of the assay for vilobelimab showed that zero out of the 21 donors had a T-cell
response rate, as compared to a control arm (using the A33 antibody) which showed a 30% response rate. In addition, based on an
anti-drug antibody detection assay conducted in connection with our Phase IIb clinical trial in HS, 10% of patients had anti-drug
antibodies (ADA) at any time during the study. Only one participant the presence of ADAs was associated with any specific AE
pattern indicating symptoms possibly related to the presence or emergence of ADAs leading to an immune reaction.
In addition to HS, we are developing vilobelimab as a therapy for AAV given C5a’s well-established disease promoting
role in AAV, as well as in PG, a well characterized neutrophilic dermatosis, in which we have initiated a Phase II clinical
development. We plan to advance development of vilobelimab in other disease settings where we believe an anti-C5a antibody
could be successfully developed into a marketed therapy.
Development of small molecule inhibitors of C5aR
It is generally believed that blockade of C5a using antibodies offers a fast, complete, and safe way to control C5a-induced
inflammation. The advantage of a small molecule inhibitor to C5aR is that it can be administered orally, thereby offering broad,
long-term ease of administration to patients. Through proper clinical investigation of these small molecule C5aR antagonists in
diseases induced by the activation of C5aR/C5aR axis, the safety and efficacy of these agents can be established. As such, the
development of both, C5a and C5aR blocking agents, is necessary to combat a variety C5a/C5aR-associated diseases.
Table of Contents
79
We are developing INF904, an oral, small molecule drug candidate that targets the C5aR receptor. C5aR, a G-protein-
coupled-receptor expressed primarily by granulocytes, mediates the pathophysiological effects of C5a. We plan on targeting
complement-mediated, chronic auto-immune and inflammatory conditions where an oral small molecule is needed for patients.
All IND-enabling studies have been completed and we plan to initiate the Phase I program in the second half of 2022. An
evaluation of optional clinical indications in which this drug candidate will be developed after completion of the Phase I safety
study is currently ongoing.
Additional clinical and pre-clinical development for vilobelimab
Beyond HS, severe COVID-19, AAV, PG and cSCC, the indications we described in the above sections, we plan to
advance the clinical development of vilobelimab in additional inflammatory and chronic complement-mediated autoimmune
disease indications for which a good pre-clinical or clinical proof of concept exists and where C5a has been demonstrated as a
critical disease promoting factor or where similar mechanisms, such as neutrophil-driven systemic diseases affecting the skin and
or other organs, are identified.
IFX002 as follow-on anti-C5a monoclonal antibody
To expand the breadth of our anti-C5a technology, we are developing IFX002, a follow-on anti-C5a monoclonal antibody
for the treatment of chronic inflammatory applications. IFX002 shares the same mechanism of action as vilobelimab in its
potential to block C5a with high specificity but is designed with a dosing regimen that may be more suitable for chronic therapy.
We are optimizing IFX002 to provide a prolonged half-life and potentially to be administered subcutaneously or intravenously.
IFX002 will keep the performance relevant properties to fully block C5a-induced biological effects while leaving MAC formation
intact. We believe that IFX002 holds the potential to treat various chronic inflammatory diseases that may be T-cell driven and
could benefit from a dosing regimen more suitable for chronic therapy. IFX002 is in pre-clinical development.
INF904 as oral small molecule inhibitor of C5aR
To expand the breadth of our anti-C5a/C5aR technology, we are also developing INF904, an oral, small molecule drug
candidate that targets the C5aR receptor. C5aR, a G-protein-coupled-receptor expressed primarily by granulocytes, mediates the
pathophysiological effects of C5a. We plan on targeting complement-mediated, chronic auto-immune and inflammatory
conditions where an oral small molecule is needed for patients. All IND-enabling studies have been completed and we plan to
initiate the Phase I program in the second half of 2022. An evaluation of optional clinical indications in which this drug candidate
will be developed after completion of the Phase I safety study is currently ongoing.
Intellectual property
We aim to protect our product candidates and other commercially important proprietary anti-C5a technology by seeking
and maintaining U.S. and foreign patents that are intended to cover our product candidates and compositions, and their methods of
use, the methods used to manufacture them, the related therapeutic targets and associated methods of treatment and any other
inventions that are commercially important to our business. We also rely on trade secrets and know-how and other intellectual
property rights to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent
protection. Our success will depend significantly on our ability to obtain and maintain such patent and other proprietary
protection, defend and enforce our patents, preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets and operate our business without
infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating any patents or other intellectual property, including any proprietary rights of
third parties. See the section titled “ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION — C. Risk factors—Risks related to our intellectual
property” for additional information.
As of December 31, 2021, we owned six issued U.S. patents, three pending U.S. non-provisional patent applications, 19
issued foreign patents, one Eurasian Patent validated in 9 countries, as well as four European patent validated in 88 countries, 36
pending foreign patent applications and two pending applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). These patents
include claims relating to C5a inhibitors and associated methods of use.
Table of Contents
80
Our patent portfolio relating to vilobelimab and IFX002, as of December 31, 2021, is summarized below.
As of December 31, 2021, we owned four issued U.S. patents covering the composition of matter of antibodies that block
C5a and their use in blocking C5a-induced biological effects in patients with diseases that involve acute or chronic inflammation,
which would include in their scope HS and AAV. In addition, we owned 15 issued foreign patents, three pending foreign patent
applications, one pending European patent application, one Eurasian Patent validated in nine countries, as well as two European
patents validated in 74 countries covering the composition of matter of antibodies that block C5a and their use in the treatment of
various diseases that involve acute or chronic inflammation, which would include in their scope HS and AAV, and, depending on
the jurisdiction of the applicable patent, specifically cover the use of such antibodies in treating diseases such as ischemia and
reperfusion related injuries, acute lung injury and pneumonia.
The issued U.S. and foreign patents are expected to expire in 2030, excluding any additional term for patent term
adjustments or patent term extensions. If granted, the pending U.S. and foreign patent applications would be expected to expire in
2030, excluding any additional term for patent term adjustments or patent term extensions.
As of December 31, 2021, we owned two granted U.S. patents covering the use of certain binding moieties, such as
antibodies, that inhibit C5a for the treatment of viral pneumonia. In addition, we owned one issued foreign patent, two pending
foreign patent applications, as well as one European patent validated in 3 countries covering the use of certain binding moieties,
such as antibodies, that inhibit C5a for the treatment of viral pneumonia. If issued, U.S. and foreign patents are expected to expire
in 2035, excluding any additional term for patent term adjustments or patent term extensions.
As of December 31, 2021, we owned one granted U.S. patent, three pending U.S. non-provisional patent applications,
three granted foreign patent applications, 26 pending foreign patent applications, and two pending European patent applications
and one European patent validated in 11 countries covering the use of an inhibitor of C5a activity, for example, vilobelimab, for
treating HS and other cutaneous, neutrophilic inflammatory diseases.
The issued U.S. and foreign patents are expected to expire in 2038, excluding any additional term for patent term
adjustments or patent term extensions.
As of December 31, 2021, we owned one patent application under the PCT and two foreign patent applications covering
an improved C5a specific antibody. If issued U.S. and foreign patents are expected to expire in 2041, excluding any additional
term for patent term adjustments or patent term extensions.
As of December 31, 2021, we owned one pending application under the PCT covering the use of inhibitor of C5a activity,
for example vilobelimab, for treating Corona viral diseases. If issued U.S. and foreign patents based on the application under the
PCT are expected to expire in 2040, excluding any additional term for patent term adjustments or patent term extensions.
As of December 31, 2021, we owned one granted US patent, one pending U.S. non-provisional patent application, one
European patent application and 16 foreign patent applications covering inhibitors of C5aR. The issued U.S. and foreign patents
are expected to expire in 2040, excluding any additional term for patent term adjustments or patent term extensions.
Collaboration agreements
On December 28, 2015, we entered into a co-development agreement, or the Co-Development Agreement, with Beijing
Defengrei Biotechnology Co. Ltd., or BDB, for the use of the vilobelimab cell line in BDB’s development of drug candidates for
sale in China. Pursuant to the agreement, we granted BDB an exclusive, non-transferable license to use the vilobelimab cell line
and related intellectual property solely to develop and commercialize in China BDB’s drug candidates BDB-1 and BDB-2, as well
as molecules that bind or interact with certain specified targets, or target-binding molecules.
Pursuant to the agreement, we are entitled to receive mid-single-digit percentage royalties on net sales of BDB’s products
containing BDB-1 or BDB-2. We retain the right to develop and manufacture vilobelimab and IFX002 in China solely for the
purpose of commercializing products outside of China and to use the vilobelimab cell line and IFX002 cell line in China for non-
commercial purposes. To the extent that we are granted regulatory approval outside of China for commercialization of a product
using vilobelimab or IFX002 for an indication, and BDB does not pursue regulatory approval for BDB-1 or BDB-2 in the same or
a substantially similar indication in China, by providing written notice to BDB, we may elect to pursue regulatory approval to
commercialize such products in the relevant indication in China. Should we exercise such right, we would be required to pay BDB
mid-single-digit percentage royalties on our net sales of such products.
Table of Contents
81
Pursuant to the Co-Development Agreement, BDB has the right to use the vilobelimab cell line to manufacture an anti-
C5a antibody, namely BDB-1. BDB-1 may only be commercialized in China (PRC) by BDB, and InflaRx is not directly involved
in the BDB-1 development, which remains the sole responsibility of BDB. Pursuant to the Co-Development Agreement, InflaRx
owns all global commercial rights outside China to any and all discoveries derived from the development of BDB-1. To support
BDB’s development of BDB-1, in 2020, InflaRx allowed BDB to conduct clinical studies with BDB-1 in Spain, India, Indonesia
and Bangladesh. However, InflaRx remains the sole owner of all commercial rights to BDB-1 outside of China, including in
countries in which BDB is conducting clinical trials. BDB has no rights to seek marketing authorization or to commercially
exploit BDB-1 outside of China. Vilobelimab is not the product being tested in clinical trials by BDB in China. Rather, it is
BDB’s own antibody called BDB-1.
In addition, we reserve the right to commercialize products containing BDB-1 and BDB-2 outside of China in indications
for which we elect not to commercialize vilobelimab or IFX002. To the extent that we exercise this right, we would be required to
pay BDB low single-digit percentage royalties on our net sales of such products.
BDB must notify us without undue delay of tests it conducts on target-binding molecules. If any such test results in
binding or interaction with targets in a satisfactory manner to both BDB and us, BDB must notify us of such results and may,
within a six-month period following such notice, exercise an option to commence commercializing the successfully tested target-
binding molecules in China. To the extent that BDB exercises such option, BDB would be required to pay us low single-digit
percentage royalties on net sales of products containing such target-binding molecules. BDB also grants us the right to exploit any
target-binding molecules outside of China or, to the extent that BDB does not pursue regulatory approval in the same or a
substantially similar indication, in China. To the extent that we exercise such rights, we would be required to pay BDB low to mid
single-digit percentage royalties on our net sales of such products.
On November 9, 2021, we signed a second addendum to the Co-Development Agreement with BDB and Staidson
(Beijing) BioPharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., or Staidson. Under the second addendum, BDB, being a wholly owned affiliate of
Staidson, assigned the Co-Development Agreement to Staidson together with all rights and obligations thereunder.
The agreement continues in force unless earlier terminated. The agreement may be terminated upon the mutual agreement
of the parties, or by one party upon a breach by the other party that is not cured within 30 days after receiving notice of such
breach. In addition, either party may terminate the agreement if the other party challenges the terminating party’s ownership of
any intellectual property licensed to the non-terminating party under the agreement or undergoes certain bankruptcy or insolvency
events.
On March 20, 2020, we entered into a clinical trial collaboration and supply agreement with Merck (known as MSD
outside the U.S. and Canada) to evaluate the combination of vilobelimab and Merck’s anti-PD-1 therapy, KEYTRUDA®
(pembrolizumab) in patients with cSCC. Under the terms of the agreement, we will conduct a Phase IIa clinical study with two
vilobelimab arms including one with KEYTRUDA®3. The study is currently ongoing.
Sales and marketing
We currently have no products or services from which we generate revenues. Subject to receiving marketing approval, we
intend to independently pursue the commercialization of vilobelimab for HS and PG in the United States and Europe, when
approved by the applicable regulators, by employing a targeted commercial infrastructure to promote access to vilobelimab
through centers-of-excellence that treat HS and PG in these core markets. We believe that such an organization will be able to
address the community of physicians who are key specialists in treating the patient populations for which vilobelimab and any
other product candidates are being developed. The responsibilities of the organization would include developing educational
initiatives with respect to approved products and establishing relationships with key specialists in HS, PG and any other relevant
fields of medicine.
__________
3 KEYTRUDA® is a registered trademark of Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ,
USA.
Table of Contents
Manufacturing
82
We do not currently own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of clinical or commercial quantities of our
product candidates. We intend to rely on third-party contract manufacturers to produce our products and intend to recruit
personnel with experience to manage the third-party contract manufacturers producing our product candidates and other product
candidates or products that we may develop in the future. In addition, we expect to engage third-party manufacturers in Germany
and the United States for sales of any of our approved products in the United States and elsewhere. We hold the manufacturer and
importing license and participate in the drug product release procedure by running a key immunological release assay in-house,
allowing us to release only batches of vilobelimab that demonstrate high biological blocking activity. Thus, we are responsible for
overseeing the entire manufacturing process and we release final fill-finished drug product with our qualified person.
Competition
The biopharmaceutical industry is characterized by rapidly advancing biotechnologies, intense competition and a strong
emphasis on proprietary products. While we believe that our technologies, knowledge, experience and scientific resources provide
us with competitive advantages, we face potential competition from many different sources, including major pharmaceutical,
specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions and governmental agencies and public and private
research institutions. Any product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with existing therapies
and new therapies that may become available in the future.
The only approved product to treat HS in the United States and Europe is adalimumab (Humira), an inhibitor of TNF-
alpha. Humira is marketed by AbbVie Inc. (AbbVie). A number of additional companies are developing product candidates to
treat HS with varying mechanisms of action. These companies include Novartis AG, UCB Pharma GmbH (UCB), Janssen
Research and Development LLC (Janssen), Incyte Corporate, ChemoCentryx Inc (ChemoCentryx), Eli Lilly and Company (Eli
Lilly) and Pfizer Inc. (Pfizer).
Janssen has initiated a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II clinical study evaluating bermekimab, a
monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1 alpha, in patients with moderate to severe HS. The multi-center, international study
will enroll approximately 144 patients into three groups: two bermekimab dosing regimens versus a placebo arm over 16 weeks of
therapy. The study’s primary endpoint is the percentage of subjects achieving HiSCR at week 12 (secondary endpoint is HiSCR at
week 16). Janssen previously completed a multicenter, open-label Phase II clinical trial for a subcutaneously administered
bermekimab in HS. The rights to bermekimab were acquired by Janssen Biotech in 2019. Results of the study demonstrated that
weekly treatment with bermekimab was associated with statistically significant improvement in HS, using HiSCR. In the study,
61% of patients with no prior biological therapy achieved positive HiSCR at 12 weeks, while 63% of patients who had failed
previous biological therapy also achieved a positive HiSCR. An earlier single-center placebo-controlled trial as an intravenous
formulation demonstrated significant improvement in the treatment arm as well (involving ten placebo and ten patients on therapy
who previously failed to respond to adalimumab with the same compound). In 2016, Novartis completed a Phase II clinical trial
for CJM112, a monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-17 alpha, in moderate to severe HS patients. A limited amount of data
presented within a conference poster presentation suggested certain benefits. Novartis has since launched a large Phase III clinical
development program involving the marketed anti-IL17A monoclonal antibody, secukinumab, to be studied in two Phase III trials
with a goal of enrolling over 900 patients combined. Further, at the end of 2021, Novartis announced that both of secukinumab’s
clinical trials met the primary endpoint. However, they did not release clinical data and expect to release more information after
the 52-week observational period. This compound has not recently been studied by Novartis in HS before, but 2 smaller
investigator-initiated trials have recently been completed as detailed in the paragraph below. Also, Novartis has initiated a Phase II
clinical study in moderate to severe HS with iscalimab, an Anti-Cd40 monoclonal antibody and LYS006 a small molecule, in 90
patients including two active and two placebo arms. The primary endpoint for each investigational drug is the proportion of
patients achieving a HiSCR after 16 weeks of treatment. In addition, UCB Pharma has initiated a Phase III clinical trial in
moderate to severe HS patients for bimekizumab, a monoclonal antibody blocking interleukin-17AF. This will include two
clinical studies enrolling a combined 1014 patients and is to be evaluated using HiSCR at week 16 as the primary endpoint.
Further, bimekizumab completed a Phase II study. This study enrolled 157 patients that received bimekizumab for 12 weeks and
were evaluated using the HiSCR as the primary endpoint. The study results have not been published. Janssen Research and
Development has completed a Phase II study with Tremfya (guselkumab), a monoclonal antibody targeting IL-23 enrolling of 184
patients with 181 receiving treatment. The study evaluated the proportion of patients achieving a HiSCR at week 16 and in 2021.
The percent of patients who achieved the HiSCR clinical response at week 16 was Tremfya 200 mg SC, 50.8%; Tremfya 1200 mg
IV to 200 mg SC, 45%; Placebo, 38.7%; the differences between placebo and each Tremfya group were not statistically
significant (P=0.166 and P=0.459, respectively). In 2020, ChemoCentryx, Inc. completed a 398 patient, Phase II study in
moderate to severe HS in two doses of CCX168, a C5aR inhibitor, using the primary endpoint as the proportion of subjects a
HiSCR at Week 12. The study failed to achieve statistical significance on the primary endpoint. In the lower dose of 10mg BID,
40/130 (30.8%) achieved a HiSCR response and in the higher dose group of 30mg BID 47/134 (35.1%) compared to placebo
response of 40/130 (30.8%). ChemoCentryx is planning on continuing the program into a Phase III in a smaller subset of patients,
the Hurley Stage 3 group. Incyte Corporation has completed a Phase IIa open label study and a Phase II dose-escalation, placebo-
controlled study for INCB 54707. The Phase II clinical study is a 35 patient, dose escalating, placebo-controlled study aimed at
evaluating the safety of INCB 54707 over an 8-week treatment period in patients with moderate to severe HS. The primary
endpoint is the number of treatment emergent adverse events at week 8, with a secondary endpoint using the proportion of patients
achieving a HiSCR up to week 16. By week 3, 33%, 56% and 50% of the 30 mg, 60 mg and 90 mg INCB054707 dose groups had
AN count of 0 to 2 vs none in the placebo group. However, by week 8, there was no difference between placebo and the active
treatment groups in AN count. Still, Incyte has decided to initiate a 200 patient Phase II trial with INCB 54707 using a primary
endpoint of mean change from baseline in total AN count by week 16, with a secondary endpoint of HiSCR at week 16. This trial
is currently recruiting. AbbVie has also initiated a Phase II, 190 patient study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of 2 dose levels of
risankizumab in HS. The primary endpoint will be evaluated at 16 weeks using the HiSCR. In addition, AbbVie has initiated a
Phase II, 60 patient study to investigate upadacitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor, in HS using HiSCR at 12 weeks as the primary
endpoint. The trial is currently ongoing. Further, Abbvie initiated a Phase II trial with lutikizumab, an IL-1 alpha/beta in moderate
to severe HS with a primary endpoint of HiSCR at week 16. Also, Aclaristx Therapeutics has an oral MK2 inhibitor called ATI-
450 and is starting a Phase II trial in HS. The trial will be evaluated using AN Count and HiSCR at week 12. Eli Lily has recently
initiated a 52 patient Phase II trial with LY3041658, an antagonist of CXCR1 and CXCR2, using HiSCR at week 16 as the
primary endpoint. The trial is currently ongoing. Pfizer has also initiated a 192 patient Phase II study with 3 kinase inhibitors (PF
06650833, PF 06700841 and PF 06826647) in participants with moderate to severe HS. The primary endpoint is HiSCR at week
16.
Table of Contents
83
Additionally, several investigator-initiated trials have been conducted or are in progress in HS:
·
·
An open-label single center trial in the U.S. enrolling 18 out of originally planned 21 patients with moderate to severe
HS has concluded with Secukinumab, a monoclonal antibody blocking interleukin-17A and initial conference reports
suggested improvement of the HiSCR at last observation carried forward.
Another open-label trial with Secukinumab enrolling 17 HS patients at a center in France has been conducted and
reported first results during the European HS foundation meeting in February 2019, suggesting that 13 patients showed
a HiSCR response at 4 months of treatment. In this study, two patients developed Crohn´s disease on month four of
treatment which remained active after an immediate treatment stop throughout the 14 months trial period. Induction of
Crohn´s disease is a known side effect of secukinumab and Crohn´s disease has been reported to be associated with HS
disease.
·
·
·
An open-label trial for Janssen’s ustekinumab was completed in 12 HS patients. Ustekinumab is a monoclonal antibody
directed against IL12 and IL23.
A small placebo-controlled Phase II study for Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB’s anakinra, as well as an open-label
single-center trial in six patients, were completed in HS patients suggesting potential efficacy in a modified intent-to-
treat population. Anakinra is an IL-1 receptor antagonist.
An open-label single center 20 patient study at the Florida Academic Dermatology Centers, sponsored by Ortho
Dermatologics (Bausch Health) to evaluate the efficacy of SILIQ™ (brodalumab) for the treatment of moderate HS
using the HiSCR for a period of 24 weeks of treatment, followed by an observational four-week post treatment visit.
Finally, a range of surgical procedures, topically applied medicinal products, laser and radiotherapy procedures are being
investigated for the treatment of HS.
Table of Contents
84
If approved for treatment of severe COVID-19 patients, vilobelimab would face competition from currently used
therapeutics such as corticosteroids, interleukin IL-1, IL-6 inhibitors and anti-thrombotic therapy. Given the nature of the
pandemic, many different therapeutic targets are being developed which may be or become relevant competition with vilobelimab,
however the most direct competition may come from other therapies targeting the complement system. Other treatments currently
under investigation or completed for severe COVID-19 which target the complement system include:
·
·
·
·
·
A Phase III open-label, randomized, controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenously administered
ravulizumab compared with best supportive care in patients with COVID-19 severe pneumonia, acute lung injury, or
acute respiratory distress syndrome by Alexion Pharmaceuticals. This study has currently been paused.
A Phase II trial evaluating efficacy and safety of eculizumab (Soliris) in patients with COVID-19 infection, nested in
the CORIMUNO-19 cohort by Alexion Pharmaceuticals. Alexion has not initiated additional studies after the data has
been published.
An investigator initiated, double-blind, randomized study versus placebo of avdoralimab (IPH5401), an anti-C5aR
antibody, in patients with COVID-19 severe pneumonia by Innate Pharma. This program was stopped in July 2021 after
the trial did not reach the primary endpoints.
A Phase II Randomized, Double-Blinded, Vehicle-Controlled, Multicenter, Parallel-Group Study of APL-9 in Mild to
Moderate Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Due to COVID-19 by Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. This program was
stopped in May 2021 after the study failed to reach the mortality endpoint.
A Phase II clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Complement 3 Inhibitor, AMY-101, in Patients with
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Due to COVID-19 (SAVE) by Amyndas Pharmaceuticals S.A.
If approved for the treatment of AAV, vilobelimab would potentially face competition from currently used therapies,
including avaocopan, corticosteroids, azathioprine, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil and rituximab. The current standard of
care to induce remission in acutely ill AAV patients is a combination of either rituximab or azathioprine with high dose
corticosteroids. Rituximab is approved and marketed by Genentech for this indication and label extension studies are ongoing.
Tavneos™ (avacopan) from ChemoCentryx is now FDA approved. In addition, biosimilars of Ritximab are approved and
marketed in Europe. Therapies to maintain remission include low dose corticosteroids, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil and
rituximab. Nucala (mepolizumab), marketed by GlaxoSmithKline plc, is also FDA approved to treat a type of AAV in adults
called eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA).
We are not aware of any C5 or C5a inhibitors FDA approved or under clinical development for the treatment of AAV,
except, ChemoCentryx’s avacopan (brand name Tavneos™), a C5aR inhibitor. Though it acts through a different mechanism of
action than vilobelimab, avacopan has demonstrated the potential to induce and maintain remission in AAV patients in a Phase III
clinical trial. This global study enrolled a total of 331 patients with acute ANCA vasculitis met both of its primary endpoints,
disease remission at 26 weeks and sustained remission at 52 weeks, which was assessed by the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity
Score, or BVAS. Remission was defined as a BVAS score of zero and being off glucocorticoid treatment for at least the preceding
four weeks. The pre-specified primary endpoints were remission of acute vasculitis activity at week 26 and sustained remission at
week 52, where avacopan was statistically non-inferior to glucocorticoid-containing standard of care. BVAS remission was
achieved at week 26 in 72.3% of the avacopan treated subjects versus 70.1% of subjects in the glucocorticoid control group
(p<0.0001 for non-inferiority). Sustained remission at 52 weeks was observed in 65.7% of the avacopan treated patients versus
54.9% in the glucocorticoid control group (p=0.0066 for superiority of avacopan). Avacopan treatment also resulted in additional
benefits for patients when compared to the glucocorticoid control group such as significant reduction in glucocorticoid-related
toxicity, significant improvement in kidney function in patients with renal disease as measured by the glomerular filtration rate at
weeks 26 and 52 (statistically significant improvements at both time points), significant improvement in health-related quality of
life measures such as the validated quality of life instrument SF-36 at and the EuroQOL-5D-5L instrument (for both at weeks 26
and 52). A completed Phase II trial for avacopan was designed to assess whether high dose chronic steroids used as the standard
for induction of remission in severe AAV flares could be reduced or eliminated, without compromising efficacy, by replacement
with avacopan. The trial met its primary clinical endpoint, which was based on the Birmingham Vasculitis Score 3, or BVAS 3 at
week 12 in patients receiving avacopan treatment, compared to the response of patients receiving the standard of care treatment.
ChemoCentryx has received FDA approval in October 2021. We are encouraged by the published outcome data for avacopan that
validates the role of the C5a/C5aR signaling axis in AAV patients and provides evidence that inhibition of the C5a pathway may
be beneficial in treatment of AAV.
Table of Contents
85
An additional therapy for AAV in development includes an ongoing investigator-initiated trial, Abatacept, a selective T-
cell costimulation modulator from Bristol-Meyers Squibb, being investigated for efficacy to achieve sustained corticosteroid-free
remission in a subset of AAV patients with severe GPA. Abatacept is approved in the United States for treatment moderate to
severe rheumatoid arthritis. In a large investigator-initiated clinical trial, the efficacy of a plasma exchange procedure has recently
been tested in conjunction with corticosteroid treatment with respect to its impact on all-cause mortality and end-stage renal
disease but did not reveal an outcome benefit for this treatment. Recently, AstraZeneca initiated a 140 patient, Phase III study with
benralizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-5 and interleukin-5R in a type of AAV, eosinophilic granulomatosis
with polyangiitis.
If approved for the treatment of PG, vilobelimab would potentially face competition from currently used therapies, such
as glucocorticoids, cyclosporin or other immunosuppressive therapies. We are also not aware of any other company currently
developing a drug in PG for the U.S. or European market. However, Janssen’s Remicade (infliximab) has been used several
clinical studies in PG. The largest placebo-controlled trial (13 patients received infliximab and 17 patients received placebo) was
published in 2005 showing benefit in PG, but no formal clinical development has continued. Janssen completed a Phase II clinical
study in 10 patients using bermekimab in 2016 but has not announced any further plans to continue development. In 2015,
Novartis completed an 8-patient open label proof of concept study in 2015 with gevokizumab. Novartis has not announced any
plans to continue the program in PG. Outside the U.S. and EU in Japan, AbbVie received approval in November 2020 with
Humira (adalimumab) from a Phase III open label study with 22 Japanese patients with active ulcers.
There have been previously completed investigator studies in PG along with ongoing studies as stated below:
·
·
·
The Technical University of Munich has completed Phase II, single arm study in 5 patients with secukinumab (using
the PGA five-point scale at week 16 compared to week 0 as the primary endpoint).
The Ohio State University completed a 5 patient, Phase II open label study with ixekizumab in 2018
The University of Zurich in 2015 completed an open label study evaluating canakinumab (Ilaris) for treatment of
subjects with PG.
· Wake Forest University has currently initiated 6 patient exploratory study with Secukinumab in PG. This trial is
currently recruiting.
If approved in PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor resistant/refractory locally advanced or metastatic Cutaneous Squamous Cell
Carcinoma (cSCC), vilobelimab would face competition from currently used therapeutics such as epidermal growth factor
inhibitors, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are FDA approved to treat locally advanced or metastatic
cSCC. Pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA®) from Merck & Co is indicated for recurrent or metastatic cSCC that is not curable by
surgery or radiation. Cemiplimab-rwlc (LIBTAYO®) from Regeneron is indicated for metastatic cSCC or locally advanced cSCC
for those that are not candidates for curative surgery or radiation. Other treatments currently under investigation or completed
include:
·
·
·
·
A Phase II study of cetuximab as monotherapy and first line treatment in patients with locally advanced or metastatic
squamous cell carcinoma of the skin expressing EGFR by the Centre Hospitalier of Chartres.
A Phase II randomized trial of avelumab plus cetuximab versus avelumab alone in advanced cSCC by the Alliance for
Clinical Trials in Oncology.
A Phase II, open-label, single-arm, multi-cohort, proof-of-principle study to investigate the efficacy of cobimetinib and
atezolizumab in advanced rare tumors including metastatic cSCC by the MD Anderson Cancer Center.
A Phase II study of nivolumab in patients with locally advanced/ metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by
Salzburger Landeskliniken and Bristol-Myers Squibb.
Table of Contents
86
A Phase I study of panitumumab (anti-EGFR) and talimogene laherparepvec (a gene-modified virus that may help the
body build an effective immune response to kill tumor cells by the National Cancer Institute.
A Phase I/Ib study of lenvatinib and cetuximab in patients with recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell
carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.
A multicenter open-label Phase 1/1b study to evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of SO-C101 as monotherapy
and in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with selected advanced/metastatic solid tumors including cSCC by
Sotio a.s.
An open-label, investigational study using ASP-1929 photoimmunotherapy in combination with cetuximab anti-PD1
therapy in EGFR expressing advanced solid tumors by Rakuten Medical, Inc.
A first-in-human study of CDK-002 (exoSTING and innate immune response activator) in subjects with
advanced/metastatic, recurrent, injectable solid tumors, with emphasis on squamous cell carcinoma of the head and
neck, triple negative breast cancer, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by Codiak
BioSciences.
However, we do not yet have FDA approval for PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor resistant/refractory locally advanced or metastatic
·
·
·
·
·
cSCC.
In 2022, we announced a new development program for an oral C5aR inhibitor called INF904. We have begun regulatory
discussions on a Phase I program and expect a “first in human” study to start in the second half of 2022. This program may
provide the ease of administration required for effective long-term treatment for chronic inflammatory diseases. To our
knowledge, ChemoCentryx’s avacopan is the only currently approved oral C5aR therapeutic in inflammatory related diseases.
More generally, in the terminal complement space, there are currently two approved drugs, Eculizumab (Soliris) and
Ravulizumab (Ultomiris), marketed by AstraZeneca plc (formerly Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) for the treatment of PNH and
typical hemolytic uremic syndrome, or aHUS. However, there are several other companies developing C5 inhibitors for other
indications, including Hoffmanm-La Roche AG together in collaborations with Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, UCB, Akari
Therapeutics Plc, Iveric Bio, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Novartis. In addition,
AstraZeneca is known to have had a C5a inhibitor under development for graft versus host disease. Clinical stage companies
focusing on the inhibition of the C5a receptor C5aR include ChemoCentryx as mentioned above, with its product candidate
avacopan, as well as Innate Pharma S.A., with the antibody IPH5401, which had recently been developed in collaboration with
AstraZeneca within the oncology field, and I-Mab Biopharma in collaboration with MorphoSys AG that has an ongoing Phase I
study in patients with relapsed or refractory advanced solid tumors. In addition, there are clinical stage companies targeting
complement inhibition upstream from C5, such as C3, factor D and components of the lectin pathway. These approaches will
likely also result in a lowering of C5a generation in blood. Companies in this area include Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
AstraZeneca plc (formerly Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc.) and Omeros Corporation. Furthermore, there are numerous additional
companies developing pre-clinical drug candidates which target terminal complement factors and their receptors.
The key competitive factors affecting the success of our product candidates, if approved, are likely to be their efficacy,
safety, dosing convenience, price and degree of market acceptance, as well as our marketing capabilities, the level of competition
and the availability of reimbursement from government and other third-party payors.
Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that
are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that
we may develop. Our competitors may also obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may
obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter
the market. In addition, even if our product candidates are approved for marketing and sale, they may fail to gain sufficient market
acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community, including if physicians are reluctant
to switch their patients from existing therapies (such as adalimumab for the treatment of HS). See “ITEM 3. KEY
INFORMATION — C. Risk factors — Risks related to the discovery, development and commercialization of our product
candidates—Even if one of our product candidates receives marketing approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market
acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success, in
which case we may not generate significant revenues or become profitable.”
Table of Contents
87
Government regulation and product approval
Government authorities in all major pharmaceutical markets extensively regulate, among other things, the research,
development, testing, manufacture, packaging, storage, recordkeeping, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, marketing
and import and export of pharmaceutical products such as those we are developing. Although our initial focus will be on the
United States and Europe, we will develop and seek marketing approval for our products also in other countries and territories,
such as Canada or Japan, and for markets that follow the leading authorities, such as Brazil or South Korea. The processes for
obtaining regulatory approvals in the United States, Europe and other countries, along with subsequent compliance with
applicable statutes and regulations, require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.
FDA approval process
All of our current product candidates are subject to regulation in the United States by the FDA as biological products, or
biologics. The FDA subjects biologics to extensive pre- and post-market regulation. The Public Health Service Act (PHSA), the
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and other federal and state statutes and regulations govern, among other things, the
research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, labeling, promotion and marketing, distribution,
post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, and import and export of biologics. Failure to comply with applicable U.S.
requirements may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as FDA refusal to approve pending
BLAs, withdrawal of approvals, clinical holds, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of
production or distribution, injunctions, fines or civil or criminal penalties.
The PHSA emphasizes the importance of manufacturing control for products whose attributes cannot be precisely
defined. The PHSA also provides authority to the FDA to immediately suspend licenses in situations where there exists a danger
to public health, to prepare or procure products in the event of shortages and critical public health needs, and to authorize the
creation and enforcement of regulations to prevent the introduction or spread of communicable diseases in the United States and
between states.
The process required by the FDA before a new biologic may be marketed in the United States is long, expensive, and
inherently uncertain. Biologics development in the United States typically involves preclinical laboratory and animal tests, the
submission to the FDA of an IND (which must become effective before clinical testing may commence) and adequate and well-
controlled clinical trials to establish the safety, purity and potency (safety and effectiveness) of the biologic for each indication for
which FDA approval is sought. Developing the data to satisfy FDA pre-market approval requirements typically takes many years
and the actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the product or disease.
Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of the purity and stability of the manufactured drug substance or active
pharmaceutical ingredient and the formulated drug or drug product, as well as in vitro and animal studies to assess the safety and
activity of the drug for initial testing in humans and to establish a rationale for therapeutic use. The conduct of preclinical studies
is subject to federal regulations and requirements, including GLP regulations. The results of the preclinical tests, together with
manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and plans for clinical trials, among other things,
are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND. Some long-term preclinical testing, such as animal tests of reproductive adverse
events and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted.
An IND must become effective before United States clinical trials may begin. A 30-day waiting period after the
submission of each IND is required prior to the commencement of clinical testing in humans. If the FDA has neither commented
on nor questioned the IND within this 30-day period, the clinical trial proposed in the IND may begin.
Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug or biologic to healthy volunteers or patients with
the condition under investigation, all under the supervision of a qualified investigator. Clinical trials must be conducted: (i) in
compliance with federal regulations; (ii) in compliance with good clinical practice, or GCP, an international standard meant to
protect the rights and health of patients and to define the roles of clinical trial sponsors, administrators, and monitors; as well as
(iii) under protocols detailing the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness
criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol involving testing on U.S. patients and subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted
to the FDA as part of the IND.
Table of Contents
88
The FDA may order the temporary, or permanent, discontinuation of a clinical trial at any time, or impose other sanctions,
if it believes that the clinical trial either is not being conducted in accordance with requirements or presents an unacceptable risk to
the clinical trial subjects. The study protocol and informed consent information for subjects in clinical trials must also be
submitted to an institutional review board (IRB) for approval. An IRB may also require the clinical trial at the site to be halted,
either temporarily or permanently, for failure to comply with the IRB’s requirements, or may impose other conditions. The study
sponsor may also suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a determination that the subjects or patients are
being exposed to an unacceptable health risk.
Clinical trials to support BLAs for marketing approval are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases
may overlap or be combined. In Phase I, the biologic is initially introduced into healthy human subjects or patients and is tested to
assess PK, pharmacological actions, side effects associated with increasing doses, and, if possible, early evidence on effectiveness.
In the case of some products for severe or life-threatening diseases, such as cancer treatments, initial human testing may be
conducted in the intended patient population. Phase II usually involves trials in a limited patient population to determine the
effectiveness of the biologic for a particular indication, dosage tolerance and optimum dosage, and to identify common adverse
effects and safety risks. If a compound demonstrates evidence of effectiveness and an acceptable safety profile in Phase II
evaluations, Phase III trials are undertaken to obtain additional information about clinical efficacy and safety in a larger number of
patients, typically at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites. These Phase III clinical trials are intended to establish data
sufficient to demonstrate substantial evidence of the efficacy and safety of the product to permit the FDA to evaluate the overall
benefit-risk relationship of the biologic and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the biologic. Trials conducted
outside of the U.S. under similar, GCP-compliant conditions in accordance with local applicable laws may also be acceptable to
the FDA in support of product licensing.
Sponsors of clinical trials for investigational drugs must publicly disclose certain clinical trial information, including
detailed trial design and trial results in public government databases. These requirements are subject to specific timelines and
apply to most controlled clinical trials of FDA-regulated products.
After completion of the required clinical testing, a BLA is prepared and submitted to the FDA. FDA review and approval
of the BLA is required before marketing of the product may begin in the United States. The BLA must include the results of all
preclinical, clinical, and other testing and a compilation of data relating to the product’s pharmacology, chemistry, manufacture
and controls, and must demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product based on these results. The BLA must also contain
extensive manufacturing information. The cost of preparing and submitting a BLA is substantial. Under federal law, the
submission of most BLAs is additionally subject to a substantial application user fee, as well as an annual program user fee, which
may total several million dollars and are typically increased annually.
The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of a BLA to determine whether the application will be accepted for filing based on
the agency’s threshold determination that it is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. Once the submission is accepted
for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review. The FDA has agreed to certain performance goals in the review of BLAs. Most
such applications for standard review biologics are reviewed within 10 months from the date the application is accepted for filing.
Although the FDA often meets its user fee performance goals, it can extend these timelines if necessary, and its review may not
occur on a timely basis. The FDA usually refers applications for novel biologics, or biologics which present difficult questions of
safety or efficacy, to an advisory committee—typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts—for review, evaluation,
and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an
advisory committee, but it generally follows such recommendations. Before approving a BLA, the FDA will typically inspect one
or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP. Additionally, the FDA will inspect the facility or the facilities at which the
biologic is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless it verifies that compliance with cGMP standards is
satisfactory and the BLA contains data that provide substantial evidence that the biologic is safe and effective in the indication
studied.
Table of Contents
89
After the FDA evaluates the BLA and the manufacturing facilities, it issues either an approval letter or a complete
response letter. A complete response letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial
additional testing, or information, in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. If, or when, those deficiencies have been
addressed to the FDA’s satisfaction in a resubmission of the BLA, the FDA will issue an approval letter. The FDA has committed
to reviewing such resubmissions in two or six months depending on the type of information included. The FDA approval is never
guaranteed, and the FDA may refuse to approve a BLA if applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied.
Under the PHSA, the FDA may approve a BLA if it determines that the product is safe, pure and potent and the facility
where the product will be manufactured meets standards designed to ensure that it continues to be safe, pure, and potent. An
approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the biologic with specific prescribing information for specific indications. The
approval for a biologic may be significantly more limited than requested in the application, including limitations on the specific
diseases and dosages or the indications for use, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. The FDA may also
require that certain contraindications, warnings, or precautions be included in the product labeling. In addition, as a condition of
BLA approval, the FDA may require a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, to help ensure that the benefits of the
biologic outweigh the potential risks. REMS can include medication guides, communication plans for healthcare professionals,
and elements to assure safe use, or ETASU. ETASU can include, but are not limited to, special training or certification for
prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring, and the use of patient registries. The
requirement for a REMS or use of a companion diagnostic with a biologic can materially affect the potential market and
profitability of the biologic. Moreover, product approval may require, as a condition of approval, substantial post-approval testing
and surveillance to monitor the biologic’s safety or efficacy. Once granted, product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance
with regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing.
After a BLA is approved, the product may also be subject to official lot release. As part of the manufacturing process, the
manufacturer is required to perform certain tests on each lot of the product before it is released for distribution. If the product is
subject to official lot release by the FDA, the manufacturer submits samples of each lot of product to the FDA together with a
release protocol showing a summary of the history of manufacture of the lot and the results of all of the manufacturer’s tests
performed on the lot. The FDA may also perform certain confirmatory tests on lots of some products, such as viral vaccines,
before releasing the lots for distribution by the manufacturer. In addition, the FDA conducts laboratory research related to the
regulatory standards on the safety, purity, potency, and effectiveness of biological products. After approval of biologics,
manufacturers must address any safety issues that arise, are subject to recalls or a halt in manufacturing, and are subject to
periodic inspection.
Adverse event reporting and cGMP compliance
Adverse event reporting and submission of periodic reports are required following FDA approval of a BLA. The FDA
also may require post-marketing testing, known as Phase IV testing, REMS and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved
product, or may place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. In addition, manufacture,
packaging, labeling, storage and distribution procedures must continue to conform to current cGMPs after approval. Biologics
manufacturers and certain of their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state
agencies. Registration with the FDA subjects entities to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA, during which the agency
inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMPs. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time,
money and effort in the areas of production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMPs. Regulatory authorities may
withdraw product approvals, request product recalls or impose marketing restrictions through labeling changes or product
removals if a company fails to comply with regulatory standards, if it encounters problems following initial marketing, or if
previously unrecognized problems are subsequently discovered.
Orphan drug
Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to biologics intended to treat a rare disease or
condition—generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States. Orphan drug
designation must be requested before submitting a BLA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the generic identity of the
biologic and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan drug designation does not necessarily convey any
advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process. The first BLA applicant to receive FDA
approval for a particular product to treat a particular disease with FDA orphan drug designation is entitled to a seven-year
exclusive marketing period in the United States for that product, for that indication. During the seven-year exclusivity period, the
FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same disease, except in limited circumstances, such
as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity. Orphan drug exclusivity does not prevent the
FDA from approving a different biologic for the same disease or condition, or the same biologic for a different disease or
condition. Among the other benefits of orphan drug designation are tax credits for certain research and a waiver of the BLA
application user fee.
Table of Contents
Special Protocol Assessment process
90
A Special Protocol Assessment or SPA is a process in which Companies may ask to meet with FDA to reach agreement
on the design and size of certain clinical trials, clinical studies, or animal studies (“a Request for SPA” or “Request”) to determine
if they adequately address scientific and regulatory requirements for a study that could support marketing approval. An SPA
agreement indicates concurrence by FDA with the adequacy and acceptability of specific critical elements of overall protocol
design (e.g., entry criteria, dose selection, endpoints, and planned analyses) for a study intended to support a future marketing
application. These elements are critical to ensuring that the trial conducted under the protocol can be considered an adequate and
well-controlled study that can support marketing approval. Feedback on these issues provides the benefit of certainty of adequacy
in planning a late-phase development strategy. However, an SPA agreement does not indicate FDA’s concurrence on every
protocol detail. The existence of an SPA agreement does not guarantee that FDA will file (accept) a BLA or that the results will be
adequate to support approval.
Other healthcare laws and compliance requirements
In the United States, our activities are potentially subject to regulation by federal, state and local authorities in addition to
the FDA, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, other divisions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (for example, the Office of Inspector General), the U.S. Department of Justice and individual U.S. Attorney offices
within the Department of Justice, and state and local governments.
EU approval process
The EMA is a decentralized scientific agency of the European Union. It coordinates the evaluation and monitoring of
centrally-authorized medicinal products. It is responsible for the scientific evaluation of applications for EU marketing
authorizations, as well as the development of technical guidance and the provision of scientific advice to sponsors. The EMA
decentralizes its scientific assessment of medicines by working through a network of about 4,500 experts throughout the European
Union, nominated by the member states. The EMA draws on resources of over 40 National Competent Authorities (the NCAs) of
EU member states. The Paul Ehrlich Institute, or PEI, is one of the NCAs for Germany, and regulates, among others, antibody
products.
The process regarding approval of medicinal products in the European Union follows roughly the same lines as in the
United States and generally involves satisfactorily completing each of the following:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies all performed in accordance with the applicable EU
Good Laboratory Practice regulations;
submission to the relevant national authorities of a clinical trial application or CTA for each trial in humans, which must
be approved before the trial may begin in each country where patient enrollment is planned;
performance of adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the product for each
proposed indication;
submission to the relevant competent authorities of a Marketing Authorization Application or MAA, which includes the
data supporting safety and efficacy as well as detailed information on the manufacture and composition of the product
in clinical development and proposed labelling;
satisfactory completion of an inspection by the relevant national authorities of the manufacturing facility or facilities,
including those of third parties, at which the product is produced to assess compliance with strictly enforced current
Good Manufacturing Practices;
potential audits of the non-clinical and clinical trial sites that generated the data in support of the MAA; and
review and approval by the relevant competent authority of the MAA before any commercial marketing, sale or
shipment of the product.
Table of Contents
Preclinical studies
91
Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluations of product chemistry, formulation and stability, as well as studies to
evaluate toxicity in animal studies, in order to assess the quality and potential safety and efficacy of the product. The conduct of
the preclinical tests and formulation of the compounds for testing must comply with the relevant international, EU and national
legislation, regulations and guidelines. The results of the preclinical tests, together with relevant manufacturing information and
analytical data, are submitted as part of the CTA.
Clinical trial approval
Pursuant to the Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC, as amended, a system for the approval of clinical trials in the
European Union has been implemented through national legislation of the member states. Under this system, approval must be
obtained from the competent national authority of each EU member state in which a study is planned to be conducted. To this end,
a CTA is submitted, which must be supported by an investigational medicinal product dossier, or IMPD, and further supporting
information prescribed by the Clinical Trials Directive and other applicable guidance documents including, but not limited to, the
study protocol. Furthermore, a clinical trial may only be started after a competent ethics committee has issued a favorable opinion
on the clinical trial application in that country. In Germany, CTA is often not granted until after one or more rounds of questions
to be answered or requests to be met by the regulatory authority.
Directive 2001/20/EC will be replaced by Regulation (EU) No 536/2014, which became effective on June 16, 2014. The
timing of its first application depends, however, on a fully functional EU clinical trials portal and database. The Regulation
becomes applicable six months after the European Commission publishes a notice of confirmation that the required functionality
is in place. The entry into application of the Regulation is currently estimated to occur in 2019. The Regulation introduces an
authorization procedure based on a single submission via a single EU portal, an assessment procedure leading to a single decision,
as well as transparency requirements (the proactive publication of clinical trial data in the EU database). Since October 2016,
based on its Policy 0070, the EMA has been publishing clinical data submitted by pharmaceutical companies to support their
MAA for human medicines under this centralized procedure.
Manufacturing and import into the EU of investigational medicinal products is subject to the holding of appropriate
authorizations and must be carried out in accordance with current Good Manufacturing Practices.
Marketing authorization application
Authorization to market a product in the EU member states proceeds under one of four procedures: a centralized
authorization procedure, a mutual recognition procedure, a decentralized procedure or a national procedure. Since our products by
their virtue of being antibody-based biologics fall under the centralized procedure, only this procedure will be described here.
Centralized authorization procedure
Certain drugs, including medicinal products developed by means of biotechnological processes, must be approved via the
centralized authorization procedure for marketing authorization. A successful application under the centralized authorization
procedure results in a marketing authorization from the European Commission, which is automatically valid in all EU member
states. The other European Economic Area member states (namely Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein) are also obligated to
recognize the Commission decision. The EMA and the European Commission administer the centralized authorization procedure.
Under the centralized authorization procedure, the CHMP serves as the scientific committee that renders opinions about
the safety, efficacy and quality of human products on behalf of the EMA. The CHMP is composed of experts nominated by each
member state’s national drug authority, with one of them appointed to act as Rapporteur for the co-ordination of the evaluation
with the possible assistance of a further member of the Committee acting as a Co-Rapporteur. After approval, the Rapporteur(s)
continue to monitor the product throughout its life cycle. The CHMP is required to issue an opinion within 210 days of receipt of a
valid application, though the clock is stopped if it is necessary to ask the applicant for clarification or further supporting data. The
process is complex and involves extensive consultation with the regulatory authorities of member states and a number of experts.
Once the procedure is completed, a European Public Assessment Report, or EPAR, is produced. If the CHMP concludes that the
quality, safety and efficacy of the medicinal product is sufficiently proven, it adopts a positive opinion. The CHMP’s opinion is
sent to the European Commission, which uses the opinion as the basis for its decision whether or not to grant a marketing
authorization. If the opinion is negative, information is given as to the grounds on which this conclusion was reached.
Table of Contents
92
After a drug has been authorized and launched, it is a condition of maintaining the marketing authorization that all aspects
relating to its quality, safety and efficacy must be kept under review. Sanctions may be imposed for failure to adhere to the
conditions of the marketing authorization. In extreme cases, the authorization may be revoked, resulting in withdrawal of the
product from sale.
Accelerated assessment procedure
When an application is submitted for a marketing authorization in respect of a drug for human use which is of major
interest from the point of view of public health and in particular from the viewpoint of therapeutic innovation, the applicant may
request an accelerated assessment procedure pursuant to Article 14(9) of Regulation (EC) 726/2004. Under the accelerated
assessment procedure, the CHMP is required to issue an opinion within 150 days of receipt of a valid application, subject to clock
stops. We believe that some of the disease indications in which our product candidates are currently being or may be developed in
the future qualify for this provision, and we will take advantage of this provision as appropriate.
Conditional approval
As per Article 14(7) of Regulation (EC) 726/2004, a medicine that would fulfill an unmet medical need may, if its
immediate availability is in the interest of public health, be granted a conditional marketing authorization on the basis of less
complete clinical data than are normally required, subject to specific obligations being imposed on the authorization holder. These
specific obligations are to be reviewed annually by the EMA. The list of these obligations shall be made publicly accessible. Such
an authorization shall be valid for one year, on a renewable basis.
Period of authorization and renewals
A marketing authorization is initially valid for five years and may then be renewed on the basis of a re-evaluation of the
risk-benefit balance by the EMA or by the competent authority of the authorizing member state. To this end, the marketing
authorization holder shall provide the EMA or the competent authority with a consolidated version of the file in respect of quality,
safety and efficacy, including all variants introduced since the marketing authorization was granted, at least six months before the
marketing authorization ceases to be valid. Once renewed, the marketing authorization shall be valid for an unlimited period,
unless the Commission or the competent authority decides, on justified grounds relating to pharmacovigilance, to proceed with
one additional five-year renewal. Any authorization which is not followed by the actual placing of the drug on the EU market (in
case of centralized procedure) or on the market of the authorizing member state within three years after authorization shall cease
to be valid (the so-called sunset clause).
Orphan drug designation
Regulation (EC) 141/2000 states that a drug shall be designated as an orphan drug if its sponsor can establish:
·
·
·
that it is intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition
affecting not more than five in 10,000 persons in the European Union when the application is made, or;
that it is intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening, seriously debilitating or serious and
chronic condition in the European Union and that without incentives it is unlikely that the marketing of the drug in the
European Union would generate sufficient return to justify the necessary investment; and
that there exists no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of the condition in question that has been
authorized in the European Union or, if such method exists, the drug will be of significant benefit to those affected by
that condition.
Table of Contents
Regulation (EC) 847/2000 sets out criteria for the designation of orphan drugs.
93
An application for designation as an orphan product can be made any time prior to the filing of an application for
approval to market the product. Marketing authorization for an orphan drug leads to a 10-year period of market exclusivity, which
means that no similar medicinal product can be authorized in the same indication. This period may, however, be reduced to six
years if, at the end of the fifth year, it is established that the product no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation, for
example because the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify continued market exclusivity. In addition, derogation from
market exclusivity may be granted on an individual basis in very selected cases, such as consent from the marketing authorization
holder, inability to supply sufficient quantities of the product or demonstration of “clinically relevant superiority” by a similar
medicinal product. Medicinal products designated as orphan drugs pursuant to Regulation (EC) 141/2000 are eligible for
incentives made available by the European Union and by the member states to support research into, and the development and
availability of, orphan drugs.
If the MAA of a medicinal product designated as orphan drug pursuant to Regulation (EC) 141/2000 includes the results
of all studies conducted in compliance with an agreed PIP, and a corresponding statement is subsequently included in the
marketing authorization granted, the 10-year period of market exclusivity will be extended to 12 years.
We intend to apply for orphan status for the HS indication in the United States for vilobelimab. Depending on the
outcome and available data of vilobelimab studies in the AAV indication, we may apply for orphan drug status in the United
States as well as in Europe.
Regulatory data protection
Without prejudice to the law on the protection of industrial and commercial property, marketing authorizations for new
medicinal products benefit from an 8+2+1 year period of regulatory protection.
This regime consists of a regulatory data protection period of eight years plus a concurrent market exclusivity of 10 years
plus an additional market exclusivity of one further year if, during the first eight years of those 10 years, the marketing approval
holder obtains an approval for one or more new therapeutic indications which, during the scientific evaluation prior to their
approval, are determined to bring a significant clinical benefit in comparison with existing therapies. Under the current rules, a
third party may reference the preclinical and clinical data of the reference product beginning eight years after first approval, but
the third party may market a generic version of the reference product after only 10 (or 11) years have lapsed.
International regulation
In addition to regulations in the United States and Europe, a variety of foreign regulations govern clinical trials,
commercial sales, and distribution of product candidates. The approval process varies from country to country and the time to
approval may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA or European Commission approval.
Pharmaceutical coverage, pricing and reimbursement
Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of products approved by the FDA and other
government authorities. Sales of products will depend, in part, on the extent to which third-party payors, including government
health programs in the United States such as Medicare and Medicaid, commercial private and public health insurers and managed
care organizations, provide coverage and establish adequate reimbursement levels for, such products. The process for determining
whether a payor will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the price or reimbursement rate
that the payor will pay for the product once coverage is approved. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the prices
charged, examining the medical necessity, and reviewing the cost-effectiveness of medical products and services and imposing
controls to manage costs. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, or formulary, which
might not include all of the approved products for a particular indication.
Table of Contents
94
In order to secure coverage and reimbursement for any product approved for sale, a company may need to conduct
expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of the product, in
addition to the costs required to obtain FDA or other comparable regulatory approvals. Nonetheless, product candidates may not
be considered medically necessary or cost effective. Additionally, a payor’s decision to provide coverage for a drug product does
not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Further, one payor’s determination to provide coverage for a
drug product does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage for the drug product. Third-party reimbursement may
not be sufficient to maintain price levels high enough to realize an appropriate return on investment in product development.
The containment of healthcare costs also has become a priority of federal, state and foreign governments and the prices of
drugs have been a focus in this effort. Governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs,
including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products. Adoption of price
controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and
measures, could further limit our net revenue and results. Coverage policies and third-party reimbursement rates may change at
any time. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more products for which a company or its
collaborators receive regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the
future.
Outside the United States, ensuring adequate coverage and payment for our product candidates will face challenges.
Pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control in many countries. Pricing negotiations with
governmental authorities can extend well beyond the receipt of regulatory marketing approval for a product and may require us to
conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost effectiveness of our product candidates or products to other available therapies. The
conduct of such a clinical trial could be expensive and result in delays in our commercialization efforts.
In the European Union, pricing and reimbursement schemes to restrict the range of drug products for which their national
health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use vary widely from
country to country. Some countries provide that drug products may be marketed only after a reimbursement price has been agreed.
Some countries may require the completion of additional studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of a particular drug candidate
to currently available therapies. European Union member states may also require approval of a specific price for a drug product or
may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the drug product on the
market. Other member states allow companies to fix their own prices for drug products but monitor and control company profits.
The downward pressure on health care costs in general, particularly prescription drugs, has become intense. As a result,
increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products. In addition, in some countries, cross-border imports from
low-priced markets exert competitive pressure that may reduce pricing within a country. Any country that has price controls or
reimbursement limitations for drug products may not allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements.
F. Organizational structure
InflaRx N.V. has two direct wholly-owned subsidiaries, InflaRx GmbH and InflaRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., that are each
listed in Exhibit 8.1 filed herewith. We primarily operate our business out of our operating subsidiary InflaRx GmbH.
G. Property, plant and equipment
Our headquarters are in Jena, Germany, where we occupy approximately 8,000 square feet of office and laboratory space
under an extendable lease that expires in December 2022 and is currently under negotiation for an extension until December 2025.
In addition, we occupy approximately 13,700 square feet of office space in Planegg-Martinsried (Munich), Germany under a lease
that expires in May 2027. Furthermore, we have leased office and laboratory space in Ann Arbor, United States under an
extendable lease that expires in April 2024.
95
Table of Contents
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
A. Operating results
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with
the information in our Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto.
The following discussion is based on our financial information prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB,
which may differ in material respects from generally accepted accounting principles in the United States and other jurisdictions.
The following discussion includes forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results
may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not
limited to, those described under ‘ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION — C. Risk factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements.’
For more information regarding our consolidated results, segment results, and liquidity and capital resources for the year
ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019, refer to ‘Item 5. Operating and Financial Review
and Prospects’ in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report on Form 20-F, which information is incorporated herein by reference.
Overview
We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on applying our proprietary anti-C5a/C5aR technology to
discover and develop first-in-class, potent and specific inhibitors of the complement activation factor known as C5a and its
receptor known as C5aR. C5a is a powerful inflammatory mediator involved in the progression of a wide variety of autoimmune
and other inflammatory diseases. Our lead product candidate, vilobelimab, is a novel intravenously delivered first-in-class anti-
C5a monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to free C5a and has demonstrated disease-modifying clinical activity and
tolerability in multiple clinical settings.
We have been developing vilobelimab for the treatment of HS, a chronic debilitating systemic inflammatory skin disease.
In June 2019, we announced that our Phase IIb clinical trial of vilobelimab in HS did not meet its primary endpoint. We
subsequently announced the results of additional analysis and first interim results of the open label extension trial. In 2021, we
agreed with the FDA on a modified endpoint, the m-HiSCR to be used as primary endpoint in future clinical trials. In light of all
available data from the post-hoc analysis of the completed SHINE study and our interaction with the regulatory authorities, we
initiated we initiated a Phase III study with vilobelimab in HS in January 2022 which was paused in February 2022, after having
received conflicting advice from the FDA regarding the proposed clinical trial protocol and the primary endpoint of the study
described therein. In March 2022, the FDA corrected its advice to us and we are currently evaluating next steps regarding the
development of vilobelimab in HS. We intend to develop vilobelimab and other proprietary antibodies and molecules, and
evaluate other technologies as well, to address a wide array of complement-mediated and other diseases with significant unmet
needs, including severe COVID-19, AAV, a rare, life-threatening autoimmune disease, PG, a rare inflammatory skin disorder and
cSCC and potentially other indications and diseases. Since our inception in December 2007, we have devoted substantially all of
our resources to establishing our company, raising capital, developing our proprietary anti-C5a/C5aR technology, identifying and
testing potential product candidates and conducting clinical trials of our lead product candidate, vilobelimab. To date, we have not
generated any product revenue and have financed our operations primarily through public offerings, the private placement of our
securities and other income from various grants, including a grant awarded by the German federal government in October 2021.
As of December 31, 2021, we had raised an aggregate of approximately €275 million, comprised of €74.0 million in gross
proceeds from private placements of our securities, €81.8 million in net proceeds from our initial public offering in November
2017, €49.2 million in net proceeds from a follow-on public offering in May 2018, €9.0 million in net proceeds from the at-the-
market program from during 2020, as well as €2.8 million in net proceeds from the at-the-market program during 2021 and €58.2
million in net proceeds from a public offering in March 2021. As of December 31, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of
€26.2 million and €83.7 million in marketable securities. In addition, as of December 31, 2021, we have received €8.3 million to
support the development of our COVID-19 clinical development as part of a grant in the amount of €43.7 million awarded to us in
October 2021.
On July 8, 2020, we filed a Form F-3 registration statement with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) with respect to the offer and sale of securities of the Company (Shelf Registration Statement). We also filed with the SEC a
prospectus supplement (Prospectus Supplement) relating to an at-the-market program providing for the sales of our stock over
time of up to $50.0 million of our common shares pursuant to a Sales Agreement with SVB Leerink LLC. As of December 31,
2021, we had issued a total of 2,568,208 common shares through this program, resulting in €11.8 million in net proceeds to us.
The remaining value authorized for sale under the at-the-market program amounts to $35.2 million.
Table of Contents
96
On February 25, 2021, the Company sold an aggregate of 15,000,000 common shares through a follow-on public
offering. The common shares were sold at a price of $5.00 per share (before underwriting discounts and offering costs) and, for
each common share purchased, an investor also received a warrant to purchase a common share at an exercise price of $5.80. The
transaction closed on March 1, 2021 with gross offering proceeds to the Company of $75.0 million (€62.2 million), before
deducting $4.5 million (€3.7 million) in underwriting discounts and other offering expenses of $0.4 million (€0.3 million). The
warrants were exercisable immediately upon their issuance and expired on March 1, 2022. No warrants were exercised.
As of December 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of €214.0 million. We have incurred significant net operating
losses in every year since our inception and expect to continue to incur increasing net operating losses for the foreseeable future.
Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year. We anticipate that our expenses may increase
significantly if, and as we:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
evaluate any additional clinical development of vilobelimab in HS;
continue to advance vilobelimab through clinical development for additional indications, including severe COVID-19,
AAV, PG and cSCC;
initiate and continue research programs and development activities, including development of IFX002 and INF904;
continue to validate our manufacturing process for vilobelimab in order to meet regulatory standards for approval as a
commercial manufacturing process;
actively seek to identify additional research programs and additional product candidates;
maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;
hire and retain personnel, such as for business development and others; and
incur additional costs with operating as a public company, including expanding our operational, finance and
management teams.
We do not expect to generate revenue from product sales unless and until we successfully complete development and
obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, which we expect will take a number of years and is subject to significant
uncertainty. If we obtain regulatory approval for any product candidate, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses
related to product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution. Accordingly, we may seek to further fund our operations
through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources, including strategic collaborations. We may, however, be
unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed on favorable terms or at all. Our failure to raise
capital or enter into such other arrangements as and when needed, could have a negative impact on our financial condition and our
ability to develop vilobelimab or any additional product candidates.
Financial operations overview
Revenue
To date, we have not generated any revenue and do not expect to do so in the near future. We expect that our revenue will
be less than our expenses for the foreseeable future and that we will experience increasing losses as we continue our development
of, and seek regulatory approvals for, vilobelimab and any other product candidates and, if approved, begin to commercialize any
approved products. Our ability to generate revenue for each product candidate for which we receive regulatory approval will
depend on numerous factors, including level of competition, availability of reimbursement from payers, commercial
manufacturing capability, market acceptance and approved use by regulators.
Table of Contents
Other income
97
We have historically earned other income through several grants from the German government, the European Union and
other institutions on behalf of the German government, primarily with respect to research and development activities related to the
development of vilobelimab and IFX002. These grants generally provide for reimbursement of approved costs incurred as defined
in the respective grants. Income in respect of grants also includes contributions towards the costs of research and development.
Income is recognized when costs under each grant are incurred in accordance with the terms and conditions of the grant and the
collectability of the receivable is reasonably assured. On October 19, 2021, we announced that we received a grant of up to EUR
43.7 million from the German federal Government to support the Company’s development of vilobelimab for the treatment for
severe COVID-19 patients. The initial tranche amounts to EUR 25.8 million (approximately USD 29.9 million) and is structured
as reimbursement of 80% of certain pre-specified expenses related to the clinical development and manufacturing of vilobelimab.
Receipt of the funds is contingent on incurring eligible expenses and will be recognized as other income once certain other grant
conditions are met.
Research and development expenses
Research and development expenses have consisted principally of:
·
·
expenses incurred under agreements with contract research organizations, or CROs, contract manufacturing
organizations, or CMOs, consultants and independent contractors that conduct research and development, preclinical
and clinical activities on our behalf;
employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense based upon employees’
role within the organization; and
·
professional fees for lawyers related to the protection and maintenance of our intellectual property.
Our total research and development expenses in 2021 were higher compared to our expenses in 2020 and 2019 costs are
expected to continue to increase in 2022 as we might initiate the Phase III development of vilobelimab in HS and in other
indications. The increase of research and development expenses in 2022 and future periods is expected to primarily relate to the
following key programs:
·
·
·
·
vilobelimab. We expect our expenses associated with vilobelimab will increase in 2022 compared to 2021, as
we are conducting the Phase III part of the clinical study in severe COVID-19, initiating a Phase III study in HS, which
is currently paused, conducting our Phase II clinical program of vilobelimab in patients with AAV and our Phase II
clinical trial program in patients with PG and conducting a Phase II clinical program in cSCC. We might also
potentially consider development of vilobelimab in additional indications. In addition, we are also incurring expenses
related to the manufacturing of clinical trial material and by investigating commercial scale production options.
IFX002. We are continuing preclinical development of IFX002, expenses for which mainly consist of salaries, costs for
preclinical testing conducted by CROs and costs for the production of preclinical material.
INF904. We are developing an oral, small molecule drug candidate that targets the C5aR receptor. All IND-enabling
studies have been completed and we plan to initiate the Phase I program in the second half of 2022.
Other development programs. Our other research and development expenses relate to our preclinical studies of other
product candidates and discovery activities, expenses for which mainly consist of salaries, costs for production of
preclinical compounds and costs paid to CROs.
In 2021 and 2020, we incurred €35.7 million and €25.7 million of research and development expense, respectively. Our
research and development expenses may vary substantially from period to period based on the timing of our research and
development activities, including due to timing of clinical trial initiation and potential enrollment.
We expense research and development costs as incurred. We recognize costs for certain development activities, such as
preclinical studies and clinical trials, based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks. We use information
provided to us by our vendors such as patient enrollment or clinical site activations for services received and efforts expended.
Research and development activities are central to our business model.
Table of Contents
98
The successful development of our product candidates is highly uncertain. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate the
nature, timing and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of, or the period, if any, in
which material net cash inflows may commence from, any of our product candidates. This is due to numerous risks and
uncertainties associated with developing drugs, including the uncertainty of:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
clinical trials or our product candidates producing negative or inconclusive results, including failure to demonstrate
statistical significance;
the scope, rate of progress, results and cost of our clinical trials, nonclinical testing, and other related activities;
delays in reaching, or failing to reach, agreement on acceptable clinical trial contracts or clinical trial protocols with
prospective trial sites or prospective CROs, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary
significantly among different CROs and trial sites;
the cost of validating the manufacturing process for our product vilobelimab in order to be able to achieve regulatory
approval for the process and being able to manufacture commercial-grade material;
the cost of manufacturing clinical supplies and establishing commercial supplies of our product candidates and any
products that we may develop;
third-party contractors failing to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a
timely manner, or at all;
the number and characteristics of product candidates that we pursue;
undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics, causing us or our investigators, regulators or institutional
review boards to suspend or terminate the trials;
potential additional safety monitoring or other studies requested by regulatory agencies;
the cost, timing, and outcomes of regulatory approvals;
the number of trials required for approval;
the duration of patient follow-up;
the cost and timing of establishing sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities; and
the terms and timing of any collaborative, licensing and other arrangements that we may establish, including any
milestone and royalty payments thereunder.
A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of vilobelimab, IFX002 or any other
product candidate that we may develop could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development
of such product candidate.
General and administrative expenses
Our general and administrative expenses consist principally of:
·
·
·
·
employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense based upon employees’
role within the organization;
professional fees for auditors and consulting expenses not related to research and development activities;
professional fees for lawyers not related to the filing, prosecution, protection and maintenance of our intellectual
property; and
cost of facilities, communication and office expenses.
We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as our business expands and we incur
additional costs associated with operating as a public company. These public company-related costs relate primarily to additional
personnel, additional legal fees, audit fees, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance premiums and costs associated with investor
relations.
Critical judgements and accounting estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make
judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets,
liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are
recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and in any future periods affected.
Table of Contents
99
In preparing our financial statements, the critical judgements made by management in applying our accounting policies
involves the accounting estimates identified in note ‘2. Risk – (a) Critical estimates and judgements’ to our consolidated financial
statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
New standards and interpretations not yet adopted
The standards, amendments to standards and interpretations that are effective for annual periods beginning after
December 31, 2021 and have not been applied in preparing these consolidated financial statements are disclosed in note ‘4. Other
information – (g) Summary of significant accounting policies – 3. New standards and interpretations not yet adopted’ to our
consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Results of operations
The Group is exposed to the exchange rate between the Euro and the U.S. dollars. Due to the Company’s various
registered offerings of common shares in US dollars, the Group has significant cash and cash equivalents in U.S. dollars. This
could have a material impact on operating results.
The numbers below have been derived from our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein. The
discussion below should be read along with these consolidated financial statements, and it is qualified in its entirety by reference
to them.
Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
Research and development expenses
General and administrative expenses
Other income and expenses (net)
Loss before interest and income taxes
2021
2020
(in €)
Change
(35,697,935)
(11,984,722)
47,840
(47,634,816)
(25,684,140)
(8,467,203)
208,539
(33,942,804)
(10,013,795)
(3,517,519)
(160,699)
(13,692,012)
Net financial result
Loss before tax
Income tax expense
Loss for the period
Exchange differences on translating operations in foreign currency
Total comprehensive loss
2,004,757
(45,630,059)
-
(45,630,059)
6,777,061
(38,852,998)
(40,810)
(33,983,614)
-
(33,983,614)
(5,954,019)
(39,937,633)
2,045,567
(11,646,445)
-
(11,646,445)
12,731,080
1,084,635
Research and development expenses
Third-party expenses
Personnel expenses
Other expenses
Total
2021
Change
2020
(in €)
28,247,081 19,886,693 8,360,388
5,941,813 4,480,890 1,460,923
1,509,041 1,316,557
192,484
35,697,935 25,684,140 10,013,795
Research and development expenses increased by €10.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the
year ended December 31, 2020.
This increase is attributable to higher CRO and CMO costs from clinical trials in the amount of €8.4 million. This
increase was primarily due to higher expense for the Phase III part of our COVID-19 trial and other running trials like Phase II
clinical program in patients with AAV, the Phase II clinical program in patients with PG, the preparation of a Phase II clinical
program in patients cSCC and ongoing manufacturing activities for clinical trial related materials.
In addition, a €1.5 million increase in employee-related costs was mainly caused by a €1.0 million increase in expenses
from share-based compensation.
100
Table of Contents
General and administrative expenses
Personnel expenses
Legal, consulting and audit fees
Other expenses
Total
2021
Change
2020
(in €)
6,500,680 3,880,349 2,620,331
2,065,423 1,603,711
461,712
435,475
3,418,619 2,983,144
11,984,722 8,467,203 3,517,519
General and administrative expenses increased by €3.5 million to €12.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021,
from €8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This increase is primarily attributable to a €2.2 million increase in
expenses from share-based compensation. Legal, consulting and audit fees and other expenses increased by €0.5 million to €2.1
million for the year ended December 31, 2021, mainly due to higher consulting and legal costs, mainly triggered by SOX
implementation. The increase of other expenses by €0.4 million is primarily related to higher D&O insurance cost.
Net financial result
Foreign exchange income
Interest income
Total finance income
Foreign exchange expense
Other finance costs
Total finance costs
Net financial result
2021
Change
109,391
2020
(in €)
5,569,836 3,656,921 1,912,915
(778,311)
5,679,227 4,544,624 1,134,603
827,735
(3,605,701) (4,433,435)
83,231
(152,000)
(3,674,470) (4,585,435)
910,966
(40,810) 2,045,567
2,004,757
887,702
(68,769)
Net financial result increased by €2.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December
31, 2020. This net increase is mainly attributable to higher foreign exchange income, which increased by €1.9 million and lower
foreign exchange expense, which decreased by €0.8 million. This effect was offset by lower interest income on marketable
securities, which decreased by €0.8 million. Foreign exchange income and expense is mainly derived from the translation of our
U.S. dollar dominated cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities held by InflaRx GmbH. These amounts are translated into
euros at the exchange rates prevailing on the reporting date. Any resulting translation di(cid:0)erences are recognized in profit and loss.
Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
Research and development expenses
General and administrative expenses
Other income and expenses (net)
Loss before interest and income taxes
Net financial result
Loss before tax
Income tax expense
Loss for the period
Exchange differences on translating operations in foreign currency
Total comprehensive loss
Table of Contents
Research and development expenses
101
2020
(25,684,140)
(8,467,203)
208,539
(33,942,804)
(40,810)
(33,983,614)
—
(33,983,614)
(5,954,019)
(39,937,633)
2019
(in €)
Change
315,011
(44,582,136) 18,897,996
(12,501,048) 4,033,845
(106,472)
(56,768,173) 22,825,369
3,513,355 (3,554,165)
(53,254,817) 19,271,203
—
(53,254,817) 19,271,203
2,177,033 (8,131,052)
(51,077,785) 11,140,152
—
Third-party expenses
Personnel expenses
Other expenses
Total
2020
2019
(in €)
19,886,693 36,783,223
4,480,890 6,231,812
1,316,557 1,567,101
25,684,140 44,582,136
Change
(16,896,530)
(1,750,922)
(250,544)
(18,897,996)
Research and development expenses decreased by €18.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the
year ended December 31, 2019.
This decrease is attributable to lower CRO and CMO costs from clinical trials in the amount of €16.9 million as the Phase
IIb clinical development of vilobelimab in HS concluded in 2019 and total costs in 2020 associated with our other running trials
were lower than those incurred in 2019. In 2020, we incurred costs for the new Phase II/III clinical trial in patients with severe
COVID-19 (2020: €4.9 million, 2019: nil) and other running trials including the Phase II clinical program in patients with AAV,
the Phase II clinical program in patients with PG, the preparation of a Phase II clinical program in patients cSCC and ongoing
manufacturing activities for clinical trial related materials.
In addition there was a €1.8 million decrease in employee-related costs mainly caused by a €2.0 million decrease in
expenses from share-based compensation.
General and administrative expenses
Personnel expenses
Legal, consulting and audit fees
Other expenses
Total
2020
Change
2019
(in €)
3,880,349 7,534,073 (3,653,724)
(595,929)
1,603,711 2,199,640
2,983,144 2,767,335
215,809
8,467,203 12,501,048 (4,033,845)
General and administrative expenses decreased by €4.0 million to €8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020,
from €12.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. This decrease is primarily attributable to a €3.8 million decrease in
expenses from share-based compensation. Legal, consulting and audit fees and other expenses decreased by €0.6 million to €1.6
million for the year ended December 31, 2020, from €2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, due mainly to lower
consulting and legal costs. The increase of other expenses by €0.2 million is primarily related to higher D&O insurance cost.
Net financial result
Foreign exchange income
Interest income
Total finance income
2020
2019
(in €)
Change
3,656,922 3,379,643
277,279
887,702 2,840,676 (1,952,974)
4,544,624 6,220,320 (1,675,696)
Foreign exchange expense
Other finance costs
Total finance costs
Net financial result
(152,000)
(4,433,435) (2,684,699) (1,748,736)
(129,735)
(4,585,435) (2,706,964) (1,878,471)
(40,810) 3,513,355 (3,554,165)
(22,265)
Net financial result decreased by €3.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended
December 31, 2019. This decrease is mainly attributable to (a) higher foreign exchange losses, which increased by €1.7 million
and (b) lower interest income on marketable securities, which decreased by €2.0 million. Foreign exchange income and expense is
mainly derived from the translation of our U.S. dollar dominated cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities held by InflaRx
GmbH. These amounts are translated into euros at the exchange rates prevailing on the reporting date. Any resulting translation
di(cid:0)erences are recognized in profit and loss.
102
Table of Contents
B. Liquidity and capital resources
Overview on Cash Requirements and Sources of Liquidity
Since inception, we have incurred significant operating losses due to our R&D activities and G&A costs. For the years
ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we incurred net losses of €45.6 million and €34.0 million, respectively. Our primary uses of
cash are for working capital, operating leases and general corporate purposes.
Our primary sources of funds are proceeds from the sale of our shares including our initial public offering and follow-on
offerings. Additionally, in 2021, we received a grant from the German federal government under which we are eligible to receive
up to 43.7 million through 2023. Historically, we have been able to fund our capital needs with cash from financing rounds and
placement of shares. In 2021, we raised €2.8 million in net proceeds from an at-the-market transaction (2020: €9.0 million) and on
February 25, 2021, we sold an aggregate of 15,000,000 common shares through a public offering. The transaction closed on
March 1, 2021 with gross offering proceeds to the Group of $75.0 million (€62.2 million), before deducting $4.5 million
(€3.7 million) in underwriting discounts and other offering expenses of $0.4 million (€0.3 million) (See “ITEM 4.
INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY” for additional information on this public offering). Our working capital didn't have any
indebtedness in 2021 or in 2020.
Our cash and cash equivalents were €26.2 million as of December 31, 2021 (2020: €26.0 million).We also held
marketable securities valued at €83.7 million (2020: €54.3 million) as of December 31, 2021. Our cash and cash equivalents
primarily consist of cash in U.S. dollars and Euros and bank deposit accounts. Our marketable securities consist of quoted debt
securities issued by financial institutions with investment grade credit ratings (BBB+ to AAA). Our cash is deposited at banks
with equally high credit ratings as assessed by agencies such as S&P Global.
We expect to finance our operations and working capital needs in the near future from our cash and cash equivalents and
marketable securities.
BMBF Grant
Effective October 1, 2021, we were awarded a grant from the German federal government of up to € 43.7 million to
support our COVID-19 clinical development and manufacturing activities. In June 2021, we applied for that grant as part of a
special program established by the German federal government through the Federal Ministry of Education and Research
(“Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung”), or BMBF, and the Federal German Ministry of Health (“Bundesministerium
für Gesundheit”), or BMG, to accelerate the research and development of urgently needed drugs for the potential treatment of
COVID-19. In addition to the further expansion and completion of the clinical development of vilobelimab for the treatment of
severely ill COVID-19 patients, the grant is expected to be used for the establishment of the commercial scale production of
vilobelimab. Payments are contingent upon reaching predefined milestones. Amounts incurred for these activities from October 1,
2021 are eligible for reimbursement of 80%. As of December 31, 2021, we had drawn down €8.3 million from this grant.
Table of Contents
Cash flows - Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
103
The table below summarizes our consolidated statement of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
2021
2020
Net cash used in operating activities
Net cash (used in)/from investing activities
Net cash from financing activities
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period
Exchange (losses)/gains on cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period
Net cash used in operating activities
(39,936,750)
(25,950,885)
61,577,266
25,968,681
4,591,683
26,249,995
(36,527,661)
21,361,982
9,171,893
33,131,280
(1,168,813)
25,968,681
The use of cash in all periods resulted primarily from our net losses adjusted for non-cash charges and changes in components of
working capital.
Net cash used in operating activities increased to €39.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2021, from €36.5 million in the
year ended December 31, 2020, mainly due to the increase of research and development expenditures and higher personnel costs.
Net cash used in investing activities
Net cash used in investing activities decreased by €47.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 from €21.4 million provided
by investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2020 mainly due to lower proceeds from the maturity of marketable
securities in 2021.
Net cash from financing activities
Net cash generated from financing activities in 2021 mainly relates to €58.2 million net proceeds from the issuance of
common shares under a public offering, €2.8 million from an at-the-market share issuance program and the exercise of share
options which resulted in proceeds to the Company in the amount of €1.0 million. These effects were offset partially by
repayments of lease liabilities (2021: €0.4 million; 2020: €0.4 million).
Table of Contents
Cash flows - Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
104
The table below summarizes our consolidated statement of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
Net cash used in operating activities
Net cash from investing activities
Net cash from/ (used in) financing activities
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period
Exchange (losses)/gains on cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period
Net cash used in operating activities
2020
2019
(36,527,661)
21,361,982
9,171,893
33,131,280
(1,168,813)
25,968,681
(43,204,492)
20,341,554
(294,344)
55,386,240
902,321
33,131,280
The use of cash in all periods resulted primarily from our net losses adjusted for non-cash charges and changes in
components of working capital.
Net cash used in operating activities decreased to €36.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2020, from €43.2 million
in the year ended December 31, 2019, mainly due to the decrease of research and development expenditures and lower personnel
costs.
Net cash from investing activities
Net cash from investing activities increased by €1.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 mainly due to higher
proceeds from the maturity of marketable securities in 2020.
Net cash from/ (used in) financing activities
Net cash generated from financing activities in 2020 mainly relates to €9.0 million net proceeds from the issuance of
common shares under an at-the-market share issuance program and the exercise of share options which resulted in proceeds to the
Company in the amount of €0.5 million. These effects were offset partially by repayments of lease liabilities (2020: €0.4 million;
2019: €0.3 million).
Contractual obligations and commitments
The table below sets forth our operating expenses and capital expenditures from contractual obligations as of December
31, 2021.
Less than 1
Total
year
Payments due by Period
Between 1
and 3
Years
(in €)
Between 3
and
5 Years
More than 5
years
Unavoidable contractual CRO commitments and
other contractual obligations under operating
contracts or services:
Contractual lease obligations (incl. capitalized
leases)
Total
23,437,512
20,997,148
2,440,364
—
—
1,496,738
389,520
537,436
24,934,250 21,386,668 2,977,800
468,502
468,502
101,280
101,280
We enter into contracts with CROs and clinical sites for the conduct of clinical trials, professional consultants for expert
advice and other vendors for clinical supply manufacturing or other services in the normal course of business. These contracts can
usually be terminated with 30 to 180 days’ notice. In addition to this minimum duration, these contracts require full payment for
services already commenced. In the table above, the amounts for unavoidable contractual obligations assumes that the contracts
were terminated on December 31, 2021 and will then continue to run for approximately 30 to 180 days.
Contractual lease obligations
Contractual lease obligations mainly consist of payments pursuant to non-cancellable lease agreements relating to our
leases of office space. The lease term of our premises in Jena, Germany expires in December 2022 and is currently under
negotiation to be extended until December 2025. The lease term of our premises in Planegg-Martinsried, Germany expires in May
2027. The lease term of our premises in Ann Arbor, United States expires in April 2024.
Funding requirements for future Capital Expenditure
We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and financial assets will enable us to fund our operating expenses
and capital expenditure requirements under our current business plan for at least the next 24 months.
Table of Contents
105
We anticipate that our expenses will increase in the next years in connection with our ongoing activities. In particular, we
anticipate that we might continue our Phase III clinical development program with vilobelimab in HS and we will complete the
Phase III part of the clinical trial in severe COVID-19. We will also continue our Phase II clinical trials in AAV and PG and
explore Phase III clinical development in these indications. In addition, we will continue our Phase II clinical development in
cSCC. Additionally, we may pursue additional indications for vilobelimab as well. We also plan to complete preclinical
development of INF904 and to initiate a Phase I clinical trial in 2022. We also plan to continue preclinical development of
IFX002. We plan to initiate new research and preclinical development efforts. If clinical data is supportive, we may seek
marketing approval for any product candidates that we successfully develop. Additionally, we will validate our manufacturing
process to be able to apply for marketing authorization and to be able to provide commercial grade product. In addition, if we
obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to
establishing sales, marketing, distribution and other commercial infrastructure to commercialize such products. Accordingly, we
will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital
when needed or on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce, or eliminate our research and development programs or
future commercialization efforts.
Until such time, if ever, that we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a
combination of equity offerings, debt financings, royalty-based financings, future collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing
arrangements and government grants. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt
securities, the interest of our current shareholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include voting or other
rights that adversely affect your rights as a common shareholder. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include
covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures,
or declaring dividends. If we raise funds through additional collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third
parties, we may have to relinquish rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or
to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. Money received through government grants may require us to provide
our product, if approved by regulatory authorities, at unfavorable conditions in such jurisdictions.
C. Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.
See “ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY — B Business Overview — Intellectual Property.”
D. Trend information
For a discussion of trend information, see “ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS.”
E. Off-balance sheet arrangements
As of the date of this Annual Report, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements other than operating leases and
third-party contracts with Contract Research Organizations, or CROs, or Contract Manufacturing Organizations as described
under ‘ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS — B. Liquidity and capital resources .’
F. Safe harbor
See “Forward-Looking Statements.
Table of Contents
ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
106
A. Directors and senior management
Board of directors
The following table presents information about our board of directors and senior management as of the date of this
Annual Report.
Name
Niels Riedemann
Renfeng Guo
Thomas Taapken
Jordan Zwick
Korinna Pilz
Nicolas Fulpius
Richard Brudnick
Mark Kubler
Anthony Gibney
Position
Age
Executive Director and Chief
Executive Officer
Executive Director and Chief
Scientific Officer
Chief Financial Officer
Chief Strategy Officer
Chief Clinical Development Officer
Non-Executive Director and Chairman
of the Board
Non-Executive Director
Non-Executive Director
Non-Executive Director
50
51
56
35
56
48
65
47
51
Initial year of appointment at InflaRx
GmbH, InflaRx N.V. or InflaRx
Pharmaceuticals Inc. (as applicable)
2007
2007
2020
2020
2021
2007
2019
2015
2021
The terms, for which Mark Kubler and Anthony Gibney have been appointed to the Board of Directors, will expire in
2024 and the terms for which Richard Brudnick, Nicolas Fulpius, Renfeng Guo and Niels Riedemann have been appointed to the
Board of Directors will expire in 2022. Ms. Katrin Uschmann did not stand for re-election as member of the Board at the Annual
General Meeting on May 19, 2021. On May 19, 2021, Mr. Anthony Gibney was elected as Member of the Board and to the Audit
Committee. On September 13, 2021, Ms. Lina Ma resigned as Member of the Board. Effective August 1, 2021, Dr. Korinna Pilz
was promoted to the newly created role of Chief Clinical Development Officer.
Unless otherwise indicated, the current business address for our directors, senior management and key employees is
InflaRx N.V., Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
The following is a brief summary of the business experience of our directors, senior management and key employees.
Each director’s tenure reflects such director’s tenure on InflaRx GmbH’s board.
Non-executive directors
Nicolas Fulpius, Chairman. Mr. Fulpius is one of our co-founders and has served as a director and chairman of our Board
since 2007. He has served as Chief Executive Officer at Ansam Group since 2020, as Chief Digital Officer for Swisscom Cloud
Lab and for Swisscom Schweiz AG since 2015 and is member of the Venture Investment Committee of the Swisscom Venture
Funds. Previously he was Chief Executive Officer and Shareholder of Veltigroup SA from 2010 to 2015. Prior to that role, he was
a partner and shareholder in Affentrager Associates from 2003 to 2010, Investment Director and shareholder in Ultreia Capital
from 2002 to 2006 and an Investment Manager at Lombard Odier from 1998 to 2002 for the Immunology Fund. He has served as
member of the board of Romande Energie Holding since 2021, as chairman of the board of Ansam Group Holding SA since 2021
and of Swisscom Digital Technologies from 2016 until 2017 as well as Affentrager Associates AG since 2006 and CIMA
Corporate Investment Management Affentrager Holding AG since 2006. He previously served on the boards of Swisscom Digital
Technology S.A., Veltigroup and related companies (LANexpert S.A., insentia S.A., ITS Information Technologie Services S.A.,
epyx S.A.), Selfrag SA, SIRS-Lab GmbH, Dunes Technologies SA among others. He holds an M.S. in Management Science and
Engineering from Stanford University and the Swiss equivalent of an MBA from St. Gall University.
Table of Contents
107
Richard Brudnick. Mr. Brudnick has been a director on our board since 2019. Mr. Brudnick currently serves as Chief
Business Officer for Codiak BioSciences, a leader in the field of exosome therapeutics since June 2018. Prior to joining Codiak,
Mr. Brudnick was co-founder and Executive Vice President of Business Development at Bioverativ, Inc., from 2016 until 2018.
From 2001 to 2016, Mr. Brudnick held various roles of increasing responsibility at Biogen, Inc. including Senior Vice President
of Corporate Development. & StrategyHe serves as member of the board of Tamarix Therapeutics since 2021 and of the NYSE-
listed Volition Rx also since 2021. Mr. Brudnick graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology with an SB and he also
graduated from the Sloan School of Management with an MBA.
Mark Kubler. Mr. Kubler has served as a director on our board since 2015. Mr. Kubler has been a partner with the GIG
Ltd., a venture capital advisory firm with offices in Switzerland and Malta, since 2012. He previously served on the boards of
WWM AG and Jobydu AG, each based in Switzerland. Mr. Kubler was a managing director and corporate secretary of a private
equity holding company from 2003 to 2010. Before 2003, he held various roles in international investment banks and boutiques.
Mr. Kubler has a master’s degree in business and economics, as well as a master’s degree in law from the University of St. Gallen,
in Switzerland.
Anthoney Gibney Tony Gibney is currently Chief Business and Strategy Officer at Iveric Bio, overseeing the business
development and corporate strategy for the retina-focused, biotechnology company. Prior to Iveric, Mr. Gibney served as the CFO
and CBO at FogPharma, overseeing and driving the business development and finance functions of the company. Mr. Gibney
served as the Executive Vice President and Chief Business Officer of Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., where he was responsible
for corporate and portfolio strategy, business development and corporate communications and led the successful sale of Achillion
to Alexion in 2020. Before Achillion, Tony Gibney was a life sciences-focused investment banker for 24 years. From 2009
through 2017, he served as a managing director and co-head of the biotechnology investment team for Leerink Partners LLC,
where he was a senior leader of Leerink’s biopharmaceutical investment banking franchise. From 1999 to 2009, he worked as a
managing director at Merrill Lynch Inc. and executed a variety of significant financing and M&A transactions for various
biotechnology companies. From 1993 to 1999, Mr. Gibney was an investment banker at Lehman Brothers in the firm’s Healthcare
Investment Banking Group. He graduated with distinction from Yale University in 1993 with a B.A. in History and Economics.
Senior management
Niels Riedemann, Chief Executive Officer. Professor Riedemann is one of our co-founders and has served as our Chief
Executive Officer since our inception in 2007. Prof. Riedemann has over 15 years of experience in the biotech industry and drug
development as well as over 20 years of experience in complement immunology research. He founded InflaRx in 2007 and has
served as Chief Executive Officer since inception of the company. He has been instrumental in and led numerous private and
public financing rounds of the company and has led our IPO in 2017. He is named inventor on several internationally granted core
patents of InflaRx. As physician he has been appointed Vice Director (“Leitender Oberarzt”) of Intensive Care Medicine, and he
has led a 50-bed University ICU unit for over 6 years at Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany until 2015. Before that, he
received his board certification as General Surgeon upon completion of his surgical fellowship at MHH (Hannover Medical
School, Germany) in 2007 where he also received his habilitation (equivalent to Ph.D.) and where he still holds an Adjunct
Professorship (APL Professor). He spent three years as postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Michigan, USA until
2003. He received his medical training at Albert Ludwig University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany, and Stanford University, USA
and graduated as Dr. med. (equivalent to M.D.) from ALU in 1998. His research has been awarded with several national and
international awards. He has received extensive extra-mural funding and published over 60 peer reviewed scientific publications
in highly ranked journals. He has served as a member on a Board of Directors and a Scientific Advisory Board of two large
scientific governmental funded programs. He currently serves as Co-Chair of the Health Politics working group of Bio-
Deutschland and he serves as member of the board of trustees for the German Sepsis Foundation.
Renfeng Guo, Chief Scientific Officer. Professor Guo is one of our co-founders and has served as our Chief Scientific
Officer since 2007. Prior to joining us, he served as a faculty member of the University of Michigan since 2001, where he holds a
position as Adjunct Research Associate Professor. Professor Guo received his medical degree from Norman Bethune Medical
School in China and he did his post-doctoral training in immunology at University of Michigan.
Table of Contents
108
Korinna Pilz, Chief Clinical Development Officer, Mrs. Pilz joined InflaRx in January 2019 as Program Director
Oncology and was promoted to Global Head of Clinical Research and Development in December 2019. In August 2021 she was
promoted to Chief Clinical Development Officer. She has a 20 years’ experience in NCE and NBE development in several
companies, including Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, Merck KGaA and Bayer, and as a consultant. She has vast experience in early
and late-stage clinical development and has helped in gaining marketing authorizations for several products. At InflaRx, she has
established and grown the clinical development group and under her leadership the group has initiated several clinical trials,
including for vilobelimab in cSCC and COVID. Mrs. Pilz is a licensed Medical Doctor and holds a Diploma in Biology from the
University of Düsseldorf. She is a member of ASCO, ESMO, AACR and IASLC.
Thomas Taapken, Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Taapken joined lnflaRx as CFO in 2020. He has over 25 years of
experience in senior management positions within the life sciences sector and as a venture investor. He has previously held
positions as CFO of Medigene AG (publicly listed in Germany), as CEO and CFO of Epigenomics AG (publicly listed in
Germany), where he led the company’s efforts in gaining regulatory approval for the company’s lead product with the FDA and
oversaw its subsequent introduction into the U.S. market, and as CFO at Biotie Therapies (Turku, Finland) and its predecessor
companies. Before that, Mr. Taapken was a venture investor for 7 years with Deutsche Venture Capital (DVC) and Burrill & Co.
in the US. Mr. Taapken started his career at Hoechst AG (now Sanofi). He holds a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the Technical
University of Berlin and also studied economics, chemistry and physics at the University of Göttingen. Mr. Taapken is a board
member of Scibase AB since 2017, Chairman of the Board at lmcyse SA since 2019 and a board member at memo therapeutics
AG since 2021.
Jordan Zwick, Chief Strategy Officer. Mr. Zwick’s experience includes over a decade of working in finance, marketing
and corporate development in a range of industries including life sciences and financial services. He started his career as a Trading
Associate at Raymond James, before moving into healthcare in a marketing role at the global device-maker, Medtronic, where he
launched a cardiac remote monitoring device in the acute care setting. Jordan entered the pharmaceutical sector on the business
development team at Salix Pharmaceuticals in 2014, working on the research, analysis and execution of a wide range of
transactions such as licensing deals, divestments, and M&A, including the $14.5B acquisition of Salix by Valeant Pharmaceuticals
(now Bausch Health Companies) .In 2015, post-acquisition, he joined a biotech company, Chimerix, to work in business
development. After the Chimerix lead asset failed Phase III, in 2016, he started an active consultancy, Zwick Advisory, LLC to
advise life science companies. In 2017, he rejoined Valeant Pharmaceuticals (now called Bausch Health) and became the Head of
Strategy for the Salix business segment, leading all business development transactions, alliance management, strategic planning
and portfolio management, playing a key role in the turnaround story of Bausch Health. Mr. Zwick holds a degree from Florida
Atlantic University where he obtained an Honors BA in Economics and a MS in Economics and an MBA from the University of
San Francisco, an Advanced Graduate Certificate from the School of Continuing Studies at Georgetown, and is a Certified
Licensing Professional.
B. Compensation
Compensation of directors and senior management
The aggregate compensation, including benefits in kind, accrued or paid to our senior management with respect to the
year ended December 31, 2021, for services in all capacities was €6,164,995. In 2021, we granted options to purchase 979,217
common shares to our senior management.
We have established a policy in respect of the remuneration of our directors in accordance with Dutch law. Such policy
addresses the following topics: the fixed and variable components of the remuneration (if any), remuneration in the form of shares
and severance payments. The policy for our board of directors was adopted and approved by the general meeting of shareholders
prior to the consummation of our initial public offering. The board of directors determines the remuneration of the directors in
accordance with the compensation policy, with the understanding that executive directors will not participate in the decision-
making process regarding the determination of the compensation of executive directors. Compensation schemes in the form of
shares or rights to shares must be submitted by the board of directors to the general meeting for its approval. Any such proposal
must set out at least the maximum number of shares or rights to shares to be granted to the directors and the criteria for granting or
amendment.
Table of Contents
109
As of December 31, 2021, we have no amounts set aside or accrued to provide pension, retirement or similar benefits to
our senior managers or directors, and in 2021, our non-executive directors received €760,185 in total compensation, including
benefits in kind, from us for services in such capacity. Furthermore in 2021, we granted 155,219 options to our non-executive
directors under the Plan.
Management and director service agreements
We have entered into management services agreements with each of our executive management team members, including
our two executive directors that became effective upon the consummation of our initial public offering or at the time these
managers joined the Company. The management services agreements contain a termination notice period for us and the executive
directors appointed as such by a general meeting of shareholders. All of the management services agreements provide that the
manager or executive director, as the case might be, may be terminated in the event of an urgent cause (dringende reden) without
advance notice. In the event that an executive director no longer serves as an executive director but remains employed in his role
as an executive employee of the Company, the executive director will not be entitled to any contractual severance or termination
payments. Rather, we will enter into an employment agreement with the executive director, which may include substantially
similar compensation terms as provided under the management services agreements. The management services agreements
contain post-termination restrictive covenants, including perpetual confidentiality, and post-termination non-competition and non-
solicitation covenants.
In addition, we have entered into letter agreements with each of our non-executive directors which became effective upon
the consummation of our initial public offering or at the time these directors were appointed to our board. The letter agreements
may be terminated, without advance notice, if the non-executive director is removed from the board of directors, resigns from the
board of directors or such director’s term of office on the board of directors expires without his reappointment as a non-executive
director. Additionally, each letter agreement provides for compensation, including an annual cash fee, an annual equity grant, a
discretionary annual fee for membership on a committee of the board of directors, and a discretionary annual fee for acting as a
chairperson of a committee of the board of directors. Also, the letter agreements contain a perpetual confidentiality covenant.
2016 option plan
Under the Stock Option Plan 2016 Terms and Conditions, or the 2016 Plan, we have granted rights to subscribe for our
common shares to directors, senior management and key employees.
All outstanding option awards under the 2016 Plan automatically vested upon closing of our initial public offering.
In conjunction with the corporate reorganization undertaken prior to our initial public offering, all outstanding awards
granted under the 2016 Plan or otherwise converted into awards exercisable for common shares of InflaRx N.V. and will be
governed by the terms of the 2016 Plan.
2017 equity incentive plan
In conjunction with the closing of our initial public offering, we established a new omnibus plan, or the 2017 Plan, with
the purpose of advancing the interests of our shareholders by enhancing our ability to attract, retain and motivate individuals who
are expected to make important contributions to us. The 2017 Plan governs issuances of equity incentive awards from and after
the closing of our initial public offering. The initial maximum number of common shares available for issuance under equity
incentive awards granted pursuant to the 2017 Plan equals 2,341,097 common shares. On January 1, 2021 and on January 1 of
each calendar year thereafter, an additional number of shares equal to 3% of the total outstanding common shares on December 31
of the immediately preceding year (or any lower number of shares as determined by the board of directors) will become available
for issuance under equity incentive awards granted pursuant to the 2017 Plan.
Table of Contents
110
The annual general meeting on July 16, 2020, approved an amendment to the 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan (LTIP)
with effect from January 1, 2021:
·
·
increasing the maximum annual number of common shares in the Company’s capital available for issuance under the
LTIP, starting on January 1, 2021, to 4% (from 3%) of the Company’s outstanding common shares (determined as of
December 31 of the immediately preceding year); and
removing certain restrictions from the LTIP, which will allow the committee administering the LTIP and the Board to
(i) lower the exercise price per share of any options and/or share appreciation rights issued under the LTIP or take any
other action treated as a ‘repricing’ of an award and (ii) cancel any option and/or share appreciation rights in exchange
for cash or another award granted under the LTIP, in either case, without prior approval of the Company’s shareholders.
Plan Administration. The 2017 Plan is administered by a committee appointed by the board of directors, which committee
will consist of not less than three directors (the “plan committee”).
Eligibility. Equity incentive awards may be granted to our employees, non-employee directors, consultants or other
advisors, as well as holders of equity compensation awards granted by a company that may be acquired by us in the future.
Awards. Equity incentive awards under the 2017 Plan may be granted in the form of stock options, stock appreciation
rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance awards or other share-based awards. Stock options and stock
appreciation rights will have an exercise price determined by the plan committee but that is no less than fair market value of the
underlying common shares on the date of grant.
Vesting. The vesting conditions for grants under the equity incentive awards under the 2017 Plan will be set forth in the
applicable award documentation. However, subject to the acceleration provisions under certain circumstances described below,
awards (other than replacement awards) may not vest in full prior to the first anniversary of the grant date, with the exception that
up to five percent of the shares available for issuance under the 2017 Plan may provide for alternative vesting conditions.
Termination of Service and Change in Control. In the event of a participant’s termination of employment, the plan
committee may, in its discretion, determine the extent to which an equity incentive award may be exercised, settled, vested, paid
or forfeited. In the event of a change in control of the company (as defined in the 2017 Plan), any then successor or surviving
corporation may continue outstanding awards, or convert or substitute such awards for award or right with respect to the stock of
the successor or surviving corporation, in which case, if a participant is terminated by the successor or surviving corporation
without “cause” or for “good reason” (in each case, as defined in the 2017 Plan) within 24 months following the change in control,
all equity incentive awards held by the participant will immediately vest. If any outstanding awards are not continued or converted
following a change in control of the company, then such awards will immediately vest, and options and stock appreciation rights
will become fully exercisable. In connection with a change of control, the plan committee may, in its discretion, take a number of
other actions, including accelerating the vesting of any equity incentive award or terminating or cancelling any equity incentive
award for cash payment.
Insurance and indemnification
Our current and future directors (and such other officer or employee as designated by the board of directors) have the
benefit of indemnification provisions in the Articles of Association of InflaRx N.V. These provisions give the indemnified persons
the right to recover from us amounts, including, but not limited to, litigation expenses, and any damages they are ordered to pay,
in relation to acts or omissions in the performance of their duties. However, there is no entitlement to indemnification for acts or
omissions which are considered to constitute malice, gross negligence, intentional recklessness and/or serious culpability
attributable to such indemnified person. In addition, upon the closing of our initial public offering, we entered into agreements
with our directors and executive officers to indemnify them against expenses and liabilities to the fullest extent permitted by law.
These agreements also provide, subject to certain exceptions, for indemnification for related expenses including, among others,
attorneys’ fees, judgements, penalties, fines and settlement amounts incurred by any of these individuals in any action or
proceeding. In addition to such indemnification, we provide our directors with directors’ and officers’ liability insurance.
Insofar as indemnification of liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors or persons
controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that, in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is
against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
Table of Contents
Compliance with NASDAQ listing requirements
111
We are a foreign private issuer. As a result, in accordance with Nasdaq listing requirements, we comply with home
country governance requirements and certain exemptions thereunder rather than complying with Nasdaq corporate governance
requirements. In accordance with Dutch law and generally accepted business practices, our articles of association do not provide
quorum requirements generally applicable to general meetings of shareholders in the United States. To this extent, our practice
varies from the requirement of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5620(c), which requires an issuer to provide in its bylaws for a generally
applicable quorum, and that such quorum may not be less than one-third of the outstanding voting stock. Although we must
provide shareholders with an agenda and other relevant documents for the general meeting of shareholders, Dutch law does not
have a regulatory regime for the solicitation of proxies and the solicitation of proxies is not a generally accepted business practice
in the Netherlands, and thus our practice will vary from the requirement of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5620(b). As permitted by the
listing requirements of Nasdaq, we have also opted out of the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(d), which requires an
issuer to have a compensation committee that, among other things, consists entirely of independent directors and makes
determinations regarding the independence of any compensation consultants, Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(e), which requires an
issuer to have independent director oversight of director nominations, and Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(b)(2), which requires an
issuer to have a majority of independent directors on its board. In addition, we have opted out of shareholder approval
requirements for the issuance of securities in connection with certain events such as the acquisition of stock or assets of another
company, the establishment of or amendments to equity-based compensation plans for employees and certain private placements.
To this extent, our practice varies from the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635, which generally requires an issuer to obtain
shareholder approval for the issuance of securities in connection with such events. For an overview of our corporate governance
principles, see “ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION — B. Memorandum and articles of association.”
C. Board practices
Board of Directors
Our board of directors is composed of six members as of March 24, 2022, two of whom are executive directors. Our
executive directors and the chairman of our board shall initially serve for four-year terms and our other non-executive directors
shall initially serve for three-year terms, in each case until the earlier of their successors being duly appointed, their resignation or
their removal. After these terms, our directors may be nominated for re-appointment for such terms as may be deemed appropriate
by our board of directors. For the years of the directors’ initial appointment and term expiration dates, see —A. Directors and
senior management.
Nasdaq’s Board Diversity Rule
Nasdaq’s Board Diversity Rule, which was approved by the SEC on August 6, 2021, is a disclosure standard designed to
encourage a minimum board diversity objective for companies and provide stakeholders with consistent, comparable disclosures
concerning a company’s current board composition. Nasdaq’s Board Diversity Rule requires companies listed on Nasdaq to
publicly disclose board-level diversity statistics using a standardized template;
Table of Contents
112
Board Diversity Matrix (As of March 23, 2022)
To be completed by Foreign Issuers (with principal executive offices outside of the U.S.) and Foreign Private Issuers
Country of Principal Executive Offices
Foreign Private Issuer
Disclosure Prohibited Under Home Country Law
Total Number of Directors
Part I: Gender Identity
Directors
Part II: Demographic Background
Underrepresented Individual in Home Country Jurisdiction
LGBTQ+
Did Not Disclose Demographic Background
Germany
Yes
No
6
Female
Male
Non-Binary
Did Not Disclose
Gender
0
6
0
0
0
0
6
Our Board of Directors adopted a Diversity Policy on December 15, 2021, which is published on the Company’s website.
This policy sets out our targets relating to diversity in the composition of the Board of Directors. We believe that diversity
encompasses acceptance and respect, recognizing that each individual is unique. We are committed to supporting, valuing and
leveraging diversity in the composition of the Board of Directors.
Board Committees
Audit committee
The audit committee currently consists of Nicolas Fulpius, Mark Kuebler, Richard Brudnick and Anthony Gibney. The
audit committee assists the board of directors in overseeing our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of our
financial statements. In addition, the audit committee will be directly responsible for the recommendation for appointment,
compensation, retention and oversight of the work of our independent registered public accounting firm. Our board of directors
has determined that each member of the Audit Committee satisfies the “independence” requirements set forth in Rule 10A-3 under
the Exchange Act and each qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert,” as such term is defined in the rules of the SEC. The
audit committee is governed by a charter that complies with applicable Nasdaq rules, which charter has been posted on our
website.
The audit committee’s responsibilities include:
·
·
·
recommending the appointment of the independent auditor to the general meeting of shareholders;
the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of any accounting firm engaged for the purpose of preparing or
issuing an audit report or performing other audit services;
pre-approving the audit services and non-audit services to be provided by our independent auditor before the auditor is
engaged to render such services;
·
·
evaluating the independent auditor’s qualifications, performance and independence, and presenting its conclusions to
the full supervisory board on at least an annual basis;
reviewing and discussing with the board of directors and the independent auditor the audit plan as well as our annual
audited financial statements and quarterly financial statements prior to the filing of the respective annual and quarterly
reports;
Table of Contents
113
·
·
·
·
reviewing our compliance with laws and regulations, including major legal and regulatory initiatives and also reviewing
any major litigation or investigations against us that may have a material impact on our financial statements;
reviewing internal audit results, including the effectiveness of the design and operation of our internal controls;
reviewing the operation of and our compliance with our code of ethics; and
approving or ratifying any related person transaction (as defined in our related person transaction policy) in accordance
with our related person transaction policy and reviewing potential conflicts of interest involving our directors.
The audit committee will meet as often as one or more members of the audit committee deem necessary, but in any event
will meet at least quarterly. The audit committee will meet at least once per year with our independent accountant without our
executive directors being present.
Compensation committee
The compensation committee consists of Nicolas Fulpius and Mark Kubler. The compensation committee assists the
board of directors in determining compensation for the directors. The committee recommends to the board of directors for
determination the compensation of each of our directors. Under SEC and Nasdaq rules, there are heightened independence
standards for members of the compensation committee, including a prohibition against the receipt of any compensation from us
other than standard director fees. As permitted by the listing requirements of Nasdaq, we have opted out of Nasdaq Listing Rule
5605(d) which requires that a compensation committee consist entirely of independent directors. The compensation committee is
governed by a charter that has been posted on our website.
The compensation committee’s responsibilities include:
·
·
·
·
·
·
identifying, reviewing and approving corporate goals and objectives relevant to compensation of our executive officers
and directors;
analyzing the possible outcomes of the variable remuneration components and how they may affect the remuneration of
our executive officers;
determining any long-term incentive component of each executive officer’s compensation in line with the compensation
policy and reviewing our executive officer compensation and benefits policies generally;
preparing periodic compensation reports for our board of directors;
reviewing and assessing risks arising from our employee compensation policies and practices and whether any such
risks are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on us; and
retaining or obtaining advice from a compensation consultant, legal counsel or other advisor as the compensation
committee deems necessary or appropriate to carry out its responsibilities.
Nomination and corporate governance committee
The nomination and corporate governance committee consists of Nicolas Fulpius and Mark Kubler. The nomination and
corporate governance committee assists our board of directors in identifying individuals qualified to become members of our
board of directors consistent with criteria established by our board of directors and in developing our corporate governance
principles. As permitted by the listing requirements of Nasdaq, we have opted out of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(e) which requires
independent director oversight of director nominations. The nominating and corporate governance committee is governed by a
charter that has been posted on our website.
Table of Contents
The nomination and corporate governance committee’s responsibilities include:
114
·
·
·
·
·
preparing and reviewing selection criteria and appointment procedures for our board of directors;
reviewing the size and composition of our board of directors and submitting proposals for the composition profile of
our board of directors;
leading the board of directors in self-evaluation to determine whether it and its committees are functioning effectively;
preparing and reviewing a plan for succession of directors; and
submitting proposals for the appointment or reappointment of directors.
D. Employees
As of December 31, 2021, we had 59 employees, including 18 with M.D. or Ph.D. degrees.
E. Share ownership
See “ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS — A. Major shareholders
Major shareholders.”
Table of Contents
115
ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A. Major shareholders
The following table presents information relating to the beneficial ownership of our common shares as of December 31,
2021:
·
·
·
each person, or group of affiliated persons, known by us to own beneficially 5% or more of our outstanding common
shares (as of the date of such shareholder’s Schedule 13G filing for InflaRx N.V. with the SEC);
each of our directors and senior management; and
all directors and senior management as a group.
The number of common shares beneficially owned by each entity, person or director is determined in accordance with the
rules of the SEC, and the information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. Under such
rules, beneficial ownership includes any common shares over which the individual has sole or shared voting power or investment
power or to receive the economic benefit of ownership of the shares, as well as any common shares that the individual has the
right to acquire within 60 days of December 31, 2021 through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right. The percentage of
shares beneficially owned is computed on the basis of 44,203,763 common shares outstanding as of December 31, 2021. Common
shares that a person has the right to acquire within 60 days of December 31, 2021 are deemed outstanding for purposes of
computing the percentage ownership of the person holding such rights, but are not deemed outstanding for purposes of computing
the percentage ownership of any other person, except with respect to the percentage ownership of all directors and senior
management as a group. Except as otherwise indicated, and subject to applicable community property laws, the persons named in
the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all common shares held by that person. All shareholders have
similar voting rights. As of December 31, 2021, 8,407,352 common shares, representing 19.0% of our issued and outstanding
common shares, were held by six U.S. record holders.
Unless otherwise indicated, the address of each beneficial owner listed in the table below is c/o InflaRx N.V., Winzerlaer
Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
5% Shareholders
Entities affiliated with Staidson Hong Kong Investment Company Limited(1)
Entities affiliated with Suvretta Capital Management(2)
Directors and Senior Management
Niels Riedemann(3)
Renfeng Guo(4)
Thomas Taapken(5)
Common Shares Beneficially
Owned
Number
Percent of
2,316,644
3,285,000
2,699,619
2,996,353
119,502
5.2%
7.4%
5.9%
6.6%
*
Jordan Zwick (6)
Nicolas Fulpius(7)
Richard Brudnick(8)
Mark Kubler(9)
Anthony Gibney(10), director from May 19, 2021
Korinna Pilz(11)
Lina Ma(12), director until September 13, 2021
Katrin Uschmann(13), director until May 19, 2021
All directors and senior management as a group (11 persons)
_________
*
Indicates beneficial ownership of less than 1% of the total outstanding common shares.
94,601
537,186
91,650
1,024,987
19,877
75,501
44,464
54,584
7,768,324
*
1.2%
*
2.3%
*
*
*
*
16.3%
Table of Contents
116
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Staidson Hong Kong Investment Company Limited, orSTS, is wholly owned by Staidson (Beijing) Biopharmaceuticals Co.,
Ltd., a publicly held entity whose common shares are listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. The address for STS is 1/F
122D Ma Yautong Sai Kung, Hong Kong.
The common shares are held with Suvretta Capital Management LLC, Averill Master Fund Ltd. and Aaron Cowen as
reported by Aaron Cowen (collectively, the “Reporting Persons”) on the Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on March 8, 2021.
All securities reported in the Schedule 13G are owned by advisory clients of Suvretta Capital Management, LLC. None of
the advisory clients, with the exception of Averill Master Fund, Ltd., individually owns more than 5% of the outstanding
shares of the Common Shares. The address of Suvretta Capital Management, LLC is 540 Madison Avenue,7th Floor, New
York, NY 10022.
Consists of (a) 1,068,908 common shares, (b) 404,040 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of
options which were issued pursuant to the 2016 Plan at an exercise price of $3.35 per share, which shall expire on November
18, 2031, (c) 126,005 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant to
the Series B financing at an exercise price of €0.0012 per share, (d) 689,253 common shares that may be acquired pursuant
to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $3.35 per share, which shall
expire on December 13, 2025, (e) 5,409 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were
issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $3.35 per share, which shall expire on November 20, 2026, (f)
350,000 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant to the 2017
Plan at an exercise price of $5.14 per share, which shall expire on January 4, 2031, and (g) 56,004 common shares that may
be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were is-sued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $2.99 per
share, which shall expire on July 1, 2031.
Consists of (a) 1,711,658 common shares, (b) 336,672 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of
options which were issued pursuant to the 2016 Plan at an exercise price of $3.35 per share, which shall expire on November
18, 2031, (c) 623,610 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant to
the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $3.35 per share, which shall expire on December 13, 2025, (d) 5,409 common shares
that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of
$3.35 per share, which shall expire on November 20, 2026, (e) 275,000 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the
exercise of options which were is-sued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $5.14 per share, which shall expire
on January 4, 2031, and (f) 44,004 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were
issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $2.99 per share, which shall expire on July 1, 2031.
Consists of (a) 3,500 common shares, (b) 50,000 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options
which were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $4.83 per share, which shall expire on September 17,
2028, (c) 50,000 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were is-sued pursuant to the
2017 Plan at an exercise price of $5.14 per share, which shall expire on January 4, 2031, and (d) 16,002 common shares that
may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $2.99
per share, which shall expire on July 1, 2031.
Consists of (a) 50,000 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant
to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $2.28 per share, which shall expire on October 24, 2027, (b) 25,000 common shares
that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of
$4.83 per share, which shall expire on September 17, 2028, (c) 10,000 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the
exercise of options which were is-sued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $5.14 per share, which shall expire
on January 4, 2031, and (d) 9,601 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued
pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $2.99 per share, which shall expire on July 1, 2031.
Consists of (a) 467,921 common shares, (b) 34,464 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options
which were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $3.35 per share, which shall expire on December 13,
2025, (c) 30,000 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant to the
2017 Plan at an exercise price of $5.14 per share, which shall expire on January 4, 2031, and (d) 4,801 common shares that
may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $2.99
per share, which shall expire on July 1, 2031.
Consists of (a) 50,000 common shares, (b) 18,450 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options
which were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $3.35 per share, which shall expire on February 4, 2027,
(c) 20,000 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant to the 2017
Plan at an exercise price of $5.14 per share, which shall expire on January 4, 2031, and (d) 3,200 common shares that may be
acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $2.99 per
share, which shall expire on July 1, 2031.
Table of Contents
117
9.
Consists of (a) 960,015 common shares, (b) 7,308 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options
which were issued pursuant to the Series B financing at an exercise price of €0.0012 per share, (c) 34,464 common shares
that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of
$3.35 per share, which shall expire on December 13, 2025, (d) 20,000 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the
exercise of options which were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $5.14 per share, which shall expire on
January 4, 2031, and (e) 3,200 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued
pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $2.99 per share, which shall expire on Juy 1, 2031.
10. Consists of (a) 10,000 common shares, (b) 11,667 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options
which were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $22.75 per share, which shall expire on February 7, 2026,
and (c) 8,210 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant to the
2017 Plan at an exercise price of $2.99 per share, which shall expire on Juy 1, 2031.
11. Consists of (a) 10,000 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant
to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $3.35 per share, which shall expire on May 14, 2027, (b) 38,000 common shares that
may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $3.57
per share, which shall expire on December 16, 2027, (c) 12,000 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the
exercise of options which were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $5.14 per share, which shall expire on
January 4, 2031, and (d) 15,501 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued
pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $2.99 per share, which shall expire on Juy 1, 2031.
12. Consists of (a) 34,464 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant
to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $3.35 per share, which shall expire on December 13, 2025, and (b) 10,000 common
shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise
price of $5.14 per share, which shall expire on January 4, 2031.
13. Consists of (a) 15,120 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant
to the Series B financing at an exercise price of €0.0012 per share, (b) 34.464 common shares that may be acquired pursuant
to the exercise of options which were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $3.35 per share, which shall
expire on December 13, 2025, and (c) 5,000 common shares that may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of options which
were issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan at an exercise price of $5.14 per share, which shall expire on January 4, 2031.
Significant Changes in Ownership by Major Shareholders
Immediately prior to our initial public offering in November 2017, our principal shareholders were entities affiliated with
Staidson Hong Kong Investment Company Limited (12.5% ownership), entities affiliated with Private Equity Thüringen GMBH
& Co. (10.4% ownership), entities affiliated with RA Capital Management, LLC (8.3% ownership), BCLS Investco., LP (8.3%
ownership), KfW Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts (7.3%) and Ammann Group Holding AG (6.5% ownership).
On November 10, 2017, we completed our initial public offering and listed our common shares on the Nasdaq Global
Select Market. In the initial public offering, we sold 7,068,128 common shares, which includes 401,128 common shares sold
pursuant to the partial exercise of the over-allotment option we granted to the underwriters for the offering. Certain of our pre-IPO
shareholders purchased approximately $50.0 million of our common shares in the initial public offering.
Table of Contents
118
On May 8, 2018, we completed a primary and secondary public offering of 3,450,000 common shares, consisting of
1,850,000 common shares offered by the Company and 1,600,000 common shares offered by the selling shareholders at price to
the public of $34.00 per common share for total gross proceeds of $117.3 million, consisting of total gross proceeds to the
Company of $62.9 million and total gross proceeds to the selling shareholders of $54.4 million, which includes the full exercise of
the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares.
On July 8, 2020, the Company filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) a Form F-3
registration statement with respect to the offer and sale of securities of the Company (Shelf Registration Statement). The Company
also filed with the SEC a prospectus supplement (Prospectus Supplement) relating to an at-the-market program providing for the
sales of our stock over time of up to $50.0 million of its common shares pursuant to a Sales Agreement with SVB Leerink LLC.
As of December 31, 2020, the Company had issued 1,958,186 common shares resulting in €9.0 million in net proceeds to the
Company. As of December 31, 2021 the Company had issued additionally 610,022 comon shares through an ATM program,
resulting in €2.8 million in net proceeds to the Company. Following these issuances, the remaining value authorized for sale under
the at-the-market program is $35.2 million.
On February 25, 2021, the Company sold an aggregate of 15,000,000 common shares through a public offering. The
common shares were sold at a price of $5.00 per share and have a nominal value of €0.12 per share. The gross offering proceeds
to the Group from this offering were $75.0 million (€62.2 million), before deducting $4.5 million (€3.7 million) in underwriting
discounts and other offering expenses of $0.4 million (€0.3 million). The aforementioned Euro amounts were calculated using the
exchange rate as of March 1, 2021 (1 USD = 0.8297 EUR). For each common share purchased, an investor also received a warrant
to purchase a common share at an exercise price of $5.80. The warrants were exercisable immediately and expired on March 1,
2022. No warrants were exercised.
B. Related party transactions
The following is a description of related party transactions we have entered since January 1, 2021 with any of our
officers, directors and the holders of more than 5% of our common shares:
Indemnification agreements
We entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and senior management. The indemnification agreements
and our Articles of Association require us to indemnify our directors to the fullest extent permitted by law. See “ITEM 6.
DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES — B. Compensation — Insurance and indemnification” for a
description of these indemnification agreements.
C. Interests of Experts and Counsel
Not applicable.
119
Table of Contents
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
A. Consolidated statements and other financial information
Financial statements
See “ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS,” which contains our audited financial statements prepared in accordance
with IFRS.
Legal proceedings
From time to time we are involved in legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. We believe that the
outcome of these proceedings, if determined adversely, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position. During
the period covered by the audited and approved financial statements contained herein, we have not been a party to or paid any
damages in connection with litigation that has had a material adverse effect on our financial position. Any future litigation may
result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and our employees. No assurance can be given that future litigation
will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position. For an additional discussion of certain risks associated with legal
proceedings, see “ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION — C. Risk factors.”
Dividends and dividend policy
We have never paid or declared any cash dividends on our common shares, and we do not anticipate paying any cash
dividends on our common shares in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund
the development and expansion of our business. Under Dutch law, we may only pay dividends to the extent our shareholders’
equity (eigen vermogen) exceeds the sum of the paid-up and called-up share capital plus the reserves required to be maintained by
Dutch law or by our Articles of Association. Subject to such restrictions, any future determination to pay dividends will be at the
discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon a number of factors, including our results of operations, financial
condition, future prospects, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors our board of directors
deems relevant.
B. Significant changes
A discussion of the significant changes in our business can be found under ‘ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE
COMPANY — A. History and development of the company.’
120
Table of Contents
ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING
A. Offering and listing details
Not applicable.
B. Plan of distribution
Not applicable.
C. Markets
Our common shares began trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “IFRX” on November 8, 2017.
D. Selling shareholders
Not applicable.
E. Dilution
Not applicable.
F. Expenses of the issue
Not applicable.
121
Table of Contents
ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
A. Share capital
Not applicable.
B. Memorandum and articles of association
Our shareholders adopted the Articles of Association included as Exhibit 3.2 to the post-effective amendment to our
registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-220962), filed with the SEC on November 9, 2017.
We incorporate by reference into this Annual Report the description of our Articles of Association effective upon the
closing of our initial public offering contained in our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-220962) originally filed with the
SEC on October 13, 2017, as amended. Such description sets forth a summary of certain provisions of our articles of association
as currently in effect.
C. Material contracts
Except as otherwise disclosed in this Annual Report (including the Exhibits), we are not currently, and have not been in
the last two years, party to any material contract, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business.
D. Exchange controls
Not applicable.
E. Taxation
The following summary contains a description of certain U.S. federal income, Dutch and German tax consequences of
ownership and disposition of our common shares. The summary is based upon the tax laws of the United States, The Netherlands
and Germany, and regulations thereunder as of the date hereof, which are subject to change.
MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS FOR
U.S. HOLDERS OF COMMON SHARES
The following is a description of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to the U.S. Holders, as defined
below, of owning and disposing of common shares. It does not set forth all tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular
person’s decision to hold the common shares.
This section applies only to a U.S. Holder that holds common shares as capital assets for U.S. federal income tax
purposes. In addition, it does not set forth all of the U.S. federal income tax consequences that may be relevant in light of the U.S.
Holder’s particular circumstances, including alternative minimum tax consequences, the potential application of the provisions of
the Code known as the Medicare contribution tax and tax consequences applicable to U.S. Holders subject to special rules, such
as:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
certain financial institutions;
dealers or traders in securities who use a mark-to-market method of tax accounting;
persons holding common shares as part of a hedging transaction, straddle, wash sale, conversion transaction or other
integrated transaction or persons entering into a constructive sale with respect to the common shares;
persons whose functional currency for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar;
entities classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes or other pass-through entities;
tax-exempt entities, including an “individual retirement account” or “Roth IRA”;
persons that own or are deemed to own ten percent or more of our shares (by vote or value);
persons that acquire our shares directly or indirectly in connection with the performance of services;
persons who are subject to Section 451(b) of the Code; or
persons holding common shares in connection with a trade or business conducted outside of the United States.
Table of Contents
122
If an entity that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds common shares, the U.S. federal
income tax treatment of a partner will depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding
common shares and partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisers as to the particular U.S. federal income tax
consequences of owning and disposing of the common shares.
This section is based on the Code, administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions, final, temporary and proposed
Treasury regulations, and the income tax treaty between Germany and the United States and the income tax treaty between the
Netherlands and the United States (as applicable and as the context requires the “Treaty”) all as of the date hereof, any of which is
subject to change or differing interpretations, possibly with retroactive effect.
A “U.S. Holder” is a holder who, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, is a beneficial owner of common shares, who is
eligible for the benefits of the Treaty and who is:
·
·
·
·
a citizen or individual resident of the United States;
a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States,
any state therein or the District of Columbia;
an estate or trust the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source: or
a trust, if a U.S. court can exercise primary supervision over the trust’s administration and one or more U.S. persons are
authorized to control all substantial decisions of the trust.
U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers concerning the U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax consequences of
owning and disposing of common shares in their particular circumstances. In particular, because our group includes a U.S.
subsidiary, InflaRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and therefore under current law our subsidiary InflaRx GmbH is treated as a controlled
foreign corporation (regardless of whether we are or are not treated as a controlled foreign corporation), any U.S. Holder that
owns or is deemed to own ten percent or more of our shares (by vote or value) is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the
potential application of the “Subpart F income” and “global intangible low-taxed income” rules to an investment in our common
shares.
Taxation of Distributions
As discussed above under ‘ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION — A. Consolidated statements and other financial
information — Dividends and Dividend policy,’ we do not currently expect to make distributions on our common shares. In the
event that we do make distributions of cash or other property, subject to the passive foreign investment company (‘PFIC’) rules
described below, distributions paid on common shares, other than certain pro rata distributions of common shares, will be treated
as dividends to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income
tax principles). For so long as we are treated as a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Holder (or were treated as a PFIC with the respect to
the U.S. Holder in the preceding taxable year), dividends paid to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders will not be eligible for
taxation as “qualified dividend income.” To the extent we are not treated as a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Holder and were not
treated as a PFIC with the respect to the U.S. Holder in the preceding taxable year (if for example in future years we cease to meet
the threshold requirements for PFIC status and the U.S. Holder initially acquires our common shares in a year in which we are not
treated as a PFIC and we are not so treated thereafter or we were a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Holder for a year during which a
U.S. Holder holds common shares but the U.S. Holder makes a valid deemed sale or deemed dividend election under the
applicable Treasury regulations with respect to its common shares), for so long as our common shares are listed on Nasdaq or
another established securities market in the United States or we are eligible for benefits under the Treaty, dividends paid to such a
U.S. Holder that is not a corporation would generally be eligible for taxation as “qualified dividend income” if certain other
requirements are met, which is generally taxable at rates not in excess of the long-term capital gain rate applicable to such U.S.
Holders. The amount of a dividend will include any amounts withheld by us in respect of German or Dutch income taxes. Subject
to the PFIC rules described below, the amount of the dividend will be treated as foreign-source dividend income to U.S. Holders
and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction available to U.S. corporations under the Code and (ii) dividends will
be included in a U.S. Holder’s income on the date of the U.S. Holder’s receipt of the dividend. The amount of any dividend
income paid in euros will be the U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of actual or
constructive receipt, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars at that time. A U.S. Holder may have
foreign currency gain or loss if the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of receipt.
Table of Contents
123
Subject to applicable limitations, German or Dutch income taxes withheld from dividends on common shares at a rate not
exceeding the rate provided by the Treaty will be eligible for credit against the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability.
German or Dutch taxes withheld in excess of the rate applicable under the Treaty will not be eligible for credit against a U.S.
Holder’s federal income tax liability. The rules governing foreign tax credits are complex and U.S. Holders should consult their
tax advisers regarding the creditability of foreign taxes in their particular circumstances. In lieu of claiming a foreign tax credit,
U.S. Holders may deduct foreign taxes, including any German or Dutch income tax, in computing their taxable income, subject to
generally applicable limitations under U.S. law. An election to deduct foreign taxes instead of claiming foreign tax credits applies
to all foreign taxes paid or accrued in the taxable year. See “ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION — C. Risk factors — If we pay
dividends, we may need to withhold tax on such dividends in both Germany and the Netherlands.”
Sale or Other Disposition of Common Shares
Subject to the PFIC rules described below, gain or loss realized on the sale or other disposition of common shares will be
capital gain or loss, and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder held the common shares for more than one year.
The amount of the gain or loss will equal the difference between the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the common shares disposed of and
the amount realized on the disposition, in each case as determined in U.S. dollars.
Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules
We believe it is likely that we were a “passive foreign investment company,” or a PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax
purposes in 2019, 2020 and 2021, and we may be a PFIC in one or more future taxable years. In addition, we may, now or in the
future directly or indirectly, hold equity interests in other PFICs (any such PFIC, a “Lower-tier PFIC”). Under the Code, generally
a non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC for any taxable year in which, after the application of certain look-through rules with
respect to subsidiaries, either (i) 75% or more of our gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the average
quarterly value of our assets consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, “passive income.” For purposes of
the above calculations, we will be treated as if we hold our proportionate share of the assets of, and receive directly our
proportionate share of the income of, any other corporation in which we directly or indirectly own at least 25%, by value, of the
shares of such corporation. Passive income includes, among other things, dividends, interest, certain non-active rents and
royalties, and capital gains. It is also possible that we will be a PFIC in any future taxable year because, among other things, (i) we
currently own a substantial amount of passive assets, including cash and securities that may give rise to passive income, (ii) the
valuation of our assets that generate non-passive income for PFIC purposes, including our intangible assets, is uncertain and may
vary substantially over time, and (iii) the composition of our income may vary substantially over time. Accordingly, there can be
no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for any taxable year. If we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds
common shares, we would continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to that U.S. Holder for all succeeding years during which
the U.S. Holder holds common shares, even if we ceased to meet the threshold requirements for PFIC status, unless under certain
circumstances the U.S. Holder makes a valid deemed sale or deemed dividend election under the applicable Treasury regulations
with respect to its common shares.
Under attribution rules, assuming we are a PFIC, U.S. Holders will be deemed to own their proportionate shares of any
Lower-tier PFICs and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax according to the rules described in the following paragraphs on (i)
certain distributions by a Lower-tier PFIC and (ii) a disposition of shares of a Lower-tier PFIC, in each case as if the U.S. Holder
held such shares directly, even if the U.S. Holder has not received the proceeds of those distributions or dispositions.
If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder held common shares (assuming such U.S. Holder has
not made a timely mark-to-market election, as described below), gain recognized by a U.S. Holder on a sale or other disposition
(including certain pledges) of the common shares, or an indirect disposition of shares of a Lower-tier PFIC, would be allocated
ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the common shares. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of the sale or
other disposition and to any year before we became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each
other taxable year would be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, for that
taxable year, and an interest charge would be imposed on the amount allocated to that taxable year. Further, to the extent that any
distribution received by a U.S. Holder on its common shares (or a distribution by a Lower-tier PFIC to its shareholder that is
deemed to be received by a U.S. Holder) exceeds 125% of the average of the annual distributions on the common shares received
during the preceding three years or the U.S. Holder’s holding period, whichever is shorter, that distribution would be subject to
taxation in the same manner as gain, described immediately above.
Table of Contents
124
A U.S. Holder can avoid certain of the adverse rules described above by making a mark-to-market election with respect to
its common shares, provided that the common shares are “marketable.” Common shares will be marketable if they are “regularly
traded” on a “qualified exchange” or other market within the meaning of applicable Treasury regulations. Our common shares will
be treated as “regularly traded” in any calendar year in which more than a de minimis quantity of the common shares is traded on
a qualified exchange on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. Nasdaq, on which the common shares are currently listed, is
a qualified exchange for this purpose. If a U.S. Holder makes the mark-to-market election, it will recognize as ordinary income
any excess of the fair market value of the common shares at the end of each taxable year over their adjusted tax basis, and will
recognize an ordinary loss in respect of any excess of the adjusted tax basis of the common shares over their fair market value at
the end of the taxable year (but only to the extent of the net amount of income previously included as a result of the mark-to-
market election). If a U.S. Holder makes the election, the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the common shares will be adjusted to reflect
the income or loss amounts recognized. Any gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of common shares in a year when we
are a PFIC will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as an ordinary loss (but only to the extent of the net
amount of income previously included as a result of the mark-to-market election). U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers
regarding the availability and advisability of making a mark-to-market election in their particular circumstances.
In addition, in order to avoid the application of the foregoing rules, a United States person that owns stock in a PFIC for
U.S. federal income tax purposes may make an election to treat the PFIC and each PFIC in which the PFIC holds equity interests
as a qualified electing fund (any such election, a “QEF Election”) with respect to each such PFIC if the PFIC provides the
information necessary for such election(s) to be made. In order to make such an election, a United States person would be required
to make the QEF Election for each PFIC by attaching a separate properly completed IRS Form 8621 for each PFIC to the United
States person’s timely filed U.S. federal income tax return generally for the first taxable year that the entity is treated as a PFIC
with respect to the United States person. A U.S. Holder generally may make a separate election to defer payment of taxes on the
undistributed income inclusion under the QEF rules, but if deferred, any such taxes are subject to an interest charge. Upon request
of a U.S. Holder, we will use commercially reasonable efforts to provide the information necessary for a U.S. Holder to make a
QEF Election with respect to us and will use commercially reasonable efforts to cause each Lower-tier PFIC which we control, if
any, to provide such information with respect to such Lower-tier PFIC. However, no assurance can be given that such QEF
information will be available for any Lower-tier PFIC or that we will be aware of its status as a PFIC for any particular taxable
year such that a U.S. shareholder may timely make a QEF election.
If a United States person makes a QEF Election with respect to a PFIC, the United States person will be currently taxable
on its pro rata share of the PFIC’s ordinary earnings and net capital gain (at ordinary income and capital gain rates, respectively)
for each taxable year that the entity is classified as a PFIC and will not be required to include such amounts in income when
actually distributed by the PFIC. If a U.S. Holder makes a QEF Election with respect to us, any distributions paid by us out of our
earnings and profits that were previously included in the U.S. Holder’s income under the QEF Election will not be taxable to the
U.S. Holder. A U.S. Holder will increase its tax basis in its common shares by an amount equal to any income included under the
QEF Election and will decrease its tax basis by any amount distributed, if any, on the common shares that is not included in its
income. In addition, a U.S. Holder will recognize capital gain or loss on the disposition of common shares in an amount equal to
the difference between the amount realized and its adjusted tax basis in the common shares. U.S. Holders should note that if they
make QEF Elections with respect to us and Lower-tier PFICs, if any, they may be required to pay U.S. federal income tax with
respect to their common shares for any taxable year significantly in excess of any cash distributions, if any, received on the shares
for such taxable year. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding making QEF Elections in their particular
circumstances.
In addition, if we were a PFIC or, with respect to a particular U.S. Holder, were treated as a PFIC for the taxable year in
which we paid a dividend or for the prior taxable year, the preferential dividend rates with respect to dividends paid to certain non-
corporate U.S. Holders would not apply.
Table of Contents
125
If a U.S. Holder owns common shares during any year in which we are a PFIC, the U.S. Holder must file annual reports,
containing such information as the U.S. Treasury may require on IRS Form 8621 (or any successor form) with respect to us, with
the U.S. Holder’s federal income tax return for that year, unless otherwise specified in the instructions with respect to such form.
The U.S. federal income tax rules relating to PFICs are very complex. U.S. Holders are strongly urged to consult their tax
advisors with respect to the impact of PFIC status on the purchase, ownership and disposition of our common shares, the
consequences to them of an investment in a PFIC (and any Lower-tier PFICs), any elections available with respect to our common
shares and the IRS information reporting obligations with respect to the purchase, ownership and disposition of common shares of
a PFIC.
The IRS has finalized Treasury Regulations that address various issues related to determining whether a foreign
corporation is a PFIC and whether a U.S. shareholder holds PFIC stock and released proposed Treasury Regulations that address
various issues related to determining whether a foreign corporation is a PFIC. These Treasury Regulations and proposed Treasury
Regulations (if finalized) may affect whether we are a PFIC in in any future year. You should consult your tax adviser regarding
the effect, if any, these Treasury Regulations may have, or such proposed Treasury Regulations would have, on the determination
of our PFIC status.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial
intermediaries are subject to information reporting, and may be subject to backup withholding, unless (i) the U.S. Holder is a
corporation or other exempt recipient or (ii) in the case of backup withholding, the U.S. Holder provides a correct taxpayer
identification number and certifies that it is not subject to backup withholding.
The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S. Holder will be allowed as a credit against the holder’s
U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle it to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the
IRS.
Information Reporting With Respect to Foreign Financial Assets
Certain U.S. Holders who are individuals and certain entities may be required to report information relating to an interest
in our common shares, subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for common shares held in accounts maintained by
certain U.S. financial institutions). U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding whether or not they are obligated to
report information relating to their ownership and disposition of the common shares.
Table of Contents
General
126
MATERIAL DUTCH TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following is a general summary of certain material Dutch tax consequences of the acquisition, holding and disposal
of our common shares. This summary does not purport to describe all possible tax considerations or consequences that may be
relevant to a holder or prospective holder of common shares and does not purport to deal with the tax consequences applicable to
all categories of investors, some of which (such as trusts or similar arrangements) may be subject to special rules. In view of its
general nature, this general summary should be treated with corresponding caution. To the extent this summary relates to legal
conclusions under current Netherlands tax law, and subject to the qualifications it contains, it represents the opinion of
NautaDutilh N.V., our special Dutch counsel. Holders or prospective holders of shares should consult with their own tax advisors
with regard to the tax consequences of investing in the shares in their particular circumstances. The discussion below is included
for general information purposes only.
Please note that this summary does not describe the Dutch tax considerations for:
1.
holders of our common shares if such holders, and in the case of individuals, his or her partner or certain of their
relatives by blood or marriage in the direct line (including foster children), have a substantial interest (aanmerkelijk
belang) or deemed substantial interest (fictief aanmerkelijk belang) in the Company under the Dutch Income Tax Act
2001 (Wet inkomstenbelasting 2001). Generally speaking, a holder of securities in a company is considered to hold a
substantial interest in such company, if such holder alone or, in the case of individuals, together with his or her partner
(as defined in the Dutch Income Tax Act 2001, directly or indirectly, holds (i) an interest of 5% or more of the total
issued and outstanding capital of that company or of 5% or more of the issued and outstanding capital of a certain class
of shares of that company; or (ii) rights to acquire, directly or indirectly, such interest; or (iii) certain profit sharing
rights in that company that relate to 5% or more of the company’s annual profits and/or to 5% or more of the
company’s liquidation proceeds. A deemed substantial interest may arise if a substantial interest (or part thereof) in a
company has been disposed of, or is deemed to have been disposed of, on a non-recognition basis;
2.
3.
4.
holders of our common shares if the shares held by such holders qualify or qualified as a participation (deelneming) for
purposes of the Dutch Corporate Income Tax Act 1969 (Wet op de vennootschapsbelasting 1969). Generally, a
taxpayer’s shareholding of 5% or more in a company’s nominal paid-up share capital (or, in certain cases, in voting
rights) qualifies as participation. A holder may also have a participation if such holder does not have a shareholding of
5% or more but a related entity (statutorily defined term) has a participation or if the company in which the shares are
held is a related entity (statutorily defined term);
holders of shares who are individuals for whom the shares or any benefit derived from the shares are a remuneration or
deemed to be a remuneration for (employment) activities or services performed by such holders or certain individuals
related to such holders, whether within or outside an employment relation, that provides the holder, economically
speaking, with certain benefits that have a relation to the relevant work activities or services (as defined in the Dutch
Income Tax Act 2001); and
pension funds, investment institutions (fiscale beleggingsinstellingen), exempt investment institutions (vrijgestelde
beleggingsinstellingen) (as defined in the Dutch Corporate Income Tax Act 1969) and other entities that are, in whole
or in part, not subject to or exempt from corporate income tax in the Netherlands, as well as entities that are exempt
from corporate income tax in their country of residence, such country of residence being another state of the European
Union, Norway, Liechtenstein, Iceland or any other state with which the Netherlands have agreed to exchange
information in line with international standards.
Except as otherwise indicated, this summary only addresses Dutch national tax legislation and published regulations,
whereby the Netherlands and Dutch law means the part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands located in Europe and its law
respectively, as in effect on the date hereof and as interpreted in published case law (of the Dutch Supreme Court (Hoge Raad der
Nederlanden) until this date, without prejudice to any amendment introduced (or to become effective) at a later date and/or
implemented with or without retroactive effect. The applicable tax laws or interpretations thereof may change, or the relevant facts
and circumstances may change, and such changes may affect the contents of this section, which will not be updated to reflect any
such changes.
Table of Contents
127
This discussion is for general information purposes and is not tax advice or a complete description of all Dutch tax
consequences relating to the acquisition, holding and disposal of our shares. Holders or prospective holders of our shares should
consult their own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences relating to the acquisition, holding and disposal of our shares in light
of their particular circumstances.
Dividend Withholding Tax
We are required to withhold Dutch dividend withholding tax at a rate of 15% from dividends distributed by us (which
withholding tax will not be borne by us but will be withheld by us from the gross dividends paid on the shares). However, as long
as we continue to have our place of effective management in Germany, and not in the Netherlands, under the convention between
the Federal Republic of Germany and the Netherlands for the avoidance of double taxation with respect to taxes on income of
2012, we will be considered to be exclusively tax resident in Germany and we will not be required to withhold Dutch dividend
withholding tax. This exemption from withholding does not apply to dividends distributed by us to a holder of our common shares
who is resident or deemed to be resident in the Netherlands for Dutch income tax purposes or Dutch corporation tax purposes or to
a holder of our common shares that is neither resident nor deemed to be resident of the Netherlands if the common shares are
attributable to a Dutch permanent establishment of such non-resident holder, in which events the following applies. See Risk
Factor “If we pay dividends, we may need to withhold tax on such dividends payable to holders of our shares in both Germany
and the Netherlands.”
Dividends distributed by us to individuals and corporate legal entities who are resident or deemed to be resident in the
Netherlands for Dutch tax purposes (“Dutch Resident Individuals” and “Dutch Resident Entities” as the case may be) or to holders
of our common shares that are neither resident nor deemed to be resident of the Netherlands if the common shares are attributable
to a Dutch permanent establishment of such non-resident holder are subject to Dutch dividend withholding tax at a rate of 15%.
The expression “dividends distributed” includes, among other things:
·
·
·
distributions in cash or in kind, deemed and constructive distributions and repayments of paid-in capital not recognized
for Dutch dividend withholding tax purposes;
liquidation proceeds, proceeds of redemption of shares, or proceeds of the repurchase of shares by us or one of our
subsidiaries or other affiliated entities to the extent such proceeds exceed the average paid-in capital of those shares as
recognized for purposes of Dutch dividend withholding tax, unless in case of a repurchase, a particular statutory
exemption applies;
an amount equal to the par value of shares issued or an increase of the par value of shares, to the extent that it does not
·
appear that a contribution, recognized for purposes of Dutch dividend withholding tax, has been made or will be made;
and
partial repayment of the paid-in capital, recognized for purposes of Dutch dividend withholding tax, if and to the extent
that we have net profits (zuivere winst), unless the holders of shares have resolved in advance at a general meeting to
make such repayment and the par value of the shares concerned has been reduced by an equal amount by way of an
amendment of our Articles of Association.
Dutch Resident Individuals and Dutch Resident Entities can generally credit the Dutch dividend withholding tax against
their income tax or corporate income tax liability. The same applies to holders of our common shares that are neither resident nor
deemed to be resident of the Netherlands if the shares are attributable to a Dutch permanent establishment of such non-resident
holder.
Pursuant to legislation to counteract “dividend stripping,” a reduction, exemption, credit or refund of Dutch dividend
withholding tax is denied if the recipient of the dividend is not the beneficial owner (uiteindelijk gerechtigde) as described in the
Dutch Dividend Withholding Tax Act 1965 (Wet op de dividendbelasting 1965). This legislation generally targets situations in
which a shareholder retains its economic interest in shares but reduces the withholding tax costs on dividends by a transaction
with another party. It is not required for these rules to apply that the recipient of the dividends is aware that a dividend stripping
transaction took place. The Dutch State Secretary for Finance takes the position that the definition of beneficial ownership
introduced by this legislation will also apply in the context of a double taxation convention.
128
Table of Contents
Taxes on income and capital gains
Dutch Resident Entities
Any benefit derived or deemed to be derived from the shares held by a Dutch Resident Entity, including any capital gains
realized on the disposal thereof, will generally be subject to Dutch corporate income tax at a rate of 15 percent with respect to
taxable profits up to €395,000 and 25.8 percent with respect to taxable profits in excess of that amount (rates and brackets for
2022).
Dutch Resident Individuals
If a holder of shares is a Dutch Resident Individual, any benefit derived or deemed to be derived from the common shares
is taxable at the progressive income tax rates (with a maximum of 49.5%, rate for 2021), if:
1.
2.
the common shares are attributable to an enterprise from which the holder of such shares derives a share of the profit,
whether as an entrepreneur (ondernemer) or as a person who has a co-entitlement to the net worth (medegerechtigd tot
het vermogen) of such enterprise, without being a shareholder, as defined in the Dutch Income Tax Act 2001); or
the holder of the common shares is considered to perform activities with respect to such shares that go beyond ordinary
asset management (normaal, actief vermogensbeheer) or derives benefits from the shares that are taxable as benefits
from other activities (resultaat uit overige werkzaamheden).
If the above-mentioned conditions (i) and (ii) do not apply to the individual holder of our common shares, such holder
will be taxed annually on a deemed, variable return (with a maximum of 5.53% in 2022)) of such holder’s net investment assets
for the year (rendementgrondslag) at an income tax rate of 31% (rate for 2022).
The net investment assets for the year are the fair market value of the investment assets less the allowable liabilities on
January 1 of the relevant calendar year. The common shares are included as investment assets. A tax free allowance may be
available. Actual income, gains or losses in respect of the common shares are as such not subject to Dutch income tax.
For the net investment assets on January 1, 2022, the deemed return ranges between 1.82% up to 5.53% (depending on
the aggregate amount of the net investments assets). The deemed, variable return will be adjusted annually on the basis of historic
market yields.
On 24 December 2021, the Dutch Supreme Court ruled that the Dutch income tax levy on savings and investments, in
2017 and 2018, violated the European Convention on Human Rights. The tax consequences of the Dutch Supreme Court are not
immediately clear. The new Dutch Government intends to start calculating the taxation on savings and investments on actual
returns realized from savings and investments (instead of on a deemed return) starting in 2025. The Supreme Court ruling could
make the Dutch Government move faster on the issue. Prospective investors should carefully consider the tax consequences of
this Supreme Court ruling and consult their own tax adviser about their own tax situation.
Non-residents of the Netherlands
A holder of our common shares that is neither a Dutch Resident Entity nor a Dutch Resident Individual will not be subject
to Dutch taxes on income or capital gains in respect of any payment under the common shares or in respect of any gain or loss
realized on the disposal or deemed disposal of the common shares, provided that:
1.
2.
such holder does not have an interest in an enterprise or a deemed enterprise (as defined in the Dutch Income Tax Act
and the Dutch Corporate Income Tax Act 1969) which, in whole or in part, is either effectively managed in the
Netherlands or is carried out through a permanent establishment, a deemed permanent establishment or a permanent
representative in the Netherlands and to which enterprise or part of an enterprise the common shares are attributable;
and
in the event such holder is an individual, such holder does not carry out any activities in the Netherlands with respect to
the common shares that go beyond ordinary asset management (normaal, actief vermogensbeheer) and does not derive
benefits from the common shares that are taxable as benefits from other activities in the Netherlands (resultaat uit
overige werkzaamheden).
129
Table of Contents
Gift and inheritance tax
Residents of the Netherlands
Gift or inheritance taxes will arise in the Netherlands with respect to a transfer of the common shares by way of a gift by,
or on the death of, a holder of our common shares who is resident or deemed to be resident in the Netherlands at the time of the
gift or such holder’s death.
Non-residents of the Netherlands
No Dutch gift or inheritance taxes will arise on the transfer of our common shares by way of gift by, or on the death of, a
holder of the common shares who is neither resident nor deemed to be resident in the Netherlands, unless in the case of a gift of
shares by an individual who at the date of the gift was neither resident nor deemed to be resident in the Netherlands, such
individual dies within 180 days after the date of the gift, while being resident or deemed to be resident in the Netherlands.
For purposes of Dutch gift and inheritance taxes, amongst others, a person that holds the Dutch nationality will be deemed
to be resident in the Netherlands if such person has been resident in the Netherlands at any time during the ten years preceding the
date of the gift or his/her death. Additionally, for purposes of Dutch gift tax, amongst others, a person not holding the Dutch
nationality will be deemed to be resident in the Netherlands if such person has been resident in the Netherlands at any time during
the twelve months preceding the date of the gift. Applicable tax treaties may override deemed residency.
Furthermore, for purposes of Netherlands gift and inheritance tax, a gift that is made under a condition precedent is
deemed to have been made at the moment such condition precedent is satisfied. If the condition precedent is fulfilled after the
death of the donor, the gift
is deemed to be made upon the death of the donor.
Other taxes and duties
No Dutch value added tax and no Dutch registration tax, stamp duty or any other similar documentary tax or duty will be
payable by a holder of our common shares on any payment in consideration for the holding or disposal of the common shares.
MATERIAL GERMAN TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following section is a description of the material German tax considerations that become relevant when purchasing,
holding or transferring the Company’s shares. The Company has its sole place of management in Germany and, therefore,
qualifies as a corporation subject to German unlimited corporate income taxation; however, because a company’s tax residency
depends on future facts regarding the location in which the company is managed and controlled the German unlimited corporate
income tax liability may change in the future. This section does not set forth all German tax aspects that may be relevant for
shareholders. The section is based on the German tax law applicable as of the date of this document. It should be noted that the
law may change following the date of this Annual Report and that such changes may have retroactive effect.
The material German tax principles of purchasing, owning and transferring of shares are set forth in the following. This
section does not purport to be a comprehensive or complete analysis or listing of all potential tax effects of the purchase,
ownership or disposition of shares and does not set forth all tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular person’s
decision to acquire common shares. All of the following is subject to change. Such changes could apply retroactively and could
affect the consequences set forth below. This section does not refer to any foreign account tax compliance act (or FATCA)
aspects.
Table of Contents
130
Shareholders are advised to consult their own tax advisers with regard to the application of German tax law to their
particular situations, in particular with respect to the procedure to be complied with to obtain a relief of withholding tax on
dividends and on capital gains (Kapitalertragsteuer) and with respect to the influence of double tax treaty provisions, as well as
any tax consequences arising under the laws of any state, local or other foreign jurisdiction. For German tax purposes, a
shareholder may include an individual who or an entity that does not have the legal title to the shares, but to whom nevertheless
the shares are attributed, based either on such individual or entity owning a beneficial interest in the shares or based on specific
statutory provisions.
This section does not constitute particular tax advice. Potential purchasers of the Company’s shares are urged to consult
their own tax advisers regarding the tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of shares in light of their
particular circumstances.
Taxation of dividends
Withholding tax on dividends
Dividends distributed from a company to its shareholders are subject to withholding tax, subject to certain exemptions
(for example, repayments of capital from the tax equity account (steuerliches Einlagekonto)), as further described. The
withholding tax rate is 25% plus a 5.5% solidarity surcharge (Solidaritätszuschlag) thereon (for a total of 26.375%) of the gross
dividend approved by the ordinary shareholders’ meeting. Withholding tax is to be withheld and passed on for the account of the
shareholders by a domestic branch of a domestic or foreign credit or financial services institution (Kredit- und
Finanzdienstleistungsinstitut), by the domestic securities trading company (inländisches Wertpapierhandelsunternehmen) or a
domestic securities trading bank (inländische Wertpapierhandelsbank) which keeps and administers the shares and disburses or
credits the dividends or disburses the dividends to a foreign agent, or by the securities custodian bank (Wertpapiersammelbank) to
which the shares were entrusted for collective custody if the dividends are distributed to a foreign agent by such securities
custodian bank (which is referred to as the “Dividend Paying Agent”). In case the shares are not held in collective deposit with a
Dividend Paying Agent, the Company is responsible for withholding and remitting the tax to the competent tax office.
Such withholding tax is levied and withheld irrespective of whether and to what extent the dividend distribution is taxable
at the level of the shareholder and whether the shareholder is a person residing in Germany or in a foreign country.
In the case of dividends distributed to a company within the meaning of Art. 2 of the amended EU Directive 2011/96/EU
of the Council of November 30, 2011, or the EU Parent Subsidiary Directive, domiciled in another Member State of the European
Union, an exemption from the withholding tax will be granted upon request if further prerequisites are satisfied (Freistellung im
Steuerabzugsverfahren). This also applies to dividends distributed to a permanent establishment located in another Member State
of the European Union of such a parent company or of a parent company tax resident in Germany if the participation in the
Company is effectively connected with this permanent establishment. The key prerequisite for the application of the EU Parent
Subsidiary Directive is that the shareholder has held a direct participation in the share capital of the Company of at least 10% for
at least one year.
The withholding tax on distributions to other foreign resident shareholders is reduced in accordance with a double
taxation treaty if Germany has concluded such double taxation treaty with the country of residence of the shareholder and if the
shareholder does not hold his shares either as part of the assets of a permanent establishment or a fixed place of business in
Germany or as business assets for which a permanent representative has been appointed in Germany. The reduction of the
withholding tax is procedurally granted in such a manner that the difference between the total amount withheld, including the
solidarity surcharge, and the tax liability determined on the basis of the tax rate set forth in the applicable double taxation treaty
(15% unless further qualifications are met) is refunded by the German tax administration upon request (Federal Central Office for
Taxes (Bundeszentralamt für Steuern), main office in Bonn-Beuel, An der Küppe 1, D-53225 Bonn).
In the case of dividends received by corporations whose statutory seat and effective place of management are not located
in Germany and who are therefore not tax resident in Germany, two-fifths of the withholding tax deducted and remitted are
refunded without the need to fulfill all prerequisites required for such refund under the EU Parent Subsidiary Directive or under a
double taxation treaty or if no double taxation treaty has been concluded between the state of residence of the shareholder.
Table of Contents
131
In order to receive a refund pursuant to a double taxation treaty or the aforementioned option for foreign corporations, the
shareholder has to submit a completed form for refund (available at the Federal Central Office for Taxes (www.bzst.de) as well as
at the German embassies and consulates) together with a withholding tax certificate (Kapitalertragsteuerbescheinigung) issued by
the institution that withheld the tax.
The availability of an exemption from withholding tax in accordance with the EU Parent Subsidiary Directive or a double
tax treaty and the aforementioned options for a refund of the withholding tax (with or without protection under a double taxation
treaty) depends on whether certain additional prerequisites are fulfilled. The applicable withholding tax relief will only be granted
if the preconditions of the German anti-avoidance rules (or “Directive Override” or “Treaty Override”), in particular Section 50d,
paragraph 3 of the German Income Tax Act (Einkommensteuergesetz), are fulfilled.
The aforementioned reductions of (or exemptions from) withholding tax are further restricted if (i) the applicable double
taxation treaty provides for a tax reduction resulting in an applicable tax rate of less than 15% and (ii) the shareholder is not a
corporation that directly holds at least 10% in the equity capital of the Company and is subject to tax on its income and profits in
its state of residence without being exempt. In this case, the reduction of (or exemption from) withholding tax is subject to the
following three cumulative prerequisites: (i) the shareholder must qualify as beneficial owner of the shares in the Company for a
minimum holding period of 45 consecutive days occurring within a period of 45 days prior and 45 days after the due date of the
dividends, (ii) the shareholder has to bear at least 70 % of the change in value risk related to the shares in the Company during the
minimum holding period without being directly or indirectly hedged, and (iii) the shareholder must not be required to fully or
largely compensate directly or indirectly the dividends to third parties. However, these further prerequisites do not apply if the
shareholder has been the beneficial owner of the shares in the Company for at least one uninterrupted year upon receipt of the
dividends. Furthermore, the special rules on the restriction of withholding tax credit do not apply to a shareholder whose overall
dividend earnings within an assessment period do not exceed €20,000 or that has been the beneficial owner of the shares in the
Company for at least one uninterrupted year upon receipt of the dividends.
For individual or corporate shareholders tax resident outside Germany not holding the shares through a permanent
establishment (Betriebsstätte) in Germany or as business assets (Betriebsvermögen) for which a permanent representative
(ständiger Vertreter) has been appointed in Germany, the remaining and paid withholding tax (if any) is final (i.e., not refundable)
and settles the shareholder’s limited tax liability in Germany. For individual or corporate shareholders tax resident in Germany
(for example, those shareholders whose residence, domicile, registered office or place of management is located in Germany)
holding their shares as business assets, as well as for shareholders tax resident outside of Germany holding their shares through a
permanent establishment in Germany or as business assets for which a permanent representative has been appointed in Germany,
the withholding tax withheld (including solidarity surcharge) can be credited against the shareholder’s personal income tax or
corporate income tax liability in Germany. Any withholding tax (including solidarity surcharge) in excess of such tax liability is
refunded. For individual shareholders tax resident in Germany holding the Company’s shares as private assets, the withholding tax
is a final tax (Abgeltungsteuer), subject to the exceptions described in the following section.
Pursuant to special rules on the restriction of withholding tax credit, the credit of withholding tax is subject to the
following three cumulative prerequisites: (i) the shareholder must qualify as beneficial owner of the shares in the Company for a
minimum holding period of 45 consecutive days occurring within a period of 45 days prior and 45 days after the due date of the
dividends, (ii) the shareholder has to bear at least 70% of the change in value risk related to the shares in the Company during the
minimum holding period without being directly or indirectly hedged, and (iii) the shareholder must not be required to fully or
largely compensate directly or indirectly the dividends to third parties. Absent of the fulfillment of all of the three prerequisites,
three fifths of the withholding tax imposed on the dividends must not be credited against the shareholder’s (corporate) income tax
liability, but may, upon application, be deducted from the shareholder’s tax base for the relevant assessment period. A shareholder
that has received gross dividends without any deduction of withholding tax due to a tax exemption without qualifying for a full tax
credit has to notify the competent local tax office accordingly and has to make a payment in the amount of the omitted
withholding tax deduction.
Table of Contents
132
Taxation of dividend income of shareholders tax resident in Germany holding the Company’s shares as private assets
For individual shareholders (individuals) resident in Germany holding the Company’s shares as private assets, dividends
are subject to a flat rate tax which is satisfied by the withholding tax actually withheld (Abgeltungsteuer). Accordingly, dividend
income will be taxed at a flat tax rate of 25% plus 5.5% solidarity surcharge thereon (in total 26.375%) and church tax
(Kirchensteuer) in case the shareholder is subject to church tax because of his individual circumstances. An automatic procedure
for deduction of church tax by way of withholding will apply to shareholders being subject to church tax unless the shareholder
has filed a blocking notice (Sperrvermerk) with the German Federal Tax Office (details related to the computation of the concrete
tax rate including church tax are to be discussed with the individual tax adviser of the relevant shareholder). Except for an annual
lump sum savings allowance (Sparer-Pauschbetrag) of up to €801 (for individual filers) or up to €1,602 (for married couples and
for partners in accordance with the registered partnership law (Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft) filing jointly),
private individual shareholders will not be entitled to deduct expenses incurred in connection with the capital investment from
their dividend income.
The income tax owed for the dividend income is satisfied by the withholding tax withheld by the Dividend Paying Agent.
However, if the flat tax results in a higher tax burden as opposed to the private shareholder’s individual tax rate, the private
shareholder can opt for taxation at his individual personal income tax rate. In that case, the final withholding tax will be credited
against the income tax. However, pursuant to the German tax authorities and a court ruling, private shareholders are nevertheless
not entitled to deduct expenses incurred in connection with the capital investment from their income. The option can be exercised
only for all capital income from capital investments received in the relevant assessment period uniformly and married couples as
well as partners in accordance with the registered partnership law filing jointly may only jointly exercise the option.
Exceptions from the flat rate tax (satisfied by withholding at source) (Abgeltungsteuer) may apply—that is, only upon
application—for shareholders who have a shareholding of at least 25% in a company and for shareholders who have a
shareholding of at least 1% in the Company, work for that company in a professional capacity and have a material influence in the
economic activity of aforementioned company. In such a case, the same rules apply as for sole proprietors holding the shares as
business assets (see below “—Taxation of dividend income of shareholders tax resident in Germany holding the Company’s
shares as business assets—Sole proprietors”).
Taxation of dividend income of shareholders tax resident in Germany holding the Company’s shares as business assets
If a shareholder holds the Company’s shares as business assets, the taxation of the dividend income depends on whether
the respective shareholder is a corporation, a sole proprietor or a partnership.
Corporations
Dividend income of corporate shareholders is exempt from corporate income tax, provided that the incorporated entity
holds a direct participation of at least 10% in the share capital of a company at the beginning of the calendar year in which the
dividends are paid. The acquisition of a participation of at least 10% in the course of a calendar year is deemed to have occurred at
the beginning of such calendar year for the purpose of this rule. Participations in the share capital of the Company which a
corporate shareholder holds through a partnership, including co-entrepreneurships (Mitunternehmerschaften), are attributable to
such corporate shareholder only on a pro rata basis at the ratio of the interest share of the corporate shareholder in the assets of the
relevant partnership. However, 5% of the tax exempt dividends are deemed to be non-deductible business expenses for tax
purposes and therefore are subject to corporate income tax (plus solidarity surcharge) and trade tax; i.e. tax exemption of 95%.
Business expenses incurred in connection with the dividends received are entirely tax deductible.
For trade tax purposes the entire dividend income is subject to trade tax (i.e. the tax exempt dividends must be added back
when determining the trade taxable income), unless the corporation shareholder holds at least 15% of the Company’s registered
share capital at the beginning of the relevant tax assessment period (Erhebungszeitraum). In case of an indirect participation via a
partnership please refer to the section “Partnerships” below.
If the shareholding is below 10% in the share capital, dividends are taxable at the applicable corporate income tax rate of
15% plus 5.5% solidarity surcharge thereon and trade tax (the rate of which depends on the municipalities the corporate
shareholder resides in).
Special regulations apply which abolish the 95% tax exemption, if the Company’s shares are held as trading portfolio
assets in the meaning of Section 340e German commercial code (Handelsgesetzbuch) by (i) a credit institution (Kreditinstitut), (ii)
a security institution (Wertpapierinstitut), (iii) a financial service institution (Finanzdienstleistungsinstitut) or (iv) a financial
enterprise within the meaning of the German Banking Act (Kreditwesengesetz), in case more than 50% of the shares of such
financial enterprise are held directly or indirectly by a credit institution, a security institution or a financial service institution, as
well as by a life insurance company, a health insurance company or a pension fund in case the shares are attributable to the capital
investments, resulting in fully taxable income.
Table of Contents
Sole proprietors
133
For sole proprietors (individuals) resident in Germany holding shares as business assets dividends are subject to the
partial income rule (Teileinkünfteverfahren). Accordingly, only (i) 60% of the dividend income will be taxed at his/her individual
personal income tax rate plus 5.5% solidarity surcharge thereon and church tax (if applicable) and (ii) 60% of the business
expenses related to the dividend income are deductible for tax purposes. In addition, the dividend income is entirely subject to
trade tax if the shares are held as business assets of a permanent establishment in Germany within the meaning of the German
Trade Tax Act (Gewerbesteuergesetz), unless the shareholder holds at least 15% of the Company’s registered share capital at the
beginning of the relevant assessment period. The trade tax levied will be eligible for credit against the shareholder’s personal
income tax liability based on the applicable municipal trade tax rate and the individual tax situation of the shareholder.
Partnerships
In case shares are held by a partnership, the partnership itself is not subject to corporate income tax or personal income
tax. In this regard, corporate income tax or personal income tax (and church tax, if applicable) as well as solidarity surcharge are
levied only at the level of the partner with respect to their relevant part of the profit and depending on their individual
circumstances.
If the partner is a corporation, the dividend income will be subject to corporate income tax plus solidarity surcharge (see
“—Corporations”).
If the partner is a sole proprietor (individual), the dividend income will be subject to the partial income rule (see “—Sole
proprietors”).
The dividend income is subject to trade tax at the level of the partnership (provided that the partnership is liable to trade
tax), unless the partnership holds at least 15% of a company’s registered share capital at the beginning of the relevant assessment
period, in which case the dividend income is exempt from trade tax. There are no clear statutory provisions concerning the
taxation of dividends with regard to a corporate shareholder of the partnership. However, trade tax will be levied on 5% of the
dividends to the extent they are attributable to the shares of such corporate partners to whom at least 10% of the shares of the
Company are attributable on a look-through basis, since such portion of the dividends will be deemed to be non-deductible
business expenses.
If a partner is an individual, depending on the applicable municipal trade tax rate and the individual tax situation, the trade
tax paid at the level of the partnership is partly or entirely be credited against the partner’s personal income tax liability.
In case of a corporation being a partner, special regulations will apply with respect to trading portfolio assets of credit
institutions, security institution, financial service institutions or financial enterprises within the meaning of the German Banking
Act (Kreditwesengesetz) or life insurance companies, health insurance companies or pension funds (see “—Corporations”).
Thus, the actual trade tax charge, if any, at the level of the partnership depends on the shareholding quota of the
partnership and the nature of the partners (e.g. individual or corporation).
Taxation of dividend income of shareholders tax resident outside of Germany
For foreign individual or corporate shareholders tax resident outside of Germany not holding the shares through a
permanent establishment in Germany or as business assets for which a permanent representative has been appointed in Germany,
the deducted withholding tax (possibly reduced by way of a tax relief under a double tax treaty or domestic tax law, such as in
connection with the EU Parent Subsidiary Directive) is final (that is, not refundable) and settles the shareholder’s limited tax
liability in Germany, unless the shareholder is entitled to apply for a withholding tax refund or exemption.
In contrast, individual or corporate shareholders tax resident outside of Germany holding the Company’s shares through a
permanent establishment in Germany or as business assets for which a permanent representative has been appointed in Germany
are subject to the same rules as applicable (and described above) to shareholders resident in Germany holding the shares as
business assets. The withholding tax withheld (including solidarity surcharge) is credited against the shareholder’s personal
income tax or corporate income tax liability in Germany.
134
Table of Contents
Taxation of capital gains
Withholding tax on capital gains
Capital gains realized on the disposal of shares are only subject to withholding tax if a German branch of a German or
foreign credit or financial institution, a German securities trading Company or a German securities trading bank stores or
administrates or carries out the sale of the shares and pays or credits the capital gains. In those cases the institution (and not the
company) is required to deduct the withholding tax at the time of payment for the account of the shareholder and has to pay the
withholding tax to the competent tax authority. In case the shares in the Company are held (i) as business assets by a sole
proprietor, a partnership or a corporation and such shares are attributable to a German business or (ii) in case of a corporation
being subject to unlimited corporate income tax liability in Germany, the capital gains are not subject to withholding tax. In case
of the aforementioned exemption under (i), the withholding tax exemption is subject to the condition that the paying agent has
been notified by the beneficiary (Gläubiger) that the capital gains are exempt from withholding tax. The respective notification has
to be filed by using the officially prescribed form.
Taxation of capital gains realized by shareholders tax resident in Germany holding shares as private assets
For individual shareholders (individuals) resident in Germany holding shares as private assets, capital gains realized on
the disposal of shares are subject to final withholding tax. Accordingly, capital gains will be taxed at a flat tax rate of 25% plus
5.5% solidarity surcharge thereon (in total 26.375%) and church tax, in case the shareholder is subject to church tax because of his
individual circumstances. An automatic procedure for deduction of church tax by way of withholding will apply to shareholders
being subject to church tax unless the shareholder has filed a blocking notice (Sperrvermerk) with the German Federal Tax Office
(details related to the computation of the concrete tax rate including church tax are to be discussed with the individual tax adviser
of the relevant shareholder). The taxable capital gain is calculated by deducting the acquisition costs of the shares and the
expenses directly related to the disposal from the proceeds of the disposal. Apart from that, except for an annual lump sum savings
allowance (Sparer- Pauschbetrag) of up to €801 (for individual filers) or up to €1,602 (for married couples and for partners in
accordance with the registered partnership law (Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft) filing jointly), private
individual shareholders will not be entitled to deduct expenses incurred in connection with the capital investment from their
capital gain.
In case the flat tax results in a higher tax burden as opposed to the private shareholder’s individual tax rate the private
shareholder can opt for taxation at his individual personal income tax rate. In that case, the withholding tax (including solidarity
surcharge) withheld will be credited against the income tax. However, pursuant to the German tax authorities the private
shareholders are nevertheless not entitled to deduct expenses incurred in connection with the capital investment from their income.
The option can be exercised only for all capital income from capital investments received in the relevant assessment period
uniformly and married couples as well as for partners in accordance with the registered partnership law filing jointly may only
jointly exercise the option.
Capital losses arising from the sale of the shares can only be offset against other capital gains resulting from the
disposition of the shares or shares in other stock corporations during the same calendar year. Offsetting of overall losses with
other income (such as business or rental income) and other capital income is not possible. Such losses are to be carried forward
and to be offset against positive capital gains deriving from the sale of shares in stock corporations in future years.
The final withholding tax will not apply if the seller of the shares or in case of gratuitous transfer, its legal predecessor has
held, directly or indirectly, at least 1% of the Company’s registered share capital at any time during the five years prior to the
disposal. In that case capital gains are subject to the partial income rule. Accordingly, only (i) 60% of the capital gains will be
taxed at his individual personal income tax rate plus 5.5% solidarity surcharge thereon and church tax (if applicable) and (ii) 60%
of the business expenses related to the capital gains are deductible for tax purposes. The withholding tax withheld (including
solidarity surcharge) will be credited against the shareholder’s personal income tax liability in Germany.
Table of Contents
135
Taxation of capital gains realized by shareholders tax resident in Germany holding the Company’s shares as business assets
If a shareholder holds shares as business assets, the taxation of capital gains realized on the disposal of such shares
depends on whether the respective shareholder is a corporation, a sole proprietor or a partnership:
Corporations
Capital gains realized on the disposal of shares by a corporate shareholder are generally exempt from corporate income
tax and trade tax. However, 5% of the tax exempt capital gains are deemed to be non-deductible business expenses for tax
purposes and therefore are subject to corporate income tax (plus solidarity surcharge) and trade tax; i.e. tax exemption of 95%.
Business expenses incurred in connection with the capital gains are entirely tax deductible.
Capital losses incurred upon the disposal of shares or other impairments of the share value are not tax deductible. A
reduction of profit is also defined as any losses incurred in connection with a loan or security in the event the loan or the security
is granted by a shareholder or by a related party thereto or by a third person with the right of recourse against the before
mentioned persons and the shareholder holds directly or indirectly more than 25% of the company’s registered share capital.
Special regulations apply, if the shares are held as trading portfolio assets by a credit institution, a security institution, a
financial service institution or a financial enterprise within the meaning of the German Banking Act (Kreditwesengesetz) as well
as by a life insurance company, a health insurance company or a pension fund (see “—Corporations”).
Sole proprietors
If the shares are held by a sole proprietor, capital gains realized on the disposal of the shares are subject to the partial
income rule. Accordingly, only (i) 60% of the capital gains will be taxed at his /her individual personal income tax rate plus 5.5%
solidarity surcharge thereon and church tax (if applicable) and (ii) 60% of the business expenses related to the dividend income
are deductible for tax purposes. In addition, 60% of the capital gains are subject to trade tax if the shares are held as business
assets of a permanent establishment in Germany within the meaning of the German Trade Tax Act (Gewerbesteuergesetz). The
trade tax levied, depending on the applicable municipal trade tax rate and the individual tax situation, is partly or entirely be
credited against the shareholder’s personal income tax liability.
Partnerships
In case the shares are held by a partnership, the partnership itself is not subject to corporate income tax or personal
income tax as well as solidarity surcharge (and church tax) since partnerships qualify as transparent for German tax purposes. In
this regard, corporate income tax or personal income tax as well as solidarity surcharge (and church tax, if applicable) are levied
only at the level of the partner with respect to their relevant part of the profit and depending on their individual circumstances.
If the partner is a corporation, the capital gains will be subject to corporate income tax plus solidarity surcharge (see
“—Corporations”). Trade tax will be levied additionally at the level of the partner insofar as the relevant profit of the partnership
is not subject to trade tax at the level of the partnership. However, with respect to both corporate income and trade tax, the 95%-
exemption rule as described above applies.
If the partner is a sole proprietor (individual), the capital gains are subject to the partial income rule (see “—Sole
proprietors”).
In addition, if the partnership is liable to trade tax, 60% of the capital gains are subject to trade tax at the level of the
partnership, to the extent the partners are individuals, and 5% of the capital gains are subject to trade tax, to the extent the partners
are corporations. However, if a partner is an individual, depending on the applicable municipal trade tax rate and the individual tax
situation, the trade tax paid at the level of the partnership is credited against the partner’s personal income tax liability.
Table of Contents
136
With regard to corporate partners, special regulations apply if they are held as trading portfolio assets by credit
institutions, a security institution, financial service institutions or financial enterprises within the meaning of the German Banking
Act or life insurance companies, health insurance companies or pension funds, as described above.
Taxation of capital gains realized by shareholders tax resident outside of Germany
Capital gains realized on the disposal of the shares by a shareholder tax resident outside of Germany are subject to
German taxation provided that (i) the Company’s shares are held as business assets of a permanent establishment or as business
assets for which a permanent representative has been appointed in Germany, or (ii) the shareholder or, in case of a gratuitous
transfer, its legal predecessor has held, directly or indirectly at least 1% of the company’s shares capital at any time during a five
years period prior to the disposal. In these cases, capital gains are generally subject to the same rules as described above for
shareholders resident in Germany. However, it is unclear whether in case of a corporation being shareholder of the Company the
5% taxation (see – Corporations - Taxation of capital gains realized by shareholders tax resident in Germany holding the
Company’s shares as business assets) applies or whether the capital gains are fully exempt from German tax.
However, except for the cases referred to in (i) above, some of the double tax treaties concluded with Germany provide
for a full exemption from German taxation.
Inheritance and gift tax
The transfer of the Company’s shares to another person by way of succession or donation is subject to German
inheritance and gift tax (Erbschaft- und Schenkungsteuer) if
(i)
the decedent, the donor, the heir, the donee or any other beneficiary has his /her /its residence, domicile, registered office or
place of management in Germany at the time of the transfer, or is a German citizen who has not stayed abroad for more than
five consecutive years without having a residence in Germany; or
(ii)
(irrespective of the personal circumstances) the shares are held by the decedent or donor as business assets for which a
permanent establishment in Germany is maintained or a permanent representative is appointed in Germany: or
(iii) (irrespective of the personal circumstances) at least 10% of the shares are held directly or indirectly by the decedent or
person making the gift, himself or together with a related party in terms of Section 1 paragraph 2 Foreign Tax Act.
Special regulations apply to qualified German citizens who maintain neither a residence nor their domicile in Germany
but in a low tax jurisdiction and to former German citizens, also resulting in inheritance and gift tax. The few double tax treaties
on inheritance and gift tax which Germany has entered into provide that German inheritance and gift tax is levied only in case of
(i) and, with certain restrictions, in case of (ii).
Other taxes
No German capital transfer tax (Kapitalverkehrsteuer), value added tax (Umsatzsteuer), stamp duty (Stempelgebühr) or
similar taxes are levied when acquiring, holding or transferring the Company’s shares. No value added tax will be levied unless
the shareholder validly opts for it. Net wealth tax (Vermögensteuer) is currently not levied in Germany.
On January 22, 2013, the Council of the European Union approved the resolution of the ministers of finance from eleven
EU member states (including Germany) to introduce Financial Transaction Tax, or FTT, within the framework of enhanced
cooperation. On February 14, 2013, the European Commission accepted the proposal for a Council Directive implementing
enhanced cooperation in the area of financial transaction tax. The plan focuses on levying a financial tax of 0.1% (0.01% for
derivates) on the purchase and sale of financial instruments.
A joint statement issued by ten of the eleven participating EU member states in October 2016 reaffirmed the intention to
introduce FTT. However, at the moment not many details are available. Thus, it is not known to what extent the elements of the
European Commission’s proposal outlined in the preceding paragraph will be followed in relation to the taxation of shares. The
FTT proposal remains subject to negotiation between the participating Member States and is subject to political discussion. It may
therefore be altered prior to the implementation, the timing of which remains unclear. Additional EU member states may decide to
participate. Prospective holders of the shares are advised to seek their own professional advice in relation to FTT.
137
Table of Contents
F. Dividends and paying agents
Not applicable.
G. Statement by experts
Not applicable.
H. Documents on display
We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Accordingly, we are required to file reports and
other information with the SEC, including Annual Reports and reports on Form 6-K. The SEC maintains an Internet website that
contains reports and other information about issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is
www.sec.gov.
I. Subsidiary information
Not applicable.
Table of Contents
138
ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market risk arises from our exposure to fluctuation in currency exchange rates. We are exposed to such market risks in
the ordinary course of our business as our exposure to the U.S. Dollar broadens from future expenses and revenues that may be
derived from the United States. Currently, we do not have any exchange rate hedging arrangements in place.
We do not engage in activities involving other market price risks. For additional information on market risk, refer to Note
5 ‘Risk’ within our audited financial statements and notes prepared in accordance with IFRS, included in ‘ITEM 18. FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS.’
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
A. Debt securities
Not applicable.
B. Warrants and rights
Not applicable.
C. Other securities
Not applicable.
D. American Depositary Shares
Not applicable.
Table of Contents
139
PART II
ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
A. Defaults
No matters to report.
B. Arrears and delinquencies
No matters to report.
ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
A. Material modifications to instruments
Not applicable.
B. Material modifications to rights
Not applicable.
C. Withdrawal or substitution of assets
Not applicable.
D. Change in trustees or paying agents
Not applicable.
E. Use of Proceeds
Not applicable
140
Table of Contents
ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
A. Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of December 31, 2021, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief
Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our
disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act). There are inherent limitations to the
effectiveness of any disclosure controls and procedures system, including the possibility of human error and circumventing or
overriding them. Even if effective, disclosure controls and procedures can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their
control objectives.
Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls
and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that the information we are required to disclose in the reports we file
or submit under the Exchange Act is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the
SEC’s rules and forms and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management to allow timely decisions regarding required
disclosures.
B. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as
such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management,
including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal
control over financial reporting based upon criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) by the
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that
our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021.
C. Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm
This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm due to a transition
period established by rules of the SEC for emerging growth companies.
D. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the period covered by this Annual
Report that have materially affected or reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 16. RESERVED
ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
Our board of directors has determined that each of Nicolas Fulpius, Mark Kuebler, Richard Brudnick and Anthony
Gibney are an audit committee financial expert, as that term is defined by the SEC, and all four are independent for the purposes
of SEC and Nasdaq rules relating to the independence of the audit committee.
ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS
We adopted a code of ethics that applies to all of our employees, officers and directors and posted the full text of our code
of ethics on the investor relations section of our website, www.inflarx.com. We intend to disclose future amendments to our code
of ethics, or any waivers of such code, on our website or in public filings. The information on our website is not incorporated by
reference into this Annual Report, and you should not consider information contained on our website to be a part of this Annual
Report.
ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
A. Audit Fees
The Audit Committee has adopted a policy that requires the pre-approval of all services performed for us by our
independent registered public accounting firm. All audit-related services rendered by our independent registered public accounting
firm were pre-approved by the Audit Committee and are compatible with maintaining the auditor’s independence.
Table of Contents
141
Set forth below are the total fees billed (or expected to be billed), on a consolidated basis, by the independent registered
public accounting firm or their affiliates for providing audit and other professional services in each of the last two years.
Audit fees in 2021 amounted to €744,333 and relate to audit services. These services were provided by our principal
accountants, Ernst & Young GmbH Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft and Ernst & Young Accountants LLP with €639,333 in
connection with our annual audit, quarterly review and review of registration statements for the Company, as well as by our
former auditor KPMG AG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft with €105,000 for a review of the Company's registration statements.
Audit fees in 2020 amounted to €568,750 and relate to audit services. These services were provided by our principal
accountants, Ernst & Young GmbH Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft with €488,000 in connection with our annual audit, quarterly
review and review of registration statements for the Company, as well as by our former auditor KPMG AG
Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft with €80,750 for a review of the Company's registration statements
B. Audit-Related Fees
None.
C. Tax Fees
None.
D. All Other Fees
None.
E. Audit Committee’s Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
The Audit Committee is responsible for the appointment, replacement, compensation, evaluation and oversight of the
work of the independent auditors. As part of this responsibility, the Audit Committee pre-approves all audit and non-audit services
performed by the independent auditors in order to assure that they do not impair the auditor’s independence from the Company in
accordance with the Audit Committee’s pre-approval policy.
F. Audit Work Performed by Other Than Principal Accountant if Greater than 50%
Not Applicable.
ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
Not applicable.
ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
None.
Table of Contents
142
ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
There was no change in the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm during 2021. At our Annual
General Meeting of Shareholders held July 16, 2020, Ernst & Young, following a selection process led by the Audit Committee
and upon the recommendation of the Board of Directors, was appointed by our shareholders as our independent registered public
accounting firm for the 2020 fiscal year and Ernst & Young has remained our independent registered public accounting firm for
2021.
The remaining information with respect to the change in our certifying accountant was “previously filed’ (within the
meaning of Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act) in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2020.
ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
For a description of the significant ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from those required for U.S.
companies listed on Nasdaq, see “ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES — C. Board practices
— Corporate Governance Practices.”
ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable
Table of Contents
143
PART III
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
We have responded to Item 18 in lieu of this item.
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Financial Statements are filed as part of this Annual Report, see pages F-1 to F-34 to this Annual Report.
ITEM 19. EXHIBITS
Exhibit No. Description
1.1*∞
2.1
Amended and Restated Articles of Association of InflaRx N.V.
Registration Rights Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the post-effective amendment to
the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-220962) filed with the SEC on November 9,
2017).
Form of Senior Indenture (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement
on Form F-3ASR (File No. 333-230560) filed with the SEC on March 28, 2019).
Form of Subordinated Indenture (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Registration
Statement on Form F-3ASR (File No. 333-230560) filed with the SEC on March 28, 2019).
Description of rights of each applicable class of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934.
Co-Development Agreement dated December 28, 2015 between InflaRx GmbH and Beijing Defengrei
Biotechnology Co. Ltd., as supplemented by Addendum No. 1 dated December 28, 2015 (incorporated herein by
reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Amendment No. 4 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No.
333-220962) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2017).
Form of Indemnification Agreement for directors and executive officers (incorporated herein by reference to
Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-220962) filed with the SEC on
October 13, 2017).
InflaRx Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99 to the Company’s Registration
Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-221656) filed with the SEC on November 17, 2017).
Amendment to InflaRx Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the
Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-240185) filed with the SEC on July 30, 2020).
List of Subsidiaries.
Certification pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Certification pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of
2002.
Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of
2002.
Consent of Ernst & Young GmbH Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft.
Consent of KPMG AG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft.
2.2
2.3
2.4*
4.3†
4.4
4.5
4.6
8.1*
12.1*
12.2*
13.1*
13.2*
15.1*
15.2*
101.INS*
Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH*
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL*
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF*
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB*
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE*
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104*
______________
*
†
Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).
Filed herewith.
Confidential treatment granted as to portions of the exhibit. Confidential materials omitted and filed separately with the
Securities and Exchange Commission.
∞ English translation of original Dutch document.
Table of Contents
144
SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and
authorized the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on Form 20-F on its behalf.
InflaRx N.V.
/s/ Niels Riedemann
By:
Name:Niels Riedemann
Date: March 24, 2022
Date: March 24, 2022
Table of Contents
Title: Chief Executive Officer and Director
/s/ Thomas Taapken
By:
Name:Thomas Taapken
Title: Chief Financial Officer
145
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 1251)
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 1021)
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and
2019
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2021 and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and
2019
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Page
F-2
F-3
F-4
F-5
F-6
F-7
F-8
F-1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of InflaRx N.V.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statement of financial position of InflaRx N.V. and subsidiaries (the Company)
as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in
shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes
(collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present
fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its
operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with International
Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an
opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public
Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company
in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange
Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the
audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement,
whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal
control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial
reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial
reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements,
whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a
test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included
evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall
presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ Ernst & Young GmbH Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.
Munich, Germany
March 23, 2022
Table of Contents
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
InflaRx N.V.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
F-2
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in shareholders’
equity, and cash flows of InflaRx N.V. and subsidiaries (the Company) for the year ended December 31, 2019, and the related
notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in
all material respects, the results of operations of the Company and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2019, in
conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an
opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public
Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company
in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange
Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the
audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement,
whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the
consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such
procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial
statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as
well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a
reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ KPMG AG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft
We served as the Company’s auditor from 2008 to 2020.
Leipzig, Germany
April 28, 2020
Table of Contents
F-3
InflaRx N.V. and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Operating Expenses
Research and development expenses
General and administrative expenses
Total Operating Expenses
Other income
Other expenses
Operating Result
Finance income
Note
3.1
3.2
3.4.1
2021
2020
(in €, except for share data)
2019
(35,697,935) (25,684,140) (44,582,136)
(8,467,203) (12,501,048)
(11,984,722)
(47,682,657) (34,151,343) (57,083,184)
400,253
(85,242)
(47,634,816) (33,942,804) (56,768,173)
2,840,676
221,748
(13,209)
54,221
(6,381)
109,391
887,702
Finance expenses
Foreign exchange result
Other financial result
Income Taxes
Loss for the Period
Share Information
Weighted average number of shares outstanding
Loss per share (basic/diluted)
Loss for the Period
Other comprehensive income (loss) that may be re-classified to
profit or loss in subsequent periods:
Exchange differences on translation of foreign currency
Total Comprehensive Loss
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.5
(24,769)
1,964,135
(44,000)
—
(22,265)
694,944
—
—
(45,630,059) (33,983,614) (53,254,817)
(26,000)
(776,512)
(126,000)
—
41,629,974 27,064,902 26,004,519
(2.05)
(1.10)
(1.26)
(45,630,059) (33,983,614) (53,254,817)
6,777,061
2,177,033
(38,852,998) (39,937,633) (51,077,785)
(5,954,019)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
Table of Contents
InflaRx N.V. and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2021 and 2020
F-4
Note
December 31,
2021
December 31,
2020
(in €)
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property and equipment
Right-of-use assets
Intangible assets
Other assets
Financial assets
Total non-current assets
Current assets
Current other assets
Income tax receivable
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents
Total current assets
TOTAL ASSETS
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Equity
Issued capital
Share premium
Other capital reserves
Accumulated deficit
Other components of equity
Total equity
Non-current liabilities
Lease liabilities
Other liabilities
Total non-current liabilities
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables
Liabilities from government grants received
Lease liabilities
Employee benefits
Other liabilities
Provisions
Total current liabilities
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.5
4.7
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9.1
4.9.3
4.9.3
4.9.3
4.9.3
4.4
4.10
4.4
274,373
1,408,078
235,216
336,566
27,206,990
29,461,224
10,983,458
1,282,177
57,162,266
26,249,995
95,677,896
125,139,120
5,304,452
280,310,744
30,591,209
(213,975,679)
3,050,270
105,280,996
1,066,354
35,019
1,101,373
8,574,244
8,300,000
366,171
1,378,130
138,206
—
18,756,751
408,263
546,694
350,183
353,522
272,268
1,930,930
3,734,700
1,419,490
55,162,033
25,968,681
86,284,904
88,215,834
3,387,410
220,289,876
26,259,004
(168,345,620)
(3,726,791)
77,863,880
220,525
33,323
253,847
8,258,133
—
338,516
1,368,731
117,727
15,000
10,098,107
Total Liabilities
TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
19,858,124
125,139,120
10,351,954
88,215,834
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
Table of Contents
F-5
InflaRx N.V. and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Note
Shares
outstanding
Issued
capital
Share
premium
Other
capital
reserves
(in €)
Accumulated
deficit
Other
components
of equity
Total
equity
25,964,379
3,115,725
211,021,835
18,310,003
(81,107,188)
50,196
151,390,571
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6,832,210
140,876
16,905
(15,229)
-
3.6
(53,254,817)
-
(53,254,817)
-
2,177,033
2,177,033
(53,254,817)
2,177,033
(51,077,784)
-
-
-
-
6,832,210
1,676
26,105,255
3,132,631
211,006,606
25,142,213
(134,362,006)
2,227,228
107,146,673
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.9
1,958,186
234,982
9,535,961
-
-
-
-
3.6
(729,840)
-
1,116,791
164,974
19,797
477,149
-
-
-
-
-
-
(33,983,614)
-
(33,983,614)
-
(5,954,019)
(5,954,019)
(33,983,614)
(5,954,019)
(39,937,633)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9,770,943
(729,840)
1,116,791
496,946
28,228,415
3,387,410
220,289,876
26,259,004
(168,345,620)
(3,726,791)
77,863,880
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(45,630,059)
-
(45,630,059)
-
6,777,061
6,777,061
Balance as of
January 1,
2019
Loss for the
Period
Exchange
differences on
translation of
foreign
currency
Total
Comprehensive
Loss
Equity-settled
share-based
payments
Share options
exercised
Balance as of
December 31,
2019
Loss for the
Period
Exchange
differences on
translation of
foreign
currency
Total
Comprehensive
Loss
Issuance of
common shares
Transaction
costs
Equity-settled
share-based
payments
Share options
exercised
Balance as of
December 31,
2020
Loss for the
Period
Exchange
differences on
translation of
foreign
currency
Total
Comprehensive
Loss
Issuance of
common shares
Transaction
costs
Equity-settled
share-based
payments
Share options
exercised
Balance as of
December 31,
2021
Table of Contents
-
-
-
4.9
15,610,022
1,873,203
63,269,346
-
-
-
-
3.6
(4,219,222)
-
4,332,205
365,326
43,839
970,744
-
-
-
-
(45,630,059)
6,777,061
(38,852,998)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
65,142,549
(4,219,222)
4,332,205
1,014,583
44,203,763
5,304,452
280,310,744
30,591,209
(213,975,679)
3,050,270
105,280,996
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-6
InflaRx N.V. and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Operating activities
Loss for the Period
Adjustments for:
Depreciation & amortization of property and equipment,
right-of-use assets and intangible assets
Net finance income
Share-based payment expense
Net foreign exchange differences
Other non-cash adjustments
Changes in:
Other assets
Employee benefits
Other liabilities
Liabilities from government grants received
Trade and other payables
Interest received
Interest paid
Net cash used in operating activities
Investing activities
Purchase of intangible assets and property and equipment
Purchase of current and non-current financial assets
Proceeds from the maturity of current financial assets
Net cash from/ (used in) investing activities
Financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of common shares
Transaction costs from issuance of common shares
Proceeds from exercise of share options
Repayment of lease liabilities
Net cash from/ (used in) financing activities
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
Note
2021
2020
(in €)
2019
(45,630,059)
(33,983,614) (53,254,817)
3.4
3.6
669,434
(2,004,757)
4,332,205
111,606
—
712,713
40,810
1,116,791
(247,322)
3,436
663,166
(3,513,355)
6,832,210
(368,477)
60,628
(7,094,467)
(3,290)
19,863
8,300,000
316,112
1,070,235
(23,633)
(39,936,750)
(1,554,611)
355,545
8,960
—
(4,155,529)
1,201,547
(26,387)
(2,364,399)
235,500
(209,948)
—
5,734,795
3,001,109
(20,903)
(36,527,661) (43,204,492)
(37,778)
(94,189)
(594,889)
(97,516,417) (101,600,176) (82,622,952)
71,603,310 123,056,347 103,559,395
21,361,982 20,341,554
(25,950,885)
4.9
3.6
4.8
65,142,549
(4,219,222)
1,014,583
(360,644)
61,577,266
(4,310,369)
4,591,683
25,968,681
26,249,995
—
9,770,944
—
(729,841)
1,676
496,946
(296,020)
(366,156)
9,171,893
(294,344)
(5,993,786) (23,157,282)
902,321
(1,168,813)
33,131,280 55,386,240
25,968,681 33,131,280
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-7
Table of Contents
InflaRx N.V. and subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Corporate Information
The consolidated financial statements of InflaRx N.V. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the ‘Group’) for the year ended
December 31, 2021 were authorized for issue in accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors on March 23, 2022.
InflaRx N.V. (the ‘Company’) is a Dutch public company with limited liability (naamloze vennootschap) with its corporate seat in
Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and is registered in the Commercial Register of The Netherlands Chamber of Commerce Business
Register under CCI number 68904312. The Company’s registered office is at Winzerlaer Straße 2 in 07745 Jena, Germany. Since
November 10, 2017, InflaRx N.V.’s common shares have been listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol
“IFRX”.
InflaRx N.V. and its subsidiaries are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical Group focused on applying its proprietary anti-
C5a technology to discover and develop first-in-class, potent and specific inhibitors of the complement activation factor known as
C5a.
Subsidiaries are all entities over which the Group has control. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed to,
or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and could affect those returns through its power to direct the
activities of the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is obtained by the Group. They are
deconsolidated from the date control ceases. The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for business combinations
by the Group. Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions between Group companies are eliminated.
Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the transferred asset.
The Group’s subsidiaries at December 31, 2021 are set out below. Unless otherwise stated, they have share capital
consisting solely of common shares that are held directly by the Company, and the proportion of ownership interests held equals
the voting rights held by the Company.
Place of
business/
country of
incorporation
Ownership interest held by
the Company
Functional
currency
2021
2020
Germany
EUR
100%
100%
Principal activities
Principal operating subsidiary,
biopharmaceutical company
U.S.
USD
Subsidiary for basic research
100%
100%
Name
InflaRx GmbH
InflaRx
Pharmaceutical
Inc.
2. Significant accounting policies
2.1. Basis of preparation
The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with International Financial
Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (herein ‘IFRS’).
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis. These consolidated financial
statements of the Group comprise the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries InflaRx GmbH, and InflaRx Pharmaceutical
Inc. The consolidated financial statements are presented in Euro (€). The presentation currency of the Group is the €, as the
functional currency of the largest operating company, InflaRx GmbH, continues to be the €. The functional currency of InflaRx
N.V. and InflaRx Pharmaceutical Inc is USD ($) as most of their income and expenses occur in $. All financial information
presented in € has been rounded to the nearest Euro, unless stated otherwise.
Table of Contents
2.2. Summary of significant accounting policies
F-8
This section describes significant accounting policies adopted in the preparation of these consolidated financial
statements. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.
2.2.1. New and amended standards adopted by the Group
The below listed amendments and interpretations apply for the first time in 2021, but do not have a material impact on the
consolidated financial statements of the Group:
·
·
Interest Rate Benchmark Reform — Phase 2, Amendments to IFRS 9, IAS 39, IFRS 7, IFRS 4 and IFRS 16
COVID-19-related Rent Concessions, Amendment to IFRS 16
2.2.2. New standard not yet adopted
The following amendments will be adopted effective January 1, 2022 and are not expected to have a material impact on
the consolidated financial statements of the Group:
·
·
·
·
Reference to the Conceptual Framework – Amendments to IFRS 3
Property, Plant and Equipment: Proceeds before Intended Use- Amendments to IAS 16
Onerous Contracts – Costs of Fulfilling a Contract –Amendments to IAS 37
AIP IFRS 9 Financial Instruments – Fees in the ’10 per cent’
The following standards issued will be adopted in a future period and the potential impact, if any, they will have on the
Group’s consolidated financial statements is being assessed:
·
·
·
·
·
IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts
Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements: Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current and
Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current
Amendments to IAS 8 Accounting policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors: Definition of Accounting
Estimates
Amendments to IAS 12 Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction
Disclosure of Accounting Policies - Amendments to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2
2.2.3. Current and non-current classification
The Group presents assets and liabilities in the statement of financial position based on current/non-current classification.
Current assets include assets that are sold, consumed or realized as part of the normal operating cycle (operating cycle is
assumed to be 12 months), or cash and cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at
least twelve months after the reporting period. All other assets are classified as non-current.
Current liabilities, such as trade payables, lease liabilities or employee benefits with a term of up to 12 months, and
payables for operating costs or social security charges, are part of the working capital used in the Company’s normal operating
cycle. Such operating items are classified as current liabilities even if they are due to be settled more than 12 months after the
reporting period. All other liabilities are classified as non-current.
Table of Contents
2.2.4. Foreign currency transactions
F-9
Transactions in a foreign currency are initially translated into the respective functional currency using the spot rate
prevailing on the dates of the transaction. Monetary items which are not denominated in the functional currency are subsequently
translated using the rate applicable at the end of the period. The resulting currency gains and losses are recognized directly in
profit or loss.
On consolidation, the assets and liabilities of operations in a currency other than Euro (the presentation currency of the
Company’s) are translated into Euros at the rate of exchange prevailing at the reporting date and their statements of operations are
translated with monthly average exchange rates during the reporting period. The exchange differences arising on translation for
consolidation are recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI). On disposal of a foreign operation, the component of OCI
relating to that particular foreign operation is reclassified to profit or loss. OCI is disclosed as ‘other components of equity’ in
consolidated statements of financial position.
2.2.5. Grants from government and similar bodies
The Group receives grants from government agencies and similar bodies for the active participation in specific research
and development projects. The grants are recognized when there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and all
grant conditions will be met. If grant funds are received prior to qualifying expenses being incurred or assets purchased or prior to
all grant conditions have been met, such amounts are recorded as a liability in other liabilities. If the funds reimburse expenses, the
liability is amortized into other operating income in the period in which the corresponding expenses are incurred (or, for expenses
incurred prior to all grant conditions being met, in the period in which reasonable assurance that all grant conditions will be met is
attained). According to the terms of the grants, grantors generally have the right to audit qualifying expenses submitted by the
Group up to five years after concluding the project sponsored by the government.
During 2021, the Company was awarded a grant to fund parts of the clinical development and manufacturing related
activities of vilobelimab for treatment of severe COVID-19 patients from the German federal government, in the amount of up to
€43.7 million. In June 2021, InflaRx had applied for that grant as part of a special program established by the German federal
government through the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (“Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung”), or
BMBF, and the Federal German Ministry of Health (“Bundesministerium für Gesundheit”), or BMG, in May of 2021 to accelerate
the research and development of urgently needed drugs against COVID-19. In addition to the further expansion and completion of
the clinical development of vilobelimab for the treatment of severley ill COVID-19 patients, the grant is expected to be used for
the establishment of the commercial scale production of vilobelimab. Payments are contingent on reaching predefined milestones.
Expenses incurred from October 1, 2021 until June 30, 2023 are eligible for 80% reimbursement throughout the funding period, if
certain funding conditions are met.
From this grant InflaRx received payments of EUR 8.3 million in 2021. IAS 20 permits recognition of income from
government grants only when there is reasonable assurance the grants will be received and that the entity will comply with all the
grant conditions. As the Company is currently in discussion with the agency administering the BMBF grant regarding the
eligibility of certain expenses incurred and uncertainty exists as to whether these expenses incurred in 2021 comply with the
conditions attached to the grant, as of December 31, 2021, Payments received have been deferred (and is presented within
“Liabilities from government grants received”) and no income from the grant has been recorded.
2.2.6. Notes to the cash flow statement, cash, and cash equivalents
The consolidated statements of cash flows have been prepared using the indirect method for cash flows from operating
activities. The cash disclosed in the consolidated statements of cash flows is comprised of cash and cash equivalents. Cash
comprises cash on hand and demand deposits. Cash equivalents are short-term bank deposits that are readily convertible to a
known amount of cash and are not subject to a significant risk of changes in value with an original maturity of three month or less.
Interest paid and received is included in the cash from operating activities.
Table of Contents
2.2.7. Research and development expenses
F-10
Research and development expenses comprise third party services, wages and salaries, cost of materials, intellectual
property related expenses, depreciation and amortization of relevant equipment and intangibles as well as overhead. Research and
development expenses mainly consist of costs for clinical trials and manufacturing of the Company’s clinical drug product;
additionally, costs are incurred for pre-clinical activities as well as basic research activities.
Development expenses must be capitalized if the criteria of IAS 38 are met. In the periods presented, no development
expenses were capitalized because management does not believe all the recognition criteria of IAS 38 had been met. This
assessment is due to the general uncertainties in drug development and the unpredictability of regulatory requirements. Therefore,
research expenditure and development expenditures are expensed when incurred.
2.2.8. Employee benefits
2.2.8.1. Short-term employee benefits
Liabilities for wages and salaries and cash bonuses are measured at the amounts expected to be paid when the liabilities
are settled. The liabilities are presented as employee benefits in the consolidated statements of financial position. A liability is
recognized, if the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by
the employee, and the obligation can be estimated reliably.
2.2.8.2. Share-based payment transactions
The grant-date fair value of equity-settled share-based payment arrangements granted to employees is generally
recognized as an expense, with a corresponding increase in equity, over the vesting period of the awards. The amount recognized
as an expense is adjusted to reflect the number of awards for which the related service conditions are expected to be met, including
an estimate of forfeitures, such that the amount ultimately recognized is based on the number of awards that meet the related
service conditions at the vesting date. For share-based payment awards with immediate vesting, the grant-date fair value of the
share-based payment is measured to reflect such conditions and there is no gain or loss recognized for differences between
expected and actual outcomes.
2.2.9. Lease arrangements
The Group leases various properties, laboratory and office equipment and cars. Rental contracts are typically made for
fixed periods of one to three years but may have renewal options. The lease agreements do not impose any covenants, but leased
assets may not be used as collateral for borrowing purposes.
2.2.9.1. Right-of-use assets
The Group recognizes right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the underlying asset is
available for use). Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and
adjusted for any re-measurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities
recognized, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives
received. Unless the Group is reasonably certain to obtain ownership of the leased asset at the end of the lease term, the
recognized right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of its estimated useful life and the lease
term. At December 31, 2021, the remaining useful lives of the Company’s right-of-use assets range between12 and 65 months.
Right-of-use assets are subject to impairment.
2.2.9.2. Lease liabilities
At the commencement date of the lease, the Group recognizes lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease
payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments) less
any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments which depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid
under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be
exercised by the Group and payments of penalties for terminating a lease, if the lease term reflects the Group exercising the option
to terminate. The variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognized as expense in the period on
which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs.
Table of Contents
F-11
In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Group uses the incremental borrowing rate at the lease
commencement date, since the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the
amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the
carrying amount of lease liabilities is re-measured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the in-
substance fixed lease payments or a change in the assessment to purchase the underlying asset.
2.2.9.3. Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets
The Group applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to its short-term leases of machinery and equipment (i.e.,
those leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less from the commencement date and do not contain a purchase option). It
also applies the lease of low-value assets recognition exemption to leases of office equipment that are considered of low value.
Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the
lease term.
2.2.9.4. Determining the lease term of contracts
After the commencement date, the Group reassesses the lease term if there is a significant event or change in
circumstances that is within its control and affects its ability to exercise the option to renew.
The Group further determines the lease term as the non-cancellable term of the lease, together with any periods covered
by an option to extend the lease if it is reasonably certain to be exercised, or any periods covered by an option to terminate the
lease, if it is reasonably certain not to be exercised.
The leases which currently also result in the capitalization of a right of use asset, do not include any renewal options. For
future lease contracts with potential renewal options the Company applies judgement in evaluating whether it is reasonably certain
to exercise the option to renew. In doing so, management would consider all relevant factors that create an economic incentive for
it to exercise the renewal.
2.2.10. Interest income
Interest income is derived from interest-bearing financial assets, including cash equivalents. Interest income on cash and
cash equivalents, financial assets at amortized cost calculated using the effective interest rate method is recognized in the
consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as part of finance income.
2.2.11. Intangible assets
Intangible assets mainly comprise purchased IT software. Intangible assets are initially measured at acquisition cost,
including any directly attributable costs of preparing the asset for its intended use less accumulated amortization and accumulated
impairment losses, if any. Amortization begins when an asset is available for use and amortization is calculated using the straight-
line method to allocate cost over the estimated useful lives. The useful lives of intangible assets are reviewed at each reporting
date. Software is amortized over three years. The effect of any adjustment to useful lives is recognized prospectively as a change
of accounting estimate. The Group only owns intangible assets with a definite useful life.
2.2.12. Property and equipment
Laboratory and office equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment
losses, if any. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items.
All repairs and maintenance are recognized in profit or loss during the financial period in which they are incurred,
because they do not constitute a separate asset.
Table of Contents
F-12
Depreciation on laboratory and office equipment is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate their cost over
their estimated useful lives, as follows:
·
·
Laboratory equipment: three to 13 years
Office equipment: one to five years
The assets’ residual values and useful lives are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each reporting period.
Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing the proceeds with the carrying amount and are recognized
within ‘other income’ or ‘other expenses’ in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
2.2.13. Impairment of assets
At each reporting date, the Group assesses whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If there is any
indication of impairment or if an annual impairment test is required, the Group estimates the recoverable amount of the asset. The
recoverable amount of an asset is the higher of the asset’s fair value less costs of disposal and its value-in-use. It is determined for
an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or
groups of assets, in which case it is determined at the level of the cash-generating unit. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds
its recoverable amount, the asset is impaired and written down to its recoverable amount. In assessing value in use, the estimated
future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the
time value of money and the risks specific to the asset.
When there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment
loss was recognized, any impairment loss previously recognized is reversed. The reversal may not exceed the carrying amount that
would have been determined after amortization or depreciation had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior
periods. The amount of the reversal is recognized in profit or loss for the period.
There were no impairments or reversals of impairments in 2019, 2020 or 2021.
2.2.14. Financial assets and liabilities (financial instruments)
2.2.14.1. Definition
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity
instrument of another entity. The Group’s financial assets include predominantly quoted fixed-interest debt securities. The
financial liabilities comprise trade and other payables (incl. accrued liabilities from the R&D projects).
2.2.14.2. Criteria for the recognition and derecognition, initial measurement
In general purchases or sales of financial assets are recognized on the settlement date, i.e., the date that the Group renders
or receives the counter performance (typically cash). The Group initially measures a financial asset at its fair value plus
transaction costs.
The Group initially recognizes non-derivative financial liabilities on the date that they are originated at fair value net of
directly attributable transaction costs. The Group derecognizes a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged,
cancelled, or expire.
2.2.14.3. Subsequent measurement method
Considering the Group’s business model for managing the financial assets, whose objective is to hold them in order to
collect contractual cash flows, and their contractual cash flow characteristics, that are solely payments of principal and interest on
the principal amount outstanding, the Group classifies the quoted debt securities with fixed interest rates as subsequently
measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method (EIR). The financial assets are also subject to impairment.
Table of Contents
F-13
The Group’s financial liabilities are classified as subsequently measured at amortized cost which is calculated by
considering any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR.
An analysis of the carrying amounts from the consolidated statements of financial position by measurement category is
disclosed under ‘4.7 Financial assets and financial liabilities.’
2.2.14.4. Criteria for realization of income and expenses
Interest income is accrued using the relevant effective interest rate. Interest expense on liabilities, if any, is also accrued
based on the effective interest rate.
Gains and losses on the disposal of financial instruments are recognized in full when all significant risks and rewards have
been transferred. In the case of a partial transfer of risks and rewards, a distinction would be made as to whether control remains
with the company or is transferred.
Impairment losses on financial assets are recognized in profit or loss. The Group recognizes an allowance for expected
credit losses (ECLs) for the financial assets held, see Note ‘3.4 Net Financial Result’.
ECLs are based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due in accordance with the contract and all the cash
flows that the Group expects to receive, discounted at an approximation of the original effective interest rate. ECLs are generally
recognized in two stages. For credit exposures for which there has not been a significant increase in credit risk since initial
recognition, ECLs are provided for credit losses that result from default events that are possible within the next 12-months (a 12-
month ECL). For those credit exposures for which there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, a
loss allowance is required for credit losses expected over the remaining life of the exposure, irrespective of the timing of the
default (a lifetime ECL). For the quoted debt securities with fixed interest rates, which have high credit ratings and no significant
increases in credit risk since initial recognition, the Group determines the exposure to credit default using CDS pricing
information (i.e. credit default swap values) published by credit agencies and recognizes a 12-month ECL.
2.2.15. Fair Value Measurement
The Group does not measure any financial asset or liability at fair value. The carrying amount of all financial instruments
approximates their fair value, with the exception of quoted debt securities which fair values are disclosed (see ‘4.7 Financial assets
and financial liabilities’).
When measuring the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Group would use observable market data as far as possible.
Fair values are categorized into different levels in a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used in the valuation techniques as
follows:
·
·
·
Level 1, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2, inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the instrument, either directly
(as prices) or indirectly (derived from prices).
Level 3, inputs for instruments that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs).
If the inputs used to measure the fair value of an asset or a liability fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy,
then the fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety in the same level of the fair value hierarchy as the lowest level input
that is significant to the entire measurement.
The Group would recognize transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy at the end of the reporting period during
which the change has occurred.
Table of Contents
2.2.16. Income tax
F-14
Income taxes comprise current and deferred taxes. Current and deferred taxes are recognized in profit or loss except to the
extent that they relate to items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive loss.
2.2.16.1. Current income tax
Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation
authorities. Expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year, are calculated using tax rates enacted or
substantively enacted at the reporting date, and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years.
In the periods presented; the Group did not incur income tax expense. Taxes withheld by banks and remitted to tax
authorities were reimbursed after filing of the annual tax declaration.
2.2.16.2. Deferred income tax
Deferred tax is recognized in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for
financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is not recognized for temporary differences
associated with assets and liabilities if the transaction which led to their initial recognition is a transaction that is not a business
combination and that affects neither accounting nor tax profit or loss.
Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, based
on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.
Deferred tax assets arising from tax loss carryforwards are recognized only to the extent that the Group has sufficient
taxable temporary differences or there is convincing evidence that sufficient future taxable profit will be available against which
the unused tax losses can be utilized. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, based on management’s judgment, it was not probable
that taxable profit will be available against which the unused tax losses can be utilized; no deferred tax assets were therefore
recognized in the consolidated statements of financial position.
2.3. Significant accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make
judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets,
liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are
recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and in any future periods affected. In preparing these consolidated
financial statements, the critical judgments made by management in applying the Group's accounting policies involve the
following areas:
Accounting for share-based payments
When determining the grant date fair value of share-based payment awards, assumptions must be made regarding the key
parameters of the grant (see Note ‘3.6.2 Measurement of fair values of share options granted’). In 2021, the Company’s share
price volatility assumption was 135%, which reflects historical share price volatility adjusted for future value inflection points
which management believes will influence the share price of the Company in future periods. Additionally, the Company must
estimate the number of equity instruments which will vest in future periods as awards may be forfeited prior to vesting due to an
awardee’s failure to satisfy a performance condition, including due to employment termination. An assumption of the forfeiture
rate must be made based on historical information and adjusted to reflect future expectations. Revisions to the forfeiture rate could
result in a cumulative effect of the change in estimate for current and prior periods to be recognized in the period of change.
Table of Contents
Measurement of third-party R&D clinical trial accruals and related expense
F-15
In measuring R&D expenses for the reporting period, the Company estimates the amount of expense to recognize and
liability to accrue as far as the invoices of third-party service providers are not yet received (e.g. for pass-through costs charged by
the Company’s contract research organizations (‘CROs’) and exceed any prepayments made. The timing of the invoicing of
project services by CROs follow contractual billing schedules and can occur several months prior to or following a reporting
period. This estimation involves determining a percentage-of-completion whereby the degree to which services have been
rendered for the individual project activities contracted from the CRO is assessed and estimated by in-house R&D project
managers and reviewed by the controlling department. This percentage-of-completion is used to measure the amount of the
unbilled project activities which have already been rendered by the reporting date and the associated R&D expense and liability to
recognize as a result.
The percentage-of-completion estimates are based on the best information available at the time. However, additional
information may become available in the future and management may adjust the estimate in such future periods. In this event, the
Company may be required to record adjustments to research and development expenses in future periods when the actual level of
activity becomes more certain. The Company considers resulting increases or decreases in expenses as changes in estimates and
reflects such changes in research and development expenses in the period identified.
The Company has accrued €5,924,720 as of December 31, 2021 and €5,250,654 as of December 31, 2020 (see Note 4.10
Trade and other payables) in third-party clinical trial accruals. As of these dates, prepayments were recorded for those payments
made against which no services had yet been rendered (2021: €10,649,174, 2020: €2,340,643, see Note 4.5 Other assets).
F-16
Table of Contents
3. Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
3.1. Research and development expenses
Research and development expenses increased in 2021 compared to 2020 due primarily to higher expense for the phase
III part of our COVID-19 trial. The table below shows the composition of research and development expenses.
Research and development expenses
Third-party services
of which manufacturing of clinical material
of which clinical, pre-clinical studies
Employee benefits expenses
of which Equity-settled share-based payment expense
Legal and consulting fees
Other expenses
Total
3.2. General and administrative expenses
2021
2019
2020
(in €)
28,247,081 19,886,693 36,783,223
6,615,840 3,075,347 13,479,235
21,631,240 16,811,346 23,303,988
5,941,813 4,480,890 6,231,812
626,833 2,580,983
1,622,898
668,676
862,364
1,074,710
898,425
454,193
434,331
35,697,935 25,684,140 44,582,136
General and administrative expenses include the items below. In 2021, compared to the prior year, the increase is mainly
caused by higher expenses for employee benefits, as well as by an increase of the Company’s business activities and the expense
of operating as a public company in the United States.
General and administrative expenses
Employee benefits expenses
of which Equity-settled share-based payment expense
Legal and consulting fees
Insurance expenses
Depreciation & amortization expense
Compensation expense for non-executive board directors
Other expenses
Total
2021
2019
2020
(in €)
6,500,680 3,880,349 7,534,073
2,709,307
489,958 4,251,227
2,065,423 1,603,711 2,199,640
636,035
1,615,920 1,311,790
503,683
556,456
283,128
269,030
831,769 1,358,587
11,984,722 8,467,203 12,501,048
551,566
271,248
979,884
3.3. Employee benefits expenses
The following table shows the items of employee benefits expenses:
Employee benefits expenses
2020
(in €)
6,919,166 6,270,757 5,974,807
Wages and salaries
Social security contributions (employer's share)
562,255
Equity-settled share-based payment expenses (see Note 4.7 Share-based payments) 4,332,205 1,116,791 6,832,210
Other
396,613
12,442,493 8,361,239 13,765,885
Total
421,887
519,425
551,804
671,697
2019
2021
The number of employees rose to 55.9 full time equivalents (FTEs) at the end of 2021 from 47.3 FTEs at the end of 2020
and 43.7 FTEs at the end of 2019 (numbers are as of December 31 and are not annual average numbers).
F-17
Table of Contents
3.4. Net Financial Result
3.4.1. Finance Result
Finance Result
Finance income
Interest income
Finance expenses
Interest expenses
Interest on lease liabilities
Total
2021
2020
(in €)
2019
109,391
887,702 2,840,676
(10,714)
(14,055)
84,622
(18,689)
(7,311)
(9,500)
(12,765)
861,702 2,818,411
Interest income results from marketable securities and short-term deposits in U.S. Dollars held by the Company and its
subsidiaries. Compared to 2020, interest income decreased by €778 thousand in 2021. This decrease is related to the lower interest
rates available in the financial markets.
3.4.2. Foreign exchange result
Foreign exchange result
Foreign exchange result
Foreign exchange income
Foreign exchange expense
Total
2021
2020
(in €)
2019
5,569,836 3,656,922 3,379,644
(3,605,701) (4,433,435) (2,684,700)
694,944
1,964,135
(776,513)
Foreign exchange income and expense is mainly derived from group entities that do not use the U.S. dollar as their
functional currency. Those entities translate U.S. dollar cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities at the exchange rates
prevailing on the reporting date. Any resulting translation di(cid:0)erences are recognized in profit and loss. These gains and losses are
caused by a change in the exchange rates as of the reporting dates and may not ultimately be realized.
3.4.3. Other financial result
Other financial result
2021
(44,000)
2020
(in €)
(126,000)
2019
—
Other financial result is comprised of an expense of €44,000 (€126,000 in 2020, nil in 2019) due to an adjustment to the
expected credit loss allowance in 2021, which is deducted from the Company’s current and non-current financial assets (please
also refer to 5.6 ‘Other assets’).
3.5. Loss per share
Loss per common share is calculated by dividing the loss of the period by the weighted average number of common
shares outstanding during the period. The weighted number of common shares outstanding for the financial year 2021 was
41,629,974, for 2020 was 27,064,902 and for 2019 was 26,004,519.
For the period in which the Company is in a loss-making situation, the diluted loss per share is the same as basic loss per
share, because the weighted average number of shares to be issued upon the exercise of the stock options would produce an anti-
dilutive effect.
F-18
Table of Contents
3.6. Share-based payments
3.6.1. Equity-settled share-based payment arrangements
In the course of its historical financing rounds prior to 2016, InflaRx GmbH established equity-settled share-based
payment programs. Those InflaRx GmbH options were converted into options for common shares of InflaRx N.V. in November
2017:
Outstanding at January 1
Exercised during the year
Outstanding at December 31
Exercisable at December 31
* Weighted average share price (WAEP)
2021
Options
2021
WAEP*
2020
Options
2020
WAEP
148,433 €
—
148,433 €
148,433 €
0.01
—
0.01
0.01
148,433 €
—
148,433 €
148,433 €
0.01
—
0.01
0.01
The exercise price for all options outstanding at the end of the year was €0.01 per share or less (2020: €0.01 or less).
Under the terms and conditions of the share option plan of 2016 (the “2016 Plan”), InflaRx GmbH granted rights to
subscribe for InflaRx GmbH’s common shares to directors, senior management, and key employees. Those InflaRx GmbH
options were converted into options for common shares of InflaRx N.V. in November 2017:
Outstanding at January 1
Exercised during the year
Outstanding at December 31
Exercisable at December 31
* conversion rates used for one €: December 31, 2021 $0.8829, average rate 2021 $0.8449, December 31, 2020 $0.8149, average
rate 2020 $0.8762
2021
WAEP*
$3.35/€2.73
$3.35/€2.83
$3.35/€2.96
$3.35/€2.96
2020
Options
1,181,484
(86,632)
1,094,852
1,094,852
2020
WAEP*
$3.35/€2.98
$3.35/€2.94
$3.35/€2.73
$3.35/€2.73
2021
Options
1,094,852
(206,220)
888,632
888,632
The weighted average remaining contractual life for the share options outstanding as at December 31, 2021 was 9.94
years (2020: 10.93 years).
In conjunction with the closing of its initial public offering, InflaRx N.V. established a new incentive plan (the “2017
Long-Term Incentive Plan”). The initial maximum number of common shares available for issuance under equity incentive
awards granted pursuant to the 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan equals 2,341,097 common shares:
2021
Options
Outstanding at January 1
2,146,478
Granted during the year
1,219,074
Forfeited during the year
(36,400)
Exercised during the year
(159,106)
Outstanding at December 31
3,170,046
2,536,875
Exercisable at December 31
* conversion rates used for one €: December 31, 2021 $0.8829, average rate 2021 $0.8449, December 31, 2020 $0.8149, average
rate 2020 $0.8762
2020
Options
2,181,105
246,188
(78,342)
(202,473)
2,146,478
1,863,790
2021
WAEP*
$3.59/€2.93
$4.53/€3.82
$4.76/€4.02
$3.35/€2.83
$3.95/€3.49
$3.89/€3.43
2020
WAEP*
$3.44/€3.06
$4.83/€4.23
$3.35/€2.94
$3.61/€3.17
$3.59/€2.93
$3.46/€2.82
The weighted average remaining contractual life for the share options outstanding as at December 31, 2021 was 6.18
years (2020: 5.38 years).
Table of Contents
F-19
For grants with unvested share options outstanding at December 31, 2021, the options granted in 2021 vest over one year.
Options granted before 2021 vest over a period of two or three years, depending on the grant, with 1/2 or 1/3, respectively, of the
options vesting after the end of the 1st year from vesting start and the remaining options vesting monthly in equal portions
thereafter. Vesting of these unvested share options is subject to the service condition of remaining employed at the time of vesting
and no market or performance conditions are applicable.
The weighted average fair value of options granted during the year was $3.99/€3.37(2020: $3.88/€3.40). The range of
exercise prices for options outstanding at the end of the year was $2.28/€2.01 to $22.75/€20.09 (2020: $2.28/€1.86 to
$22.75/€18.54).
Please refer to the table below regarding the measurement of fair values of share options granted.
There were no cancellations or further modifications to the awards in 2021, 2020 and 2019.
3.6.2. Measurement of fair values of share options granted
The fair value of options granted under the 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan was determined using the Black-Scholes
valuation model. As the Company’s common shares are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the closing price of the
common shares at grant date was used.
Other significant inputs into the model are as follows (weighted average):
Fair
value
per
option
FX rate
as of
grant
date
Fair
value
per
option
Options
Share
price at
grant date
/
Exercise
price
Expected
life
(midpoint
based)
Risk-free rate
(interpolated,
U.S.
sovereign
strips curve)
Expected
volatility
— $ 14.45
18,450 $ 18.17
36,000 $ 22.54
0.88 € 12.69 $
0.87 € 15.87 $
0.89 € 20.08 $
26.02
32.63
41.39
$0.46-
$1.08
1.96
3.07
3.07
—
50,000 $
38,000 $
100,000 $
242,450
€0.40-
€0.96
$
1.76 $
2.75 $
2.75 $
0.89
0.90 €
0.90 €
0.90 €
3.35
2.28
3.57
3.57
0.65
0.65
0.65
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.35
4.8
4.9
4.7
2.3-4.6
4.7
4.7
4.7
3,00%
2,60%
2.30%
2.30%
1,65%
1,79%
1,79%
Share options granted
2019
January 1
February 4
May, 14
Repricing, July 3
October 24
December 16
December 16*
On November 20, 2018, 75,000 stock options were awarded subject to a specified condition, which was satisfied on January 1,
2019, therefore, the expense for these share options was recognized in 2019.
* Options granted to the executive management
F-20
Table of Contents
Share options granted
2020
September 18
September 18
October 1
Fair
value
per
option
FX rate
as of
grant
date
Fair
value
per
option
Options
Share price
at grant
date /
Exercise
price
Expected
life
(midpoint
based)
Expected
volatility
Risk-free
rate
(interpolated,
U.S.
sovereign
strips curve)
71,186 $
25,002 $
150,000 $
246,188
4.16
4.21
3.69
0.85 €
0.85 €
0.85 €
4.83
3.52 $
3.56 $
4.83
3.14 $4.28/$4.83
1.35
1.35
1.35
4.8
5.0
5.0
0.36%
0.39%
0.36%
Of the options granted in 2020, 200,000 were granted to members of the executive management. For 150,000 options out
of those, the grant date, as it is defined by IFRS 2, is determined to be October 1, 2020, the start of the awardee’s employment.
2021
January 4
January 4
839,260 $
31,668 $
4.53 0.8133 €
4.57 0.8133 €
3.68 $
3.72 $
5.14
5.14
1.35
1.35
5.31
5.50
0.5%
0.5%
July 2
July 2
327,436 $
20,710 $
1,219,074
2.64 0.8458 €
2.66 0.8458 €
2.23 $
2.25 $
2.99
2.99
1.35
1.35
5.31
5.49
0.98%
1.01%
Of the 1,219,074 options granted in 2021, 1,134,436 were granted to members of the executive management or Board of
Directors. In 2021, 36,400 options were forfeited
Expected dividends are nil for all share options listed above.
Expected volatility has been based on the historical volatility of the Company’s share price. Considering a significant
price drop on June 5, 2019, averages were calculated including and excluding this trading day which results in an average
volatility of 115% (128% in 2020). For grants after June 2019, the Company has selected a volatility of 135% which accounts for
expectations of the management.
The range of outcomes for the expected life of the instruments has been based on expectations on option holder behavior
in the scenarios considered.
The dividend yield has no impact due to the anti-dilution clause as defined in the 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan.
Table of Contents
F-21
The annual general meeting on July 16, 2020, approved an amendment to the 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan (LTIP)
with effect from January 1, 2021:
·
·
increasing the maximum annual number of common shares in the Company’s capital available for issuance under the
LTIP, starting on January 1, 2021, to 4% (from 3%) of the Company’s outstanding common shares (determined as of
December 31 of the immediately preceding year); and
removing certain restrictions from the LTIP, which will allow the committee administering the LTIP and the Board to
(i) lower the exercise price per share of any options and/or share appreciation rights issued under the LTIP or take any
other action treated as a ‘repricing’ of an award and (ii) cancel any option and/or share appreciation rights in exchange
for cash or another award granted under the LTIP, in either case, without prior approval of the Company’s
shareholders.
F-22
Table of Contents
4. Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
4.1. Property and equipment
Cost
At January 1, 2020
Additions
Disposals
Exchange differences
At December 31, 2020
Additions
Disposals
Exchange differences
At December 31, 2021
Accumulated depreciation
At January 1, 2020
Depreciation charge for the year
Disposals
Exchange differences
At December 31, 2020
Depreciation charge for the year
Disposals
Property and
equipment
Advance
payments
Total
(in €)
1,173,473
66,114
(5,298)
(34,750)
1,199,540
36,938
—
31,133
1,267,611
(597,101)
(212,733)
1,793
16,764
(791,277)
(181,900)
—
— 1,173,473
66,114
—
(5,298)
—
(34,750)
—
— 1,199,540
36,938
—
—
—
31,133
—
— 1,267,611
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(597,101)
(212,733)
1,793
16,764
(791,277)
(181,900)
—
Exchange differences
At December 31, 2021
Net book value
At December 31, 2020
At December 31, 2021
Table of Contents
4.2. Right-of-use assets
Cost
At January 1, 2020
Additions
Disposals
Exchange differences
At December 31, 2020
Additions
Disposals
Exchange differences
At December 31, 2021
Accumulated depreciation
At January 1, 2020
Depreciation charge for the year
Disposals
Exchange differences
At December 31, 2020
Depreciation charge for the year
Disposals
Exchange differences
At December 31, 2021
Net book value
At December 31, 2020
At December 31, 2021
Table of Contents
4.3. Intangible Assets
Cost
At January 1, 2020
Additions
Reclassification
Exchange differences
At December 31, 2020
Additions
Reclassification
Exchange differences
At December 31, 2021
Accumulated amortization
At January 1, 2020
Amortization charge for the year*
Exchange differences
F-23
F-24
(20,060)
(993,238)
408,263
274,373
—
—
(20,060)
(993,238)
—
—
408,263
274,373
Buildings
Cars
Total
(in €)
1,067,823
—
—
(7,997)
1,059,826
1,208,665
—
15,777
2,284,269
35,058 1,102,881
101,993
101,993
(28,366)
(28,366)
(7,997)
—
108,685 1,168,512
16,445 1,225,110
—
15,777
125,130 2,409,399
—
—
(245,126)
(335,608)
—
6,277
(574,457)
(342,897)
—
(7,952)
(925,306)
(20,831)
(34,410)
7,880
—
(47,361)
(28,654)
—
—
(265,957)
(370,018)
7,880
6,277
(621,818)
(371,551)
—
(7,952)
(76,015) (1,001,321)
485,369
1,358,962
61,324
546,694
49,116 1,408,078
Purchased
IT-software
Advances paid
for software
Total
(in €)
683,891
28,075
8,190
(562)
719,593
840
—
508
720,942
8,190
—
(8,190)
—
—
—
—
—
—
692,081
28,075
—
(562)
719,593
840
—
508
720,942
(239,681)
(129,963)
234
—
—
—
(239,681)
(129,963)
234
At December 31, 2020
Amortization charge for the year
Exchange differences
At December 31, 2021
Net book value
At December 31, 2020
At December 31, 2021
(369,410)
(115,982)
(334)
(485,726)
—
—
—
—
(369,410)
(115,982)
(334)
(485,726)
350,184
235,216
—
—
350,183
235,216
Amortization of intangible assets is included in the line items ‘research and development expenses’ (2021: €10,192, 2020:
€27,937, 2019: €30,662) and ‘general and administrative expenses’ (2021: €105,790, 2020: €102,026, 2019: €75,696) in the
consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Table of Contents
4.4. Leases
F-25
Lease obligations consist of payments pursuant to non-cancellable lease agreements mainly relating to the Company’s
leases of office space. The lease terms of the Company’s premises expire as follows: Jena, Germany in December 2022,
Martinsried, Germany in May 2027 and Ann Arbor, United States in April 2024.
Set out below, are the carrying amounts and the movements of the Group’s lease liabilities:
Lease liabilities
As of January 1
Additions
Derecognition
Payments
Short-term liability for accrued interest expense
Foreign exchange difference
As of December 31
The following are the amounts recognized in profit or loss:
Depreciation expense of right-of-use assets (see Note 4.2)
Interest expense on lease liabilities
Rental expense from leases
Thereof short-term leases (included in administrative expenses)
Thereof leases of low-value assets (included in administrative expenses)
Total amounts recognized in profit or loss
2021
2020
559,041
1,225,110
(20,555)
(340,088)
1,136
7,882
1,432,526
845,948
101,993
(20,555)
(366,156)
(388)
(1,802)
559,041
2021
2020
2019
371,551
14,055
6,261
—
6,261
391,867
(in €)
362,137
7,311
6,275
937
5,338
375,723
265,957
12,765
70,451
65,348
5,103
349,173
The Group had total cash outflows for leases of €379,868 in 2021 (€374,698 in 2020, €378,035 in 2019).
4.5. Other assets
Other assets
Non-current other assets
Prepaid expense
Total
Current other assets
Prepayments on research & development projects
Prepaid expense
Other
Total
Total other assets
December
31,
2021
December
31,
2020
(in €)
336,566
336,566
353,522
353,522
10,649,174 2,340,643
334,284 1,295,682
98,374
—
10,983,458 3,734,699
11,320,024 4,088,221
Prepayments on research & development projects consists of prepayments on CRO and manufacturing contracts. Prepaid
expense mainly consists of prepaid insurance expense.
F-26
Table of Contents
4.6. Income tax
4.6.1. Income tax reconciliation
The table below shows a reconciliation between the product of loss before tax multiplied by the Company's applicable tax
rate and current income taxes recognized in profit or loss.
InflaRx Group
Loss for the period (accounting profit before income tax)
Tax rate
Tax benefits at tax rate
Tax losses for which no deferred tax asset was recognized
Income tax
2021
2020
(in €)
2019
(45,630,059)
(33,983,614)
28.5%
28.7%
13,001,984
(13,001,984)
—
9,761,910
(9,761,910)
—
(53,254,817)
29.6%
15,815,083
(15,815,083)
—
The tax rate applied above represents the weighted average of the statutory tax rates in Germany and the USA. In
Germany, InflaRx N.V. and its German subsidiary InflaRx GmbH are subject to corporate income tax (2021/2020/2019: 15%), a
solidarity surcharge (2021/2020/2019: 0.8%) and trade taxes (2021: 12.8%, 2020: 13.0%, 2019: 13.9%). This equals an average
total tax rate of 28.6% in 2021 (2020:28.9% 2019: 29.7%). InflaRx Pharmaceutical Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA is subject to
an average total tax rate of 25.74% in 2021 (2020 and 2019: 27.0%), which is made up of U.S. federal tax (2021, 2020, 2019:
21%) and state tax of 4.74% in 2021 (2020, 2019: 6%).
4.6.2. Tax losses carried forward
The Group has total tax loss carryforwards of €186.9 million (2020: €147.7 million) from three areas that cannot be
utilized outside these areas:
·
·
·
As of December 31, 2021 the Group has €141,965,443 (2020: €107,188,000) of unrecognized and unused tax losses
carried forward attributable to the tax group formed by InflaRx N.V. since 2018; these tax losses do not expire and
may not be used to offset taxable income elsewhere in the Group. Since January 1, 2018, InflaRx GmbH has
distributed its losses to the parent Company InflaRx N.V. under a profit and loss transfer agreement. This tax group
was formed in Germany and is subject to German tax legislation.
Tax losses of InflaRx GmbH until December 31, 2017 (€34,787,000) are frozen from 2018 onwards due to the tax
group with InflaRx N.V. Those losses of InflaRx GmbH do not expire and may be used to offset future taxable income
of InflaRx GmbH only.
In addition, the Group still has tax loss carryforwards of $11,510,188 or €10,162,624 (2020: $6,965,000 or
€5,675,984) from the operations of InflaRx Pharmaceutical Inc. which can also only be utilized there, generally do not
expire, but are generally limited to 80% of taxable income.
As of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, no deferred tax assets were recognized for the carryforward of unused tax
losses.
4.6.3. Current income tax receivable
Current income tax receivable includes tax claims because of income tax withheld on interest income earned by the
Group on the financial assets (2021: €812,689, 2020: €1,026,494). The Company is reimbursed for the payments after filing a tax
return.
Table of Contents
4.7. Financial assets and financial liabilities
F-27
Set out below is an overview of financial assets and liabilities, other than cash and short-term deposits included in cash
equivalents, held by the Group as at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
Financial assets and financial liabilities
Financial assets at amortized cost
Non-current financial assets
Current financial assets
Financial liabilities at amortized cost
Trade and other payables
December
31,
2021
December
31,
2020
(in €)
27,206,990
272,268
57,162,266 47,138,738
16,874,244 8,258,133
The fair value of current and non-current financial assets amounted to €84,376 thousand (level 1; 2020: €47,392
thousand). The Group’s financial assets at amortized cost consist mainly of quoted debt securities with fixed interest rates that are
graded highly by credit rating agencies such as S&P Global and, therefore, are considered low credit risk investments.
The maturities of all securities held as of December 31, 2021 are between two and sixteen months (2020: between two
and eleven months); they bear nominal fixed interest in the range of 0.0% to 7.8750% (2020: 1.4% to 3.1%).
4.8. Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents
Short-term deposits
Deposits held in U.S. dollars (3 months original maturity and less)
Deposits held in Euro (3 months original maturity and less)
Total
Cash at banks
Cash held in U.S. dollars
Cash held in U.S. Euro
Total
Total cash and cash equivalents
4.9. Equity
4.9.1. Issued capital
December
31,
2021
December
31,
2020
(in €)
12,584,892 22,616,767
— 1,800,000
12,584,892 24,416,767
7,612,467 1,189,126
6,052,636
362,788
13,665,103 1,551,914
26,249,995 25,968,681
As of December 31, 2021, the issued capital of the Company is divided into 44,203,763 common shares (2020:
28,228,415). The nominal value per share is €0.12. All shares issued are fully paid and have the same rights on the distribution of
dividends and the repayment of capital.
On July 8, 2020, the Company filed a Form F-3 (Registration Statement) with the United States Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC) with respect to the offer and sale of securities of the Company. The Company also filed with the SEC a
prospectus supplement (Prospectus Supplement) relating to an at-the-market program providing for the sale of up to $50,000,000
of its common shares over time pursuant a Sales Agreement with SVB Leerink LLC. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had
issued 1,958,186 common shares resulting in €9.0 million in net proceeds to the Company.
During the fiscal year 2021, the Company issued 610,022 common shares under its at-the-market program resulting in
€2.8 million in net proceeds. Following these and previous issuances under this program, the remaining value authorized for sale
under the Sales Agreement amounts to $35.2 million as of December 31, 2021.
Table of Contents
F-28
On February 25, 2021, the Company sold an aggregate of 15,000,000 common shares through a public offering. The
common shares were sold at a price of $5.00 per share and have a nominal value of €0.12 per share. For each common share
purchased, an investor also received a warrant to purchase a common share at an exercise price of $5.80. The shares and
warrants were issued and the transaction closed on March 1, 2021 with gross offering proceeds to the Group from this
offering of $75.0 million (€62.2 million), before deducting $4.5 million (€3.7 million) in underwriting discounts and other
offering expenses of $0.4 million (€0.3 million). The warrants were exercisable immediately and expired on March 1, 2022. No
warrants were exercised.
4.9.2. Authorized capital
According to the articles of association of the Company, up to 110,000,000 ordinary shares and up to 110,000,000
preferred shares with a nominal value of €0.12 per share are authorized to be issued. All shares are registered shares. No share
certificates shall be issued.
In order to deter acquisition bids, the Company’s general meeting of shareholders approved the right of an independent
foundation under Dutch law, or protective foundation, to exercise a call option pursuant to the call option agreement, upon which
preferred shares will be issued by the Company to the protective foundation of up to 100% of the Company’s issued capital held
by others than the protective foundation, minus one share. The protective foundation is expected to enter into a finance
arrangement with a bank or, subject to applicable restrictions under Dutch law, the protective foundation may request us to
provide, or cause the Company’s subsidiaries to provide, sufficient funding to the protective foundation to enable it to satisfy its
payment obligation under the call option agreement.
These preferred shares will have both a liquidation and dividend preference over the Company’s common shares and will
accrue cash dividends at a pre-determined rate. The protective foundation would be expected to re-quire us to cancel its preferred
shares once the perceived threat to the Company and its stakeholders has been removed or sufficiently mitigated or neutralized.
The Company is of the opinion that the call option does not represent a significant fair value based on a level 3 valuation, since the
preference shares are restricted in use and can be cancelled by us as stated above.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company expensed €60,000 of ongoing costs to reimburse expenses incurred
by the protective foundation.
4.9.3. Nature and purpose of equity reserves
In addition to the issued capital, the Company discloses the following other reserves:
Share premium records the amounts paid in upon issuance of common shares in excess of nominal value of €0.12 per
share, net of related transaction costs.
The other capital reserves include the expense resulting from the issue of share options.
Accumulated deficit includes the losses of previous reporting periods.
Other components of equity exclusively include currency reserves from the conversion of financial statements in
foreign currencies
·
·
·
·
F-29
Table of Contents
4.10. Trade and other payables
Trade and other Payables
Accrued liabilities from R&D projects
Accounts payable
Other accrued liabilities and payables
Total trade and other payables
December
31,
2021
December
31,
2020
(in €)
5,924,720 5,250,654
1,685,037 1,741,251
964,486 1,266,228
8,574,243 8,258,133
Accrued liabilities from R&D projects include services from the Company’s ongoing projects that have not yet been
invoiced to the Company as of the reporting date.
4.11.Liabilities from government grants received
As of December 31, 2021, Liabilities from government grants received amounts to €8.3 million (2020: Nil) and is
comprised of payments received from the agency managing the BMBF grant prior to year-end against which costs have not yet
been incurred or eligibility of costs incurred as of December 31, 2021 remains uncertain.
Table of Contents
F-30
5. Risk
5.1. Financial risk management
5.1.1. Financial risk management objectives and policies
The Group’s financial risks are predominantly controlled by central treasury activities under an investment policy
approved by the Board of Directors on December 15, 2021. Those treasury activities identify, evaluate and manage financial risks
consistent with the Group’s operating needs. The board provides policies for overall risk management, covering specific areas,
such as foreign exchange risk and credit risk. The Company does not intend to use derivative financial instruments because the
Group’s future risk exposures cannot be reliably forecasted (volume of business activity, liquidity needs, foreign exchange
exposure).
Hedging is not applied as most of the business activity is intended to be executed in U.S. Dollars and paid with the U.S.
Dollars funds raised in public offerings. The foreign exchange exposure from costs incurred in currencies other than Euro is
deemed immaterial.
The Group’s principal financial assets comprise quoted debt securities with highly credit ratings. Besides these financial
assets, the Group has significant cash and cash equivalents. The Group’s principal financial liabilities comprise trade and other
payables. The main purpose of these financial assets, cash/cash equivalents and liabilities are to finance the Group’s development
activities.
The Group is exposed to market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. The Board of Directors reviews and adopts policies for
managing each of these risks, which are summarized below. The Group’s senior management oversees the management of these
risks.
Exposure
Future development costs;
Recognized financial assets and
liabilities not denominated in
Euro
Cash and cash equivalents,
current and non-current
financial assets
R&D and G&A cost, equity,
trade and other payables
Market risk
Credit risk
Liquidity
5.1.2. Market risk
Measurement
Risk Management
Forecasted cash flows
Sensitivity analysis
Achievement of a natural hedge in the future
Credit rating
Diversification of bank deposits, Investment
guidelines for debt investments
Rolling cash flow
forecast
Availability of funds through financing rounds or
public offerings
Market risk is the risk that changes in market prices (e.g., due to foreign exchange rates) will affect the Group’s income,
expenses or the value of its holdings of financial instruments. The objective of market risk management is to identify, manage and
control market risk exposures within acceptable parameters.
Foreign exchange risk arises when commercial transactions or recognized assets or liabilities are denominated in a
currency that is not an entity’s functional currency. The Group is exposed to transactional foreign currency risk to the extent that
there is a mismatch between the currencies in which costs and purchases are denominated and the respective functional currencies
of Group companies. The functional currencies of Group companies are primarily the U.S. dollars and Euro. The currencies in
which these transactions and financial assets are primarily denominated are U.S. dollars and Euro. The Group is exposed to the
exchange rate between the Euro and the U.S. dollars. Due to the Company’s various registered offerings of common shares in US
dollars, the Group has significant cash and cash equivalents in U.S. dollars. Currently the Group does not hedge U.S. dollars but
intends to achieve a natural hedge by contracting suppliers in U.S. dollars in the future. In 2021, the Group recognized significant
foreign exchange gains and losses as the natural hedge is not yet achieved and the functional currency for InflaRx GmbH is Euro.
The Group is primarily exposed to changes in U.S. dollar to Euro exchange rates. The sensitivity of profit or loss to
changes in the exchange rates arises mainly from U.S. dollar denominated financial instruments at InflaRx GmbH.
Table of Contents
F-31
In 2021, if the Euro had weakened/strengthened by 10% against the U.S. dollar with all other variables held constant, the
Group’s loss would have been €1 million higher/€2 million lower, mainly as a result of foreign exchange on translation of U.S.
dollar-denominated assets of InflaRx GmbH.
Cash, cash equivalents and financial assets denominated in USD of InflaRx GmbH
Current financial assets (securities and accrued interest)
Cash and cash equivalents
Total assets exposed to the risk
Conversion rate EUR/USD at reporting date 1/1.1326
Sensitivity analysis:
Euro weakens against U.S. dollars
Euro strengths against U.S. dollars
December
31,
2021
(in €)
December
31,
2020
(in €)
4,014,861 8,333,240
10,550,217 22,530,687
14,565,078 30,863,927
Conversion rate
Profit/(loss)
(in €)
carrying
amount
1.2459 (1,324,098) 13,240,980
1.0193 1,618,342 16,183,420
Based on the exchange rate fluctuations from the last three years, the Company expects that exchange rate fluctuations of
the Euro to the U.S. dollar between 1.0193 and 1.2459.2459 could be reasonably possible. Compared to the exchange rate on the
statement of financial position date (EUR/USD at reporting date is 1/1.1326), these rates could have a material impact on the
Company’s total loss of the period.
5.1.3. Credit risk
Credit risk is the risk that a counterparty will not meet its obligations leading to a financial loss for the Company. The
Company is exposed to credit risk mainly from its financing activities, including deposits with banks and financial institutions,
foreign exchange transactions and other financial instruments.
Credit risk from balances with banks and financial institutions is managed by the Company in accordance with the
Company’s investment policy. Investment of financial resources which are currently not used to fund R&D or G&A activities, are
made only with counterparties within the credit limits approved by the investment policy. For investments in Euro or USD debt
securities, a BBB+ to AAA credit rating is required Complex financial products as well as other investments denominated in
currencies other than USD or Euro are not permitted by the investment policy. Counterparty credit limits and the investment
policy are discussed with the Company’s Audit Committee on an annual basis and may be updated throughout the year subject to
approval of the Company’s Audit Committee. The limits are set to minimize the concentration of risks and therefore mitigate
financial loss through a counterparty’s potential failure to make payments.
The maximum exposure to counterparty credit risk is €110.6 million at December 31, 2021 (December 31, 2020: €81.4
million). This amount equals the carrying amount at year end of cash and cash equivalents (2021: €26.2 million; 2020: €26.0
million) and financial assets (2021: €84.4 million; 2020: €55.4 million).
5.1.4. Liquidity risk
The Company monitors its risk of a shortage of funds in every quarterly forecast as well as on an ongoing basis. The
Company disclosed the maturities of its principal liabilities under ‘6 Commitments’. Prudent liquidity risk management involves
maintaining sufficient cash and marketable securities and the availability of funding to meet obligations when due. The Group
continually monitors its risk of a shortage of funds using short and mid-term liquidity planning. This takes into account of the
expected cash flows from all activities. The management team performs regular reviews of the budget.
The Company has a history of significant operating losses. Management expects that the Company incurs significant and
increasing losses for the foreseeable future; as the Company may not achieve or maintain profitability in the near future, it is
dependent on capital contributions or other funding.
Table of Contents
F-32
The Group has raised significant funding from various registered offerings that it estimates will enable the Group to fund
operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least 24 months from December 31, 2021. The Group expects to
require additional funding to continue to advance the development of product candidates. In the event regulatory approval is
received and the Company implements a strategy to commercialize the products itself, the Group would require additional capital.
In 2021, as a result of the BMBF agreements (see Notes 2.2…13.4.) the Company has received significant advance
payments which contribute to its financing of its operations. Such funds are to be used for finalizing InflaRx’s COVID-19 clinical
research and development program and, if successful, transfer the manufacturing process from China to Germany to ensure future
security of supply in Germany.
At the end of the reporting period, the Group held the following deposits that are expected to readily generate cash
inflows to meet the outstanding financial commitments.
Liquidity
Short-term deposits
Cash at banks
Marketable Securities (current and non-current)
Other (non-current portion)
Other (current)
Total funds available
December 31,
2021
(in €)
December
31,
2020
12,584,892 24,416,767
13,665,103 1,551,914
83,709,248 54,752,700
272,268
409,333
110,619,273 81,402,982
272,581
387,449
As of December 31, 2021, we have received €8.3 million in cash from the German Federal Government grant; which is
presented in "Liabilities from government grant received"; our right to retain these funds is contingent on meeting all grant
conditions.
5.2. Capital management
The Group’s policy for capital management is to ensure that it maintains its liquidity in order to finance its operating
activities, future business development and meet its liabilities when due. The Group manages its capital structure primarily
through equity. The Group does not have any financial liabilities, other than trade and other payables or leasing liabilities.
No changes were made in the objectives, policies or processes for managing capital during the year.
6. Commitments
6.1. Operating contracts or services
The Group enters into contracts in the normal course of business with CROs and clinical sites for the conduct of clinical
trials, professional consultants for expert advice and other vendors for clinical supply manufacturing or other services. These
contracts can usually be terminated with 30 to 180 days' notice. In addition to this minimum duration, these contracts require full
payment for services already rendered.
During 2021, the Group did not have any commitments to purchase property, plant and equipment or patents and
trademarks (respectively nil in 2020).
Table of Contents
6.2. Lease obligations
F-33
The maturity analysis of lease liabilities is disclosed in the following table:
Maturity analysis for capitalized leases in 2021
Within one year
After one year but not more than five years
More than five years
Total
Maturity analysis for all lease obligations in 2021
Within one year
After one year but not more than five years
More than five years
Total
Contractual
minimum
lease
obligations
Effect of
discounting
(in €)
Lease
liabilities
383,259
994,716
101,280
1,479,254
17,087
29,313
329
366,171
965,403
100,951
46,729 1,432,525
Total
Low value
leases
Short-term
leases
Capitalized
leases
389,520
1,005,938
101,280
1,496,738
(in €)
6,261
11,223
—
17,484
383,259
—
994,716
—
—
101,280
— 1,479,254
Anticipated future lease expenses were converted with the exchange rate as of December 31, 2021, 1 Euro = 1.1326 USD.
The Group applies the ‘lease of low-value assets’ recognition exemptions. The Group also applied the ‘short-term lease’
exemption for leases with a maturity of less than 12 months.
Maturity analysis for all lease obligations in 2020
Within one year
After one year but not more than five years
More than five years
Total
Total
Low value
leases
Short-term
leases
Capitalized
leases
352,261
249,199
—
601,460
(in €)
6,261
17,484
—
23,745
—
—
—
—
346,000
231,715
—
577,715
Anticipated future lease expenses were converted with the exchange rate as of December 31, 2020, 1 Euro = 1.2271 USD.
F-34
Table of Contents
7. Other information
7.1. Segment reporting
The Group has one segment. The Group is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical group focused on applying its proprietary
anti-C5a technology. These activities are conducted as own project development. The Board of Directors is the chief operating
decision maker. Management of resources and reporting to the decision maker is based on the Group as a whole.
All operational activities are conducted in Germany and the United States. No revenues were generated in 2021, 2020 and
2019. The geographic location of the Group’s non-current assets are as follows:
·
·
December 31, 2021: €29,261 thousand in Germany and €200 thousand in the United States,
December 31, 2020: €1,712 thousand in Germany and €219 thousand in the United States.
None of the non-current assets are in the country where the Company is incorporated (the Netherlands).
7.2. Related party transactions
The compensation of the Group’s executive management comprises the following for the twelve months ending
December 31:
Board Compensation
Executive Management
Short-term employee benefits
Share-based payments
Total
Non-executive Board of Directors
Short-term employee benefits
Share-based payments
Total
Total Compensation
2021
2020
(in €)
2019
2,817,792 1,995,292 2,793,529
3,347,203 1,139,286 5,218,324
6,164,995 3,134,578 8,011,853
271,248
488,937
760,185
269,031
710,611
979,642
6,925,180 3,487,643 8,991,495
283,127
69,938
353,065
Executive Management comprises Executive Directors of the Board and members from the C-Level of the Company.
The table above discloses short-term employee benefits that were contractually agreed for the board and executive
management. As of December 31, 2021, €959,799 were not paid but accrued (2020: €1,152,416) for executive management and
€225,146 (2020: €209,990) for non-executive members of the Board of Directors.
Remuneration of the Group’s executive management comprises fixed and variable components and share-based payment
awards. In addition, executive management receive supplementary benefits and allowances.
The Company entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and senior management. The indemnification
agreements and the Company’s Articles of Association require the Company to indemnify its directors to the fullest extent
permitted by law.
The Company’s current and future directors (and such other officer or employee as designated by the board of directors)
have the benefit of indemnification provisions in the Articles of Association of InflaRx N.V. These provisions give the
indemnified persons the right to recover from us amounts, including, but not limited to, litigation expenses, and any damages they
are ordered to pay, in relation to acts or omissions in the performance of their duties. However, there is no entitlement to
indemnification for acts or omissions which are considered to constitute malice, gross negligence, intentional recklessness and/or
serious culpability attributable to such indemnified person. These agreements also provide, subject to certain exceptions, for
indemnification for related expenses including, among others, attorneys’ fees, judgements, penalties, fines and settlement amounts
incurred by any of these individuals in any action or proceeding. In addition to such indemnification, the Company provides its
directors with directors’ and officers’ liability insurance.
Table of Contents
7.3. COVID-19 Pandemic
F-35
The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in December 2019 has spread worldwide and continues to cause many
governments to maintain measures to slow the spread of the outbreak through quarantines, travel restrictions, closure of borders
and requiring maintenance of physical distance between individuals. During the year 2021, the Company's employees have
continued to be able to work from their home and partially return to the Company’s offices. Our service providers also resumed
full operations in 2021.
The Phase III part of the Group’s global Phase II/III trial evaluating vilobelimab in mechanically ventilated patients with
COVID-19 was initiated in mid-September 2020, and recruitment has finished, enrolling 369 patients with sites initiated across
several countries, including the EU, South America and other regions. An interim analysis by an independent data monitoring
committee took place in July 2021 in which the data of the first 180 patients evaluable for the 28-day mortality endpoint that
completed the study was analyzed and led to the recommendation to continue the study as planned. Topline data at the 28-day
mortality primary endpoint are expected to be available in the first quarter of 2022. On October 19, 2021, InflaRx announced that
it was awarded a grant of up to €43.7 million from the German Ministry of Education and Research and the German Ministry of
Health to support the Company’s development of vilobelimab for the treatment for severe COVID-19 patients (see Note 2.2.5 for
additional information regarding this grant).
7.4. Significant events after the reporting date
7.4.1. Warrant program 2021
On February 25, 2021, the Company sold an aggregate of 15,000,000 common shares through a public offering. The
common shares were sold at a price of $5.00 per share. For each common share purchased, an investor also received a warrant to
purchase a common share at an exercise price of $5.80.The warrants were exercisable immediately and expired on March 1, 2022.
F-36
EX-1.1 2 inv_ex11.htm AMENDED AND RESTATED ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
EXHIBIT 1.1
CONTINUOUS TEXT of the articles of association of InflaRx N.V., with corporate seat in Amsterdam, after amendment to the
articles of association, by deed executed before P.C.S. van der Bijl, civil law notary in Amsterdam, on 25 August 2021.
Trade Registry number 68904312.
This is a translation into English of the original Dutch text. An attempt has been made to be as literal as possible without
jeopardizing the overall continuity. Inevitably, differences may occur in translation, and if so the Dutch text will by law govern.
ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION (STATUTEN)
DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATION
Article 1
1.1 In these articles of association the following definitions shall apply:
Article
Board of Directors The Company's board of directors.
Board Rules
An article of these articles of association.
CEO
Chairman
Class Meeting
Company
DCC
Director
EURIBOR
The internal rules applicable to the Board of Directors,
as drawn up by the Board of Directors.
The Company's chief executive officer.
The chairman of the Board of Directors.
The meeting of holders of shares of a certain class.
The company to which these articles of association
pertain.
The Dutch Civil Code.
A member of the Board of Directors.
The EURIBOR interest rate, as published by Thomson Reuters or another institution chosen by the Board
of Directors, for loans with a maturity of three, six, nine or twelve months, whichever has had the highest
mathematical average over the financial year (or the relevant part thereof) in respect of which the relevant
distribution is made, but in any event no less than zero
percent.
Executive Director An executive Director.
General Meeting The Company's general meeting of shareholders.
Group Company An entity or partnership which is organisationally
Indemnified
Officer
connected with the Company in an economic unit within the meaning of Section 2:24b DCC.
A current or former Director and such other current or former officer or employee of the Company or its
Group Companies as designated by the Board of
Directors.
1
Meeting Rights With respect to the Company, the rights attributed by law to the holders of depository receipts issued for
Non-Executive
Director
Person with
Meeting Rights
Preferred
Distribution
shares with a company's cooperation, including the
right to attend and address a General Meeting.
A non-executive Director.
A shareholder, a usufructuary or pledgee with voting rights or a holder of depository receipts for shares
issued with the Company's cooperation.
A distribution on the preferred shares for an amount equal to the Preferred Interest Rate calculated over
the aggregate amount paid up on those preferred shares, whereby:
a. any amount paid up on those preferred shares (including as a result of an issue of preferred
shares) during the financial year (or the relevant part thereof) in respect of which the distribution
is made shall only be taken into account proportionate to the number of days that elapsed during
that financial year (or the relevant part thereof) after the payment was made on those preferred
shares;
b. any reduction of the aggregate amount paid up on preferred shares during the financial year (or
the relevant part thereof) in respect of which the distribution is made shall be taken into account
proportionate to the number of days that elapsed during that financial year (or the relevant part
thereof) until such reduction was effected; and
c. if the distribution is made in respect of part of a financial year, the amount of the distribution
shall be proportionate to the number of days that elapsed during that part of the financial year.
Preferred Interest The mathematical average, calculated over the financial year (or the relevant part thereof) in respect of
Rate
which a distribution is made on preferred shares, of the relevant EURIBOR interest rate, plus a margin
not exceeding five hundred basis points (500bps) to be determined by the Board of Directors each time
when, or before, preferred shares are issued without preferred shares already forming part of the
Company's issued share capital.
2
Registration Date The date of registration for a General Meeting as
provided by law.
Simple Majority More than half of the votes cast.
Subsidiary
A subsidiary of the Company within the meaning of Section 2:24a DCC, including:
a. an entity in whose general meeting the Company or one or more of its Subsidiaries can
exercise, whether or not by virtue of an agreement with other parties with voting rights,
individually or collectively, more than half of the voting rights; and
b. an entity of which the Company or one or more of its Subsidiaries are members or
shareholders and can appoint or dismiss, whether or not by virtue of an agreement with other
parties with voting rights, individually or collectively, more than half of the managing directors
or of the supervisory directors, even if all parties with voting rights cast their votes.
1.2 Unless the context requires otherwise, references to "shares" or "shareholders" without further specification are to any class of
shares or to the holders thereof, respectively.
1.3 References to statutory provisions are to those provisions as they are in force from time to time.
1.4 Terms that are defined in the singular have a corresponding meaning in the plural.
1.5 Words denoting a gender include each other gender.
1.6 Except as otherwise required by law, the terms "written" and "in writing" include the use of electronic means of
communication.
NAME AND SEAT
Article 2
2.1 The Company's name is InflaRx N.V.
2.2 The Company has its corporate seat in Amsterdam.
OBJECTS
Article 3
The Company's objects are:
a. to develop, license, manufacture and commercialize pharmaceutical products;
b. to develop and commercialize tests and analytical methods;
c. to participate in, to finance, to hold any other interest in and to conduct the management or supervision of other entities,
companies, partnerships and businesses;
d. to acquire, administer, exploit, invest, encumber and dispose of assets and liabilities;
e. to furnish guarantees, to provide security, to warrant performance in any other way and to assume liability, whether jointly and
severally or otherwise, in respect of obligations of Group Companies or other parties; and
3
f. to do anything which, in the widest sense, is connected with or may be conducive to the objects described above.
SHARES - AUTHORISED SHARE CAPITAL AND DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS
Article 4
4.1 The Company's authorised share capital amounts to twenty-six million four hundred thousand euro (EUR 26,400,000).
4.2 The authorised share capital is divided into:
a. one hundred and ten million (110,000,000) ordinary shares; and
b. one hundred and ten million (110,000,000) preferred shares, each having a nominal value of twelve eurocents (EUR
0.12).
4.3 The Board of Directors may resolve that one or more shares are divided into such number of fractional shares as may be
determined by the Board of Directors. Unless specified differently, the provisions of these articles of association concerning
shares and shareholders apply mutatis mutandis to fractional shares and the holders thereof, respectively.
4.4 The Company may cooperate with the issue of depository receipts for shares in its capital.
SHARES - FORM OF SHARES AND SHARE REGISTER
Article 5
5.1 All shares are registered shares.
5.2 Shares shall be numbered consecutively, starting from 1 for each class of shares.
5.3 The Board of Directors shall keep a register setting out the names and addresses of all shareholders and all holders of a
usufruct or pledge in respect of shares. The register shall also set out any other particulars that must be included in the register
pursuant to applicable law. Part of the register may be kept outside the Netherlands to comply with applicable local law or
pursuant to stock exchange rules.
5.4 Shareholders, usufructuaries and pledgees shall provide the Board of Directors with the necessary particulars in a timely
fashion. Any consequences of not, or incorrectly, notifying such particulars shall be borne by the party concerned.
5.5 All notifications may be sent to shareholders, usufructuaries and pledgees at their respective addresses as set out in the
register.
SHARES - ISSUE
Article 6
6.1 Shares can be issued pursuant to a resolution of the General Meeting or of another body authorised by the General Meeting for
this purpose for a specified period not exceeding five years. When granting such authorisation, the number of shares that may be
issued must be specified. The authorisation may be extended, in each case for a period not exceeding five years. Unless stipulated
differently when granting the authorisation, the authorisation cannot be revoked. For as long as and to the extent that another body
has been authorised to resolve to issue shares, the General Meeting shall not have this authority.
4
6.2 In order for a resolution of the General Meeting on an issuance or an authorisation as referred to in Article 6.1 to be valid, a
prior or simultaneous approval shall be required from each Class Meeting of shares whose rights are prejudiced by the issuance.
6.3 The preceding provisions of this Article 6 apply mutatis mutandis to the granting of rights to subscribe for shares, but do not
apply in respect of issuing shares to a party exercising a previously acquired right to subscribe for shares.
6.4 The Company may not subscribe for shares in its own capital.
SHARES - PRE-EMPTION RIGHTS
Article 7
7.1 Upon an issue of shares, each holder of ordinary shares shall have a pre-emption right in proportion to the aggregate nominal
value of his ordinary shares. No pre-emption rights are attached to preferred shares.
7.2 In deviation of Article 7.1, holders of ordinary shares do not have pre-emption rights in respect of:
a. preferred shares;
b. shares issued against non-cash contribution; or
c. shares issued to employees of the Company or of a Group Company.
7.3 The Company shall announce an issue with pre-emption rights and the period during which those rights can be exercised in the
State Gazette and in a daily newspaper with national distribution, unless the announcement is sent in writing to all shareholders at
the addresses submitted by them.
7.4 Pre-emption rights may be exercised for a period of at least two weeks after the date of announcement in the State Gazette or
after the announcement was sent to the shareholders.
7.5 Pre-emption rights may be limited or excluded by a resolution of the General Meeting or of the body authorised as referred to
in Article 6.1, if that body was authorised by the General Meeting for this purpose for a specified period not exceeding five years.
The authorisation may be extended, in each case for a period not exceeding five years. Unless stipulated differently when granting
the authorisation, the authorisation cannot be revoked. For as long as and to the extent that another body has been authorised to
resolve to limit or exclude pre-emption rights, the General Meeting shall not have this authority.
7.6 A resolution of the General Meeting to limit or exclude pre-emption rights, or to grant an authorisation as referred to in Article
7.5, shall require a majority of at least two thirds of the votes cast if less than half of the issued share capital is represented at the
General Meeting.
7.7 The preceding provisions of this Article 7 apply mutatis mutandis to the granting of rights to subscribe for shares, but do not
apply in respect of issuing shares to a party exercising a previously acquired right to subscribe for shares.
5
SHARES - PAYMENT
Article 8
8.1 Without prejudice to Section 2:80(2) DCC, the nominal value of a share and, if the share
is subscribed for at a higher price, the difference between these amounts must be paid up upon subscription for that share.
However, it may be stipulated that part of the nominal value of a preferred share, not exceeding three quarters thereof, need not be
paid up until the Company has called for payment. The Company shall observe a reasonable notice period of at least one month
with respect to any such call for payment.
8.2 Shares must be paid up in cash, except to the extent that payment by means of a contribution in another form has been agreed.
8.3 Payment in a currency other than the euro may only be made with the Company's consent. Where such a payment is made, the
payment obligation is satisfied for the amount in euro for which the paid amount can be freely exchanged. Without prejudice to
the last sentence of Section 2:80a(3) DCC, the date of the payment determines the exchange rate.
SHARES - FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
Article 9
9.1 The Company may not provide security, give a price guarantee, warrant performance in any other way or commit itself jointly
and severally or otherwise with or for others with a view to the subscription for or acquisition of shares or depository receipts for
shares in its capital by others. This prohibition applies equally to Subsidiaries.
9.2 The Company and its Subsidiaries may not provide loans with a view to the subscription for or acquisition of shares or
depository receipts for shares in the Company's capital by others, unless the Board of Directors resolves to do so and Section
2:98c DCC is observed.
9.3 The preceding provisions of this Article 9 do not apply if shares or depository receipts for shares are subscribed for or
acquired by or for employees of the Company or of a Group Company.
SHARES - ACQUISITION OF OWN SHARES
Article 10
10.1 The acquisition by the Company of shares in its own capital which have not been fully paid up shall be null and void.
10.2 The Company may only acquire fully paid up shares in its own capital for no consideration or if and to the extent that the
General Meeting has authorised the Board of Directors for this purpose and all other relevant statutory requirements of Section
2:98 DCC are observed.
10.3 An authorisation as referred to in Article 10.2 remains valid for no longer than eighteen months. When granting such
authorisation, the General Meeting shall determine the number of shares that may be acquired, how they may be acquired and
within which range the acquisition price must be. An authorisation shall not be required for the Company to acquire ordinary
shares in its own capital in order to transfer them to employees of the Company or of a Group Company pursuant to an
arrangement applicable to them, provided that these ordinary shares are included on the price list of a stock exchange.
6
10.4 Without prejudice to Articles 10.1 through 10.3, the Company may acquire shares in its own capital for cash consideration or
for consideration satisfied in the form of assets. In the case of a consideration being satisfied in the form of assets, the value
thereof, as determined by the Board of Directors, must be within the range stipulated by the General Meeting as referred to in
Article 10.3.
10.5 The previous provisions of this Article 10 do not apply to shares acquired by the Company under universal title of
succession.
10.6 In this Article 10, references to shares include depository receipts for shares.
SHARES - REDUCTION OF ISSUED SHARE CAPITAL
Article 11
11.1 The General Meeting can resolve to reduce the Company's issued share capital by cancelling shares or by reducing the
nominal value of shares by virtue of an amendment to these articles of association. The resolution must designate the shares to
which the resolution relates and it must provide for the implementation of the resolution.
11.2 A resolution to cancel shares may only relate to:
a. shares held by the Company itself or in respect of which the Company holds the depository receipts; and
b. all preferred shares, with repayment of the amounts paid up in respect thereof and provided that, to the extent allowed
under Articles 30.1 and 30.2, a distribution is made on those preferred shares, in proportion to the amounts paid up on
those preferred shares, immediately prior to such cancellation becoming effective, for an aggregate amount of:
i. the total of all Preferred Distributions (or parts thereof) in relation to financial years prior to the financial year
in which the cancellation occurs, to the extent that these should have been distributed but have not yet been
distributed as described in Article 32.1; and
ii. the Preferred Distribution calculated in respect of the part of the financial year in which the cancellation
occurs, for the number of days that have elapsed during such part of the financial year.
11.3 A resolution to reduce the Company's issued share capital, shall require a prior or simultaneous approval from each Class
Meeting of shares whose rights are prejudiced. However, if such a resolution relates to preferred shares, such resolution shall
always require the prior or simultaneous approval of the Class Meeting of preferred shares.
11.4 A resolution of the General Meeting to reduce the Company's issued share capital shall require a majority of at least two
thirds of the votes cast if less than half of the issued share capital is represented at the General Meeting. The previous sentence
applies mutatis mutandis to a resolution as referred to in Article 11.3.
SHARES - ISSUE AND TRANSFER REQUIREMENTS
Article 12
12.1 Except as otherwise provided or allowed by Dutch law, the issue or transfer of a share shall require a deed to that effect and,
in the case of a transfer and unless the Company itself is a party to the transaction, acknowledgement of the transfer by the
Company.
12.2 The acknowledgement shall be set out in the deed or shall be made in such other manner as prescribed by law.
7
12.3 For as long as any ordinary shares are admitted to trading on the New York Stock Exchange, the NASDAQ Stock Market or
on any other regulated stock exchange operating in the United States of America, the laws of the State of New York shall apply to
the property law aspects of the ordinary shares reflected in the register administered by the relevant transfer agent, without
prejudice to Sections 10:140 and 10:141 DCC.
SHARES - USUFRUCT AND PLEDGE
Article 13
13.1 Shares can be encumbered with a usufruct or pledge. The creation of a pledge on preferred shares shall require the prior
approval of the Board of Directors.
13.2 The voting rights attached to a share which is subject to a usufruct or pledge vest in the shareholder concerned.
13.3 In deviation of Article 13.2:
a. the holder of a usufruct or pledge on ordinary shares shall have the voting rights attached thereto if this was provided
when the usufruct or pledge was created; and
b. the holder of a usufruct or pledge on preferred shares shall have the voting rights attached thereto if this was provided
when the usufruct or pledge was created and this was approved by the Board of Directors.
13.4 Usufructuaries and pledgees without voting rights shall not have Meeting Rights.
SHARES - TRANSFER RESTRICTIONS
Article 14
14.1 A transfer of preferred shares shall require the prior approval of the Board of Directors. A shareholder wishing to transfer
preferred shares must first request the Board of Directors to grant such approval. A transfer of ordinary shares is not subject to
transfer restrictions under these articles of association.
14.2 A transfer of the preferred shares to which the request for approval relates must take place within three months after the
approval of the Board of Directors has been granted or is deemed to have been granted pursuant to Article 14.3.
14.3 The approval of the Board of Directors shall be deemed to have been granted:
a. if no resolution granting or denying the approval has been passed by the Board of Directors within three months after
the Company has received the request for approval; or
b. if the Board of Directors, when denying the approval, does not notify the requesting shareholder of the identity of one
or more interested parties willing to purchase the relevant preferred shares.
14.4 If the Board of Directors denies the approval and notifies the requesting shareholder of the identity of one or more interested
parties, the requesting shareholder shall notify the Board of Directors within two weeks after having received such notice whether:
a. he withdraws his request for approval, in which case the requesting shareholder cannot transfer the relevant preferred
shares; or
b. he accepts the interested party(ies), in which case the requesting shareholder shall promptly enter into negotiations with
the interested party(ies) regarding the price to be paid for the relevant preferred shares.
8
If the requesting shareholder does not notify the Board of Directors of his choice in a timely fashion, he shall be deemed to have
withdrawn his request for approval, in which case he cannot transfer the relevant preferred shares.
14.5 If an agreement is reached in the negotiations referred to in Article 14.4 paragraph b. within two weeks after the end of the
period referred to in Article 14.4, the relevant preferred shares shall be transferred for the agreed price within three months after
such agreement having been reached. If no agreement is reached in these negotiations in a timely fashion:
a. the requesting shareholder shall promptly notify the Board of Directors thereof; and
b. the price to be paid for the relevant preferred shares shall be equal to the value thereof, as determined by one or more
independent experts to be appointed by the requesting shareholder and the interested party(ies) by mutual agreement.
14.6 If no agreement is reached on the appointment of the independent expert(s) as referred to in Article 14.5 paragraph b. within
two weeks after the end of the period referred to in Article 14.5:
a. the requesting shareholder shall promptly notify the Board of Directors thereof; and
b. the requesting shareholder shall promptly request the president of the district court in whose district the Company has
its corporate seat to appoint three independent experts to determine the value of the relevant preferred shares.
14.7 If and when the value of the relevant preferred shares has been determined by the independent expert(s), irrespective of
whether he/they was/were appointed by mutual agreement or by the president of the relevant district court, the requesting
shareholder shall promptly notify the Board of Directors of the value so determined. The Board of Directors shall then promptly
inform the interested party(ies) of such value, following which the/each interested party may withdraw from the sale procedure by
giving notice thereof the Board of Directors within two weeks.
14.8 If any interested party withdraws from the sale procedure in accordance with Article 14.7, the Board of Directors:
a. shall promptly inform the requesting shareholder and the other interested party(ies), if any, thereof; and
b. shall give the opportunity to the/each other interested party, if any, to declare to the Board of Directors and the
requesting shareholder, within two weeks, his willingness to acquire the preferred shares having become available as a
result of the withdrawal, for the price determined by the independent expert(s) (with the Board of Directors being entitled
to determine the allocation of such preferred shares among any such willing interested party(ies) at its absolute
discretion).
9
14.9 If it becomes apparent to the Board of Directors that all relevant preferred shares can be transferred to one or more interested
parties for the price determined by the independent expert(s), the Board of Directors shall promptly notify the requesting
shareholder and such interested party(ies) thereof. Within three months after sending such notice the relevant preferred shares
shall be transferred.
14.10 If it becomes apparent to the Board of Directors that not all relevant preferred shares can be transferred to one or more
interested parties for the price determined by the independent expert(s):
a. the Board of Directors shall promptly notify the requesting shareholder thereof; and
b. the requesting shareholder shall be free to transfer all relevant preferred shares, provided that the transfer takes place
within three months after having received the notice referred to in paragraph a.
14.11 The Company may only be an interested party under this Article 14 with the consent of the requesting shareholder.
14.12 All notices given pursuant to this Article 14 shall be provided in writing.
14.13 The preceding provisions of this Article 14 do not apply:
a. to the extent that a shareholder is under a statutory obligation to transfer preferred shares to a previous holder thereof;
b. if it concerns a transfer in connection with an enforcement of a pledge pursuant to Section 3:248 DCC in conjunction
with Section 3:250 or 3:251 DCC; or
c. if it concerns a transfer to the Company, except in the case that the Company acts as an interested party pursuant to
Article 14.11.
14.14 This Article 14 applies mutatis mutandis in case of a transfer of rights to subscribe for preferred shares.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS - COMPOSITION
Article 15
15.1 The Company has a Board of Directors consisting of:
a. one or more Executive Directors, being primarily charged with the Company's day-to-day operations; and
b. one or more Non-Executive Directors, being primarily charged with the supervision of the performance of the duties of
the Directors.
The Board of Directors shall be composed of individuals.
15.2 The Board of Directors shall determine the number of Executive Directors and the number of Non-Executive Directors.
15.3 The Board of Directors shall elect an Executive Director to be the CEO. The Board of Directors may dismiss the CEO,
provided that the CEO so dismissed shall subsequently continue his term of office as an Executive Director without having the
title of CEO.
15.4 The Board of Directors shall elect a Non-Executive Director to be the Chairman. The Board of Directors may dismiss the
Chairman, provided that the Chairman so dismissed shall subsequently continue his term of office as a Non-Executive Director
without having the title of Chairman.
10
15.5 If a Director is absent or incapacitated, he may be replaced temporarily by a person whom the Board of Directors has
designated for that purpose and, until then, the other Director(s) shall be charged with the management of the Company. If all
Directors are absent or incapacitated, the management of the Company shall be attributed to the person who most recently ceased
to hold office as the Chairman. If such former Chairman is unwilling or unable to accept that position, the management of the
Company shall be attributed to the person who most recently ceased to hold office as the CEO. If such former CEO is also
unwilling or unable to accept that position, the management of the Company shall be attributed to one or more persons whom the
General Meeting has designated for that purpose. The person(s) charged with the management of the Company in this manner,
may designate one or more persons to be charged with the management of the Company in addition to, or together with, such
person(s).
15.6 A Director shall be considered to be unable to act within the meaning of Article 15.5:
a. during the existence of a vacancy on the Board of Directors, including as a result of:
i. his death;
ii. his dismissal by the General Meeting, other than at the proposal of the Board of Directors;
iii. his voluntary resignation before his term of office has expired;
iv. not being reappointed by the General Meeting, notwithstanding a (binding) nomination to that effect by the
Board of Directors; or
v. his suspension,
provided that the Board of Directors may always decide to decrease the number of Directors such that a vacancy
no longer exists;
b. in a period during which the Company has not been able to contact him (including as a result of illness), provided that
such period lasted longer than five consecutive days (or such other period as determined by the Board of Directors on the
basis of the facts and circumstances at hand); or
c. in the deliberations and decision-making of the Board of Directors on matters in relation to which he has declared to
have, or in relation to which the Board of Directors has established that he has, a conflict of interests as described in
Article 18.7.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS - APPOINTMENT, SUSPENSION AND DISMISSAL
Article 16
16.1 The General Meeting shall appoint the Directors and may at any time suspend or dismiss any Director. In addition, the Board
of Directors may at any time suspend an Executive Director.
16.2 The General Meeting can only appoint Directors upon a nomination by the Board of Directors. The General Meeting may at
any time resolve to render such nomination to be non-binding by a majority of at least two thirds of the votes cast representing
more than half of the issued share capital. If a nomination is rendered non-binding, a new nomination shall be made by the Board
of Directors. If the nomination comprises one candidate for a vacancy, a resolution concerning the nomination shall result in the
appointment of the candidate, unless the nomination is rendered non-binding. A second meeting as referred to in Section 2:120(3)
DCC cannot be convened.
11
16.3 At a General Meeting, a resolution to appoint a Director can only be passed in respect of candidates whose names are stated
for that purpose in the agenda of that General Meeting or the explanatory notes thereto.
16.4 Upon the appointment of a person as a Director, the General Meeting shall determine whether that person is appointed as
Executive Director or as Non-Executive Director.
16.5 A resolution of the General Meeting to suspend or dismiss a Director shall require a majority of at least two thirds of the
votes cast representing more than half of the issued share capital, unless the resolution is passed at the proposal of the Board of
Directors. A second meeting as referred to in Section 2:120(3) DCC cannot be convened.
16.6 If a Director is suspended and the General Meeting does not resolve to dismiss him within three months from the date of such
suspension, the suspension shall lapse.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS - DUTIES AND ORGANISATION
Article 17
17.1 The Board of Directors is charged with the management of the Company, subject to the restrictions contained in these articles
of association. In performing their duties, Directors shall be guided by the interests of the Company and of the business connected
with it.
17.2 The Board of Directors shall draw up Board Rules concerning its organisation, decision- making and other internal matters,
with due observance of these articles of association. In performing their duties, the Directors shall act in compliance with the
Board Rules.
17.3 The Directors may allocate their duties amongst themselves in or pursuant to the Board Rules or otherwise pursuant to
resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors, provided that:
a. the Executive Directors shall be charged with the Company's day-to-day operations;
b. the task of supervising the performance of the duties of the Directors cannot be taken away from the Non-Executive
Directors;
c. the Chairman must be a Non-Executive Director; and
d. the making of proposals for the appointment of a Director and the determination of the compensation of the Executive
Directors cannot be allocated to an Executive Director.
17.4 The Board of Directors may determine in writing, in or pursuant to the Board Rules or otherwise pursuant to resolutions
adopted by the Board of Directors, that one or more Directors can validly pass resolutions in respect of matters which fall under
his/their duties.
17.5 The Board of Directors shall establish the committees which the Company is required to have and otherwise such committees
as are deemed to be appropriate by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors shall draw up (and/or include in the Board
Rules) rules concerning the organisation, decision-making and other internal matters of its committees.
12
17.6 The Board of Directors may perform the legal acts referred to in Section 2:94(1) DCC without the prior approval of the
General Meeting.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS - DECISION-MAKING
Article 18
18.1 Without prejudice to Article 18.5, each Director may cast one vote in the decision- making of the Board of Directors.
18.2 A Director can be represented by another Director holding a written proxy for the purpose of the deliberations and the
decision-making of the Board of Directors.
18.3 Resolutions of the Board of Directors and resolutions of the group of Non-Executive Directors shall be passed, irrespective
of whether this occurs at a meeting or otherwise, by Simple Majority unless the Board Rules provide differently.
18.4 Invalid votes, blank votes and abstentions shall not be counted as votes cast. Directors who casted an invalid or blank vote or
who abstained from voting shall be taken into account when determining the number of Directors who are present or represented
at a meeting of the Board of Directors.
18.5 Where there is a tie in any vote of the Board of Directors, the Chairman shall have a casting vote. In case the Chairman does
not exercise his casting vote as referred to in the preceding sentence due to (i) his absence in a meeting of the Board of Directors,
(ii) him having a conflict of interests as referred to in Article 18.7 or (iii) him abstaining from voting, the CEO may exercise such
casting vote instead, except for resolutions concerning the compensation of the Executive Directors. The foregoing only applies if
there are at least three Directors in office. Otherwise, the relevant resolution shall not have been passed.
18.6 The Executive Directors shall not participate in the decision-making concerning the determination of the compensation of
Executive Directors.
18.7 A Director shall not participate in the deliberations and decision-making of the Board of Directors on a matter in relation to
which he has a direct or indirect personal interest which conflicts with the interests of the Company and of the business connected
with it. If, as a result thereof, no resolution can be passed by the Board of Directors, the resolution may nevertheless be passed by
the Board of Directors as if none of the Directors has a conflict of interests as described in the previous sentence.
18.8 Meetings of the Board of Directors can be held through audio-communication facilities, unless a Director reasonably objects
thereto.
18.9 Resolutions of the Board of Directors may, instead of at a meeting, be passed in writing, provided that all Directors are
familiar with the resolution to be passed and none of them reasonably objects to this decision-making process. Articles 18.1
through 18.7 apply mutatis mutandis.
18.10 The approval of the General Meeting is required for resolutions of the Board of Directors concerning a material change to
the identity or the character of the Company or the business, including in any event:
a. transferring the business or materially all of the business to a third party;
13
b. entering into or terminating a long-lasting alliance of the Company or of a Subsidiary either with another entity or
company, or as a fully liable partner of a limited partnership or general partnership, if this alliance or termination is of
significant importance for the Company; and
c. acquiring or disposing of an interest in the capital of a company by the Company or by a Subsidiary with a value of at
least one third of the value of the assets, according to the balance sheet with explanatory notes or, if the Company
prepares a consolidated balance sheet, according to the consolidated balance sheet with explanatory notes in the
Company's most recently adopted annual accounts.
18.11 The absence of the approval of the General Meeting of a resolution as referred to in Article 18.10 shall result in the relevant
resolution being null and void pursuant to Section 2:14(1) DCC but shall not affect the powers of representation of the Board of
Directors or of the Directors.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS - COMPENSATION
Article 19
19.1 The General Meeting shall determine the Company's policy concerning the compensation of the Board of Directors with due
observance of the relevant statutory requirements.
19.2 The compensation of Directors shall be determined by the Board of Directors with due observance of the policy referred to in
Article 19.1.
19.3 The Board of Directors shall submit proposals concerning arrangements in the form of shares or rights to subscribe for shares
to the General Meeting for approval. This proposal must at least include the number of shares or rights to subscribe for shares that
may be awarded to the Board of Directors and which criteria apply for such awards or changes thereto. The absence of the
approval of the General Meeting shall not affect the powers of representation.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS - REPRESENTATION
Article 20
20.1 The Board of Directors is entitled to represent the Company.
20.2 The power to represent the Company also vests in the CEO individually, as well as in any other two Executive Directors
acting jointly.
20.3 The Company may also be represented by the holder of a power of attorney to that effect. If the Company grants a power of
attorney to an individual, the Board of Directors may grant an appropriate title to such person.
INDEMNITY
Article 21
21.1 The Company shall indemnify and hold harmless each of its Indemnified Officers against:
a. any financial losses or damages incurred by such Indemnified Officer; and
b. any expense reasonably paid or incurred by such Indemnified Officer in connection with any threatened, pending or
completed suit, claim, action or legal proceedings of a civil, criminal, administrative or other nature, formal or informal,
in which he becomes involved, to the extent this relates to his current or former position with the Company and/or a
Group Company and in each case to the extent permitted by applicable law.
14
21.2 No indemnification shall be given to an Indemnified Officer:
a. if a competent court or arbitral tribunal has established that the acts or omissions of such Indemnified Officer that led to
the financial losses, damages, expenses, suit, claim, action or legal proceedings as described in Article 21.1 are of an
unlawful nature (including acts or omissions which are considered to constitute malice, gross negligence, intentional
recklessness and/or serious culpability attributable to such Indemnified Officer);
b. to the extent that his financial losses, damages and expenses are covered under an insurance and the relevant insurer
has settled, or has provided reimbursement for, these financial losses, damages and expenses (or has irrevocably
undertaken to do so); or
c. in relation to proceedings brought by such Indemnified Officer against the Company, except for proceedings brought to
enforce indemnification to which he is entitled pursuant to these articles of association, pursuant to an agreement between
such Indemnified Officer and the Company which has been approved by the Board of Directors or pursuant to an
insurance taken out by the Company for the benefit of such Indemnified Officer.
21.3 The Board of Directors may stipulate additional terms, conditions and restrictions in relation to the indemnification referred
to in Article 21.1.
GENERAL MEETING - CONVENING AND HOLDING MEETINGS
Article 22
22.1 Annually, at least one General Meeting shall be held. This annual General Meeting shall be held within six months after the
end of the Company's financial year.
22.2 A General Meeting shall also be held:
a. within three months after the Board of Directors has considered it to be likely that the Company's equity has decreased
to an amount equal to or lower than half of its paid up and called up capital, in order to discuss the measures to be taken if
so required; and
b. whenever the Board of Directors so decides.
22.3 General Meetings must be held in the place where the Company has its corporate seat or in Arnhem, The Hague, Rotterdam,
Schiphol (Haarlemmermeer) or Utrecht.
22.4 If the Board of Directors has failed to ensure that a General Meeting as referred to in Articles 22.1 or 22.2 paragraph a. is
held, each Person with Meeting Rights may be authorised by the court in preliminary relief proceedings to do so.
22.5 One or more Persons with Meeting Rights who collectively represent at least the part of the Company's issued share capital
prescribed by law for this purpose may request the Board of Directors in writing to convene a General Meeting, setting out in
detail the matters to be discussed. If the Board of Directors has not taken the steps necessary to ensure that the General Meeting
could be held within the relevant statutory period after the request, the requesting Person(s) with Meeting Rights may be
authorised, at his/their request, by the court in preliminary relief proceedings to convene a General Meeting.
15
22.6 Any matter of which the discussion has been requested in writing by one or more Persons with Meeting Rights who,
individually or collectively, represent at least the part of the Company's issued share capital prescribed by law for this purpose
shall be included in the convening notice or announced in the same manner, if the Company has received the substantiated request
or a proposal for a resolution no later than on the sixtieth day prior to that of the General Meeting.
22.7 Persons with Meeting Rights who wish to exercise their rights as described in Articles 22.5 and 22.6 should first consult the
Board of Directors. If the intended exercise of such rights might result in a change to the Company's strategy, including by
dismissing one or more Directors, the Board of Directors shall be given the opportunity to invoke a reasonable period to respond
to such intention. Such period shall not exceed the term stipulated by Dutch law and/or the Dutch Corporate Governance Code for
that purpose. The Person(s) with Meeting Rights concerned should respect the response time stipulated by the Board of Directors.
If invoked, the Board of Directors shall use such response period for further deliberation and constructive consultation, in any
event with the Person(s) with Meeting Rights concerned, and shall explore the alternatives. At the end of the response time, the
Board of Directors shall report on this consultation and the exploration of alternatives to the General Meeting. This shall be
supervised by the Non- Executive Directors. The response period may be invoked only once for any given General Meeting and
shall not apply:
a. in respect of a matter for which a response period has been previously invoked; or
b. if a shareholder holds at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the Company's issued share capital as a consequence of a
successful public bid.
22.8 A General Meeting must be convened with due observance of the relevant statutory minimum convening period.
22.9 All Persons with Meeting Rights must be convened for the General Meeting in accordance with applicable law. The
shareholders may be convened for the General Meeting by means of convening letters sent to the addresses of those shareholders
in accordance with Article 5.5. The previous sentence does not prejudice the possibility of sending a convening notice by
electronic means in accordance with Section 2:113(4) DCC.
GENERAL MEETING - PROCEDURAL RULES
Article 23
23.1 The General Meeting shall be chaired by one of the following individuals, taking into account the following order of priority:
a. by the Chairman, if there is a Chairman and he is present at the General Meeting;
b. by the CEO, if there is a CEO and he is present at the General Meeting;
16
c. by another Director who is chosen by the Directors present at the General Meeting from their midst; or
d. by another person appointed by the General Meeting.
The person who should chair the General Meeting pursuant to paragraphs a. through d. may appoint another person to
chair the General Meeting instead of him.
23.2 The chairman of the General Meeting shall appoint another person present at the General Meeting to act as secretary and to
minute the proceedings at the General Meeting. The minutes of a General Meeting shall be adopted by the chairman of that
General Meeting or by the Board of Directors. Where an official report of the proceedings is drawn up by a civil law notary, no
minutes need to be prepared. Every Director may instruct a civil law notary to draw up such an official report at the Company's
expense.
23.3 The chairman of the General Meeting shall decide on the admittance to the General Meeting of persons other than:
a. the persons who have Meeting Rights at that General Meeting, or their proxyholders; and
b. those who have a statutory right to attend that General Meeting on other grounds.
23.4 The holder of a written proxy from a Person with Meeting Rights who is entitled to attend a General Meeting shall only be
admitted to that General Meeting if the proxy is determined to be acceptable by the chairman of that General Meeting.
23.5 The Company may direct that any person, before being admitted to a General Meeting, identify himself by means of a valid
passport or driver's license and/or should be submitted to such security arrangements as the Company may consider to be
appropriate under the given circumstances. Persons who do not comply with these requirements may be refused entry to the
General Meeting.
23.6 The chairman of the General Meeting has the right to eject any person from the General Meeting if he considers that person
to disrupt the orderly proceedings at the General Meeting.
23.7 The General Meeting shall be conducted in English. The chairman of the General Meeting may determine to conduct the
General Meeting in a language other than the English language.
23.8 The chairman of the General Meeting may limit the amount of time that persons present at the General Meeting are allowed
to take in addressing the General Meeting and the number of questions they are allowed to raise, with a view to safeguarding the
orderly proceedings at the General Meeting. The chairman of the General Meeting may also adjourn the meeting if he considers
that this shall safeguard the orderly proceedings at the General Meeting.
GENERAL MEETING - EXERCISE OF MEETING AND VOTING RIGHTS
Article 24
24.1 Each Person with Meeting Rights has the right to attend, address and, if applicable, vote at General Meetings, whether in
person or represented by the holder of a written proxy. Holders of fractional shares together constituting the nominal value of a
share of the relevant class shall exercise these rights collectively, whether through one of them or through the holder of a written
proxy.
17
24.2 The Board of Directors may decide that each Person with Meeting Rights is entitled, whether in person or represented by the
holder of a written proxy, to participate in, address and, if applicable, vote at the General Meeting by electronic means of
communication. For the purpose of applying the preceding sentence it must be possible, by electronic means of communication,
for the Person with Meeting Rights to be identified, to observe in real time the proceedings at the General Meeting and, if
applicable, to vote. The Board of Directors may impose conditions on the use of the electronic means of communication, provided
that these conditions are reasonable and necessary for the identification of the Person with Meeting Rights and the reliability and
security of the communication. Such conditions must be announced in the convening notice.
24.3 The Board of Directors can also decide that votes cast through electronic means of communication or by means of a letter
prior to the General Meeting are considered to be votes that are cast during the General Meeting. These votes shall not be cast
prior to the Registration Date.
24.4 For the purpose of Articles 24.1 through 24.3, those who have voting rights and/or Meeting Rights on the Registration Date
and are recorded as such in a register designated by the Board of Directors shall be considered to have those rights, irrespective of
whoever is entitled to the shares or depository receipts at the time of the General Meeting. Unless Dutch law requires otherwise,
the Board of Directors is free to determine, when convening a General Meeting, (i) whether the previous sentence applies and (ii)
that the Registration Date is applied with respect to shares of a specific class only.
24.5 Each Person with Meeting Rights must notify the Company in writing of his identity and his intention to attend the General
Meeting. This notice must be received by the Company ultimately on the seventh day prior to the General Meeting, unless
indicated otherwise when such General Meeting is convened. Persons with Meeting Rights that have not complied with this
requirement may be refused entry to the General Meeting. When a General Meeting is convened the Board of Directors may
stipulate not to apply the previous provisions of this Article 24.5 in respect of the exercise of Meeting Rights and/or voting rights
attached to preferred shares at such General Meeting.
GENERAL MEETING - DECISION-MAKING
Article 25
25.1 Each share, irrespective of which class it concerns, shall give the right to cast one vote at the General Meeting. Fractional
shares of a certain class, if any, collectively constituting the nominal value of a share of that class shall be considered to be
equivalent to such a share.
18
25.2 No vote may be cast at a General Meeting in respect of a share belonging to the Company or a Subsidiary or in respect of a
share for which any of them holds the depository receipts. Usufructuaries and pledgees of shares belonging to the Company or its
Subsidiaries are not, however, precluded from exercising their voting rights if the usufruct or pledge was created before the
relevant share belonged to the Company or a Subsidiary. Neither the Company nor a Subsidiary may vote shares in respect of
which it holds a usufruct or a pledge.
25.3 Unless a greater majority is required by law or by these articles of association, all resolutions of the General Meeting shall be
passed by Simple Majority.
25.4 Invalid votes, blank votes and abstentions shall not be counted as votes cast. Shares in respect of which an invalid or blank
vote has been cast and shares in respect of which an abstention has been made shall be taken into account when determining the
part of the issued share capital that is represented at a General Meeting.
25.5 Where there is a tie in any vote of the General Meeting, the relevant resolution shall not have been passed.
25.6 The chairman of the General Meeting shall decide on the method of voting and the voting procedure at the General Meeting.
25.7 The determination during the General Meeting made by the chairman of that General Meeting with regard to the results of a
vote shall be decisive. If the accuracy of the chairman's determination is contested immediately after it has been made, a new vote
shall take place if the majority of the General Meeting so requires or, where the original vote did not take place by response to a
roll call or in writing, if any party with voting rights who is present so requires. The legal consequences of the original vote shall
lapse as a result of the new vote.
25.8 The Board of Directors shall keep a record of the resolutions passed. The record shall be available at the Company's office
for inspection by Persons with Meeting Rights. Each of them shall, upon request, be provided with a copy of or extract from the
record, at no more than the cost price.
25.9 Shareholders may pass resolutions outside a meeting, unless the Company has cooperated with the issuance of depository
receipts for shares in its capital. Such resolutions can only be passed by a unanimous vote of all shareholders with voting rights.
The votes shall be cast in writing and may be cast through electronic means.
25.10 The Directors shall, in that capacity, have an advisory vote at the General Meetings.
GENERAL MEETING - SPECIAL RESOLUTIONS
Article 26
26.1 The following resolutions can only be passed by the General Meeting at the proposal of the Board of Directors:
a. the issue of shares or the granting of rights to subscribe for shares;
b. the limitation or exclusion of pre-emption rights;
c. the designation or granting of an authorisation as referred to in Articles 6.1, 7.5 and 10.2, respectively;
d. the reduction of the Company's issued share capital;
e. the making of a distribution from the Company's profits or reserves on the ordinary shares;
19
f. the making of a distribution in the form of shares in the Company's capital or in the form of assets, instead of in cash;
g. the amendment of these articles of association;
h. the entering into of a merger or demerger;
i. the instruction of the Board of Directors to apply for the Company's bankruptcy; and
j. the Company's dissolution.
26.2 For purposes of Article 26.1, a resolution shall not be considered to have been proposed by the Board of Directors if such
resolution has been included in the convening notice or announced in the same manner by or at the request of one or more Persons
with Meeting Rights pursuant to Articles 22.5 and/or 22.6, unless the Board of Directors has expressly indicated its support of
such resolution in the agenda of the General Meeting concerned or in the explanatory notes thereto.
CLASS MEETINGS
Article 27
27.1 A Class Meeting shall be held whenever a resolution of that Class Meeting is required by Dutch law or under these articles of
association and otherwise whenever the Board of Directors so decides.
27.2 Without prejudice to Article 27.1, for Class Meetings of ordinary shares, the provisions concerning the convening of,
drawing up of the agenda for, holding of and decision- making by the General Meeting apply mutatis mutandis.
27.3 For Class Meetings of preferred shares, the following shall apply:
a. Articles 22.3, 22.9, 23.3, 25.1, 25.2 through 25.10 apply mutatis mutandis;
b. a Class Meeting must be convened no later than on the eighth day prior to that of the meeting;
c. a Class Meeting shall appoint its own chairman; and
d. where the rules laid down by these articles of association in relation to the convening, location of or drawing up of the
agenda for a Class Meeting have not been complied with, legally valid resolutions may still be passed by that Class
Meeting by a unanimous vote at a meeting at which all shares of the relevant class are represented.
REPORTING - FINANCIAL YEAR, ANNUAL ACCOUNTS AND MANAGEMENT REPORT
Article 28
28.1 The Company's financial year shall coincide with the calendar year.
28.2 Annually, within the relevant statutory period, the Board of Directors shall prepare the annual accounts and the management
report and deposit them at the Company's office for inspection by the shareholders.
28.3 The annual accounts shall be signed by the Directors. If any of their signatures is missing, this shall be mentioned, stating the
reasons.
20
28.4 The Company shall ensure that the annual accounts, the management report and the particulars to be added pursuant to
Section 2:392(1) DCC shall be available at its offices as from the convening of the General Meeting at which they are to be
discussed. The Persons with Meeting Rights are entitled to inspect such documents at that location and to obtain a copy at no cost.
28.5 The annual accounts shall be adopted by the General Meeting.
REPORTING - AUDIT
Article 29
29.1 The General Meeting shall instruct an auditor as referred to in Section 2:393 DCC to audit the annual accounts. Where the
General Meeting fails to do so, the Board of Directors shall be authorised.
29.2 The instruction may be revoked by the General Meeting and, if the Board of Directors has granted the instruction, by the
Board of Directors. The instruction can only be revoked for well-founded reasons; a difference of opinion regarding the reporting
or auditing methods shall not constitute such a reason.
DISTRIBUTIONS - GENERAL
Article 30
30.1 A distribution can only be made to the extent that the Company's equity exceeds the amount of the paid up and called up part
of its capital plus the reserves which must be maintained by law.
30.2 The Board of Directors may resolve to make interim distributions, provided that it appears from interim accounts to be
prepared in accordance with Section 2:105(4) DCC that the requirement referred to in Article 30.1 has been met and, if it concerns
an interim distribution of profits, taking into account the order of priority described in Article 32.1.
30.3 No entitlement to distributions is attached to preferred shares, other than as described in Articles 11.2, 32.1 and 33.3.
30.4 Distributions shall be made in proportion to the aggregate nominal value of the shares . In deviation of the previous sentence,
distributions on preferred shares (or to the former holders of preferred shares) shall be made in proportion to the amounts paid up
(or formerly paid up) on those preferred shares.
30.5 The parties entitled to a distribution shall be the relevant shareholders, usufructuaries and pledgees, as the case may be, at a
date to be determined by the Board of Directors for that purpose. This date shall not be earlier than the date on which the
distribution was announced.
30.6 The General Meeting may resolve, subject to Article 26, that all or part of such distribution, instead of being made in cash,
shall be made in the form of shares in the Company's capital or in the form of the Company's assets.
30.7 A distribution shall be payable on such date and, if it concerns a distribution in cash, in such currency as determined by the
Board of Directors. If it concerns a distribution in the form of the Company's assets, the Board of Directors shall determine the
value attributed to such distribution for purposes of recording the distribution in the Company's accounts with due observance of
applicable law (including the applicable accounting principles).
21
30.8 A claim for payment of a distribution shall lapse after five years have expired after the distribution became payable.
30.9 For the purpose of calculating the amount or allocation of any distribution, shares held by the Company in its own capital
shall not be taken into account. No distribution shall be made to the Company in respect of shares held by it in its own capital.
DISTRIBUTIONS - RESERVES
Article 31
31.1 All reserves maintained by the Company shall be attached exclusively to the ordinary shares.
31.2 Subject to Article 26, the General Meeting is authorised to resolve to make a distribution from the Company's reserves.
31.3 Without prejudice to Articles 31.4 and 32.2, distributions from a reserve shall be made exclusively on the class of shares to
which such reserve is attached.
31.4 The Board of Directors may resolve to charge amounts to be paid up on shares against the Company's reserves, irrespective
of whether those shares are issued to existing shareholders.
DISTRIBUTIONS - PROFITS
Article 32
32.1 Subject to Article 30.1, the profits shown in the Company's annual accounts in respect of a financial year shall be
appropriated as follows, and in the following order of priority:
a. to the extent that any preferred shares have been cancelled without the distribution described in Article 11.2 paragraph
b. having been paid in full and without any such deficit subsequently having been paid in full as described in this Article
32.1 or Article 32.2, an amount equal to any such (remaining) deficit shall be distributed to those who held those
preferred shares at the moment of such cancellation becoming effective;
b. to the extent that any Preferred Distribution (or part thereof) in relation to previous financial years has not yet been paid
in full as described in this Article 32.1 or Article 32.2, an amount equal to any such (remaining) deficit shall be
distributed on the preferred shares;
c. the Preferred Distribution shall be distributed on the preferred shares in respect of the financial year to which the annual
accounts pertain;
d. the Board of Directors shall determine which part of the remaining profits shall be added to the Company's reserves;
and
e. subject Article 26, the remaining profits shall be at the disposal of the General Meeting for distribution on the ordinary
shares.
32.2 To the extent that the distributions described in Article 32.1 paragraphs a. through c. (or any part thereof) cannot be paid out
of the profits shown in the annual accounts, any such deficit shall be distributed from the Company's reserves, subject to Articles
30.1 and 30.2.
32.3 Without prejudice to Article 30.1, a distribution of profits shall be made after the adoption of the annual accounts that show
that such distribution is allowed.
22
DISSOLUTION AND LIQUIDATION
Article 33
33.1 In the event of the Company being dissolved, the liquidation shall be effected by the Board of Directors, unless the General
Meeting decides otherwise.
33.2 To the extent possible, these articles of association shall remain in effect during the liquidation.
33.3 To the extent that any assets remain after payment of all of the Company's debts, those assets shall be distributed as follows,
and in the following order of priority:
a. the amounts paid up on the preferred shares shall be repaid on such preferred shares;
b. to the extent that any preferred shares have been cancelled without the distribution described in Article 11.2 paragraph
b. having been paid in full and without any such deficit subsequently having been paid in full as described in Articles 32.1
and 32.2, an amount equal to any such (remaining) deficit shall be distributed to those who held those preferred shares at
the moment of such cancellation becoming effective;
c. to the extent that any Preferred Distribution (or part thereof) in relation to financial years prior to the financial year in
which the distribution referred to in paragraph a. occurs has not yet been paid in full as described in Articles 32.1 and
32.2, an amount equal to any such (remaining) deficit shall be distributed on the preferred shares;
d. the Preferred Distribution shall be paid on the preferred shares calculated in respect of the part of the financial year in
which the distribution referred to in paragraph a. is made, for the number of days that have already elapsed during such
part of the financial year; and
e. any remaining assets shall be distributed to the holders of ordinary shares.
33.4 After the Company has ceased to exist, its books, records and other information carriers shall be kept for the period
prescribed by law by the person designated for that purpose in the resolution of the General Meeting to dissolve the Company.
Where the General Meeting has not designated such a person, the liquidators shall do so.
THE UNDERSIGNED
P.C.S. van der Bijl,, civil law notary in Amsterdam, hereby declares that he is satisfied that, to the best of his
knowledge, the articles of association of InflaRx N.V., with corporate seat in Amsterdam, immediately after
execution of the abovementioned deed of amendment to the articles of association, read as per the text printed
above.
Signed at Amsterdam, on 25 August 2021.
(Signed: P.C.S. van der Bijl,)
23
EX-2.4 3 inv_ex24.htm DESCRIPTION OF RIGHTS
EXHIBIT 2.4
Description of Rights of Each Applicable Class of Securities Registered Under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
InflaRx N.V.’s (“us, “we,” “our” or the “Company”) common shares are registered under Section 12 of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Our common shares are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “IFRX.”
We are registered with the Trade Register of the Chamber of Commerce (Kamer van Koophandel) under number 68904312. Our
corporate seat is in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and our registered office is in Jena, Germany.
The following summary of the general terms and provisions of our common shares does not purport to be complete and is
subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to our articles of association (as amended from time to time, our “Articles of
Association”) and applicable Dutch law provisions.
Common Shares
Our common shares are issued in registered form. Our authorized share capital amounts to €26,400,000, divided into
110,000,000 common shares, nominal value of €0.12 per share, and 110,000,000 preferred shares, nominal value of €0.12 per
share.
Under Dutch law, our authorized share capital is the maximum capital that we may issue without amending our Articles
of Association.
Preemptive Rights
Upon an issue of common shares, each holder of common shares shall have a pre-emption right in proportion to the
aggregate nominal value of its common shares. Holders of common shares do not have pre-emption rights in respect of preferred
shares, shares issued against non-cash contribution or shares issued to employees of the Company or of a Group Company (as
defined in our Articles of Association). The Company shall announce an issue with pre-emption rights and the period during
which those rights can be exercised in the State Gazette and in a daily newspaper with national distribution, unless the
announcement is sent in writing to all shareholders at the addresses submitted by them. Pre-emption rights may be exercised for a
period of at least two weeks after the date of announcement in the State Gazette or after the announcement was sent to the
shareholders.
Pursuant to our Articles of Association, pre-emption rights may be limited or excluded by a resolution at a general
meeting or as otherwise authorized, if that body was authorized by the general meeting for this purpose for a specified period not
exceeding five years. The authorization may be extended, in each case for a period not exceeding five years. Unless stipulated
differently when granting the authorization, the authorization cannot be revoked. For as long as, and to the extent that another
body has been authorized to resolve to limit or exclude preemption rights, the general meeting shall not have this authority. A
resolution of the general meeting to limit or exclude pre-emption rights, or to grant an authorization as referred to above, shall
require a majority of at least two thirds of the votes cast if less than half of the issued share capital is represented at the general
meeting. These provisions will not apply in respect of issuing shares to a party exercising a previously acquired right to subscribe
for shares.
Transfer of common shares
Except as otherwise provided or allowed by Dutch law, the issue or transfer of a share shall require a deed to that effect
and, in the case of a transfer and unless the Company itself is a party to the transaction, acknowledgement of the transfer by the
Company. The acknowledgement shall be set out in the deed or shall be made in such other manner as prescribed by law. For as
long as any common shares are admitted to trading on the New York Stock Exchange, the Nasdaq Stock Market or on any other
regulated stock exchange operating in the United States of America, the laws of the State of New York shall apply to the property
law aspects of the common shares reflected in the register administered by the relevant transfer agent.
Repurchase of shares
An acquisition of common shares for a consideration must be authorized by our general meeting of shareholders. Such
authorization may be granted for a maximum period of 18 months and must specify the number of common shares that may be
acquired, the manner in which common shares may be acquired and the price limits within which common shares may be
acquired. The actual acquisition may only be effected by a resolution of our board of directors. No authorization of the general
meeting of shareholders is required if common shares are acquired by us with the intention of transferring such common shares to
our employees under an applicable employee stock purchase plan.
Requirements for Amendments to our Articles of Association
An amendment of our Articles of Association would require a resolution of the general meeting of shareholders upon
proposal by the board of directors.
Limitations on the Right to Own Common Shares
There is no restriction on the ownership of our shares. Any closing of any offering of our common shares will be
conducted through The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”) in accordance with its customary settlement procedures for equity
securities. Each person owning common shares held through DTC must rely on the procedures thereof and on institutions that
have accounts therewith to exercise any rights of a holder of our common shares. Pursuant to our Articles of Association, for as
long as any of our common shares are admitted to trading on any regulated stock exchange operating in the United States of
America, the laws of the State of New York shall apply to the property law aspects of our common shares reflected in the register
administered by the relevant transfer agent.
Limitation on liability and indemnification matters
Under Dutch law, directors and certain other officers may be held liable for damages in the event of improper or
negligent performance of their duties. They may be held jointly and severally liable for damages to the Company and to third
parties for infringement of our Articles of Association or of certain provisions of the Dutch Civil Code. In certain circumstances,
they may also incur additional specific civil and criminal liabilities. Subject to certain exceptions, our Articles of Association
provide for indemnification of our current and former directors (and other current and former officers and employees as
designated by our board of directors). Directors and certain other officers are also insured under an insurance policy taken out by
us against damages resulting from their conduct when acting in the capacities as such directors or officers.
Quorum and voting requirements
Each common share confers the right on the holder to cast one vote at the general meeting of shareholders. Shareholders
may vote by proxy. No votes may be cast at a general meeting of shareholders on shares held by us or our subsidiaries or on
shares for which we or our subsidiaries hold depositary receipts. Nonetheless, the holders of a right of use and enjoyment
(vruchtgebruik) and the holders of a right of pledge (pandrecht) in respect of shares held by us or our subsidiaries in our share
capital are not excluded from the right to vote on such shares, if the right of use and enjoyment (vruchtgebruik) or the right of
pledge (pandrecht) was granted prior to the time such shares were acquired by us or any of our subsidiaries. Neither we nor any of
our subsidiaries may cast votes in respect of a share on which we or such subsidiary holds a right of use and enjoyment
(vruchtgebruik) or a right of pledge (pandrecht). Shares which are not entitled to voting rights pursuant to the preceding sentences
will not be taken into account for the purpose of determining the number of shareholders that vote and that are present or
represented, or the amount of the share capital that is provided or that is represented at a general meeting of shareholders.
Decisions of the general meeting of shareholders are taken by a simple majority of votes cast, except where Dutch law or
our Articles of Association provide for a qualified majority or unanimity.
2
Dividends and other distributions
Amount available for distribution
We may only make distributions to our shareholders if our shareholders’ equity (eigen vermogen) exceeds the sum of the
paid-up and called-up share capital plus any reserves required by Dutch law or by our Articles of Association. Under our Articles
of Association, if any of the preferred shares are outstanding, a dividend is first paid out of the profit, if available for distribution,
on the preferred shares. Any amount remaining out of the profit is carried to reserve as the board of directors determines. After
reservation by the board of directors of any profit, the remaining profit will be at the disposal of the general meeting of
shareholders.
We may only make a distribution of dividends to our shareholders after the adoption of our annual accounts
demonstrating that such distribution is legally permitted. The board of directors is permitted, subject to certain requirements, to
declare interim dividends without the approval of the general meeting of shareholders.
Dividends and other distributions shall be made payable not later than the date determined by the board of directors.
Claims to dividends and other distributions not made within five years from the date that such dividends or distributions became
payable, will lapse and any such amounts will be considered to have been forfeited to us (verjaring).
We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future.
Exchange controls
Under existing laws of the Netherlands, there are no exchange controls applicable to the transfer to persons outside of the
Netherlands of dividends or other distributions with respect to, or of the proceeds from the sale of, shares of a Dutch company,
subject to applicable restrictions under sanctions and measures, including those concerning export control, pursuant to European
Union regulations, the Sanctions Act 1977 (Sanctiewet 1977) or other legislation, applicable anti-boycott regulations, applicable
anti-money-laundering regulations and similar rules and provided that, under certain circumstances, payments of such dividends
or other distributions must be reported to the Dutch Central Bank at their request for statistical purposes.
Squeeze out procedures
Pursuant to Section 92a, Book 2, of the Dutch Civil Code, a shareholder who - alone or together with group companies -
for his own account holds at least 95% of our issued share capital may initiate proceedings against the other shareholders jointly
for the transfer of their shares to such shareholder. The proceedings are held before the Enterprise Chamber of the Amsterdam
Court of Appeal, or the Enterprise Chamber (Ondernemingskamer), and can be instituted by means of a writ of summons served
upon each of the other shareholders in accordance with the provisions of the Dutch Code of Civil Procedure (Wetboek van
Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering). The Enterprise Chamber may grant the claim for squeeze out in relation to the other shareholders
and will determine the price to be paid for the shares, if necessary after appointment of one or three experts who will offer an
opinion to the Enterprise Chamber on the value to be paid for the shares of the other shareholders. Once the order to transfer
becomes final before the Enterprise Chamber, the person acquiring the shares shall give written notice of the date and place of
payment and the price to the holders of the shares to be acquired whose addresses are known to him. Unless the addresses of all of
them are known to the acquiring person, such person is required to publish the same in a daily newspaper with a national
circulation.
Dissolution and liquidation
Under our Articles of Association, we may be dissolved by a resolution of the general meeting of shareholders, subject to
a proposal of the board of directors. In the event of a dissolution, the liquidation shall be effected by the board of directors, unless
the general meeting decides otherwise. To the extent that any assets remain after payment of all debts, those assets shall first be
distributed to the holders of any outstanding preferred shares in accordance with the procedures set forth in our Articles of
Association. After such distribution the remaining assets shall be distributed to the holders of common shares. All distributions
referred to in this paragraph will be made in accordance with the relevant provisions of the laws of the Netherlands.
3
Provisions Impacting Any Change of Control
Under Dutch law and Dutch case law, various protective measures are possible and permissible. We have adopted several
provisions that may have the effect of making a takeover of our company more difficult or less attractive, including:
·
·
·
·
·
the authorization of a class of preferred shares that may be issued by our board of directors to a friendly party, in such a
manner as to dilute the interest of any potential acquirer;
the staggered terms of our directors, as a result of which only part of our directors will (at least initially) be subject to
election or re-election in any one year;
a provision that our directors may only be removed at the general meeting of shareholders by a two-thirds majority of
votes cast representing at least 50% of our outstanding share capital if such removal is not proposed by our board of
directors;
our directors being appointed on the basis of a binding nomination by our board of directors, which can only be
overruled by the general meeting of shareholders by a resolution adopted by at least a two-thirds majority of the votes
cast, provided such majority represents more than half of the issued share capital (in which case the board of directors
shall make a new nomination); and
requirements that certain matters, including an amendment of our Articles of Association, may only be brought to our
shareholders for a vote upon a proposal by our board of directors.
Furthermore, in accordance with the Dutch Corporate Governance Code, or DCGC, shareholders who have the right to
put an item on the agenda for our general meeting of shareholders or to request the convening of a general meeting of shareholders
shall not exercise such rights until after they have consulted our board of directors. If exercising such rights may result in a change
in our strategy (for example, through the dismissal of one or more of our directors), our board of directors must be given the
opportunity to invoke a reasonable period of up to 180 days to respond to the shareholders’ intentions. If invoked, our board of
directors must use such response period for further deliberation and constructive consultation, in any event with the shareholder(s)
concerned and exploring alternatives. At the end of the response time, our board of directors shall report on this consultation and
the exploration of alternatives to our general meeting. The response period may be invoked only once for any given general
meeting and shall not apply (i) in respect of a matter for which a response period has been previously invoked or (ii) if a
shareholder holds at least 75% of our issued share capital as a consequence of a successful public bid.
Moreover, our board of directors can invoke a cooling-off period of up to 250 days when shareholders, using their right to
have items added to the agenda for a general meeting of shareholders or their right to request a general meeting of shareholders,
propose an agenda item for our general meeting of shareholders to dismiss, suspend or appoint one or more directors (or to amend
any provision in our Articles of Association dealing with those matters) or when a public offer for our company is made or
announced without our support, provided, in each case, that our board of directors believes that such proposal or offer materially
conflicts with the interests of our company and its business. During a cooling-off period, our general meeting of shareholders
cannot dismiss, suspend or appoint directors (or amend the provisions in our articles of association dealing with those matters)
except at the proposal of our board of directors. During a cooling-off period, our board of directors must gather all relevant
information necessary for a careful decision-making process and at least consult with shareholders representing 3% or more of our
issued share capital at the time the cooling-off period was invoked, as well as with our Dutch works council (if we or, under
certain circumstances, any of our subsidiaries would have one). Formal statements expressed by these stakeholders during such
consultations must be published on our website to the extent these stakeholders have approved that publication. Ultimately one
week following the last day of the cooling-off period, our board of directors must publish a report in respect of its policy and
conduct of affairs during the cooling-off period on our website. This report must remain available for inspection by shareholders
and others with meeting rights under Dutch law at our office and must be tabled for discussion at the next general meeting of
shareholders. Shareholders representing at least 3% of our issued share capital may request the Enterprise Chamber of the
Amsterdam Court of Appeal, or the Enterprise Chamber (Ondernemingskamer), for early termination of the cooling-off period.
The Enterprise Chamber must rule in favor of the request if the shareholders can demonstrate that:
·
·
·
our board of directors, in light of the circumstances at hand when the cooling-off period was invoked, could not
reasonably have concluded that the relevant proposal or hostile offer constituted a material conflict with the interests of
our company and its business;
our board of directors cannot reasonably believe that a continuation of the cooling-off period would contribute to
careful policy-making; or
other defensive measures, having the same purpose, nature and scope as the cooling-off period, have been activated
during the cooling-off period and have not since been terminated or suspended within a reasonable period at the
relevant shareholders’ request (i.e., no ‘stacking’ of defensive measures).
4
Comparison of Dutch corporate law and our Articles of Association and U.S. Corporate Law
The following is a comparison of Dutch corporate law, which applies to us, and Delaware corporation law, the law under
which many publicly listed corporations in the United States are incorporated. Although we believe this summary is materially
accurate, the summary is subject to Dutch law, including Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code and the DCGC and Delaware
corporation law, including the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”).
a) Corporate governance
Duties of directors
The Netherlands. We have a one-tier board structure consisting of one or more executive directors and one or more non-
executive directors. Under Dutch law, the board of directors as a collective is responsible for the management and the strategy,
policy and operations of the company. The executive directors manage our day-to-day business and operations and implement our
strategy. The non-executive directors focus on the supervision on the policy and functioning of the performance of the duties of all
directors and our general state of affairs. Each director has a statutory duty to act in the corporate interest of the company and its
business. Under Dutch law, the corporate interest extends to the interests of all corporate stakeholders, such as shareholders,
creditors, employees, customers and suppliers. The duty to act in the corporate interest of the company also applies in the event of
a proposed sale or break-up of the company, provided that the circumstances generally dictate how such duty is to be applied and
how the respective interests of various groups of stakeholders should be weighed. Any resolution of the board of directors
regarding a material change in the identity or character of the company requires the approval of the general meeting of
shareholders.
Delaware. The board of directors bears the ultimate responsibility for managing the business and affairs of a corporation.
In discharging this function, directors of a Delaware corporation owe fiduciary duties of care and loyalty to the corporation and to
its stockholders. Delaware courts have decided that the directors of a Delaware corporation are required to exercise informed
business judgment in the performance of their duties. Informed business judgment means that the directors have informed
themselves of all material information reasonably available to them. Delaware courts have also imposed a heightened standard of
conduct upon directors of a Delaware corporation who take any action designed to defeat a threatened change in control of the
corporation. In addition, under Delaware law, when the board of directors of a Delaware corporation approves the sale or break-up
of a corporation, the board of directors may, in certain circumstances, have a duty to obtain the highest value reasonably available
to the stockholders.
Director terms
The Netherlands. The DCGC provides the following best practice recommendations on the terms for directors’ service:
·
·
·
·
Executive directors should be appointed for a maximum period of four years, without limiting the number of
consecutive terms executive directors may serve.
Non-executive directors should be appointed for two consecutive periods of no more than four years.
Thereafter, non-executive directors may be reappointed for a maximum of two consecutive periods of no more than two
years, provided that any reappointment after an eight-year term of office should be disclosed in the company’s annual
board report.
The general meeting of shareholders shall at all times be entitled to suspend or remove a director. Under our Articles of
Association, the general meeting of shareholders may only adopt a resolution to suspend or remove such director by at
least a two-thirds majority of the votes cast, provided such majority represents more than half of the issued share
capital, unless the resolution is passed at the proposal of the board of directors, in which case a simple majority of the
votes cast is sufficient.
5
Delaware. The DGCL generally provides for a one-year term for directors, but permits directorships to be divided into up
to three classes with up to three-year terms, with the years for each class expiring in different years, if permitted by the certificate
of incorporation, an initial bylaw or a bylaw adopted by the stockholders. A director elected to serve a term on a “classified” board
may not be removed by stockholders without cause. There is no limit in the number of terms a director may serve.
Director vacancies
The Netherlands. Our board of directors can temporarily fill vacancies in its midst caused by temporary absence or
incapacity of directors without requiring a shareholder vote. If all of our directors are absent or incapacitated, our management
shall be attributed to the person who most recently ceased to hold office as the chairperson of our board of directors, provided that
if such former chairperson is unwilling or unable to accept that position, the our management shall be attributed to the person who
most recently ceased to hold office as our Chief Executive Officer. If such former Chief Executive Officer is also unwilling or
unable to accept that position, our management shall be attributed to one or more persons whom the general meeting of
shareholders has designated for that purpose. The person(s) charged with our management in this manner may designate one or
more persons to be charged with our management instead of, or together with, such person(s). Under Dutch law, directors are
appointed and reappointed by the general meeting of shareholders. Under our Articles of Association, directors are appointed by
the general meeting of shareholders upon the binding nomination by our board of directors. However, the general meeting of
shareholders may at all times overrule the binding nomination by a resolution adopted by at least a two-thirds majority of the
votes cast, provided such majority represents more than half of the issued share capital. If the general meeting of shareholders
overrules the binding nomination, the board of directors shall make a new nomination.
Delaware. The DGCL provides that vacancies and newly created directorships may be filled by a majority of the
directors then in office (even though less than a quorum) unless (i) otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or bylaws
of the corporation or (ii) the certificate of incorporation directs that a particular class of stock is to elect such director, in which
case any other directors elected by such class, or a sole remaining director elected by such class, will fill such vacancy.
Conflict-of-interest transactions
The Netherlands. Under Dutch law and our Articles of Association, our directors shall not take part in any discussion or
decision-making that involves a subject or transaction in relation to which he or she has a conflict of interest with us. Our Articles
of Association provide that if as a result thereof no resolution of the board of directors can be adopted, the resolution can
nonetheless be adopted by the board of directors as if none of the directors had a conflict of interest. In that case, each director is
entitled to participate in the discussion and decision-making process and to cast a vote.
The DCGC provides the following best practice recommendations in relation to conflicts of interests:
·
·
·
·
a director should report any potential conflict of interest in a transaction that is of material significance to the company
and/or to such director to the other directors without delay, providing all relevant information in relation to the conflict;
the board of directors should then decide, outside the presence of the director concerned, whether there is a conflict of
interest;
transactions in which there is a conflict of interest with a director should be agreed on arms’ length terms; and
a decision to enter into such a transaction in which there is a conflict of interest with a director that is of material
significance to the company and/or to such director shall require the approval of the board of directors, and such
transactions should be disclosed in the company’s annual board report.
6
director of that corporation if:
Delaware. The DGCL generally permits transactions involving a Delaware corporation and an interested
·
·
·
the material facts as to the director’s relationship or interest are disclosed and a majority of disinterested directors
consent;
the material facts are disclosed as to the director’s relationship or interest and a majority of shares entitled to vote
thereon consent; or
the transaction is fair to the corporation at the time it is authorized by the board of directors, a committee of the board of
directors or the stockholders.
Proxy voting by directors
The Netherlands. An absent director may issue a proxy for a specific board meeting but only to another director in
writing.
director.
Delaware. A director of a Delaware corporation may not issue a proxy representing the director’s voting rights as a
b) Dutch Corporate Governance Code
The DCGC contains both principles and best practice provisions for boards of directors, shareholders and general
meetings of shareholders, financial reporting, auditors, disclosure, compliance and enforcement standards. A copy of the DCGC
can be found on www.mccg.nl. As a Dutch company listed on a stock exchange, we are subject to the DCGC and are required to
disclose in our annual board report to what we extent comply with the principles and best practice provisions of the DCGC, and
where we do not (for example, because of a conflicting Nasdaq requirement or otherwise), we must state why and to what extent
we deviate in our annual report. We do not comply with all best practice provisions of the DCGC and disclose our deviations from
the DCGC in our annual board report from time to time.
c) Shareholder rights
Voting rights
The Netherlands. In accordance with Dutch law and our Articles of Association, each issued common share and each
issued preferred share confers the right to cast one vote at the general meeting of shareholders. Each holder of shares may cast as
many votes as it holds shares. No votes may be cast on shares that are held by us or our direct or indirect subsidiaries or on shares
for which we or our subsidiaries hold depositary receipts. Nonetheless, the holders of a right of use and enjoyment (vruchtgebruik)
and the holders of a right of pledge (pandrecht) in respect of shares held by us or our subsidiaries in our share capital are not
excluded from the right to vote on such shares, if the right of use and enjoyment (vruchtgebruik) or the right of pledge (pandrecht)
was granted prior to the time such shares were acquired by us or any of our subsidiaries. Neither we nor any of our subsidiaries
may cast votes in respect of a share on which we or such subsidiary holds a right of use and enjoyment (vruchtgebruik) or a right
of pledge (pandrecht).
In accordance with our Articles of Association, for each general meeting of shareholders, the board of directors may
determine that a record date will be applied in order to establish which shareholders are entitled to attend and vote at the general
meeting of shareholders. Such record date shall be the 28th day prior to the day of the general meeting. The record date and the
manner in which shareholders can register and exercise their rights will be set out in the notice of the meeting.
Delaware. Under the DGCL, each stockholder is entitled to one vote per share of stock, unless the certificate of
incorporation provides otherwise. In addition, the certificate of incorporation may provide for cumulative voting at all elections of
directors of the corporation, or at elections held under specified circumstances. Either the certificate of incorporation or the bylaws
may specify the number of shares and/or the amount of other securities that must be represented at a meeting in order to constitute
a quorum, but in no event will a quorum consist of less than one-third of the shares entitled to vote at a meeting.
7
Stockholders as of the record date for the meeting are entitled to vote at the meeting, and the board of directors may fix a
record date that is no more than 60 days nor less than 10 days before the date of the meeting, and if no record date is set then the
record date is the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or if notice is waived then the
record date is the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held. The determination of the
stockholders of record entitled to notice or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting, but
the board of directors may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.
Shareholder proposals
The Netherlands. Pursuant to our Articles of Association, extraordinary general meetings of shareholders will be held
whenever required under Dutch law or whenever our board of directors deems such to be appropriate or necessary. Pursuant to
Dutch law, one or more shareholders or others with meeting rights under Dutch law representing at least one-tenth of the issued
share capital may request us to convene a general meeting, setting out in detail the matters to be discussed. If our board of
directors has not taken the steps necessary to ensure that such meeting can be held within six weeks after the request, the
requesting party or parties may, on their application, be authorized by the competent Dutch court in preliminary relief proceedings
to convene a general meeting of shareholders.
Also, the agenda for a general meeting of shareholders shall include such items requested by one or more shareholders,
and others entitled to attend general meetings of shareholders, representing at least 3% of the issued share capital, except where
the articles of association state a lower percentage. Our Articles of Association do not state such lower percentage. Requests must
be made in writing and received by the board of directors at least 60 days before the day of the convocation of the meeting. In
accordance with the DCGC, a shareholder shall exercise the right of putting an item on the agenda only after consulting the board
of directors in that respect. If one or more shareholders intend to request that an item be put on the agenda that may result in a
change in the company’s strategy (e.g., the removal of directors), the board of directors should be given the opportunity to invoke
a reasonable response time of up to 180 days from the moment the board of directors is informed of the intentions of the
shareholders. In addition, our board of directors can invoke a cooling-off period of up to 250 days when shareholders, using their
right to have items added to the agenda for a general meeting or their right to request a general meeting of shareholders, propose
an agenda item for our general meeting to dismiss, suspend or appoint one or more directors (or to amend any provision in our
Articles of Association dealing with those matters) or when a public offer for our company is made or announced without our
support, provided, in each case, that our board of directors believes that such proposal or offer materially conflicts with the
interests of our company and its business. During a cooling-off period, our general meeting of shareholders cannot dismiss,
suspend or appoint directors (or amend the provisions in our Articles of Association dealing with those matters) except at the
proposal of our board of directors.
Delaware. Delaware law does not specifically grant stockholders the right to bring business before an annual or special
meeting. However, if a Delaware corporation is subject to the SEC’s proxy rules, a stockholder who owns at least $2,000 in
market value, or 1% of the corporation’s securities entitled to vote, and has owned such securities for at least one year, may
propose a matter for a vote at an annual or special meeting in accordance with those rules. We are not not subject to such proxy
rules because we are a “foreign private issuer.”
Action by written consent
The Netherlands. Under Dutch law, shareholders’ resolutions may be adopted in writing without holding a meeting of
shareholders, provided that (i) the articles of association allow such action by written consent, (ii) the company has not issued
bearer shares or, with its cooperation, depository receipts for shares in its capital, and (iii) the resolution is adopted unanimously
by all shareholders that are entitled to vote. The requirement of unanimity renders the adoption of shareholder resolutions without
holding a meeting not feasible for publicly traded companies.
Delaware. Although permitted by Delaware law, publicly listed companies do not typically permit stockholders of a
corporation to take action by written consent.
8
Appraisal rights
The Netherlands. Subject to certain exceptions, Dutch law does not recognize the concept of appraisal or dissenters’
rights. However, Dutch law does provide for squeeze-out procedures as described above. Also, Dutch law provides for cash exit
rights in certain situations for dissenting shareholders of a company organized under Dutch law entering into certain types of
mergers. In those situations, a dissenting shareholder may file a claim with the Dutch company for compensation. Such
compensation shall then be determined by one or more independent experts. The shares of such shareholder that are subject to
such claim will cease to exist as of the moment of entry into effect of the merger.
Delaware. The DGCL provides for stockholder appraisal rights, or the right to demand payment in cash of the judicially
determined fair value of the stockholder’s shares, in connection with certain mergers and consolidations.
Shareholder suits
The Netherlands. In the event a third-party is liable to a Dutch company, only the company itself can bring a civil action
against that party. The individual shareholders do not have the right to bring an action on behalf of the company. Only in the event
that the cause for the liability of a third-party to the company also constitutes a tortious act directly against a shareholder does that
shareholder have an individual right of action against such third-party in its own name. Dutch law provides for the possibility to
initiate such actions collectively, in which a foundation or an association can act as a class representative and has standing to
commence proceedings and claim damages if certain criteria are met. The court will first determine if those criteria are met. If so,
the case will go forward as a class action on the merits after a period allowing class members to opt out from the case has lapsed.
All members of the class who are residents of the Netherlands and who did not opt-out will be bound to the outcome of the case.
Residents of other countries must actively opt in in order to be able to benefit from the class action. The defendant is not required
to file defenses on the merits prior to the merits phase having commenced. It is possible for the parties to reach a settlement during
the merits phase. Such a settlement can be approved by the court, which approval will then bind the members of the class, subject
to a second opt-out. This new regime applies to claims brought after January 1, 2020 and which relate to certain events that
occurred prior to that date. For other matters, the old Dutch class actions regime will apply. Under the old regime, no monetary
damages can be sought. Also, a judgment rendered under the old regime will not always bind all individual class members. Even
though Dutch law does not provide for derivative suits, our directors and officers can still be subject to liability under U.S.
securities laws.
Delaware. Under the DGCL, a stockholder may bring a derivative action on behalf of the corporation to enforce the
rights of the corporation. An individual also may commence a class action suit on behalf of himself and other similarly situated
stockholders where the requirements for maintaining a class action under Delaware law have been met. A person may institute and
maintain such a suit only if that person was a stockholder at the time of the transaction which is the subject of the suit. In addition,
under Delaware case law, the plaintiff normally must be a stockholder at the time of the transaction that is the subject of the suit
and throughout the duration of the derivative suit. Delaware law also requires that the derivative plaintiff make a demand on the
directors of the corporation to assert the corporate claim before the suit may be prosecuted by the derivative plaintiff in court,
unless such a demand would be futile.
Repurchase of shares
The Netherlands. Under Dutch law, when issuing shares, a public company with limited liability such as ours may not
subscribe for newly issued shares in its own capital. Such company may, however, subject to certain restrictions of Dutch law and
its articles of association, acquire shares in its own capital. A listed public company with limited liability such as ours may acquire
fully paid shares in its own capital at any time for no valuable consideration. Furthermore, subject to certain provisions of Dutch
law and its articles of association, such company may repurchase fully paid shares in its own capital if (i) the company’s
shareholders’ equity less the payment required to make the acquisition does not fall below the sum of paid-up and called-up share
capital plus any reserves required by Dutch law or its articles of association and (ii) the aggregate nominal value of shares of the
company which the company acquires, holds or on which the company holds a pledge (pandrecht) or which are held by a
subsidiary of the company, would not exceed 50% of its then current issued share capital. Such company may only acquire its
own shares if its general meeting of shareholders has granted the board of directors the authority to effect such acquisitions.
9
Delaware.Under the DGCL, a corporation may purchase or redeem its own shares unless the capital of the corporation is
impaired or the purchase or redemption would cause an impairment of the capital of the corporation. A Delaware corporation may,
however, purchase or redeem out of capital any of its preferred shares or, if no preferred shares are outstanding, any of its own
shares if such shares will be retired upon acquisition and the capital of the corporation will be reduced in accordance with
specified limitations.
d) Anti-Takeover Provisions
The Netherlands. Under Dutch law, various protective measures are possible and permissible within the boundaries set
by Dutch law and Dutch case law.
·
·
·
·
·
the authorization of a class of preferred shares that may be issued by our board of directors to a friendly party, in such a
manner as to dilute the interest of any potential acquirer;
the staggered terms of our directors, as a result of which only part of our directors will (at least initially) be subject to
election or re-election in any one year;
a provision that our directors may only be removed at the general meeting of shareholders by a two-thirds majority of
votes cast representing at least 50% of our outstanding share capital if such removal is not proposed by our board of
directors;
our directors being appointed on the basis of a binding nomination by our board of directors, which can only be
overruled by the general meeting of shareholders by a resolution adopted by at least a two-thirds majority of the votes
cast, provided such majority represents more than half of the issued share capital (in which case the board of directors
shall make a new nomination); and
requirements that certain matters, including an amendment of our Articles of Association, may only be brought to our
shareholders for a vote upon a proposal by our board of directors.
Furthermore, the DCGC provides for the response period and Dutch law provides for the cooling-off period that our
board of directors can invoke in certain situations, as discussed above.
Delaware. In addition to other aspects of Delaware law governing fiduciary duties of directors during a potential
takeover, the DGCL also contains a business combination statute that protects Delaware companies from hostile takeovers and
from actions following the takeover by prohibiting some transactions once an acquirer has gained a significant holding in the
corporation.
Section 203 of the DGCL prohibits “business combinations,” including mergers, sales and leases of assets, issuances of
securities and similar transactions by a corporation or a subsidiary with an interested stockholder that beneficially owns 15% or
more of a corporation’s voting stock, within three years after the person becomes an interested stockholder, unless:
·
·
·
the transaction that will cause the person to become an interested stockholder is approved by the board of directors of
the target prior to the transactions;
after the completion of the transaction in which the person becomes an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder
holds at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation not including shares owned by persons who are directors and
officers of interested stockholders and shares owned by specified employee benefit plans; or
after the person becomes an interested stockholder, the business combination is approved by the board of directors of
the corporation and holders of at least 66.67% of the outstanding voting stock, excluding shares held by the interested
stockholder.
A Delaware corporation may elect not to be governed by Section 203 of the DGCL by a provision contained in the
original certificate of incorporation of the corporation or an amendment to the original certificate of incorporation or to the bylaws
of the company, which amendment must be approved by a majority of the shares entitled to vote and may not be further amended
by the board of directors of the corporation. In most cases, such an amendment is not effective until 12 months following its
adoption.
10
e) Information rights
The Netherlands. The board of directors provides the general meeting of shareholders, within a reasonable amount of
time with all information that the shareholders require for the exercise of their powers, unless this would be contrary to an
overriding interest of our company. If the board of directors invokes such an overriding interest, it must give reasons.
Delaware.Under the DGCL, any stockholder may inspect for any proper purpose certain of the corporation’s books and
records during the corporation’s usual hours of business.
f) Removal of directors
The Netherlands. Under our Articles of Association, the general meeting of shareholders shall at all times be entitled to
suspend or dismiss a director. The general meeting of shareholders may only adopt a resolution to suspend or dismiss a director by
at least a two-thirds majority of the votes cast, if such majority represents more than half of the issued share capital, unless the
proposal was made by the board of directors, in which latter case a simple majority is sufficient. The DCGC recommends that the
general meeting can pass a resolution to dismiss a director by simple majority, representing no more than one-third of the issued
share capital.
Delaware. Under the DGCL, any director or the entire board of directors may be removed, with or without cause, by the
holders of a majority of the shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors, except (i) unless the certificate of incorporation
provides otherwise, in the case of a corporation whose board is classified, stockholders may affect such removal only for cause, or
(ii) in the case of a corporation having cumulative voting, if less than the entire board is to be removed, no director may be
removed without cause if the votes cast against his removal would be sufficient to elect him if then cumulatively voted at an
election of the entire board of directors, or, if there are classes of directors, at an election of the class of directors of which he is a
part.
g) Issuance of shares
The Netherlands. Under Dutch law, a company’s general meeting is the corporate body authorized to resolve on the
issuance of shares and the granting of rights to subscribe for shares. The general meeting can delegate such authority to another
corporate body of the company, such as the board of directors, for a period not exceeding five years.
Delaware. All creation of shares require the board of directors to adopt a resolution or resolutions, pursuant to authority
expressly vested in the board of directors by the provisions of the company’s certificate of incorporation.
h) Preemptive rights
The Netherlands. Under Dutch law, in the event of an issuance of common shares, each shareholder will have a pro rata
preemptive right in proportion to the aggregate nominal value of the common shares held by such holder (with the exception of
common shares to be issued to employees or common shares issued against a contribution other than in cash or pursuant to the
exercise of a previously acquired right to subscribe for shares). Under our Articles of Association, the preemptive rights in respect
of newly issued common shares may be restricted or excluded by a resolution of the general meeting of shareholders upon
proposal of the board of directors. Our preferred shares carry no preemptive rights.
The board of directors may restrict or exclude the preemptive rights in respect of newly issued common shares if it has
been designated as the authorized body to do so by the general meeting of shareholders. Such designation can be granted for a
period not exceeding five years. A resolution of the general meeting of shareholders to restrict or exclude the preemptive rights or
to designate the board of directors as the authorized body to do so requires a majority of not less than two-thirds of the votes cast,
if less than one-half of our issued share capital is represented at the meeting.
11
Delaware. Under the DGCL, stockholders have no preemptive rights to subscribe for additional issues of stock or to any
security convertible into such stock unless, and to the extent that, such rights are expressly provided for in the certificate of
incorporation.
i) Dividends
The Netherlands. Dutch law provides that dividends may be distributed after adoption of the annual accounts by the
general meeting of shareholders from which it appears that such dividend distribution is allowed. Moreover, dividends may be
distributed only to the extent the shareholders’ equity exceeds the amount of the paid-up and called-up issued share capital and the
reserves that must be maintained under the law or our Articles of Association. Interim dividends may be declared as provided in
our Articles of Association and may be distributed to the extent that the shareholders’ equity exceeds the amount of the paid-up
and called-up issued share capital plus any reserves as described above as apparent from our financial statements. Under Dutch
law, our Articles of Association may prescribe that the board of directors decide what portion of the profits are to be held as
reserves.
Under our Articles of Association, first, a dividend is paid out of the profit, if available for distribution, on the preferred
shares (if applicable). Any amount remaining out of the profit is carried to reserve as the board of directors determines. After
reservation by the board of directors of any profit, the remaining profit will be at the disposal of the general meeting of
shareholders. We only make a distribution of dividends to our shareholders after the adoption of our annual accounts
demonstrating that such distribution is legally permitted. The board of directors is permitted, subject to certain requirements, to
declare interim dividends without the approval of the general meeting of shareholders.
Dividends and other distributions shall be made payable not later than the date determined by the board of directors.
Claims to dividends and other distributions not made within five years from the date that such dividends or distributions became
payable, will lapse and any such amounts will be considered to have been forfeited to us (verjaring).
Delaware. Under the DGCL, a Delaware corporation may pay dividends out of its surplus (the excess of net assets over
capital), or in case there is no surplus, out of its net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared and/or the
preceding fiscal year (provided that the amount of the capital of the corporation is not less than the aggregate amount of the capital
represented by the issued and outstanding stock of all classes having a preference upon the distribution of assets). In determining
the amount of surplus of a Delaware corporation, the assets of the corporation, including stock of subsidiaries owned by the
corporation, must be valued at their fair market value as determined by the board of directors, without regard to their historical
book value. Dividends may be paid in the form of common stock, property or cash.
j) Shareholder vote on certain reorganizations
The Netherlands. Under Dutch law, the general meeting of shareholders must approve resolutions of the board of
directors relating to a significant change in the identity or the character of the company or the business of the company, which
includes:
·
·
·
a transfer of the business or virtually the entire business to a third party;
the entry into or termination of a long-term cooperation of the company or a subsidiary with another legal entity or
company or as a fully liable partner in a limited partnership or general partnership, if such cooperation or termination is
of a far-reaching significance for the company; and
the acquisition or divestment by the company or a subsidiary of a participating interest in the capital of a company
having a value of at least one-third of the amount of its assets according to its balance sheet and explanatory notes or, if
the company prepares a consolidated balance sheet, according to its consolidated balance sheet and explanatory notes in
the last adopted annual accounts of the company.
Delaware. Under the DGCL, the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of capital stock entitled to vote thereon
generally is necessary to approve a merger or consolidation or the sale of all or substantially all of the assets of a corporation. The
DGCL permits a corporation to include in its certificate of incorporation a provision requiring for any corporate action the vote of
a larger portion of the stock or of any class or series of stock than would otherwise be required.
Under the DGCL, no vote of the stockholders of a surviving corporation to a merger is needed, however, unless required
by the certificate of incorporation, if (i) the agreement of merger does not amend in any respect the certificate of incorporation of
the surviving corporation, (ii) the shares of stock of the surviving corporation are not changed in the merger, and (iii) the number
of shares of common stock of the surviving corporation into which any other shares, securities or obligations to be issued in the
merger may be converted does not exceed 20% of the surviving corporation’s common stock outstanding immediately prior to the
effective date of the merger. In addition, stockholders may not be entitled to vote in certain mergers with other corporations that
own 90% or more of the outstanding shares of each class of stock of such corporation, but the stockholders will be entitled to
appraisal rights.
k) Remuneration of directors
The Netherlands. Under Dutch law and our Articles of Association, we must adopt a remuneration policy for our board
of directors. Such remuneration policy shall be adopted by the general meeting of shareholders upon the proposal of the board of
directors. The board of directors determines the remuneration of individual directors with due observance of the remuneration
policy. Our executive directors may not participate in the discussions or decision-making regarding the remuneration of executive
directors. A proposal by the board of directors with respect to remuneration schemes in the form of shares or rights to shares is
submitted by the board of directors to the general meeting of shareholders for its approval. This proposal must set out at least the
maximum number of shares or rights to subscribe for shares to be granted to the board of directors and the criteria for granting or
amendment.
Delaware. Under the DGCL, the stockholders do not generally have the right to approve the compensation policy for
directors or the senior management of the corporation, although certain aspects of executive compensation may be subject to
stockholder vote due to the provisions of U.S. federal securities and tax law, as well as exchange requirements.
Changes in Share Capital
A general meeting can resolve to reduce the Company’s issued share capital by cancelling shares or by reducing the
nominal value of shares by virtue of an amendment to our Articles of Association. The resolution must designate the shares to
which the resolution relate, must provide for the implementation of the resolution, and require a majority of at least two thirds of
the votes cast if less than half of the issued share capital is represented at such general meeting. Such resolution to cancel shares
may only relate to:
·
shares held by the Company itself or in respect of which the Company holds the depository receipts; and
all preferred shares, with repayment of the amounts paid up in respect thereof and provided that, to the extent allowed under our
Articles of Association, a distribution is made on those preferred shares in accordance with our Articles of Association.
12
EX-8.1 4 inv_ex81.htm EXHIBIT
Entity name
InflaRx GmbH
InflaRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Subsidiaries of the Registrant
Jurisdiction of organization
Germany
Delaware
EXHIBIT 8.1
EX-12.1 5 inv_ex121.htm EXHIBIT
EXHIBIT 12.1
CERTIFICATION BY THE PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Niels Riedemann, certify that:
1.
2.
3.
4.
I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 20-F of InflaRx N.V.;
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact
necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not
misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in
all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods
presented in this report;
The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and
procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as
defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed
under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated
subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is
being prepared;
Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be
designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the
preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;;
Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our
conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by
this report based on such evaluation; and
Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the
period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the
company’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.
The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over
financial reporting, to the company’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons
performing the equivalent functions):
a.
b.
All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial
reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and
report financial information; and
Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the
company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Date: March 24, 2022
/s/ Niels Riedemann
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
EX-12.2 6 inv_ex122.htm EXHIBIT
EXHIBIT 12.2
CERTIFICATION BY THE PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Thomas Taapken, certify that:
1.
2.
3.
4.
I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 20-F of InflaRx N.V.;
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact
necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not
misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in
all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods
presented in this report;
The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and
procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as
defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed
under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated
subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is
being prepared;
Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be
designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the
preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our
conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by
this report based on such evaluation; and
Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the
period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the
company’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.
The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over
financial reporting, to the company’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons
performing the equivalent functions):
a.
b.
All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial
reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and
report financial information; and
Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the
company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Date: March 24, 2022
/s/ Thomas Taapken
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
EX-13.1 7 inv_ex131.htm EXHIBIT
EXHIBIT 13.1
CERTIFICATION BY THE PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
The certification set forth below is being submitted in connection with the Annual Report on Form 20-F of InflaRx N.V. (the
“Company”) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 (the “Report”), I, Niels Riedemann, certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge:
1.
2.
the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of
operations of the Company.
Date: March 24, 2022
/s/ Niels Riedemann
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
EX-13.2 8 inv_ex132.htm EXHIBIT
EXHIBIT 13.2
CERTIFICATION BY THE PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
The certification set forth below is being submitted in connection with the Annual Report of InflaRx N.V. (the “Company”) for
the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 (the “Report”), I, Thomas Taapken, certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as
adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge:
1.
2.
the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of
operations of the Company.
Date: March 24, 2022
/s/ Thomas Taapken
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
EX-15.1 9 inv_ex151.htm EXHIBIT
EXHIBIT 15.1
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements:
1.
2.
Registration Statement (Form F-3 No. 333-239759) of InflaRx N.V.
Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-221656) pertaining to the InflaRx N.V. Long-Term Incentive Plan, InflaRx
Stock Option Plan 2016, InflaRx Options Issued Pursuant To The Series B Financing Arrangement
3.
Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-240185) pertaining to the InflaRx N.V. Long-Term Incentive Plan
of our report dated March 23, 2022, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of InflaRx N.V. included in this Annual
Report (Form 20-F) of InflaRx N.V. for the year ended December 31, 2021.
/s/ Ernst & Young GmbH Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft
Munich, Germany
March 24, 2022
EX-15.2 10 inv_ex152.htm EXHIBIT
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
EXHIBIT 15.2
We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statements (No. 333-221656 and No. 333-240185) on Form S-8
and No. 333-239759 on Form F-3 of our report dated April 28, 2020, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of
InflaRx N.V.
/s/ KPMG AG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft
Leipzig, Germany
March 24, 2022