Ituran Location and Control Ltd.
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 20-F ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 Commission file no. 001-32618 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter and translation of Registrant' s name into English) Israel (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 3 Hashikma Street, Azour, Israel (Address of principal executive offices) Eli Kamer, Chief Financial Officer, 3 Hashikma Street, Azour, Israel, Tel: 972-3-5571314, Facsimile: 972-3-5571327 (Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company contact person) Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Name of each exchange on which registered Ordinary Shares, par value NIS 0.331/3 per share Nasdaq Global Select Market Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None (Title of Class) Securities for which there is reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None (Title of Class) Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the Issuer' s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 23,475,431 Ordinary Shares  Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act Yes No ☒ If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Yes No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of accelerated filer and large accelerated filer in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (check one): Large Accelerated Filer ☐ Accelerated Filer ☒ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ If you are an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ The term "new or revised financial accounting standard" refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012. Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant had used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing: U.S. GAAP ☒ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ Other ☐ If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the Registrant has elected to follow: If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Item 17 Item 18 ☐ [APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS] Yes No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes No ☐ The Annual Report of Ituran, together with the Financial Condition and Results of Operations covering that 12 month period, are incorporated by reference into Ituran registration statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-222289). Dummy Text  TABLE OF CONTENTS USE OF CERTAIN TERMS FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS ITEM 1. ITEM 2. ITEM 3. A. B. C. D. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE KEY INFORMATION SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS RISK FACTORS ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY A. B. C. D. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY BUSINESS OVERVIEW ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE PROPERTY, PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT ITEM 4.A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS ITEM 5: OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS A. B. C. D. E. F. G. OPERATING RESULTS LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PATENTS AND LICENSES TREND INFORMATION OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS TABULAR DISCLOSURE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS SAFE HARBOR ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES A. B. C. D. E. DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT COMPENSATION BOARD PRACTICES EMPLOYEES SHARE OWNERSHIP i IV IV 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 12 12 13 21 22 23 23 23 34 36 36 36 37 37 38 38 41 43 47 49 ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS A. B. C. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS INTERESTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION A. B. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION SIGNIFICANT CHANGES ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING A. B. C. D. E. F. OFFER AND LISTING DETAILS PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION MARKETS SELLING SHAREHOLDERS DILUTION EXPENSES OF THE ISSUE ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. SHARE CAPITAL MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION MATERIAL CONTRACTS EXCHANGE CONTROLS TAXATION DIVIDENDS AND PAYING AGENTS STATEMENT BY EXPERTS DOCUMENTS ON DISPLAY SUBSIDIARY INFORMATION ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK ITEM 12. DESCRIPTIONS OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES ITEM 14.A MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES ITEM 16. [RESERVED] ii 50 50 51 55 55 55 57 57 57 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 65 65 65 72 72 72 72 72 73 73 73 73 79 ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS ITEM 16F. CHANGES IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ITEM 19. EXHIBITS iii 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 80 80 81 USE OF CERTAIN TERMS As used herein, and unless the context suggests otherwise, the terms " we" , " us" , " our" or " Ituran" refer to Ituran Location and Control Ltd. and its consolidated subsidiaries. We have prepared our consolidated financial statements in US Dollars. Our consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (" U.S. GAAP" ). All references herein to " dollars" or " $" or " USD" are to United States dollars, and all references to " NIS" are to New Israeli Shekels. FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The use of the words " projects," " believes," " expects," " may," " plans" or " intends," or words of similar import, identifies a statement as " forward- looking." The forward-looking statements included herein are based on current expectations that involve a number of risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements are based on the assumption that we will not lose a significant customer or customers or experience increased fluctuations of demand or rescheduling of purchase orders, that our markets will continue to grow, that our products will remain accepted within their respective markets and will not be replaced by new technology, that competitive conditions within our markets will not change materially or adversely, that we will retain key technical and management personnel, that our forecasts will accurately anticipate market demand, and that there will be no material adverse change in our operations or business. Assumptions relating to the foregoing involve judgments with respect to, among other things, future economic, competitive and market conditions, and future business decisions, all of which are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many of which are beyond our control. In addition, our business and operations are subject to substantial risks which increase the uncertainty inherent in the forward-looking statements. In light of the significant uncertainties inherent in the forward-looking information included herein, the inclusion of such information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that our objectives or plans will be achieved. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from our expectations or projections include the risks and uncertainties described in this annual report in Item 3D: Risk Factors. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements or other information contained in this report, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You are advised, however, to consult any additional disclosures we make in our reports on Form 6-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (" SEC" ). iv ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS Not applicable. ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE PART I Not applicable. ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION A. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The selected consolidated financial data below is provided under generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (U.S. GAAP). You should read the selected consolidated financial data presented in this Item together with Item 5 - Operating and Financial Review and Prospects and with our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Our selected consolidated statements of income data for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, and our selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 have been derived from our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. The selected consolidated statements of income data for each of the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015, and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this report. 1 2017 Year Ended December 31, 2016 In USD In thousands, except per share amounts 2015 169,752 64,884 234,636 60,256 54,996 115,252 119,384 3,160 12,246 47,590 (147) 56,535 - (989) 55,546 (17,705) 8,520 46,361 (2,567) 43,794 141,940 57,634 199,574 50,633 46,910 97,543 102,031 2,895 10,074 40,228 836 47,998 - 2,056 50,054 (14,877) (449) 34,728 (2,589) 32,139 127,683 47,945 175,628 47,875 37,872 85,747 89,881 2,401 9,303 37,801 (268) 40,644 - 1,189 41,833 (12,822) (2,439) 26,572 (1,601) 24,971 2.09 2.09 $ $ 1.53 1.53 $ $ 1.19 1.19 $ $ 20,968 20,968 20,968 20,968 20,968 20,968 2014 133,692 48,435 182,127 47,938 37,056 84,994 97,133 2,526 9,264 38,617 856 45,870 - 1,704 47,574 (14,246) (421) 32,907 (2,478) 30,429 1.45 1.45 20,968 20,968 Selected Financial Data Under U.S. GAAP: Consolidated Statements of Income Data Revenues: Telematics services Telematics products Total Revenues Cost of Revenues: Telematics services Telematics products Total cost of revenues Gross profit Research and development expenses Selling and marketing expenses General and administrative expenses Other expenses (income), net Operating Income Other income (expenses), net Financing income (expenses), net Income before income tax Income tax Share in gains (losses) of affiliated companies, net Net income for the year Less: net income attributable to non-controlling interest Net income attributable to Company stockholders Earning per share Basic Diluted Weighted average number of shares outstanding Basic Diluted 2018 181,357 71,978 253,335 70,329 55,678 126,007 127,328 6,223 11,340 47,693 (306) 62,378 13,138 717 76,233 (17,273) 4,219 63,179 (2,504) 60,675 2.88 2.88 21,077 21,077 2 $ $ Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text 2017 Year Ended December 31, 2016 In USD In thousands, except per share amounts 2015 40,465 71,360 215,159 81,930 92,065 125,790 1.12 31,485 55,062 178,019 69,848 71,717 102,229 0.86 29,051 50,124 142,003 54,182 57,739 83,698 0.78 2014 40,780 56,910 152,337 57,754 49,067 90,696 0.98 Consolidated Balance Sheets Data Cash & Cash Equivalent; deposit in escrow (short and long term) and investment in trading marketable securities Working Capital Total Assets Total Liabilities Retained Earnings Stockholders Equity Dividend declared per share 2018 53,295 84,214 373,792 213,592 129,580 153,693 0.95 3 Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text 2018 2017 Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 1,770,000 2.8% 1,160,000 3.2% 1,057,000 3.1% 948,000 3.3% 817,000 3% Other Data: Subscribers of telematics services (1) (1) Average monthly churn rate 1(1) number of subscribers are rounded to the nearest thousand. B. CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS Not applicable. C. REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS Not applicable. D. RISK FACTORS Our business, operating results and financial condition could be seriously harmed due to any of the following risks, among others. If we do not successfully address the risks to which we are subject, we could experience a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and our share price may decline, which may result in a loss of all or part of your investment. We cannot assure you that we will successfully address any of these risks. You should carefully consider the following factors as well as the other information contained and incorporated by reference in this annual report before taking any investment decision with respect to our securities. See "Forward Looking Statements" on page iv above. RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS Failure to maintain our existing relationships or establish new relationships with insurance companies could adversely affect our revenues and growth potential. Revenues from our stolen vehicle recovery services, which we refer to as SVR services, and automatic vehicle location products, which we refer to as telematics products, are primarily dependent on our relationships with insurance companies. In Israel, insurance companies drive demand for our SVR services and telematics products by encouraging and, in some cases, requiring customers to subscribe to vehicle location services and purchase vehicle location products such as ours. In certain subsidiaries in Brazil and Argentina, insurance companies enter into written agreements to subscribe to our services and purchase or lease our products directly. Our inability to maintain our existing relationships or establish new relationships with insurance companies could adversely affect our revenues and growth potential. Changes in practices of insurance companies in the markets in which we provide our SVR services and sell our telematics products could adversely affect our revenues and growth potential. We depend on the practices of insurance companies in the markets in which we provide our SVR services and sell our telematics products. In Israel, insurance companies either mandate the use of SVR services and telematics products, or their equivalent, as a prerequisite for providing insurance coverage to owners of certain medium- and high-end vehicles or provide insurance premium discounts to encourage vehicle owners to subscribe to services and purchase products such as ours. In certain subsidiaries in Brazil and Argentina, insurance companies mainly lease our telematics products directly and subsequently require their customers to subscribe to our SVR services. Therefore, we rely on insurance companies' continued practice of: accepting vehicle location and recovery technology as a preferred security product; requiring or providing a premium discount for using location and recovery services and products; * * * mandating or encouraging use of our SVR services and telematics products, or similar services and products, for vehicles with the same or similar threshold values and for the same or similar required duration of use; and If any of these policies or practices change, revenues from sales of our SVR services and telematics products could decline, which could adversely affect our revenues and growth potential. A reduction in vehicle theft rates may adversely impact demand for our SVR services and telematics products. Demand for our SVR services and telematics products depends primarily on prevailing or expected vehicle theft rates. Vehicle theft rates may decline as a result of various reasons, such as the availability of improved security systems, implementation of improved or more effective law enforcement measures, or improved economic or political conditions in markets that have high theft rates. If vehicle theft rates in any or all of our existing markets decline, or if insurance companies or our other customers believe that vehicle theft rates have declined or are expected to decline, demand for our SVR services and telematics products may decline. 4 Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text A decline in sales of new cars at the markets in which we operate could result in reduced demand for our SVR services and telematics products. Our SVR services and telematics products are primarily used to protect cars and are often installed before or immediately after their initial sale. Consequently, a reduction in sales of vehicles could reduce our addressable market for SVR services and telematics products. New vehicle sales may decline for various reasons, including an increase in new vehicle tariffs, taxes or gas prices. A decline in vehicle production levels or labor disputes affecting the automobile industry in the markets where we operate may also impact the volume of new vehicle sales. A decline in sales of new vehicles in the markets in which we provide our SVR services or sell our telematics products could result in reduced demand for such services and products. There is significant competition in the markets in which we offer our services and products and our results of operations could be adversely affected if we fail to compete successfully. The markets for our services and products are highly competitive. We compete primarily on the basis of the technological innovation, quality and price of our services and products. Our most competitive market is the telematics services market and the related telematics products market, due to the existence of a wide variety of competing services and products and alternative technologies that offer various levels of protection and tracking capabilities, including global positioning systems, or GPS (although we also provide services based on GPS/GPRS technology), satellite- or network-based cellular systems and direction-finding homing technologies. Some of these competing services and products, such as certain GPS-based products, are installed in new cars by vehicle manufacturers prior to their initial sale, which effectively precludes us from competing for such subscribers in the SVR market. Furthermore, providers of competing services or products may extend their offerings to the locations in which we operate or new competitors may enter the telematics services market. Our telematics products also compete with less sophisticated theft protection devices such as standard car alarms, immobilizers, steering wheel locks and homing devices, some of which may be significantly cheaper. Some of these competing products have greater brand recognition than our telematics products, including LoJack Corporation in the United States. The development of new or improved competitive products, systems or technologies that compete with our telematics products may render our products less competitive or obsolete, which could cause a decline in our revenues and profitability. We are engaged in businesses characterized by rapid technological change and frequent new product developments and enhancements. The number of companies developing and marketing new telematics products has expanded considerably in recent years. The development of new or improved products, systems or technologies that compete with our telematics products, for both our SVR and fleet management services, may render our products and services less competitive and we may not be able to enhance our technology in a timely manner. In addition to the competition resulting from new products, systems or technologies, our future product enhancements may not adequately meet the requirements of the marketplace and may not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenues. Any of the foregoing could cause a decline in our revenues and profitability. We face risks associated with our recent acquisition of a majority of the shares of Road Track Holding S.L. ("Road Track"), a telematics company operating primarily in the Latin American region, and if we fail to integrate its business successfully, our operating results will be negatively affected. On September 13, 2018, we acquired a majority of the shares of Road Track Holding S.L. (today: Ituran Spain Holding S.L., ("Road Track" ), a telematics company operating primarily in the Latin American region. The success of this acquisition will depend, in part, on our ongoing process of integrating Road Track and the Road Track brand with our historical business, which will be time consuming and require optimization and allocation of resources. The compatibility of the technologies and operations being integrated and combining disparate corporate cultures present potentially significant challenges. Continuing the successful integration of Road Track will require us to retain the current key management and other personnel, incorporate the acquired products and capabilities into our product offerings from a sales and marketing perspective, integrate and support pre-existing supplier, distribution and customer relationships, combine or centralize back office accounting, order processing, purchasing and support functions and establish and maintain proper internal control over financial reporting. If we cannot overcome these challenges in a timely and efficient manner, or at all, we may not realize the anticipated benefits from our acquisition of Road Track and the Road Track brand, or it may take longer to realize these benefits than we currently expect, either of which could materially harm our business or results of operations. The inability of local law enforcement agencies to timely and effectively recover the stolen vehicles we locate could negatively impact customers' perception of the usefulness of our SVR services and telematics products, adversely affecting our revenues. Our telematics products identify the location of vehicles in which our products are installed. Following a notification of an unauthorized entry, or if we receive notification of the vehicle' s theft from a subscriber, we notify the relevant law enforcement agency of the location of the subscriber' s vehicle and generally rely on local law enforcement or governmental agencies to recover the stolen vehicle. We cannot control nor predict the response time of the relevant local law enforcement or other governmental agencies responsible for recovering stolen vehicles, nor that the stolen vehicles, once located, will be recovered at all. In the past, some stolen vehicles in which our telematics products were installed were not recovered on timely manner, from the time an unauthorized entry is confirmed or reported to the time the vehicle is recovered. To the extent that the relevant agencies do not effectively and timely respond to our calls and recover stolen vehicles, our recovery rates would likely diminish, which may, in turn, negatively impact customers' perception of the usefulness of our SVR services and telematics products, adversely affecting our revenues. 5 The ability to detect, deactivate, disable or otherwise inhibit the effectiveness of our telematics products could adversely affect demand for such products and our revenues. The effectiveness of our telematics products is dependent, in part, on the inability of unauthorized persons to deactivate or otherwise alter the functioning of our telematics products or the vehicle anti-theft devices that work in conjunction with our telematics products. As sales of our telematics products increase, criminals in the markets in which we operate may become increasingly aware of our telematics products and may develop methods or technologies to detect, deactivate or disable our tracking devices or the vehicle anti-theft devices that work in conjunction with our telematics products. We believe that, as is the case with any product intended to prevent vehicle theft, over time, there may be an increased ability of unauthorized persons to detect, deactivate, disable or otherwise inhibit the effectiveness of our telematics products, although it is difficult to verify this fact. An increase in the ability of unauthorized persons to detect, deactivate, disable or otherwise inhibit the effectiveness of our telematics products could adversely affect demand for our products and our revenues. We rely on some intellectual property that we license from third parties, the loss of which could preclude us from providing our SVR services or market and sell some of our telematics products, which would adversely affect our revenues. We license from third parties some of the technology that we need in order to provide our SVR services and market and sell some of our telematics products. In the event that such licenses were to be terminated, or if such licenses were rendered unenforceable or invalid and we would not be able to license similar technology from other parties, it would require us, at a minimum, to obtain rights to a different technology and reconfigure our telematics products accordingly. In addition, some of the licenses we obtained from third parties are non-exclusive, which may enable other entities to obtain identical licenses from such third parties to operate in the places in which we conduct our business resulting in increased competition and could adversely affect our revenues. We depend on proprietary technology and our failure to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights or our need to defend against infringement claims could result in a significant increase in costs and decline in revenues. Our business is dependent on the uninterrupted use of proprietary technology, both owned and licensed, from third parties. If we fail to protect, enforce and maintain our intellectual property rights, we may not be able to compete and our business and operating results could be negatively impacted. We seek to protect our intellectual property rights through a combination of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secret laws, know-how, confidentiality procedures and licensing arrangements. Even with the intellectual property protection currently in place, we may not be able to protect our technology from misappropriation or infringement and we may lose, or the relevant owners may restrict or lose, our current rights of use of the technology that we license from such owners. Any of our existing intellectual property rights may be invalidated, circumvented, challenged or rendered unenforceable. In addition, the laws of some countries in which we operate or plan to operate, may not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of Israel or the United States, increasing the possibility of piracy of our technology and products. It may be necessary for us to litigate in order to enforce our intellectual property rights or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, which litigation can be time consuming, distracting to management, expensive and difficult to predict. It is possible that we have or will inadvertently violate the intellectual property rights of other parties and those other parties may choose to assert infringement claims against us. If a court were to determine that our technology infringes on third parties' intellectual property, in addition to exposure to substantial damages, we could be required to expend considerable resources to modify our products, to develop non-infringing technology or to obtain licenses to permit our continued use of the technology that is the subject matter of the litigation. Our failure to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights, or our need to defend against claims of infringement of intellectual property rights of others or the loss of any such claims, could result in a significant increase in costs and decline in revenues. Our ability to sell some of our services and products depends upon the prior receipt and maintenance of various governmental licenses and approvals and our failure to obtain or maintain such licenses and approvals, or third-party use of the same licenses and frequencies, could result in a disruption or curtailment of our operations, a significant increase in costs and a decline in revenues. We are required to obtain specific licenses and approvals from various governmental authorities in order to conduct our operations. For example, some of our telematics products use radio frequencies that are licensed and renewed periodically from the Ministry of Communications in Israel and similar agencies worldwide. As we continue to expand into additional markets, we will be required to obtain new permits and approvals from relevant governmental authorities. Furthermore, once our telematics infrastructure is deployed and our telematics end-units are sold to subscribers, a change in radio frequencies would require us to recalibrate all of our antennas and replace or modify all end-units held by subscribers, which would be costly and may result in delays in the provision of our SVR services. In addition, some of the governmental licenses for radio frequencies that we currently use may be preempted by third parties. In Israel, our license is designated as a "joint" license, allowing the government to grant third parties a license to use the same frequencies, and in Brazil our license is designated as a "secondary" , non-exclusive license, which allows the government to grant a third party a primary license to use such frequencies, which third-party use could adversely affect, disrupt or curtail our operations. Our inability to maintain necessary governmental licenses and frequency approvals, or third-party use of or interference with the same licenses or frequencies, could result in a significant increase in costs and decline in revenues. 6 Our SVR services business model is based on the existence of certain conditions, the loss or lack of which in existing or potential markets could adversely affect our revenues generated in existing markets or our growth potential. Our SVR services business model and, consequently, our ability to provide our SVR services and sell our telematics products, relies on our ability to successfully identify markets in which: * * * the rate of car theft or consumer concern over vehicle safety is high; satisfactory radio frequencies are available to us that allow us to operate our business in an uninterrupted manner; and insurance companies, car manufactures or owners of cars believe that the value of cars justifies incurring the expense associated with the deployment of SVR services. The absence of such conditions, our inability to locate markets in which such conditions exist or the loss of any one of the above conditions in markets we currently serve could adversely affect our revenues generated in existing markets or our growth potential. Some of our agreements restrict our ability to expand into new markets with RF technology for our SVR services, which could adversely affect our growth potential. In 2008, we entered into a ten (10) years agreement with Telematics Wireless Ltd., pursuant to which Ituran and Telematics Wireless Ltd. designated parts of the world as their exclusive territories for selling their telematics products and SVR services using any RF location technology compatible to the RF vehicle location systems. This agreement restricts our ability to expand our business and operations and sell our products and services in certain markets, which could adversely affect our growth potential. The abovementioned agreement was terminated on December 31st, 2017. The Agreement is automatically renewed for additional consecutive 12-month periods, unless either party notifies the other with 30 business days prior written notice that the Agreement will not be so renewed. The loss of key personnel could adversely affect our business and prospects for growth. Our success depends upon the efforts and abilities of key management personnel, including our President and our Co-Chief Executive Officers. Loss of the services of one or more of such key personnel could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan. In addition, we believe that our future success depends in part upon our ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business. If one or more members of our management team or other key technical personnel become unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, and if additional key personnel cannot be hired and retained as needed, our business and prospects for growth could be adversely affected. We rely on third parties to manufacture our telematics products, which could affect our ability to provide such products in a timely and cost-effective manner, adversely impacting our revenues and profit margins. We outsource the manufacturing of a significant part of our telematics products to third parties. We use one manufacturer for production of a significant portion of our telematics products and we do not maintain significant levels of inventories to support us in the event of an unexpected interruption in its manufacturing process. If our principal manufacturer or any of our other manufacturers is unable to or fails to manufacture our products in a timely manner, we may not be able to secure alternative manufacturing facilities without experiencing an interruption in the supply of our products or an increase in production costs. Any such interruption or increase in production costs could affect our ability to provide our telematics products in a timely and cost- effective manner, adversely impacting our revenues and profit margins. We rely on three major suppliers to supply us with various products and services. Each of these suppliers supply us with different type of products and services and act as single supplier of such products and services. We rely on three major suppliers to supply us with various products and services, one of them is our subsidiary. Each of these suppliers supply us with different type of products and services and act as single supplier of such products and services. Termination of relations with one of our major suppliers (except with our subsidiary) would adversely affect our operations and revenues. We depend on the use of specialized quality assurance testing equipment for the production of our telematics products, the loss or unavailability of which could adversely affect our results of operations. We and our third-party manufacturers use specialized quality assurance testing equipment in the production of our products. The replacement of any such equipment as a result of its failure or loss could result in a disruption of our production process or an increase in costs, which could adversely affect our results of operations. 7 The adoption of industry standards that do not incorporate the technology we use may decrease or eliminate the demand for our services or products and could harm our results of operations. There are no established industry standards in all of the businesses in which we sell our telematics products. For example, vehicle location devices may operate by employing various technologies, including network triangulation, GPS, satellite-based or network-based cellular or direction-finding homing systems. The development of industry standards that do not incorporate the technology we use may decrease or eliminate the demand for our services or products and we may not be able to develop new services and products that are in compliance with such new industry standards on a cost-effective basis. If industry standards develop and such standards do not incorporate our telematics products and we are unable to effectively adapt to such new standards, such development could harm our results of operations. Expansion of our operations to new markets involves risks and our failure to manage such risks may delay or preclude our ability to generate anticipated revenues and may impede our overall growth strategy. We anticipate future growth to be attributable to our business activities in new markets, particularly in developing countries, where we may encounter additional risks and challenges, such as longer payment cycles, potentially adverse tax consequences, potential difficulties in collecting receivables and potential difficulties in enforcing agreements or other rights in foreign legal systems. The challenges and risks of entering a new market may delay or preclude our ability to generate anticipated revenues and may impede our overall growth strategy. Part of our services rely on GPS/GPRS-based technology owned and controlled by others, the loss, impairment or increased expense of which could negatively impact our immediate and future revenues from, or growth of, our services and adversely affect our results of operations. Part of our business relies on signals from GPS/GPRS satellites built and maintained by third parties. If GPS/GPRS satellites become unavailable to us, or if the costs associated with using GPS/GPRS technology increase such that it is no longer feasible or cost-effective for us to use such technology, we will not be able to adequately provide our services. In addition, if one or more GPS/GPRS satellites malfunction, there could be a substantial delay before such satellites are repaired or replaced, if at all. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could negatively impact our immediate and future revenues from, or growth of, our fleet management services and adversely affect our results of operations. Material cyber security failure may harm our operations, which rely on use of information technology and wireless transmission. Our telematics and SVR services, relies on the use of information technology which under a major cyber security breach, could harm our operations. We are using physical services, wireless transmitting stations, GPRS/GPS, and in lesser account cloud computing to provide our services. There are risks associated with storing and transmitting data, which due to cyber security breach may be corrupted, and the store data on remote servers may be destroyed, damaged, seized, or otherwise no longer accessible, which may temporary decrease our ability to deliver telematics and SVR services. We implemented cyber security controls - which consists of three pillars: prevention, detection and response (data recovery in the event of a cyber breach). We perform an ongoing review of our systems and an annual external review of our cyber security controls and their implementation. However, such cyber security controls may not be able to prevent all unexpected weaknesses. In the event of a cyber-attack, we could experience the corruption or loss of data, misappropriation of assets or sensitive information, including customer information, or operational disruption. This could result in response costs and various financial loss, and may subject us to litigation and cause damage to our reputation, for which we may not be covered under our current insurance policies and may lead to substantial loss of revenues. Some of our employees in our subsidiaries in Brazil and Argentina are members of labor unions and a dispute between us and any such labor union could result in a labor strike that could delay or preclude altogether our ability to generate revenues in the markets where such employees are located. Some of our employees in our subsidiaries in Brazil and Argentina are members of labor unions. If a labor dispute were to develop between us and our unionized employees, such employees could go on strike and we could suffer work stoppage for a significant period of time. A labor dispute can be difficult to resolve and may require us to seek arbitration for resolution, which arbitration can be time consuming, distracting to management, expensive and difficult to predict. The occurrence of a labor dispute with our unionized employees could delay or preclude altogether our ability to generate revenues in the markets where such employees are located. We are subject to litigation that could result in significant costs to us. On July 13, 2015, we received a purported class action lawsuit which was filed against the Company in the District Court of Central Region in Tel-Aviv by one plaintiff who is a subscriber of the Company, alleging that the Company, which was declared a monopoly under the Israeli Antitrust Law, unlawfully abused its power as a monopoly and discriminated between its customers. The lawsuit is yet to be approved as a class action. The total amount claimed if the lawsuit is approved as a class action was estimated by the plaintiff to be approximately NIS 300 million (approximately USD 80 million). Based on an opinion of its legal counsels, the Company believes that the lawsuit lacks substantiation, and that the Company has good defense arguments in respect of claims made by the plaintiff and that the chances that the suit will not be approved as a class action lawsuit are higher than it will be approved. Court hearing will take place on June 2019. Notwithstanding the aforesaid, at this preliminary stage, the Company is unable to assess the lawsuit's chances of success. While we cannot predict the outcome of this case, if we are not successful in defending our claim, we could be subject to significant costs, adversely affecting our results of operations. 8 On July 19, 2018 we received two class action lawsuits that were filed against the Company, alleging that the Company violated the Protection of Privacy Law, 5741 - 1981 and the Protection of Privacy Regulations (Data Security) 5777-2017. The plaintiffs request that the lawsuits will be approved as a class action and allege that we did not secure customer information properly, as required by the law, and that the lack of information security procedures allowed hacking into the company's website, which caused exposure of customers sensitive personal information. The lawsuits are yet to be approved as a class actions. The total amount claimed if the lawsuits are to be approved as a class action were estimated by the plaintiffs to be approximately NIS 600 million (approximately USD 160 million). Our defense against the approval of the class action lawsuits was filed on December 13, 2018. While we cannot predict the outcome of this case, if we are not successful in defending our claim, we could be subject to significant costs, adversely affecting our results of operations. For additional information on these lawsuits and for information concerning additional litigation proceedings, please refer to Item 8.A - "Consolidated financial Statements and other Financial Information" under the caption "Material Legal Proceedings" below. We have not applied nor obtained for several of the permits required for the operation of some of our base sites. To the extent enforcement is sought, the breadth, quality and capacity of our network coverage could be materially affected. The provision of our SVR services depends upon adequate network coverage for accurate tracking information. In Israel, we have installed 98 base sites that provide complete communications coverage in Israel. Similarly, we have communications coverage in Sao Paulo and Rio, Brazil and Buenos Aires, Argentina. The installation and operation of most of our base sites require building permits from local or regional zoning authorities as well as a number of additional permits from governmental and regulatory authorities. Currently most of our base sites in Israel and Brazil and some of our base sites in Argentina operate without local building permits or the equivalent. Although relevant authorities in Israel, Brazil and Argentina have not historically enforced penalties for non-compliance with certain permit regulations, following ongoing press coverage and actions by various public interest groups, relevant Israeli and Argentine authorities have begun seeking enforcement of permit regulations, especially with respect to antennas constructed for cellular phone operators. Some possible enforcement measures include the closure or demolition of existing base sites or the imposition of limitation on erection of new base stations. Should these enforcement measures be imposed upon us in Israel or Argentina, the extent, quality and capacity of our network coverage and, as a result, our ability to provide SVR services, may be adversely affected. In Israel we are in process of achieving compliance with the regulation of our base stations, such process can take several years. Currency fluctuations may result in valuation adjustments in our assets and liabilities and could cause our results of operations to decline. The valuation of our assets and liabilities, our revenues received and the related expenses incurred are not always denominated in the same currency. This lack of correlation between revenues and expenses exposes us to risks resulting from currency fluctuations. These currency fluctuations could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, such currency fluctuations take place in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia and Israel which affects our operation results in these countries. In addition, fluctuations in currencies may result in valuation adjustments in our assets and liabilities which could cause our results of operations to decline. We are headquartered in Israel and therefore our results of operations may be adversely affected by political, economic and military instability in Israel. RISKS RELATED TO OUR OPERATIONS IN ISRAEL Our headquarter is located in Israel and most our key employees, officers and directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, security, political and economic conditions in Israel directly affect our business. Over the past several decades, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its Arab neighbors. During July-August 2014 and November 2012, Israel was engaged in an armed conflict with a militant group and political party who control the Gaza Strip. These conflicts involved missile strikes against civilian targets in various parts of Israel, including areas in which our employees and some of our consultants are located, and negatively affected business conditions in Israel. Continued or increased hostilities, future armed conflicts, political developments in other states in the region or continued or increased terrorism could make it more difficult for us to conduct our operations in Israel, which could increase our costs and adversely affect our financial results. 9 Israel has experienced in recent years, unionized general strikes in connection with the legislation of new economic reforms. A prolonged general strike in Israel would affect our ability to provide our telematics products that are manufactured in Israel and would negatively impact our operations. Furthermore, there are a number of countries, primarily in the Middle East, that still restrict business with Israel or Israeli companies and as a result our company is precluded from marketing its products in these countries. Restrictive laws or policies directed toward Israel or Israeli businesses could have an adverse effect on our ability to grow our business and our results of operations. Under Israeli law, we are considered a "monopoly" and therefore subject to certain restrictions that may negatively impact our ability to grow our business in Israel. We have been declared a monopoly under the Israeli Economy competition Law (formerly known as Restrictive Trade Practices Law, 1988 (the "Israeli Antitrust Law" ), in the market for the provision of systems for the location of vehicles. Under Israeli law, a monopoly is prohibited from taking certain actions, such as predatory pricing and the provision of loyalty discounts, which prohibitions do not apply to other companies. The Israeli antitrust authority (under its new name - Competition Authority) may further declare that we have abused our position in the market. Any such declaration in any suit in which it is claimed that we engage in anti-competitive conduct would serve as prima facie evidence that we are a monopoly or that we have engaged in anti- competitive behavior. Furthermore, we may be ordered to take or refrain from taking certain actions, such as set maximum prices, in order to protect against unfair competition. If we breach certain provisions of the Israeli Antitrust Law, including as a monopoly, the Israeli Competition authority may also impose on us in an administrative procedure, financial sanctions in an amount of up to the lower of NIS 100 million (approximately US$27 million) or 8% of our annual revenues for the last financial year prior to such breach. Restraints on our operations as a result of being considered a "monopoly" in Israel could adversely affect our ability to grow our business in Israel. It may be difficult and costly to enforce a judgment issued in the United States against us, our executive officers and directors, or to assert United States securities laws claims in Israel or serve process on our officers and directors. We are incorporated and headquartered in Israel. As a result, our executive officers and directors are non-residents of the United States and a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of these persons are located outside of the United States. Therefore, service of process upon any of these officers or directors may be difficult to effect in the United States. Furthermore, it may be difficult to enforce a judgment issued against us in the United States or any of such persons in both United States courts and other courts abroad. Additionally, there is doubt as to the enforceability of civil liabilities under United States federal securities laws in actions originally instituted in Israel or in actions for the enforcement of a judgment obtained in the United States on the basis of civil liabilities in Israel. Provisions of Israeli corporate and tax law may delay, prevent or otherwise encumber a merger with, or an acquisition of, our company, which could prevent a change of control, even when the terms of such transaction are favorable to us and our shareholders We may be subject to Israeli corporate law which regulates mergers, requires tender offers for acquisitions of shares above specified thresholds, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to these types of transactions. In addition, our articles of association contain, among other things, provisions that may make it more difficult to acquire our company, such as classified board provisions and certain restrictions on the members of our board pursuant to regulatory requirements of the Israeli Ministry of Communication. Furthermore, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transaction structures involving the acquisition of our company unappealing to us or to some of our shareholders. See Item 10.B. - "Memorandum and Articles of Association" - "Our Corporate Practices under the Israeli Companies Law" under the caption "Approval of Transactions under Israeli law" and Item 10.E. - "Taxation" under the caption "Israeli Tax Considerations" for additional discussion of some anti-takeover effects of Israeli law. These provisions of Israeli law and our articles of association may delay, prevent or otherwise encumber a merger with, or an acquisition of, our company or any of our assets, which could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of our company, even when the terms of such a transaction could be favorable to our shareholders. The rights and responsibilities of our shareholders will be governed by Israeli law and may differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders under United States law. We are incorporated under Israeli law. The rights and responsibilities of holders of our ordinary shares are governed by our memorandum of association, articles of association and by Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in typical US-based corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has a duty to act in good faith toward the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing his, her or its power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on certain matters. Israeli corporate law has undergone extensive revisions in the recent years and, as a result, there is little case law available to assist in understanding the implications of these provisions that govern shareholders' actions, which may be interpreted to impose additional obligations on holders of our ordinary shares that are typically not imposed on shareholders of US-based corporations. 10 Future sales of our ordinary shares could reduce the market price of our ordinary shares. RISKS RELATED TO OUR ORDINARY SHARES AND THE ECONOMY If we or our shareholders sell substantial amounts of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the market price of our ordinary shares may decline. The market price of our ordinary shares is subject to fluctuation, which could result in substantial losses for our investors. The stock market in general, and the market price of our ordinary shares in particular, are subject to fluctuation, and changes in our share price may be unrelated to our operating performance. The market price of our ordinary shares has fluctuated in the past, and we expect it will continue to do so, as a result of a number of factors, including: * * * * * * * * the gain or loss of significant orders or customers; recruitment or departure of key personnel; the announcement of new products or service enhancements by us or our competitors; quarterly variations in our or our competitors' results of operations; announcements related to litigation; changes in earnings estimates, investors' perceptions, recommendations by securities analysts or our failure to achieve analysts' earning estimates; developments in our industry; and general market conditions and other factors unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of our competitors. These factors and price fluctuations may materially and adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares and result in substantial losses to our investors. Somewhat significant portion of our ordinary shares are held by a small number of existing shareholders and our articles of association provide for a staggered board, which may hinder change of control. Moked Ituran Ltd., currently beneficially owns approximately 19.37% of our outstanding ordinary shares (not including treasury stock held by us). Other than applicable regulatory requirements under applicable law, Moked Ituran Ltd., is not prohibited from selling a interest in our company to a third party. In addition, our articles of association provide for a staggered board which may delay, prevent or deter a change in control. For additional information concerning our staggered board, see Item 6.A - Directors and Senior Management. U.S. investors in our company could suffer adverse tax consequences if we are characterized as a passive foreign investment company. If, for any taxable year, our passive income or our assets that produce passive income exceed levels established by the Internal Revenue Code, we may be characterized as a passive foreign investment company, which we refer to as PFIC, for US federal income tax purposes. This characterization could result in adverse US tax consequences to our shareholders who are U.S. Holders. See Item 10.E. - "Taxation" under the caption "United States Tax Considerations" below, for more information about which shareholders may qualify as U.S. Holders. If we were classified as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder could be subject to increased tax liability upon the sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares or upon the receipt of amounts treated as "excess distributions." Under such rules, the excess distribution and any gain would be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder' s holding period for the ordinary shares and the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest marginal rate in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed on the resulting tax allocated to such other taxable years. In addition, U.S holders of shares in a PFIC may not receive a "step -up" in basis on shares acquired from a decedent. U.S. Holders should consult with their own U.S. tax advisors with respect to the United States tax consequences of investing in our ordinary shares as well as the specific application of the "excess distribution" and other rules discussed in this paragraph. For a discussion of how we might be characterized as a PFIC and related tax consequences, please see Item 10.E. - "Taxation" under the caption "United States Tax Considerations- Passive foreign investment company considerations". Securities we issue to fund our operations or in connection with acquisitions could dilute our shareholders ownership or impact the value of our ordinary shares. We may decide to raise additional funds through a public or private debt or equity financing to fund our operations or finance acquisitions. If we issue additional equity securities, the percentage of ownership of our shareholders will be reduced and the new equity securities may have rights superior to those of our ordinary shares, which may, in turn, adversely affect the value of our ordinary shares. 11 Global and local economic downturns could reduce the level of consumer spending and available credit within the automobile industry, which could adversely affect demand for our products and services and negatively impact our financial results. Current and future economic conditions could adversely affect consumer spending in the automobile industry, as such spending is often discretionary and may decline during economic downturns when consumers have less disposable income. Consequently, changes in general economic conditions resulting in a significant decrease in dealer automobile sales or in a tightening of credit in financial markets, such as the 2007 U.S. subprime mortgage crisis and resulting credit crunch, could adversely impact our future revenue and earnings. Such decreases could also affect the financial security of the automobile dealers and manufactures with whom we do business. The delayed payment from or closure of our larger dealer groups could affect our ability to collect on our receivables. Similar effects could result from local economic downturns in either one of our main markets of operations, i.e. Israel, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador and Argentina. Given the volatile nature of the current market disruption, we may not timely anticipate or manage such existing or new risks. Our failure to do so could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY A. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY Our History Our legal name is Ituran Location and Control Ltd. and we were incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel on February 1994 as a subsidiary of Tadiran Ltd., an Israeli-based designer and manufacturer of telecommunications equipment, software and defense electronic systems, whose original business purpose was to adapt military-grade technologies for the civilian market. We are mainly engaged in the area of Telematics services, consisting of stolen vehicle recovery, fleet management services and other tracking services. We also provide telematics products used in connection with our Telematics services and various other applications. We currently primarily provide our services as well as sell and lease our products in Israel, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Ecuador, Colombia and the United States. In May 1998, we completed the initial public offering of our ordinary shares in Israel and our ordinary shares began trading on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange. In September 2005, we publicly offered our ordinary shares in the United States. On May 25, 2016 our shares were delisted from the Tel Aviv stock exchange, and our ordinary shares are currently quoted only on Nasdaq under the symbol "ITRN". On September 13, 2018 we closed the acquisition of 81.3% of the shares of Road Track Holding S.L, a telematics' company operating primarily in the Latin American region ("RTH Transaction"). We paid the shareholders of Road Track Holding S.L $91.7 million for 81.3% of the company valuing the company at approximately $113 million. Of this, $75.7 million was paid in cash, through a debt facility provided by Ituran' s lending bank. An additional $12 million was paid in our shares (373,489 shares). The remaining $4 million will be paid out of the company' s equity as a bonus over the coming three years to the senior management of Road Track Holding S.L who will remain with us through the end of that period. The final consideration paid to the sellers was subject to downward adjustments depending on the full year 2018 performance of the Road Track business. Based on the aforementioned mechanism, during April 2019 an amount of 300,472 shares (approximately valued at $ 11 million) were transferred to our ownership. Following three years of joint operations, we will purchase the remainder of Road Track' s shares at a price based on a valuation that will be made at that time. We are subject to the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999. Our principal executive offices are located at 3 Hashikma Street, Azour 58001, Israel, and our telephone number is +972-3-557-1333. Our website address is www.ituran.com (the information contained therein or linked thereto shall not be considered incorporated by reference in this annual report). Our agent for service of process in the United States Ituran USA Inc.1700 NW 64th ST. SUITE 100 Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33309, and its telephone number is +1 (866) 543-5433. Principal Capital Expenditures We had capital expenditures of $21.4million in 2018, $16.3 million in 2017, and $13.8 million in 2016. We have financed our capital expenditures with cash generated from our operations. Our capital expenditures in 2018, 2017 and 2016 consisted primarily of acquisition of operational equipment for $13.7 million, $7.3 million and $6.2 million, respectively. 12 B. BUSINESS OVERVIEW Overview We believe we are a leading provider of telematics services, consisting predominantly of stolen vehicle recovery, fleet management services and other tracking services as well as connected car and UBI (usage base insurance). We also provide telematics products used in connection with our telematics services. We currently primarily provide our services and sell and lease our products in Israel, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Ecuador, Colombia, United States, Canada and other regions through our distributers. We utilize technologies that enable precise and secure high- speed data transmission and analysis. Some of the technology underlying our products was originally developed for the Israeli Defense Forces in order to locate downed pilots. We generate our revenues from subscription fees paid for our telematics services and from the sale and lease of our telematics products. We describe below the principal markets in which we compete. For a breakdown of total revenues by category of activity and geographic market for each of the last three financial years, please see Item 5.A - Operating Results under the caption "Revenues" . Telematics Services In 2018, 71.6 % of our revenues were attributable to our telematics services. As of December 31, 2018, we primarily provided our services in Israel, Brazil, and other Countries to approximately 551,000, 555,000, and 664,000 subscribers, respectively. RTH's contribution following the acquisition mentioned in item 4A. is included only from the acquisition date, September 13, 2018. Following RTH Transaction we have direct agreements with 2 major car manufacturers and our products developed by RTH subsidiary are embedded in the cars or otherwise approved by the car manufacturer. This connection requires us to stand up for the highest car manufacturer automotive standards. Stolen vehicle recovery services Our stolen vehicle recovery and tracking services, which we refer to as SVR services, enable us to locate, track and recover stolen vehicles for our subscribers. Our customers include both individual vehicle owners who subscribe to our services directly and insurance companies that either require their customers to install a security system or offer their customers financial incentives to subscribe to SVR services such as ours. In certain countries, insurance companies directly subscribe to our SVR services and purchase automatic vehicle location products supporting these SVR services from us on behalf of their customers. Fleet management services Our fleet management services enable corporate and individual customers to track and manage their vehicles in real time. Our services improve appointment scheduling, route management and fleet usage tracking, thereby increasing efficiency and reducing operating costs for our customers. We market and sell our services to a broad range of vehicle fleet operators and individual vehicle owners in different geographic locations and industries. As of December 31, 2018, we provided our services to approximately 230,000 end-users through 40,000 corporate customers in Israel, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Ecuador, Colombia, United States and through distributers in other regions. Value-added services The locator services that we offer allow customers to protect valuable merchandise and equipment. We currently provide locator services in Israel, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador and Argentina. In addition, through a call center, we provide 24-hour on-demand navigation guidance, information and assistance to our customers. Such services include the provision of traffic reports, help with directions and information on the location gas stations, car repair shops, post offices, hospitals and other facilities. We offer our concierge services to our subscribers in Israel, Argentina, Ecuador, Colombia and Brazil. "Connected Car"- at the end of 2016, we launched a new connected car service. The service platform includes a back office application, a telematics device installed in the vehicle, mobile apps for both IOS and Android and an interface using the car infotainment screen, based on the Android platform which provides access to Android applications (such as WAZE) and to various services, based on information derived from the car systems and remote communications with the car service provider and/or manufacturer via the special manufacturer interface. Such services include information on car service history, information on some car systems, remote communication with the car in order to detect malfunctions, and to provide pre-emptive car maintenance alerts for both mechanical failures and operational issues such as a low tire pressure alert. The system also enables booking service appointments, both from the infotainment system interface in the system and from the user's mobile app and additional related operational, and marketing services, as well as information analysis. 13 Telematics Products In 2018 28.4 % of our revenues were attributable to the sale of our telematics products. Our telematics products employ short- and medium-range communication between two-way wireless modems and are used for various applications, including automatic vehicle location, which we refer to as telematics products. Our telematics products enable the location and tracking of vehicles, as well as assets, and are used by us primarily to provide SVR and fleet management services to our customers. Each subscriber to our SVR services has our telematics end-unit installed in his or her vehicle. Subscribers to services for locating equipment and merchandise will use our SMART and GPS/GPRS products. As part of our expansion into additional markets, in 2006 we acquired control of E.R.M. Electronic Systems Limited ("ERM"), a developer, manufacturer, and marketer of innovative vehicle security, tracking, and management GSM based communication solutions for the international market. Our Services and Products Telematics services Stolen vehicle recovery Our stolen vehicle recovery system is based on three main components: a telematics end-unit that is installed in the vehicle, a network of base stations and a 24-hour manned control center. Once the control center receives indication of an unauthorized entry into a vehicle equipped with our telematics end-unit, our operators decide whether it is a false alarm or an actual unauthorized entry. If it is determined to be an unauthorized entry, or if a notification of the vehicle' s theft is received directly from the vehicle operator, our operators transmit a signal that activates the transmitter installed in the vehicle. We then pinpoint the location of the transmitter with terrestrial network triangulation technology or GPRS technology and notify the relevant law enforcement agency. In Israel, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador and Argentina, we also maintain private enforcement units, which work together with local police to recover the vehicle. In addition, we have the capability to immobilize vehicles remotely from our control centers. Fleet management We offer our customers the ability to use a comprehensive application for fleet management both by using an Internet site and workstations. Our system allows our customers 24-hour access to information on their fleets through our active control center and we are able to tailor our system to our customers' specific needs. Our solutions allow our subscribers to effectively manage and control their fleet, and thereby to reduce their operating costs, optimize work hours and appointment scheduling and improve their services and operations. Our system includes the following features: * * * * * * * * * the ability to locate the fleet' s vehicles; continuous data communication with the fleet' s vehicles; real-time vehicle status indicators: speed, distance driven, direction of travel, driver name, motion start/stop, engine start/stop, speeding, diagnostic alerts, driver behavior and more; recording of determined events and analysis of data over time to improve driving and vehicle use; remote monitoring and processing of data, such as temperature control in refrigerated or chilled compartments, time stamp, tire pressure and heat and other complementary data; connection to standard organization systems; accident notification; driver' s behavior; and task management optimization. Value-added services Locator services. Our services allow consumers to protect valuable merchandise and equipment. We provide our locator services in Israel, Brazil and Argentina. Concierge services. Through a call center, we provide 24-hour on-demand navigation guidance, information and assistance to our customers. Such services include the provision of traffic reports, help with directions and information on the location of gas stations, car repair shops, post offices, hospitals and other facilities. We provide our concierge services to subscribers in Brazil, Argentina, Ecuador, Colombia and Israel. "Connected Car". towards the end of 2016, we have launched a new service called, "Connected Car" . For additional information on the new service, see Item 4.B. - "Information on the Company "- "Business Overview" under the caption "Telematics Services" 14 Telematics products Our telematics products are used for various applications in the telematics markets and primarily in connection with our telematics services described above. Our telematics products enable the location and tracking of vehicles, as well as assets or persons, and are primarily used by us in providing our SVR and fleet management services. Each subscriber to our SVR services has at least one of our end-units installed in his or her vehicle. Subscribers to services for locating persons or valuables will use our SMART and GPS/GPRS products. Our key telematics products for telematics applications include: ■ ■ ■ ■ Base Site:: aa rraaddiioo rreecceeiivveerr,, wwhhiicchh iinncclluuddeess aa pprroocceessssoorr aanndd aa ddaattaa ccoommppuuttaattiioonn uunniitt ttoo ccoolllleecctt aanndd sseenndd ddaattaa ttoo aanndd ffrroomm ttrraannssppoonnddeerrss aanndd sseenndd tthhaatt ddaattaa ttoo ccoonnttrrooll cceenntteerrss aass ppaarrtt ooff tthhee terrestrial infrastructure of the location system; Control Center: a center consisting of software used to collect data from various base sites, conduct location calculations and transmit location data to various customers and law enforcement agencies; GPS/GPRS-based products: navigation and tracking devices installed in vehicles; and SMART: a portable transmitter installed in vehicles (including motorcycles) that sends a signal to the base site, enabling the location of vehicles, equipment or an individual; Geographical Information The following table lists the key services and products that we currently sell or lease in different regions of the world: Country Israel, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Ecuador, Colombia United States Services offered SVR Fleet Management Value-added services "Connected Car" SVR Fleet Management Value-added services Asset protection to Auto Lenders Products sold Telematics Products Telematics Products In each of the above countries we maintain a control center, which is operated 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. The following is a short description of key operating statistics about our telematics services in the countries in which we operate (including through RTH subsidiaries): ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Israel: We commenced operations in Israel in 1995 and we had approximately 551,000 subscribers as of December 31, 2018. We operate throughout Israel in providing fleet management services through GPS/GPRS based products and services. Brazil: We commenced operations in Brazil in 2000 and we had approximately 555,000 subscribers as of December 31, 2018. We currently provide RF based products and services only in the metropolitan areas of Sao Paulo, Campinas, Americans and Rio de Janeiro. However, we operate throughout Brazil in providing GPS/GPRS based products and services. Argentina: We commenced operations in Argentina in 2002. We currently provide RF based products and services only in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires. However, we also operate throughout Argentina in providing GPS/GPRS based products and services for fleet management. United States: We commenced operations in the United States in 2000. We provide GPS/GPRS products and services throughout the United States. Mexico: We acquired the operations in Mexico in September 2018 as part of the RTH Transaction. We currently provide GPS/GPRS based products and services for fleet management. Ecuador: We acquired the operations in Ecuador in September 2018 as part of the RTH Transaction. We currently provide GPS/GPRS based products and services for fleet management. Colombia: We acquired the operations in Colombia in September 2018 as part of the RTH Transaction. We currently provide GPS/GPRS based products and services for fleet management. In all the abovementioned countries (except of Israel and Brazil) we had approximately 664,000 subscribers as of December 31, 2018. 15 Customers, Marketing and Sales We market and sell our products and services to a broad range of customers that vary in size, geographic location and industry. In 2016, 2017 and 2018 no single customer or group of related customers comprised more than 10% of our total annual revenues. Our selling and marketing objective is to achieve broad market penetration through targeted marketing and sales activities. As of December 31, 2018, our selling and marketing team consisted of 428 employees. (A) Telematics services Stolen vehicle recovery Our marketing and sales efforts are principally focused on five target groups: insurance companies and agents, car manufacturers, dealers and importers, cooperative sales channels (mostly vehicle fleet operators and owners) and private subscribers. We maintain marketing and sales departments in each geographical market in which we operate. Each department is responsible for maintaining our relationships with our principal target groups. These responsibilities also include advertising and branding, sales promotions and sweepstakes. In Israel, we focus our marketing efforts on insurance companies and agents, dealers and importers, cooperative sales channels (mostly vehicle fleet operators and owners) and private subscribers. In Brazil and Argentina our marketing and sales efforts are principally focused in all five target groups, as described above. In the United States, we believe that insurance companies do not constitute a material influence in the marketing of SVR services or telematics products. Most of our sales in the United States are made through car dealerships and dealers for new or used cars and cooperative sales channels (mostly vehicle fleet operators and owners). In Mexico, Colombia and Ecuador we focus our marketing efforts on dealers and importers, cooperative sales channels (mostly vehicle fleet operators and owners), private subscribers and car manufactures. Our customers in the SVR market include insurance companies, car manufactures and individual vehicle owners. As of December 31, 2018, we had a total of approximately 1,770,000 subscribers for our SVR services. Fleet management Vehicle fleet management systems are primarily marketed through vehicle fleets' departments, which form a part of our regional marketing departments. We conduct in-depth research to identify companies that will gain efficiency and cost savings through the implementation of our products and services and conduct targeted marketing campaigns to these companies. In addition, we participate in professional conventions and advertise in professional publications and journals designed for our target customers. Our customers in the fleet management market include small-, mid- and large-size enterprises and individuals. As of December 31, 2018, we provided our services to approximately 230,000 end users through 40,000 corporate customers and individuals in Israel, Brazil, Argentina, United States, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador and through distributers in other regions. Value-added services Our concierge services are provided to existing SVR customers. A few thousands SMART devices were installed in valuable merchandise and equipment. "Connected Car"- at the end of 2016, we launched a new connected car service. The service platform includes a back office application, a telematics device installed in the vehicle, mobile apps for both IOS and Android and an interface using the car infotainment screen, based on the Android platform which provides access to Android applications (such as WAZE) and to various services, based on information derived from the car systems and remote communications with the car service provider and/or manufacturer via the special manufacturer interface. Such services include information on car service history, information on some car systems, remote communication with the car in order to detect malfunctions, and to provide pre-emptive car maintenance alerts for both mechanical failures and operational issues such as a low tire pressure alert. The system also enables booking service appointments, both from the infotainment system interface in the system and from the user's mobile app, and additional related operational, and marketing services, as well as information analysis. (B) Telematics products Our telematics end-units are primarily used by us in providing our telematics services, including, SVR, fleet management, "Connected Car" and value-added services, at the regions we operate. 16 Competition We face strong competition for our services and products in each market in which we operate. We compete primarily on technology edge, functionality, ease of use, quality, price, service availability, geographic coverage, track record of recovery rates and response times and financial strength. (A) Telematics services We compete with a variety of companies in each of our markets. The three major technologies utilized by our competitors are GPS/cellular, network-based cellular and radio frequency- based homing systems. In addition, new competitors utilizing other technologies may continue to enter the market. Stolen vehicle recovery ■ ■ ■ ■ Israel. Our primary competitors in Israel are Pointer and Skylock Ltd. Brazil. Brazil is a highly fragmented market with many companies selling competing products and services (including immobilizers and other less-sophisticated vehicle security systems). Our main competitors in Brazil are Sascar, Zatix, CEABS and AutoTrack. Argentina. Argentina is also a highly fragmented market with many companies selling competing products and services (including immobilizers and other less-sophisticated vehicle security systems). Our main competitors in Argentina are LoJack Corporation and Megatrans S.A.. United States. In the United States, there are several major companies offering various theft protection and recovery products that compete with our product and service offerings, including LoJack Corporation, OnStar Corporation, Advantage GPS/Procon Analytics, Sarekon GPS, Calamp, Spireon (which also includes SysLocate and GoldStar), PassTime, Guide Point, Sky Patrol and I-Metrik SVR. We believe that we are a leading provider of telematics services in Israel, as we are deemed a monopoly in this field; however, we are unable to provide specific market share information in the markets of our operations for various reasons, including the broad range of services and products that compete in these markets, the non-existence of trade publications with respect to the products and services we offer in such markets and the lack of meaningful or accurate market research or data available to us. Fleet Management The vehicle fleet management market is highly fragmented with many corporations offering location products and services. Our major competitors in Israel are Pointer, ISR, Traffilog and Skylock; our major competitors in the United States are GPS Insight, Trimble, Network Fleet, Street Eagle, FleetMatics, Navtrack, Teletrac, Trim Track, FleetBoss, PassTime, Verizon, AT&T, Geotab, Fleet-Complete and Spireon; our major competitors in Brazil are Sascar, Zatix, CEABS and AutoTrack; our major competitors in Argentina are LoJack Corporation, Megatrans SA., G4S, Sitrac S.A., American Tracer, Ubicar S.A.,Sky Cop. and Prosegur S.A ,our major competitors in Mexico are LoJack Corporation, Encotrack and Easytrack,our major competitors in Ecuador are Hunter (LoJack Corporation), Tracklink and Sherlock, our major competitors in Colombia are Carlink and Detector. (B) Telematics products Our telematics system for automatic vehicle location is based on terrestrial network triangulation technology and primarily competes with companies that use one of three main technologies: GPS/GPRS (in combination with telematics), network-based cellular communication and radio frequency-based homing. Telematics products based on GPS, network-based cellular and homing technologies do not require the construction of a separate infrastructure of base stations as with terrestrial network triangulation systems. GPS receivers require line of sight to at least three satellites, which reduces their effectiveness in areas where the satellite signals are subject to interference and "noise" (such as urban areas, buildings or parking garages, forests and other enclosed or underground spaces). GPS and network-based cellular systems are also prone to jamming since the tracking signal receivers are located in the vehicle and can be easily tampered with. In addition, the satellites utilized by GPS devices are managed by the United States Department of Defense and can be subject to forced temporary outages. The main disadvantage of homing systems is that they provide only the general direction and not the precise location of the end-unit. In addition, homing systems require that the vehicle be reported stolen before the tracking signal can be activated, which may result in a delay between vehicle theft and recovery. The GPS technology can receive and transmit a massive capacity of data which enable us to provide a better data analysis and variety of additional services. 17 Terrestrial network triangulation system does not require line of sight and the signals are not easily interrupted in densely populated or obstructed areas. Also, the signals are transmitted from the end-unit in the vehicle to a network of base stations. Therefore, in order to jam the system, receivers in each individual base station within range of the end-unit would have to be jammed, which is difficult to accomplish. Additionally, since the primary application of terrestrial network triangulation systems in the telematics industry is vehicle location and not continuous two-way communication, short bursts of data are sufficient for tracking purposes, which enable the network of base stations to be deployed at a much lower density in the coverage area than traditional network-based cellular base stations. Terrestrial network triangulation systems are capable of determining the precise location, and not just the general direction, of a vehicle at any moment in time. Furthermore, when connected with the existing theft protection system in the vehicle, terrestrial network triangulation systems automatically alert the control center when a vehicle is stolen and do not require that the vehicle be reported stolen, which can potentially reduce stolen vehicle recovery times to a few minutes. The main disadvantage of terrestrial network triangulation systems is the necessity to deploy a physical infrastructure, including the construction, development and deployment of a network of base stations and a control center and the need to address the various financial, legal and practical issues associated with such deployment. Any such deployment entails an investment of a sizable amount of money prior to the receipt of any revenues. Since our telematics end-units are primarily used by us in providing our telematics services, the information provided above concerning our competition in this market is applicable to the competition in the telematics products' market as well. Manufacturing Operations and Suppliers Our telematics products are manufactured and assembled by a limited number of manufacturers in Israel (including our subsidiary E.R.M) and in China. We engage with our manufacturers on a full turn-key basis, where we supply detailed production files and materials list and receive a final product that we sell directly to our clients. Other than our dependency on manufacturing suppliers, as described in Item 3D. - "Risk Factors" above, we do not depend on a single manufacturer for the production of our products. Our quality assurance and testing operations are performed by our manufacturers at their facilities, while using our quality assurance and testing equipment and in accordance with the test procedures designated by us. We monitor quality with respect to key stages of the production process, including the selection of components and subassembly suppliers, warehouse procedures, assembly of goods, final testing, packaging and shipping. We are ISO 9001 certified. Some of our products are within the highest car manufacture automotive standard. We believe that our quality assurance procedures have been instrumental in achieving the high degree of reliability of our products. Several components and subassemblies included in our products are presently obtainable from a single source or a limited group of suppliers and subcontractors. We maintain strong relationships with our manufacturers and suppliers to ensure that we receive an adequate supply of products, components and raw materials at favorable prices and to access their latest technologies and product specifications. Proprietary Rights We seek to protect our intellectual property through patents, trademarks, contractual rights, trade secrets, know-how, technical measures and confidentiality, non-disclosure and assignment of inventions agreements and other appropriate protective measures to protect our proprietary rights in the primary markets in which we operate. The continued use of some licenses granted by third parties to use their intellectual property is material to our business. Please refer to Item 3D. - Risk Factors, under the caption "We rely on some intellectual property that we license from third parties, the loss of which could preclude us from providing our SVR services or market and sell some of our telematics products, which would adversely affect our revenues" above. We typically enter into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with our employees and consultants. We also seek these protective agreements from some of our suppliers and subcontractors who have access to sensitive information regarding our intellectual property. These agreements provide that confidential information developed or made known during the course of a relationship with us is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties, except in specific circumstances. Our stolen vehicle recovery system is based on three main components: (i) an telematics end-unit that is installed in the vehicle, (ii) (for RF technology based telematics units) a network of base stations that relay information between the vehicle location units and the control center, certain components of which were developed by third parties and are currently licensed to us and (iii) a 24-hour manned control center consisting of software used to manage communications and the exchange of information among the hardware components of the telematics system, certain components of which were developed by third parties and licensed to us. "Ituran" and "Mr. Big" and the related logos are our trademarks, the former has been registered in Israel, Hong Kong and as a European Union and the latter has been registered in Israel. "Mapa" trademark and its related logos where sold as part of the sale of Mapa to an unrelated party to us. 18 Regulatory Environment In order to provide our SVR services in the locations where we currently operate, we need to obtain four primary types of licenses and permits: (i) for our products utilizing the RF technology - a license that allows us to use designated frequencies for broadcasting, transmission or reception of signals and information and to provide telecommunication services to our customers, (ii) for our products utilizing the RF technology - a building permit, which permits us to erect our base sites and transmit therefrom, (iii) product specific licenses (commonly known as type approvals), which enable us to use the equipment necessary for our services, and (iv) a general commerce license, which allows us to offer our services to the public. The telecommunication services and frequency license and general commerce licenses we require are granted by the applicable national agency regulating communications in the markets in which we operate, specifically, the Ministry of Communication, in Israel, Anatel - Agencia Nacional de Telecomunicatoes, in Brazil, Ministerio de Comunicaciones, in Argentina, and the Federal Communications Commission, in the United States. The product specific licenses we require are granted in Israel by the Ministry of Communication, in Brazil by IBRACE (the Instituto Brasileiro de Certificatao de Productos para Telecominicatoes), in Argentina by the Autoridad Federal de Tecnologias de la Información y las Comunicaciones and in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission. In Brazil, the general commerce licenses, such as the city permits, are granted by the local municipalities and other specific entities, depending on the licenses required. Our frequency licenses in all of the locations where we operate are "secondary" or "joint" , which means that the government may grant another person or persons, typically a cellular operator, a primary license to the same frequencies and, to the extent our operations interfere with the operations of the other person, we would have to modify our operations to accommodate the joint use of the frequencies. All of these licenses are also subject to revocation, alteration or limitation by the respective authority granting them. While any events that would cause us to change frequencies or to modify our operations could have a material adverse effect on us, we do not believe that this is a likely event in any of the locations where we provide our SVR services. Our frequency license in Israel was renewed for a term of five (5) years until January 31, 2023. Our frequency licenses in Brazil will expire in 2019. Except in Brazil, where a request for a new license may have to be filed upon expiration of the license in 2019, we have options to extend all of our frequency licenses for periods ranging from three- to ten-years. A renewal application in Brazil will be submitted 6 months before the frequency license expiration date, to provide us a new license for a period of ten (10) years. In Argentina, on July 15, 1999, the SECOM (Secretary of Communication dependent of Economy Ministry) granted us a license to provide services in a Secondary Band. On December 2015, SECOM was converted into the Modernization Ministry, with ENACOM (National Communication Entity) which is a decentralized entity that works within the scope of the Modernization Ministry. Nevertheless, our frequency is still authorized, there is new entrant with ENACOM Authorization to provide LTE service. If this entrant starts the activity, we will face an incompatibility situation. We received the authorization from ENACOM to use a 12-month trial in 902-905 947-950 MHz bands additionally to our current frequencies. During this period, we will perform a test to obtain a definitive authorization. On December 9, 2016, we were informed that one of the cellular providers in Argentina, which shares some of our frequencies, intends to implement on them 4G cellular service. Such service may cause Interference that may impede the provision of our SVR service in Argentina. We are negotiating with ENACOM to define new frequency which we will migrate into. Subject to the applicable laws, and ENACOM decision, the migration process may take few years, and will be determined by ENACOM. In Israel and Brazil, like our competitors and most cellular operators, we are not in compliance with all relevant laws and regulations in connection with the erection of transmission antennas (our base sites). As of the date hereof, most of our base sites in Israel and Brazil are operating without local building permits. Currently, there is heightened awareness of this issue in Israel, particularly in connection with base sites of cellular providers, and possible sanctions could include fines and even the closure or demolition of these base sites. In Brazil, Brazilian authorities enforce permit requirements and impose penalties for non-compliance with such requirements. However, we do not believe this is likely. Obtaining such required permits may involve additional fees as well as payments to the Land Administration Authority. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ In Israel the required permits and approvals for the erection of the base sites include: erection and operating permits from the Israeli Ministry of the Environment; permits from the Israeli Civil Aviation Authority, in certain cases; permits from the Israeli Defense Forces; approval from Israel' s Land Administration and/or from Civil Administration in the Territories, which usually also involves payment for the land use rights; and building permits from local or regional zoning authorities in Israel and Brazil. 19 We are continuously in the process of obtaining the relevant permits required for the construction of our base sites in Israel, however, to date, we have been issued only 15 of these permits (13 of them have expired). With respect to the general permit from Israel' s Land Administration, in 2005 we entered into an agreement with the Israel' s Land Administration, pursuant to which the general permit has been issued to us against an annual consideration based on the date of approval of our base sites. The agreement had expired on December 31, 2010. In the event that the Israel Land Administration claims consideration for the erection of the base sites without a permit, we may be subject to penalties and payment of annual consideration for the years of use of those base sites. In Brazil, very few providers of wireless telecommunications services obtain the required permits for the erection of transmission antennas due to the nature of the approval process. Currently we do not have such permits (except Anatel permits). In Brazil, we try to minimize our risk by locating most of our equipment in sub-leased sites which are already used by other telecommunication service providers, such as cellular operators. In Brazil the required permits for the erection of our base sites include: * * a permit from Anatel (National Agency for Telecommunication) a permit from IBAMA (Environment national agency) and/or state EPAs * Municipal permits * * a permit from the fire department; and a permit from COMAR (Aviation authorities) ANATEL permits are required only for sites where we have transmission equipment and we have obtained all the permits required with this agency. Special IBAMA permits need to be obtained only for ground sites which are located in certain preservation areas. We have few sites of this kind, most of them are collocated sites where we pay for the right of use and permits are undertaken by the landowner. Fire Department permits are required only for equipment rooms and we have not applied for any as of this date. COMAR permits are needed only for a very few of our sites, most of which are collocated. In Argentina, the installation of an antenna support structure requires the authorization of the owner of the building or the land in which it is intended to be install. The Municipalities regulate through specific Municipal Ordinances are granting urban licenses for our base stations installation. The regulation referred to the civil work of the support structure of the antenna, (masts / towers / anchors / bracing, etc.) is not the competence of ENACOM (National Communication Entity), so it cannot exercise jurisdiction over it. This situation is determined in articles 39, 40 and 41 of the National Law 19798/72, and in Resolution No. 795 CNT / 92, ratified by Resolution 302 SC / 99. Therefore, the claims and queries related to the installation, the deterioration or poor conditions or related to the support structures, should be addressed to the municipalities.It should be noted that the owner of a station in operation assumes responsibility for the works and accessory facilities that must be executed to install a radio station, attributing the technical responsibility of a civil work, to the designer and the director of the same, being this situation framed in what is established in articles 1273 and following of the Civil and Commercial Code of the Nation. We are not in compliance with all relevant laws and regulations in connection with the erection of antennas; some of them in the pasts were closure by Municipalities. As of the date hereof, most of our base sites operating without local Municipality permits, possible sanctions could include fines and even the closure of those sites. In Argentina authorities enforce permit requirements and impose penalties for non-compliance with such requirements. Obtaining such required permits may involve additional fees as well as payments to Municipality Authority. We have been declared a monopoly under the Israeli Antitrust Law, 1988, in the provision of systems for the location of vehicles in Israel. This law prohibits a monopoly from abusing its market position in a manner that might reduce competition in the market or negatively affect the public. For instance, a monopoly is prohibited from engaging in predatory pricing and providing loyalty discounts, which prohibitions do not apply to other companies. The law empowers the Commissioner of Competition to instruct a monopoly abusing its market power to perform certain acts or to refrain from taking certain acts in order to prevent the abuse. Additionally, any declaration by the Israeli Competition authority that a monopoly has abused its position in the market may serve in any suit in which it is claimed that such a monopoly engages in anti-competitive conduct, as prima facie evidence that it has engaged in anti-competitive behavior. Our declaration as a monopoly in the market of "provision of systems for the location of vehicles in Israel" was not accompanied with any instructions or special restrictions beyond the provisions of The Economic Competition Law. Although we may be ordered to take or refrain from taking certain actions, to date we have not been subject to such restrictions. In Colombia we have to pay 1% of our Hardware sales to the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications for use of telecommunication spectrum. In Ecuador and Mexico there are no levies imposed on our activities. 20  C. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE We were initially incorporated as a subsidiary of Tadiran, an Israeli-based designer and manufacturer of telecommunications equipment, software and defense electronic systems, whose original business purpose was to adapt military-grade technologies for the civilian market. In July 1995, Moked Ituran Ltd. purchased our company and the assets used in connection with its operations from Tadiran and Tadiran Public Offerings Ltd. The telematics infrastructure and telematics end-units for the operation of our SVR services were originally developed by an independent division of Tadiran Communications and Systems Group. These operations were later transferred to a Tadiran subsidiary, Tadiran Telematics Ltd. In November 1999, we purchased Tadiran Telematics from Tadiran and in 2002, we changed its name to Telematics Wireless. In December 2007 we sold our subsidiary Telematics. List of Significant Subsidiaries Name of Subsidiary Country of Incorporation Ituran USA Holdings Inc Ituran USA Inc Ituran de Argentina S.A Ituran Sistemas de Monitoramento Ltda Ituran Instalacoes Ltda Teleran Holding Ltda Ituran servicos Ltda E.R.M. Electronic Systems Limited Mapa Mapping & Publishing Ltd Ituran Spain Holding S.L Ituran Road Track Monitaramento de Veiculos LTDA Ituran Road Track Argentina, S.A Global Telematics Solutions HK, Limited Road Track De Colombia S.A.S Road Track Ecuador, S.A. Road Track Mexico S.A. De C.V Road Track HK Telematics Limited E.D.T.E - Drive Technology Ltd USA USA Argentina Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Israel Israel Spain Brazil Argentina Hong Kong Colombia Ecuador Mexico Hong Kong Israel 21 Proportion of Ownership Interest 100% 88.5% 100% 98% 98% 99.99% 98% 51% 100% 81.3% 90.65% 90.65% 90.65% 81.3% 81.3% 81.3% 81.3% 81.3% D. PROPERTY, PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT As of the date of this report, we don' t own any real estate other than the following properties: An office building of 8 floors in the area of approximately 5,356 sqm (57,651 square feet), which was purchased by our subsidiary Ituran Sistemas de Monitoramento Ltda (Ituran Brazil) in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and was later, on December 3, 2014 sold to us, A building located in Rua Joao pessoa 450, Sao Caetano do Sul, Estado de Sao Paulo in Sao Paulo, Brazil in the area of approximately 36,936 square feet which was purchased by our subsidiary Ituran Road Track Monitoramento de Veiculos, Ltda which serve as an Operating center, A building located in Avenida del Taller No.36 Col. Transito in Mexico in the area of approximately 21,132 square feet which was purchased by our subsidiary Road Track Mexico, S.A de C.V which serve as an Operating center, a building located in Manuel Najas Oel 81 and Juan de Selis in Quito , Ecuador in the area of approximately 23,875 square feet which was purchased by our subsidiary Road Track Ecuador, S.A which serve as an Operating center, and a building located in Keren Ha' Yesod 15, Tirat Ha'Carmel, Israel at the area of approximately 5,025 square feet which was purchased by our subsidiary E.D.T.E - Drive Technology Ltd which serve as an Office space and a warehouse. Other than the property in Brazil, Ecuador and Mexico and israel, all of our offices, headquarters, control centers and facilities are leased in accordance with our specific needs in the areas in which we operate. Additionally, we lease space for our base sites, in order to operate the reception and transmission stations of the system, in each area in which we provide our SVR services. In 2018 we leased an aggregate of approximately 62,310 square feet of office space in Azour and Holon, Israel. In 2018, the annual lease payments for these facilities were approximately $1,052,000. The initial term of the primary lease (in Azour) expired on March 31, 2013; and we renewed the lease until 2020. These premises include our executive offices and the administrative and operational centers for our operations as well as our customer service, value-added services and technical support centers for the Israeli market. In Buenos Aires, Argentina, we lease approximately 17,687 square feet for office space for the total amount of $ 147,906 annually, approximately 720 square feet for our control center for $ 5,295 annually, approximately 5,253 square feet for our installation center for $ 52,163 annually, approximately 2,121 square feet for our warehouse for $ 17,588 annually, and approximately 862 square feet for our third warehouse for $ 1,709 annually. In Bogota, Colombia, we lease approximately 9,035 square feet for office space and Operating center for the amount of $ 83,500 annually, and additional 2,403 square feet for Operating center for the amount of $ 20,920 annually. In Mexico City, Mexico, we lease approximately 3,875 square feet for Corporate Office for the amount of $ 36,000 annually. In Sao Paulo, Brazil, we lease approximately 7,535 square feet for Parking lot for the amount of $ 55,000 annually. In Guayaquil, Ecuador, we lease approximately 7,829 square feet for Warehouse for the amount of $ 57,000 annually. In Quito, Ecuador, we lease approximately 538 square feet for Warehouse for the amount of $ 30,000 annually. In Cuenca, Ecuador, we lease approximately 538 square feet for Warehouse for the amount of $ 3,399 annually. In Ibarra, Ecuador, we lease approximately 3,875 square feet for Corporate Office for the amount of$ 36,000 annually. We lease approximately 9,260 square feet for our offices and control center in Florida for a monthly rate of $ 11,575 for period of 60 months commentating March 24, 2016 and ending March 23, 2021, subject to a 3% annual increase per year starting April 1, 2017. In 2018, we leased approximately 6,754 square feet of office space, stores and warehouse in Brazil for approximately $500,000 annually. The lease agreements will expire and will have to be renewed on August 21, 2020, December, 2020, and December, 2026, as applicable to each engagement. We believe that our facilities are suitable and adequate for our operations as currently conducted. In the event that additional facilities will be required, we believe that we could obtain such facilities at commercially reasonable rates. The size of our base station sites varies from approximately 11 to 44 square feet. In Israel, we have 98 base stations and we rent most base station sites independently for a monthly rate ranging from $200 to $2,000 per site depending on the location, size and other factors; for certain sites we do not pay any rent. The typical duration of a lease agreement for our base stations in Israel is five years and we generally have a right to renew the term of the lease agreements for a period ranging between two and five years. In Brazil, we have 147 base station sites, of which 23 sites are leased from the same entity under a 15 years-contract, (commencing from 2012) for a monthly rate ranging from $500 to $1,750 per site. The remaining 124 sites are leased independently for an annual rate ranging from $200 to $550 (except of one site in Rio de Janeiro that costs around $ 950 approximately) depending on the location, size and other factors, and the typical duration for these leases is five years. In Argentina, we have 44 base station sites, all of which are leased from six entities for a monthly rate ranging from $300 to $1,300 per site. The duration of the lease ranges from one to two years. We do not believe that we have a legal retirement obligation associated with the operating leases for our base sites pursuant to the relevant accounting standards, since we do not own any real property. However, we are obligated pursuant to certain of the operating leases for our base sites, mainly for base sites in Israel, Brazil and Argentina, to restore facilities or remove equipment at the end of the lease term. Since the restoration is limited to any construction or property installed on the property, which in our case is only the installed antennas, we do not believe that these obligations, individually or in the aggregate, will result in us incurring a material expense. 22 ITEM 4.A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS Not applicable ITEM 5: OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS A. OPERATING RESULTS The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this report. Introduction We believe we are a leading provider of telematics services, consisting predominantly of stolen vehicle recovery, which we refer to as SVR, and tracking services. We also provide telematics products used in connection with our SVR services and for various other applications. We currently provide our services and sell and lease our products in Israel, Brazil, Argentina and the United States and since September 2018 also in Colombia, Mexico and Ecuador. Our operations consist of two segments: Telematics services and telematics products. Our telematics services segment consists of our SVR, "Connected Car" fleet management and value-added services. We currently operate our telematics services throughout the regions we operate. Our telematics products segment consists of our short- and medium-range two-way telematics products. We sell our telematics end-units to customers that subscribe to our telematics services. Outlook We have historically experienced growth in most of the markets in which we provide our telematics services. These markets are generally characterized by high car theft rates, insurance companies and car manufactures that are seeking solutions to limit their actual losses resulting from car theft and increase their sales by adding additional value to the customer, and hence the Brazilian market continues to represent growth potential for our telematics services. The growth in subscribers within our telematics services segment also has a direct impact on the sale or lease of our telematics products, as they are an integral component of our telematics services and are installed in each subscriber' s vehicle. In Israel, in recent years the market experienced an increased car sales which positively affect our sales as compared with previous years. Please refer to Item 3D. - Risk Factors above in respect of factors that could negatively impact our business. Geographical breakdown Telematics services' subscriber base The following table sets forth the geographic breakdown of subscribers to our telematics services as of the dates indicated: Israel Brazil Others Total(1) 2018 551,000 555,000 664,000 As of December 31, 2017 501,000 438,000 221,000 2016 443,000 398,000 216,000 1,770,000 1,160,000 1,057,000 (1) All numbers provided are rounded, and therefore totals may be slightly different than the results obtained by adding the numbers provided. 23 Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Revenues The following table sets forth the geographic breakdown of our revenues for each of our business segments for the relevant periods indicated. Israel Brazil Others Total(1) 2018(2) Year ended December 31, 2017 In USD, in Millions 2016 Telematics services Telematics products Telematics services Telematics products Telematics services Telematics products 72.0 86.3 23.1 181.4 44.2 4.6 23.2 72.0 69.2 85.1 15.5 169.8 47.3 4.4 13.2 64.9 59 67.8 15.1 141.9 42.2 3.2 12.2 57.6 1(1) We attribute revenues to countries based on the location of the customer. 2(2) The revenues include RTH results from the closing date, September 13, 2018. Telematics services segment We generate revenues from sales and leases of our SVR, fleet management and value-added services. A majority of our revenues represent subscription fees paid to us by our customers. We recognize revenues from subscription fees on a monthly basis. Our customers are free to terminate their subscription at any time. In the absence of such termination, the subscription term continues automatically. We also generate subscription fees from our fleet management services. Assuming no additional growth in our subscriber base and based on our historical average churn rates of 3% per month in this segment, we can anticipate that at least 90% of our subscription fees generated in a prior quarter will recur in the following quarter. Telematics products segment We generate revenues from the sale of our telematics products to customers in Israel, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador and the United States. We currently sell or lease our telematics end-units in each of the above regions. Growth in our subscriber base is the principal driver for the sale of our telematics products. We recognize revenues from sales of our telematics products upon transfer of control to the customer (usually upon delivery). Cost of revenues Telematics services segment The cost of revenues in our telematics services segment consists primarily of staffing, maintenance and operation of our control centers and base stations, costs associated with our staff and costs incurred for private enforcement, licenses, permits and royalties, as well as communication costs and costs due to depreciation of leased products and installation fees. Cost of revenues for sales of our fleet management services also includes payments to a third party who markets our services. Telematics products segment The cost of revenues in our telematics products segment consists primarily of production costs of our third-party manufacturers and costs associated with installation fees. Operating expenses Research and development Our research and development expenses consist of salaries, costs of materials and other overhead expenses, primarily in connection with the design and development of our telematics products. We expense some of our research and development costs as incurred. Subject to certain criteria we capitalize software development costs. For further information see Note 1S to our consolidated Financial statements. Selling and marketing Our selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of advertising, salaries, commissions and other employee expenses related to our selling and marketing team and promotional and public relations expenses. 24 Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text General and administrative Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, bonuses, accounting and other general corporate expenses. Operating Income Telematics services segment Operating income in our telematics services segment is primarily affected by increases in our subscriber base and our ability to increase the resulting revenues without a commensurate increase in our corresponding costs. Telematics products segment Operating income in our telematics products segment is primarily affected by our ability to increase sales of our telematics products. Financing expenses (income), net Financing expenses (income), net, include, inter alia, short- and long-term interest expenses, financial commissions, and gains and losses from currency fluctuations from the translation of monetary balance sheet items denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of each entity in the group, gains in respect of marketable securities and expenses related to tax positions. Taxes on income Income earned from our services and product sales is subject to tax in the country in which we provide our services or from which we sell our products. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our critical accounting policies are more fully described in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report. However, certain of our accounting policies require us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We evaluate our estimates on a periodic basis. We base our estimates on historical experience, industry trends, authoritative pronouncements and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Such assumptions and estimates are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. The following are our critical accounting policies and the significant judgments and estimates affecting the application of those policies in our consolidated financial statements. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. Revenue recognition We and our subsidiaries generate revenue from subscriber fees for the provision of services and sales of systems and products, mainly in respect of fleet management services, stolen vehicle recovery services and other value-added services. To a lesser extent, revenues are also derived from technical support services. We and our subsidiaries sell the systems primarily through their direct sales force and indirectly through resellers. Revenue recognition accounting policy applied until December 31, 2017 (prior to the adoption of ASC Topic 606); Revenues were recognized when delivery has occurred and, where applicable, after installation has been completed, there was persuasive evidence of an arrangement, the fee was fixed or determinable and collection of the related receivable was reasonably assured and no further obligations existed. In cases where delivery has occurred but the required installation has not been performed, we did not recognize the revenues until the installation was completed. Our revenues were recognized as follows: 1. Revenues from sales were recognized when title and risk of loss of the product passed to the customer (usually upon delivery). 2. We applied the provisions of ASC Topic 605-25, "Revenue Recognition - Multiple-Element Arrangements", as amended. ASC Topic 605-25 provided guidance on how to account for arrangements that involve the delivery or performance of multiple products, services and/or rights to use assets. For such arrangements, each element of the contract was accounted for as a separate unit when it provided the customer value on a stand-alone basis and if an arrangement included a right of return relative to a delivered item, delivery or performance of the undelivered item or items was considered probable and substantially in the control of us. According to ASC 605-25, as amended, when neither "vendor specific objective evidence" of selling price, nor third party price existed, we were required to develop a best estimate of the selling price of the deliverables and the entire arrangement consideration was allocated to the deliverables based on the relative selling prices. 25 Revenues from SVR services subscription fees and from installation services, sold to customers within a single contractually binding arrangement were accounted for revenue recognition purposes, as a single unit of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 605-25, since the installation services element was determined not to have a value on a stand-alone basis to the customer. Accordingly, the entire contract fee for the two deliverables was recognized ratably on a straight-line basis over the subscription period. 3. Amounts earned by the Brazilian subsidiary for arranging a bundle transaction of SVR services subscription and installation services together with insurance services to be supplied by a third party insurance company, were recognized ratably on a straight-line basis over the subscription period, since the amount allocated to the company, was contingent upon the delivery of the SVR services. As the insurance company was the primary obligor of the insurance component, the company recognized only the net amounts as revenues, after deduction of amounts related to the insurance component. 4. Deferred revenues included unearned amounts received from customers (mostly for the provision of installation and subscription services) but not yet recognized as revenues. Such deferred revenues were recognized as described in paragraph 2, above. 5. Extended warranty Revenues from extended warranty which were provided for a monthly fee and were sold separately, were recognized over the duration of the warranty periods. Revenue recognition accounting policy applied from January 1, 2018 (following the adoption of ASC Topic 606); On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606") to all contracts, using the modified retrospective method. Under such method of adoption, the results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented in accordance with ASC Topic 606, while prior period amounts were not adjusted and are reported in accordance with the previous accounting treatment required under ASC Topic 605. The cumulative impact of the adoption in an amount of approximately US$3 million (net of tax), was recognized as an adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. In accordance with ASC 606, we determine revenue recognition through the following five steps: * * Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; Identification of the performance obligations in the contract; * Determination of the transaction price; * Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and * Recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation. A contract with a customer exists when all of the following criteria are met: the parties to the contract have approved it (in writing, orally, or in accordance with other customary business practices) and are committed to perform their respective obligations, We can identify each party' s rights regarding the distinct goods or services to be transferred ("performance obligations"), we can determine the transaction price for the goods or services to be transferred, the contract has commercial substance and it is probable that we will collect substantially all of the consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer. Upon each contract inception, we assess the goods or services promised in a contract with a customer and identifies the performance obligations. With respect to contracts that are determined to have multiple performance obligations, such as contracts that combine product with services (mostly SVR services) customer support, we allocate the contract' s transaction price to each performance obligation using its best estimate of the relative standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. The primary method used to estimate the relative standalone selling price is expected costs of satisfying a performance obligation and an appropriate margin for that distinct good or service. In assessing whether to allocate variable consideration to a specific part of the contract, we consider the nature of variable payment (if any) and whether it relates specifically to its efforts to satisfy a specific part of the contract. Revenues are recognized when, or as, control of services or products is transferred to the customers at a point in time or over time, as applicable to each performance obligation. Revenues are recorded in the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for performance obligations upon transfer of control to the customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of other third parties and sales taxes. We do not adjust the amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component since we expect, at contract inception, that the period between the time of transfer of the promised goods or services to the customer and the time the customer pays for these goods or services to be generally one year or less, based on the practical expedient. Our credit terms to customers are, on average, between thirty and ninety days. 26 In accordance with ASC 606, our revenues are recognized as follows: Revenues from sales of AVL products are recognized when the control of the product passed to the customer (usually upon delivery). Revenues from provision of SVR services are recognized over time, as the customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits provided by our performance. FFoorr aarrrraannggeemmeennttss tthhaatt iinnvvoollvvee tthhee ddeelliivveerryy oorr ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee ooff mmuullttiippllee pprroodduuccttss ((mmoossttllyy,, AAVVLL pprroodduuccttss)),, sseerrvviicceess ((ssuucchh aass SSVVRR sseerrvviicceess)) aanndd//oorr rriigghhttss ttoo uussee aasssseettss,, wwee aannaallyyzzee wwhheetthheerr tthhee goods or services that were promised to the customer are distinct. A good or service promised to a customer is considered ' distinct' iiff bbootthh ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ccrriitteerriiaa aarree mmeett:: 11.. TThhee ccuussttoommeerr ccaann bbeenneeffiitt ffrroomm tthhee ggoooodd oorr sseerrvviiccee,, eeiitthheerr oonn iittss oowwnn oorr ttooggeetthheerr wwiitthh ootthheerr rreessoouurrcceess tthhaatt aarree rreeaaddiillyy aavvaaiillaabbllee ttoo tthhee ccuussttoommeerr;; aanndd,, 22.. oouurr pprroommiissee ttoo ttrraannssffeerr tthhee ggoooodd oorr sseerrvviiccee ttoo tthhee ccuussttoommeerr iiss sseeppaarraatteellyy iiddeennttiiffiiaabbllee ffrroomm ootthheerr pprroommiisseess iinn tthhee ccoonnttrraacctt.. WWhheenn tthhee aabboovvee ccrriitteerriiaa aarree mmeett tthhee rreevveennuuee rreeccooggnniittiioonn ffoorr tthhee rreellaatteedd pprroodduuccttss aanndd//oorr sseerrvviicceess aarree rreeccooggnniizzeedd aass described in 1 and 2 above, as applicable. With respect to arrangement that are determined to have multiple performance obligations that are distinct, we allocate the contract' s transaction price to each performance obligation using its best estimate of the relative standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. The primary method used to estimate the relative standalone selling price is the expected costs of satisfying the performance obligation with an appropriate margin for that distinct good or service. Revenues from SVR services subscription fees and from installation services, sold to customers within a single contractually binding arrangement were accounted for revenue recognition purposes, as a single performance obligation, since the installation services element was determined not to be ' distinct' . Accordingly, the entire contract fee for the two deliverables was recognized over time, on a straight-line basis over the subscription period. Amounts earned by certain BBrraazziilliiaann ssuubbssiiddiiaarryy ffoorr aarrrraannggiinngg aa bbuunnddllee ttrraannssaaccttiioonn ooff SSVVRR sseerrvviicceess ssuubbssccrriippttiioonn aanndd iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sseerrvviicceess ttooggeetthheerr wwiitthh iinnssuurraannccee sseerrvviicceess ttoo bbee ssuupppplliieedd bbyy a third party insurance company, are recognized ratably on a straight-lliinnee bbaassiiss oovveerr tthhee ssuubbssccrriippttiioonn ppeerriioodd ((sseeee 33 aabboovvee)),, ssiinnccee tthhee aammoouunntt aallllooccaatteedd ttoo tthhee ccoommppaannyy ((ffoorr tthhee SSVVRR sseerrvviicceess ssuubbssccrriippttiioonn,, iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sseerrvviicceess aanndd ffoorr aarrrraannggiinngg tthhee ttrraannssaaccttiioonn)),, wwaass ccoonnttiinnggeenntt uuppoonn tthhee ddeelliivveerryy ooff tthhee SSVVRR sseerrvviicceess.. AAss tthhee iinnssuurraannccee ccoommppaannyy iiss aaccttiinngg aass aa pprriinncciippaall wwiitthh rreessppeecctt to the insurance component, the company recognized only the net amounts as revenues, after deduction of amounts related to the insurance component. DDeeffeerrrreedd rreevveennuueess iinncclluuddee uunneeaarrnneedd aammoouunnttss rreecceeiivveedd ffrroomm ccuussttoommeerrss ((mmoossttllyy ffoorr tthhee pprroovviissiioonn ooff iinnssttaallllaattiioonn,, ffuuttuurree ssuubbssccrriippttiioonn sseerrvviicceess aanndd eexxtteennddeedd wwaarrrraannttyy)) bbuutt nnoott yyeett rreeccooggnniizzeedd as revenues. Such deferred revenues are recognized as described in paragraph 2 above or paragraph 6 below, as applicable. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Extended warranty In the majority of countries, in which we operate, the statutory warranty period is one year, and the extended warranty covers periods beyond year one. Revenues from extended warranty include warranty services which were sold separately for a monthly fee, or warranty services that were determined to represent a separate performance obligation and were sold together with an AVL unit. Such revenues are recognized over the duration of the warranty periods. Accounting for income taxes We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740-10, "Income Taxes". According to this guidance, deferred income taxes are determined utilizing the asset and liability method based on the estimated future tax effects of differences between the financial accounting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities under the applicable tax law. Deferred tax balances are computed using the tax rates expected to be in effect at the time when these differences reverse. Valuation allowances in respect of the deferred tax assets are provided for if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized. US GAAP provides that the tax effects from an uncertain tax position can be recognized in the financial statements only if the position is "more-likely-than-not" to be sustained were to be challenged by a taxing authority. The assessment of a tax position is based solely on the technical merits of the position, without regard the likelihood that the tax position may be challenged. If an uncertain tax position meets the "more-likely-than-not" threshold, the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be recognized upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authority is recorded. Contingencies We and our subsidiaries are involved in certain legal proceedings that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of their business and in connection with certain agreements with third parties. Except for income tax contingencies, we record accruals for contingencies to the extent that the management concludes that the occurrence is probable and that the related liabilities are estimable. Legal expenses associated with contingencies are expensed as incurred. Our material legal proceedings are fully described in Item 8.A. - "Consolidated Statements and other Financial Information" under the caption "Material Legal Proceedings" below. 27 Goodwill and intangible assets 1. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations accounted for in accordance with the "purchase method" and is allocated to reporting units at acquisition. Goodwill is not amortized but rather tested for impairment at least annually in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 350, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other". As required by ASC Topic 350, we choose either to perform a qualitative assessment whether the two-step goodwill impairment test is necessary or proceeds directly to the two-step goodwill impairment test. Such determination is made for each reporting unit on a stand-alone basis. The qualitative assessment includes various factors such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, earnings multiples, gross margin and cash flows from operating activities and other relevant factors. When we choose to perform a qualitative assessment and determines that it is more likely than not (more than 50 percent likelihood) that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then we proceed to the two-step goodwill impairment test. If we determine otherwise, no further evaluation is necessary. When we decide or is required to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test, we compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value ("step 1"). If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the reporting unit net assets (including the goodwill allocated to such reporting unit), goodwill is considered not to be impaired, and no further testing is required. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the implied fair value of goodwill is determined by subtracting the fair value of all the identifiable net assets from the fair value of the reporting unit. An impairment loss is recorded for the excess, if any, of the carrying value of the goodwill allocated to the reporting unit over its implied fair value ("step 2"). We apply assumptions that market participants would consider in determining the fair value of each reporting unit and the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities of the reporting units, as applicable. As of December 31, 2018, we had two reporting units that include goodwill (two in 2017 and two in 2016). We did not complete the assignment of goodwill resulted from the acquisition which is expected to be allocated to new reporting units under the existing reporting units. We performed a qualitative assessment for two reporting units as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and concluded that the qualitative assessment did not result in a more likely than not indication of impairment, and therefore no further impairment testing was required, with respect to such units. 2. Intangible assets with finite lives (as of December 31, 2018, the balance of intangible assets consist of customer relationship, technology and others) are amortized using the straight-line basis over their useful lives, to reflect the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed or otherwise used up. As a part of the acquisition of describe in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements we got control over intangible assets in a fair value of approximately US$ 38,583 thousand. As of December 31, 2018, the intangible assets are amortized over a period of 5 - 8 years. Recoverability of intangible assets is measured as described in Note 1L to the consolidated financial statements. Obligation to purchase non-controlling interests An obligation to acquire shares of a subsidiary held by Non-controlling interests at a stated future date, represents liability under ASC Topic 480. Upon initial recognition such liability is measured at fair value in accordance with ASC Topic 480-10-30-3 at the amount of cash that would be paid under the conditions specified in the contract if the shares were purchased immediately and in subsequent periods at the amount of cash that would be paid under the conditions specified in the contract if settlement occurred at the reporting date with any change in value from the previous reporting date recognized as interest cost. In addition, the Non-controlling interests subject to such obligation are not recognized and no earnings are allocated to them. 28 Results of Operations The following table sets forth for the periods indicated selected items from our consolidated statements of income as a percentage of our total revenues. Consolidated statements of operations data: Revenues: Telematics services Telematics product Total Revenues Cost of Revenues: Telematics services Telematics products Total cost of revenues Gross profit Operating Expenses: Research and development expenses Selling and marketing Expenses General and administrative expenses, net Other expenses (income), net Total operating expenses Operating Income Financing income (expenses), net Other income (expenses), net Income before income tax Income tax Share in gains (losses) of affiliated companies, net Net income for the year Less: net income attributable to non-controlling interests Net income attributable to company stockholders Year Ended December 31, % 2017 2016 2018 71.6 28.4 100 27.8 21.9 49.7 50.3 2.4 4.5 18.8 (0.1) 25.6 24.7 0.3 5.1 30.1 (6.8) 1.7 25.0 (1.0) 24.0 72.3 27.7 100 25.7 23.4 49.1 50.9 1.3 5.2 20.2 (0.1) 26.6 24.1 (0.4) - 23.7 (7.5) 3.6 19.8 (1.1) 18.7 71.1 28.9 100 25.4 23.5 48.9 51.1 1.4 5.0 20.2 0.4 27.0 24.1 1.0 - 25.1 (7.5) (0.2) 17.4 (1.3) 16.1 29 Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Analysis of our Operation Results for the Year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the Year ended December 31, 2017 (Please take into consideration that 2018 operation results include RTH Results from the closing date, September 13, 2018) Revenues Total revenues increased from $234.6 million in 2017 to $253.3 million in 2018, or 8%. This increase consisted of an increase of $ 11.6 million from subscription fees from our telematics services and an increase of $ 7.1 million from sales of our telematics products. Telematics services segment Revenues in our telematics services segment increased by $ 11.6 million from $169.7 million in 2017 to $181.3 million in 2018, or 6.8 % mainly due to an increase in our average annual number of subscribers from 1,110,000 subscribers in 2017 to 1,475,000 in 2018. However, this increase was offset by the negative impact of exchange rate fluctuations of non US dollar revenue in an amount of approximately $ 28 million. If the negative impact of the exchange rate fluctuation wasn' t accounted, our revenue would increase by $ 39.6 million or 23.3%. Telematics products segment Revenues in our telematics products segment increased from $ 64.9 million in 2017 to $ 72.0 million in 2018, or 10.9 %. This increase of $ 7.1 million is primarily due to expanding our business activities following RTH acquisition and consolidating RTH Financial Statements. However this increase was offset by decrease in sales in the Israeli market, as well as, by a negative impact of exchange rate fluctuations of non US dollar revenue in an amount of approximately $ 0.5 million. If the negative impact of the exchange rate fluctuation wasn' t accounted, our revenue would increase by $ 7.6 million or 11.7%. Cost of revenues Total cost of revenues increased from $115.2 million in 2017 to $126.0 million in 2018, or 9.4%. This increase consisted of an increase of $ 10.1 million in the Telematics services segment and an increase of $ 0.7 million in the telematics product segment. As a percentage of total revenues, cost of revenues increased from 49.1% in 2017 to 49.7% in 2018. Telematics services segment Cost of revenues for our Telematics services segment increased from $60.2 million in 2017 to $70.3 million in 2018, or 16.8 %. This increase was primarily due an increase in salary expenses of approximately $ 5.9 million, depreciation expenses of $0.7 million and as a result of consolidating RTH expenses, which all abovementioned were offset by effect of exchange rate fluctuations in an amount of approximately $ 6.0 million. As a percentage of total revenues for this segment, cost of revenues increased from 35.5% in 2017 to 38.8% in 2018. Telematics products segment Cost of revenues for our telematics products segment increased from $ 55.0 million in 2017 to $ 55.7 million in 2018, or 1.3 %. This increase was mainly due to the increase in our products' sales following RTH acquisition. As a percentage of total revenues for this segment, cost of revenues decreased from 84.8% in 2017 to 77.4 % in 2018, mainly due to a change in the mixture of products sales. Operating expenses Research and development Our research and development expenses increased from $3.2 million in 2017 to $ 6.2 million in 2018. As a percentage of total revenues, research and development expenses increased from 1.3% in 2017 to 2.4 % in 2018 mostly due to RTH acquisition. Selling and marketing Our selling and marketing expenses decreased from $12.2 million in 2017 to $ 11.3 million in 2018. As a percentage of total revenues, selling and marketing expenses decreased from 5.2% in 2017 to 4.5 % in 2018. General and administrative General and administrative expenses increased slightly from $47.6 million in 2017 to $47.7 million in 2018, or 0.2%. The increase was mainly due to RTH contribution in an amount of $3.8 million, an increase in allowance for doubtful accounts in the amount of $1.3 million and increase in depreciation expenses in amount of $0.6 million. The abovementioned were offset primarily by a decrease in salary expenses in the amount of $ 2.1 million (mainly due to decreased in cash grant based on the company' s Share Yield based on the compensation policy) and by the effect of exchange rate fluctuations in amount of $ 2.9 million. As a percentage of total revenues, general and administrative expenses decreased from 20.2% in 2017 to 18.8% in 2018. 30 Other expenses (income), net Other income, net in 2017 were $ 0.1 million compared with $ 0.3 million in 2018. Operating income Total operating income increased from $ 56.5 million in 2017 to $ 62.4 million in 2018, or 10.4%. This increase of approximately $ 5.9 million reflects increase of $ 1.9 million in the operating income in the telematics service segment and an increase of $ 4.0 million in the operating income in the telematics products segment. Telematics services segment Operating income in our telematics services segment increased from $55.0 million in 2017 to $56.9 million in 2018, or 3.5%. This increase was mainly attributed to the increase of our average base of subscribers from 1,110,000 subscribers in 2017 to 1,475,000 subscribers in 2018 due to RTH consolidation, which was offset mainly by the effect of exchange rates fluctuation. Telematics products segment Operating income in our telematics products segment increased from $ 1.5 million in 2017 to $ 5.5 million in 2018. This increase in the operating income was primarily due to a change in the products sales mixture. Other income, net (non-operational) In 2018, as a result of the acquisition of RTH, the Company gained control over certain companies that previously were accounted in accordance with the equity method and started to consolidate their financial statement. Following the abovementioned, the Company recorded a one-time gain in the amount of approximately $14.7 million from measurement of the previous investment in those affiliated companies at the acquisition date to fair value. Financing income (expenses), net Financing income (expenses), net, was $ 1 million expenses in 2017 compared with an income of $ 0.7 million in 2018. This shift in the amount of $ 1.7 million was mainly due to a decrease in interest incurred on tax assessment for previous years in Israel and Brazil in an amount of $ 2.4 million, which was offset by an increase in interest with respect of long-term loans in the amount of $ 0.5 million. Income Tax Income Tax expenses decreased from $17.7 million in 2017 to $ 17.3 million in 2018, or 2.3%. As a percentage of income before tax, income tax expenses decreased from 31.9% in 2017 to 22.7% in 2018 primarily due to: 1. 2. In 2018 we recorded nontaxable income in amount of $14.7 million related to RTH Transaction. In 2017 we had tax payment assessment for previous years in the amount of $ 3.3 million. 31 Analysis of our Operation Results for the Year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the Year ended December 31, 2016 Revenues Total revenues increased from $ 199.6 million in 2016 to $234.6 million in 2017, or 17.5%. This increase consisted of an increase of $27.8 million from subscription fees from our telematics services and an increase of $7.2 million from sales of our telematics products. Telematics services segment Revenues in our telematics services segment increased by $27.8 million from $141.9 million in 2016 to $169.7 million in 2017, or 19.6% mainly due to an increase in our average annual number of subscribers from 1,008,000 subscribers in 2016 to 1,110,000 in 2017 and due to a positive net impact of the exchange rate fluctuations of non US dollar revenue in an amount of $8.9 million. Telematics products segment Revenues in our telematics products segment increased from $57.7 million in 2016 to $64.9 million in 2017, or 12.5%. This increase of $7.2 million is primarily due to an increase of $3.8 million in our products' sales, mainly in Israel, and a positive net impact effect of exchange rates fluctuation of non US dollar revenue in an amount of $3.4 million. Cost of revenues Total cost of revenues increased from $97.5 million in 2016 to $115.3 million in 2017, or 18.3%. This increase consisted of an increase of $ 9.7 million in the telematics services segment and an increase of $8.1 million in the telematics product segment. As a percentage of total revenues, cost of revenues increased from 48.9% in 2016 to 49.1% in 2017. Telematics services segment Cost of revenues for our telematics services segment increased from $ 50.6 million in 2016 to $ 60.3 million in 2017, or 19.0 %. This increase was primarily the result of an increase in salary expenses of approximately $4 million, and depreciation expenses of $0.6 million. The effect of exchange rates fluctuations also contributed to the cost of revenues an amount of approximately $2.8 million. As a percentage of total revenues for this segment, cost of revenues decreased from 35.7% in 2016 to 35.5% in 2017. Telematics products segment Cost of revenues for our telematics products segment increased from $46.9 million in 2016 to $55.0 million in 2017, or 17.2%. This increase was mainly due to the increase in our products' sales in local currencies and product mixture. As a percentage of total revenues for this segment, cost of revenues increased from 81.4% in 2016 to 84.8% in 2017, mainly due to a change in the products sales mixture. Operating expenses Research and development Our research and development expenses in 2017 increased from $2.9 million in 2016 to $3.2 million in 2017. As a percentage of total revenues, research and development expenses decreased slightly from 1.4% in 2016 to 1.3% in 2017. Selling and marketing Our selling and marketing expenses increased from $10.1 million in 2016 to $12.2 million in 2017. As a percentage of total revenues, selling and marketing expenses increased from 5% in 2016 to 5.2% in 2017. General and administrative General and administrative expenses increased from $40.2 million in 2016 to $47.6 million in 2017, or 18.4%. This increase was primarily due to the effect of exchange rates fluctuations in the amount of $2.6 million, an increase in salary expenses in the amount of $2.3 million and increase in other net various expenses in amount of $2.5 million. As a percentage of total revenues, general and administrative expenses remain stable at 20.2% in 2016 and in 2017. Other expenses (income), net Other expenses (income), net in 2016 were $0.8 million expenses compared with $0.1 million income in 2017, this shift was primarily due to a onetime $1.2 million expense related to the repurchase, by the Company, of former employee' s options in our subsidiary - Ituran Brazil in 2016. 32 Operating income Total operating income increased from $48.0 million in 2016 to $56.5 million in 2017, or 17.7%. This increase of approximately $8.5 million reflects increase of $11 million in the operating income in the location-based segment and a decrease of $2.5 million in the operating income in the wireless communication products segment. Telematics services segment Operating income in telematics services segment increased from $44 million in 2016 to $55 million in 2017, or 25%. This increase was mainly attributed to the increase of our average base of subscribers from 1,008,000 subscribers in 2016 to 1,110,000 subscribers in 2017. Telematics products segment Operating income in our telematics products segment decreased from $ 4 million in 2016 to $ 1.5 million in 2017. This decrease in the operating income was primarily due to change in the products sales mixture. Financing income (expenses), net Financing income (expenses), net, were income of $2.1 million in 2016 compared with an expenses of $1 million in 2017. This shift was mainly due to interest incurred on tax assessments of previous years in Israel and Brazil. Income Tax Income Tax increased from $14.9 million in 2016 to $17.7 million in 2017, or 18.8%. As a percentage of income before tax on income expense tax increased from 29.7% in 2016 to 31.9% in 2017 primarily due to tax payment made during 2017 in respect of previous years mainly in Brazil and Israel. Impact of Currency Fluctuations on Results of Operations, Liabilities and Assets Although we report our consolidated financial statements in dollars, in 2016, 2017 and 2018, a portion of our revenues and direct expenses was derived in other currencies. For fiscal years 2016, 2017 and 2018, we derived approximately 16.5%, 14.6% and 19.8% of our revenues in dollars and other currencies, 47.9%, 47.9% and 45.9% in NIS, 35.6%, 37.5% and 34.3% in Brazilian Reals. In fiscal years 2016, 2017 and 2018, 21.6%, 20.4% and 16.6% of our expenses were incurred in dollars and other currencies, 51.4%, 51.5% and 58.9 % in NIS and 27%, 28.1% and 24.5% in Brazilian Reals. Exchange differences upon conversion from our functional currency to dollars (presentation currency) are accumulated as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income under stockholders' equity. In the year 2018, accumulated other comprehensive income decreased by $12.8 million as compared to the year 2017. In 2017, accumulated other comprehensive income increased by $4.2 million as compared to the year 2016. In 2016, accumulated other comprehensive income increased by $5.6 million as compared to the year 2015. The fluctuation of the other currencies in which we incur our expenses or generate revenues against the dollar has had the effect of increasing or decreasing (as applicable) reported revenues, cost of revenues and operating expenses in such foreign currencies when converted into dollars from period to period. The following table illustrates the effect of the changes in exchange rates on our revenues, gross profit and operating income for the periods indicated: Revenues Gross profit Operating income 2016 Year Ended December 31, 2017 2018 Actual 199,574 102,031 47,998 At 2015 exchange rates (1) Actual At 2016 exchange rates (1) (In thousands of US$) 211,098 108,297 52,131 234,636 119,384 56,535 221,925 113,369 52,838 Actual 253,335 127,328 62,378 At 2017 exchange rates (1) 267,398 134,854 67,340 (1) Based on average exchange rates during the period. Those columns are Non GAAP information Our policy remains to reduce exposure to exchange rate fluctuations by entering into foreign currency forward transactions that qualify as hedging transactions under ASC Topic 815, " Derivatives and Hedging" , the results of which are reflected in our income statements as revenues or cost of revenues. The result of these transactions, which are affected by fluctuations in exchange rates, could cause our revenues, cost of revenues, gross profit and operating income to fluctuate. 33 Dummy Text Dummy Text B. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES We fund our operations primarily from cash generated from operations. As of December, 31 2016, 2017 and 2018, we had $31.5 million, $40.5 million and $53.3 million in cash and marketable securities and $55.1 million, $71.4 million and $84.2 million in working capital, respectively. We hold our cash and cash equivalents in US dollars or the local currency of their location. As of December, 2018 we had a long term loan from an Israeli bank at the amount of $62.6 million and a short term loans from banks at the amount of $10.6 million. As of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, we also had $0.8 million, $0.8 million and $3.8 million respectively, available to us under existing lines of credit. As of December 31, 2016, 2017, we did not utilize our lines of credit. As of December 31, 2018, we utilize $1.9 million from our line of credit. For a reference concerning our use of financial instruments for hedging purposes, please see Item 5.A - Operating Results under the captions "Impact of Currency Fluctuations on Results of Operations, Liabilities and Assets." We believe that our cash flow from operations, availability under our lines of credit and cash and marketable securities will be adequate to fund our capital expenditures, contractual commitments and other demands and commitments for the foreseeable future as well as for the long-term. We believe that cash flow generated from operations and cash available to us from our credit facilities will be sufficient to cover future expansion of our various businesses into new geographical markets or new products, as currently contemplated and as we describe herein. However, if existing cash and cash generated from operations are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, we may seek financing elsewhere by selling additional equity or debt securities or by obtaining additional credit facilities. As of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 we had long-term liabilities of $11.8 million, $14.1 million and $14.8 million, respectively, for employee rights upon retirement for certain of our employees that become payable upon their retirement. Our Israeli employees are entitled to one month' s salary, equal to the applicable monthly salary at the time of such employee' s retirement, for each year of employment, or a portion thereof, upon retirement. This liability is partially funded by deposit balances maintained for these employee benefits in the amount of $7.9 million, $9.6 million and $9.5 million as of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 respectively. The deposited funds include profits accumulated up to the balance sheet date and may be withdrawn upon the fulfillment of the obligation pursuant to Israeli severance pay laws or labor agreements. In Argentina, as a result of the flexibilization process of the foreign exchange market that began in December 2015, the exchange operations are currently governed by new regulation of Foreign and Exchange regulations which as follow: The regulations are: 1. Foreign currency market a. All human or corporations, assets and other entities can operate freely in the exchange market, whether residents or non-residents. b. Transactions will be carried out at the exchange rate freely agreed by the parties. c. Financial and exchange entities can operate without a time limit. d. It is no longer required to sign exchange tickets or an affidavit, except the Local Currency Payment System (SML). Likewise, the entities will continue to comply with the requirements for customer identification and the registration of operations. 2. Importation: a. The Importing Authorization System (DJAI) was replaced by a new Information System called SIMI. The main difference is that any goods can be imported freely without the requirement of prior government authorization. b. The importation of Services and their payment is also unregulated. c. Both type of imports (goods and services) request previous registration and compliance with Transferring Prices and Tax regulations. 3. Dividends: a. Paying abroad dividends to shareholders is admitted. b. Dividends related with profit obtained by a local company until December 2017, will be free of withholding tax (hence the company has already paid 35% of Income Tax). 34 In Ecuador, there are two unique Laws which are relevant to our activities: 1. Remittance tax (Impuesto a la Salida de Divisas) - Remittance tax of 5% is imposed on the transfer of money abroad in cash or through pay checks, transfers, or courier of any nature carried out with or without the mediation of the Ecuadorian financial system, including transfer from foreign bank accounts. Dividends are exempt from this tax, under certain considerations. 2. Labor profit sharing - Although it is not considered a tax, companies are obligated to pay 15% of their pre-tax earnings to their employees. This payment is considered a deductible expense for CIT computation purposes. In Mexico, All Mexican employers, whether individuals or entities, are required to calculate and pay mandatory profit sharing payments to employees within 60 days following the filing of their annual Mexican tax return. The obligation for employers to make such payments is based on the legal provisions in Section IX of Article 123 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, which establishes that employees shall have the right to participate in their employer' s profits in the amount of 10% of such employer' s taxable income. As such, the following types of employees have the right to receive profit sharing payments: (a) permanent employees hired to carry out normal, long-term work for an employer, without regard to the number of days worked during the January 1 through December 31, 2012 fiscal year; (b) eventual permanent employees who have worked for an employer fewer than 60 days, whether continuously or sporadically, during the fiscal year referred to above; (c) former employees who have the right to claim profit sharing payments, when such rights have not lapsed. Following the revision of our dividend policy in 2012, we declared and paid regularly quarterly dividends in 2016, 2017, and 2018. On February 26, 2017 we have revised our dividend policy, which came in force starting from 2017, that our dividends will be declared and distributed on a quarterly basis in an amount of at least 5 million USD subject to the provisions of the Israeli laws concerning lawful distribution of dividends. In 2017 we declared and paid such dividends as follows: On May 17, 2017 we declared a quarterly dividend in the amount of $5 million, which was paid (net of taxes at the rate of 25%) on July 11, 2017, with respect to the first quarter of 2017. On August 16, 2017 we declared a quarterly dividend in the amount of $5 million, which was paid (net of taxes at the rate of 25%) on October 10, 2017, with respect to the second quarter of 2017. On November 15, 2017 we declared a quarterly dividend in the amount of $5 million, which was paid (net of taxes at the rate of 25%) on January 10, 2018, with respect to the third quarter of 2017. On February 27, 2018 we declared a quarterly dividend in the amount of $5 million, which was paid (net of taxes at the rate of 25%) on April 11, 2018 with respect to the fourth quarter of 2017. In 2018 we declared and paid such dividends as follows: In May 23, 2018 we declared a quarterly dividend in the amount of $5 million, which was paid (net of taxes at the rate of 25%) on July 11, 2018, with respect to the first quarter of 2018. On August 30, 2018 we declared a quarterly dividend in the amount of $5 million, which was paid (net of taxes at the rate of 25%) on October 10, 2018, with respect to the second quarter of 2018. On November 26, 2018 we declared a quarterly dividend in the amount of $5 million, which was paid (net of taxes at the rate of 25%) on January 9, 2019, with respect to the third quarter of 2018. On March 11, 2019 we declared a quarterly dividend in the amount of $5 million, which was paid (net of taxes at the rate of 25%) on April 10, 2019 with respect to the fourth quarter of 2018. Until the date of this report, we have repurchased 2,507,314 of our shares, out of these shares 373,489 shares were resold as part of the consideration in the RTH Transaction. As part of the RTH Transaction price adjustment 300,472 shares were returened to us in April 2019. As of the date of this report the updated quantity of treasury shares is 2,434,297. The following table sets forth the components of our historical cash flows for the periods indicated: Net cash provided by operating activities Net cash used in investing activities Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 35 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 (In thousands) 2016 53,264 (84,854) 49,769 (3,687) 14,492 43,907 (14,685) (24,266) 863 5,819 41,472 (19,860) (18,234) 693 4,071 Dummy Text Years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 Net cash provided by operating activities Our operating activities provided cash of $41.5 million in 2016, $43.9 million in 2017 and $53.3 million in 2018. The increase of approximately $ 9.4 million in cash from operating activities in 2018 as opposed to 2017 was due primarily to: - An increase in net income at the amount of $ 16.9 million - An increase in depreciation and amortization at the amount of $ 1.1 million. - An increase in deferred income taxes, net at the amount of $ 2.9 million. - A decrease in the Company's share in gains of affiliated companies, net at the amount of $ 4.3 million This amount was offset by a capital gain on acquisition of non-controlling interest of $14.7 million. And decrease in working capital items net in amount of $ 0.9 million. Net cash used in investing activities Net cash used in investing activities in 2018 in an amount of approximately $84.9 million, includes acquisition of subsidiary in the amount of $69.0 million, and capital expenditure in the amount of $ 21.7 million. Net cash used in investing activities in 2017 in an amount of approximately $14.7 million, includes mainly capital expenditures in the amount of $16.2 million, investment in other companies in the amount of $1.3 million, and investments in marketable securities net in an amount of $3.3 million. These investments were offset by repayments of loans from affiliated companies, net, in an amount of $6.1 million. Net cash used in investing activities in 2016 in an amount of approximately $19.9 million, includes mainly capital expenditures in the amount of $13.6 million, and investment in affiliated companies, net in the amount of $ 7.4 million which was offset by proceeds from sale of marketable securities, net in amount of $1.5 million. Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Net cash provided by financing activities in 2018 in an amount of approximately $49.8 million consisted primarily of a receipt of a loan in an amount of $81.7 million, repayment of short and long term credit from financial institution in amount of $ 9.0 million, cash dividend payment in an amount of approximately $20.2 million and a cash dividend payment in an amount of approximately $ 2.7 million paid by our subsidiary to the non- controlling interests. Net cash used in financing activities in 2017 in an amount of approximately $24.3 million consisted primarily of a cash dividend payment in an amount of $22.6 million and a cash dividend payment in an amount of approximately $1.6 million paid by our subsidiary to the non-controlling interests. Net cash used in financing activities in 2016 in an amount of approximately $18.2 million consisted primarily of a cash dividend payment in an amount of $17.1 million and a cash dividend payment in an amount of approximately $1 million paid by our subsidiary to the non-controlling interests. C. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PATENTS AND LICENSES Most of our research and development activities take place in Israel and Ecuador. Our Research and Design department is constantly working on upgrading the service infrastructure and improving our fleet management applications, including by introducing new services and uses of the system, while utilizing both internal development staff and outsourcing such activities to third parties, as well as developing new service platforms for cellular/GPS based devices. Expenditures for research and development activities undertaken by us were approximately $ 6.2 million in 2018, $ 3.2 million in 2017 and $ 2.9 million in 2016. D. TREND INFORMATION Please see Item 4.A. - History and Development of the Company and Item 4.B. - Business Overview above for trend information. E. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS We do not have off-balance sheet arrangements (as such term is defined in Item 5E. of the Form 20-F) that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial conditions, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors. 36  F. TABULAR DISCLOSURE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS Contractual obligations and commercial commitments The following table summarizes our material contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018: Contractual obligations Total Less than 1 year Payments due by period 1-3 years (In USD thousands) 3-5 years After 5 years Operating leases Purchase Obligations Obligation to purchase non-controlling interests Long - term debt obligations Total G. SAFE HARBOR 14,936 5,474 16,272 70,972 107,654 6,145 5,474 - 8,350 19,969 4,749 - 16,272 33,400 54,421 1,952 - - 29,222 31,174 2,090 - - - 2,090 The safe harbor provided in Section 27A of the Securities Act and Sections 21E of the Exchange Act shall apply, among other things, to forward looking information provided in Item 5. F. 37 ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES A. DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT The following persons are our directors, senior management and employees upon whose work we are dependent: Name Izzy Sheratzky Yehuda Kahane Ze' ev Koren Efraim Sheratzky Eyal Sheratzky Nir Sheratzky Gil Sheratzky Yoav Kahane(1)(2) Yigal Shani Israel Baron (1)(2)(3) Gidon Kotler (1)(2)(3) Tal Sheratzky- Jaffa Ami Saranga Eli Kamer Guy Aharonov Udi Mizrahi Age Position 72 74 74 66 50 47 41 45 74 65 78 41 55 52 53 47 President and director Director Chairman of the Board of Directors and an independent director Director Co-Chief Executive Officer and Director Co-Chief Executive Officer and Director CEO of our Subsidiary, International Activity and Business Development Officer and a Director Director and an independent director Director External Director External Director Director and an independent director Deputy Chief Executive Officer Executive Vice President, Finance; Chief Financial Officer General Counsel Deputy Chief Executive Officer International Operation and VP of Finance Notes: 1(1) Member of audit committee 2(2) Member of compensation committee 3(3) External director elected in accordance with the Israeli Companies Law + Chairperson of all committees Izzy Sheratzky is a co-founder of our company and its President. He has previously served as the Chairman of our Board of Directors, which in our company constitutes both an officer and director positions, ever since our company was acquired from Tadiran in 1995. Until 2003, Mr. Sheratzky also served as our Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Sheratzky also serves as the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Moked (1973) Investigations Company Ltd., Moked Services, Information and Investments Ltd., and Moked Ituran. He also serves as a director in Tikal Document Collection Ltd. Mr. Sheratzky is the father of Eyal, Nir and Gil Sheratzky, Brother of Efraim Sheratzky and uncle of Tal Sheratzky-Jaffa. Yehuda Kahane is a co-founder of our company and has served on our board since 1995. Professor Kahane is an entrepreneur in both the academic and business arenas. He is a Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science. He received the 2011 highest international award for his lasting contribution to the theory, practice and education in insurance and risk management, as well as a lifetime achievements award by the Israeli Insurance industry. He is a co-founder and chairperson of the YK Center for Preparing for the New Economy. Kahane is a Professor (Emeritus) from the Coller Business, Tel Aviv University where he headed the Institute for Business and the Environment. He taught at many business schools around the world, including the Wharton School, the University of Texas (Austin), the University of Toronto and the University of Florida, and has founded and served as the first Dean of the Israeli Academic School of Insurance. Professor Kahane chairs and is a major owner of Capital Point Ltd., and is active in the formation, seed investment and management of start-up companies and technological incubators, unrelated to our company. He chairs the association for the visually impaired people in Herzlia and Sharon district, and a board member of the Center for Blind People in Israel (The Umbrella organization). He is an honorary member of the Israel-Brazil Chamber of Commerce. Professor Kahane holds a BA degree in Economics and Statistics, an MA degree in Business Administration and a PhD in Finance from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and is a Fellow of the Israeli Association of Actuaries. He specializes in insurance, risk management, environmental issues and technological forecasting. He is the father of Yoav Kahane. 38 Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Zeev Koren has served as a director of our company since 2006 and since 2011 serves as the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Company. In 1988 Brigadier Gen. (Res) Koren retired from the Israel Defense Forces after a career of 25 years, where in his final position he served as the head of human resources planning for the general staff division. Since then he has served in a senior capacity in companies in the fields of international forwarding and medical services. During the past ten years he has also served as the general manager of a Provident Management Company. He holds a B.A. in Political Science and Criminology from Bar Ilan University. Efraim Sheratzky was appointed to the board on February 9, 2015 to replace Mr. Amos Kurz, as a Class A Director. Efraim Sheratzky studied insurance in the Israeli Insurance College. Efraim Sheratzky owns together with Yigal Shani, Tzivtit Insurance Agency (1998) Ltd. Efraim Sheratzky served as our director from 1999 and until 2005. Efraim Sheratzky is the brother of Izzy Sheratzky and the uncle of Eyal, Nir and Gil Sheratzky and father of Ms. Tal Sheratzky-Jaffa. Eyal Sheratzky has served as a director of our company since its acquisition from Tadiran in 1995 and currently serves as a Co-Chief Executive Officer since 2003. Prior to 2003, he served as Vice President of Business Development during the years 1999 through 2002. Mr. Sheratzky also serves as a director of Moked Ituran and certain of our other subsidiaries, including Ituran Network. From 1994 to 1999, he served as the Chief Executive Officer of Moked Services, Information and Investments and as legal advisor to several of our affiliated companies. Mr. Sheratzky holds LLB and LLM degrees from Tel Aviv University School of Law and an Executive MBA degree from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University, USA. Mr. Sheratzky is the son of Izzy Sheratzky and the brother of Nir and Gil Sheratzky and nephew of Effraim Sheratzky. Nir Sheratzky has served as a director of our company since its acquisition from Tadiran in 1995 and currently serves as a Co-Chief Executive Officer since 2003. Prior to 2003, Mr. Sheratzky served as an Executive Officer in our company from 1995 to 2003. Mr. Sheratzky is also a director in Moked Ituran. He holds BA and MA degrees in Economics from Tel Aviv University. Nir is the son of Izzy Sheratzky and the brother of Eyal and Gil Sheratzky and nephew of Effraim Sheratzky. Gil Sheratzky serves as a director of our company and since 2013 as our International Activity and Business Development Officer. Mr. Sheratzky has been serving since January 23, 2007 as the Chief Executive Officer of our subsidiary, E-Com Global Electronic Commerce Ltd. From 2003 and until 2013 Mr. Sheratzky served as our advertising officer. During the years 2000 - 2001 Gil worked in our control center, and during the years 2001 - 2002 he worked in an advertising agency. Mr. Sheratzky holds a BA in Business Administration from the Herzliya Interdisciplinary Center, and an MBA degree from the Booth School of Business at Chicago University, USA. Gil Sheratzky is the son of Izzy Sheratzky and the brother of Eyal Sheratzky and Nir Sheratzky and nephew of Effraim Sheratzky. Yoav Kahane has served as director of our company since 1998. Mr. Kahane is serving as the Chief Executive Officer of Spot-On Therapeutics Ltd., a startup company that develops a non- invasive brain stimulation technology for the treatment of balance disorders, falls prevention and ADHD. During 2006-2014, Mr. Kahane has worked for Enzymotec in various managerial positions including Director of Business Development, VP Sales & Marketing, Infant Nutrition Business Unit Manager, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Advanced Lipids AB, a joint venture of AAK AB and Enzymotec, specializing in nutritional ingredients to the infant nutrition industry. During the years 2004-2005, Mr. Kahane served as Vice President of Sales and Marketing in Elbit Vision Systems Ltd. During the years 2001 and 2002, he served as Manager of Business Development in Denver Holdings and Investments Ltd. In 2000, Mr. Kahane established Ituran Florida Corp. and served as its Chief Executive Officer until 2001. Mr. Kahane holds a BA degree in Life Sciences form Tel-Aviv University, a BA degree in Insurance and an MBA degree from the University of Haifa. Yoav Kahane is the son of Professor Yehuda Kahane. Yigal Shani has served as a director of our company since its acquisition from Tadiran in 1995. Mr. Shani is an insurance agent and a partner in the insurance agency Tzivtit Insurance Agency (1998) Ltd. together with Efraim Sheratzky, which provides insurance services to our company. Mr. Shani, has resigned on March 13, 2014 in order to allow compliance with the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law, which require that the board of directors to include at least one female and was reappointed on February 9, 2015 to replace Mr. Avner Kurz, as a Class B Director. Mr. Shani was reelected on November 9, 2017. Israel Baron has been serving as an external director of our company since 2003 and is the Chairman of our board' s committees. Mr. Baron serves as a director in Poalim Trust Services Ltd., a fully owned subsidiary of Bank Hapoalim Ltd. In addition, Mr. Baron has been serving as Chief Executive Officer of several public sector employee retirement and saving plans since 2003. Prior to 2003, Mr. Baron managed an organizational consulting firm, served as an investment manager in the Isaac Tshuva group during the years 1999 to 2001 and as Chief Executive Officer of Gmulot Investment Company Ltd. Mr. Baron serves as a director of Quality Baron Management Services Ltd. and until 2004 he served as a director of Brill Shoe Industries Ltd. Mr. Baron is a certified CPA and holds a BA degree in Economics and Accounting from the Bar-Ilan University in Ramat-Gan, Israel. Israel Baron was reelected on December 21, 2017 for additional 3-year term to serve as external director. Gidon Kotler is an external director of our company. He was nominated on April 30, 2014. Prior to his retirement on 2016, Mr. Kotler has been serving as the assets manager of Strauss-Group Ltd., one of Israel' s largest public companies, since 1997. Prior to that, Mr. Kotler has served for 3 years as the chief executive officer of the Tel-Aviv New Central Bus Station, and for 14 years as the chief executive officer of the Dizengof Center' s management company. Mr. Kotler has served as an external director of Elran Real Estate Ltd. from 2007 until 2010. On December 28, 2016, an annual general shareholders meeting approved the extension of the term of Mr. Gideon Kotler, our external director, for additional three years (beginning April 30, 2017) 39 Ms. Tal Sheratzky -Jaffa was appointed as a member of the board and serves as a Class A director until December 28, 2019. Ms. Sheratzky-Jaffa is a Strategy and Development Manager at Reality Investment Funds, Israeli value-add real estate fund. Prior to joining Reality Investment Funds, Ms. Sheratzky-Jaffa was a Partner at the Israeli law firm Amit, Pollak, Matalon and Co., specializing in the fields of investment funds, mergers and acquisitions, high-tech and corporate governance, and an associate at the New York offices of the US law firm Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld. Ms. Sheratzky-Jaffa holds LL.M degree from Columbia University (New York), LL.B from Haifa University and B.A (economics) from Haifa University, and is a member of the Israeli Bar Association and the New York State Bar. Ms. Sheratzky-Jaffa is the nephew of Izzy Sheratzky and the cousin of Eyal, Nir and Gil Sheratzky and the daughter of Efraim Sheratzky. Ami Saranga has been serving as the Deputy Chief Executive Officer of our company since 2011. Prior to that Mr. Saranga served as our VP Marketing since 2008. Prior to 2008, Mr. Saranga managed the SME division of Pelephone Communications Ltd., one of Israel' s largest telecommunication network operators. Mr. Saranga holds a BA degree in Business Administration from Ruppin Academic Center, Israel. Eli Kamer has served as Executive Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer of our company since 1999, after serving as its Finance Department Manager since 1997. Prior such date, Mr. Kamer worked as an accountant in Fahn Kanne & Co., our independent registered public accountant. Mr. Kamer is a CPA and holds a BA degree in Business Administration from the Israel College of Management and an MBA degree in business administration from Bar Ilan University. Guy Aharonov has served as our in-house legal counsel since 1999. Prior to joining our company, he has worked as an attorney in Cohen Lahat & Co. Mr. Aharonov holds LLB and LLM degrees from Tel Aviv University. Udi Mizrahi has served as our VP Finance since 2000. On his current position Mr. Mizrahi serve as a Deputy Chief Executive Officer International Operation and VP of Finance. Mr. Mizrahi is a CPA and holds a BA degree in accounting and economics from Ruppin Academic Center, Israel. Our articles of association provide for staggered three-year terms for all of our directors (except our external directors, who are elected in accordance with the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law). The directors on our board (excluding the external directors) are divided into three classes, and each class of directors serves for a term of three years, as follows: Nir Sheratzky, Yigal Shani and Yehuda Kahane (class B), who were re-elected on November 9, 2017; Izzy Sheratzky, Gil Sheratzky and Zeev Koren (class C), who were re-elected on December 12, 2018; and Eyal Sheratzky, Efraim Sheratzky, Tal Sheratzky-Jaffa and Yoav Kahane (class A), who were re-elected on December 28, 2016. This classification of the board of directors may delay or prevent a change of control of our company. On December 28, 2016, an annual general shareholders meeting approved the extension of the term of Mr. Gideon Kotler, our external director, for additional three years (beginning April 30, 2017). On December 21, 2017, an annual general and special shareholders meeting approved the re-election of Mr. Israel Baron, our external director, for additional three years. Shareholders Agreement and Articles of Association of Moked Ituran Ltd. Pursuant to Moked Ituran Ltd's articles of association and agreement (as amended) between its shareholders, there is a mechanism in place with regard to directors to be designated and voted for election by Moked ituran Ltd in each of our annual shareholdings meeting for the relevant class of directors (four directors in class A and B and three in class C).The aforementioned is in effect only for as long as Moked Ituran Ltd holds at least 15% of our issued and outstanding share capital. 40 B. COMPENSATION The aggregate direct compensation we paid to our directors who are not officers for their services as directors as a group for the year ended December 31, 2018 was approximately $249,000 Directors are reimbursed for expenses incurred in connection with their attendance of board or committee meetings. The compensation payable to external directors is determined in accordance with regulations promulgated under the Israeli Companies Law. See Item 6.C - Board Practices under the caption "External directors" below. Our audit committee and board of directors approved compensation for Mr. Ze' ev Koren, for serving as the Chairman of our board of directors, and for Mr. Yoav Kahane, for serving as a member of our board committees, such that they shall be compensated in the same manner as our external directors are compensated, annually and per meeting, in accordance with the Companies Regulations (Rules for the Compensation and Expenses of an External Director), 2000-5760. In 2018, we paid the sum of NIS 422,000 (approximately $118,000) to our external directors, NIS 200,000 (approximately $56,000) to Mr. Ze' ev Koren, NIS159,000 (approximately $ 44,000) to Mr. Yoav Kahane, NIS 115,000 (approximately $ 32,000) to Ms. Tal Sheratzky-Jaffa. We do not have any agreements with directors providing for benefits upon termination of their respective services as such. The aggregate costs to the Company of the compensation to our Co-Chief Executive Officers in 2018 were $2.9 million. The aggregate compensation paid to all of our officers as a group during 2018 was approximately $9.8 million. In 2018 we paid an aggregate amount of $61,000 to one director who provided us with services. The above compensation amounts include amounts attributable to automobiles made available to our officers and other fringe benefits commonly reimbursed or paid by companies in Israel. Employee directors do not receive additional fees for their services as directors. The following table sets forth the breakdown of the compensation of our 5 highest paid officers in 2018 according to our 2018 financial reports: Izzy Sheratzky (President) Eyal Sheratzky (Co-Chief Executive Officer) Nir Sheratzky (Co-Chief Executive Officer) Gil Sheratzky (CEO of our Subsidiary. International Activity and Business Development Officer) Ami Saranga (Deputy Chief Executive Officer) Total of our 5 highest paid officers Management fees Wage 742 577 577 413 2,309 - - - - 200 200 Social components Car value Compensation components (in thousand US Dollars) Bonus (results based) Bonus (Share yield based) Total 1,077 876 876 626 111 3,566 - - - - - - 1,819 1,453 1,453 1,039 380 6,144 37 37 32 32 During 2018, we set aside $ 419,000 for the benefit of our officers for pension, retirement or similar benefits. We do not set aside any funds for the benefit of our directors who are not employees for any pension, retirement or similar benefits. All numbers in this section are rounded to the nearest thousand. During 2018, Messrs. Izzy Sheratzky, Eyal Sheratzky, Nir Sheratzky and Gil Sheratzky provided their services as President, Co-Chief Executive Officers and CEO of our Subsidiary & International Activity and Business Development Officer respectively, as independent contractors pursuant to services agreements, which were adopted by our shareholders meeting in January 2014, which terms correspond to our compensation policy as described below. Such agreements were extended subject to the approval of our next general shareholders meeting, for additional three years, with accordance to the provisions of Israeli Company Law and Israeli Companies Regulations (Relaxations in Transactions with Interested Parties) 5760-2000, and were approved accordingly by our compensation committee and our board of directors on February 26, 2017. On November 9, 2017 our annual general meeting of shareholders approved the extension of service agreements as independent contractors, of Messrs. Izzy Sheratzky, Eyal Sheratzky, Nir Sheratzky and Gil Sheratzky for a period of additional three years. 41 Dummy Text For further details concerning such terms of service, please see Item 7.B - Related Parties Transactions under the caption "Transactions with our directors and principal officers." In 2006, our compensation committee has devised a bonus scheme pursuant to which some of our officers and employees received shares of our profit before tax on a consolidated basis, based on their seniority, level of global and domestic involvement, contribution to our operations and other criteria set by the compensation committee. In 2010, our compensation committee resolved that additional managers shall be entitled to receive bonuses under this bonus scheme and that some of the grantees should continue to receive a bonus based on our consolidated results and some should receive a bonus based only on our solo financial statements. During 2018, we paid a total of $ 916,000 to our officers and employees pursuant to the above bonus schemes. Our compensation policy for office holders In December 2012, amendment no. 20 to the Israeli Companies Law became effective. Among other things, this amendment requires Israeli public companies to set forth their policy regarding their office holders' terms of office, including fixed compensation, target-based incentives, equity awards, severance and other benefits. The amendments also set forth the considerations that should be applied when devising a compensation policy for office holders. The term "office holder" is defined in the Israeli Companies Law, to mean the chief executive officer, chief business officer, deputy chief executive officer, vice chief executive officer, any other person fulfilling such position even if his title is different, as well as a director or a manager directly subordinate to the chief executive officer. The compensation policy must be approved every three years by the board of directors, after considering the recommendations of the compensation committee; and generally requires the approval of the company' s general meeting of shareholders by a special majority of shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and who do not have a personal interest in the approval of the policy; or, alternatively, that the non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the matter who are present and vote against the policy hold two percent or less of the voting power of the company. The compensation policy does not intend to amend any officer' s existing terms of office; nor to bestow any officer with a right to receive the compensation, or any element thereof set forth therein. However, generally, once the compensation policy is approved, all future terms of service of office holders should conform to its provisions. The specific terms of office of each officer shall be separately determined in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Israeli Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder. Our general shareholders meeting approved our compensation policy for office holders on October 31, 2013, and on November 7, 2016 approved a renewal and several minor amendments in our compensation policy (in order to reflect several changes in Israeli Company Law). The policy applies to office holders of the Company (see definition above), who serve as the Company' s President, Chief Executive Officer(s) and other executives who are deemed office holders of the Company, as well as office holders of the Company' s Israeli wholly owned subsidiaries, provided they report to the chief executive officer. The policy also applies to directors of the Company. Our compensation policy for office holders was formulated in view of our belief that our business success is the result of the excellence of our human resources and their devotion to the achievement of our company' s goals. Therefore, it is aimed at offering our officers with a competitive compensation package that will align their incentives with those of our company and our shareholders, and at motivating them to achieve the goals of our company, while avoiding undue pressure to take excessive risks. Among other factors, our compensation committee and board of directors have considered, as required by amendment no. 20 to the Israeli Companies Law and as reflected in the policy: (a) the advancement of the company' s goals, its business plan and its policy with a long-term view; (b) the creation of appropriate incentives for office holders, considering the company' s risk management policy; (c) the size of the company and the nature of its business; (d) with respect to variable components of the terms of office - the contribution of the office holders to the achievement of the company' s goals and to the maximization of its profits, with a long-term view and in accordance with the position of the office holder. The compensation policy incorporates all matters required to be included in a compensation policy as mandated by amendment 20 to the Israeli Companies Law, including (without limitation): (a) the requirement to consider the office holders' education, skills, professional experience, expertise, position and past compensation agreements; (b) consideration of the ratios between overall compensation of the officers and the average and median salary of the other employees of the Company; (c) the board' s right to reduce variable compensation; (d) the determination of a maximum period for advanced and transition periods upon termination of services; (e) basing variable components of compensation on key performance indicators and on measurable criteria; (f) determining the ratio between fixed and variable components of compensation and setting forth caps on the amount of variable compensation payable; and (g) a claw-back provision with respect to restatements of financial statements. For further details, see our full compensation policy for office holders, which is filed herewith as Exhibit 4.24 under Item 19 - Exhibits. 42 C. BOARD PRACTICES Board of Directors Pursuant to our articles of association as presently in effect, our board of directors generally consists of twelve directors, including at least three independent directors in accordance with the listing rules of Nasdaq concerning the composition of audit committees, of whom two directors are external directors as required by Israeli law. Our independent directors, as such term is defined under the Nasdaq listing rules, are Mr. Baron, Mr. Kotler, Mr. Koren, Mr. Yoav Kahane and Ms. Tal Sheratzky - Jaffa, Pursuant to our articles of association, other than the external directors, for whom special election requirements apply (see "External directors" below), our directors are elected, by majority of our shareholders and may be removed by special majority. However, see Item 6.A - Directors and Senior Management for a description of our staggered board and the shareholders agreement and articles of association of Moked Ituran Ltd. Our board of directors may at any time and from time to time appoint any other person as a director to fill a vacancy until the general meeting of shareholders in which the term of service of the replaced director was scheduled to expire. Pursuant to the Israeli Companies Law, our chairman convenes and presides over the meetings of the board. In addition, any two directors may convene a meeting of the board of directors, as well as a director who becomes aware of a company' s matter that allegedly involves a breach of the law or an improper business conduct. A quorum consists of a majority of the members of the board, and decisions are taken by a vote of the majority of the members present. Our articles of association provide that such quorum will in no event be less than two directors. We are incorporated in Israel and are therefore subject to the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law, including certain corporate governance provisions. Our ordinary shares are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (Our shares were delisted from the Tel Aviv stock exchange on May 25, 2016, for additional information see Item 9.A - Price History of Our Shares), and we are therefore subject to certain provisions of the Israeli securities laws, the U.S. securities Law and the Nasdaq listing rules. See also Item 16.G. - Corporate Governance below for additional information concerning our compliance with the Nasdaq listing rules and exemptions therefrom. According to our Articles of Association, some of our officers and employees (including the chairman of our board and at least one third member of the Board) should be citizens and residents of Israel and receive clearance approval from the Israeli General Security Service. All the members of our board comply with these requirements. On February 26, 2017 our board has adopted an Internal Compliance policy, which following review of our internal process included a comprehensive update of our internal regulations and codification of our internal regulations, all pursuant to the applicable Israeli laws. External directors Under Israeli law, the board of directors of companies whose shares are publicly traded are required to include at least two members who qualify as external directors. External directors are to be elected by a majority vote at a shareholders' meeting, provided that either: * * Such majority includes at least the majority of the shares held by all non-controlling shareholders or those having personal interest in the nomination, except personal interest which is not resulting from connections with controlling shareholders, present and voting at such meeting; or The total number of shares voted against the election of the external director and held by shareholders other than controlling shareholders or those having personal interest in the nomination, except personal interest which is not resulting from connections with controlling shareholders, must not exceed 2% of the shares whose holders are entitled to vote at any meeting of shareholders. External directors are generally elected to serve an initial term of three years and may be re-elected to serve in that capacity for two additional three-year terms; however, companies whose securities are listed on recognized foreign exchanges, such as Nasdaq, may extend the service terms of their external directors for additional unlimited terms, each of no more of than three years , subject to the approval of the audit committee and the board of directors that such extension is for the benefit of the company in view of the directors' expertise and special contribution to the operation of the board and its committees and these reasons together with the term served by the external director were presented to the shareholders prior to their approval (see the Israeli Companies Regulations (Allowances for Companies with Securities Listed on an Exchange Outside Israel), 2000-5760). The appointment of an external director for additional terms may be brought for the approval of the shareholders either by the board of directors or by a shareholder that holds at least 1% of the company' s voting rights, provided that the nominee is not a related or competing shareholder (as defined below) or a relative thereof, at the time of the appointment, and does not have an affinity to such shareholder (as defined below) at the time of the appointment or the two years preceding such appointment. The term "related or competing shareholder" means the shareholder who proposed the appointment or a 5% shareholder of the company if, at the time of the appointment, his controlling person or a company controlled by either of them, has business relations with the company, or if he, his controlling person or a company controlled by either of them are competitors of the company. The term "affinity" means the on-going existence of work relationship, business or professional relationship or control and the service as an officer. 43 External directors may generally be removed from office by the same majority of shareholders required for their election or by a court, in each case, only under limited circumstances, including if they cease to meet the statutory qualification for their appointment or violate the duty of loyalty to the company. If at the time of the appointment of an external director, all directors who are not controlling persons or their relatives are of the same gender, then the elected external director must be of the other gender. Each committee of the board of directors that is vested with an authority of the board must include at least one external director, except that the audit committee and compensation committee must include all external directors then serving on the board of directors. The Israeli Companies Law prohibits external directors from receiving, directly or indirectly, any compensation other than for services as an external director pursuant to the provisions and limitations set forth in the applicable regulations promulgated under the Israeli Companies Law. Israeli law provides that a person is not qualified to serve as an external director if he is a relative (as defined in the Israeli Companies Law) of the company' s controlling person, or if, at the time of his/her appointment and/or at any time during the two years preceding his or her appointment, that person, a relative, partner or employer of that person, or any entity under that person' s control, has or has had an affinity (as defined above) to the company, its controlling person or its relative or to any entity that, as of the date of appointment, or at any time during the two years preceding that date, is controlled by the company or by its controlling person. In addition, no person may serve as an external director if that person' s professional activities create, or may create, a conflict of interest with that person' s responsibilities as a director or otherwise interfere with that person' s ability to serve as a director; and, a person already serving as a director of one company may not be appointed as an external director of the company if at that time a director of the company is serving as an external director of the first company. In addition, a company, controlling shareholder and any other entity controlled by the controlling shareholder may not grant to such external director, its spouse or child, any benefits, directly or indirectly, and the external director, its spouse or child may not be appointed to serve in any position, may not be employed by and may not, directly or indirectly, render any professional services to the company, such controlling shareholder or any other entity controlled by the controlling shareholder, during the first two years following such external director' s termination of tenure of office, and with respect to a relative who is not the external director' s spouse or child - during the first year following such termination. Mr. Israel Baron is now serving his sixth term as an external director of the Company, who was reelected on of December 21, 2017 for a term of 3 years. Mr. Gideon Kotler was appointed on April 30, 2014 by an extraordinary shareholders meeting as our new external director, following the death of our former external director, Dr. Orna Ophir, in January 2014 and was reelected by our general shareholders meeting on December 28, 2016, for his second term, of additional 3 years term starting from April 30, 2017. Audit committee Under Israeli law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint an audit committee. The audit committee must comprise of at least three directors, including all of the external directors and the chairman of the audit committee must be an external director. In addition, the majority of the members of the audit committee must be independent directors. Under the Israeli Companies Law, a director is considered "independent" if he/she is an external director or if he/she meets the qualifications of an external director, has not served as a director of the company for over 9 consecutive years, and has been classified as such. Under Israeli regulations a director who serves more than 9 consecutive years as a director may still be deemed as "independent director" provided the Audit committee and thereafter the board of directors resolved that his-her tenure as a director for an extend term is for the benefit of the company based on his/her expertise and unique contribution to the board and its committees. Our Audit committee and board of directors so resolved with regard to Messrs. Israel Baron and Yoav Kahane. The audit committee may not include the chairman of the board, any director who is employed by the company or regularly provides services to the company (other than as a board member), a controlling shareholder or any relative of such person. All audit committee decisions must be approved by a majority of the committee members of which the majority of members present are independent directors. Furthermore, a person who is not eligible to serve on the audit committee is restricted from participating in its meetings and votes, unless the chairman of the audit committee determines that such person' s presence is necessary in order to present a certain matter, provided however, that the company employees who are not controlling shareholders or relatives of such shareholders may be present in the meetings but not in the actual votes and likewise, company counsel and secretary who are not controlling shareholders or relatives of such shareholders may be present in meetings and decisions of such present is requested by the audit committee. Our audit committee must also meet the requirements of the Nasdaq listing rules concerning audit committees. Our board of directors has formed an audit committee that is empowered, among other things, to exercise the powers of the board of directors concerning our accounting, reporting and financial control practices. Our audit committee operates in accordance with a charter, which complies with the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law and the Nasdaq listing rules. The members of the audit committee are currently Messrs. Israel Baron, Gideon Kotler and Yoav Kahane, all of whom are independent as required of members of the audit committee under the Nasdaq listing rules. Mr. Gideon Kotler was appointed on April 30, 2014 to replace Dr. Orna Ophir who passed away in January 2014. Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Israel Baron possesses financial sophistication as required by Rule 5605(c)(2) under the Nasdaq listing rules, and that both Mr. Baron and Mr. Kotler possess accounting and financial expertise as defined by Israeli regulations. 44 Pursuant to the Israeli Companies Regulations (Provisions and Conditions regarding the Financial Statements' Authorization Process), 2010, a reporting entity, except for a reporting entity that is subject to Chapter E(3) of the Israeli Securities Act, is required to establish a committee of the board of directors for the examination of financial statements. Since we are a reporting entity under Chapter E(3), we are not obliged to constitute a committee for the examination of financial statements; and therefore, commencing with the financial statements for the first quarter of 2013, we ceased holding meetings of the examination of financial statements committee; and instead, our audit committee considers the financial statements prior to their approval by the board. nd Pursuant to the 22 amendment in the Israeli Company law, which was set to define new rules to approve transaction of the public company with its controlling shareholders, or the transaction in which the controlling shareholder has interest. The law requires from our Audit committee to set up rules to define the criteria for classification of transactions, which are neither Insignificant Transactions nor extraordinary transactions, and their procedures of approval that will be determined per each year in advance. In addition, the law requires from the Audit Committee to set methods of examining transactions with the controlling shareholders, in order to enable their classification and their comparison to the conditions in the free market. The Audit Committee resolved on September 29, 2014 as follows: 1. Transaction that is neither extraordinary, nor insignificant. Definition: the relevant criteria that is calculated for the transaction is such transaction which is higher than 0.25% of the equity of the company according its last combined financial reports, or higher than 1% of average net revenue of the past 3 years of the company in their absolute value, in the last 2 calendar years prior to the date of the transaction is being reported according the last financial report of the company. Methods of approval: approval by the senior management of the company (from vice chief executive officer and higher) and report to the Board. The following transactions will require also the approval of the Audit Committee: (1) Transaction which is higher than 4.5% of the equity of the company according its last combined financial reports which were published prior to the approval of the transaction. (2) Transaction that involves risks or significant exposure beyond mere monetary liabilities or obligations. (3) Transaction in which the company enters a new activity field or exits from an existing activity field. Insignificant transaction: Definition: such transaction which is not higher than 0.25% of the equity of the company according its last combined financial reports or is not higher than 1% of average net revenue of the past 3 years of the company in their absolute value, in the last 2 calendar years prior to the date of the transaction is being reported according the last financial report of the company. Methods of approval: Approval by the management of the company or by the officer in charge in the company (vice chief executive officer, other officer or other in charged body in the company according the decisions of the company). 2. 3. General rules: (1) Any transaction with a controlling shareholder or any transaction that a controlling shareholder has an interest in, will be brought before the Audit Committee, which will determine its type and decide on case by case basis on defining it as an insignificant transaction or other kind of transaction, and will decide on its review and on its approval. (2) According the adopted criteria, transactions with Tzivtit Insurance Agency (1998) Ltd. and with Rinat Yogev Nadlan Ltd. shall be classified as insignificant transactions. If the extent of such transactions will remain similar during the following years, our management shall be deemed qualified to approve such transactions and to report them to the Audit Committee. (3) Every year the criteria for classifying transactions as set up above shall be brought for re-approval by the Audit Committee. Compensation committee The Israeli Companies Law mandates the appointment of a compensation committee comprising of at least three directors. The compensation committee must include all of the external directors, who shall constitute the majority of the members thereof, and its remaining members shall be directors whose terms of service comply with the provisions promulgated concerning the remuneration of external directors. The chairman of the committee must be an external director. The members of the Compensation committee are currently Israel Baron, Gideon Kotler and Yoav Kahane. Mr. Gideon Kotler was appointed on April 30, 2014 to replace Dr. Orna Ophir who passed away in January 2014. All members of our compensation committee are independent directors as defined by the Nasdaq listing rules, and all of whom meet the composition requirements under the Israeli Companies Law. Since February 2016, the Israeli Companies Law permits that Audit Committee can serve also as a Compensation committee, provided that it will comply with requirements of the Compensation Committee as explained above. Under the Israeli Companies Law, the compensation committee is responsible for: (i) making recommendations to the board of directors with respect to the approval of the compensation policy for office holders and any extensions thereto; (ii) periodically reviewing the implementation of the compensation policy and providing the board of directors with recommendations with respect to any amendments or updates thereto; (iii) reviewing and resolving whether or not to approve arrangements with respect to the terms of office of office holders; and (iv) determining whether or not to exempt a transaction with a candidate for chief executive officer from shareholders' approval. 45 Furthermore, our compensation committee oversees, on behalf of the Board, the management of Ituran' s compensation and other human resources-related issues and otherwise carries out on behalf of the Board its responsibilities relating to these issues. The committee is responsible for establishing annual and long-term performance goals and objectives for our executive officers. In addition, as required under the Nasdaq listing rules, our compensation committee is responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of the work of any compensation consultant, legal counsel and other adviser retained by the committee; and may retain such advice only after taking into account the considerations set forth in the Nasdaq listing rules in this respect. Our compensation committee operates in accordance with a charter, which complies with the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law and the Nasdaq listing rules. According to our compensation committee charter, the compensation committee, among its other duties, is responsible on reviewing the disclosure in this form which concerns the Compensation Policy and the sections describing the Terms of Service of Officers, controlling persons and their relatives. Internal auditor Under the Israeli Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint an internal auditor nominated by the audit committee. An internal auditor may not be: * * * * a person (or a relative of a person) who holds more than 5% of the company' s shares or voting rights; a person (or a relative of a person) who has the power to appoint a director or the general manager of the company; an executive officer, director or other affiliate of the company; or a member of the company' s independent accounting firm. The role of the internal auditor is to examine, among other things, the compliance of the company' s conduct with applicable law and orderly business procedures. Our internal auditor is Simon Yarel, CPA, who has served as our internal auditor since January 1999. 46 D. EMPLOYEES The following table sets forth the total number of our employees at the end of each of the past three years, and a breakdown of such employees by main category of activity and by geographic location: By area of activity: Control Center Research and Development Sales and Marketing Technical support and IT Finance, Administration and Management Private enforcement and operations Manufacturing Total By geographic location (out of total): Israel Brazil Argentina United States Mexico Ecuador Colombia Total 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 532 162 428 652 385 853 160 3,172 855 990 263 34 473 345 212 460 51 104 346 260 366 131 1,718 843 694 146 35 - - - 395 40 103 305 248 408 101 1,600 762 626 175 37 - - - 3,172 1,718 1,600 We consider our relations with our employees to be satisfactory and have no ongoing major labor disputes or material labor-related litigation. Our employees are subject to local labor laws and regulations, which in some countries are more stringent than others. Some of our senior executives also have employment agreements that may grant them rights in excess of those provided by the applicable laws. Israel Our employees in Israel are subject to Israeli labor laws and regulations and employment customs. The applicable labor laws and regulations principally concern matters such as paid annual vacation, paid sick days, length of the workday, payment for overtime and severance pay. Israeli law generally requires severance pay equal to one month' s salary for each year of employment upon retirement or death of an employee or termination of employment without cause. Furthermore, Israeli employees and employers are required to pay predetermined sums to the National Insurance Institute, which is similar to the United States Social Security Administration. Since January 1, 1995, these amounts also include payments for national health insurance. Israeli labor laws impose on employers increased liability, including monetary sanctions and criminal liability, in cases of violations of certain labor laws and certain violations by contractors providing maintenance, security and cleaning services. Brazil Our employment agreements in Brazil are subject to Brazilian labor laws and regulations, to collective labor agreements or bargaining arrangements with unions and contract. The laws and regulations in Brazil govern almost all aspects of an employment relationship and do not leave much room to be negotiated with the employee. Still, employment contracts create obligations to the parties if they are in compliance with the law. The Labor Code mainly governs the employees' right to paid annual vacation, paid sick days, the maximum length of a workday, minimum payment for overtime and statutory severance pay. Brazilian law generally requires severance pay equal to 50% of the balance of the employee' s FGTS account (a mandatory fund to guarantee severance and unemployment). The FGTS can also be withdrawn when the employee retires, dies or his employment is terminated without cause, among others. Brazilian employers are required to purchase health insurance for employees only in the event it is set forth by the applicable collective labor agreement, contract or company policy, and are required to cover employees' food and travel costs whenever a business trip is required, and to make deposits into a Guarantee Severance Fund (the so-called "FGTS"). Furthermore, Brazilian employees and employers are required to make contributions to the National Insurance Institute ("INSS"), similar to the United States Social Security Administration. Our collections to the National Insurance Institute amount to 34.8% to 39.8% of the payrolls, out of which 8% to 11% (limited to R$5,839.45 of individual salary) corresponds to contributions by the employees deducted from salaries and 26.8% is the fixed part we pay. Our contribution of 26.8% includes mandatory contribution to the Public Insurance for Labor Accidents and Diseases (SAT). According to Decree Law 6957/2009 such portion, which varies from 1% to 3% of payroll, should be multiplied by another factor (FAP) from 0.5 to 2 in order to reduce or increase our burden to reflect statistics of occupational accidents and diseases in our business. 47 Dummy Text All of our employees in Brazil, excluding the chief executive officer, some directors (VPs) and three managers, are represented by a labor union and the employees' mandatory contributions to their union are paid by us. The law no. 13.467/2017, which entered into force on November 11, 2017, made the labor union contribution optional (i.e., discounted only upon the employees' consent). Argentina Our employees in Argentina are subject to Argentine labor laws and regulations and other special practices and employment customs. The laws and regulations in Argentina control all aspects of labor relations and designate a general Employment Contract with which all employees and employers must comply. This general Employment Contract adopts by reference the provisions of the Labor Law which principally concerns matters such as paid annual vacation, paid sick days, the length of the workday, and payment for overtime and severance pay. Argentinean law generally requires severance pay equal to one month per year of service upon the termination of employment without a justified cause. Argentine employers are also required to contribute for the following items: (a) Pension funds 20.70 % which will decrease in next years (*as describe in the table below) (b) health insurance for employees 6% (c) occupational accident insurance 1.70 %; and (d) Retirement fund insurance 3.5% (only this item is for Union Employees). All the rates should be applied on the gross salary. (*) the rate of company contribution for pension funds was 20.70 % until December 31, 2018. It will decrease respectively in the following years until 2022 and will stand on a rate of 19.5%, as follows: Until 31/12/2018 20.70% Until 31/12/19 20.40% Until 31/12/2020 20.10% Until 31/12/2021 19.80% From 1/1/2022 on 19.50% Our employees in Argentina, excluding the chief executive officer and a number of other employees, are members of a labor union and the employee member fees are paid by them. United States We have no collective bargaining agreements with any of our employees in the United States and none of our employees are members of a union. Mexico The hiring of employees in Mexico is subject to the regulations of the Federal Labor Law, the Social Security Law, the Infonavit Law, the Income Tax Law, Afore, and Infonacot In these laws both workers and employers have obligations and rights ; the percentage corresponding to the employer is 40% in Payroll and Employee Tax depending on their level of income. The working relationship between employer and employee is regulated by the Individual work contract .In Mexico we have several modalities of types of Labor Contract, according to the permanence and type of contract, example: Contract for a Determined Time, Permanent Contract, and Contract for Determined Work. In these Contracts the conditions of the work are specified. Within our company we also have working relationships through outsourcing, where our employees have the same rights and obligations and adhere to the same internal and legal guidelines. Contract terminations without cause by the employer require the payment of 3 months' salary as a concept of damages. Ecuador Our employees in Ecuador are subject by the Ecuadorian Labor Code. The Labor Code provides for a 40-hour work week, 15 calendar days of annual paid vacation, restrictions and sanctions for those who employ child labor, general protection of worker health and safety, minimum wages and bonuses, maternity leave, and employer-provided benefits. The 2008 Constitution bans child labor, requires hiring workers with disabilities, and unpaid internships are not permitted in Ecuador. The law also mandates that employees' thirteenth and fourteenth month bonuses, which are required by law, be paid in installments throughout the year instead of in lump sums. Employees have the option to opt out of this change and continue to receive the payments in lump sums. The law eliminates fixed-term employee contracts and replaced them with indefinite contracts, which shortens the allowable trial period for employees to 90 days. The Law for Labor Justice and Recognition of Work in the Home, which included several changes related to labor and social security, took effect in April 2015. The law limits the yearly bonus paid to employees, which is equal to 15 percent of companies' profits and is required by law, to 24 times the minimum wage. Most workers in the private sector have the constitutional right to form trade unions and local law allows for unionization of any company with more than 30 employees. Private employers are required to engage in collective bargaining with recognized unions. The Labor Code provides for resolution of conflicts through a tripartite arbitration and conciliation board process. The Code also prohibits discrimination against union members and requires that employers provide space for union activities. 48 Colombia Our employees in Colombia are subject to Colombian labor laws and regulations. All employees have an indefinite term employment contract and the law determines a minimum monthly salary (SMM), which is increased annually by the government and used to calculate labor obligations. 48 hours are the maximum hours for a week. All employees are affiliated with the Social Security System (Health, Pension and Occupational Risks), a percentage is paid by the company and the other by the employee, the calculation depends on the salary. The law determines additional benefits called social benefits payable by the company: Holidays: 15 working days for each year worked; Premium corresponds to the payment of 15 days of salary per semester worked or fraction; Unemployment corresponds to the payment of 30 days of salary per year worked or fraction; Unemployment interest corresponds to 12% of severance pay; Employees who earn less than 2 SMM must be given 3 times a year clothing and footwear or equivalent in bonuses. Termination of employment relationship by the company without a justified reason, is coupled with compensation to the employee. Additionally, for every 20 employees, the company must hire an apprentice who will receive financial support from 1 SMM, and who will be employed for a period of 6 months. Currently the company doesn't have any unionized employee. E. SHARE OWNERSHIP The following sets forth, as of April 30, 2019 the share ownership of our directors and executive officers listed in Item 6.A above. All of the information with respect to beneficial ownership by our directors and executive officers has been furnished by the respective director or executive officer, as the case may be. (5) Name of Director/Officer (1) Izzy Sheratzky (4) Professor Yehuda Kahane (5) Zeev Koren Efraim Sheratzky (6) (6) Yigal Shani (7) (7) Eyal Sheratzky Nir Sheratzky Gil Sheratzky Yoav Kahane Tal Sheratzky- Jaffa Israel Baron Gidon Kotler Ami Saranga Eli Kamer Guy Aharonov Udi Mizrahi * Own less than one percent of our shares. Number of Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned (2) Percentage of beneficial ownership (3) 4,077,317 1,451,137 - 240,508 246,552 - - - - * - * - - - - 19.38 6.90 - 1.14 1.17 - - - - * - * - - - - (1) This table includes only current directors and officers that beneficially hold our shares. (2) Beneficial ownership' is determined in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (as defined in Rule 13d - 3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) and shares deemed beneficially owned by virtue of the right of any person or group to acquire such ordinary shares within 60 days are treated as outstanding only for the purposes of determining the percent owned by such person or group. To our knowledge, the persons and entities named in the table above are believed to have sole voting and investment power with respect to all ordinary shares shown as owned by them, except as described below. (3) Amounts in this column are based on 23,475,431 ordinary shares outstanding as of April 30, 2019, less 2,434,297 treasury shares held by us. 49 Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text (4) Shares beneficially owned include: (a) 4,075,952 shares owned by Moked Ituran Ltd., which Mr. Sheratzky is deemed to beneficially owns due to his shared voting and investment power over such shares in accordance with that certain shareholders agreement, dated May 18, 1998 as amended on September 6, 2005 and on September 17, 2014, among Moked Ituran and its shareholders, which we refer to as the Moked Shareholders Agreement. For further information concerning the Moked Shareholders Agreement see the discussion under Item 6.A. - Directors and Senior Management under the caption "Shareholders Agreement and Articles of Association of Moked Ituran Ltd." above; (b) 1,365 shares that are directly held by Mr. Sheratzky' s wife, Maddie Sheratzky. (5) SShhaarreess bbeenneeffiicciiaallllyy oowwnneedd iinncclluuddee:: ((aa)) 1133,,226644 sshhaarreess ddiirreeccttllyy oowwnneedd bbyy PPrrooffeessssoorr KKaahhaannee jjooiinnttllyy wwiitthh hhiiss wwiiffee,, RRiivvkkaa KKaahhaannee;;((bb)) 55,,778822 sshhaarreess oowwnneedd bbyy YYeehhuuddaa KKaahhaannee LLttdd..,, wwhhiicchh PPrrooffeessssoorr Kahane may be considered to beneficially own by virtue of his shared voting and investment control of the company through his 50% shareholdings thereof, the other 50% being owned by his wife, Rivka Kahane; and (c) 1,432,091 shares owned by Moked Ituran Ltd., which Professor Kahane may be considered to beneficially own by virtue of his right to direct the disposition of such shares in accordance with Moked' s articles of association. Professor Kahane has shared voting and investment control over Yehuda Kahane Ltd., a holder of 26% of the shares of Moked Ituran. (6) Shares beneficially owned include: (a) 3,956 shares directly owned by Efraim Sheratzky, (b) 30,000 shares owned by Tzivtit Insurance Agency (1998) Ltd., which Efraim Sheratzky may be considered to beneficially own by virtue of his shared voting and investment control over such shares through his 50% ownership thereof, the other 50% of the shares held by Yigal Shani, and (c) 206,552 shares owned by Moked Ituran, which Mr. Sheratzky may be considered to beneficially own by virtue of his right to direct the disposition of such shares in accordance with Moked' s articles of association. Mr. Sheratzky may be considered to beneficially own such shares by virtue of his sole voting and investment control over his wholly owned G T.S.D. Holdings Ltd, the holder of 3.75% of Moked' s shares. (7) Shares beneficially owned include: (a) 10,000 shares directly owned by Yigal Shani, (b) 30,000 shares owned by Tzivtit Insurance Agency (1998) Ltd., which Yigal Shani may be considered to beneficially own by virtue of his shared voting and investment control over such shares through his 50% ownership thereof, the other 50% of the shares held by Efraim Sheratzky, and (c) 206,552 shares owned by Moked Ituran, which Mr. Shani may be considered to beneficially own by virtue of his right to direct the disposition of such shares in accordance with Moked' s articles of association. Mr. Shani may be considered to beneficially own such shares by virtue of his sole voting and investment control over his wholly owned G.N.S. Holdings, the holder of 3.75% of Moked' s shares ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS A. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS The following table shows the number of our ordinary shares beneficially owned by (a) the shareholders known to us as of April 30, 2019, to beneficially own more than 5% of our outstanding ordinary shares and (b) all of our directors and executive officers as a group. Please also see Item 6.E above. There are no shares underlying options or warrants held by such persons. The shareholders listed below do not have any different or special voting rights from any other shareholders of our company. Except where otherwise indicated, we believe, based on information furnished by the owners, that the beneficial owners of the ordinary shares listed below have sole investment and voting power with respect to such shares. 1 Shareholder Moked Ituran Ltd. (1)* All directors and executive officers as a group (2). Vulcan Value Partners (3) FMR LLC. (4) Renaissance Technologies LLC. (5) Treasury shares* 5 2 3 4 Number of Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned 4,075,952 4,140,319 2,012,135 1,288,564 1,363,121 2,434,297 % Voting 19.37 19.68 9.56 6.12 6.48 - (1) Moked' s articles of association provides that each of Moked' s shareholders shall have the right to direct Moked to dispose of such number of our shares corresponding to his or her relative shareholdings in Moked. In addition, ownership of all shares held by Moked are attributed to Mr. Izzy Sheratzky by virtue of his holdings in Moked. Please see Item 6.E above for the ownership of our shares attributed to Moked' s shareholders. For further information please see Item 6.A - Directors and Senior Management under the caption "Shareholders Agreement and Articles of Association of Moked Ituran Ltd." above. 50 (2) Includes shares held by Moked Ituran Ltd., which ownership are attributed to some of these directors and executive officers. (3) The information presented herein is based on Form 13G filed by Vulcan Value Partners, LLC ("Vulcan" ) on February 14, 2019. According to the information presented on such Form 13G, Vulcan is an investment adviser, and various persons, including the investment companies and owners of the separate accounts to which Vulcan serves as investment adviser, have the right to receive or the power to direct the receipt of dividends from, or the proceeds from the sale of, the Company' s securities that are the subject of Form 13G. As of April 30, 2019, Vulcan Value Partners Small Cap Fund, an investment company advised by Vulcan, owned 9.56% of the outstanding shares of the Company. (4) The information presented herein is based on Form 13G filed by FMR LLC. ("FMR") on February 13, 2019. According to the information presented on such Form 13G, the shares are beneficially owned by members of the Johnson family, including Abigail P. Johnson, are the predominant owners, directly or through trusts, of Series B voting common shares of FMR LLC, representing 49% of the voting power of FMR LLC. For further information on the beneficial ownership by the portfolio accounts, please refer to Form 13G filed by FMR on February 13, 2019. (5) The information presented herein is based on Form 13G filed by Renaissance Technologies LLC. ("RTC") on February 13, 2019. According to the information presented on such Form 13G, the shares are beneficially owned by RTC. For further information on the beneficial ownership by the portfolio accounts, please refer to Form 13G filed by RTC on February 13, 2019. As of April 30, 2019, we had a total of 4 shareholders (including the Depository Trust Company) of record in the United States with registered addresses in the United States. The number of record holders in the United States is not representative of the number of beneficial holders nor is it representative of where such beneficial holders are resident since many of these ordinary shares were held of record by brokers or other nominees. * On December 26, 2017, we filed a registration statement on F-3 Form for Moked Ituran shares and our treasury shares. On January 9, 2018, our registration statement for Moked Ituran shares and our Treasury shares became effective. B. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS Transactions with our directors and principal officers We purchase our insurance policies, including our directors' and officers' insurance, through Tzivtit Insurance Agency (1998) Ltd., an insurance agency owned by Efraim Sheratzky a director of the company and a shareholder of Moked, the brother of the President of our company and the uncle of both of our Co-Chief Executive Officers, and by Yigal Shani, who is one of our directors and is a shareholder of Moked. We pay an annual aggregate amount of NIS 1,118,000 or $ 311,000, for our basic insurance policies and NIS 820,000, or $ 228,000 for our directors' and officers' insurance policy. During 2018 Tzivtit Insurance Agency was entitled to commissions in an aggregate amount of NIS 340,000 or $ 95,000 which is paid by the insurance company on account of these policies. We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and officers and the officers and directors of our subsidiaries providing them with indemnification for liabilities or expenses incurred as a result of acts performed by them in their capacity as our directors and officers. Our general meeting of shareholders approved on January 28, 2014 an amendment to these indemnification agreements and the grant thereof to office holders, including controlling persons and their relatives, who serve at our company and its subsidiaries from time to time. For the full indemnification agreements as so approved, please see Exhibit 4.19 under Item 19 - Exhibits. Our general meeting of shareholders has also approved on January 28, 2014 the procurement from time to time of directors' and officers' insurance policies covering the liability of office holders, including controlling persons and their relatives, who serve at the Company and its subsidiaries from time to time, under the following terms: (a) the principal terms of the D&O insurance policies shall not materially deviate from the terms of our current directors' and officers' insurance policy; or (b) to the extent that the Company shall desire to procure a D&O insurance policy, which a material term thereof adversely deviates ( from our company' s point of view) from the terms of the current policy, then our company' s board of the directors shall confirm that, notwithstanding such deviation, our procurement of such policy is compatible with market terms and does not materially affect our profitability, assets or liabilities. 51 In February 2014, following the approval of our general meeting of shareholders on January 28, 2014, we entered into service agreements, setting forth the terms of service of our President and Co-Chief Executive Officers in compliance with our compensation policy for office holders; and E-Com entered into a service agreement setting forth the terms of service of its Chief Executive Officer in compliance with our compensation policy for officer holders. The principal terms of these agreements are as follows: Mr. Izzy Sheratzky shall provide his services as an independent contractor through A. Sheratzky Holdings Ltd., which shall be entitled to a monthly payment of NIS 225,000 (or $ 60,000) plus VAT, linked to the consumer price index for December 2013. At the request of the service provider, part of the fixed monthly pay may be granted through benefits, such as the provision of a company car for the use o/f Mr. Sheratzky and the payment of its maintenance costs and the cost of tax resulting there from the fixed monthly pay shall also include Mr. Sheratzky' s entitlement for a 25 days' vacation and sick days as provided by law. The service provider shall also be entitled to payment or reimbursement of expenses, including hosting expenses, subsistence allowance abroad and participation in work-related home telephone expenses. The service provider shall be entitled to Target-based Cash Incentives and Excess Return Cash Incentives as detailed below. The agreement shall be in force for a period of 3 years and may be terminated upon 180 days' advance notice of termination; however, the company may terminate the agreement without an advance notice and without compensation if the following shall occur: (a) Mr. Sheratzky is convicted of a criminal offense involving moral turpitude; (b) a final court ruling (without the possibility of appeal) determines that Mr. Sheratzky has breached his fiduciary duty towards the company; (c) a final court ruling (without the possibility of appeal) determines that Mr. Sheratzky has materially breached the agreement through the unauthorized disclosure of company' s secrets or competition with the company. The aggregate amounts paid to A. Sheratzky according this new service agreement in 2016, 2017 and 2018 were approximately $ 1,874,000, $ 3,202,000 and $ 2,859,000 respectively (the numbers include value added tax). Mr. Eyal Sheratzky shall provide his services as an independent contractor through ORAS Capital Ltd. which shall be entitled to a monthly payment of NIS 175,000 (or $ 47,000) plus VAT, linked to the consumer price index for December 2013. At the request of the service provider, part of the fixed monthly pay may be granted through benefits, such as the provision of a company car for the use of Mr. Sheratzky and the payment of its maintenance costs and the cost of tax resulting therefrom. The fixed monthly pay shall also include Mr. Sheratzky' s entitlement for a 25 days' vacation and sick days as provided by law. The service provider shall also be entitled to payment or reimbursement of expenses, including hosting expenses and subsistence allowance abroad. The service provider shall be entitled to Target-based Cash Incentives and Excess Return Cash Incentives as detailed below. The agreement shall be in force for a period of 3 years and may be terminated upon 180 days' advance notice of termination; however, the company may terminate the agreement without an advance notice and without compensation if the following shall occur: (a) Mr. Sheratzky is convicted of a criminal offense involving moral turpitude; (b) a final court ruling (without the possibility of appeal) determines that Mr. Sheratzky has breached his fiduciary duty towards the company; (c) a final court ruling (without the possibility of appeal) determines that Mr. Sheratzky has materially breached the agreement through the unauthorized disclosure of company' s secrets or competition with the company. The aggregate amount paid to ORAS Capital Ltd in 2016, 2017 and 2018 was approximately $ 1,672,000, $ 2,337,000 and $ 2,224,000 respectively (the number includes value added tax). Mr. Nir Sheratzky shall provide his services as an independent contractor through Galnir Management and Investments Ltd., which shall be entitled to a monthly payment of NIS 175,000 (or $ 47,000) plus VAT, linked to the consumer price index for December 2013. At the request of the service provider, part of the fixed monthly pay may be granted through benefits, such as the provision of a company car for the use of Mr. Sheratzky and the payment of its maintenance costs and the cost of tax resulting therefrom. The fixed monthly pay shall also include Mr. Sheratzky' s entitlement for a 25 days' vacation and sick days as provided by law. The service provider shall also be entitled to payment or reimbursement of expenses, including hosting expenses and subsistence allowance abroad. The service provider shall be entitled to Target-based Cash Incentives and Excess Return Cash Incentives as detailed below. The agreement shall be in force for a period of 3 years and may be terminated upon 180 days' advance notice of termination; however, the company may terminate the agreement without an advance notice and without compensation if the following shall occur: (a) Mr. Sheratzky is convicted of a criminal offense involving moral turpitude; (b) a final court ruling (without the possibility of appeal) determines that Mr. Sheratzky has breached his fiduciary duty towards the company; (c) a final court ruling (without the possibility of appeal) determines that Mr. Sheratzky has materially breached the agreement through the unauthorized disclosure of company' s secrets or competition with the company. The aggregate amount paid to Galnir Management and Investments Ltd, in 2016, 2017 and 2018 was approximately $ 1,478,000, $ 2,312,000 and $ 2,208,000 respectively (the number includes value added tax). Mr. Gil Sheratzky shall provide his services as an independent contractor through ZERO-TO-ONE S.B.L. INVESTMENTS LTD., which shall be entitled to a monthly payment of NIS 125,000 (or $ 33,000) plus VAT, linked to the consumer price index for December 2013. At the request of the service provider, part of the fixed monthly pay may be granted through benefits, such as the provision of a company car for the use of Mr. Sheratzky and the payment of its maintenance costs and the cost of tax resulting therefrom. The fixed monthly pay shall also include Mr. Sheratzky' s entitlement for a 25 days' vacation and sick days as provided by law. The service provider shall also be entitled to payment or reimbursement of expenses, including hosting expenses and subsistence allowance abroad. The service provider shall be entitled to Target-based Cash Incentives and Excess Return Cash Incentives as detailed below. The agreement shall be in force for a period of 3 years and may be terminated upon two months' advance notice of termination; however, E-Com may terminate the agreement without an advance notice and without compensation if the following shall occur: (a) Mr. Sheratzky is convicted of a criminal offense involving moral turpitude; (b) a final court ruling (without the possibility of appeal) determines that Mr. Sheratzky has breached his fiduciary duty towards E-Com; (c) a final court ruling (without the possibility of appeal) determines that Mr. Sheratzky has materially breached the agreement through the unauthorized disclosure of E-Com' and/or company' s secrets or competition with E-Com and/or the company. The aggregate amount paid to ZERO-TO-ONE S.B.L. INVESTMENTS LTD, in 2016, 2017 and 2018 according to this new service agreement, were approximately $ 1,118,000, $ 1,379,000 and $ 1,039,000 respectively (the numbers include value added tax). 52 Each of the above agreements also provides that the executives may request to provide their services to the company as an employee, and not through a service provider, and in such event, the they shall execute an employment agreement with the company, in lieu of the above service agreements, which shall also set forth the provisions of social security and other benefits that the company usually grants its senior executive officers (which may not deviate from the provisions of the Compensation Policy in this respect). In any event, it was agreed that the nature of the agreement pursuant to which the services are provided shall not affect the cost to us of the provision of the services as set forth in the service agreements. The aforementioned agreements were extended on February 26, 2017 subject to the approval of our next general shareholders meeting, for additional three years, with accordance to the provisions of Israeli Company Law and Israeli Companies Regulations (Relaxations in Transactions with Interested Parties) 5760-2000, and were approved accordingly by our compensation committee and our board of directors. All agreements mentioned above are in compliance with our amended compensation policy as approved on November 7, 2016, by the Company' s general meeting of shareholders, which sets forth the principles of our office holders' compensation. On November 9, 2017 our shareholders general meeting approved the aforementioned agreements for an additional three years. The terms of the Cash Incentives applicable to each of Messrs. Izzy Sheratzky, Eyal Sheratzky, Nir Sheratzky and Gil Sheratzky (the "Executive Office Holders"), as set forth in their agreements referred to above (the "Agreements"), are as follows: * "Target-based Cash Incentives" means a cash incentive awarded to the Executive Office Holders for the company' s achievement of the following Profit-Before-Tax targets in each calendar year following the effective date of the above agreements, in which the Minimum Threshold (as defined below) has been achieved: Company's Profit-Before-Tax Targets (in USD thousands) 24,001 - 27,500 27,501-31,000 31,001-35,000 35,001-39,000 Above 39,001 Level of Incentive - As a Percentage of the Executive Office Holder's Annual Cost of Pay 20% 45% 75% 110% 150% "Minimum Threshold" means, with respect to a particular calendar year, a Minimum Company' s Return on Equity (as defined below) of 15%, and a minimum company' s Profit before Tax of USD 24 million. "Return on Equity" means, with respect to a particular calendar year, the ratio between the net income for such year and the average of the shareholders' equity at the beginning of such calendar year and at the end of each calendar quarter of such year; calculated in accordance with the company' s audited or reviewed consolidated financial statements for such year, as the case may be, after taking into account Executive Officers' compensation, but excluding adjustments of the value of assets and obligations to their fair value in accordance with accounting standards. "Profit-Before-Tax" means, with respect to a particular calendar year, the company' s profit before tax for such year in accordance with the company' s audited consolidated financial statements for such year, after taking into account Executive Officers' compensation, but excluding adjustments of the value of assets and obligations to their fair value in accordance with accounting standards. "Executive Officers" means Office Holders of the Company ("Nosei Misra" , as such term is defined in the Companies Law) who serve as the company' s President, Co-CEOs and other executives who are deemed Office Holders of the company, as well as Office Holders of the company' s Israeli wholly owned subsidiaries, provided they report to the CEO. "Cost of Pay" means, with respect to independent contractors - their invoice amount plus company car and related expenses; and with respect to employees - their base pay (i.e. fixed gross amount payable to the employee in return for his services, excluding expenses, benefits and bonuses) plus 40% thereof. * Target-based Cash Incentives shall become payable upon the lapse of 30 days from the date of publication of the company' s audited annual financial statements (the "Entitlement Date"); and such cash incentive shall be paid on such date. However, if an Executive Office Holder' s Target-based Cash Incentives exceed an amount equal to 100% of such Executive Office Holder' s annual Cost of Pay (the "100% Threshold" ), then 20% of the amount by which the Target-based Cash Incentives exceed the 100% Threshold (the "Deferred Portion" ) shall not be paid on their Entitlement Date, but rather shall be deferred and paid in two equal installments on the first and second anniversary of the Entitlement Date, provided that the Minimum Threshold was achieved during the first calendar year (for the first installment) and during the second calendar year (for the second installment) following the Entitlement Date, respectively. The Deferred Portion shall be linked to the consumer price index known on the Entitlement Date. 53 * The company may pay to the Executive Office Holders advances on account of expected Target-based Cash Incentives, based on the company' s reviewed financial statements, prior to the Entitlement Date; provided that if on the Entitlement Date, it turns out that such advances exceed the Target-based Cash Incentives to which the Executive Office Holders are entitled, then the excess amounts shall be returned to the Company or shall be deducted from the payment of the remainder Target-bbaasseedd CCaasshh IInncceennttiivveess oonn tthhee EEnnttiittlleemmeenntt DDaattee,, aass tthhee case may be. * "Excess Return Cash Incentives" means a cash grant based on the company' s Stock Yield as compared to the Russell 2000 Index' s Yield, as set forth below. "Company's Stock Yield" means the percentage of increase or decrease of the company' s stock price on Nasdaq over an Examined Period (as defined below), as adjusted for dividend distribution, calculated based on the average adjusted closing price of the company' s shares on the Nasdaq during the 5 business days prior to and the 5 business days after the commencement and end of such Examined Period. "Russell 2000 Index's Yield" means the percentage of increase or decrease of the Russell 2000 Index over an Examined Period, calculated based on the average Russell 2000 Index closing quotes during the 5 business days prior to and the 5 business days after the commencement and end of such Examined Period. At the end of each calendar year, the company shall examine the Company' s Stock Yield since January 1 of such year or, with respect to the first year of such grant - since the date of its approval (an "Examined Period"), as compared to the Russell 2000 Index' s Yield over such Examined Period; and to the extent that the Company' s Stock Yield exceeds the Russell 2000 Index' s Yield for such period, each of the Executive Office Holders shall receive an amount equal to 50% of his monthly Cost of Pay for each 1% of excess return (in percentage points' terms), or a relative amount in the event of a partial excess return. For the avoidance of doubt, in the event that the Company' s Stock Yield during such period is negative, no grant shall be awarded. The Excess Return Cash Incentive for each year shall not exceed an amount equal to the Executive Officer Holder' s annual Cost of Pay. * In the event that an Agreement is terminated during a calendar year, the company' s compensation committee and board of directors shall determine the relative amounts out of the Target-bbaasseedd CCaasshh IInncceennttiivveess aanndd//oorr EExxcceessss RReettuurrnn CCaasshh IInncceennttiivveess ttoo wwhhiicchh tthhee rreelleevvaanntt EExxeeccuuttiivvee OOffffiiccee HHoollddeerr iiss eennttiittlleedd ffoorr tthhee ppoorrttiioonn ooff tthhee yyeeaarr dduurriinngg wwhhiicchh tthhee AAggrreeeemmeenntt wwaass in force; and these amounts shall be paid within 30 days after the termination of service/employment, as the case may be. * On the date of determination of each Executive Office Holder' s entitlement for a Target-based Cash Incentive for a particular year, the company' s compensation committee shall examine whether the total amount of grants to which Executive Officers are entitled with respect to such calendar year and which constitute variable components of their terms of services (the "Total Amount of Grants to Executive Officers" ), exceed an amount equal to 10% of the Company' s EBITDA for such year (the "EBITDA' s Threshold"), as calculated in accordance with data extracted from the company' s audited consolidated annual financial statements, after taking into account the Executive Officers' fixed compensation but excluding their variable compensation. In such event, the amount by which the Total Amount of Grants to Executive Officers exceeds the EBITDA' s Threshold shall be referred to as the "Excess Amount". * * * In the event that the Total Amount of Grants to Executive Officers exceeds the EBITDA' s Threshold, then the Target-based Cash Incentive and the Excess Return Cash Incentive to which an Executive Office Holder is entitled (together, the "Grants" ) shall be reduced by an amount equal to the Executive Office Holder' s Rate of Grants (as defined below) out of the Excess Amount. The term "Executive Office Holder' s Rate of Grants" means, with respect to a particular Executive Office Holder, the percentage which such Executive Office Holder' s Grants constitute out of the Total Amount of Grants to Executive Officers. The company' s board of directors shall have the right, under special circumstances at its discretion, to reduce the amount of Grants to which the Executive Office Holders are entitled, upon a 60 days prior notice. The Executive Office Holder shall be required to return any compensation paid to them on the basis of results included in financial statements that turned out to be erroneous and were subsequently restated in the company' ss ffiinnaanncciiaall ssttaatteemmeennttss ppuubblliisshheedd dduurriinngg tthhee tthhrreeee yyeeaarr ppeerriioodd ffoolllloowwiinngg ppuubblliiccaattiioonn ooff tthhee eerrrroonneeoouuss ffiinnaanncciiaall ssttaatteemmeennttss;; ttoo tthhee eexxtteenntt tthheeyy wwoouulldd not have been entitled to the compensation actually received had it been determined based on the restated financial statements. In such case, compensation amounts will be returned within 60 days from the date of publication of the restated financial statements, net of taxes that were withheld thereon. If the Executive Office Holder has a right to reclaim such tax payments with respect to Grants which were paid in excess, from the relevant tax authorities, then the Executive Office Holder shall reasonably act to reclaim such amounts from the tax authorities and upon their receipt, shall remit them to the company. 54  In 2018 Executive Office Holders were eligible to Target based cash incentives at the maximum rate of (150%) as follows (which is included in the aforementioned payments according to the above new service agreements): Executive Office Holders Izzy Sheratzky Eyal Sheratzky Nir Sheratzky Gil Sheratzky Target-based Cash Incentive Deferred Portion for the next 2 years Deferred Portion from last 2 years Total to be paid for 2018: 1,077 876 876 626 (In US$ thousands) (75) (58) (58) (42) 75 58 58 42 1,077 876 876 626 For the full service agreements regarding the services of our President, Co-Chief Executive Officers and the Chief Executive Officer of E-Com, please see Exhibits 4.9-4.12(a) attached hereto. On January 28, 2014, our general meeting of shareholders re-approved the terms of engagement of Professor Yehuda Kahane, which were set forth in a financial services agreement, dated March 23, 1998, between our company and Professor Kahane. Pursuant to this agreement, as amended in May 2003, we are obligated to pay Professor Kahane a monthly consulting fee of NIS 15,000, or approximately $ 4,000, linked to the Israeli consumer price index as known on May 1, 2003. The term of the agreement automatically renews every two-years; however, either party may terminate it by providing a 180-day prior notice. The aggregate amounts paid to Professor Kahane by virtue of this agreement in each of the years 2016, 2017 and 2018 were approximately, $ 52,000, $ 65,000 and $ 61,000 respectively. Transactions with our affiliates and associates We purchase our GPS/GPRS equipment from our subsidiary, E.R.M Electronic Systems Limited. In 2016, 2017 and 2018, Ituran, including its subsidiaries in Brazil and USA, purchased GPS/GPRS equipment from E.R.M in the sum of approximately, NIS 52.4 Million (or $13.6 Million), NIS 64.2 Million (or $17.8 Million) and NIS 71.7 Million (or $ 19.9 Million) respectively. C. INTERESTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL Not applicable ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION A. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION For the audited financial statements and audit reports required to be contained in this annual report, please see Item 18 below. Material Legal Proceedings On June 24, 2010 the Brazilian Internal Revenue Service issued a tax assessment that claimed the payment, at the time of filing the tax assessment, of R$5,567,032 (approximately US$ 3,120,000 at the time) including interest and penalties, following the offsetting on October 1, 2005 of an amount of approximately US$ 2.1 million of a receivable held by Ituran Beheer BV, a Dutch legal entity held by us, against accumulated losses of our subsidiary Ituran Sistemas de Monitamento Ltda, which originated from a technology transfer agreement executed by and between Ituran Brazil and OGM Investments B.V. (also a Dutch company held by us). The decision of the administrative court of the first level was unfavorable to us and therefore we have filed an appeal to the Administrative Court of Appeals in São Paulo. In October 2013, we were notified that the Administrative Court of Appeal has partially accepted our administrative defense in order to reduce the percentage of penalty imposed on us. Subsequently, Ituran Brazil filed a Special Appeal to the Superior Court of Tax Appeals, an administrative venue. The Special Appeal lodged by Ituran Brazil was not accepted by the Superior Court of Tax Appeals. Ituran Brazil challenged the tax assessment before a Federal Court of Law by our special appeal, which was rejected on January 18th, th 2016, and terminated the administrative venue. On March 15, 2016, we have taken the dispute to Judiciary venue, and filed a lawsuit in order to challenge the administrative decision. On July 2016 the federal government filed its defense, and on Sept. 2016 we filed counterarguments and request for the drafting of an accounting report to be made by a court-appointed expert. On April 3, 2017 the judge analyzed our request and granted the accounting report by a court - appointed expert. The expert filed his report and we are currently waiting for the first level Judiciary venue. Based on the legal opinion of the subsidiary' s Brazilian legal counsel we believe that such claim is without merit, as the assessment is based on wrong assumption, since offsetting proceedings did not have any tax effect and the chances of our success are more likely than not. As of December 2018, the aggregate sum claimed pursuant to the tax assessment (principal amount, interest and penalties) is estimated at R$12.3 million (approximately US$ 3.18 million). 55 On January 12, 2016, Brazilian Federal Communication Agency - Anatel issued an additional tax assessment for FUST contribution (contribution on telecommunication services) levied on the monitoring services rendered by us regarding the year of 2012 which amounts on December 2018 to R$ 3,388,290 (approximately US$ 874,000) including interest and penalties. This amount added up to the previous FUST tax assessments for the years 2007 and 2008 which was issued on October 20, 2011, and including interest and penalties, on December 2018 amounts to R$ 5,094,959 (approximately US$ 1,315,000), to FUST tax assessment for the year 2010 which including interest and penalties, on December 2018 amounts to R$ 3,545,193 (approximately US$ 915,000) and to FUST tax assessment for the year 2011 (and January 2012) which including interest and penalties, on December 2018 amounts to R$ 3,529,073 (approximately US$ 911,000). Due to such last tax assessment, in December 2018, the aggregate amount claimed by Anatel increased to approximately R$ 15.56 million (approximately US$ 4.02 million). The reason Anatel demand the payment of FUST from us is the fact that in order to provide monitoring services we need to operate telecommunication equipment in a given radio frequency. We hold a telecommunication license from Anatel (for information on our licenses see item 4B. "Information on the company" - "Business overview" under the caption "Regulatory Environment" ). The authorities have construed that we render telecommunication services and FUST should be levied in relation to Net Revenues. Based on the legal opinion of the subsidiary' s Brazilian legal counsel we believe that such claim is without merit, the interpretation of the legislation is mistaken, given that we don' t render telecommunication services, but rather services of monitoring goods and persons for security purposes and therefore the chances of our success are more likely than not. We have filed our defense for the years 2007 and 2008 on December 2011. Our Defense for the year 2010 was filed on November 2014, our defense for the year 2011 (and January 2012) was filed on February 2016 and our Defense for the year 2012 was filed on February 2016. We are currently awaiting the Lower Court decisions on all the aforementioned FUST claims. On November 22, 2016, Brazilian Federal Communication Agency - Anatel - issued an additional tax assessment for FUNTELL contribution (contribution to Fund for the Technological Development of Telecommunication) levied on the monitoring services rendered by us regarding the year of 2012 which on December 2018 amounts to R$ 1,410,615 (approximately US$ 364,000) including interest and penalties. This amount added up to the previous FUNTELL tax assessments for the year 2007, which was issued on July 13, 2011, and including interest and penalties, on December 2018 amounts to R$ 953,971 (approximately US$ 246,000), to FUNTELL tax assessment for the year 2008 which including interest and penalties, on December 2018 amounts to R$ 938,442 (approximately US$ 242,000), to FUNTELL tax assessment for the year 2010 which including interest and penalties, on December 2018 amounts to R$ 1,316,771 (approximately US$ 340,000) and 2011 which on December 2018 amounts to R$ 1,310,806 (approximately US$ 338,000) including interest and penalties. Due to such last tax assessment, on December 2018 the aggregate amount claimed by Anatel increased to approximately R$ 5.93 million (approximately US$ 1.53 million). The reason Anatel demands the payment of FUNTELL from us is the fact that in order to provide monitoring services we need to operate telecommunication equipment in a given radio frequency. We hold a telecommunication license from Anatel (for information on our licenses see item 4B. "Information on the company" - "Business overview" under the caption "Regulatory Environment" ). The authorities have construed that we render telecommunication services and FUNTELL should be levied in relation to Net Revenues. Based on the legal opinion of the subsidiary' s Brazilian legal counsel we believe that such claim is without merit, the interpretation of the legislation is mistaken, given that we don' t render telecommunication services, but rather services of monitoring goods and persons for security purposes and therefore the chances of our success are more likely than not. We have filed our defenses as follows: for the year 2007 on July 2011, for the year 2008 on June 2011, for the year 2010 on December 2014, for the year 2011 on October 2015, and for the year 2012 on November 2016. On March 27, 2018 the Administrative published a decision which rejected our defense for year 2011 and we filed an appeal. We are currently awaiting the Administrative decisions on all the aforementioned FUNTELL claims. On July 13, 2015 we received a purported class action lawsuit which was filed against the Company in the District Court of Central Region in Tel-Aviv, by one plaintiff who is a subscriber of the Company, alleging that the Company, which was declared a monopoly under the Israeli Antitrust Law, 1988, unlawfully abused its power as a monopoly and discriminated between its customers. The plaintiff claims that the alleged discrimination resulted from the Company charging higher monthly subscription fees from customers who are obliged by insurance company requirements to install location and recovery systems in their vehicles than the monthly subscription fees that are charged from customers who are not required by insurance companies to install location and recovery systems in their vehicles. In addition, the plaintiff claims that the Company offers to customers who are not required by insurance companies to install location and recovery systems in their vehicles, a discounted warrantee service to their location and recovery systems. The plaintiff claims in addition to the above, that such actions raise additional causes of action against the Company such as negotiations without good faith, executing contract without good faith, breach of contract, unjust enrichment, breach of consumer protection laws, tort laws, and breach of statutory duty. The lawsuit is yet to be approved as a class action. The total amount claimed if the lawsuit is approved as a class action was estimated by the plaintiff to be approximately NIS 300 million (approximately USD 80 million). Our defense against the approval of the class action lawsuit was filed on January 3, 2016. The plaintiff has responded to our defense on February 29, 2016. During 2017 and until now only preliminary hearing took place. A class action lawsuit based on similar claims, against the Company, which was filed on form 6-K on March 22, 2011, was dismissed by the court on the request of both parties, on March 5, 2012 for a small compensation to the plaintiff and his attorneys, in a total amount of NIS 30,000 (approximately USD 7,900). Such dismissal of a similar class action lawsuit may have a positive effect on the Company' s defense against the current lawsuit. Based on an opinion of its legal counsels, at this preliminary stage, the Company is unable to assess the lawsuit' s chances of success, however based on the documents of the claim, the Company has good defense arguments in respect of claims made by the plaintiff and that the chances that the lawsuit will not be approved as a class action lawsuit are higher than it will be approved. While we cannot predict the outcome of this case, if we are not successful in defending our claim, we could be subject to significant costs, adversely affecting our results of operations. 56 On July 19, 2018 we received two class action lawsuits that were filed against the Company, alleging that the Company violated the Protection of Privacy Law, 5741 - 1981 and the Protection of Privacy Regulations (Data Security) 5777-2017. The plaintiffs request that the lawsuits will be approved as a class action and allege that The Company did not secure customer information properly, as required by the law, and that the lack of information security procedures allowed hacking into the company's website, which caused to exposure of customers sensitive personal information. The lawsuits are yet to be approved as a class actions lawsuit. The total amount claimed if the lawsuits are to be approved as a class action were estimated by the plaintiffs to be approximately NIS 600 million (approximately USD 160 million) Our defense against the approval of the class action lawsuits was filed on December 13, 2018. Based on an opinion of our legal counsels, and at this preliminary stage, the Company has good defense arguments in respect of claims made by the plaintiffs and the chances that the lawsuits will not be approved as a class action lawsuit are significantly higher than it will be approved. While we cannot predict the outcome of these cases, if we are not successful in defending these claims, we could be subject to significant costs, adversely affecting our results of operations. 10.B. - "Memorandum and Articles of Association" - "Our Corporate Practices under the Israeli Companies Law" under the caption "Approval of Transactions under Israeli law" Dividend distribution policy For a description of our dividend policy, see Item 5.B - Liquidity and Capital Resources above. B. SIGNIFICANT CHANGES Except as stated in this annual report, there are no significant changes since December 31, 2018. ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING A. LISTING DETAILS AND MARKET PRICE INFORMATION Our ordinary shares have been trading on Nasdaq under the symbol "ITRN" since September 2005 and were traded on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange from May 1998 and until May 2016. On May 23, 2016 following our request we have been delisted from Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange on May 25, 2016 with the last trading date on the TASE being May 23, 2016. The delisting in Israel had no effect upon our continued listing on the NASDAQ in the United States, and all shareholders continue to trade our shares on NASDAQ. 57 B. PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION Not applicable C. MARKETS Our ordinary shares are quoted on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "ITRN". For information on the delisting from Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange, see Item 9.A - Price History of Our Shares above. D. SELLING SHAREHOLDERS Not applicable E. DILUTION Not applicable F. EXPENSES OF THE ISSUE Not applicable ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION A. SHARE CAPITAL Not applicable B. MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION Our number with the Israeli Registrar of Companies is 52-004381-1. Our purpose appears in our memorandum of association and includes engaging in any lawful business. 58 Articles of Association; Israeli Companies Law Articles of Association Pursuant to our articles of association our objectives are to engage in any lawful business and our purpose is to operate in accordance with business considerations to maximize our profits. We may take into consideration, inter alia, the interests of our creditors, employee and the public interest. Please also see a summarized description of our purposes and activities under the caption "Overview" in Item 4.A. above. Our Corporate Practices Under The Israeli Companies Law Approval of Transactions under Israeli Law Directors and executive officers Fiduciary duties Israeli law codifies the fiduciary duties that office holders owe to a company. An office holder is defined as any director, managing director, general manager, chief executive officer, executive vice president, vice president, other manager directly subordinate to the general manager or any other person assuming the responsibilities of any of these positions regardless of that person' s title. Each person listed in the table under "Management-Executive Officers and Directors" is an office holder of our company under the Israeli Companies Law. An office holder' s fiduciary duties consist of a duty of loyalty and a duty of care. The duty of loyalty requires the office holder to avoid any conflict of interest between the office holder' s position in the company and personal affairs, and proscribes any competition with the company or the exploitation of any business opportunity of the company in order to receive personal advantage for himself or others. This duty also requires him or her to reveal to the company any information or documents relating to the company' s affairs that the office holder has received due to his or her position as an office holder. The duty of care requires an office holder to act with a level of care that a reasonable office holder in the same position would employ under the same circumstances. This includes the duty to use reasonable means to obtain information regarding the advisability of a given action submitted for his or her approval or performed by virtue of his or her position and all other relevant information pertaining to these actions. Disclosure of Personal interest Israeli law requires that an office holder promptly disclose to the board of directors any personal interest that he or she may have and all related material information known to him or her concerning any existing or proposed transaction with the company. A personal interest, as defined by the Israeli Companies Law, includes a personal interest of any person in an act or transaction of the company, including a personal interest of one' s relative or of a corporate body in which such person or a relative of such person is a 5% or greater shareholder, a holder of 5% or more of the voting rights, a director or general manager, or in which he or she has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager, but excluding a personal interest stemming solely from one' s ownership of shares in the company. A personal interest also includes personal interest of a person voting pursuant to a proxy given by another person even if the other person does not have personal interest, regardless of whether the person given the proxy to vote at the meeting is given directions to vote in a certain manner or given discretion to vote independently. An office holder must disclose his personal interest no later than the first meeting of the company' s board of directors that discusses the particular transaction. An office holder is not obliged to disclose such information if the personal interest of the office holder derives solely of the personal interest of his or her relative in a transaction that is not an "extraordinary transaction." The Israeli Companies Law defines an "extraordinary transaction" as a transaction not in the ordinary course of business, not on market terms or that is likely to have a material impact on the company' s profitability, assets or liabilities. The term "relative" is defined by the Israeli Companies Law as a spouse, sibling, parent, grandparent, descendent, and descendent, brother, sister or parent of a spouse or the spouse of any of the foregoing. The Israeli Companies Law provides that once an office holder has complied with the disclosure requirement, a company may approve a transaction between the company and the office holder or a third party in which the office holder has a personal interest, or approve an action by the office holder that would otherwise be deemed a breach of duty of loyalty. Such a transaction generally requires approval by the board of directors, unless the articles of association provide otherwise. Our articles of association do not provide otherwise. If the transaction considered is an extraordinary transaction, audit committee approval is required prior to approval by the board of directors. For the approval of arrangements regarding the compensation, indemnification or insurance of executive officers and directors, see "Compensation arrangements" below. A company may not approve a transaction or action that is adverse to the company' s interest or that is not performed by the office holder in good faith. A director who has a personal interest in a matter involving an extraordinary transaction, as defined in the Israeli Companies Law, which is considered at a meeting of the board of directors or the audit committee may not attend that meeting or vote on that matter, unless a majority of the directors or members of the audit committee, as applicable, also have a personal interest in the matter. Any transaction in which a majority of the directors has a personal interest requires shareholder approval. 59 Compensation arrangements Subject to the provisions relating to related-party transactions as described below, the terms of office of office holders other than the chief executive officer and directors, require the approval of both our compensation committee and the board of directors; and the terms of office of chief executive officers and directors require the approval of the compensation committee, the board of directors and our shareholders. However due to the change in the Israeli Company law, from February 2016, the extension or renewal of terms of office of chief executive officer, which terms are not improving the previous terms or not significantly different, and are according to the compensation policy, shall not require approval by the shareholders meeting. In addition, according to recent changes in Israeli Company law, chief executive officer can decide upon insignificant change in the terms of office of his subordinate officers, subject to additional conditions and requirement to include such right in the compensation policy of the company (such requirement was fulfilled in our renewed compensation policy which was approved by our shareholder' s committee on November 7, 2016). In addition, according to Israeli Company Regulations (Relaxations in Transactions with Interested Parties) 5760-2000, transaction with board members and chief executive, on their term of office, which is according to the compensation policy and according to terms of office which are not better than the terms of office of previous holder of such position or there is no significant difference between the two engagements and relevant circumstances, including the scope of employment, may be approved by our compensation committee and the board of directors, and will not require general shareholders meeting approval until the next general meeting which will be announced by the company. "terms of office" includes the grant of an exemption, insurance, undertaking to indemnify or indemnification, retirement compensation, and any benefit, other payment or an undertaking to pay, which are granted by virtue of serving as an office holder. Shareholders Controlling shareholders Pursuant to Israeli law, the disclosure requirements regarding personal interests that apply to an office holder also apply to a "controlling shareholder" of a public company. A "controlling shareholder" is a shareholder who has the ability to direct the activities of a company, and for the purpose of the disclosure requirements and approval of related party transactions, the term includes any shareholder holding 25% or more of the voting rights if no other shareholder holds more than 50% of the voting rights in the company. Two or more shareholders with a personal interest in the approval of the same transaction are deemed to be one shareholder. Currently there is no shareholder of us who holds more than 25% of the voting rights. Required approval Extraordinary transactions of a public company and a controlling shareholder, or in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, including a private placement in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, a transaction concerning the terms of compensation of the controlling shareholder or the controlling shareholder' s relative, directly or indirectly, through a company controlled by him in respect of receipt of services from same and if he is an office holder or an employee - the terms of his employment, generally require the approval of the audit committee (or with respect to Terms of Office and Employment - the compensation committee), the board of directors and the shareholders, in that order. If required, shareholder approval must include the majority of shares voted at the meeting. In addition, either: * * the majority must include at least the majority of the shares of disinterested shareholders voted at the meeting; or the total number of shares of disinterested shareholders who voted against the transaction must not exceed 2% of the aggregate voting rights in the company. Transactions for a period of more than three years generally need to be brought for approval in accordance with the above procedures every three years. A Shareholder is required according to Israeli Companies Law in certain votes on transactions to disclose his/her personal interest. Failure to disclose such interest will invalidate the casted vote of such shareholder and the Company shall not count it. According to our Articles of Association, a Shareholder seeking to vote using a proxy with respect to a resolution which requires that the majority for its adoption include at least a specified majority of the votes of all those not having a personal interest (as defined in the Companies Law) shall mark on the Proxy, if he or she has Personal Interest in such resolution, and in such case the Company will not count his/her vote for such resolution. In event the shareholder will vote by other means than Proxy, he/she shall notify the company of his/her Personal Interest in writing prior to the time of the General Meeting. Such notice either in Proxy or in writing (as applicable) shall be a condition for the right to vote with respect to a resolution which requires that the majority for its adoption include at least a specified majority of the votes of all those not having a Personal Interest. 60 Shareholder duties Pursuant to the Israeli Companies Law, a shareholder has a duty to act in good faith and in customary way toward the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing his or her power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders and class meetings with respect to the following matters: * * * * an amendment to the company' s articles of association; an increase of the company' s authorized share capital; a merger; or interested party transactions that require shareholder approval. In addition, specified shareholders have a duty of fairness toward the company. These shareholders include any controlling shareholder, any shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote and any shareholder who has the power to appoint or to prevent the appointment of an office holder of the company or other power towards the company. The Israeli Companies Law does not describe the substance of this duty except to state that the remedies generally available upon a breach of contract will also apply in the event of a breach of the duty to act with fairness. Anti take-over provisions; mergers and acquisitions under Israeli Law Tender offers Full Tender Offer. A person wishing to acquire shares or any class of shares, or voting rights of a publicly traded Israeli company and who would, as a result, hold over 90% of the company' s issued and outstanding share capital or of a class of shares that are listed, is required by the Israeli Companies Law to make a tender offer to all of the company' s shareholders or all shareholders of such class of shares, as applicable, for the purchase of all of the issued and outstanding shares of the company or of that class of shares, as applicable. If the shareholders who do not respond to the offer hold less than 5% of the issued share capital of the company or of that class of shares, as applicable, and the majority of shareholders who are disinterested accepted the offer, then all of the shares that the acquirer offered to purchase will be transferred to the acquirer by operation of law (however, full tender offer shall be accepted if shareholders who objected to the offer constituted less than 2% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company to which the offer relates). However, the shareholders may petition the court to determine that the consideration for the shares constituted less than their fair value and that their fair value should be paid to the offerees. If the full tender offer is not accepted as described above, the acquirer may not acquire shares from shareholders who accepted the tender offer that would provide it over 90% of the company' s issued and outstanding share capital or of the shares comprising such class, as applicable. Special Tender Offer. The Israeli Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares of a public company must be made by means of a tender offer if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of 25% or more of the voting rights of the company. This rule does not apply if there is already another holder of 25% or more of the voting rights of the company. Similarly, the Israeli Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares in a public company must be made by means of a tender offer if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights of the company, if there is no other holder of more than 45% of the voting rights of the company. The foregoing provisions do not apply to: * * * a private placement in which the company' s shareholders approved such holder owning 25% or more of the voting rights of the company (provided that there is no other shareholder that holds 25% or more of the voting rights of the company); or more than 45% of the voting rights of the company (provided that there is no other shareholder that holds 45% or more of the voting rights of the company); or a purchase from an existing holder of 25% or more of the voting rights of the company that results in another person becoming a holder of 25% or more of the voting rights of the company; or purchase from an existing holder of more than 45% of the voting rights of the company that results in another person becoming a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights of the company. In the event that a special tender offer is made, a company' s board of directors is required to express its opinion on the advisability of the offer or shall abstain from expressing any opinion if it is unable to do so, provided that it gives the reasons for its abstention. An office holder in a target company who, in his or her capacity as an office holder, performs an action the purpose of which is to cause the failure of an existing or foreseeable special tender offer or is to impair the chances of its acceptance, is liable to the potential purchaser and shareholders for damages, unless such office holder acted in good faith and had reasonable grounds to believe he or she was acting for the benefit of the company. However, office holders of the target company may negotiate with the potential purchaser in order to improve the terms of the special tender offer, and may further negotiate with third parties in order to obtain a competing offer. If a special tender offer was accepted by a majority of the shareholders who announced their stand on such offer, then shareholders who did not announce their stand or who had objected to the offer may accept the offer within four days of the last day set for the acceptance of the offer. In the event that a special tender offer is accepted, the purchaser or any person or entity controlling it at the time of the offer or under common control with the purchaser or such controlling person or entity shall refrain from making a subsequent tender offer for the purchase of shares of the target company and cannot execute a merger with the target company for a period of one year from the date of the offer, unless the purchaser or such person or entity undertook to effect such an offer or merger in the initial special tender offer. 61 Regulations promulgated under the Israeli Companies Law provide that these tender offer requirements do not apply to companies whose shares are listed for trading outside of Israel if, according to the law in the country in which the shares are traded or the rules and regulations of the stock exchange on which the shares are traded: There is a limitation on acquisition of any level of control of the company, or The acquisition of any level of control requires the purchaser to offer a tender offer to the public. * * Merger The Israeli Companies Law permits merger transactions if approved by each party' s board of directors and shareholders. Pursuant to the Israeli Companies Law and our articles of association as currently in effect, merger transactions may be approved by holders of a simple majority of our shares present, in person or by proxy, at a general meeting and voting on the transaction. In determining whether the required majority has approved the merger in the event of "cross ownership" between the merging companies, namely, if our shares are held by the other party to the merger, or by any person holding at least 25% of the outstanding voting shares or 25% of the means of appointing directors of the other party to the merger, then a vote against the merger by holders of the majority of the shares present and voting, excluding shares held by the other party or by such person, or anyone acting on behalf of either of them, including any of their affiliates, is sufficient to reject the merger transaction. If the transaction would have been approved but for the exclusion of the votes of certain shareholders as provided above, a court may still approve the merger upon the request of holders of at least 25% of the voting rights of a company, if the court holds that the merger is fair and reasonable, taking into account the value of the parties to the merger and the consideration offered to the shareholders. Upon the request of a creditor of either party to the proposed merger, the court may delay or prevent the merger if it concludes that there exists a reasonable concern that, as a result of the merger, the surviving company will be unable to satisfy the obligations of any of the parties to the merger. In addition, a merger may not be consummated unless at least 50 days have passed from the time that a proposal for approval of the merger has been filed with the Israeli Registrar of Companies and 30 days have passed from the date of the approval of the shareholders of the merging companies. The Israeli Companies Law further provides that the foregoing approval requirements will not apply to shareholders of a wholly-owned subsidiary in a roll-up merger transaction, or to the shareholders of the acquirer if: * * * the transaction is not accompanied by an amendment to the acquirer' s memorandum or articles of association; the transaction does not contemplate the issuance of more than 20% of the voting rights of the acquirer that would result in any shareholder becoming a controlling shareholder; and there is no "cross -ownership" of shares of the merging companies, as described above. For these purposes, "controlling shareholder" is a shareholder who has the ability to direct the activities of a company, including a shareholder who owns 25% or more of the voting rights if no other shareholder owns more than 50% of the voting rights. The Israeli Companies Law allows us to create and issue shares having rights different from those attached to our ordinary shares, including shares providing certain preferred or additional rights to voting, distributions or other matters and shares having preemptive rights. In the future, if we do create and issue a class of shares other than our ordinary shares, such class of shares, depending on the specific rights that may be attached to them, may delay or prevent a takeover or otherwise prevent our shareholders from realizing a potential premium over the market value of their ordinary shares. The authorization of a new class of shares will require an amendment to our articles of association. Shareholders voting at such a meeting will be subject to the restrictions under the Israeli Companies Law. See "Voting, Shareholder Meetings and Resolutions" below. Dividend and Liquidation Rights . We may declare a dividend to be paid to the holders of our ordinary shares according to their rights and interests in our profits. If we dissolve, after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors, our assets will be distributed to the holders of our ordinary shares in proportion to their shareholdings. This right may be affected by the grant of preferential dividend or distribution rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized in the future. Our articles of association provide that shareholder approval would not be required for the declaration of dividends. Dividends may only be paid out of our retained earnings or "profits" accrued over a period of two years, as defined in the Israeli Companies Law, whichever is greater, according to the last reviewed or audited financial reports of the company, provided that the date of the financial reports is not more than six months before the date of distribution (the "profits" test), and further provided that there is no reasonable concern that a payment of a dividend will prevent us from satisfying our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due, as determined by our Board of Directors. However, if we do not meet the profit requirement, a court may allow us to distribute a dividend, as long as the court is convinced that there is no reasonable risk that a distribution might prevent us from being able to meet our existing and anticipated obligations as they become due. For more information on our ability to grant or declare dividends, see Item 8.A - Financial Information under the caption "Dividend Distribution Policy" above. 62 Voting, Shareholder Meetings and Resolutions. As a foreign private issuer, we have elected to follow our home country practices in lieu of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rule requiring an issuer to hold its annual meeting of its shareholders no later than one year after the end of the issuer' s fiscal year-end. Specifically, according to the Israeli Companies Law, we are required to hold an annual general meeting of our shareholders once every calendar year, and no later than 15 months after the date of the previous annual general meeting. All meetings other than the annual general meeting of shareholders are referred to as special meetings. Our Board of Directors may call special meetings whenever it sees fit, at such time and place, within or outside of Israel, as it may determine. In addition, the Israeli Companies Law provides that the board of directors of a public company is required to convene a special meeting upon the request of (a) any two directors of the company or one quarter of its board of directors or (b) one or more shareholders holding, in the aggregate, (i) 5% of the outstanding shares of the company and 1% of the voting power in the company or (ii) 5% of the voting power in the company. Pursuant to our articles of association, shareholders are entitled to participate and vote at general meetings and are the shareholders of record on a date to be decided by our Board of Directors, provided that such date is not more than 40 days, nor less than four days, prior to the date of the general meeting, except as otherwise permitted by the Israeli Companies Law. Furthermore, the Israeli Companies Law dictates that resolutions regarding the following matters must be passed at a general meeting of our shareholders: * * * * * * * amendments to our articles of association; appointment or termination of our auditors; appointment and dismissal of external directors; approval of acts and transactions requiring general meeting approval pursuant to the Israeli Companies Law; increase or reduction of our authorized share capital; a merger; and the exercise of the Board of Directors' powers by a general meeting, if the Board of Directors is unable to exercise its powers and the exercise of any of its powers is required for our proper management. The Israeli Companies Law and our articles of association require that a notice of any annual or special shareholders meeting will be provided 21 days prior to the meeting, except where the regulation prescribe for a period of not less than 35 days if the agenda includes certain resolutions to be adopted at the general meeting. Pursuant to our articles of association, holders of ordinary shares have one vote for each ordinary share held on all matters submitted to a vote of the shareholders. These voting rights may be affected by the grant of any special voting rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights that we may authorize in the future. The quorum required for our ordinary meetings of shareholders consists of at least two shareholders present in person or by proxy, who hold or represent between them at least thirty-three and one-third percent of the total outstanding voting rights. A meeting adjourned for lack of a quorum generally is adjourned to the same day in the following week at the same time and place or on a later date specified in the summons or notice of the meeting. At the reconvened meeting, any number of our shareholders present in person or by proxy shall constitute a lawful quorum. Our articles of association provide that, other than with respect to the amendment of the provisions of the articles of association with respect to the appointment of directors and a resolution for removal of a director and the resolution of removal of a director, which action requires a majority vote of 75%, all resolutions of the shareholders require a simple majority. Israeli law does not provide for public companies such as ours to have shareholder resolutions adopted by means of a written consent in lieu of a shareholders meeting. The Israeli Companies Law provides that a shareholder, in exercising his or her rights and performing his or her obligations toward the company and its other shareholders, must act in good faith and in an acceptable manner and avoid abusing his or her powers. This is required, among other things, when voting at general meetings on matters such as changes to the articles of association, increasing the company' s registered capital, mergers and approval of related-party transactions. In addition, pursuant to the Israeli Companies Law, any controlling shareholder, any shareholder who knows that its vote can determine the outcome of a shareholder vote and any shareholder who, under the company' s articles of association, can appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder, is required to act with fairness towards the company. An ordinary resolution requires approval by the holders of a simple majority of the voting rights represented at the meeting, in person, by proxy or by written ballot, and voting on the resolution. Under the Israeli Companies Law, unless otherwise provided in the articles of association or applicable law, all resolutions of the shareholders require a simple majority. A resolution for the voluntary winding up of the company requires the approval of holders of 75% of the voting rights represented at the meeting, in person, by proxy or by written ballot and voting on the resolution. For information regarding the majority required for approval of related party transactions, see "Approval of related party transactions under Israeli law" above. 63 Transfer of Shares and Notice. Our ordinary shares that are fully paid are issued in registered form and may be freely transferred under our articles of association unless the transfer is restricted or prohibited by applicable law or rules of a stock exchange on which the shares are traded. Election of Directors. Our ordinary shares do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors. As a result, the holders of a majority of the voting power represented at a shareholders meeting have the power to elect all of our directors, subject to the special approval requirements for external directors described under the caption "External directors" in Item 6.C. - "Board Practices" above. Pursuant to the Israeli Companies Law, the procedures for the appointment and removal and the term of office of directors, other than external directors, may be contained in the articles of association of a company. Our articles of association provide for staggered terms for directors. This provision may be amended only by a vote of 75% of our shares voting at a meeting of shareholders. The appointing mechanism of our directors is further described under the caption "Shareholders Agreement and Articles of Association of Moked Ituran Ltd." in item 6.A. - "Directors and Senior Management" above. Insurance, Indemnification and Exculpation of Directors and Officers . Under the Israeli Companies Law, a company may not exculpate an office holder from liability for a breach of the duty of loyalty. An Israeli company may exculpate an office holder in advance from liability to the company, in whole or in part, for damages caused to the company as a result of a breach of duty of care but only if a provision authorizing such exculpation is included in its articles of association. Our articles of association do not include such a provision. An Israeli company may not exculpate a director for liability arising out of a breach of duty of care in respect of a prohibited dividend or distribution to shareholders. Under the Israeli Companies Law, a company may indemnify an office holder in respect of the following liabilities and expenses incurred for acts performed as an office holder, either in advance of an event or following an event, provided a provision authorizing such indemnification is included in its articles of association: * * * Financial liability imposed on him or her in favor of another person pursuant to a judgment, settlement or arbitrator' s award approved by a court. However, if an undertaking to indemnify an office holder with respect to such liability is provided in advance then such an undertaking must be limited to events which, in the opinion of the board of directors, can be foreseen based on the company' s activities when the undertaking to indemnify is given, and to an amount or according to criteria determined by the board of directors as reasonable under the circumstances, and such undertaking shall detail the abovementioned events and amount or criteria. Reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys' fees, incurred by the office holder as a result of an investigation or proceeding instituted against him or her by an authority authorized to conduct such investigation or proceeding, provided that (i) no indictment was filed against such office holder as a result of such investigation or proceeding, and ((iiii)) nnoo ffiinnaanncciiaall lliiaabbiilliittyy,, ssuucchh aass aa ccrriimmiinnaall ppeennaallttyy,, wwaass iimmppoosseedd uuppoonn hhiimm oorr hheerr aass aa ssuubbssttiittuuttee ffoorr tthhee ccrriimmiinnaall pprroocceeeeddiinngg aass aa rreessuulltt ooff ssuucchh iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn oorr pprroocceeeeddiinngg oorr,, iiff ssuucchh financial liability was imposed, it was imposed with respect to an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent or in connection with monetary penalty. Reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys' fees, incurred by the office holder or imposed by a court in proceedings instituted against him or her by the company, on its behalf or by a third party or in connection with criminal proceedings in which the office holder was acquitted or as a result of a conviction for an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent. Under the Israeli Companies Law, a company may obtain insurance for an office holder against liabilities incurred in his or her capacity as an office holder if and to the extent provided in the company' s articles of association. * A breach of duty of loyalty to the company, to the extent that the office holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not prejudice the company. * A breach of duty of care to the company or to a third party, including a breach arising out of the negligent conduct of the office holder. * A financial liability imposed on the office holder in favor of a third party. An Israeli company may not indemnify or insure an office holder against any of the following: * * * * a breach of duty of loyalty, except to the extent that the office holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not prejudice the company; a breach of duty of care committed intentionally or recklessly, excluding a breach arising out of the negligent conduct of the office holder; an act or omission committed with intent to derive illegal personal benefit; or a fine, civil fine, monetary penalty or forfeit levied against the office holder. 64 Under the Israeli Companies Law, exculpation, indemnification and insurance of office holders must be approved by our compensation committee and our board of directors and, in respect to our chief executive officer, directors and controlling persons, by our shareholders. However due to the change in the Israeli Company law, from February 2016, the extension or renewal of terms of office (which includes exculpation, indemnification and insurance) of chief executive officer, which terms are not improving the previous terms or not significantly different, and are according to the compensation policy, shall not require approval by the shareholders meeting. In addition, according to changes in Israeli Company law from March 2016, chief executive officer can decide upon insignificant change in the terms of office of his subordinate officers, subject to additional conditions and requirement to include such right in the compensation policy of the company. Our articles of association allow us to indemnify and insure our office holders to the fullest extent permitted by the Israeli Companies Law. Our articles of association also allow us to insure or indemnify any person who is not an office holder, including any employee, agent, consultant or contractor who is not an office holder. We currently have directors' and officers' liability insurance covering our officers and directors (including the officers and directors of our subsidiaries) against certain claims. No claims for liability have been filed under this policy to date. Our compensation committee, board of directors and shareholders have resolved to indemnify our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by law and by our articles of association for liabilities that are of certain enumerated types of events, subject to an aggregate sum equal to 25% of the shareholders equity outstanding at the time a claim for identification is made as indicated by our then latest financial statements (which sum also includes all insurance amounts received by such directors and officers under directors and officers insurance policies maintained by us). For further details, see Item 7.B - Related Party Transactions above. Change in Capital. Our articles of association enable us to increase or reduce our share capital. Any such changes are subject to the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law and must be approved by a resolution duly passed by our shareholders at a general meeting and voting on such change in the capital. In addition, transactions that have the effect of reducing capital, such as the declaration and payment of dividends in the absence of sufficient retained earnings and profits and an issuance of shares for less than their nominal value, require a resolution of the Board of Directors and court approval. C. MATERIAL CONTRACTS For information concerning our service contracts with our President and Co-Chief Executive Officers, see Item 7.B - Related Party Transactions. On September 13, 2018 we closed the acquisition of 81.3% of the shares of Road Track Holding S.L, a telematics' company operating primarily in the Latin American region ("RTH Transaction"). We paid the shareholders of Road Track Holding S.L $91.7 million for 81.3% of the company valuing the company at approximately $113 million. Of this, $75.7 million was paid in cash, through a debt facility provided by Ituran' s lending bank. An additional $12 million was paid in our shares (373,489 shares). The remaining $4 million will be paid out of the company' s equity as a bonus over the coming three years to the senior management of Road Track Holding S.L who will remain with us through the end of that period. The final acquisition price may be subject to downward adjustments depending on the full year 2018 performance of the Road Track business. Based on the aforementioned mechanism, during April 2019 an amount of 300,472 shares (approximately valued at $ 11 million) were transferred to our ownership. Following three years of joint operations, we will purchase the remainder of Road Track' s shares at a price based on a valuation that will be made at that time. D. EXCHANGE CONTROLS Ordinary shares purchased by nonresidents of Israel with certain non-Israeli currencies (including dollars) and any amounts payable upon the dissolution, liquidation or winding up of our affairs, as well as the proceeds of any sale in Israel of our securities to an Israeli resident, may be paid in non-Israeli currencies (including US dollars) or, if paid in NIS, may be converted into freely repatriable currencies at the rate of exchange prevailing at the time of conversion - pursuant to the general permit issued under the Israeli Currency Control Law, 1978, provided that Israeli income tax has been paid on (or withheld from) such payments. Because exchange rates between the NIS and the U.S. dollar fluctuate continuously, U.S. shareholders will be subject to any such currency fluctuation during the period from when a dividend is declared through the date payment is made in U.S. dollars. Investments outside Israel by our company no longer require specific approval from the Controller of Foreign Currency at the Bank of Israel. E. TAXATION The following describes certain income tax issues relating to us and also certain income tax consequences arising from the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. This discussion is for general information only and is not intended, and should not be construed, as legal or professional tax advice and does not cover all possible tax considerations. To the extent that the discussion is based on legislation yet to be judicially or administratively interpreted, there can be no assurance that the views expressed herein will accord with any such interpretation in the future. Accordingly, holders of our ordinary shares should consult their own tax advisor as to the particular tax consequences arising from your purchase, ownership and disposition of ordinary shares, including the effects of applicable Israeli, United States and other laws and possible changes in the tax laws. The following discussion represents a summary of the material United States & Israeli tax laws affecting us and our shareholders. 65 United States Tax Considerations The following discussion is a description of the material United States, or US, federal income tax considerations applicable to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares by US Holders who hold such ordinary shares as "capital assets" . As used in this section, the term "US Holder" means a beneficial owner of an ordinary share who is: * * * * an individual citizen or resident of the United States; a corporation or partnership created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or of any state of the United States or the District of Columbia (other than a partnership, including any entity treated as a partnership for U.S. tax purposes, that is not treated as a US person under any applicable Treasury regulations); an estate, the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its source; or a trust if the trust has elected validly to be treated as a US person for United States federal income tax purposes or if a US court is able to exercise primary supervision over the trust' s administration and one or more US persons have the authority to control all of the trust' s substantial decisions. The term "Non-US Holder" means a beneficial owner of an ordinary share who is not a US Holder. The tax consequences to a Non-US Holder may differ substantially from the tax consequences to a US Holder. This discussion does not address any aspects of US federal income tax which may be relevant to a Non-US Holder. Accordingly, Non-US Holders are strongly urged to consult with their own tax advisors. This description is based on provisions of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, existing, proposed and temporary US Treasury regulations and administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, each as available and in effect as of the date of this report. These sources may change, possibly with retroactive effect, and are open to differing interpretations. This description does not discuss all aspects of US federal income taxation that may be applicable to investors in light of their particular circumstances or to investors who are subject to special treatment under US federal income tax law, including: * * * * * * * * * * * * * insurance companies; dealers or traders in stocks, securities or currencies; financial institutions and financial services entities; real estate investment trusts; regulated investment companies; grantor trusts; persons that receive ordinary shares as compensation for the performance of services; tax-exempt organizations; persons that hold ordinary shares as a position in a straddle or as part of a hedging, conversion or other integrated instrument; individual retirement and other tax-deferred accounts; expatriates of the United States; persons having a functional currency that is not the US dollar; or direct, indirect or constructive owners of 10% or more, by voting power or value, of our ordinary shares. This description also does not consider the US federal gift or estate tax or alternative minimum tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. If a partnership (or any other entity treated as a partnership for US federal income tax purposes) holds our ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in such partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Such a partner should consult its tax advisor as to its tax consequences. We urge our shareholders to consult with your own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences of acquiring, owning or disposing of our ordinary shares, including the effects of US federal, state, local and foreign and other tax laws. This summary does not constitute, and should not be construed as, legal or tax advice to holders of our shares. Medicare Tax Beginning January 1, 2013, certain individuals, estates and trusts, which have income above the statutory threshold amounts, generally will be subject to a 3.8% Medicare tax on their investment income and gain, with limited exceptions. US Holders should consult their own tax advisors concerning Medicare tax consequences, if any, of owning or disposing of our ordinary shares. 66 Distribution Paid on the Ordinary Shares As of November 16, 2009, our dividend policy provides for an annual dividend distribution in an amount not less than 50% of our net profits, calculated based on the audited financial statements for the period ending on December 31 of the fiscal year with respect to which the relevant dividend is paid. On February 21, 2012, we revised our dividend policy so that our dividends will be declared and distributed on a quarterly basis in an amount not less than 50% of our net profits, calculated on the basis of our reviewed quarterly financial statements each fiscal year. On February 27, 2017, the board of directors approved a change in the dividend policy. The new policy calls for a dividend of $5 million, at minimum per quarter, this new policy became effective starting from the dividends for the first quarter of 2017. Subject to the discussion below under "Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations" , US Holders, for US federal income tax purposes, will generally be required to include in their gross income as ordinary dividend income (unless qualifies as "qualified dividend income" ) in the amount of any distributions made to them in cash or property (other than certain distributions, if any, of our ordinary shares distributed pro rata to all our shareholders), with respect to their ordinary shares, before reduction for any Israeli taxes withheld (without regard to whether any portion of such tax may be refunded to them by the Israeli tax authorities), to the extent that those distributions are paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits as determined for US federal income tax purposes. Subject to the discussion below under "Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations" , distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits as determined under US federal income tax principles will be applied first against, and will reduce their tax basis in, your ordinary shares and, to the extent they exceed that tax basis, will then be treated as capital gain. We do not maintain calculations of our earnings and profits under US federal income tax principles. Our dividends will not qualify for the dividends-received deduction generally available to corporate US Holders. For a US Holder, if we pay a dividend in NIS, any such dividend, including the amount of any Israeli taxes withheld, will be includible in such US Holder' s income in a US dollar amount calculated by reference to the currency exchange rate in effect on the day the distribution is includible in your income, regardless of whether the NIS are converted into US dollars. Any gain or loss resulting from currency exchange fluctuations during the period from the date the dividend is includible in such US Holder' s income to the date that payment is converted into US dollars generally will be treated as ordinary income or loss. A non-corporate US Holder' s "qualified dividend income" currently is subject to tax at reduced rates not exceeding 23.8% (including, if applicable, Medicare tax at a rate of 3.8%). For purposes of determining whether a non-corporate US Holders will have "qualified dividend income," "qualified dividend income" generally includes dividends paid by a foreign corporation if either: * * the stock of that corporation with respect to which the dividends are paid is readily tradable on an established securities market in the US, or that corporation is eligible for benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the US that includes an information exchange program and is determined to be satisfactory by the US Secretary of the Treasury. The Internal Revenue Service has determined that the US-Israel Tax Treaty is satisfactory for this purpose. In addition, under current law, a non-corporate US Holder must generally hold his ordinary shares for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days prior to the ex-dividend date in order for the dividend to qualify as "qualified dividend income." Dividends paid by a foreign corporation will not be treated as "qualified dividend income" , however, if such corporation is treated, for the tax year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding tax year, as a "passive foreign investment company" for US federal income tax purposes. We do not believe that we will be classified as a "passive foreign investment company" for US federal income tax purposes for our current taxable year. However, see the discussion under "Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations" below. Foreign Tax Credit Any dividends paid by us to a US Holder with respect to our ordinary shares generally will be treated as foreign source passive income for US foreign tax credit purposes. Subject to the foreign tax credit limitations, a US Holder may elect to credit any Israeli income taxes withheld from dividends paid on our ordinary shares against such shareholder' s US federal income tax liability (provided, inter alia, such shareholder satisfies certain holding requirements with respect to our ordinary shares). Amounts withheld in excess of the Treaty tax rate, however, will not be creditable against such shareholder' s US federal income tax liability. As an alternative to claiming a foreign tax credit, such shareholder may instead claim a deduction for any withheld Israeli income taxes, but only for a year in which such shareholder elects to do so with respect to all foreign income taxes. The amount of foreign income taxes that may be claimed as a credit in any year is subject to complex limitations and restrictions, which must be determined on an individual basis by each shareholder. Accordingly, our shareholders should consult their own tax advisor to determine whether their income with respect to their ordinary shares would be foreign source income and whether and to what extent they would be entitled to the credit. 67 Disposition of Ordinary Shares Upon the sale or other disposition of ordinary shares, subject to the discussion below under "Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations" , if a holder of our shares is a US Holder, such shareholder generally will recognize capital gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized on the disposition and such shareholder' s adjusted tax basis in the ordinary shares, which is usually the cost of such shares, in dollars. US Holders should consult their own advisors with respect to the tax consequences of the receipt of a currency other than dollars upon such sale or other disposition. Gain or loss upon the disposition of the ordinary shares will be treated as long-term if, at the time of the disposition, the ordinary shares were held for more than one year. Long-term capital gains realized by non-corporate US Holders generally are subject to a lower maximum marginal US federal income tax rate than the maximum marginal US federal income tax rate applicable to ordinary income, other than qualified dividend income, as defined above, generally, not exceeding 23.8% (including, if applicable, Medicare tax at a rate of 3.8%). The deductibility of capital losses by a US Holder is subject to limitations. In general, any gain or loss recognized by a US Holder on the sale or other disposition of ordinary shares will be US source income or loss for US foreign tax credit purposes. US Holders should consult their own tax advisors concerning the source of income for US foreign tax credit purposes and the effect of the US-Israel Tax Treaty on the source of income. Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations Special US federal income tax rules apply to US Holders owning shares of a "passive foreign investment company" , or a PFIC, for US federal income tax purposes. A non-US corporation will be considered a PFIC for any taxable year in which, after applying look-through rules, either * * * 75% or more of its gross income consists of specified types of passive income, or 50% or more of the average value of its assets consists of passive assets, which generally means assets that generate, or are held for the production of, "passive income." Passive income for this purpose generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents and gains from commodities and securities transactions and includes amounts derived by reason of the temporary investment of funds. If we were classified as a PFIC, and you are a US Holder, you could be subject to increased tax liability upon the sale or other disposition of ordinary shares or upon the receipt of amounts treated as "excess distributions" (generally, your ratable portion of distributions in any year which are greater than 125% of the average annual ddiissttrriibbuuttiioonn rreecceeiivveedd bbyy yyoouu eeiitthheerr iinn tthhee sshhoorrtteerr ooff tthhee tthhrreeee pprreecceeddiinngg yyeeaarrss oorr yyoouurr hhoollddiinngg ppeerriioodd)).. UUnnddeerr tthheessee rruulleess,, tthhee eexxcceessss ddiissttrriibbuuttiioonn aanndd aannyy ggaaiinn wwoouulldd bbee aallllooccaatteedd rraattaabbllyy oovveerr our shareholders' holding period for the ordinary shares, and the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest marginal rate in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed on the resulting tax allocated to such other taxable years. In addition, holders of stock in a PFIC may not receive a "step -up" in basis on shares acquired from a decedent. If any of our shareholders are US Holders who hold ordinary shares during a period when we are a PFIC, such shareholders be subject to the foregoing rules even if we cease to be a PFIC. We believe that we will not be classified as a PFIC for US federal income tax purposes for our current taxable year and we anticipate that we will not become a PFIC in any future taxable year based on our financial statements, our current expectations regarding the value and nature of our assets, and the sources and nature of our income. This conclusion, however, is a factual determination that must be made annually based on income and assets for the entire taxable year and thus may be subject to change. It is not possible to determine whether we will be a PFIC for the current taxable year until after the close of the year and our status in future years depends on our income, assets and activities in those years. In addition, because the market price of our ordinary shares is likely to fluctuate and the market price of the shares of technology companies has been especially volatile, and because that market price may affect the determination of whether we will be considered a PFIC, we cannot assure any US Holder that we will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year. If we were a PFIC, our shareholders could avoid certain tax consequences referred to above by making an election to treat us as a qualified electing fund or by electing to mark the ordinary shares to market. A US Holder may make a qualified electing fund election only if we furnish the US Holder with certain tax information and we do not presently intend to prepare or provide this information. Alternatively, a US Holder of PFIC stock that is publicly traded may elect to mark the stock to market annually and recognize as ordinary income or loss each year an amount equal to the difference as of the close of the taxable year between the fair market value of the PFIC stock and the US Holder' s adjusted tax basis in the PFIC stock. Losses would be allowed only to the extent of net mark-to-market gain previously included by the US Holder under the election for prior taxable years. This election is available for as long as our ordinary shares constitute "marketable stock," which includes stock that is "regularly traded" on a "qualified exchange or other market." We believe that the Nasdaq Global Select Market will constitute a qualified exchange or other market for this purpose. However, no assurances can be provided that our ordinary shares will continue to trade on the Nasdaq Global Select Market or that the shares will be regularly traded for this purpose. 68 According to law amendments effective in 2010, US persons that are shareholders in a PFIC generally will be required to file an annual report disclosing the ownership of such shares and certain other information. The rules applicable to owning shares of a PFIC are complex, and our shareholders should consult with their own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences that would arise if we were treated as a PFIC. Information Reporting and Back-up Withholding Dividend payments with respect to ordinary shares and proceeds from the sale or disposition of ordinary shares made within the United States or by a US payor or US middleman may be subject to information reporting to the Internal Revenue Service and possible US backup withholding. Certain exempt recipients (such as corporations) are not subject to these information reporting requirements. Backup withholding also will not apply to a US Holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number and makes any other required certification or otherwise is exempt from US backup withholding requirements. US Holders who are required to establish their exempt status must provide such certification on Internal Revenue Service Form W-9. US Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the US information reporting and backup withholding rules. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules may be credited against a US Holder' s US federal income tax liability and a US Holder may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the Internal Revenue Service and furnishing any required information in a timely manner. The above description is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. Our shareholders are urged to consult their own tax advisor concerning the tax consequences of their particular situation. Israeli Tax Considerations The following is a summary of the current material Israeli tax laws applicable to companies in Israel with special reference to its effect on us. This section also contains a discussion of certain Israeli government programs from which we may benefit and some Israeli tax consequences to persons acquiring ordinary shares. This summary does not discuss all the acts of Israeli tax law that may be relevant to a particular investor in light of his or her personal investment circumstances or to some types of investors subject to special treatment under Israeli law. Examples of this kind of investor include residents of Israel, traders in securities or persons that own, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of our outstanding capital, all of whom are subject to special tax regimes not covered in this discussion. Some parts of this discussion are based on new tax legislation that has not been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that the views expressed in the discussion will be accepted by the tax authorities in question. The discussion is not intended and should not be construed as legal or professional tax advice and does not cover all possible tax considerations. The discussion below should not be construed as legal or professional tax advice and does not cover all possible tax considerations. Potential investors are urged to consult their own tax advisors as to the Israeli or other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares, including in particular, the effect of any foreign, state or local taxes. General Corporate Tax Structure in Israel Israeli companies are generally subject to corporate tax on their taxable income. In 2013 the corporate tax rate was 25%. On August 5, 2013 the Israeli Parliament amended the Income Tax Ordinance, by which, inter alia, the corporate tax rate was raised by 1.5% to a rate of 26.5% s from 2014, and in 2015was 26.5%, and for 2016 the corporate tax decreased to a rate of 25%. According to new amendment, the regular corporate tax for 2017 decreased to a rate of 24% and, as of 2018 and thereafter, there will be a further reduction to 23%. Capital gains derived after January 1, 2010 are subject to a corporate tax rate imposed in the sale year. Tax Benefits Under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959, as amended Under the Israeli law, Israeli subsidiary of the company is entitled to various tax benefits by virtue of the "Preferred Enterprise" status that was granted to her production under the "Investment Law" . There can be no assurance that this Israeli subsidiary will continue to qualify as "Preferred Enterprises" in the future or that the benefits will be granted in the future. 69 Reform of the Investments Law under the 2010 and 2013 Amendments On December 29, 2010, the Israeli parliament approved an amendment to the Investments Law, effective as of January 1, 2011, which introduces a new status of "Preferred Company" and "Preferred Enterprise" . The amendment allows enterprises meeting certain required criteria to enjoy grants as well as tax benefits. The amendment also introduces certain changes to the map of geographic development areas for purposes of the Investments Law, which will take effect in future years. The amendment generally abolishes the previous tax benefit routes that were afforded under the Investment Law, specifically the tax-exemption periods previously allowed, and introduces new tax benefits for industrial enterprises meeting the criteria of the law, which include among others the following: * A reduced corporate tax rate for industrial enterprises, provided that more than 25% of their annual income is derived from export, which will apply to the enterprise' s entire preferred income so that in the tax years 2011-2012 the reduced tax rate will be 15% for preferred income derived from industrial facilities located in located in areas which are not classifies as area A. In the tax year 2013 the reduced tax rate was 12.5%. On August 5, 2013 the Israeli Parliament amended the Investments Law, by which, inter alia, it canceled the scheduled progressive reduction in the corporate tax rate for Preferred Enterprises and set it at 16% for enterprises located elsewhere as of January 1, 2014. On December 2016 the Israeli Parliament amended the Investments Law, by which, inter alia, it reduced for Preferred Enterprises which is located in areas other than "Development Zone A" and set it at 7.5% for enterprises located elsewhere as of January 1, 2017. * The reduced tax rates will no longer be contingent upon making a minimum qualifying investment in productive assets. * A definition of "preferred income" was introduced into the Investments Law to include certain types of income that are generated by the Israeli production activity of a preferred enterprise. A Preferred Company (as defined in the Investments Law) may generally elect to apply the provisions of the amendment to preferred income produced or generated by it commencing from January 1, 2011. The amendment provides various transitional provisions which allow, under certain circumstances, to apply the new regime to investment programs previously approved or elected under the Investments Law in its previous form, or to continue existing investment programs under the provisions of the Investment Law in its previous form for a certain period of time. As of December 31, 2018, only one of our Israeli subsidiaries is entitled to a "Preferred Company" status pursuant to the Investments Law. Tax Benefits under the 2016 Amendment In December 2016 new legislation amended the Investment Law (the "2016 Amendment" ). Under the 2016 Amendment a new status of "Technological Preferred Enterprise" was introduced to the Investment Law. Technological Preferred Enterprise - an enterprise which, amongst other conditions, is part of a consolidated group with consolidated revenues of less than NIS 10 billion. A Technological Preferred Enterprise which is located in areas other than Development Zone A will be subject to tax at a rate of 12% on profits derived from intellectual property, and a Technological Preferred Enterprise in Development Zone A will be subject to tax at a rate of 7.5%. Taxation of Non-Israeli Subsidiaries Non-Israeli subsidiaries are generally taxed based upon tax laws applicable in their countries of residence. In accordance with the provisions of Israeli-controlled foreign corporation rules, certain income of a non-Israeli subsidiary, if the subsidiary' s primary source of income is passive income (such as interest, dividends, royalties, rental income or income from capital gains), may be deemed distributed as a dividend to the Israeli parent company and consequently is subject to Israeli taxation. An Israeli company that is subject to Israeli taxes on such deemed dividend income of its non-Israeli subsidiaries may generally receive a credit for non-Israeli income taxes paid by the subsidiary in its country of residence or are to be withheld from the actual dividend distributions. On December 23, 2013 the Israeli Parliament amended the Income Tax Ordinance, with profound changes to the tax treatment of CFC, mainly with regard to the following: Reducing the tax rate criterion: a company is considered CFC If the tax rate applicable to passive income does not exceed 15 % (instead of 20 %). Sale of a security will be considered passive income, unless the holding duration is less than one year and it has been shown that the security served in a business. Cancel the notional credit mechanism and replacing it with dividend deduction against the actual dividend distribution. Tax refund may be allowed under certain conditions. * * * * Dividends derived from income that was taxed at a rate of at least 15% shall not be considered "passive income" under certain conditions. Taxation of our shareholders Capital Gains Taxes Applicable to Israeli Resident Shareholders The income tax rate applicable to Real Capital Gain derived by an Israeli individual from the sale of shares which had been purchased after January 1, 2012, whether listed on a stock exchange or not, is 25%. However, if such shareholder is considered a "Substantial Shareholder" (as defined below) at the time of sale or at any time during the preceding 12-month period, such gain will be taxed at the rate of 30%. A "substantial shareholder" is generally a person who alone, or together with his relative or another person who collaborates with him on a permanent basis, hold, directly or indirectly, at least 10% of any of the "means of control" of the corporation. "Means of control" generally include the right to vote, receive profits, nominate a director or an officer, receive assets upon liquidation, or order someone who holds any of the aforesaid rights how to act, and all regardless of the source of such right. 70 Generally, as of January 1, 2012, the tax rate applicable to capital gains derived from by Israeli resident company on the sale of shares, whether listed on a stock market or not, is the corporate tax rate in Israel (commencing from January 1, 2018, 23%). Commencing as of January 1, 2017, an individual whose taxable income during a tax year is in excess of NIS 640,000, will be liable for an additional 3% on the portion that is in excess of NIS 640,000. Moreover, capital gains derived by a shareholder who is a dealer or trader in securities, or to whom such income is otherwise taxable as ordinary business income, are taxed in Israel at ordinary income rates (currently up to 48% for individuals in 2014). Pursuant to Amendment No. 234 to the Income Tax Ordinance there was a decrease of 1% and stands at 47% from January 1, 2017 and onwards. Taxation of Israeli shareholders on receipt of dividends Israeli resident individuals are subject to Israeli income tax on the receipt of dividends paid, at the rate of 25%, or 30% for a shareholder that is considered a "Substantial Shareholder" (as defined above) at any time during the 12-month period preceding such distribution. A distribution of dividend to Israeli resident individuals from income attributed to a Preferred Enterprise will be generally subject to a withholding tax rate of 20%. An individual whose taxable income during a tax year is in excess of NIS 810,720, will be liable for an additional 2% on the portion that is in excess of NIS 810,720. from January 1, 2017 taxpayers having taxable income of NIS 640,000 will be subject to an additional tax payment at the rate of 2% (and commencing from January 1, 2017 - an additional tax payment at the rate of 3%) on the portion of their taxable income for such tax year that is in excess such threshold. For this purpose, taxable income includes taxable capital gains from the sale of our shares and taxable income from dividend distributions. Dividends paid from income derived from Preferred Enterprises are subject to withholding at the rate of 20%. Any dividends distributed to foreign companies, as defined in the Investment law, derived from income from the Technological Preferred Enterprise will be subject to tax at a rate of 4%. Dividends paid on our ordinary shares to Israeli companies are exempt from such tax, except for dividends distributed from income derived outside of Israel, which are subject to the corporate tax rate. Taxation of non-Israeli shareholders on receipt of dividends. Non-residents of Israel are subject to income tax on income accrued or derived from sources in Israel, including dividends paid by Israeli companies. On distributions of dividends other than stock dividends, income tax (generally collected by means of withholding) will generally apply at the rate of 25%, or 30% for a shareholder that is considered a significant shareholder (as defined above) at any time during the 12-month period preceding such distribution, unless a different rate is provided in a treaty between Israel and the shareholder' s country of residence. Dividends paid from income derived from Approved or Benefited Enterprises are subject to withholding at the rate of 20%, or 4% for Benefited Enterprises in the Ireland Track. Under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, the maximum tax on dividends paid to a holder of ordinary shares who qualifies as a resident of the United States within the meaning of the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty is 25%. The treaty provides for reduced tax rates on dividends if (a) the shareholder is a U.S. corporation holding at least 10% of our issued voting power during the part of the tax year that precedes the date of payment of the dividend and held such minimal percentage during the whole of its prior tax year, and (b) not more than 25% of the Israeli company' s gross income consists of interest or dividends, other than dividends or interest received from subsidiary corporations or corporations 50% or more of the outstanding voting shares of which is owned by the Israeli company. The reduced treaty rate, if applicable, is 15% in the case of dividends paid from income derived from Approved, Benefited or Preferred Enterprise or 12.5% otherwise. A distribution of dividend to non-Israeli resident from income attributed to a Preferred Enterprise will be generally subject to withholding tax rates of 20%, subject to a reduced rate under the provisions of any applicable double tax treaty. A non-resident of Israel who receives dividends from which tax was withheld is generally exempt from the duty to file returns in Israel in respect of such income, provided such income was not derived from a business conducted in Israel by the taxpayer, and the taxpayer has no other taxable sources of income in Israel. Capital Gains Taxes Applicable to Non-Israeli Resident Shareholders. Israeli law generally imposes a capital gains tax on the sale of securities and any other capital asset. But, non-Israeli residents are exempt from Israeli capital gains tax on any gains derived from the sale of shares of Israeli companies publicly traded on a recognized stock exchange or regulated market outside of Israel, provided that the shares were purchased after January 1, 2009, capital gain does not belong to the foreign resident' s permanent business in Israel, the security was not acquired by the foreign resident from a relative and the shares are not listed on Israeli stock exchange upon the sale of the shares. After the company' s shares had been listed for trading on a foreign Exchange and the provisions of section 101 of the Ordinance, the provisions of the Adjustments Law and provisions under section 130A of the Ordinance do not apply to the capital gain, non-Israeli corporations will not be entitled to such exemption if an Israeli resident (i) has a controlling interest of more than 25% in such non-Israeli corporation, or (ii) is the beneficiary or is entitled to 25% or more of the revenues or profits of such non-Israeli corporation, whether directly or indirectly. 71 In some instances where our shareholders may be liable to Israeli tax on the sale of their ordinary shares, the payment of the consideration may be subject to the withholding of Israeli tax at the source. F. DIVIDENDS AND PAYING AGENTS Not applicable G. STATEMENT BY EXPERTS Not applicable. H. DOCUMENTS ON DISPLAY We are required to file reports and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the regulations thereunder applicable to foreign private issuers. Reports and other information filed by us with the Securities and Exchange Commission may be inspected and copied at the Securities and Exchange Commission' s public reference facilities described below. We are not required to file periodic information as frequently or as promptly as United States companies. As a foreign private issuer, we are also exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements; and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and other provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. You may review a copy of our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including any exhibits and schedules, at the Securities and Exchange Commission' s public reference facilities at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. You may also obtain copies of such materials at prescribed rates by writing to the Public Reference Section of the Securities and Exchange Commission at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may call the Securities and Exchange Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference rooms. As a foreign private issuer we are now required to file through the Securities and Exchange Commission' s EDGAR system and our periodic filings are therefore available on the Securities and Exchange Commission' s Web site at http://www.sec.gov. You may read and copy any reports, statements or other information that we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission at the Securities and Exchange Commission facilities listed above. These Securities and Exchange Commission filings are also available to the public from commercial document retrieval services. I. SUBSIDIARY INFORMATION Not applicable ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK The principal market risks to which we are exposed as a result of our operations are foreign exchange rate risks and interest rate risks. Foreign exchange rate risk Although we report our consolidated financial statements in dollars, in 2016, 2017 and 2018, a portion of our revenues and direct expenses was derived in other currencies. For fiscal years 2016, 2017 and 2018, we derived approximately 16.5%, 14.6% and 19.8% of our revenues in dollars and other currencies, 47.9%, 47.9% and 45.9% in NIS, 35.6%, 37.5% and 34.3% in Brazilian Reals. In fiscal years 2016, 2017 and 2018, 21.6%, 20.4% and 16.6% of our expenses were incurred in dollars and other currencies, 51.4%, 51.5% and 58.9 % in NIS and 27%, 28.1% and 24.5% in Brazilian Reals. Exchange differences upon conversion from our functional currency to dollars (presentation currency) are accumulated as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income under stockholders' equity. In the year 2018, accumulated other comprehensive income decreased by $12.8 million as compared to the year 2017. In 2017, accumulated other comprehensive income increased by $4.2 million as compared to the year 2016. In 2016, accumulated other comprehensive income increased by $5.6 million as compared to the year 2015. 72 The fluctuation of the other currencies in which we incur our expenses or generate revenues against the dollar has had the effect of increasing or decreasing (as applicable) reported revenues, cost of revenues and operating expenses in such foreign currencies when converted into dollars from period to period. The following table illustrates the effect of the changes in exchange rates on our revenues, gross profit and operating income for the periods indicated: Revenues Gross profit Operating income 2016 Year Ended December 31, 2017 2018 Actual 199,574 102,031 47,998 At 2015 exchange rates (1) Actual At 2016 exchange rates (1) 211,098 108,297 52,131 (In US$ thousands) 234,636 119,384 56,535 221,925 113,369 52,838 Actual 253,335 127,328 62,378 At 2017 exchange rates (1) 267,398 134,854 67,340 (1) Based on average exchange rates during the period. Our policy remains to reduce exposure to exchange rate fluctuations by entering into foreign currency forward transactions that qualify as hedging transactions under ASC Topic 815, " Derivatives and Hedging" the results of which are reflected in our income statements as revenues or cost of revenues. Currently, the item most likely to be affected by the foreign currency risk is our inventory purchase price. Therefore, from time to time, we enter into such forward contracts, generally of 3 to 20 months' duration in order to hedge a portion of our foreign currency risk on the inventory purchase price. The result of these transactions, which are affected by fluctuations in exchange rates, could cause our cost of revenues, gross profit and operating income to fluctuate. See Note 19 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. Interest rate risk We invest our cash balances in each country in local currency in bank deposits and therefore, we are exposed to interest rate fluctuation in those currencies, but we do not believe such risks to be material. We do not use derivative financial instruments to limit exposure to interest rate risk. ITEM 12. DESCRIPTIONS OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES Not applicable. PART II ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES Not applicable ITEM 14.A MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS None ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES (A) Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our co-chief executive officers and chief financial officer, after evaluating the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of December 31, 2018 have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our co-chief executive officers and chief financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the periods specified by the SEC' s rules and forms. (B) Management' s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and the board of directors regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurances with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may decline. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control- Integrated Framework (2013 Framework). 73 Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Based on such assessment, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, our internal control over financial reporting is effective. We have excluded from our assessment the internal control over financial reporting of Ituran Spain Holding S.L. (formerly: Road Track Holding, S.L.), which we acquired September 13, 2018, as it was determined that management could not complete an assessment of the internal control over financial reporting of the acquired business in the period between the acquisition date and the date of management' s assessment date. Total assets and revenues of this acquisition represent approximately 28% and 14%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018. This exclusion is in accordance with the SEC' s general guidance that an assessment of a recently acquired business may be omitted from our scope in the year of acquisition. Fahn Kanne & Co. Grant Thornton Israel, our independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting, as of December 31, 2018 and such report is included elsewhere in this Form 20 -F. Change in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. (C) Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm. 74 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Board of Directors and Stockholders ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. Opinion on internal control over financial reporting Fahn Kanne & Co. Head Office 32 Hamasger Street Tel-Aviv 6721118, ISRAEL PO Box 36172, 6136101 T +972 3 7106666 F +972 3 7106660 www.gtfk.co.il We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Ituran Location and Control Ltd. and Subsidiaries (the "Company" ) as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (" COSO"). In our opinion, based on our audit and the report of the other auditors, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by COSO. We did not audit the internal control over financial reporting of Ituran de Argentina S.A. (Ituran Argentina), a wholly-owned subsidiary, whose financial statements reflect total assets and revenues constituting 2.2% and 4.2%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018. Ituran Argentina's internal control over financial reporting was audited by other auditors whose report has been furnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to Ituran Argentina's internal control over financial reporting in relation to the Company taken as a whole, is based solely on the report of the other auditors. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018, and our report dated April 30, 2019, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements. Basis for opinion The Company' s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying management' s report on internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company' s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit and the report of the other auditors provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Our audit of, and opinion on, the Company' s internal control over financial reporting does not include the internal control over financial reporting of Road Track Holding, S. L., a majority owned subsidiary, whose financial statements reflect total assets and revenues constituting 28% and 14%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018. As indicated in Management' s Report, Road Track Holding, S. L. was acquired on September 13,2018. Management' s assertion on the effectiveness of the Company' s internal control over financial reporting excluded internal control over financial reporting of Road Track Holding, S. L. 75 Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting A company' s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company' s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company' s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ FAHN KANNE & CO. GRANT THORNTON ISRAEL Certified Public Accountants (Isr.) Tel-Aviv, Israel April 30, 2019 76 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Board of Directors and Shareholders Ituran de Argentina S.A. Opinion on internal control over financial reporting We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Ituran de Argentina S.A. (the "Company" ) as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control- Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by COSO. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018, and our report dated January 28, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements. Basis for opinion The Company' s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Financial Statements. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company' s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. 77 Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting A company' s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company' s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company' s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Gustavo Chesta Estudio Urien & Asociados Buenos Aires, Argentina January 28, 2019 78 ITEM 16. [RESERVED] ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT Our board of directors determined that Mr. Israel Baron, one of our independent directors, is an "audit committee financial expert" , as defined by the applicable regulations promulgated under Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. For information concerning the experience of Mr. Baron, please refer to Item 6.A - Directors and Senior Management, above. ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS In 2005, we adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to our senior management, including chief executive officer, chief financial officer, internal auditor and other individuals performing similar functions. Code of Business Conduct and Ethics was revised on February 26, 2017 as part of our Internal Compliance Program. The amendments were imposing on our employee' s stricter rules on compliance with Intellectual properties laws, compliance with Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, restrictions and rules on posting information on Ituran on social media and online networking websites, adding additional disciplinary measures and providing contact details of our compliance officer. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics has been posted on our website at www.ituran.com. ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES Fahn Kanne & Co. Grant Thornton Israel ("Grant Thornton" ), has served as our independent auditors. On December 12, 2018 they have been re-elected by our shareholders to serve as our independent auditors for the year 2018, until the next general meeting of the shareholders. The following table presents aggregate fees for professional audit services and other services rendered by Grant Thornton, for 2017 and 2018: (1) (3) Audit Fees Tax Fees (2) (2) Total 2017 2018 (in thousands, USD) 307 7 314 381 6 387 (1) The audit fees for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 respectively, were for professional services rendered for the audits of our annual consolidated financial statements, review of consolidated quarterly financial statements, statutory audits of Ituran. (2) Consists of all tax related services. (3) The majority of the increase in audit fees relate to the acquisition of RTH. Our audit committee has approved the above audit and non-audit services provided by Grant Thornton, during the years 2017 and 2018. ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES Not applicable. ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS During 2018, the Company did not purchase any of its shares. ITEM 16F. CHANGES IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT Not applicable. ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Under NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 5615(a)(3), foreign private issuers, such as our company, are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of certain provisions of the Rule 5600 series and the requirement to distribute annual and interim reports. A foreign private issuer that elects to follow a home country practice instead of any of such provisions, must disclose in its annual reports each requirement that it does not follow, describe the home country practice followed by the company in lieu of such requirements, satisfy the voting rights (Rule 5640) requirements, have an audit committee that satisfies Rule 5605(c)(3), and ensure that such audit committee' s members meet the independence requirement in Rule 5605(c) (2)(A). In reliance upon Rule 5615(a)(3), as a foreign private issuer, we have elected to follow our home country practices, absent home country rules requiring otherwise, in lieu of certain Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. Specifically, in Israel, it is not required that a public company have (i) a majority of independent board members or that independent directors have regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent directors are present, or (iii) independent oversight of director nominations. As a result, we have elected to follow Israeli law regarding the independence requirements of our board of directors. See "External directors" above. In addition, our board of directors has not appointed a nominating committee and, instead, elects to follow Israeli law, which provides that a company may determine its method of nominating its directors. 79 Dummy Text Dummy Text ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE Not applicable. PART III ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS See "Item 18-Financial Statements." ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The following consolidated financial statements and related registered public accounting firms' reports are filed as part of this annual report: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Statements of Comprehensive Income Statement of Changes in Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Table of Contents 80 Page F-2 - F-3 F-4 - F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 - F-9 F-10 - F-11 F-12 - F-55 Dummy Text ITEM 19. EXHIBITS 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Description of Document Amended and Restated Articles of Association of the Company (7) Form of Memorandum of Association of the Company (English Translation) (1) Shareholders Agreement, dated May 18, 1998, by and between Moked Ituran Ltd., Moked Services, Information, Management, Investments, Yehuda Kahane Ltd., F.K. Generators and Equipment Ltd., Gideon Ezra, Ltd., Efraim Sheratzky, and Yigal Shani (English translation). (1) Form of Amendment to Shareholders Agreement dated May 18, 1998, by and between Moked Ituran Ltd., Moked Services, Information, Management and Investments, Yehuda Kahane Ltd., F.K. Generators and Equipment Ltd., Gideon Ezra, Ltd., Efraim Sheratzky and/or T.S.D. Holdings Ltd., and Yigal Shani and/or G.N.S. Holdings Ltd. (English translation). (1) Form of the second Amendment to Shareholders Agreement dated May 18, 1998, by and between Moked Ituran Ltd., Moked Services, Information, Management and Investments, Yehuda Kahane Ltd., F.K. Generators and Equipment Ltd., Gideon Ezra, Ltd., Efraim Sheratzky and/or T.S.D. Holdings Ltd., and Yigal Shani and/or G.N.S. Holdings Ltd. (English translation). (5) Consulting Services Agreement, dated March 23, 1998, by and between the Registrant and Yehuda Kahane Ltd., including addendum thereof, as of May 25, 2003 (English translation). (1) Unprotected Lease Agreement, dated February 7, 2002, by and between Mofari Ltd. and the Registrant and addendum thereof, dated February 19, 2002 (English translation) (1) Addendum to February 7, 2002 Unprotected Lease Agreement, by and between Mofari Ltd. and the Registrant, dated October 31, 2012. (6) Lease Agreement, dated May 29, 2002, by and between Rinat Yogev Nadlan and Ituran Cellular Communication Ltd. (English translation). (1)( 4) Lease Agreement, dated March 16, 2000, by and between Teleran Localizacao e Controle Ltda. and T4U Holding B.V., and addendum thereof, dated May 31, 2000. (1) Form of Directors' Letter of Indemnity (English translation). (6) Frame Product and Services Purchase Agreement dated January 1, 2008 by and between Ituran Location and Control Ltd. and Telematics Wireless Ltd. (2) * Radio Location System License Agreement, dated July 13, 2004, by and between Teletrac, Inc., and Telematics Wireless Ltd. (1) Ituran Location & Control Compensation Policy, as approved on November 7, 2016. (7) Service Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2014, by and among Ituran Location &Control Ltd., Izzy Sheratzky and A. Sheratzky Holdings Ltd. (English Translation). (6) 4.9(a) 4.10 4.10 (a) 4.11 4.11 (a) Addendum dated April 4, 2017 to the Service Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2014, by and among Ituran Location &Control Ltd., Izzy Sheratzky and A. Sheratzky Holdings Ltd. (7) Service Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2014, by and among Ituran Location & Control Ltd., ORAS Capital Ltd. and Eyal Sheratzky. (6) Addendum dated April 4, 2017 to the Service Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2014, by and among Ituran Location &Control Ltd., ORAS Capital Ltd. and Eyal Sheratzky. (7) Service Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2014, by and among Ituran Location & Control Ltd., Galnir Management and Investments Ltd. and Nir Sheratzky. (6) Addendum dated April 4, 2017 to the Service Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2014, by and among Ituran Location &Control Ltd., Galnir Management and Investments Ltd. and Nir Sheratzky. (7) 81 4.12 4.12 (a) 4.13 8 12.1 12.2 13 14.1 14.2 Service Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2014, by and among E-Com Global Electronic Commerce Ltd., ZERO-TO-ONE S.B.L. INVESTMENTS LTD. and Gil Sheratzky. (6) Addendum dated April 4, 2017 to the Service Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2014, by and among E-Com Global Electronic Commerce Ltd., ZERO-TO- INVESTMENTS LTD. and Gil Sheratzky. (7) OONNEE SS..BB..LL.. Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 23, 2018, by and among Ituran Location & Control Ltd. and Yomuna Investments S.L., Viatka Investments S.L., I-Gelt Holdings, LLC, East Holdings, LLC and Road Track Holding S.L*** List of significant subsidiaries. Certifications by co-chief executive officers as required by Rule 13a-14(a). Certification by person serving in the capacity of chief financial officer as required by Rule 13a-14(a). Certifications by the co-chief executive officers and the person serving in the capacity of chief financial officer as required by Rule 13a-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code. Consent of independent registered accounting firm to incorporation by reference. Consent of independent registered public accounting firm to incorporation by reference. (1) Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant' s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-128028) filed on September 23, 2005 and incorporated herein by reference. (2) Filed as an exhibit to the annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2007 and incorporated herein by reference. (3) Filed as an exhibit to the annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2010 and incorporated herein by reference. (4) The current lessee under this agreement is the Registrant. (5) Filed as an exhibit to Form 13G of Yehuda Kahane for the year ended December 31, 2014, filed on February 17, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. (6) Filed as an exhibit to the annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference. (7) Filed as an exhibit to the annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference. * Certain portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to an order granting confidential treatment by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. The omitted non-public information has been filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ** Previously filed *** Certain portions of this exhibit have been omitted. 82 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2018 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2018 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Financial Statements: Balance Sheets Statements of Income Statements of Comprehensive Income Statements of Changes in Equity Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page F-2 F-6 F-8 F-9 F-10 F-12 F-14 Dummy Text REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Board of Directors and Shareholders ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. Fahn Kanne & Co. Head Office 32 Hamasger Street Tel-Aviv 6721118, ISRAEL PO Box 36172, 6136101 T +972 3 7106666 F +972 3 7106660 www.gtfk.co.il Opinion on the financial statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ituran Location and Control Ltd. and subsidiaries (the "Company" ) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements" ). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We did not audit the financial statements of Ituran de Argentina S.A. (Ituran Argentina), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, which statements reflect total assets constituting 2.2% and 5.0%, respectively, of consolidated total assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and revenues of 4.2%, 6.5% and 7.4%%, respectively, of consolidated total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Those statements were audited by other auditors, whose report thereon has been furnished to us, and our opinion insofar as it relates to the amounts included for Ituran Argentina, is based solely on the report of the other auditors. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the Company' s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"), and our report dated April 30, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion. Basis for opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company' s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company' s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. Certified Public Accountants Fahn Kanne & Co. is the Israeli member firm of Grant Thornton International Ltd F - 2 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ FAHN KANNE & CO. GRANT THORNTON ISRAEL Certified Public Accountants (Isr.) We have served as the Company' s auditor since 1997. Tel-Aviv, Israel April 30, 2019 Certified Public Accountants Fahn Kanne & Co. is the Israeli member firm of Grant Thornton International Ltd F - 3 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Board of Directors and Shareholders Ituran de Argentina S.A. Opinion on the financial statements We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Ituran de Argentina S.A. (the "Company" ) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements" ). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the Company' s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control- Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"), and our report dated January 28, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion. Basis for opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company' s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company' s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. F - 4 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. We have served as the Company' s auditor since 2006. Gustavo Chesta Estudio Urien & Asociados Buenos Aires, Argentina January 28, 2019 F - 5 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands) Current assets Cash and cash equivalents Investment in marketable securities Accounts receivable (net of allowance for doubtful accounts) Other current assets (Note 2) Inventories (Note 4) Long-term investments and other assets Investments in affiliated companies (Note 5A) Investments in other companies (Note 5B) Other non-current assets (Note 6) Deferred income taxes (Note 16) Funds in respect of employee rights upon retirement Property and equipment, net (Note 7) Intangible assets, net (Note 8) Goodwill (Note 9) Total assets The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 6 US dollars December 31, 2018 2017 51,398 1,897 54,261 52,983 28,367 188,906 4,872 2,772 3,222 12,127 9,497 32,490 50,460 39,040 62,896 36,906 3,559 41,009 41,394 14,244 137,112 14,839 1,382 939 8,398 9,627 35,185 39,047 38 3,777 373,792 215,159 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except share data) Current liabilities Credit from banking institutions (Note 10) Accounts payable Deferred revenues Other current liabilities (Note 11) Long-term liabilities Deferred income taxes (Note 16) Loan from bank institution (Note 10) Liability for employee rights upon retirement Provision for contingencies Deferred revenues Other non-current Obligation to purchase non-controlling interests ((Notes 1Y,3) Contingent liabilities (Note 12) Equity: Stockholders' equity (Note 13) Share capital - ordinary shares of NIS 0.33⅓ par value: Authorized - December 31, 2018 and 2017 - 60,000,000 shares Issued and outstanding - December 31, 2018 and 2017 - 23,475,431 shares Additional paid- in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income Retained earnings Purchase price adjustment to be settled in shares (Note 3) Treasury stock at cost - December 31, 2018 and 2017 - 2,133,825 shares Stockholders' equity Non-controlling interests Total equity Total liabilities and equity The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 7 US dollars December 31, 2018 2017 10,559 23,987 37,671 32,475 104,692 6,458 62,622 14,801 201 8,221 325 16,272 108,900 48 23,264 12,796 29,644 65,752 - - 14,062 400 1,241 475 - 16,178 1,983 1,983 78,680 (20,604) 129,580 (10,800) (25,146) 153,693 6,507 160,200 373,792 71,550 (9,754) 92,065 - (30,054) 125,790 7,439 133,229 215,159 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (in thousands except earnings per share) Revenues: Telematics services Telematics products Cost of revenues: Telematics services Telematics products Gross profit Research and development expenses Selling and marketing expenses General and administrative expenses Other expenses (income), net Operating income Other income, net (Note 14) Financing income (expenses), net (Note 15) Income before income tax Income tax expenses (Note 16) Share in gains (losses) of affiliated companies, net (Note 5A) Net income for the year Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interest Net income attributable to the Company Basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to Company's stockholders (Note 17) Basic and diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding US dollars Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 2018 181,357 71,978 253,335 70,329 55,678 126,007 127,328 6,223 11,340 47,693 (306) 62,378 13,138 717 76,233 (17,273) 4,219 63,179 (2,504) 60,675 2.88 21,077 169,752 64,884 234,636 60,256 54,996 115,252 119,384 3,160 12,246 47,590 (147) 56,535 - (989) 55,546 (17,705) 8,520 46,361 (2,567) 43,794 2.09 20,968 141,940 57,634 199,574 50,633 46,910 97,543 102,031 2,895 10,074 40,228 836 47,998 - 2,056 50,054 (14,877) (449) 34,728 (2,589) 32,139 1.53 20,968 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 8 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (in thousands) Net income for the year Other comprehensive gain (loss), net of tax: Foreign currency translation adjustments Unrealized gains (losses) in respect of derivative financial instruments designated for cash flow hedge Reclassification of net gains realized to net income Other comprehensive gain (loss), net of tax Comprehensive income Less: comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests Comprehensive income attributable to the Company US dollars Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 2018 63,179 46,361 34,728 (12,807) 1,615 (385) (11,577) 51,602 (1,777) 49,825 4,238 (441) (10) 3,787 50,148 (3,141) 47,007 5,558 (50) (731) 4,777 39,505 (2,813) 36,692 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 9 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY COMPANY STOCKHOLDERS (in thousands) Ordinary shares Number of shares Share capital amount AAddddiittiioonnaall ppaaiidd in capital Accumulated other ccoommpprreehheennssiivvee income Retained earnings Treasury stock Non- controlling interests Total 23,476 1,983 71,550 (17,520) - - - - - 23,476 - - - - - 23,476 - - - - - 1,983 - - - - - 1,983 - - - - - 71,550 - - - - - 71,550 - 4,553 - - - (12,967) - 3,213 - - - (9,754) 57,739 32,139 - - (13,968) (4,193) 71,717 43,794 - - (18,452) (4,994) 92,065 (30,054) - - - - - (30,054) - - - - - (30,054) 4,123 2,589 224 (994) - - 5,942 2,567 574 (1,644) - - 7,439 87,821 34,728 4,777 (994) (13,968) (4,193) 108,171 46,361 3,787 (1,644) (18,452) (4,994) 133,229 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 10 US dollars (except for number of shares) Balance as of January 1, 2016 Changes during 2016: Net income Other comprehensive income Dividend paid to non-controlling interests Dividend paid Dividend declared Balance as of December 31, 2016 Changes during 2017: Net income Other comprehensive income Dividend paid to non-controlling interests Dividend paid Dividend declared Balance as of December 31, 2017 Dummy Text Dummy Text ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (cont.) COMPANY STOCKHOLDERS (in thousands) Ordinary shares Number of shares Share capital amount Additional paid in capital Accumulated other ccoommpprreehheennssiivvee income Retained earnings Treasury stock Purchase price adjustment to be settled in shares Non- controlling interests Total 23,476 1,983 71,550 (9,754) 92,065 (30,054) - - - - (2,972) - 23,476 1,983 71,550 (9,754) 89,093 (30,054) - - - - - - 23,476 - - - - - - 1,983 7,130 - - - - - 78,680 - - (10,850) - - - (20,604) - 60,675 - - (15,366) (4,822) 129,580 4,908 - - - - - - - - (10,800) - - - - - (25,146) (10,800) 7,439 133,229 - (2,972) 7,439 130,257 - 2,504 (727) (2,709) - - 6,507 1,238 63,179 (11,577) (2,709) (15,366) (4,822) 160,200 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 11 US dollars (except for number of shares) Balance as of January 1, 2018 Impact of change in accounting policy (Note 1Q) As adjusted balance as of January 1, 2018 Changes during 2018: Issuance of treasury shares (Note 3) Net income Other comprehensive income Dividend paid to non-controlling interests Dividend paid Dividend declared Balance as of December 31, 2018 Dummy Text ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) Cash flows from operating activities Net income for the year Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities: Depreciation, amortization and impairment of goodwill and other intangibles Interest on long term credit Gains in respect of trading marketable securities Increase in liability for employee rights upon retirement Share in losses (gains) of affiliated companies, net Deferred income taxes Capital loss (gain) on sale of property and equipment, net Gain from measurement of previously held interests at acquisition date fair value Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable increase in other current and non-current assets Decrease (increase) in inventories Increase (decrease) in accounts payable Increase (decrease) in deferred revenues Increase (decrease) in other current and non-current liabilities Increase in Obligation to purchase non-controlling interests Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investment activities Increase in funds in respect of employee rights upon retirement, net of withdrawals Capital expenditures Investment in affiliated company Investment in marketable securities Repayment of loans from affiliated companies Proceeds from long - term deposit Investments in other companies Proceeds from sale of property and equipment Sale of marketable securities Acquisition of subsidiary (Appendix A) Net cash used in investment activities Cash flows from financing activities Repayment of long term loan Receipt of long term credit from bank institution Short term credit from banking institutions Dividend paid Dividend paid to non-controlling interests Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Balance of cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Balance of cash and cash equivalents at end of year US dollars Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 2018 63,179 46,361 34,728 14,608 88 (166) 491 (4,219) 2,346 85 (14,677) 6,182 (10,656) 3,580 (3,837) (3,479) (780) 519 53,264 (576) (21,744) (1,250) (8,100) 7,317 10 (1,517) 381 9,594 (68,969) (84,854) (7,994) 81,695 (1,004) (20,219) (2,709) 49,769 (3,687) 14,492 36,906 51,398 13,519 - (397) 1,025 (8,520) (516) (1) - (4,769) (11,517) 1,632 3,751 2,238 1,101 - 43,907 (844) (16,159) (900) (8,623) 6,982 450 (1,274) 315 5,368 - (14,685) - - 23 (22,645) (1,644) (24,266) 863 5,819 31,087 36,906 11,635 - (115) 890 449 (1,114) (52) - (4,552) (5,033) (1,424) 5,884 (1,122) 1,298 - 41,472 (644) (13,645) (8,920) (3,154) 1,512 16 - 342 4,633 - (19,860) - - (152) (17,088) (994) (18,234) 693 4,071 27,016 31,087 Supplementary information on investing and financing activities not involving cash flows: During the years, 2018 and 2017, the Company purchased property and equipment in an amount US$ 11 thousand and US$ 373 thousand, respectively, using a directly related liability. In November 2018, the Company declared a dividend in the amount of US$ 5 million. The dividend was paid in January 2019. The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 12 Dummy Text Dummy Text ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (cont.) Appendix A - Acquisitions of a subsidiary (in thousands) Working capital (excluding cash and cash equivalents and deferred revenues), net Intangible assets, net Property and equipment, net Liability for employee rights upon retirement Goodwill Consideration paid by issuance of treasury stock, as adjusted Amount to be received as purchase price adjustment Deferred income taxes Other non-current assets Fair value of previous investments in acquired companies Deferred revenues (including current portion) Obligation to purchase non-controlling interests Net cash used to pay for the Acquisition Supplementary disclosure of cash flow information (in thousands) Interest paid Income taxes paid, net of refunds US dollars September 13, 2018 34,576 38,583 11,014 (1,337) 59,402 (12,038) 10,800 763 2,132 (24,734) (34,048) (16,144) 68,969 US dollars Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 2018 1,266 15,533 2,651 22,891 324 17,699 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 13 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES A. General 1. Operations Ituran Location and Control Ltd. (the "Company" ) commenced operations in 1994. The Company and its subsidiaries (the "Group" ) aarree eennggaaggeedd iinn tthhee pprroovviissiioonn ooff Location based Telematics services and machine-to-machine Telematics products for use in stolen vehicle recovery, fleet management and other applications. On September 13, 2018 the company closed the acquisition of 81.3% of the shares of Road Track Holding S.L ("Road Track" ), a telematics' company operating primarily in the Latin American region. The company paid the shareholders of Road Track $91.7 million for 81.3% of the company's shares, valuing the company at approximately $113 million. Of this, $75.7 million was paid in cash, through a debt facility provided by Ituran' s lending bank (See Note 10). An additional $12 million was paid in the company shares. The remaining $4 million will be paid out of the company' s equity as a bonus over the coming three years to the senior management of Road Track who will remain with the company through the end of that period. The final consideration paid to the sellers was subject to downward adjustments depending on the full year 2018 performance of Road Track (See Note 3). 2. Functional currency and translation to the reporting currency The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries located in Israel (except those that are held through the subsidiary "Road track" ) is the New Israeli Shekel ("NIS"), which is the local currency in which those entities operate. The functional currency of the foreign subsidiaries located in Brazil is the Brazilian Real and the functional currency of the rest of the subsidiaries is the US Dollar. The consolidated financial statements of the Company and all of its subsidiaries were translated into U.S. dollars in accordance with the standards of the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"). Accordingly, assets and liabilities were translated from local currencies to U.S. dollars using yearend exchange rates, and income and expense items were translated at average exchange rates during the year. Gains or losses resulting from translation adjustments (which result from translating an entity' s financial statements into U.S. dollars if its functional currency is different than the U.S. dollar) are reported in other comprehensive income and are reflected in equity, under "accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" . Translation gains and losses resulting from changes in exchange rates used in the translation of intercompany balances that are long term investment nature (i.e. which their settlement is not planned or anticipated) are also included in other comprehensive income (loss). When an economy in which a foreign entity of the group operates, becomes highly inflationary environment (an economy with a cumulative inflation rate of approximately 100% or more over a three-year period), the financial statements of that foreign entity are remeasured as if its functional currency is the reporting currency of its parent. F - 14 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.) A. General (cont.) 2. Functional currency and translation to the reporting currency (cont.) Balances denominated in, or linked to foreign currency are stated on the basis of the exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. For foreign currency transactions included in the statement of income, the exchange rates applicable on the relevant transaction dates are used. Transaction gains or losses arising from changes in the exchange rates used in the translation of such balances are carried to financing income or expenses as applicable. The following table presents data regarding the dollar exchange rate of relevant currencies and the Israeli CPI: At December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Increase (decrease) during the year: 2018 2017 2016 Exchange rate of one US dollar Israeli CPI(*) NIS Real Argentinian Pezo (**) 3.748 3.467 3.845 8.10% (9.83)% (1.46)% 3.8748 3.3080 3.2591 17.13% 1.50% (16.54)% 37.801 18.774 15.850 113.95 points 113.05 points 112.59 points 101.35% 18.45% 21.87% 0.8% 0.4% (0.2)% (*) Based on the Index for the month ending on each balance sheet date, on the basis of 2008 average 100. (**) commencing the third quarter of 2018 the Argentinian economy declared as a hyperinflationary economy (See above). 3. Basis of presentation The consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("US GAAP" ). 4. Use of estimates in the preparation of financial statements The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from the estimates. As applicable to these consolidated financial statements, the most significant estimates and assumptions relate to legal contingencies, valuation of goodwill and intangibles, impairment of goodwill, obligation to purchase non-controlling interests, revenue recognition and related deferred expenses (contract costs), deferred taxes and tax liabilities. F - 15 Dummy Text Dummy Text ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.) B. Principles of consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its subsidiaries. In these financial statements, the term "subsidiary" refers to a company over which the Company exerts control (ownership interest of more than 50%), and the financial statements of which are consolidated with those of the Company. Significant intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated upon consolidation; profits from intercompany sales, not yet realized outside of the Group, are also eliminated. Non-controlling interests are presented in equity. Changes in the Company ownership interest in a subsidiary while the control is retained are accounted for as equity transactions and accordingly no gain or loss is recognized in consolidated net income or comprehensive income. Upon such transaction, the carrying amount of the non-controlling interest is adjusted to reflect the change in its ownership interest in the subsidiary and any difference between the fair value of the consideration received or paid and the amount by which the non- controlling interest was adjusted is recognized in additional paid-in capital. C. Cash and cash equivalents The Group considers all highly liquid investments, which include short-term bank deposits that are not restricted as to withdrawal or use, and short-term debentures, with original periods to maturity not exceeding three months, to be cash equivalents. D. Marketable securities Until December 31, 2017, The Company accounted for investments in debt and equity securities in accordance with ASC Topic 320-10, "Investments - Debt and Equity Securities"("ASC Topic 320-10"). According to ASC Topic 320, investments in securities that are categorized as trading securities are stated at market value and the changes in market value are charged to financing income or expenses. Management determined the appropriate classification of such investments in debt and equity securities at the time of purchase and reassessed such determination at each balance sheet date. Commencing January 1, 2018 and upon the adoption of ASU 2016-01- Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825 -10), the Company continue to account for its investments in debt securities in accordance with ASC Topic 320-10, which is now applicable to Debt Securities only, while equity securities are accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 321-10, "Investments - Equity Securities" ("ASC Topic 321-10"). According to ASC Topic 321-10, equity securities with readily determinable fair value are measured upon initial recognition and in subsequent periods at fair value with gains and losses reported periodically in earnings as financing income or expenses. The investments in debt and equity securities that were held by the Company during the reported periods and were subject to the provisions of ASC Topic 320-10 were designated by management as trading securities. Changes in fair value measurement of debt and equity securities for the years 2018, 2017 and 2016 amounted to approximately US$ 166,000, US$ 397,000 and US$ 115,000, respectively. E. Treasury stock Company shares held by the Company are presented as a reduction of equity, at their cost, under the caption "Treasury Stock" . Gains and losses upon sale of these shares, net of related income taxes, are recorded as additional paid in capital. F - 16 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.) F. Allowance for doubtful accounts The allowance for doubtful accounts is determined with respect to amounts the Group has determined to be doubtful of collection. In determining the allowance for doubtful accounts, the Company considers, among other things, its past experience with customers, the length of time that the balance is past due, the customer's current ability to pay and available information about the credit risk on such customers. See also Note 20A. The allowance in respect of accounts receivable at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was US$ 3,512,000 and US$ 2,532,000, respectively. G. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined as follows: raw materials and finished products - mainly on the basis of first-in, first- out (FIFO). H. Investment in affiliated companies Investments in companies in which the Group has significant influence (ownership interest of between 20% and 50%) but less than controlling interests, are accounted for by the equity method. Income on intercompany sales, not yet realized outside of the Group, was eliminated. The Company also reviews these investments for impairment whenever events indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. In accordance with ASC Topic 323-10-40-1, a change in the Company' s proportionate share of an investee' s equity, resulting from issuance of shares by the investee to third parties, is accounted for as if the Company had sold a proportionate share of its investment. Any gain or loss resulting from an investee' s share issuance is recognized in earnings. When the company obtain control of an affiliated company that was accounted for by the equity method, the investment is then remeasured at its fair value as of the date of which control was obtained and any remeasurement gain or loss is recognized in earnings. Management evaluates investments in affiliated companies, for evidence of other-than-temporary declines in value. Such evaluation is dependent on the specific facts and circumstances and includes analysis of relevant financial information (e.g. budgets, business plans, financial statements, etc.). During 2018 and 2017, no impairment was identified. Investments in companies in which the company no longer has significant influence, are classified as "investments in other companies". See I. below. I. Investment in other company Until December 31, 2017, Non-marketable investments in shares of other companies without readily determinable fair values (in which the Company does not have a controlling interest nor significant influence) was accounted for at cost, net of write down for any permanent decrease in value. Upon the adoption of ASU 2016-01 Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825 -10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, equity investments without readily determinable fair values are measured at cost, less impairment, and plus or minus subsequent adjustments for observable price changes. Periodic changes in the basis of these equity investments are reported in current earnings. In addition, at each reporting period a qualitative assessment is performed to identify impairment. When a qualitative assessment indicates an impairment exists, the Company estimates the fair value of the investment and recognize in current earnings an impairment loss equal to the difference between the fair value and the carrying amount of the equity investment. F - 17 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.) J. Derivatives The group applies the provisions of ASC Topic 815, "Derivatives and Hedging". In accordance with ASC Topic 815, all the derivative financial instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative financial instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship and further, on the type of hedging relationship. For derivative financial instruments that are designated and qualify as hedging instruments, a company must designate the hedging instrument, based upon the exposure being hedged, as a fair value hedge, cash flow hedge or a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. From time to time the Company carries out transactions involving foreign exchange derivative financial instruments (forward exchange contracts) which are mostly designed to hedge the cash flows expected to be paid with respect to forecasted monthly purchases of inventory, denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the Company. Such transactions were designated as hedging instruments on the date that the Company entered into such derivative contracts, and were determined to qualify as cash flow hedges under ASC Topic 815. Until December 31, 2017 (the date of early adoption of ASU 2017-12 - see Note 1AA), the effective portion of the changes in fair value of the derivative instruments designated for hedging purposes was reported as other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax under the caption "unrealized gains (losses) in respect of derivative financial instruments designated for cash flow hedge" and was reclassified to the statements of income when the hedged transaction realizes. During the reporting periods, up and until December 31, 2017, the gains or losses required to be recognized in earnings for hedge ineffectiveness were insignificant. Commencing January 1, 2018, the entire changes in fair value of the derivative instruments designated for hedging purposes that were determined as qualifying for hedging purposes (including the ineffective components of the hedging relationship) were reported as other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax under the caption "unrealized gains (losses) in respect of derivative financial instruments designated for cash flow hedge" and were reclassified to the statements of income when the hedged transaction realizes. See also Note 20B for further information regarding the hedging activities of the Company. K. Property and equipment 1. Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-lliinnee mmeetthhoodd oovveerr tthhee eessttiimmaatteedd uusseeffuull lliivveess of the assets. Leasehold improvements are depreciated on the straight-lliinnee mmeetthhoodd oovveerr tthhee sshhoorrtteerr ooff tthhee eessttiimmaatteedd uusseeffuull lliiffee ooff tthhee pprrooppeerrttyy oorr tthhee dduurraattiioonn ooff tthhee lease. 2. Rates of depreciation: Operating equipment (mainly 20%-33%) Office furniture, equipment and computers Buildings Vehicles Leasehold improvements L. Impairment of long-lived assets % 6.5-33 7-33 2.5 15 Duration of the lease which is less or equal to useful life. The Group' s long-lived assets (including finite-lived intangible assets) are reviewed for impairment, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value (see also Note 1N). F - 18 Dummy Text ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.) M. Income taxes The Group accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740-10, "Income Taxes". According to this guidance, deferred income taxes are determined utilizing the asset and liability method based on the estimated future tax effects of differences between the financial accounting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities under the applicable tax law. Deferred tax balances are computed using the tax rates expected to be in effect at the time when these differences reverse. Valuation allowances in respect of the deferred tax assets are provided for if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized. US GAAP provides that the tax effects from an uncertain tax position can be recognized in the financial statements only if the position is "more-likely-than-not" to be sustained were to be challenged by a taxing authority. The assessment of a tax position is based solely on the technical merits of the position, without regard the likelihood that the tax position may be challenged. If an uncertain tax position meets the "more-likely-than-not" threshold, the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be recognized upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authority is recorded. Following the initial application of ASU 2015-17 which became effective on January 1, 2017, deferred tax balances are presented as non-current amounts. The Company recognizes interest as interest expenses (among financing expenses) and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in its provision for income tax. N. Goodwill and intangible assets 1. GGooooddwwiillll rreepprreesseennttss tthhee eexxcceessss ooff tthhee ppuurrcchhaassee pprriiccee oovveerr tthhee ffaaiirr vvaalluuee ooff tthhee iiddeennttiiffiiaabbllee nneett aasssseettss aaccqquuiirreedd iinn bbuussiinneessss ccoommbbiinnaattiioonnss aaccccoouunntteedd ffoorr iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh tthhee ""ppuurrcchhaassee mmeetthhoodd"" aanndd iiss aallllooccaatteedd ttoo rreeppoorrttiinngg uunniittss aatt aaccqquuiissiittiioonn.. GGooooddwwiillll iiss nnoott aammoorrttiizzeedd bbuutt rraatthheerr tteesstteedd ffoorr iimmppaaiirrmmeenntt aatt lleeaasstt aannnnuuaallllyy iinn accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 350, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other". The company elected to perform the goodwill annual impairment test for its operating units as follows: * An amount of approximately $59.4 million (resulted from the acquisition described in Note 3) will be tested on June 3300,, ooff eeaacchh yyeeaarr,, oorr mmoorree oofftteenn iiff iinnddiiccaattoorrss ooff iimmppaaiirrmmeenntt aarree pprreesseenntt.. AAss ooff tthhee ddaattee ooff iissssuuaannccee ooff tthhee 22001188 ccoonnssoolliiddaatteedd ffiinnaanncciiaall ssttaatteemmeennttss,, tthhee ccoommppaannyy ddiidd nnoott ccoommpplleettee tthhee aassssiiggnnmmeenntt ooff ssuucchh ggooooddwwiillll to the reporting units. The allocation will be completed before the performance of the next annual impairment test. * AAnn aammoouunntt ooff aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy $$33..55 mmiilllliioonn rreellaatteess ttoo ttwwoo ddiiffffeerreenntt rreeppoorrttiinngg uunniittss ((rreessuulltteedd ffrroomm ppaasstt aaccqquuiissiittiioonnss)) aarree tteesstteedd aatt DDeecceemmbbeerr 3311 ooff eeaacchh yyeeaarr,, oorr mmoorree often if indicators of impairment are present. As required by ASC Topic 350, the Company chooses either to perform a qualitative assessment whether the two-step goodwill impairment test is necessary or proceeds directly to the two-step goodwill impairment test. Such determination is made for each reporting unit on a stand-alone basis. The qualitative assessment includes various factors such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, earnings multiples, gross margin and cash flows from operating activities and other relevant factors. When the Company chooses to perform a qualitative assessment and determines that it is more likely than not (more than 50 percent likelihood) that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then the Company proceeds to the two- step goodwill impairment test. If the Company determines Otherwise, no further evaluation is necessary. F - 19 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.) N. Goodwill and intangible assets (cont.) 1. (cont.) When the Company decides or is required to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test, the Company compares the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value ("step 1"). If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the reporting unit net assets (including the goodwill allocated to such reporting unit), goodwill is considered not to be impaired, and no further testing is required. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the implied fair value of goodwill is determined by subtracting the fair value of all the identifiable net assets from the fair value of the reporting unit. An impairment loss is recorded for the excess, if any, of the carrying value of the goodwill allocated to the reporting unit over its implied fair value ("step 2"). The Company applies assumptions that market participants would consider in determining the fair value of each reporting unit and the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities of the reporting units, as applicable. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had two reporting units (related to its previous business) that include goodwill (two in 2017 and two in 2016). As described above, the company did not complete the assignment of goodwill resulted from the acquisition described in Note 3, which is expected to be allocated to new reporting units under the existing reporting segments. The Company performed a qualitative assessment for two reporting units as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and concluded that the qualitative assessment did not result in a more likely than not indication of impairment, and therefore no further impairment testing was required, with respect to such units. 2. IInnttaannggiibbllee aasssseettss wwiitthh ffiinniittee lliivveess ((AAss ooff DDeecceemmbbeerr 3311,,22001188,, tthhee BBaallaannccee ooff iinnttaannggiibbllee aasssseettss ccoonnssiisstt ooff ccuussttoommeerr rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp,, tteecchhnnoollooggyy aanndd ootthheerrss)) aarree aammoorrttiizzeedd using the straight-line basis over their useful lives, to reflect the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed or otherwise used up. As a part of the acquisition of describe in Notes 1A,3 the company got control over intangible assets in a fair value of approximately US$ 38,583 thousand. As of December 31, 2018, the intangible assets are amortized as follows: Customer relationship Technology services Other Recoverability of intangible assets is measured as described in Note 1L above. O. Contingencies Years 8 8 5 The Company and its subsidiaries are involved in certain legal proceedings that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of their business and in connection with certain agreements with third parties. Except for income tax contingencies, the Company records accruals for contingencies to the extent that the management concludes that the occurrence is probable and that the related liabilities are estimable. Legal expenses associated with contingencies are expensed as incurred. P. Funds in respect of, and liability for employee rights upon retirement The Company's liability for employee rights upon retirement with respect to its Israeli employees is calculated, pursuant to Israeli severance pay law, based on the most recent salary of each employee multiplied by the number of years of employment, as of the balance sheet date. Employees are entitled to one month's salary for each year of employment, or a portion thereof. The Company makes monthly deposits to insurance policies and severance pay funds. The liability of the Company is fully provided for. The deposited funds include profits or losses accumulated up to the balance sheet date. The deposited funds may be withdrawn upon the fulfillment of the obligation pursuant to Israeli severance pay laws or labor agreements. The value of the deposited funds is based on the cash surrender value of these policies, and includes profits or losses. F - 20 Dummy Text ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.) P. Funds in respect of, and liability for employee rights upon retirement (cont.) The liability for employee rights upon retirement in respect of the employees of the non-Israeli subsidiaries of the Company, is calculated on the basis of the labor laws of the country in which the subsidiary is located and is covered by an appropriate accrual. Severance expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, amounted to US$ 1,461,000, US$ 1,309,000 and US$ 1,087,000, respectively. Q. Revenue recognition The Company and its subsidiaries generate revenue from subscriber fees for the provision of services and sales of systems and products, mainly in respect of fleet management services, stolen vehicle recovery services and other value-added services. To a lesser extent, revenues are also derived from technical support services. The Company and its subsidiaries sell the systems primarily through their direct sales force and indirectly through resellers. Revenue recognition accounting policy applied until December 31, 2017 (prior to the adoption of ASC Topic 606); Revenues were recognized when delivery has occurred and, where applicable, after installation has been completed, there was persuasive evidence of an arrangement, the fee was fixed or determinable and collection of the related receivable was reasonably assured and no further obligations existed. In cases where delivery has occurred but the required installation has not been performed, the company did not recognize the revenues until the installation was completed. The Company' s revenues were recognized as follows: 1. 2. Revenues from sales were recognized when title and risk of loss of the product passed to the customer (usually upon delivery). The Company applied the provisions of ASC Topic 605-25, "Revenue Recognition - Multiple-Element Arrangements", as amended. ASC Topic 605-2255 pprroovviiddeedd gguuiiddaannccee oonn hhooww ttoo aaccccoouunntt ffoorr aarrrraannggeemmeennttss tthhaatt iinnvvoollvvee tthhee ddeelliivveerryy oorr ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee ooff mmuullttiippllee pprroodduuccttss,, sseerrvviicceess aanndd//oorr rriigghhttss ttoo uussee aasssseettss.. FFoorr ssuucchh arrangements, each element of the contract was accounted for as a separate unit when it provided the customer value on a stand-aalloonnee bbaassiiss aanndd iiff aann aarrrraannggeemmeenntt iinncclluuddeedd aa rriigghhtt ooff rreettuurrnn rreellaattiivvee ttoo aa ddeelliivveerreedd iitteemm,, ddeelliivveerryy oorr ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee ooff tthhee uunnddeelliivveerreedd iitteemm oorr iitteemmss wwaass ccoonnssiiddeerreedd pprroobbaabbllee aanndd ssuubbssttaannttiiaallllyy iinn tthhee control of the Company. According to ASC 605-2255,, aass aammeennddeedd,, wwhheenn nneeiitthheerr ""vveennddoorr ssppeecciiffiicc oobbjjeeccttiivvee eevviiddeennccee"" ooff sseelllliinngg pprriiccee,, nnoorr tthhiirrdd ppaarrttyy pprriiccee eexxiisstteedd,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy wwaass rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo ddeevveelloopp aa bbeesstt eessttiimmaattee ooff tthhee sseelllliinngg pprriiccee ooff tthhee ddeelliivveerraabblleess aanndd tthhee eennttiirree aarrrraannggeemmeenntt ccoonnssiiddeerraattiioonn wwaass aallllooccaatteedd ttoo tthhee ddeelliivveerraabblleess based on the relative selling prices. Revenues from SVR services subscription fees and from installation services, sold to customers within a single contractually binding arrangement were accounted for revenue recognition purposes, as a single unit of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 605-25, since the installation services element was determined not to have a value on a stand-alone basis to the customer. Accordingly, the entire contract fee for the two deliverables was recognized ratably on a straight-line basis over the subscription period. 3. AAmmoouunnttss eeaarrnneedd bbyy tthhee BBrraazziilliiaann ssuubbssiiddiiaarryy ffoorr aarrrraannggiinngg aa bbuunnddllee ttrraannssaaccttiioonn ooff SSVVRR sseerrvviicceess ssuubbssccrriippttiioonn aanndd iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sseerrvviicceess ttooggeetthheerr wwiitthh iinnssuurraannccee services to be supplied by a third party insurance company, were recognized ratably on a straight-lliinnee bbaassiiss oovveerr tthhee ssuubbssccrriippttiioonn ppeerriioodd,, ssiinnccee tthhee aammoouunntt aallllooccaatteedd ttoo tthhee ccoommppaannyy,, wwaass ccoonnttiinnggeenntt uuppoonn tthhee ddeelliivveerryy ooff tthhee SSVVRR sseerrvviicceess.. AAss tthhee iinnssuurraannccee ccoommppaannyy wwaass tthhee pprriimmaarryy oobblliiggoorr ooff tthhee iinnssuurraannccee ccoommppoonneenntt,, tthhee ccoommppaannyy recognized only the net amounts as revenues, after deduction of amounts related to the insurance component. F - 21 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.) Q. Revenue recognition (cont.) 4. DDeeffeerrrreedd rreevveennuueess iinncclluuddeedd uunneeaarrnneedd aammoouunnttss rreecceeiivveedd ffrroomm ccuussttoommeerrss ((mmoossttllyy ffoorr tthhee pprroovviissiioonn ooff iinnssttaallllaattiioonn aanndd ssuubbssccrriippttiioonn sseerrvviicceess)) bbuutt nnoott yyeett rreeccooggnniizzeedd aass revenues. Such deferred revenues were recognized as described in paragraph 2, above. 5. Extended warranty Revenues from extended warranty which were provided for a monthly fee and were sold separately, were recognized over the duration of the warranty periods. Revenue recognition accounting policy applied from January 1, 2018 (following the adoption of ASC Topic 606); On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606") to all contracts, using the modified retrospective method. Under such method of adoption, the results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented in accordance with ASC Topic 606, while prior period amounts were not adjusted and are reported in accordance with the previous accounting treatment required under ASC Topic 605. The cumulative impact of the adoption in an amount of approximately US$3 million (net of tax), was recognized as an adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018 (see 1AA below). In accordance with ASC 606, The Company determines revenue recognition through the following five steps: * * Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; Identification of the performance obligations in the contract; * Determination of the transaction price; * Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and * Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation. A contract with a customer exists when all of the following criteria are met: the parties to the contract have approved it (in writing, orally, or in accordance with other customary business practices) and are committed to perform their respective obligations, the Company can identify each party' s rights regarding the distinct goods or services to be transferred ("performance obligations" ), the Company can determine the transaction price for the goods or services to be transferred, the contract has commercial substance and it is probable that the Company will collect substantially all of the consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer. Upon each contract inception, the Company assesses the goods or service promised in a contract with a customer and identifies the performance obligations. With respect to contracts that are determined to have multiple performance obligations, such as contracts that combine product with services (mostly SVR services) customer support, the Company allocates the contract' s transaction price to each performance obligation using its best estimate of the relative standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. The primary method used to estimate the relative standalone selling price is expected costs of satisfying a performance obligation and an appropriate margin for that distinct good or service. In assessing whether to allocate variable consideration to a specific part of the contract, the Company considers the nature of variable payment (if any) and whether it relates specifically to its efforts to satisfy a specific part of the contract. Revenues are recognized when, or as, control of services or products is transferred to the customers at a point in time or over time, as applicable to each performance obligation. F - 22 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.) Q. Revenue recognition (cont.) Revenues are recorded in the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for performance obligations upon transfer of control to the customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of other third parties and sales taxes. The Company does not adjust the amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component since the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between the time of transfer of the promised goods or services to the customer and the time the customer pays for these goods or services to be generally one year or less, based on the practical expedient. The Company' s credit terms to customers are, on average, between thirty and ninety days. In accordance with ASC 606, the Company' s revenues are recognized as follows: 1. 2. 3. Revenues from sales of AVL products are recognized when the control of the product passed to the customer (usually upon delivery). RReevveennuueess ffrroomm pprroovviissiioonn ooff SSVVRR sseerrvviicceess aarree rreeccooggnniizzeedd oovveerr ttiimmee,, aass tthhee ccuussttoommeerrss ssiimmuullttaanneeoouussllyy rreecceeiivvee aanndd ccoonnssuummee tthhee bbeenneeffiittss pprroovviiddeedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy performance as the Company performs. FFoorr aarrrraannggeemmeennttss tthhaatt iinnvvoollvvee tthhee ddeelliivveerryy oorr ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee ooff mmuullttiippllee pprroodduuccttss ((mmoossttllyy,, AAVVLL pprroodduuccttss)),, sseerrvviicceess ((ssuucchh aass SSVVRR sseerrvviicceess)) aanndd//oorr rriigghhttss ttoo uussee aasssseettss,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy aannaallyyzzeess wwhheetthheerr tthhee ggooooddss oorr sseerrvviicceess tthhaatt wweerree pprroommiisseedd ttoo tthhee ccuussttoommeerr aarree ddiissttiinncctt.. AA ggoooodd oorr sseerrvviiccee pprroommiisseedd ttoo aa ccuussttoommeerr iiss ccoonnssiiddeerreedd ' distinct' iiff bbootthh ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ccrriitteerriiaa aarree mmeett:: 11.. TThhee ccuussttoommeerr ccaann bbeenneeffiitt ffrroomm tthhee ggoooodd oorr sseerrvviiccee,, eeiitthheerr oonn iittss oowwnn oorr ttooggeetthheerr wwiitthh ootthheerr rreessoouurrcceess tthhaatt aarree readily available to the customer; and, 2. The Company' ss pprroommiissee ttoo ttrraannssffeerr tthhee ggoooodd oorr sseerrvviiccee ttoo tthhee ccuussttoommeerr iiss sseeppaarraatteellyy iiddeennttiiffiiaabbllee ffrroomm ootthheerr pprroommiisseess iinn tthhee ccoonnttrraacctt.. WWhheenn tthhee aabboovvee ccrriitteerriiaa aarree mmeett tthhee rreevveennuuee rreeccooggnniittiioonn ffoorr tthhee rreellaatteedd pprroodduuccttss aanndd//oorr sseerrvviicceess aarree rreeccooggnniizzeedd aass ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn 11 aanndd 22 aabboovvee,, aass applicable. With respect to arrangement that are determined to have multiple performance obligations that are distinct, the Company allocates the contract' s transaction price to each performance obligation using its best estimate of the relative standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. The primary method used to estimate the relative standalone selling price is the expected costs of satisfying the performance obligation with an appropriate margin for that distinct good or service. Revenues from SVR services subscription fees and from installation services, sold to customers within a single contractually binding arrangement were accounted for revenue recognition purposes, as a single performance obligation, since the installation services element was determined not to be ' distinct' . Accordingly, the entire contract fee for the two deliverables was recognized over time, on a straight-line basis over the subscription period. 4. AAmmoouunnttss eeaarrnneedd bbyy cceerrttaaiinn BBrraazziilliiaann ssuubbssiiddiiaarryy ffoorr aarrrraannggiinngg aa bbuunnddllee ttrraannssaaccttiioonn ooff SSVVRR sseerrvviicceess ssuubbssccrriippttiioonn aanndd iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sseerrvviicceess ttooggeetthheerr wwiitthh iinnssuurraannccee services to be supplied by a third party insurance company, are recognized ratably on a straight-lliinnee bbaassiiss oovveerr tthhee ssuubbssccrriippttiioonn ppeerriioodd ((sseeee 33 aabboovvee)),, ssiinnccee tthhee aammoouunntt aallllooccaatteedd ttoo tthhee ccoommppaannyy ((ffoorr tthhee SSVVRR sseerrvviicceess ssuubbssccrriippttiioonn,, iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sseerrvviicceess aanndd ffoorr aarrrraannggiinngg tthhee ttrraannssaaccttiioonn)),, wwaass ccoonnttiinnggeenntt uuppoonn tthhee ddeelliivveerryy ooff tthhee SSVVRR sseerrvviicceess.. AAss tthhee iinnssuurraannccee ccoommppaannyy iiss aaccttiinngg aass aa pprriinncciippaall wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo tthhee iinnssuurraannccee ccoommppoonneenntt,, tthhee ccoommppaannyy rreeccooggnniizzeedd oonnllyy tthhee nneett aammoouunnttss aass revenues, after deduction of amounts related to the insurance component. 5. DDeeffeerrrreedd rreevveennuueess iinncclluuddee uunneeaarrnneedd aammoouunnttss rreecceeiivveedd ffrroomm ccuussttoommeerrss ((mmoossttllyy ffoorr tthhee pprroovviissiioonn ooff iinnssttaallllaattiioonn,, ffuuttuurree ssuubbssccrriippttiioonn sseerrvviicceess aanndd eexxtteennddeedd wwaarrrraannttyy)) but not yet recognized as revenues. Such deferred revenues are recognized as described in paragraph 3 above or paragraph 6 below, as applicable. F - 23 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.) Q. Revenue recognition (cont.) 6. Extended warranty In the majority of countries, in which the Company operates, the statutory warranty period is one year, and the extended warranty covers periods beyond year one. Revenues from extended warranty include warranty services which were sold separately for a monthly fee, or warranty services that were determined to represent a separate performance obligation and were sold together with an AVL unit. Such revenues are recognized over the duration of the warranty periods. Below is a description of the effect of the adoption of ASC 606 on the consolidated balance sheet (in thousands) Liabilities Deferred revenues (including current portion) Deferred income Tax Shareholders' Equity Accumulated Deficit US dollars December 31, 2017 New Revenue Standard Adjustment Adjusted balances Balances as reported (14,037) 8,398 (3,911) 939 (17,948) 9,337 (92,065) 2,972 (89,093) The following table summarize the impacts of adopting Topic 606 on the Company' s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018: (in thousands except earnings per share) Revenues: Telematics services Telematics products Cost of revenues Research and development expenses Selling and marketing expenses General and administrative expenses Other income, net Other income, net Financing income, net Income tax expenses Share in gains of affiliated companies, net Net income for the year F - 24 US dollars Year ended December 31, 2018 New Revenue Standard Adjustment Balances as if Topic 606 was not adopted as reported 181,357 71,978 253,335 (126,007) (6,223) (11,340) (47,693) 306 13,138 717 (17,273) 4,219 63,179 - 166 166 - - - - - - - (464) - (298) 181,357 72,144 253,501 (126,007) (6,223) (11,340) (47,693) 306 13,138 717 (17,737) 4,219 62,881 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.) Q. Revenue recognition (cont.) The following is a description of principal activities separated by reportable segments from which the Company generates its revenue. For more detailed information about reportable segments including geographic segregation of revenues based on customers location, see Note 19. In the following table, revenue is disaggregated by primary major product line, and timing of revenue recognition: (in thousands) Liabilities At a point of time Over a period of time R. Warranty costs US dollars Reportable segments results of operations Year ended December 31, 2018 Telematics products Telematics services Total - 181,357 181,357 70,133 1,845 71,979 70,133 183,202 253,335 The Company provides a standard warranty for its products to end-users at no extra charge. The Company estimates the costs that may be incurred under its warranty obligation and records a liability at the time the related revenues are recognized. Among the factors affecting the warranty liability are the number of installed units and historical percentages of warranty claims. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of the recorded warranty liability and adjusts the amount to the extent necessary. To date, warranty costs and the related liabilities related to the standard warranty period have not been material. S. Research and development costs 1. 2. Research and development costs (other than computer software related expenses) are expensed as incurred. Software Development Costs All research and development costs incurred in the process of software development before establishment of technological feasibility are charged to expenses as incurred. Costs incurred subsequent to the establishment of technological feasibility are capitalized according to the principles set forth in ASC Topic 985-20, "Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased or Marketed". Capitalized software costs are amortized on a product by product basis by the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software product (approximately 5 years). The Company assesses the recoverability of these intangible assets on a regular basis by assessing the net realizable value of such intangible assets based on the estimated future gross revenues from each product net of the estimated future costs of completing and disposing of that product (including the estimated costs of performing maintenance and customer support over the remaining economical useful life), cost of completion of products and cost of delivery to customers over its remaining economical useful life. During the years ended December 31, 2018, no such unrecoverable amounts were identified (prior to January 1, 2018, software development costs that were capitalized were in insignificant amount). F - 25 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.) T. Advertising costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 amounted to US$ 8.1 million, US$ 8.5 million and US$ 6.9 million, respectively. Advertising expenses are presented among "selling and marketing expenses". U. Earnings per share Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing net income attributable to the common shares, by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year, net of the weighted average number of treasury stock. In computing diluted earnings per share, basic earnings per share are adjusted to reflect the effect of any potential dilutive ordinary shares. During the reporting periods there were no such potential shares. V. Fair value measurements The Company measures fair value and discloses fair value measurements for financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. Fair value is based on the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market based measurement that is required to be determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use to determine the price of an asset or a liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the fair value accounting standard establishes the following fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value: Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for assets or liabilities. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to Level 1 inputs. Level 2 - Observable prices that are based on inputs not quoted on active markets, but corroborated by market data. Level 3 - Unobservable inputs are used when little or no market data is available. Level 3 inputs are considered as the lowest priority under the fair value hierarchy. In determining fair value, companies are required to utilize valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible as well as to consider counterparty credit risk in the assessment of fair value. Regarding the fair value measurements of financial assets and liabilities and the fair value hierarchy of such measurements, see Note 20C. The Company also measures certain non-financial assets, consisting mainly goodwill and intangible assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets are adjusted to fair value when they are considered to be impaired (see 1N and 1L above). As a part of the acquisition describe in Notes 1A,3 the company recognized goodwill in an amount of approximately US$ 59.4 million. As required by ASC Topic 350 the company will test the goodwill for impairment on June 2019. F - 26 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.) W. Deferred installation expenses and prepaid expenses Direct installation expenses incurred at the inception of specific subscription arrangements in certain subsidiary in Brazil with specific customers, to enable the Company's subsidiary in Brazil to perform under the terms of the arrangement. Such installation activities were determined not to represent a separate performance obligation for revenue recognition purposes in accordance with the principles of ASC 606, as they were determined not to be considered ' distinct' ( see Note 1Q above). The Company has determined that such expenses relate directly to obtaining or fulfilling contract with a specific subscriber, they generate or enhance the Company resources and are expected to be recovered. In accordance with ASC 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs: Contracts with Customers, such installation costs are capitalized and presented as "Deferred installation expenses" within the balances "Other current assets" and "Other non-current assets", as applicable. The deferred expenses are amortized over the estimated life of the related subscription arrangements by the straight-lliinnee mmeetthhoodd ((uussuuaallllyy 2200 mmoonntthhss)).. CCoossttss tthhaatt ddoo nnoott meet the aforementioned criteria, are recognized immediately as expenses. PPrreeppaaiidd eexxppeennsseess,, ccoonnssiisstt ooff aammoouunnttss ppaaiidd bbyy cceerrttaaiinn BBrraazziilliiaann ssuubbssiiddiiaarryy ttoo iinnssuurraannccee ccoommppaanniieess aass aa pprreeppaaiidd iinnssuurraannccee oonn bbeehhaallff ooff iittss ccuussttoommeerrss aass ppaarrtt ooff bbuunnddllee ttrraannssaaccttiioonnss ooff SSVVRR sseerrvviicceess ttooggeetthheerr wwiitthh iinnssuurraannccee sseerrvviicceess ttoo bbee ssuupppplliieedd bbyy aa tthhiirrdd ppaarrttyy iinnssuurraannccee ccoommppaannyy.. UUnnddeerr ssuucchh ttrraannssaaccttiioonnss,, tthhee ccuussttoommeerrss aarree rreeqquuiirreedd aaccccoorrddiinnggllyy ttoo ppaayy ttoo tthhee BBrraazziilliiaann ssuubbssiiddiiaarryy aa mmoonntthhllyy ffeeee ffoorr aallll tthhee bbuunnddlleedd sseerrvviicceess ((sseeee NNoottee 11QQ rreeggaarrddiinngg tthhee rreevveennuuee rreeccooggnniittiioonn ooff bbuunnddllee ttrraannssaaccttiioonnss)).. TThhee iinnssuurraannccee ccoommppaanniieess aarree oobblliiggaatteedd ttoo rreeffuunndd aannyy uunneeaarrnneedd iinnssuurraannccee aammoouunnttss ttoo tthhee BBrraazziilliiaann ssuubbssiiddiiaarryy iinn tthhee eevveenntt ooff tteerrmmiinnaattiioonn ooff tthhee ttrraannssaaccttiioonn bbyy tthhee ccuussttoommeerrss.. The prepaid expenses are amortized over the contractual life of the insurance service with the insurance company (usually 12 months) by the straight-lliinnee mmeetthhoodd.. TThhee amortization is netted against the monthly receipts from customers for the bundled services. X. Stock-based compensation The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for cash bonuses to senior employees, which are based, or partly based, on the price of the Company' s shares in accordance with ASC 718 -30, "Compensation-Stock Compensation - Awards Classified as Liabilities" (See Note 18C regarding "Excess Return Cash Incentives"). The awards are measured at the grant date at their fair value and remeasured at the end of each reporting period through settlement, with changes in the fair value recognized as compensation cost over the requisite service period. Compensation cost for awards that are subject to market conditions are be attributed separately for each vesting tranche of the award (generally calendar year). Y. Obligation to purchase non-controlling interests An obligation to acquire shares of a subsidiary held by Non-controlling interests at a stated future date, represents liability under ASC Topic 480. Upon initial recognition such liability is measured at fair value in accordance with ASC Topic 480-10-30-3 at the amount of cash that would be paid under the conditions specified in the contract if the shares were repurchased immediately and in subsequent periods at the amount of cash that would be paid under the conditions specified in the contract if settlement occurred at the reporting date with any change in value from the previous reporting date recognized as interest cost. In addition, the Non-controlling interests subject to such obligation are not recognized and no earnings are allocated to them. Z. Reclassification Certain comparative figures have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. Such reclassifications did not have any significant impact on the Company's equity, net income or cash flows. F - 27 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.) AA. Recently issued accounting pronouncements Accounting Standard Update 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" Commencing January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standard Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) ("ASU 2014-09"). ASU 2014-09 outlines a single comprehensive model to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. ASU 2014-09 also requires entities to disclose sufficient information, both quantitative and qualitative, to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. An entity should apply the amendments in ASU 2014-09 using one of the following two methods: 1. Retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented with a possibility to elect certain practical expedients, or, 2. Retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying ASU 2014-09 recognized at the date of initial application. If an entity elects the latter transition method, it also should provide certain additional disclosures. In accordance with an amendment to ASU 2014-09, introduced by Accounting Standard 2015-14, "Revenue from contracts with Customers - Deferral of the Effective Date", for a public entity, the amendments in ASU 2014-09 became effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period (the first quarter of fiscal year 2018 for the Company). The Company has established a process of evaluation of the impact of ASU 2014-09 on its revenue streams and selling contracts and transactions, if any, and on its financial reporting and disclosures, business processes, systems and controls. In such evaluation, management has considered, among other things, the opinion of third party professional accounting advisors. Based on its evaluation, management concluded that the standard did not have significant effect on the timing of recognizing revenues from SVR services subscription fees, as such services are recognized monthly, or on the timing of recognizing revenues from sales of wireless communications products. However, the standard affected the timing of revenues from certain warranty services related to wireless communications products that the Company provides for periods beyond the period required by law (i.e. one year). Under the previous GAAP, such revenues were regarded as standard warranties as they are not separately priced and the company' s business practice is to provide a three-year warranty as a standard to certain customers. Under the new guidance, the warranty services exceeding one year are considered as a separate performance obligation (' a service-type warranty') and a portion of the transaction price, is allocated to such service, based on the standalone selling price of the warranty. The total amount of revenue recognized from these contracts will not change. However, the revenue allocated to the warranty services is deferred and recognized over the related warranty period on a straight-line basis. As a result of the above change the company recorded deferred revenues related to the service type warranty as a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings in an amount of approximately US$3 million (net of tax) as of January 1, 2018. In addition, management has determined that the previous accounting treatment of deferred installation expenses, prepaid and similar expenses will not change significantly, as such expenses are considered under the new guidance as incremental costs of obtaining contracts which are expected to be recovered, Accordingly, they are accounted for as an asset as before. F - 28 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.). AA. Recently issued accounting pronouncements (cont.) Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, "Leases" In February, 2016, the FASB issued its new lease accounting guidance in Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date: 1. A lease liability, which is a lessee' s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and, 2. A right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee' s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. Under the new guidance, lessor accounting is largely unchanged. Certain targeted improvements were made to align, where necessary, lessor accounting with the lessee accounting model and Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The new lease guidance simplified the accounting for sale and leaseback transactions primarily because lessees must recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. Lessees will no longer be provided with a source of off-balance sheet financing. Public business entities should apply the amendments in ASU 2016-02 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years (i.e., January 1, 2019, for a calendar year Company). Early application is permitted for all public business entities upon issuance. Lessees (for capital and operating leases) and lessors (for sales-type, direct financing, and operating leases) must apply a modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. The modified retrospective approach would not require any transition accounting for leases that expired before the earliest comparative period presented. Lessees and lessors may not apply a full retrospective transition approach. In July 2018, the FASB issued amendments in ASU 2018-11, which provide a transition election to not restate comparative periods for the effects of applying the new standard. This transition election permits entities to change the date of initial application to the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented, or retrospectively at the beginning of the period of adoption through a cumulative-effect adjustment. The Company expects to adopt the new standard on January 1, 2019 and to as the effective date as the date of initial application. Consequently, the effect of the adoption will be reflected through a cumulative-effect adjustment, financial information for comparative periods will not be updated and the disclosures required under the new standard will not be provided for dates and periods before January 1, 2019. The new standard provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition some of which, if elected, are required to be applied as a package (package of practical expedients) while other expedients can be applied on a stand-alone basis. Such package permits the Company not to reassess its prior conclusions regarding lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs under the new standard. the company currently believes that the most significant impact will be reflected in: (i) the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the company' s balance sheet for its operating leases of facilities, base stations and motor vehicles, and (ii) the requirement to provide significant new disclosures regarding leasing activities. The Company, however, does not expect a material impact to its consolidated statements of income and consolidated statements of cash flow. Following adoption of the new standard, the Company expects to recognize additional operating liabilities in an estimated amount of $8 to $10 million, with corresponding right-of-use assets of approximately the same amount based on the present value of the remaining minimum rental payments under current leasing standards for existing operating leases. In addition, the adoption is not expected to have significant effect on the Company' s ability to comply with the covenants of its liabilities outstanding as of the adoption date. F - 29 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.). AA. Recently issued accounting pronouncements (cont.) Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, "Leases" (cont.) The new standard also provides practical expedients for an entity' s ongoing accounting. The company expects to elect the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify. This means, for those leases, right-of-use assets or lease liabilities will not be recognized (including right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for existing short-term leases of those assets in transition). Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment" In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment ("ASU 2017-04"). ASU 2017-04 eliminate Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test, to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill. In accordance with the new guidance, the annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test is performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An impairment charge should be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit' s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. In addition, income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit should be considered when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. The amendments also eliminate the requirements for any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment and, if it fails that qualitative test, to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. The nature of and reason for the change in accounting principle should be disclosed upon transition. A public business entity that is a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filer should adopt the amendments for its annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. Management does not believe that the provisions of ASU 2017-04 will have a significant effect on its consolidated financial statements. Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" In June 2016, The FASB has issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASU 2016-13"). The ASU is intended to improve financial reporting by requiring timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. ASU 2016-13 requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied today will still be permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will change to reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. Organizations will continue to use judgment to determine which loss estimation method is appropriate for their circumstances. F - 30 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.). AA. Recently issued accounting pronouncements (cont.) Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" (cont.) ASU 2016-13 requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization' s portfolio. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. In addition, ASU 2016-13 amends the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. ASU 2016-13 is effective for SEC filers for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 (i.e., January 1, 2020, for calendar year entities). Early application will be permitted for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact, if any, of ASU 2016-13 on its consolidated financial statements. Accounting Standards Update 2017-12 "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities" In August 2017, the FASB issued ASC Update 2017-12, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. (ASU 2017- 12)" ASU 2017-12, amends the hedge accounting recognition and presentation requirements in ASC 815 in order to (1) improve the transparency and understandability of information conveyed to financial statement users about an entity' s risk management activities by better aligning the entity' s financial reporting for hedging relationships with those risk management activities and (2) reduce the complexity of and simplify the application of hedge accounting by preparers. ASU 2017-12 eliminates the concept of separately recognizing periodic hedge ineffectiveness for cash flow and net investment hedges. Accordingly, the impact of both the effective and ineffective components of a hedging relationship will be recognized in the same financial reporting period and in the same income statement line item. Also, the guidance in ASU 2017-12 includes certain targeted improvements to existing guidance on quantitative and qualitative assessments of initial and ongoing hedge effectiveness. The transition guidance in ASU 2017-12 requires an entity to apply the amendments using a modified retrospective approach to hedging relationships that exist as of the date of adoption by recording a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of the most recent period presented. Entities must apply the new and modified disclosure requirements prospectively from the date of adoption. For public business entities, the guidance in ASU 2017-12 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and for interim periods within those fiscal years. Early application of the guidance is permitted, including in an interim reporting period. The Company elected to early apply ASU 2017-12, commencing January 1, 2018. The transition guidance in ASU 2017-12 requires an entity to apply the amendments using the modified retrospective approach to hedging relationships that exist as of the date of adoption. However, due to the limited hedging activities of the Company as of the date of adoption, the adoption did not affect the consolidated financial statements. F - 31 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 2 - OTHER CURRENT ASSETS (in thousands) Prepaid expenses Government institutions Deferred installation expenses Advances to suppliers Employees Others NOTE 3 - ACQUISITION OF BUSINESS US dollars December 31, 2018 2017 32,898 6,994 7,742 3,061 430 1,858 52,983 27,805 6,340 5,659 221 308 1,061 41,394 On September 13, 2018 the company closed the acquisition of 81.3% of the shares of Road Track Holding S.L ("Road Track" ), a telematics' company operating primarily in the Latin American region. The company paid the shareholders of Road Track $91.7 million for 81.3% of the company valuing the company at approximately $113 million. Of this, $75.7 million was paid in cash, through a debt facility provided by Ituran' s lending bank (See Note 10). An additional $12 million was paid in the company's shares. The remaining $4 million will be paid out of the company' s equity as a bonus over the coming three years to the senior management of Road Track who will remain with the company through the end of that period. The final consideration paid to the sellers was subject to downward adjustments depending on the full year 2018 performance of Road Track. As part of the acquisition transaction, the Company is obligated to purchase the remaining 18.7% of the shares currently held by Non-controlling interests on July, 2021 (unless such date shall be accelerated in accordance with the terms of the transaction). The consideration related to such obligation will be based on a fair value estimate that will be determined at that time. Such obligation to acquire shares of a subsidiary held by Non-controlling interests at a stated future date, was determined to represent a liability under ASC Topic 480. Upon initial recognition such liability was measured at fair value in accordance with ASC Topic 480-10-30-3 at the amount of cash that would be paid under the conditions specified in the contract if the shares were repurchased immediately at the closing of the acquisition. The Company considered approximately US$ 1.5 million as transaction costs in 2018. Those expenses were fully recognized as an expense in the statements of comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2018 (See Note 14) F - 32 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 3 - ACQUISITION OF BUSINESS (cont.) Following is a description of the fair value of the consideration, the Company previous investment in Road Track and the assets acquired and liabilities assumed which were determined by management which used the assistance of an outside independent appraisal evaluation and the purchase price allocation of the acquired business: (in thousands) Cash paid Consideration paid by issuance of treasury stock (1) Amount to be received as purchase price adjustment (5) Total acquisition price Fair value of previous investment in acquired companies Obligation to purchase non-controlling interests Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed: Cash and cash equivalents Working capital (excluding cash and cash equivalents and deferred revenues) Intangible assets, net (2) Property and equipment, net Liability for employee rights upon retirement Deferred income taxes Other non-current assets Deferred revenues (including current portion) Net assets acquired Goodwill US dollars September 13, 2018 75,700 12,038 (10,800) 76,938 24,734 16,144 6,731 34,576 38,583 11,014 (1,337) 763 2,132 (34,048) 58,414 59,402 (1) Based on 373,489 shares of common stock of the Company at September 13, 2018. (2) The fair value adjustment estimate of identifiable intangible assets were determined using the "iinnccoommee aapppprrooaacchh,, wwhhiicchh iiss aa vvaalluuaattiioonn tteecchhnniiqquuee tthhaatt eessttiimmaatteess tthhee ffaaiirr value of an asset based on market participants' expectations of the cash flows an asset would generate over its remaining useful life. (3) AAss ppaarrtt ooff tthhee ppuurrcchhaassee pprriiccee aallllooccaattiioonn ffoorr tthhee aaccqquuiissiittiioonn,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy rreeccoorrddeedd ggooooddwwiillll iinn tthhee aammoouunntt ooff $$5599..44 mmiilllliioonn.. GGooooddwwiillll rreefflleeccttss tthhee vvaalluuee oorr pprreemmiiuumm ooff tthhee aaccqquuiissiittiioonn pprriiccee iinn eexxcceessss ooff tthhee ffaaiirr vvaalluueess aassssiiggnneedd ttoo ssppeecciiffiicc ttaannggiibbllee aanndd iinnttaannggiibbllee aasssseettss.. GGooooddwwiillll hhaass aann iinnddeeffiinniittee uusseeffuull lliiffee aanndd tthheerreeffoorree iiss nnoott aammoorrttiizzeedd aass aann eexxppeennssee ((tthhee ggooooddwwiillll bbaallaannccee iiss nnoott ddeedduuccttiibbllee ffoorr iinnccoommee ttaaxx ppuurrppoosseess)),, bbuutt iiss rreevviieewweedd aannnnuuaallllyy ffoorr iimmppaaiirrmmeenntt ooff iittss ffaaiirr vvaalluuee ttoo tthhee CCoommppaannyy.. TThhee ppuurrcchhaassee pprriiccee intrinsically recognizes the benefits of the broadened depth of new markets and management team and is primarily attributable to expected synergies. (4) UUppoonn oobbttaaiinniinngg ccoonnttrrooll oovveerr RRooaadd TTrraacckk,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy pprreevviioouuss hhoollddiinnggss ((5500%%)) wwhhiicchh wweerree aaccccoouunntteedd ffoorr uunnttiill tthhaatt ddaattee bbyy tthhee eeqquuiittyy mmeetthhoodd,, tthhee iinnvveessttmmeenntt wwaass premeasured at its fair value and a remeasurement gain in an amount of $14.7 million was recorded. (5) TThhee aammoouunntt ooff ccoonnssiiddeerraattiioonn wwaass aaddjjuusstteedd bbaasseedd oonn ffiissccaall 22001188 rreessuullttss ooff RRooaadd TTrraacckk bbuussiinneessss.. SSuucchh aammoouunntt wwiillll bbee ppaaiidd bbaacckk ttoo tthhee ccoommppaannyy iinn IIttuurraannss SShhaarreess ((330000,,447722 shares out of 373,489 shares that we reissued as part of the consideration). AAss tthhee ppuurrcchhaassee pprriiccee aaddjjuussttmmeenntt wwiillll bbee sseettttlleedd bbyy rreessppiittee ooff tthhee ccoommppaanniieess sshhaarreess iissssuueedd ttoo the sellers, the amount to be received was presented as a deduction from equity. The consolidated results of operations do not include any revenues or expenses related to Road Track business on or prior to September 13, 2018, the closing date of the acquisition. F - 33 Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 3 - ACQUISITION OF BUSINESS (cont.) The following table provides pro forma information as if the Road Track combinations had occurred on January 1, 2017: (in thousands) US dollars Year ended December 31, 2017 2018 (Unaudited) (Unaudited) Net revenue from Telematics services Net revenue from Telematics products Net income attributable to the Company Basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to Company' s stockholders based on attributing of shares in the acquisition 234,871 111,146 51,609 2.42 236,957 130,825 47,138 2.21 The above doesn't contain other income related to the transaction The unaudited supplemental pro forma data reflects the historical information of the Company and Road Track adjustments for depreciation and amortization of the tangible and intangible assets acquired in the transaction, and additional finance expenses incurred as a result of borrowings used to finance the acquisition as if it had been entered into on January 1, 2017, and with consequential tax effects. The unaudited pro-forma results have been prepared for comparative purposes only and do not purport to be indicative of the results of operations which would have actually resulted had the acquisition occurred on January 1, 2017, nor to be indicative of future results of operations. NOTE 4 - INVENTORIES (in thousands) Finished products Raw materials NOTE 5 - INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATED AND OTHER COMPANIES A. Investment in affiliated companies (in thousands) Bringg (see 1 below) Lumax RTI (see 2.2 below) IRT (see 2.1 below) IRTA (see 2.3 below) HK (see 2.4 below) F - 34 US dollars December 31, 2018 2017 21,660 6,707 28,367 7,722 6,522 14,244 US dollars December 31, 2018 2017 4,823 49 - - - - 4,872 6,090 - 4,621 2,734 (301) 1,695 14,839 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 5 - INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATED AND OTHER COMPANIES (cont.) A. Investment in affiliated companies (cont.) 1. BRINGG Delivery Technologies Ltd. ("BRINGG") Formerly Overvyoo Ltd. In December 2013, the Company invested US$1.4 million in Bringg Delivery Technologies Ltd. ("Bringg") (formerly Overvyoo Ltd.), an Israeli start-up company developing solutions for the management of mobile/field workforce. According to the agreement with Bringg, the Company invested in January and July 2015 additional amounts of US$1.1 million and US$2 million, respectively. As of December 31,2018 and 2017, the company holds 46% of Bringg ordinary shares and approximately 1.2 Million series A preferred shares. 2. In September 2015, one of the largest global road vehicles manufacturers signed a four year agreement with Ituran Road Track Monitoramento De Veiculos LLttddaa.. ("IRT") ttoo ooffffeerr IIttuurraann''ss sseerrvviicceess iinn tthhee BBrraazziilliiaann mmaarrkkeett ((ssuucchh aass vveehhiiccllee sseeccuurriittyy,, ppeerrssoonnaall ssaaffeettyy,, rreemmoottee ddiiaaggnnoossttiicc,, wweebb aanndd aapppp aapppplliiccaattiioonn aanndd ccoonncciieerrggee)).. TThhee agreement has a long-term timeframe. On May 2016, the same global automaker signed a four year agreement with Ituran Road Track Argentina S.A ("IRTA") to offer telematics services in the Argentinian market. As a result of the acquisition described in Notes 1A,3 the Company gained control over the companies describe in this paragraph and started to consolidate their financial statement. The Company also recorded onetime gain in the amount of approximately $14.7 million from measurement of the previous investment in this Companies at the acquisition date to fair value. The gain was recorded under other non-operational income (See Note 14). These services were provided through a joint venture (until the acquisition describe in Notes 1A,3) as follows: 2.1 ITURAN ROAD TRACK MONITORAMENTO De Veiculos Ltda. ("IRT") In February 2015, IRT was established as a joint venture between the Company and Road Track in order to offer Ituran's services to the Brazilian market. Since IRT's inception and until September 13, 2018 (the acquisition closing date described in Notes 1A, 3), Ituran held 50% of the shares of IRT which was jointly controlled and therefore was not consolidated in the company's financial statements. . Since the acquisition closing date, the company gained control over IRT and started to consolidated IRT in the Company's financial statements. 2.2 RTI URUGUAY S.A. ("RTI") In March 2015, RTI was established as a joint venture between the Company and Road Track in order to provide automatic vehicle location equipment to the same global road vehicles manufacturers as mentioned in section 2 above. Since RTI's inception and until September 13, 2018 (the acquisition closing date described in Notes 1A,3) , Ituran held 50% of the shares of RTI which was jointly controlled and therefore was not consolidated in the company's financial statements. Since the acquisition closing date, the company gained control over RTI and started to consolidated RTI in the Company's financial statements. F - 35 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 5 - INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATED AND OTHER COMPANIES (cont.) A. Investment in affiliated companies (cont.) 2.3 ITURAN ROAD TRACK ARGENTINA S.A ("IRTA") In October 2015, IRTA was established as a joint venture between the Company and Road Track in order to offer Ituran's services in the Argentinian market. Since IRTA's inception until September 13, 2018 (the acquisition closing date described in Notes 1A,3), Ituran held 50% of the shares of IRTA which was jointly controlled and therefore was not consolidated in the company's financial statements.Since the acquisition closing date, the company gained control over IRTA and started to consolidated IRTA in the Company's financial statements. 2.4 GLOBAL TELEMATIC SOLUTIONS HK, LIMITED ("HK") In October 2017, HK was established as a joint venture between the Company and Road Track in order to provide automatic vehicle location equipment to the same global road vehicles manufacturers as mentioned in section 2 above. Since HK's inception until September 13, 2018 (the acquisition closing date described in Notes 1A, 3), Ituran held 50% of the shares of HK which was jointly controlled and therefore was not consolidated in the company's financial statements. Since the acquisition closing date, the company gained control over HK and started to consolidated HK in the Company's financial statements. B. Investment in other companies In March 2018 the company acquired the reminder shares of. Locationet Systems Ltd. ("Locationet") for NIS 1.2 million (approximately $340 thousands) As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 the Company holds 100% and 19.15% of the shares of Locationet Systems Ltd. ("Locationet") respectively. Since the acquisition date, Locationet is controlled by the company and consolidated in the company's financial statements. During the years 2017-2018, the company made additional investments in three Israeli companies, two of the investments were in Israeli startups (from mobile app development and visual sectors) The total investments in these companies were approximately US$ 2.8 million NOTE 6 - OTHER NON-CURRENT ASSETS (in thousands) Deferred installation expenses (*) Deposits (*) See Note 1W. F - 36 US dollars December 31, 2018 2017 2,904 318 3,222 552 387 939 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 7 - PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET A. Property and equipment, net consists of the following: (in thousands) Cost : Operating equipment (*) Office furniture, equipment and computers Land Buildings Vehicles Leasehold improvements Less - accumulated depreciation and amortization (**) Total property and equipment, net US dollars December 31, 2018 2017 59,074 42,754 1,879 6,415 7,910 7,410 125,442 (74,982) 50,460 52,096 33,913 1,022 2,205 6,799 5,780 101,815 (62,768) 39,047 (*) As December 31, 2018 and 2017, an amount of US$ 28.8 million and US$ 30.4 million is subject to operating lease transactions, respectively. (**) As at December 31, 2018 and 2017, an amount of US$ 13.0 million and US$ 15.9 million is subject to operating lease transactions, respectively. B. IInn tthhee yyeeaarrss eennddeedd DDeecceemmbbeerr 3311,, 22001188,, 22001177 aanndd 22001166,, ddeepprreecciiaattiioonn eexxppeennssee wwaass UUSS$$ 1133..44 mmiilllliioonn,, UUSS$$ 1133..55 mmiilllliioonn aanndd UUSS$$ 1111..66 mmiilllliioonn,, rreessppeeccttiivveellyy aanndd aaddddiittiioonnaall equipment was purchased in an amount of US$ 20.1 million, US$ 16.2 million and US$ 13.6 million, respectively. NOTE 8 - INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET (in thousands) Costumer relationship Technology Others December 31, 2017 Opening balance September 13, 2018 Acquisition of subsidiary US dollars Year ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2018 amortization Additions Translation differences - - 38 38 24,696 11,286 2,601 38,583 (540) (556) (84) (1,180) - 1,578 90 1,668 Closing balance 24,133 12,285 2,622 39,040 (23) (23) (23) (69) As of December 31, 2018, the estimated aggregate amortization of intangible assets for the next five years is as follows: 2019- US$ 6,488 thousand, 2020- US$ 6,488 thousand, 2021- US$ 6,488 thousand, 2022- US$ 6,488 thousand and 2023 - US$ 5,922 thousand. F - 37 Dummy Text Dummy Text ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 9 - GOODWILL The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows: (in thousands) Balance as of January 1, 2017 (*) Changes during 2017: Translation differences Balance as of December 31, 2017 Changes during 2018: Acquisition of subsidiary Translation differences Balance as of December 31, 2018 (*) The accumulated amount of goodwill impairment loss as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was US$ 7,098,000. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 the company didn' t recorded any impairment of goodwill. NOTE 10 - CREDIT FROM BANKING INSTITUTIONS A. Short term loans: (in thousands) Short-term loans - linked to the Colombian Pezo Short-term loans - linked to the Mexican Pezo Current maturities of long-term loan (note 10B) Others F - 38 Telematics services US dollars Telematics products Total 1,562 170 1,732 53,584 (247) 55,069 1,844 201 2,045 5,818 (36) 7,827 3,406 371 3,777 59,402 (283) 62,896 US dollars December 31, 2018 2017 599 1,526 8,350 84 10,559 - - - 48 48 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 10 - CREDIT FROM BANKING INSTITUTIONS (cont.) B. Long term loan: In August 2018, the company signed on Loan Agreement (the "Loan agreement" ) with commercial Israeli bank (the "Bank") under which the company has received an amount of approximately $81.7 million (296 million Nis) (the "Loan" ) from the bank for a period of 5-years that bears an annual interest rate of Prime rate (as of December 31, 2018 the prime rate was 1.75%) + 0.53%. In December 2018 the company repaid to the bank in an early repayment an amount of approximately $8.0 million (30 million NIS). According to the loan agreement the company was obligated to comply with the following covenants (the "Loan Covenants" ): * * * * Equity to total assets Ratio - The Ratio will not be less than 30%. Total equity - Total equity will not be less than $15 million. Net debt to EBITDA Ratio - The Ratio will not exceed 4. EBITDA - EBITDA will not be less than $10 million. The company is required to submit calculation of the covenants to the bank once a year based on the audited financial statement by the end of April of each year Upon non compliance with any of the above covenants, the bank shell have the right to demand immediate repayment of the remaining balance of the loan. As of December 31, 2018, the company is in compliance with the loan covenants C. Maturity dates: (in thousands) First year - current maturities Second year Third year Fourth year Fifth year D. Lines of credit: Unutilized short-term lines of credit of the Group as of December 31, 2018, aggregated to US$ 1.9 million. NOTE 11 - OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES Composition: (in thousands) Accrued expenses Accrued payroll and related taxes Government institutions Accrued dividend Others F - 39 US dollars December 31, 2018 8,350 16,700 16,700 16,700 12,522 70,972 US dollars December 31, 2018 2017 10,281 7,231 6,629 4,822 3,512 32,475 12,753 7,392 3,907 4,994 598 29,644 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 12 - CONTINGENT LIABILITIES A. Claims 1. 2. OOnn JJuunnee 2244,, 22001100 tthhee BBrraazziilliiaann IInntteerrnnaall RReevveennuuee SSeerrvviiccee iissssuueedd aa ttaaxx aasssseessssmmeenntt tthhaatt ccllaaiimmeedd tthhee ppaayymmeenntt,, aatt tthhee ttiimmee ooff ffiilliinngg tthhee ttaaxx aasssseessssmmeenntt,, ooff RR$$55,,556677,,003322 ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 33,,112200,,000000 aatt tthhee ttiimmee)) iinncclluuddiinngg iinntteerreesstt aanndd ppeennaallttiieess,, ffoolllloowwiinngg tthhee ooffffsseettttiinngg oonn OOccttoobbeerr 11,, 22000055 ooff aann aammoouunntt ooff aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 22..11 mmiilllliioonn ooff aa rreecceeiivvaabbllee hheelldd bbyy IIttuurraann BBeehheeeerr BBVV,, aa DDuuttcchh lleeggaall eennttiittyy hheelldd bbyy uuss,, aaggaaiinnsstt aaccccuummuullaatteedd lloosssseess ooff oouurr ssuubbssiiddiiaarryy IIttuurraann SSiisstteemmaass ddee MMoonniittaammeennttoo LLttddaa,, wwhhiicchh oorriiggiinnaatteedd ffrroomm aa tteecchhnnoollooggyy ttrraannssffeerr aaggrreeeemmeenntt eexxeeccuutteedd bbyy aanndd bbeettwweeeenn IIttuurraann BBrraazziill aanndd OOGGMM IInnvveessttmmeennttss BB..VV.. ((aallssoo aa DDuuttcchh ccoommppaannyy hheelldd bbyy uuss)).. TThhee ddeecciissiioonn ooff tthhee aaddmmiinniissttrraattiivvee ccoouurrtt ooff tthhee ffiirrsstt lleevveell wwaass uunnffaavvoorraabbllee ttoo uuss aanndd tthheerreeffoorree wwee hhaavvee ffiilleedd aann aappppeeaall ttoo tthhee AAddmmiinniissttrraattiivvee CCoouurrtt ooff AAppppeeaallss iinn SSããoo PPaauulloo.. IInn OOccttoobbeerr 22001133,, wwee wweerree nnoottiiffiieedd tthhaatt tthhee AAddmmiinniissttrraattiivvee CCoouurrtt ooff AAppppeeaall hhaass ppaarrttiiaallllyy aacccceepptteedd oouurr aaddmmiinniissttrraattiivvee ddeeffeennssee iinn oorrddeerr ttoo rreedduuccee tthhee ppeerrcceennttaaggee ooff ppeennaallttyy iimmppoosseedd oonn uuss.. SSuubbsseeqquueennttllyy,, IIttuurraann BBrraazziill ffiilleedd aa SSppeecciiaall AAppppeeaall ttoo tthhee SSuuppeerriioorr CCoouurrtt ooff TTaaxx AAppppeeaallss,, aann aaddmmiinniissttrraattiivvee vveennuuee.. TThhee SSppeecciiaall AAppppeeaall llooddggeedd bbyy IIttuurraann BBrraazziill wwaass nnoott aacccceepptteedd bbyy tthhee SSuuppeerriioorr CCoouurrtt ooff TTaaxx AAppppeeaallss.. IIttuurraann BBrraazziill cchhaalllleennggeedd tthhee ttaaxx aasssseessssmmeenntt bbeeffoorree aa FFeeddeerraall CCoouurrtt ooff LLaaww bbyy oouurr ssppeecciiaall aappppeeaall,, wwhhiicchh wwaass rreejjeecctteedd oonn JJaannuuaarryy 1188tthh,, 22001166,, aanndd tteerrmmiinnaatteedd tthhee aaddmmiinniissttrraattiivvee vveennuuee.. OOnn MMaarrcchh 1155,, 22001166,, wwee hhaavvee ttaakkeenn tthhee ddiissppuuttee ttoo JJuuddiicciiaarryy vveennuuee,, aanndd ffiilleedd aa llaawwssuuiitt iinn oorrddeerr ttoo cchhaalllleennggee tthhee aaddmmiinniissttrraattiivvee ddeecciissiioonn.. OOnn JJuullyy 22001166 tthhee ffeeddeerraall ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt ffiilleedd iittss ddeeffeennssee,, aanndd oonn SSeepptteemmbbeerr 22001166 wwee ffiilleedd ccoouunntteerraarrgguummeennttss aanndd request for the drafting of an accounting report to be made by a court-aappppooiinntteedd eexxppeerrtt.. OOnn AApprriill 33,, 22001177 tthhee jjuuddggee aannaallyyzzeedd oouurr rreeqquueesstt aanndd ggrraanntteedd tthhee aaccccoouunnttiinngg report by a court - aappppooiinntteedd eexxppeerrtt.. TThhee eexxppeerrtt ffiilleedd hhiiss rreeppoorrtt aanndd wwee aarree ccuurrrreennttllyy wwaaiittiinngg ffoorr tthhee ffiirrsstt lleevveell JJuuddiicciiaarryy vveennuuee.. BBaasseedd oonn tthhee lleeggaall ooppiinniioonn ooff tthhee subsidiary' ss BBrraazziilliiaann lleeggaall ccoouunnsseell wwee bbeelliieevvee tthhaatt ssuucchh ccllaaiimm iiss wwiitthhoouutt mmeerriitt ((tthheerreeffoorree,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass nnoott mmaaddee aannyy pprroovviissiioonn iinn iittss ccoonnssoolliiddaatteedd ffiinnaanncciiaall ssttaatteemmeennttss iinn rreessppeecctt ttoo tthhiiss ccllaaiimm)),, aass tthhee aasssseessssmmeenntt iiss bbaasseedd oonn wwrroonngg aassssuummppttiioonn,, ssiinnccee ooffffsseettttiinngg pprroocceeeeddiinnggss ddiidd nnoott hhaavvee aannyy ttaaxx eeffffeecctt aanndd tthhee cchhaanncceess ooff oouurr ssuucccceessss aarree mmoorree lliikkeellyy tthhaann nnoott.. AAss ooff DDeecceemmbbeerr 22001188,, tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee ssuumm ccllaaiimmeedd ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhee ttaaxx aasssseessssmmeenntt ((pprriinncciippaall aammoouunntt,, iinntteerreesstt aanndd ppeennaallttiieess)) iiss estimated at R$12.3 million (approximately US$ 3.18 million). On January 12, 2016, Brazilian Federal Communication Agency - AAnnaatteell iissssuueedd aann aaddddiittiioonnaall ttaaxx aasssseessssmmeenntt ffoorr FFUUSSTT ccoonnttrriibbuuttiioonn ((ccoonnttrriibbuuttiioonn oonn tteelleeccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn sseerrvviicceess)) lleevviieedd oonn tthhee mmoonniittoorriinngg sseerrvviicceess rreennddeerreedd bbyy uuss rreeggaarrddiinngg tthhee yyeeaarr ooff 22001122 wwhhiicchh aammoouunnttss oonn DDeecceemmbbeerr 22001188 ttoo RR$$ 33,,338888,,229900 ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 887744,,000000)) iinncclluuddiinngg iinntteerreesstt aanndd ppeennaallttiieess.. TThhiiss aammoouunntt aaddddeedd uupp ttoo tthhee pprreevviioouuss FFUUSSTT ttaaxx aasssseessssmmeennttss ffoorr tthhee yyeeaarrss 22000077 aanndd 22000088 wwhhiicchh wwaass iissssuueedd oonn OOccttoobbeerr 2200,, 22001111,, aanndd iinncclluuddiinngg iinntteerreesstt aanndd ppeennaallttiieess,, oonn DDeecceemmbbeerr 22001188 aammoouunnttss ttoo RR$$ 55,,009944,,995599 ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 11,,331155,,000000)),, ttoo FFUUSSTT ttaaxx aasssseessssmmeenntt ffoorr tthhee yyeeaarr 22001100 wwhhiicchh iinncclluuddiinngg iinntteerreesstt aanndd ppeennaallttiieess,, oonn DDeecceemmbbeerr 22001188 aammoouunnttss ttoo RR$$ 33,,554455,,119933 ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$991155,,000000)) aanndd ttoo FFUUSSTT ttaaxx aasssseessssmmeenntt ffoorr tthhee yyeeaarr 22001111 ((aanndd JJaannuuaarryy 22001122)) wwhhiicchh iinncclluuddiinngg iinntteerreesstt aanndd ppeennaallttiieess,, oonn DDeecceemmbbeerr 22001188 aammoouunnttss ttoo RR$$ 33,,552299,,007733 ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 991111,,000000)).. DDuuee ttoo tthhee ssuucchh llaasstt ttaaxx aasssseessssmmeenntt,, oonn DDeecceemmbbeerr 22001188,, tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee aammoouunntt ccllaaiimmeedd bbyy AAnnaatteell iinnccrreeaasseedd ttoo aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy RR$$ 1155..5566 mmiilllliioonn ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 44..0022 mmiilllliioonn)).. TThhee rreeaassoonn AAnnaatteell ddeemmaanndd tthhee ppaayymmeenntt ooff FFUUSSTT ffrroomm uuss iiss tthhee ffaacctt tthhaatt iinn oorrddeerr ttoo pprroovviiddee mmoonniittoorriinngg sseerrvviicceess wwee nneeeedd ttoo ooppeerraattee tteelleeccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn eeqquuiippmmeenntt iinn aa ggiivveenn radio frequency. We hold a telecommunication license from Anatel (for information on our licenses see item 4B. "Information on the company" - "BBuussiinneessss overview" under the caption "Regulatory Environment"). F - 40 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 12 - CONTINGENT LIABILITIES (cont.) A. Claims (cont.) 2. (cont.) The authorities have construed that we render telecommunication services and FUST should be levied in relation to Net Revenues. Based on the legal opinion of the subsidiary's Brazilian legal counsel we believe that such claim is without merit (therefore, the Company has not made any provision in its consolidated financial statements in respect to this claim), the interpretation of the legislation is mistaken, given that we don't render telecommunication services, but rather services of monitoring goods and persons for security purposes and therefore the chances of our success are more likely than not. We have filed our defense for the years 2007 and 2008 on December 2011. Our Defense for the year 2010 was filed on November 2014, our defense for the year 2011 (and January 2012) was filed on February 2016 and our Defense for the year 2012 was filed on February 2016. We are currently awaiting the Lower Court decisions on all the aforementioned FUST claims. As the FUST are levied at a fixed rate on the gross revenues, the company accounted for such matter in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 450-20 contingencies - loss contingencies. 3. On November 22, 2016, Brazilian Federal Communication Agency - Anatel - iissssuueedd aann aaddddiittiioonnaall ttaaxx aasssseessssmmeenntt ffoorr FFUUNNTTEELLLL ccoonnttrriibbuuttiioonn ((ccoonnttrriibbuuttiioonn ttoo FFuunndd ffoorr tthhee TTeecchhnnoollooggiiccaall DDeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff TTeelleeccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn)) lleevviieedd oonn tthhee mmoonniittoorriinngg sseerrvviicceess rreennddeerreedd bbyy uuss rreeggaarrddiinngg tthhee yyeeaarr ooff 22001122 wwhhiicchh oonn DDeecceemmbbeerr 22001188 aammoouunnttss ttoo RR$$ 11,,441100,,661155 ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 336644,,000000)) iinncclluuddiinngg iinntteerreesstt aanndd ppeennaallttiieess.. TThhiiss aammoouunntt aaddddeedd uupp ttoo tthhee pprreevviioouuss FFUUNNTTEELLLL ttaaxx aasssseessssmmeennttss ffoorr tthhee yyeeaarr 22000077,, wwhhiicchh wwaass iissssuueedd oonn JJuullyy 1133,, 22001111,, aanndd iinncclluuddiinngg iinntteerreesstt aanndd ppeennaallttiieess,, oonn DDeecceemmbbeerr 22001188 aammoouunnttss ttoo RR$$ 995533,,997711 ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 224466,,000000)),, ttoo FFUUNNTTEELLLL ttaaxx aasssseessssmmeenntt ffoorr tthhee yyeeaarr 22000088 wwhhiicchh iinncclluuddiinngg iinntteerreesstt aanndd ppeennaallttiieess,, oonn DDeecceemmbbeerr 22001188 aammoouunnttss ttoo RR$$ 993388,,444422 ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 224422,,000000)),,ttoo FFUUNNTTEELLLL ttaaxx aasssseessssmmeenntt ffoorr tthhee yyeeaarr 22001100 wwhhiicchh iinncclluuddiinngg iinntteerreesstt aanndd ppeennaallttiieess,, oonn DDeecceemmbbeerr 22001188 aammoouunnttss ttoo RR$$ 11,,331166,,777711 ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 334400,,000000)) aanndd 22001111 wwhhiicchh oonn DDeecceemmbbeerr 22001188 aammoouunnttss ttoo RR$$ 11,,331100,,880066 ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 333388,,000000)) iinncclluuddiinngg iinntteerreesstt aanndd ppeennaallttiieess.. DDuuee ttoo tthhee ssuucchh llaasstt ttaaxx aasssseessssmmeenntt,, oonn DDeecceemmbbeerr 22001188 tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee aammoouunntt ccllaaiimmeedd bbyy AAnnaatteell iinnccrreeaasseedd ttoo aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy RR$$ 55..9933 mmiilllliioonn ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 11..5533 mmiilllliioonn)).. TThhee rreeaassoonn AAnnaatteell ddeemmaannddss tthhee ppaayymmeenntt ooff FFUUNNTTEELLLL ffrroomm uuss iiss tthhee ffaacctt tthhaatt iinn oorrddeerr ttoo pprroovviiddee mmoonniittoorriinngg sseerrvviicceess wwee nneeeedd ttoo ooppeerraattee tteelleeccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn eeqquuiippmmeenntt iinn aa ggiivveenn rraaddiioo ffrreeqquueennccyy.. WWee hhoolldd aa telecommunication license from Anatel (for information on our licenses see item 4B. "Information on the company" - "BBuussiinneessss oovveerrvviieeww"" uunnddeerr tthhee ccaappttiioonn ""RReegguullaattoorryy EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt"")).. TThhee aauutthhoorriittiieess hhaavvee ccoonnssttrruueedd tthhaatt wwee rreennddeerr tteelleeccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn sseerrvviicceess aanndd FFUUNNTTEELLLL sshhoouulldd bbee lleevviieedd iinn rreellaattiioonn ttoo NNeett RReevveennuueess.. BBaasseedd oonn tthhee lleeggaall ooppiinniioonn ooff tthhee ssuubbssiiddiiaarryy''ss BBrraazziilliiaann lleeggaall ccoouunnsseell wwee bbeelliieevvee tthhaatt ssuucchh ccllaaiimm iiss wwiitthhoouutt mmeerriitt ((tthheerreeffoorree,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass nnoott mmaaddee aannyy pprroovviissiioonn iinn iittss ccoonnssoolliiddaatteedd ffiinnaanncciiaall ssttaatteemmeennttss iinn rreessppeecctt ttoo tthhiiss ccllaaiimm)),, tthhee iinntteerrpprreettaattiioonn ooff tthhee lleeggiissllaattiioonn iiss mmiissttaakkeenn,, ggiivveenn tthhaatt wwee ddoonn''tt rreennddeerr tteelleeccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn services, but rather services of monitoring goods and persons for security purposes and therefore the chances of our success are more likely than not. We have filed our defenses as follows: for the year 2007 on July 2011, for the year 2008 on June 2011, for the year 2010 on December 2014, for the year 2011 on October 2015, and for the year 2012 on November 2016. On March 27, 2018 the Administrative published a decision which rejected our defense for year 2011 and on April 25, 2018 we filed an appeal. We are currently awaiting the Administrative decisions on all the aforementioned FUNTELL claims. As the FUNTELL are levied at a fixed rate on the gross revenues, the company accounted for such matter in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 450-20 contingencies - loss contingencies. F - 41 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 12 - CONTINGENT LIABILITIES (cont.) A. Claims (cont.) 4. 5. On July 13, 2015 we received a purported class action lawsuit which was filed against the Company in the District Court of Central Region in Tel-AAvviivv,, bbyy oonnee ppllaaiinnttiiffff wwhhoo iiss aa ssuubbssccrriibbeerr ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy,, aalllleeggiinngg tthhaatt tthhee CCoommppaannyy,, wwhhiicchh wwaass ddeeccllaarreedd aa mmoonnooppoollyy uunnddeerr tthhee IIssrraaeellii AAnnttiittrruusstt LLaaww,, 11998888,, uunnllaawwffuullllyy aabbuusseedd iittss ppoowweerr aass aa mmoonnooppoollyy aanndd ddiissccrriimmiinnaatteedd bbeettwweeeenn iittss ccuussttoommeerrss.. TThhee ppllaaiinnttiiffff ccllaaiimmss tthhaatt tthhee aalllleeggeedd ddiissccrriimmiinnaattiioonn rreessuulltteedd ffrroomm tthhee CCoommppaannyy cchhaarrggiinngg hhiigghheerr mmoonntthhllyy ssuubbssccrriippttiioonn ffeeeess ffrroomm ccuussttoommeerrss wwhhoo aarree oobblliiggeedd bbyy iinnssuurraannccee ccoommppaannyy rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss ttoo iinnssttaallll llooccaattiioonn aanndd rreeccoovveerryy ssyysstteemmss iinn tthheeiirr vveehhiicclleess tthhaann tthhee mmoonntthhllyy ssuubbssccrriippttiioonn ffeeeess tthhaatt aarree cchhaarrggeedd ffrroomm ccuussttoommeerrss wwhhoo aarree nnoott rreeqquuiirreedd bbyy iinnssuurraannccee ccoommppaanniieess ttoo iinnssttaallll llooccaattiioonn aanndd rreeccoovveerryy ssyysstteemmss iinn tthheeiirr vveehhiicclleess.. IInn aaddddiittiioonn,, tthhee ppllaaiinnttiiffff ccllaaiimmss tthhaatt tthhee CCoommppaannyy ooffffeerrss ttoo ccuussttoommeerrss wwhhoo aarree nnoott rreeqquuiirreedd bbyy iinnssuurraannccee ccoommppaanniieess ttoo iinnssttaallll llooccaattiioonn aanndd rreeccoovveerryy ssyysstteemmss iinn tthheeiirr vveehhiicclleess,, aa ddiissccoouunntteedd wwaarrrraanntteeee sseerrvviiccee ttoo tthheeiirr llooccaattiioonn aanndd rreeccoovveerryy ssyysstteemmss.. TThhee ppllaaiinnttiiffff ccllaaiimmss iinn aaddddiittiioonn ttoo tthhee aabboovvee,, tthhaatt ssuucchh aaccttiioonnss rraaiissee aaddddiittiioonnaall ccaauusseess ooff aaccttiioonn aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee CCoommppaannyy ssuucchh aass nneeggoottiiaattiioonnss wwiitthhoouutt ggoooodd ffaaiitthh,, eexxeeccuuttiinngg ccoonnttrraacctt wwiitthhoouutt ggoooodd ffaaiitthh,, bbrreeaacchh ooff ccoonnttrraacctt,, uunnjjuusstt eennrriicchhmmeenntt,, bbrreeaacchh ooff ccoonnssuummeerr pprrootteeccttiioonn llaawwss,, ttoorrtt llaawwss,, aanndd bbrreeaacchh ooff ssttaattuuttoorryy dduuttyy.. TThhee llaawwssuuiitt iiss yyeett ttoo bbee aapppprroovveedd aass aa ccllaassss aaccttiioonn.. TThhee ttoottaall aammoouunntt ccllaaiimmeedd iiff tthhee llaawwssuuiitt iiss aapppprroovveedd aass aa ccllaassss aaccttiioonn wwaass eessttiimmaatteedd bbyy tthhee ppllaaiinnttiiffff ttoo bbee aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy NNIISS 330000 mmiilllliioonn ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 8800 mmiilllliioonn)).. OOuurr ddeeffeennssee aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee aapppprroovvaall ooff tthhee ccllaassss aaccttiioonn llaawwssuuiitt wwaass ffiilleedd oonn JJaannuuaarryy 33,, 22001166.. TThhee ppllaaiinnttiiffff hhaass rreessppoonnddeedd ttoo oouurr ddeeffeennssee oonn FFeebbrruuaarryy 2299,, 22001166.. AA ccllaassss aaccttiioonn llaawwssuuiitt bbaasseedd oonn ssiimmiillaarr ccllaaiimmss,, against the Company, which was filed on form 6-KK oonn MMaarrcchh 2222,, 22001111,, wwaass ddiissmmiisssseedd bbyy tthhee ccoouurrtt oonn tthhee rreeqquueesstt ooff bbootthh ppaarrttiieess,, oonn MMaarrcchh 55,, 22001122 ffoorr aa ssmmaallll ccoommppeennssaattiioonn ttoo tthhee ppllaaiinnttiiffff aanndd hhiiss aattttoorrnneeyyss,, iinn aa ttoottaall aammoouunntt ooff NNIISS 3300,,000000 ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 77,,990000)).. SSuucchh ddiissmmiissssaall ooff aa ssiimmiillaarr ccllaassss aaccttiioonn llaawwssuuiitt mmaayy hhaavvee aa ppoossiittiivvee eeffffeecctt oonn tthhee CCoommppaannyy''ss ddeeffeennssee aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee ccuurrrreenntt llaawwssuuiitt.. BBaasseedd oonn aann ooppiinniioonn ooff iittss lleeggaall ccoouunnsseellss,, aatt tthhiiss pprreelliimmiinnaarryy ssttaaggee,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy iiss uunnaabbllee ttoo aasssseessss tthhee llaawwssuuiitt''ss cchhaanncceess ooff ssuucccceessss ((tthheerreeffoorree,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass nnoott mmaaddee aannyy pprroovviissiioonn iinn iittss ccoonnssoolliiddaatteedd ffiinnaanncciiaall ssttaatteemmeennttss iinn rreessppeecctt ttoo tthhiiss ccllaaiimm)),, hhoowweevveerr bbaasseedd oonn tthhee ddooccuummeennttss ooff tthhee ccllaaiimm,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass ggoooodd ddeeffeennssee aarrgguummeennttss iinn rreessppeecctt ooff ccllaaiimmss mmaaddee bbyy tthhee ppllaaiinnttiiffff aanndd tthhaatt tthhee cchhaanncceess tthhaatt tthhee llaawwssuuiitt wwiillll nnoott bbee aapppprroovveedd aass aa ccllaassss aaccttiioonn llaawwssuuiitt aarree hhiigghheerr tthhaann iitt wwiillll bbee aapppprroovveedd.. WWhhiillee wwee ccaannnnoott pprreeddiicctt tthhee oouuttccoommee ooff tthhiiss ccaassee,, iiff wwee aarree nnoott ssuucccceessssffuull iinn defending our claim, we could be subject to significant costs, adversely affecting our results of operations. On July 19, 2018 we received two class action lawsuits that were filed against the Company, alleging that the Company violated the Protection of Privacy Law, 5741 - 1981 and the Protection of Privacy Regulations (Data Security) 5777-22001177.. TThhee ppllaaiinnttiiffffss rreeqquueesstt tthhaatt tthhee llaawwssuuiittss wwiillll bbee aapppprroovveedd aass aa ccllaassss aaccttiioonn aanndd aalllleeggee tthhaatt TThhee CCoommppaannyy ddiidd nnoott sseeccuurree ccuussttoommeerr iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn pprrooppeerrllyy,, aass rreeqquuiirreedd bbyy tthhee llaaww,, aanndd tthhaatt tthhee llaacckk ooff iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn sseeccuurriittyy pprroocceedduurreess aalllloowweedd hhaacckkiinngg iinnttoo tthhee ccoommppaannyy''ss wweebbssiittee,, wwhhiicchh ccaauusseedd ttoo eexxppoossuurree ooff ccuussttoommeerrss sseennssiittiivvee ppeerrssoonnaall iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn.. TThhee llaawwssuuiittss aarree yyeett ttoo bbee aapppprroovveedd aass aa ccllaassss aaccttiioonn llaawwssuuiitt.. TThhee ttoottaall aammoouunntt ccllaaiimmeedd iiff tthhee llaawwssuuiittss aarree ttoo bbee aapppprroovveedd aass aa ccllaassss aaccttiioonn wweerree eessttiimmaatteedd bbyy tthhee ppllaaiinnttiiffffss ttoo bbee aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy NNIISS 660000 mmiilllliioonn ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 116600 million) Our defense against the approval of the class action lawsuits was filed on December 13, 2018. Based on an opinion of our legal counsels, and at this preliminary stage, the Company has good defense arguments in respect of claims made by the plaintiffs and the chances that the lawsuits will not be approved as a class action lawsuit are significantly higher than it will be approved (therefore, the Company has not made any provision in its consolidated financial statements in respect to this claim). While we cannot predict the outcome of these cases, if we are not successful in defending these claims, we could be subject to significant costs, adversely affecting our results of operations. F - 42 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 12 - CONTINGENT LIABILITIES (cont.) A. Claims (cont.) 6. CCllaaiimmss aarree ffiilleedd aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd iittss ssuubbssiiddiiaarriieess ffrroomm ttiimmee ttoo ttiimmee dduurriinngg tthhee oorrddiinnaarryy ccoouurrssee ooff bbuussiinneessss,, uussuuaallllyy wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo cciivviill,, llaabboorr aanndd ccoommmmeerrcciiaall mmaatttteerrss.. TThhee CCoommppaannyy''ss mmaannaaggeemmeenntt bbeelliieevveess,, bbaasseedd oonn iittss lleeggaall ccoouunnsseellss'' aasssseessssmmeenntt,, tthhaatt tthhee pprroovviissiioonn ffoorr ccoonnttiinnggeenncciieess rreeccooggnniizzeedd iinn tthhee bbaallaannccee sshheeeett iiss sufficient and that currently there are no claims (other than those described in this Note above) that are material, to the consolidated financial statements as a whole. B. TThhee CCoommppaannyy wwaass ddeeccllaarreedd aa mmoonnooppoollyy uunnddeerr tthhee IIssrraaeellii AAnnttiittrruusstt LLaaww,, 11998888,, iinn tthhee mmaarrkkeett ffoorr tthhee pprroovviissiioonn ooff ssyysstteemmss ffoorr tthhee llooccaattiioonn ooff vveehhiicclleess iinn IIssrraaeell.. UUnnddeerr IIssrraaeellii llaaww,, aa mmoonnooppoollyy iiss pprroohhiibbiitteedd ffrroomm ttaakkiinngg cceerrttaaiinn aaccttiioonnss,, ssuucchh aass pprreeddaattoorryy pprriicciinngg aanndd tthhee pprroovviissiioonn ooff llooyyaallttyy ddiissccoouunnttss,, wwhhiicchh pprroohhiibbiittiioonnss ddoo nnoott aappppllyy ttoo ootthheerr ccoommppaanniieess.. TThhee IIssrraaeellii AAnnttiittrruusstt AAuutthhoorriittyy mmaayy ffuurrtthheerr ddeeccllaarree tthhaatt tthhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass aabbuusseedd iittss ppoossiittiioonn iinn tthhee mmaarrkkeett.. AAnnyy ssuucchh ddeeccllaarraattiioonn iinn aannyy ssuuiitt iinn wwhhiicchh iitt iiss claimed that the Company engages in anticompetitive conduct may serve as prima facie eevviiddeennccee tthhaatt tthhee CCoommppaannyy iiss eeiitthheerr aa mmoonnooppoollyy oorr tthhaatt iitt hhaass eennggaaggeedd iinn aannttiiccoommppeettiittiivvee bbeehhaavviioorr.. FFuurrtthheerrmmoorree,, iitt mmaayy bbee oorrddeerreedd ttoo ttaakkee oorr rreeffrraaiinn ffrroomm ttaakkiinngg cceerrttaaiinn aaccttiioonnss,, ssuucchh aass sseettttiinngg mmaaxxiimmuumm pprriicceess,, iinn oorrddeerr ttoo pprrootteecctt aaggaaiinnsstt uunnffaaiirr competition. C. Commitments As of December 31, 2018, minimum future rentals under operating leases of buildings and base station sites for periods were as follows: 2019 - US$ 6.1 million, 2020 - US$ 3.2 million, 2021 - US$ 1.5 million, 2022 - US$ 1.0 million and 2023 - US$ 1.0 million, 2024 and thereafter - US$ 2.1 million. The leasing fees expensed in each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, were US$ 3.1 million, US$ 3.2 million and US$ 2.6 million, respectively. NOTE 13 - STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY A. Share capital: 1. Composition: December 31, 2018 and 2017 Ordinary shares of NIS 0.33⅓ each Registered Issued and outstanding 60,000,000 23,475,431 2. 3. 4. Since May 1998, the Company has been trading its shares on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange ("TASE" ). OOnn FFeebbrruuaarryy 2244,, 22001155 tthhee ccoommppaannyy iissssuueedd aa pprreessss rreelleeaassee aannnnoouunncciinngg tthhaatt iittss BBooaarrdd ooff DDiirreeccttoorrss hhaass rreessoollvveedd ttoo aacctt ttoo vvoolluunnttaarriillyy ddeelliisstt iittss oorrddiinnaarryy sshhaarreess ffrroomm ttrraaddiinngg oonn tthhee TTeell AAvviivv SSttoocckk EExxcchhaannggee.. SSuucchh ddeelliissttiinngg became effective as of May 25, 2016 with the last trading date on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange being May 23, 2016. On September 2005, the Company registered its Ordinary shares for trade in the United States. TThhee OOrrddiinnaarryy sshhaarreess ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy ccoonnffeerr uuppoonn tthheeiirr hhoollddeerrss tthhee rriigghhtt ttoo rreecceeiivvee nnoottiiccee ttoo ppaarrttiicciippaattee aanndd vvoottee iinn ggeenneerraall mmeeeettiinnggss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee rriigghhtt ttoo receive dividends, if and when, declared. F - 43 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 13 - STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (cont.) A. Share capital (cont.): 5. As of December 31, 2017, and 2016, 2,507,314 ordinary shares representing 10.7% of the share capital of the Company was held by the company as treasury shares. As a result of the Acquisition described in Notes 1A, 3 during September 2018 the company reissued 373,489 ordinary shares to the previous shareholders of Road Track (as part of the consideration paid to the sellers). The final consideration paid to the sellers was subject to downward adjustments depending on the full year 2018 performance of Road Track. During March 2019 the company received the full year 2018 performance of Road Track business and according to Road Track results the price adjustment that will be paid back to Ituran in Ituran's shares is approximately $11 million (300,472 shares out of 373,489 shares that we reissued) As of December 31, 2018, 2,133,825 ordinary shares representing 9.1% of the share capital of the Company is held by the company as treasury shares. 6. Shares of the Company held by the company have no voting rights. B. Retained earnings 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. In determining the amount of retained earnings available for distribution as a dividend, the Israeli Companies Law stipulates that the cost of the Company' ss sshhaarreess aaccqquuiirreedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd iittss ssuubbssiiddiiaarriieess ((pprreesseenntteedd aass aa sseeppaarraattee iitteemm iinn tthhee ssttaatteemmeenntt ooff cchhaannggeess iinn eeqquuiittyy)) mmuusstt bbee ddeedduucctteedd ffrroomm tthhee aammoouunntt ooff rreettaaiinneedd earnings. OOnn FFeebbrruuaarryy 2211,, 22001122,, tthhee bbooaarrdd ooff ddiirreeccttoorrss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy rreevviisseedd iittss ddiivviiddeenndd ppoolliiccyy ssoo tthhaatt ddiivviiddeennddss wwiillll bbee ddeeccllaarreedd aanndd ddiissttrriibbuutteedd oonn aa qquuaarrtteerrllyy bbaassiiss iinn aann amount not less than 50% of its net profits, calculated on the basis of the interim financial statements. OOnn FFeebbrruuaarryy 2277,, 22001177,, tthhee bbooaarrdd ooff ddiirreeccttoorrss aapppprroovveedd aa cchhaannggee iinn tthhee ddiivviiddeenndd ppoolliiccyy.. TThhee nneeww ppoolliiccyy ccaallllss ffoorr aa ddiivviiddeenndd ooff $$55 mmiilllliioonn,, aatt mmiinniimmuumm ppeerr qquuaarrtteerr,, tthhiiss new policy became effective starting from the dividend for the first quarter 2017. DDiivviiddeennddss aarree ddeeccllaarreedd aanndd ppaaiidd iinn NNIISS.. DDiivviiddeennddss ppaaiidd ttoo ssttoocckkhhoollddeerrss oouuttssiiddee IIssrraaeell aarree ccoonnvveerrtteedd iinnttoo ddoollllaarrss oonn tthhee bbaassiiss ooff tthhee eexxcchhaannggee rraattee pprreevvaaiilliinngg aatt tthhee date of declaration. During 2016, the Company declared dividends in an amount of approximately US$ 18.2 million. These dividends were paid during 2016 and January 2017. During 2017, the Company declared dividends totaling an amount of approximately US$ 23.5 million. These dividends were paid during 2017 and January 2018. During 2018, the Company declared dividends totaling an amount of approximately US$ 20.0 million. These dividends were paid during 2018 and January 2019. In March 2019, the Company declared a dividend in the amount of US 0.23 dollar per share, totaling approximately US$ 5 million. The dividend was paid in April 2019. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company declared dividends in the amount of US$ 0.95, US$ 1.12 and US$ 0.86, per share. NOTE 14 - OTHER (INCOME) EXPENSES, NET ) non-operational( (in thousands) expenses relate to Road Track acquisition Gain from measurement of previously held interests at acquisition date fair value (*) US dollars Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 2018 (1,539) 14,677 13,138 - - - - - - (*) As a result of the acquisition described in Notes 1A, 3 the company gained control over certain companies (see Note 4.2) that previously were accounted under the equity method ("JV's") and started to consolidate their financial statements. The company recorded one time gain in the amount of approximately $14.7 million from measurement of the JV's at the acquisition date to fair value. F - 44 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 15 - FINANCING INCOME (EXPENSES), NET (in thousands) Short-term interest income, (expenses) commissions and other Gains in respect of marketable securities Interest income (expenses) in respect of long-term loans Interest income in respect of deposits Income (expenses) related to taxes positions Exchange rate differences and others, net NOTE 16 - INCOME TAX A. Taxes on income included in the statements of income: (in thousands) Income taxes (tax benefit): Current taxes: In Israel Outside Israel Deferred taxes: In Israel Outside Israel Taxes in respect of prior years: In Israel (*) Outside Israel (**) F - 45 US dollars Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 2018 64 166 (528) 640 210 165 717 258 397 1 1,415 (2,246) (814) (989) 46 115 225 1,944 - (274) 2,056 US dollars Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 2018 6,622 8,325 14,947 781 1,565 2,346 (20) - (20) 17,273 6,251 10,308 16,559 (1,982) (169) (2,151) 1,775 1,522 3,297 17,705 5,581 10,303 15,884 91 (1,179) (1,088) 81 - 81 14,877 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 16 - INCOME TAX (cont.) A. Taxes on income included in the statements of income (cont.): (*) During November 2017, the Company has received from the Israeli tax authority ("ITA") tax assessments for the years 2013-22001155 aammoouunnttiinngg ttoo NNIISS 1111..33 mmiilllliioonn ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 33..11 mmiilllliioonn)).. AAnn aammoouunntt ooff NNIISS 77..22 mmiilllliioonn ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 22 mmiilllliioonn)) dduuee ttoo tthhee ttiimmiinngg ddiiffffeerreenncceess rreellaatteedd ttoo tthhee ddeedduuccttiioonn ooff cceerrttaaiinn eexxppeennsseess ffoorr ttaaxx ppuurrppoosseess,, wwhhiicchh wwaass aaggrreeeedd ttoo bbee ddeedduucctteedd iinn tthhee ccoommiinngg yyeeaarrss.. AAccccoorrddiinnggllyy,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy rreeccoorrddeedd aann aammoouunntt ooff NNIISS 66..22 mmiilllliioonn ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 11..88 mmiilllliioonn)) aass ttaaxx eexxppeennssee rreellaatteedd ttoo pprriioorr ppeerriiooddss aanndd aa ddeeffeerrrreedd ttaaxx bbeenneeffiitt iinn aa ssiimmiillaarr aammoouunntt.. IInn aaddddiittiioonn,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy wwaass rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo ppaayy tthhee IITTAA aann aammoouunntt ooff NNIISS 1.8 million (approximately US$ 0.5 million) as interest expense. Such amount was recognized as part of financing income, net. (**) During November 2017, one of our subsidiaries in Brazil has received from the Brazilian tax authority ("RFB") a tax assessment for the years 2012-22001144 aammoouunnttiinngg ttoo BBRRLL 1100..33 mmiilllliioonn ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 33..11 mmiilllliioonn)),, mmaaiinnllyy dduuee ttoo aann uunnddeedduuccttaabbllee eexxppeennsseess.. AAccccoorrddiinnggllyy,, oouurr ssuubbssiiddiiaarryy rreeccoorrddeedd aann aammoouunntt ooff BBRRLL 44..88 mmiilllliioonn ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy UUSS$$ 11..55 mmiilllliioonn)) aass ttaaxx eexxppeennssee rreellaatteedd ttoo pprriioorr ppeerriiooddss.. IInn aaddddiittiioonn,, oouurr ssuubbssiiddiiaarryy wwaass rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo ppaayy aann aammoouunntt ooff BBRRLL 33..66 mmiilllliioonn ((aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy US$ 1.1 million) as penalty and BRL 1.7 (approximately US$ 0.5 million) as interest expense. Such amount was recognized as part of financing income, net. B. Measurement of results for tax purposes under the Income Tax (Inflationary Adjustments) Law, 1985 (the "Inflationary Adjustment Law") Until December 31, 2007, the Company and its Israeli subsidiaries reported income for tax purposes in accordance with the provisions of the Inflationary Adjustments Law, whereby taxable income was measured in NIS, adjusted for changes in the Israeli Consumer Price Index where results of operations for tax purposes were measured in terms of earnings in NIS after adjustments for changes in the Israeli Consumer Price Index ("CPI"). Commencing January 1, 2008, this law became void and in its place, there are transition provisions, whereby the results of operations for tax purposes are measured on a nominal basis. C. The Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 (the "Investment Law") 1. OOnn DDeecceemmbbeerr 2222,, 22001166,, tthhee IIssrraaeellii ppaarrlliiaammeenntt ppaasssseedd tthhee LLaaww ffoorr EEccoonnoommiicc EEffffiicciieennccyy ((LLeeggiissllaattiivvee AAmmeennddmmeennttss ffoorr AAcchhiieevviinngg BBuuddggeett OObbjjeeccttiivveess iinn tthhee BBuuddggeett YYeeaarrss 2017 and 2018) - 2016 (hereinafter - the "Economic Efficiency Law") aanndd oonn DDeecceemmbbeerr 2299,, 22001166,, tthhee LLaaww wwaass ppuubblliicciizzeedd iinn tthhee OOffffiicciiaall GGaazzeettttee.. TThhee EEccoonnoommiicc EEffffiicciieennccyy LLaaww,, aammoonngg ootthheerr tthhiinnggss,, rreedduucceedd tthhee ttaaxx rraattee aapppplliiccaabbllee ttoo aa pprreeffeerrrreedd eenntteerrpprriissee llooccaatteedd iinn DDeevveellooppmmeenntt ZZoonnee AA ffrroomm 99%% ttoo 77..55%% ((tthhee ttaaxx rraattee aapppplliiccaabbllee ttoo aa pprreeffeerrrreedd eenntteerrpprriissee nnoott llooccaatteedd iinn DDeevveellooppmmeenntt ZZoonnee AA rreemmaaiinneedd uunncchhaannggeedd aatt 1166%%)).. TThhee EEccoonnoommiicc EEffffiicciieennccyy LLaaww aallssoo oouuttlliinneedd nneeww bbeenneeffiitt ttrraacckkss ffoorr preferred technology enterprises. 2. As of December 31, 2018, only one Israeli subsidiary is entitled to a "Preferred Company" status pursuant to the investment law. F - 46 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 16 - INCOME TAX (cont.) D. Israeli corporate tax rates On January 4, 2016, the full plenum of the Israeli parliament passed the second and third readings of the Amendment to the Israel Income Tax Ordinance (Amendment No. 216) - 2016 (hereinafter - the "Amendment to the Law" ) and on January 5, 2016, the Amendment to the Law was publicized in the Official Gazette. The Amendment to the Law stipulates, among other things, that the corporate tax rate would be lowered from 26.5% to 25% commencing from January 1, 2016. On December 22, 2016, the Israeli parliament (the "Knesset") passed the Law for Economic Efficiency (Legislative Amendments to Achieve Budgetary Goals for the 2017 and 2018 Budget Years) - 2016 (hereinafter - the "Economic Efficiency Law") and on December 29, 2016, it was publicized in the Official Gazette. The Economic Efficiency Law stipulates, among other things, that the corporate tax rate would be reduced from a rate of 25% to 23% from January 1, 2018 and thereafter. Regarding the period from the date on which the Economic Efficiency Law went into effect (January 1, 2017) until December 31, 2017, a temporary provision was set down whereby the corporate tax rate will be 24%. In addition, the tax rate on capital gains in real terms and the tax rate applicable to the amount of a betterment in real terms were reduced by the same percentages. This change of tax rate did not have material effect on the deferred tax assets of the Company and its Israeli subsidiaries. E. Non-Israeli subsidiaries Non-Israeli subsidiaries are taxed according to the tax laws and rates in their country of residence. F. Use of assumptions and judgments The application of income tax law is inherently complex. Laws and regulations in this area are voluminous and can be ambiguous; the Company is, therefore, obliged to make many subjective assumptions and judgments regarding the application of such laws and regulations to its facts and circumstances. In addition, interpretations of and guidance surrounding income tax laws and regulations are subject to changes over time. Any changes in the Company's subjective assumptions and judgments could materially affect amounts recognized in its consolidated balance sheets and statements of income. G. Tax assessments The Company and a certain Israeli subsidiary have received final tax assessments through the 2015 tax year. One of the subsidiaries in Israel has received final tax assessments through the 2016 tax year. One of the subsidiaries in Brazil has received final tax assessments through the 2015 tax year. The other subsidiaries have not yet been assessed since incorporation. H. Carry forward foreign tax credits and tax losses As of December 31, 2018, the Company's non-Israeli subsidiary in the United States has available carry forward foreign tax credits in an amount of approximately US$ 3.6 million. Most of such carry forward tax credits may be utilized until 2022. F - 47 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 16 - INCOME TAX (cont.) I. The following is reconciliation between the theoretical tax on pretax income, at the applicable Israeli tax rate, and the tax expense reported in the financial statements: (in thousands) Pretax income Statutory tax rate Tax computed at the ordinary tax rate Nondeductible expenses (income) Losses in respect of which no deferred taxes were generated (including changes in valuation allowance) Deductible financial expenses recorded to other comprehensive income Tax adjustment in respect of different tax rates Taxes in respect of withholding at the source from royalties and dividends Adjustment in respect of tax rate deriving from "approved enterprises" Others US dollars Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 2018 76,233 23% 17,534 (2,785) (236) (177) 2,384 31 (100) 622 17,273 55,546 24% 13,331 (815) 243 (113) 3,119 542 (436) 1,834 17,705 50,054 25% 12,514 766 (151) 90 2,040 95 (501) 24 14,877 J. Summary of deferred taxes Composition: (in thousands) Deferred taxes Provision for vacation, recreation and bad debt Provision for legal obligation and other Provision for employee related obligations Carry forward tax losses and foreign tax credit Temporary differences, net Valuation allowance (in thousands) Deferred income taxes included in long-term investments and other assets Deferred income taxes included in long-term liabilities F - 48 US dollars Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 258 5,500 1,147 3,600 (1,360) 9,145 (3,476) 5,669 276 6,262 849 3,600 887 11,874 (3,476) 8,398 US dollars Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 12,127 (6,458) 5,669 8,398 - 8,398 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 16 - INCOME TAX (cont.) K. Income before income taxes is composed as follows: (in thousands) The Company and its Israeli subsidiaries Non-Israeli subsidiaries NOTE 17 - EARNINGS PER SHARE US dollars Year ended December 31, 2017 2018 46,138 30,095 76,233 22,138 33,408 55,546 2016 22,634 27,420 50,054 During the periods, there were no potential instruments that could be exercised or converted to ordinary shares. The net income and the weighted average number of shares used in computing basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, are as follows: (in thousands) Net income attributable to stockholder's used for the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands) Weighted average number of shares used in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share NOTE 18 - RELATED PARTIES US dollars Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 2018 60,675 43,794 32,139 Number of shares Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 2018 21,077 20,968 20,968 A. The Tzivtit Insurance Ltd. ("Tzivtit Insurance" ), owned by a director of the Company, serves as the Company' ss iinnssuurraannccee aaggeenntt aanndd pprroovviiddeess tthhee CCoommppaannyy wwiitthh elementary insurance and managers insurance. In respect of these insurance services, Tzivtit Insurance is entitled to receive commissions at various rates, paid by the insurance company (which is not considered a related party). With respect to basic insurance policies, and directors and offices insurance policies, the Company paid to the insurance company in 2018, US$ 311 thousand and US$ 228 thousand, respectively (In 2017 US$ 327 thousand and US$ 152 thousand, respectively.) Tzivtit Insurance is entitled to commissions in an aggregate amount of NIS 340 thousand (US$ 95 thousand) to be paid to Tzivtit Insurance by the insurance company on account of these policies, (US$ 53 thousand and US$ 96 thousand in 2017 and 2016, respectively). B. IInn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh aann aaggrreeeemmeenntt wwiitthh aa rreellaatteedd ppaarrttyy ((aass aammeennddeedd)),, PPrrooff.. YYeehhuuddaa KKaahhaannee,, ffoorr ffiinnaanncciiaall ccoonnssuullttiinngg,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy iiss rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo ppaayy tthhee ccoonnssuullttaanntt mmoonntthhllyy ccoonnssuullttiinngg ffeeeess ooff NNIISS 1155,,000000 ((UUSS$$ 44,,000000)) aa mmoonntthh,, lliinnkkeedd ttoo tthhee IIssrraaeellii CCoonnssuummeerr PPrriiccee IInnddeexx.. TThhee aaggggrreeggaattee aammoouunntt ppaaiidd ttoo PPrrooffeessssoorr KKaahhaannee iinn eeaacchh ooff tthhee yyeeaarrss 22001188,, 2017 and 2016 was approximately US$ 61,000, US$ 65,000 and US$ 52,000, respectively. F - 49 NOTE 18 - RELATED PARTIES (cont.) ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) C. IInn FFeebbrruuaarryy 22001144,, ffoolllloowwiinngg tthhee aapppprroovvaall ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy''ss ggeenneerraall mmeeeettiinngg ooff sshhaarreehhoollddeerrss oonn JJaannuuaarryy 2288,, 22001144,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy eenntteerreedd iinnttoo nneeww sseerrvviiccee aaggrreeeemmeennttss,, sseettttiinngg forth the terms of service of its President and Co-Chief Executive Officers in compliance with the Company's compensation policy for office holders; and E-CCoomm eenntteerreedd iinnttoo aa sseerrvviiccee aaggrreeeemmeenntt sseettttiinngg ffoorrtthh tthhee tteerrmmss ooff sseerrvviiccee ooff iittss CChhiieeff EExxeeccuuttiivvee OOffffiicceerr iinn ccoommpplliiaannccee wwiitthh tthhee CCoommppaannyy''ss ccoommppeennssaattiioonn ppoolliiccyy ffoorr ooffffiicceerr hhoollddeerrss.. TThhee principal terms of these agreements are as follows: Messrs. Izzy Sheratzky, Eyal Sheratzky, Nir Sheratzky and Gil Sheratzky (the "Executive Offices Holders" or "the Executives"), shall provide services as independent contractors, which shall be entitled to a monthly payment of NIS 225,000, 175,000, 175,000 and 125,000 respectively plus VAT (US$60,000, US$47,000, US$47,000 and US$33,000 respectively) linked to the consumer price index for December 2013. At the request of the service providers, part of the fixed monthly pay may be granted through benefits, such as the provision of a company car and the payment of its maintenance costs and the cost of tax resulting therefrom. The fixed monthly pay shall also include 25 days' vacation and sick days as provided by law. The service providers shall also be entitled to payment or reimbursement of expenses, including hosting expenses, subsistence allowance abroad and participation in work-related home telephone expenses. The service providers shall be entitled to Target-based Cash Incentives and Excess Return Cash Incentives as detailed below. The agreement shall be in force for a period of 3 years (On November 7, 2016 the Company's general meeting of shareholders has reapproved the service agreements for additional 3 years) and may be terminated upon 180 days' advance notice of termination; however, the Company may terminate the agreement without an advance notice and without compensation if the following shall occur: (a) The service provider is convicted of a criminal offense involving moral turpitude; (b) a final court ruling (without the possibility of appeal) determines that The service provider has breached his fiduciary duty towards the Company; (c) a final court ruling (without the possibility of appeal) determines that the service provider has materially breached the agreement through the unauthorized disclosure of Company's secrets or competition with the Company. Each of the above agreements also provides that the executives may request to provide their services to the Company as employees, and not through a service provider, and in such event, the they shall execute an employment agreement with the Company, in lieu of the above service agreements, which shall also set forth the provisions of social security and other benefits that the Company usually grants its senior executive officers (which may not deviate from the provisions of the Compensation policy in this respect). In any event, it was agreed that the nature of the agreement pursuant to which the services are provided shall not affect the company's provision of the services as set forth in the service agreements. F - 50 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 18 - RELATED PARTIES (cont.) C. (cont.) The terms of the Cash incentives applicable to the "Executive Offices Holders", as set forth in their agreements referred to above (the "Agreements"), are as follows: * "Target-based Cash Incentives" means a cash incentive awarded to the Executive Office Holders for the Company's achievement of the following Profit-Before-TTaaxx targets in each calendar year following the effective date of the above agreements, in which the Minimum Threshold (as defined below) has been achieved: Company's Profit-Before-Tax Targets (In US$ thousands) 24,001 - 27,500 27,501-31,000 31,001-35,000 35,001-39,000 Above 39,001 Level of Incentive - As a Percentage of the Executive Office Holder's Annual Cost of Pay 20% 45% 75% 110% 150% "Minimum Threshold" means, with respect to a particular calendar year, a minimum Company's Return on Equity of 15%, and a minimum company's Profit before Tax of USD 24 million. * ""EExxcceessss RReettuurrnn CCaasshh IInncceennttiivveess"" mmeeaannss tthhaatt aatt tthhee eenndd ooff eeaacchh ccaalleennddaarr yyeeaarr,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy sshhaallll eexxaammiinnee tthhee CCoommppaannyy''ss SSttoocckk YYiieelldd ssiinnccee JJaannuuaarryy 11 ooff ssuucchh yyeeaarr oorr,, with respect to the first year of such grant - ssiinnccee tthhee ddaattee ooff iittss aapppprroovvaall ((aann ""EExxaammiinneedd PPeerriioodd"")),, aass ccoommppaarreedd ttoo tthhee bbeenncchhmmaarrkk YYiieelldd oovveerr ssuucchh EExxaammiinneedd PPeerriioodd;; aanndd ttoo tthhee eexxtteenntt tthhaatt tthhee CCoommppaannyy''ss SSttoocckk YYiieelldd eexxcceeeeddss tthhee bbeenncchhmmaarrkk YYiieelldd ffoorr ssuucchh ppeerriioodd,, eeaacchh ooff tthhee EExxeeccuuttiivvee OOffffiiccee HHoollddeerrss sshhaallll rreecceeiivvee aann aammoouunntt eeqquuaall ttoo 5500%% ooff hhiiss mmoonntthhllyy CCoosstt ooff PPaayy ffoorr eeaacchh 11%% ooff eexxcceessss rreettuurrnn ((iinn ppeerrcceennttaaggee ppooiinnttss'' tteerrmmss)),, oorr aa rreellaattiivvee aammoouunntt iinn tthhee eevveenntt ooff aa ppaarrttiiaall eexxcceessss rreettuurrnn.. FFoorr tthhee avoidance of doubt, in the event that the Company's Stock Yield during such period is negative, no grant shall be awarded. The Excess Return Cash Incentive for each year shall not exceed an amount equal to the Executive Officer Holder's annual Cost of Pay. In the event that an Agreement is terminated during a calendar year, the Company's compensation committee and board of directors shall determine the relative amounts out of the Target-based Cash Incentives and/or Excess Return Cash Incentives to which the relevant Executive Office Holder is entitled for the portion of the year during which the Agreement was in force; and these amounts shall be paid within 30 days after the termination of service/employment, as the case may be. On the date of determination of each Executive Office Holder's entitlement for a Target-based Cash Incentive for a particular year, the Company's compensation committee shall examine whether the total amount of grants to which Executive Officers are entitled with respect to such calendar year and which constitute variable components of their terms of services (the "Total Amount of Grants to Executive Officers"), exceed an amount equal to 10% of the Company's EBITDA for such year (the "EBITDA's Threshold"), as calculated in accordance with data extracted from the Company's audited consolidated annual financial statements, after taking into account the Executive Officers' fixed compensation but excluding their variable compensation. In such event, the amount by which the Total Amount of Grants to Executive Officers exceeds the EBITDA's Threshold shall be referred to as the "Excess Amount". F - 51 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 18 - RELATED PARTIES (cont.) C. (cont.) In the event that the Total Amount of Grants to Executive Officers exceeds the EBITDA's Threshold, then the Target-based Cash Incentive and the Excess Return Cash Incentive to which an Executive Office Holder is entitled (together, the "Grants") shall be reduced by an amount equal to the Executive Office Holder's Rate of Grants (as defined below) out of the Excess Amount. The term "Executive Office Holder's Rate of Grants" means, with respect to a particular Executive Office Holder, the percentage which such Executive Office Holder's Grants constitute out of the Total Amount of Grants to Executive Officers. The Company's board of directors shall have the right, under special circumstances at its discretion, to reduce the amount of Grants to which the Executive Office Holders are entitled, upon a 60 days prior notice. The Executive Office Holder shall be required to return any compensation paid to them on the basis of results included in financial statements that turned out to be erroneous and were subsequently restated in the Company's financial statements published during the three year period following publication of the erroneous financial statements; to the extent they would not have been entitled to the compensation actually received had it been determined based on the restated financial statements. In such case, compensation amounts will be returned within 60 days from the date of publication of the restated financial statements, net of taxes that were withheld thereon. If the Executive Office Holder has a right to reclaim such tax payments with respect to Grants which were paid in excess, from the relevant tax authorities, then the Executive Office Holder shall reasonably act to reclaim such amounts from the tax authorities and upon their receipt, shall remit them to the Company. In 2017 and 2016 Executive Offices Holders were entitle to Target based cash incentives at the maximum rate of (150%). Herein below is attached table regards the aggregate amounts paid to Executive Offices Holders: (in thousands) Izzy Sheratzky Eyal Sheratzky Nir Sheratzky Gil Sheratzky NOTE 19 - SEGMENT REPORTING A. General information: US dollars Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 2018 2,859 2,224 2,208 1,039 3,202 2,337 2,312 1,379 1,874 1,672 1,478 1,118 The operations of the Group (including the companies we acquired control over on September 2018 as describe in notes 1A, 3) are conducted through two different core activities: Location based services and Wireless communications products. These activities also represent the reportable segments of the Group. The reportable segments are viewed and evaluated separately by Company management, since the marketing strategies, processes and expected long term financial performances of the segments are different. Telematics services: The telematics services segment consists predominantly of regionally- based stolen vehicle recovery (SVR) services, fleet management services and value-added services comprised of personal advanced locater services and concierge services. The Group provides Location based services in Israel, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, Ecuador and the United States. F - 52 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 19 - SEGMENT REPORTING (cont.) A. General information (cont.): Telematics products: The telematics product segment consists of short and medium range two-way machine-to-machine wireless communications products that are used for various applications, including automatic vehicle location, and automatic vehicle identification. B. Information about reported segment profit or loss and assets: (in thousands) Year ended December 31, 2018 Revenues Operating income Assets Goodwill Expenditures for assets Depreciation and amortization Year ended December 31, 2017 Revenues Operating income Assets Goodwill Expenditures for assets Depreciation and amortization Year ended December 31, 2016 Revenues Operating income Assets Goodwill Expenditures for assets Depreciation and amortization Telematics services US dollars Telematics products Total 181,357 56,913 101,305 55,069 15,677 8,630 169,752 55,012 95,384 1,732 9,346 10,030 141,940 44,045 84,777 1,562 9,063 8,980 71,978 5,465 36,355 7,827 537 486 64,884 1,523 17,192 2,045 681 328 57,634 3,953 15,793 1,844 268 180 253,335 62,378 137,660 62,896 16,214 9,116 234,636 56,535 112,576 3,777 10,027 10,358 199,574 47,998 100,570 3,406 9,331 9,160 C. Information about reported segment profit or loss and assets: The evaluation of performance is based on the operating income of each of the two reportable segments. Accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the accounting policies applied in the consolidated financial statements. Due to the nature of the reportable segments, there have been no inter-segment sales or transfers during the reported periods. Financing expenses, net, non-operating other expenses, net, taxes on income and the share of the Company in losses of affiliated companies were not allocated to the reportable segments, since these items are carried and evaluated on the enterprise level. F - 53 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 19 - SEGMENT REPORTING (cont.) D. Reconciliations of reportable segment revenues, profit or loss, and assets, to the enterprise's consolidated totals: (in thousands) US dollars Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 2018 Total revenues of reportable segment and consolidated revenues 253,335 234,636 199,574 Operating income Total operating income for reportable segments Unallocated amounts: Financing income, net Other income, net Consolidated income before taxes on income Assets Total assets for reportable segments (*) Other unallocated amounts: Current assets Investments in affiliated and other companies Property and equipment, net Other unallocated amounts Consolidated total assets (at year end) Other significant items Total expenditures for assets of reportable segments Unallocated amounts Consolidated total expenditures for assets Total depreciation, amortization and impairment for reportable segments Unallocated amounts Consolidated total depreciation, amortization and impairment (*) Including goodwill. F - 54 62,378 717 13,138 76,233 200,556 103,994 7,644 20,074 41,524 373,792 16,214 5,168 21,382 9,116 5,492 14,608 56,535 (989) - 55,546 116,353 59,412 16,221 15,092 8,081 215,159 10,027 6,281 16,308 10,358 3,161 13,519 47,998 2,056 - 50,054 103,976 43,874 12,060 10,912 7,197 178,019 9,331 4,498 13,829 9,160 2,475 11,635 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 19 - SEGMENT REPORTING (cont.) E. Geographic information (in thousands) Israel United States Brazil Argentina Mexico Ecuador Colombia Others Total (in thousands) Israel United States Brazil Argentina Mexico Ecuador Colombia Other Total - - Revenues were attributed to countries based on customer location. Property and equipment were classified based on major geographic areas in which the Company operates. F. Major customers During 2018, 2017 and 2016, there were no sales exceeding 10% of total revenues to none of our customers. F - 55 Revenues Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 2018 116,186 8,873 90,842 13,643 7,889 8,362 2,450 5,090 253,335 116,391 8,537 89,455 15,211 - - - 5,042 234,636 101,273 8,697 70,982 14,772 - - - 3,850 199,574 Property and equipment, net December 31, 2017 2016 2018 16,478 142 24,562 3,820 3,285 1,530 303 340 50,460 16,757 118 17,969 4,203 - - - - 39,047 11,973 106 19,188 4,377 - - - - 35,644 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 20 - FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND RISKS MANAGEMENT A. Concentrations of credit risks Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company and its subsidiaries to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivables, marketable securities and derivatives. Most of the Group' s cash and cash equivalents, deposits in short-term investments (and investments in trading marketable securities), as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, were deposited with major banks with high credit rating. The Company is of the opinion that the credit risk in respect of these balances is immaterial. Most of the Group' s sales are made in Israel, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Ecuador, Colombia and the United States to a large number of customers, including insurance companies and Car manufacturers. Management periodically evaluates the collectability of the trade receivables to determine the amounts that are doubtful of collection and determine a proper allowance for doubtful accounts. Accordingly, management believes that the Group' s trade receivables do not represent a substantial concentration of credit risk. The Company entered into foreign exchange forward contracts intended to protect against the increase in the purchase price of forecasted inventory purchases dominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the purchasing entity. B. Foreign exchange risk management The Group operates internationally, which gives rise to exposure to market risks mainly from changes in exchange rates of foreign currencies in relation to the functional currency of each of the entities of the Group. During 2017 the Company entered into foreign currency forward transactions in order to protect itself against the risk that the eventual cash flows resulting from anticipated transactions (mainly purchases of inventory), denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the purchasing entity, will be affected by changes in exchange rates. As of December 31, 2018, 10 transactions that originated in 2017 remain outstanding. During 2016, 2017 and 2018, all the financial derivatives were designated and accounted for as hedging instruments. The following table summarizes a tabular disclosure of (a) fair values of derivative instruments in the balance sheets and (b) the effect of derivative instruments in the statements of income: Fair values of derivative instruments: As of December 31, 2018 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: Foreign exchange contracts Other current Assets As of December 31, 2017 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: Foreign exchange contracts Other current Liabilities F - 56 Assets derivatives Thousands of US dollars Balance sheet location Liability derivatives Thousands of US dollars Balance sheet location Fair value 1,019 Fair value 580 ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (cont.) NOTE 20 - FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND RISKS MANAGEMENT (cont.) B. Foreign exchange risk management (cont.) Amounts reclassified to statement of income: Derivatives designated as hedging instruments Year ended December 31, 2018 Location of loss recognized in income Foreign exchange contracts Cost of revenues Derivatives designated as hedging instruments Year ended December 31, 2017 Location of loss recognized in income Foreign exchange contracts Cost of revenues Amount of gain recognized in income Thousands of US dollars 385 Amount of gain recognized in income Thousands of US dollars 10 As of December 31, 2018, the notional amount of forward exchange contract with respect to cash follow hedge of anticipated transactions amounted to US$ 15 million (US$ 1.5 million per month for the next 10 months). C. Fair value of financial instruments The Company measures fair value and discloses fair value measurements for financial assets and liabilities. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or the amount that would be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. The Company measured cash equivalents, marketable securities and derivative financial instruments at fair value. Such financial instruments are measured at fair value, on a recurring basis. The measurement of cash equivalents and marketable derivatives are classified within Level 1. The fair value of derivatives generally reflects the estimated amounts that the Company would receive or pay to terminate the contracts at the reporting dates, based on the prevailing currency prices and the relevant interest rates. Such measurement is classified within Level 2. The fair value of the financial instruments included in the working capital of the Group (cash and cash equivalents, deposit in escrow, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other current assets and liabilities) approximates their carrying value, due to the short-term maturity of such instruments. The fair value of the long-term liability (loans from bank institutions) approximates its fair value, as the loan carries variable interest rate and as the loan was received close to the balance sheet date. See Note 1N regarding non-recurring measurement of the fair value of certain non-financial assets (mainly goodwill and other definite-lite intangible assets). See also Note 1V. The Company's financial assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis, consisted of the following types of instruments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: (in thousands) Trading securities Derivatives designated as hedging instruments Total (in thousands) Trading securities Derivatives designated as hedging instruments Total F - 57 Level 1 December 31, 2018 Level 2 Level 3 1,897 - 1,897 - 1,019 1,019 Level 1 December 31, 2017 Level 2 Level 3 3,559 - 3,559 - (580) (580) - - - - - - The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its SIGNATURES behalf. ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. (Registrant) By: /s/ Eyal Sheratzky Eyal Sheratzky /s/ Nir Sheratzky Nir Sheratzky Co-Chief Executive Officers Dated: April 30, 2019 83 THE SYMBOL "[*]" INDICATES MATERIAL WHERE CERTAIN IDENTIFIED INFORMATION HAS BEEN EXCLUDED FROM THE EXHIBIT BECAUSE IT IS BOTH (i) NOT MATERIAL AND (ii) WOULD LIKELY CAUSE COMPETITIVE HARM TO THE COMPANY IF PUBLICLY DISCLOSED. Exhibit 4.13 This Share Purchase Agreement (the "Agreement" ) is entered into as of the 23 day of July 2018, by and between: SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT 1. 2. 3. 4. Ituran Location and Control Limited, a company organized under the laws of the State of Israel with an office at 3 Hashikma Street, Azour, Israel (the "Purchaser"); Road Track Holding S.L., a company organized under the laws of Spain with a registered address at Torre PwC, Paseo de la Castellana 259 B, 28046, Madrid, Spain (the "Company"); The entities and Individuals mentioned in Annex A (hereinafter together referred to as the "Sellers A"); and The Individuals and entities mentioned in Annex B (hereinafter together referred to as the "Sellers B" , aanndd ccoolllleeccttiivveellyy wwiitthh SSeelllleerrss AA,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, aass tthhee "Parties" ). WHEREAS: (A) (C) (D) (E) IImmmmeeddiiaatteellyy pprriioorr ttoo tthhee CClloossiinngg,, SSeelllleerrss AA sshhaallll bbee tthhee oowwnneerrss ooff 2200,,223355,,776622 RRTTHH SShhaarreess ((5533..88446622%% ooff tthhee RRTTHH SShhaarreess)),, aanndd SSeelllleerrss BB sshhaallll bbee tthhee oowwnneerrss ooff 1177,,334444,,990066 RRTTHH SShhaarreess (46.1538% of the RTH Shares); Sellers A and Sellers B wish to sell all their RTH Shares to the Purchaser, free and clear of all Security Interests, in accordance with the terms of this Agreement; The Purchaser wishes to acquire such RTH Shares in accordance with the terms of this Agreement; Giving effect to negotiated adjustments as set forth on Schedule 0.1,, SSeelllleerrss BB wwiisshh ttoo sseellll tthheeiirr 1177,,334444,,990066 RRTTHH SShhaarreess ffoorr $$4433,,331188,,000000,, aass aaddjjuusstteedd ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo SSeeccttiioonn 22..66,, aanndd SSeelllleerrss AA wwiisshh ttoo sseellll tthheeiirr RRTTHH SShhaarreess aass ffoolllloowwss:: 3355..11228822%% ooff tthhee oouuttssttaannddiinngg RRTTHH SShhaarreess aatt tthhee CClloossiinngg ffoorr $$4433,,884455,,000000,, aass aaddjjuusstteedd ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo SSeeccttiioonn 22..66,, aanndd 1188..77118800%% ooff tthhee oouuttssttaannddiinngg RTH Shares at the Second Closing, and Purchaser wishes to purchase the RTH Shares on such terms; and (F) The Purchaser has conducted and concluded its due diligence review of the Company to its full satisfaction. NOW THEREFORE, the Parties agree as follows: 1. DEFINITIONS 1.1. The following terms shall have the following meanings: 2017 Financial Statements 2018 Operating Profits Adjusted Market Price Affiliate The Company' ss ffiinnaanncciiaall ssttaatteemmeennttss aass ooff DDeecceemmbbeerr 3311,, 22001177,, lliissttiinngg aallll aasssseettss aanndd lliiaabbiilliittiieess ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd iittss AAffffiilliiaatteess,, iinncclluuddiinngg tthhee bbaallaannccee ooff CCaasshh aanndd ddeebbttss,, aallll oonn aa ccoonnssoolliiddaatteedd bbaassiiss pprreeppaarreedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh IIFFRRSS consistently applied with the Company' s past practice. The Company' ss ooppeerraattiinngg pprrooffiittss ffoorr ccaalleennddaarr yyeeaarr 22001188,, ccaallccuullaatteedd oonn aa CCaasshh BBaassiiss;; pprroovviiddeedd tthhaatt 22001188 OOppeerraattiinngg PPrrooffiittss sshhaallll nnoott ttaakkee iinnttoo aaccccoouunntt aannyy ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg:: ((ii)) EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy EExxppeennsseess oorr EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy IInnccoommee ((pplluuss aannyy llaayyooffffss oorr tteerrmmiinnaattiioonn ooff EEmmppllooyyeeeess tthhaatt ooccccuurr aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg aanndd tthhaatt aarree nnoott iinn tthhee OOrrddiinnaarryy CCoouurrssee ooff BBuussiinneessss,, iinn aaddddiittiioonn ttoo tthhoossee aallrreeaaddyy iinncclluuddeedd iinn EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy EExxppeennsseess)),, ((iiii)) CCoommppaannyy TTrraannssaaccttiioonn EExxppeennsseess,, ((iiiiii)) SSeelllleerrss TTrraannssaaccttiioonn EExxppeennsseess,, ((iivv)) EEmmppllooyyeeee Extraordinary Bonus Payments or any provision for such payments, and (v) Broker Expenses (if reimbursed by the Sellers). EEiitthheerr ((aa)) tthhee AAvveerraaggee MMaarrkkeett PPrriiccee,, oorr ((bb)),, iiff tthhee AAvveerraaggee MMaarrkkeett PPrriiccee iiss mmoorree oorr lleessss tthhaann tthhee AAggrreeeemmeenntt DDaattee MMaarrkkeett PPrriiccee,, the result of simple average of the Agreement Date Market Price and the Average Market Price. AAnn eennttiittyy ccoonnttrroolllliinngg,, ccoonnttrroolllleedd bbyy,, oorr uunnddeerr ccoommmmoonn ccoonnttrrooll wwiitthh aa PPeerrssoonn aanndd iiff ssuucchh eennttiittyy iiss aann iinnddiivviidduuaall,, tthheenn tthhee immediate family of such individual. For the purpose of this definition of Affiliate, "control" sshhaallll mmeeaann tthhee aabbiilliittyy ttoo ddiirreecctt tthhee aaccttiivviittiieess ooff tthhee rreelleevvaanntt eennttiittyy aanndd sshhaallll iinncclluuddee tthhee hhoollddiinngg ooff 5500%% ((ffiiffttyy ppeerrcceenntt)) oorr mmoorree ooff tthhee iissssuueedd aanndd oouuttssttaannddiinngg sshhaarree ccaappiittaall,, vvoottiinngg rriigghhttss oorr ootthheerr oowwnneerrsshhiipp iinntteerreessttss ooff ssuucchh eennttiittyy oorr tthhee rriigghhtt ttoo aappppooiinntt 5500%% ((ffiiffttyy ppeerrcceenntt)) oorr mmoorree ooff tthhee directors (or the equivalent thereof) in such entity. Agreement Date Market Price TThhee aavveerraaggee pprriiccee ooff IIttuurraann SShhaarreess oonn tthhee PPrriinncciippaall EExxcchhaannggee ccaallccuullaatteedd bbyy aaddddiinngg uupp tthhee ddoollllaarrss ttrraaddeedd ffoorr eevveerryy ttrraannssaaccttiioonn ((pprriiccee mmuullttiipplliieedd bbyy nnuummbbeerr ooff sshhaarreess ttrraaddeedd)) aanndd tthheenn ddiivviiddiinngg bbyy tthhee ttoottaall sshhaarreess ttrraaddeedd ffoorr tthhee ddaayy dduurriinngg tthhee llaasstt 55 ((ffiivvee)) trading days preceding 2 (two) Business Days prior to the date of this Agreement. 2 Agro Mexico Agro Telematics, S.A. de C.V. Anniversary Employee Transaction Cash Bonus Payments AAnn aaggggrreeggaattee aammoouunntt eeqquuaall ttoo $$22,,663399,,000000 wwhhiicchh iiss eeqquuaall ttoo 6677%% ooff tthhee ccaasshh ppoorrttiioonn ooff tthhee EEmmppllooyyeeee EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeennttss,, $$11,,330000,,000000 ooff wwhhiicchh iiss ppaayyaabbllee oonn tthhee ffiirrsstt aannnniivveerrssaarryy ooff tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee aanndd $$11,,333399,,000000 ooff wwhhiicchh iiss ppaayyaabbllee oonn tthhee sseeccoonndd aannnniivveerrssaarryy ooff tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee,, ssuubbjjeecctt iinn eeaacchh ccaassee ttoo rreedduuccttiioonn ffoorr EEmmppllooyyeeee EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy BBoonnuuss PPeerrssoonnnneell wwhhoo aarree nnoott eemmppllooyyeedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aa SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy oonn ssuucchh aannnniivveerrssaarryy ddaatteess.. AAnnyy aammoouunnttss ooff tthhee AAnnnniivveerrssaarryy EEmmppllooyyeeee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn CCaasshh BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeennttss tthhaatt iiss nnoott ppaaiidd ttoo eemmppllooyyeeeess wwiillll bbee ppaaiidd ttoo tthhee SSeelllleerrss AA iinn pprrooppoorrttiioonn ttoo tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee ownership of Remaining Shares as an adjustment to the Sellers A Purchase Price. Anti-Trust Filing An application to the Israel General Anti-Trust Commission. Average Market Price TThhee aavveerraaggee pprriiccee ooff IIttuurraann SShhaarreess oonn tthhee PPrriinncciippaall EExxcchhaannggee ccaallccuullaatteedd bbyy aaddddiinngg uupp tthhee DDoollllaarrss ttrraaddeedd ffoorr eevveerryy ttrraannssaaccttiioonn ((pprriiccee mmuullttiipplliieedd bbyy nnuummbbeerr ooff sshhaarreess ttrraaddeedd)) aanndd tthheenn ddiivviiddiinngg bbyy tthhee ttoottaall sshhaarreess ttrraaddeedd ffoorr tthhee ddaayy dduurriinngg tthhee llaasstt 55 ((ffiivvee)) trading days ended 2 (two) Business Days prior to the Closing. Board of Directors The board of directors/"Consejo de Administracion" of the Company. BRL Broker Payments Business Business Day Brazilian Real. Payments by the Company to brokers or investment bankers arising from the Transaction. CCuurrrreenntt bbuussiinneessss aaccttiivviittiieess aass pprroovviiddeerr ooff vveehhiiccllee tteelleemmaattiiccss pprroodduuccttss aanndd sseerrvviicceess ffoorr aauuttoommoobbiillee mmaannuuffaaccttuurreerrss,, ccoommmmeerrcciiaall fleets and insurance companies and end customers conducted by the Company and the Subsidiaries. AAnnyy ddaayy,, ootthheerr tthhaann SSaattuurrddaayy oorr SSuunnddaayy,, oonn wwhhiicchh ccoommmmeerrcciiaall bbaannkkss iinn NNeeww YYoorrkk CCiittyy,, NNeeww YYoorrkk aanndd TTeell AAvviivv,, IIssrraaeell aarree generally open for business. 3 Cash Basis MMeetthhoodd ooff rreeccoorrddiinngg aaccccoouunnttiinngg ttrraannssaaccttiioonnss ffoorr rreevveennuueess aanndd eexxppeennsseess bbaasseedd oonn tthhee ffuullll aammoouunntt iinn tthhee iinnvvooiiccee,, wwiitthhoouutt consideration of deferred or accrued revenues and expenses that would otherwise be required by IFRS. Cash Portion of the Purchase Price TThhee ccaasshh ppoorrttiioonn ooff tthhee SSeelllleerrss AA PPuurrcchhaassee PPrriiccee aanndd tthhee SSeelllleerrss BB PPuurrcchhaassee PPrriiccee ppaayyaabbllee aatt tthhee CClloossiinngg,, aafftteerr rreedduuccttiioonn ffoorr Sellers Transaction Expenses. Closing Companies House Company Paid STE Company Transaction Expenses As defined in Section 2.2. el Registro Mercantil de Madrid TThhee ccoossttss aanndd eexxppeennsseess iinnccuurrrreedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy pprriioorr ttoo tthhee CClloossiinngg iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn that are set forth on Annex E. ((AA)) CCoommppaannyy PPaaiidd SSTTEE aanndd ((BB)) aallll ccoossttss aanndd eexxppeennsseess iinnccuurrrreedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn,, iinncclluuddiinngg ffeeeess aanndd eexxppeennsseess ooff ccoouunnsseell,, aaccccoouunnttaannttss,, ffiinnaanncciiaall aaddvviissoorrss aanndd eexxppeerrttss (including the Operating Profits Expert, the Valuation Experts and the Final Valuation Expert). Company's Market Valuation As defined in Section 7.3. Contract Damages Date of Valuation Dollar or $ Employee Second Closing Bonus Payments AAnnyy wwrriitttteenn oorr oorraall ccoommmmiittmmeenntt,, ccoonnttrraacctt,, aaggrreeeemmeenntt,, aarrrraannggeemmeenntt,, lleeaassee,, lliicceennsseess aanndd ootthheerr aaggrreeeemmeennttss,, ccoonnsseennssuuaall oobblliiggaattiioonn,, pprroommiissee,, iinnssttrruummeenntt,, nnoottee,, iinnddeennttuurree,, lleeggaallllyy bbiinnddiinngg ccoommmmiittmmeenntt,, lliicceennssee,, ssuubblliicceennssee,, uunnddeerrssttaannddiinngg aanndd uunnddeerrttaakkiinngg,, iinn eeaacchh case whether written or oral and whether express or implied. AAnnyy lloossss,, LLiiaabbiilliittyy,, ddeeffiicciieennccyy,, ddaammaaggee,, ccoosstt,, oorr eexxppeennssee,, oorr aaccttiioonnss iinn rreessppeecctt tthheerreeooff ((iinncclluuddiinngg rreeaassoonnaabbllee rreellaatteedd lleeggaall ffeeeess and expenses). July 10, 2021, unless accelerated in accordance with the RTH Shareholders Agreement. United States Dollar. TThhee ppaayymmeenntt ttoo EEmmppllooyyeeee EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy BBoonnuuss PPeerrssoonnnneell ooff cceerrttaaiinn aammoouunnttss,, wwhhiicchh wwiillll bbee ppaayyaabbllee iinn ccaasshh oonn tthhee SSeeccoonndd Closing Date, based on the percentages set forth on Annex 7.5.. TThhee EEmmppllooyyeeee SSeeccoonndd CClloossiinngg BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeennttss sshhaallll bbee ppaaiidd ttoo tthhee EEmmppllooyyeeee EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy BBoonnuuss PPeerrssoonnnneell wwhhoo aarree eemmppllooyyeedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aa SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy oonn tthhee ddaattee oonn wwhhiicchh tthhee SSeeccoonndd CClloossiinngg iiss ccoonnssuummmmaatteedd ((aanndd aannyy aammoouunnttss tthhaatt wwoouulldd hhaavvee ootthheerrwwiissee bbeeeenn ppaayyaabbllee ttoo aann EEmmppllooyyeeee wwhhoo iiss nnoott ssoo eemmppllooyyeedd sshhaallll,, uunnlleessss ddiirreecctteedd ootthheerrwwiissee bbyy SSeelllleerrss AA,, bbee ppaaiidd ttoo SSeelllleerrss AA iinn pprrooppoorrttiioonn ttoo tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee oowwnneerrsshhiipp ooff Remaining Shares as additional Sellers A Purchase Price). 4 Employee Extraordinary Bonus Payments TThhee ppaayymmeenntt ttoo EEmmppllooyyeeee EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy BBoonnuuss PPeerrssoonnnneell ooff $$33,,993399,,000000 ppaayyaabbllee iinn ccaasshh iinn tthhrreeee iinnssttaallllmmeennttss ((aass tthhee IInniittiiaall EEmmppllooyyeeee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn CCaasshh BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeennttss aanndd tthhee AAnnnniivveerrssaarryy EEmmppllooyyeeee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn CCaasshh BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeennttss)),, aanndd $$556666,,000000 payable in Ituran Shares), as set forth on Annex F,, pprroovviissiioonn ffoorr wwhhiicchh hhaass bbeeeenn mmaaddee bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy,, aass aaddjjuusstteedd iinn accordance with this Agreement, including for vesting and claims. Employee Extraordinary Bonus Personnel The Employees and consultant listed on Annex F, pprroovviiddeedd tthheeyy aarree eemmppllooyyeedd oorr rreettaaiinneedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aa SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy oonn tthhee ddaattee tthhee aapppplliiccaabbllee EEmmppllooyyeeee EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeenntt oorr EEmmppllooyyeeee SSeeccoonndd CClloossiinngg BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeenntt iiss ppaayyaabbllee,, aass tthhee case may be. Employees Escrow Agreement All employees employed by the Company and the Subsidiaries. The escrow agreement in substantially the form attached as Exhibit C,, wwhhiicchh aaggrreeeemmeenntt ccoovveerrss tthhee FFiirrsstt EEssccrrooww AAmmoouunntt aanndd Second Escrow Amount. Escrowed Shares The Escrowed Employee Shares, Escrowed Sellers A Shares and the Escrowed Sellers B Shares, collectively. Escrowed Employee Shares As defined in Section 2.2(b)(iv)(C). Escrowed Sellers A Shares As defined in Section 2.2(b)(iv)(B). Escrowed Sellers B Shares As defined in Section 2.2(b)(iv)(D). Extraordinary Expenses One-time or non-recurring expenses of the Company or any Subsidiary that are in the categories set forth on Annex C ((oorr aass ootthheerrwwiissee mmaayy bbee aaggrreeeedd iinn wwrriittiinngg bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr aanndd tthhee SSeelllleerr RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee)).. FFoorr tthhee aavvooiiddaannccee ooff ddoouubbtt,, tthhee aammoouunntt ooff EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy EExxppeennsseess iinn eeaacchh ccaatteeggoorryy mmaayy cchhaannggee oovveerr ttiimmee,, bbuutt tthhee ccaatteeggoorriieess tthheemmsseellvveess mmaayy cchhaannggee oonnllyy ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhee written agreement of the Purchaser and the Seller Representative. 5 Extraordinary Income One-time or non-recurring income of the Company or any Subsidiary that is in the categories set forth on Annex C ((oorr aass ootthheerrwwiissee mmaayy bbee aaggrreeeedd iinn wwrriittiinngg bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr aanndd tthhee SSeelllleerr RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee)).. FFoorr tthhee aavvooiiddaannccee ooff ddoouubbtt,, tthhee aammoouunntt ooff EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy IInnccoommee iinn eeaacchh ccaatteeggoorryy mmaayy cchhaannggee oovveerr ttiimmee,, bbuutt tthhee ccaatteeggoorriieess tthheemmsseellvveess mmaayy cchhaannggee oonnllyy ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhee written agreement of the Purchaser and the Seller Representative. Financial Statements As defined in Section 3.3(a). FCPA Compliance Report TThhee rreeppoorrtt pprreeppaarreedd bbyy DDeellooiittttee tthhaatt rreevviieewwss ccoommpplliiaannccee bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd iittss SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess ((ootthheerr tthhaann IIttuurraann RRooaadd TTrraacckk AArrggeennttiinnaa,, SS..AA.. aanndd IIttuurraann RRooaadd TTrraacckk MMoonniittaarraammeennttoo ddee VVeeiiccuullooss LLTTDDAA)) wwiitthh tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess FFoorreeiiggnn CCoorrrruupptt PPrraaccttiicceess Act. First Escrow The escrow established under the Escrow Agreement for the First Escrow Amount. First Escrow Amount $1,385,000. Fully Owned Subsidiaries [*] [*] Governmental Approvals Road Track Mexico S.A. De C.V ("RT Mexico"), Road Track De Colombia S.A.S ("RT Colombia"), Road Track Ecuador, SS..AA.. ("Road Track Ecuador"), E.D.T.E-DDrriivvee TTeecchhnnoollooggyy LLTTDD,, RRooaadd TTrraacckk TTeelleemmaattiiccss DDeevveellooppmmeenntt LLttdd ((IIssrraaeell)),, RRooaadd TTrraacckk Holding, S.L (branch Panama), Road Track HK Telematics Limited (Hong Kong) ("RT Hong Kong"), RRooaadd TTrraacckk IIssrraaeell,, LLTTDD,, Blue Cloud Electronics Limited. [*] [*] AAllll lliicceennsseess,, ccoonnsseennttss,, ppeerrmmiittss,, cceerrttiiffiiccaatteess,, ffiilliinnggss,, rreeggiissttrraattiioonnss,, nnoottiiffiiccaattiioonnss,, ffrraanncchhiisseess,, ccoonncceessssiioonnss,, aauutthhoorriizzaattiioonnss,, aapppprroovvaallss,, ppeerrmmiissssiioonnss,, cclleeaarraanncceess,, ccoonnffiirrmmaattiioonnss,, eennddoorrsseemmeennttss,, wwaaiivveerrss,, ddeessiiggnnaattiioonnss,, rraattiinnggss oorr qquuaalliiffiiccaattiioonnss iissssuueedd,, ggrraanntteedd,, ggiivveenn oorr ootthheerrwwiissee mmaaddee aavvaaiillaabbllee bbyy oorr uunnddeerr tthhee aauutthhoorriittyy ooff aannyy GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy oorr ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo aannyy requirement under the applicable Laws of any Governmental Authority. 6 Governmental Authority Grants GTS Mexico Hazardous Materials ((aa)) aannyy nnaattiioonn oorr ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt,, iinncclluuddiinngg aannyy ffeeddeerraall,, ssttaattee,, llooccaall,, ffoorreeiiggnn,, mmuunniicciippaalliittyy,, pprriinncciippaalliittyy,, ccoommmmoonnwweeaalltthh,, pprroovviinnccee,, tteerrrriittoorryy,, ccoouunnttyy,, ddiissttrriicctt oorr ootthheerr jjuurriissddiiccttiioonn ooff aannyy nnaattuurree oorr ootthheerr ppoolliittiiccaall ssuubbddiivviissiioonn tthheerreeooff;; oorr ((bb)) aannyy eennttiittyy,, ddeeppaarrttmmeenntt,, ccoommmmiissssiioonn,, bbuurreeaauu,, aaggeennccyy,, aauutthhoorriittyy,, bbooaarrdd,, ccoouurrtt,, ooffffiicciiaall oorr ooffffiicceerr,, ddoommeessttiicc oorr ffoorreeiiggnn,, eexxeerrcciissiinngg eexxeeccuuttiivvee,, jjuuddiicciiaall,, regulatory, administrative, judicial, police, military, or taxing governmental functions. As defined in Section 3.13. Global Telematics, S.A. de C.V. ((aa)) SSuubbssttaanncceess tthhaatt aarree ddeeffiinneedd oorr lliisstteedd iinn,, oorr ootthheerrwwiissee ccllaassssiiffiieedd ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhee llaawwss oorr rreegguullaattiioonnss ooff tthhee aapppplliiccaabbllee jurisdiction in which the Company or a Fully Owned Subsidiary is doing business as "hazardous substances," "hhaazzaarrddoouuss materials," "hazardous wastes," "toxic substances," oorr aannyy ootthheerr ffoorrmmuullaattiioonn iinntteennddeedd ttoo ddeeffiinnee,, lliisstt,, oorr ccllaassssiiffyy ssuubbssttaanncceess bbyy reason of deleterious properties such as ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, or "EEPP toxicity", (bb)) ooiill,, ppeettrroolleeuumm,, oorr ppeettrroolleeuumm ddeerriivveedd ssuubbssttaanncceess,, nnaattuurraall ggaass,, nnaattuurraall ggaass lliiqquuiiddss,, ssyynntthheettiicc ggaass,, ddrriilllliinngg fflluuiiddss,, pprroodduucceedd wwaatteerrss,, aanndd ootthheerr wwaasstteess aassssoocciiaatteedd wwiitthh tthhee eexxpplloorraattiioonn,, ddeevveellooppmmeenntt,, oorr pprroodduuccttiioonn ooff ccrruuddee ooiill,, nnaattuurraall ggaass,, oorr ggeeootthheerrmmaall rreessoouurrcceess,, ((cc)) aannyy ffllaammmmaabbllee ssuubbssttaanncceess oorr eexxpplloossiivveess oorr aannyy rraaddiiooaaccttiivvee mmaatteerriiaallss,, aanndd ((dd)) aassbbeessttooss iinn aannyy ffoorrmm oorr eelleeccttrriiccaall eeqquuiippmmeenntt tthhaatt ccoonnttaaiinnss aannyy ooiill oorr ddiieelleeccttrriicc fflluuiidd ccoonnttaaiinniinngg lleevveellss ooff ppoollyycchhlloorriinnaatteedd bbiipphheennyyllss iinn eexxcceessss ooff 5500 ppaarrttss per million. IFRS The International Financing Reporting Standards, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Initial Employee Transaction Cash Bonus Payments An amount equal to $1,300,000, payable to Employee Extraordinary Bonus Personnel on the Closing Date as set forth on AAnnnneexx F,, ssuubbjjeecctt ttoo rreedduuccttiioonn ffoorr EEmmppllooyyeeee EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy BBoonnuuss PPeerrssoonnnneell wwhhoo aarree nnoott eemmppllooyyeedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aa SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy oonn tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee.. AAnnyy aammoouunntt ooff tthhee IInniittiiaall EEmmppllooyyeeee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn CCaasshh BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeennttss tthhaatt iiss nnoott ppaaiidd ttoo EEmmppllooyyeeeess wwiillll bbee ppaaiidd bbyy PPuurrcchhaasseerr ttoo tthhee SSeelllleerrss AA aanndd SSeelllleerrss BB iinn pprrooppoorrttiioonn ttoo tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee SSeelllleerr PPeerrcceennttaaggeess aass aann aaddjjuussttmmeenntt ttoo tthhee Sellers A Purchase Price and Sellers B Purchase Price. 7 Intellectual Property AAllll iinntteelllleeccttuuaall pprrooppeerrttyy rriigghhttss,, wwhheetthheerr oorr nnoott ppaatteennttaabbllee,, iinncclluuddiinngg wwiitthhoouutt lliimmiittaattiioonn,, rriigghhttss iinn aallggoorriitthhmmss,, bbiinnaarryy ccooddee,, bbrraannddss,, bbuussiinneessss mmeetthhooddss,, ccoommppuutteerr pprrooggrraammss,, ccoommppuutteerr ssooffttwwaarree,, ccoonncceeppttss,, ccoonnffiiddeennttiiaall iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn,, ffiirrmmwwaarree,, ccoommppoossiittiioonn ooff mmaatttteerr oorr mmaatteerriiaallss,, cceerrttiiffiiccaattiioonn mmaarrkkss,, ccoolllleeccttiivvee mmaarrkkss,, ccooppyyrriigghhttss,, ccuussttoommeerr lliissttss,, ddaattaa,, ddaattaabbaasseess,, ddeessiiggnnss ((wwhheetthheerr rreeggiisstteerreedd oorr uunnrreeggiisstteerreedd)),, ddeerriivvaattiivvee wwoorrkkss,, ddiissccoovveerriieess,, ddiissttrriibbuuttoorr lliissttss,, ddooccuummeennttss,, ddoommaaiinn nnaammeess,, ffiillee llaayyoouuttss,, ffoorrmmuullaaee,, ggooooddwwiillll,, iiddeeaass,, improvements, industrial designs, information, innovations, inventions, integrated circuits, know-hhooww,, llooggooss,, mmaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn,, mmaasskk wwoorrkkss,, mmaatteerriiaallss,, mmeetthhooddss,, mmoorraall rriigghhttss,, oobbjjeecctt ccooddee,, oorriiggiinnaall wwoorrkkss ooff aauutthhoorrsshhiipp,, ppaatteennttss,, ppaatteenntt applications, patent rights, including but not limited to any and all continuations, divisions, reissues, re-eexxaammiinnaattiioonnss oorr eexxtteennssiioonnss,, ppllaannss,, pprroocceesssseess,, pprroopprriieettaarryy tteecchhnnoollooggyy,, rreesseeaarrcchh rreessuullttss,, rreesseeaarrcchh rreeccoorrddss,, sseemmiiccoonndduuccttoorr cchhiippss,, sseerrvviiccee mmaarrkkss,, ssooffttwwaarree,, ssoouurrccee ccooddee,, ssppeecciiffiiccaattiioonnss,, ssttaattiissttiiccaall mmooddeellss,, ssuupppplliieerr lliissttss,, ssyysstteemmss,, tteecchhnniiqquueess,, tteecchhnnoollooggyy,, ttrraaddee sseeccrreettss,, trademarks, trade dress, trade names, trade styles, and technical information. Interim Financial Statements As defined in Section 2.3(m). Inventory AAss ooff tthhee CClloossiinngg,, ((ii)) aallll iinnvveennttoorryy ooff ffiinniisshheedd pprroodduuccttss oowwnneedd bbyy CCoommppaannyy oorr aannyy ooff iittss rreessppeeccttiivvee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess,, wwhheetthheerr oorr not labelled, (ii) all product work-in-pprrooggrreessss oowwnneedd bbyy CCoommppaannyy oorr aannyy ooff iittss SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess,, ((iiiiii)) aallll ootthheerr iinnvveennttoorryy rreellaatteedd ttoo tthhee BBuussiinneessss,, iinncclluuddiinngg rraaww mmaatteerriiaallss,, ppaacckkaaggiinngg,, ffiinniisshheedd ggooooddss,, ssppaarree ppaarrttss,, aanndd sshhoopp aanndd pprroodduuccttiioonn ssuupppplliieess,, iinn eeaacchh ccaassee wwhheetthheerr iimmppoorrtteedd,, pprroovviiddeedd ffrroomm ccoonnttrraacctt mmaannuuffaaccttuurreerrss oorr ootthheerrwwiissee,, aanndd wwhheetthheerr llooccaatteedd aatt aa ffaacciilliittyy ooff SSeelllleerrss,, aannyy ooff tthheeiirr respective Fully Owned Subsidiaries, or their respective wholesalers, or in transit. Ituran Shares The ordinary shares of the Purchaser, par value NIS 0.33 1/3 per share. 8 Ituran Stockholders Agreement TThhee ssttoocckkhhoollddeerrss aaggrreeeemmeenntt ttoo bbee eenntteerreedd iinnttoo bbyy SSeelllleerrss AA,, SSeelllleerrss BB aanndd tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr aatt tthhee CClloossiinngg iinn ssuubbssttaannttiiaallllyy tthhee ffoorrmm attached hereto as Exhibit A. Key Management The management of the Company and the Subsidiaries listed in Schedule 1.1. Key Management Employment Agreements The employment agreements in substantially the form attached hereto as Exhibit D. Knowledge of Sellers TThhee aaccttuuaall kknnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss ((aanndd tthhee UUllttiimmaattee SShhaarreehhoollddeerrss)),, wwiitthhoouutt iinnqquuiirryy oouuttssiiddee ooff tthhee OOrrddiinnaarryy CCoouurrssee ooff BBuussiinneessss,, oorr such knowledge that would reasonably be obtained by diligent stockholders and directors of the Company. Law Liability Liens EEaacchh pprroovviissiioonn ooff aannyy nnaattiioonnaall,, ssuupprraannaattiioonnaall,, ffeeddeerraall,, ssttaattee,, pprroovviinncciiaall,, llooccaall,, mmuunniicciippaall oorr ffoorreeiiggnn,, cciivviill aanndd ccrriimmiinnaall llaaww,, ccoommmmoonn llaaww,, ccoonnssttiittuuttiioonn,, ssttaattuuttee,, rreegguullaattiioonn,, lleeggiissllaattiioonn,, oorrddiinnaannccee,, oorrddeerr,, ccooddee,, pprrooccllaammaattiioonn,, ttrreeaattyy,, ccoonnvveennttiioonn,, rruullee,, rruulliinngg,, ddiirreeccttiivvee,, rreeqquuiirreemmeenntt,, ddeetteerrmmiinnaattiioonn,, ddeecciissiioonn,, ooppiinniioonn oorr iinntteerrpprreettaattiioonn,, pprroommuullggaatteedd,, aaddoopptteedd,, eennaacctteedd,, iimmpplleemmeenntteedd,, iissssuueedd,, ppaasssseedd,, aapppprroovveedd,, oorr ootthheerrwwiissee ppuutt iinnttoo eeffffeecctt bbyy oorr uunnddeerr tthhee aauutthhoorriittyy ooff aannyy GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy,, aass wweellll aass aannyy judgments, decrees, injunctions or agreements issued or entered into by any Governmental Authority. WWiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo aannyy PPeerrssoonn,, aannyy ddeebbtt,, lliiaabbiilliittyy,, dduuttyy oorr oobblliiggaattiioonn ooff ssuucchh PPeerrssoonn,, wwhheetthheerr kknnoowwnn oorr uunnkknnoowwnn,, aabbssoolluuttee oorr ccoonnttiinnggeenntt,, aaccccrruueedd oorr uunnaaccccrruueedd,, mmaattuurreedd oorr uunnmmaattuurreedd,, ddiissppuutteedd oorr uunnddiissppuutteedd,, lliiqquuiiddaatteedd oorr uunnlliiqquuiiddaatteedd,, sseeccuurreedd oorr uunnsseeccuurreedd,, jjooiinntt oorr sseevveerraall,, dduuee oorr ttoo bbeeccoommee dduuee,, vveesstteedd oorr uunnvveesstteedd,, eexxeeccuuttoorryy,, ddeetteerrmmiinneedd,, ddeetteerrmmiinnaabbllee oorr ootthheerrwwiissee,, aanndd wwhheetthheerr oorr nnoott tthhee ssaammee iiss rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbee aaccccrruueedd oonn tthhee ffiinnaanncciiaall ssttaatteemmeennttss ooff ssuucchh PPeerrssoonn,, iinncclluuddiinngg tthhoossee aarriissiinngg uunnddeerr aannyy Law, Tax, order or any Contract. WWiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo aannyy pprrooppeerrttyy oorr aasssseett,, aallll pplleeddggeess,, lliieennss,, mmoorrttggaaggeess,, ccllaaiimmss,, cchhaarrggeess,, eennccuummbbrraanncceess,, hhyyppootthheeccaattiioonnss,, ooppttiioonnss,, rriigghhttss ooff ffiirrsstt rreeffuussaall,, rriigghhttss ooff ffiirrsstt ooffffeerr,, ttrraannssffeerr rreessttrriiccttiioonnss aanndd sseeccuurriittyy iinntteerreessttss ooff aannyy kkiinndd oorr nnaattuurree wwhhaattssooeevveerr ((iinncclluuddiinngg,, in the case of any stock, any restriction on the right to vote, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of that stock). 9 Material Contract TThhee CCoonnttrraaccttss bbeettwweeeenn tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess aanndd [[**]] aanndd ootthheerr CCoonnttrraaccttss,, tthhee ccaanncceellllaattiioonn,, tteerrmmiinnaattiioonn oorr mmaatteerriiaallllyy aaddvveerrssee amendment of which will have a Seller Material Adverse Effect, which Material Contracts are described on Schedule 3.7(a). Mexico Holding Companies Exit As defined in Section 6.16. Nasdaq New By-Laws Notary The Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. The Company' s new By-Laws substantially in the form of Exhibit G, to be adopted as provided in Section 2.2(b)(iv). AA SSppaanniisshh nnoottaarryy ppuubblliicc,, ddeessiiggnnaatteedd bbyy SSppaanniisshh CCoouunnsseell aanndd rreeaassoonnaabbllyy aacccceeppttaabbllee ttoo PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, oorr aass ootthheerrwwiissee mmuuttuuaallllyy agreed by the Parties. Ordinary Course of Business TThhee ooppeerraattiioonn ooff tthhee BBuussiinneessss bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess iinn tthhee uussuuaall aanndd ccuussttoommaarryy wwaayy aanndd ccoonnssiisstteenntt wwiitthh tthheeiirr past practices through the date of this Agreement, except as may be changed in order to comply with this Agreement. Operating Profits Expert As defined in Section 2.5(c). Organizational Documents Partly Owned Subsidiaries Permitted Security Interests In respect of any entity, the memorandum of association, articles of association, certificate of incorporation, by-laws, certificate (s) of designation or other constitutional documents of any type. Ituran Road Track Monitoramento de Veiculos LTDA (Brazil) ("IRT Brazil"), Ituran Road Track Argentina S.A ("IIRRTT Argentina"), RTI Uruguay S.A, and GTS Hong Kong. Security Interests (i) as set forth on Schedule 3.5(a); ((iiii)) tthhee LLiieenn ooff ccuurrrreenntt ttaaxxeess nnoott yyeett dduuee aanndd ppaayyaabbllee;; ((iiiiii)) ssttaattuuttoorryy LLiieennss ffoorr aammoouunnttss nnoott yyeett ddeelliinnqquueenntt oorr wwhhiicchh aarree bbeeiinngg ccoonntteesstteedd iinn ggoooodd ffaaiitthh;; ((iivv)) ssuucchh LLiieennss aanndd ttiittllee iimmppeerrffeeccttiioonnss tthhaatt hhaavvee nnoott hhaadd,, aanndd aarree nnoott rreeaassoonnaabbllyy eexxppeecctteedd ttoo hhaavvee,, aa SSeelllleerr MMaatteerriiaall AAddvveerrssee EEffffeecctt;; ((vv)) ssttaattuuttoorryy LLiieennss sseeccuurriinngg tthhee ccllaaiimmss oorr ddeemmaannddss ooff mmaatteerriiaallmmeenn,, mmeecchhaanniiccss,, ccaarrrriieerrss,, wwaarreehhoouusseemmeenn,, llaannddlloorrddss,, aanndd ootthheerr lliikkee ppeerrssoonnss ffoorr llaabboorr,, mmaatteerriiaallss,, ssuupppplliieess,, oorr rentals, if any; (vi) Liens resulting from deposits made in connection with workers' ccoommppeennssaattiioonn,, uunneemmppllooyymmeenntt iinnssuurraannccee,, ssoocciiaall sseeccuurriittyy aanndd lliikkee LLaawwss;; aanndd ((vviiii)) LLiieennss ooff bbaannkkss aanndd ffiinnaanncciiaall iinnssttiittuuttiioonnss wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo ffuunnddss oonn ddeeppoossiitt tthheerreewwiitthh oorr other property in possession thereof. 10 Person Pledge Agreement AAnnyy iinnddiivviidduuaall,, ccoorrppoorraattiioonn,, lliimmiitteedd oorr ggeenneerraall ppaarrttnneerrsshhiipp,, lliimmiitteedd lliiaabbiilliittyy ccoommppaannyy,, lliimmiitteedd lliiaabbiilliittyy ppaarrttnneerrsshhiipp,, ttrruusstt,, association, joint venture, Governmental Authority, or other entity or group (which term will include a "group" aass ssuucchh tteerrmm iiss defined in Section 13(d)(3) of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934). TThhee pplleeddggee aaggrreeeemmeenntt aammoonngg PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy,, VViiaattkkaa IInnvveessttmmeennttss SS..LL.. aanndd YYoommuunnaa IInnvveessttmmeennttss SS..LL.. iinn ssuubbssttaannttiiaallllyy the form attached hereto as Exhibit F. Principal Exchange Nasdaq or the principal U.S. exchange or over the counter market where the Ituran Shares trade at the relevant time. Products Prospectus Purchase Shares Purchaser Material Adverse Effect EEaacchh ooff,, oorr aass tthhee ccoonntteexxtt rreeqquuiirreess,, aannyy oorr aallll ooff tthhee pprroodduuccttss ccuurrrreennttllyy ddeevveellooppeedd oorr mmaannuuffaaccttuurreedd oorr mmaarrkkeetteedd bbyy eeiitthheerr tthhee Company or any of the Subsidiaries, including products described in Schedule 1.2. The prospectus substantially in the form included in the Resale Registration Statement. As defined in Section 2.1(i). AAnnyy eeffffeecctt,, eevveenntt,, cchhaannggee,, ssttaattee ooff ffaacctt,, ddeevveellooppmmeenntt,, cciirrccuummssttaannccee oorr ooccccuurrrreennccee tthhaatt,, iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy oorr iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee wwiitthh aallll ootthheerr eeffffeeccttss,, eevveennttss,, cchhaannggeess,, cciirrccuummssttaanncceess,, ssttaatteess ooff ffaacctt oorr ddeevveellooppmmeennttss wwiillll,, oorr wwoouulldd rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee eexxppeecctteedd ttoo bbee,, mmaatteerriiaallllyy aaddvveerrssee ttoo tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr oorr iittss AAffffiilliiaatteess oorr tthhee ffiinnaanncciiaall ccoonnddiittiioonn,, bbuussiinneessss,, lliiaabbiilliittiieess oorr rreessuullttss ooff ooppeerraattiioonnss ooff tthhee bbuussiinneessss ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ttaakkeenn aass aa wwhhoollee ((iinncclluuddiinngg aannyy mmaatteerriiaall aaddvveerrssee cchhaannggee iinn aannyy ooff tthhee bbuussiinneessss rreellaattiioonnss bbeettwweeeenn aannyy ooff tthhee PPaarrttllyy OOwwnneedd SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess aanndd [[**]] wwhhiicchh iiss lliikkeellyy ttoo ggiivvee rriissee ttoo aa rriigghhtt ooff tteerrmmiinnaattiioonn ooff tthhee aaggrreeeemmeennttss wwiitthh [[**]]));; pprroovviiddeedd,, hhoowweevveerr,, tthhaatt nnoo eeffffeeccttss rreessuullttiinngg ffrroomm tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg sshhaallll bbee ddeeeemmeedd ttoo ccoonnssttiittuuttee aa PPuurrcchhaasseerr MMaatteerriiaall AAddvveerrssee EEffffeecctt oorr sshhaallll bbee ttaakkeenn iinnttoo aaccccoouunntt wwhheenn ddeetteerrmmiinniinngg wwhheetthheerr aa PPuurrcchhaasseerr MMaatteerriiaall AAddvveerrssee EEffffeecctt hhaass ooccccuurrrreedd oorr wwoouulldd rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee lliikkeellyy ttoo eexxiisstt:: ((ii)) ggeenneerraall lleeggaall,, ttaaxx,, eeccoonnoommiicc,, ppoolliittiiccaall oorr rreegguullaattoorryy ccoonnddiittiioonnss ((oorr cchhaannggeess tthheerreeiinn)) iinn tthhee mmaarrkkeettss iinn wwhhiicchh tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ooppeerraatteess,, iinncclluuddiinngg aannyy cchhaannggeess aaffffeeccttiinngg ffiinnaanncciiaall,, ccrreeddiitt oorr ccaappiittaall mmaarrkkeett ccoonnddiittiioonnss tthhaatt ddoo nnoott ddiisspprrooppoorrttiioonnaatteellyy aaffffeecctt tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, ((iiii)) aannyy ggeenneerraallllyy aapppplliiccaabbllee cchhaannggeess iinn LLaaww,, IIFFRRSS oorr UU..SS.. GGAAAAPP,, oorr iinntteerrpprreettaattiioonn ooff aannyy ooff tthhee ffoorreeggooiinngg tthhaatt ddoo nnoott ddiisspprrooppoorrttiioonnaatteellyy aaffffeecctt tthhee bbuussiinneesssseess oorr ffiinnaanncciiaall ccoonnddiittiioonn ooff PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, aanndd ((iiiiii)) ccoonnddiittiioonnss aarriissiinngg oouutt ooff aaccttss ooff tteerrrroorriissmm oorr ssaabboottaaggee,, wwaarr ((wwhheetthheerr oorr nnoott ddeeccllaarreedd)),, tthhee ccoommmmeenncceemmeenntt,, ccoonnttiinnuuaattiioonn oorr eessccaallaattiioonn ooff aa wwaarr,, aaccttss ooff aarrmmeedd hhoossttiilliittyy,, wweeaatthheerr ccoonnddiittiioonnss,, nnaattuurraall ddiissaasstteerrss oorr ootthheerr ffoorrccee mmaajjeeuurree eevveennttss tthhaatt ddoo nnoott disproportionately affect the Purchaser and its Affiliates. 11 Purchaser's Transaction Expenses EExxppeennsseess iinnccuurrrreedd bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn,, iinncclluuddiinngg ffeeeess aanndd eexxppeennsseess ooff ccoouunnsseell,, aaccccoouunnttaannttss,, financial advisors, translators and experts. Remaining Shares 77,,003344,,333366 RRTTHH SShhaarreess tthhaatt,, uuppoonn CClloossiinngg,, wwiillll bbee ccoonnvveerrtteedd ttoo RRTTHH CCllaassss AA SShhaarreess,, aanndd wwhhiicchh rreepprreesseenntt 1188..77118800%% ooff tthhee ttoottaall RRTTHH SShhaarreess.. TThheessee RRTTHH SShhaarreess aarree oowwnneedd bbyy SSeelllleerrss AA aanndd wwiillll bbee ssoolldd ttoo PPuurrcchhaasseerr aanndd bboouugghhtt bbyy PPuurrcchhaasseerr ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo Section 7. Representatives With respect to any Person, means its officers, directors, employees, controlled Affiliates, attorneys and financial advisers. Resale Registration Statement A Registration Statement on Form F-33,, iinn ffoorrmm rreeaassoonnaabbllyy aacccceeppttaabbllee ttoo tthhee SSeelllleerrss,, ttoo bbee ffiilleedd bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr wwiitthh tthhee SSEECC uunnddeerr tthhee SSeeccuurriittiieess AAcctt oonn oorr aabboouutt tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee ccoovveerriinngg tthhee ssaallee ooff tthhee EEssccrroowweedd SSeelllleerrss AA SShhaarreess aanndd EEssccrroowweedd SSeelllleerrss BB SShhaarreess ffrroomm ttiimmee ttoo ttiimmee iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh RRuullee 441155 uunnddeerr tthhee SSeeccuurriittiieess AAcctt,, iinncclluuddiinngg ((aa)) tthhee PPrroossppeeccttuuss aanndd ((bb)) aallll documents and filings incorporated by reference from time to time by reference in the Resale Registration Statement. Returned Amount As defined in Section 2.1(iii). Returned Amount Determination Date The date on which the 2018 Operating Profits statements are received by the Parties pursuant to Section 2.5(b) below. 12 Returned Amount Market Price TThhee aavveerraaggee pprriiccee ooff IIttuurraann SShhaarreess oonn tthhee PPrriinncciippaall EExxcchhaannggee ccaallccuullaatteedd bbyy aaddddiinngg uupp tthhee ddoollllaarrss ttrraaddeedd ffoorr eevveerryy ttrraannssaaccttiioonn ((pprriiccee mmuullttiipplliieedd bbyy nnuummbbeerr ooff sshhaarreess ttrraaddeedd)) aanndd tthheenn ddiivviiddiinngg bbyy tthhee ttoottaall sshhaarreess ttrraaddeedd ffoorr tthhee ddaayy dduurriinngg tthhee llaasstt 1100 ((tteenn)) trading days ended 2 (two) Business Days prior to the completion of the transaction described in Section 2.5(a). [*] RTH Class A Shares RTH Class B Shares [*] The Class A Shares of the Company as set forth in the New By-Laws. The Class B Shares of the Company as set forth in the New By-Laws. RTH Shareholders Agreement TThhee sshhaarreehhoollddeerrss aaggrreeeemmeenntt ttoo bbee eenntteerreedd iinnttoo bbyy SSeelllleerrss AA aanndd tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr aatt tthhee CClloossiinngg ssuubbssttaannttiiaallllyy iinn tthhee ffoorrmm aattttaacchheedd hereto as Exhibit B. RTH Shares SEC SEC Documents Second Closing Second Escrow The participaciones sociales of the Company, par value   1.00 per participacione, prior to adoption of the New By-Laws. The United States Securities and Exchange Commission. As defined in Section 5.5. As defined in Section 7.5. TThhee eessccrrooww eessttaabblliisshheedd uunnddeerr tthhee EEssccrrooww AAggrreeeemmeenntt tthhaatt wwiillll ccoovveerr oonnllyy tthhee pprroovviissiioonn ttoo mmeeeett tthhee ttaarrggeett ooff $$2200,,000000,,000000 ooff 22001188 Operating Profits under Section 2.5. Second Escrow Amount The Escrowed Shares. Securities Act Security Interest The United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulation promulgated thereunder. Any interest or equity of any Person (including any right to acquire, option, or right of pre-eemmppttiioonn)) oorr aannyy mmoorrttggaaggee,, cchhaarrggee,, pplleeddggee,, LLiieenn,, aattttaacchhmmeenntt,, aassssiiggnnmmeenntt oorr aannyy ootthheerr eennccuummbbrraannccee oorr sseeccuurriittyy iinntteerreesstt oorr aarrrraannggeemmeenntt ooff wwhhaattssooeevveerr nnaattuurree oovveerr or in the relevant property. 13 Seller Material Adverse Effect AAnnyy eeffffeecctt,, eevveenntt,, cchhaannggee,, ssttaattee ooff ffaacctt,, ddeevveellooppmmeenntt,, cciirrccuummssttaannccee oorr ooccccuurrrreennccee tthhaatt,, iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy oorr iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee wwiitthh aallll ootthheerr eeffffeeccttss,, eevveennttss,, cchhaannggeess,, cciirrccuummssttaanncceess,, ssttaatteess ooff ffaacctt oorr ddeevveellooppmmeennttss wwiillll,, oorr wwoouulldd rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee eexxppeecctteedd ttoo bbee,, mmaatteerriiaallllyy aaddvveerrssee ttoo tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr iittss FFuullllyy OOwwnneedd SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess,, ttaakkeenn aass aa wwhhoollee,, oorr tthhee ffiinnaanncciiaall ccoonnddiittiioonn,, bbuussiinneessss,, lliiaabbiilliittiieess oorr rreessuullttss ooff ooppeerraattiioonnss ooff tthhee bbuussiinneessss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd iittss FFuullllyy OOwwnneedd SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess,, ttaakkeenn aass aa wwhhoollee ((iinncclluuddiinngg aannyy mmaatteerriiaall aaddvveerrssee cchhaannggee iinn aannyy ooff tthhee bbuussiinneessss rreellaattiioonnss bbeettwweeeenn aannyy ooff tthhee PPaarrttllyy OOwwnneedd SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess aanndd [[**]] wwhhiicchh iiss lliikkeellyy ttoo ggiivvee rriissee ttoo aa rriigghhtt ooff tteerrmmiinnaattiioonn ooff tthhee aaggrreeeemmeennttss wwiitthh [[**]]));; pprroovviiddeedd,, hhoowweevveerr,, tthhaatt nnoo eeffffeeccttss rreessuullttiinngg ffrroomm tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg sshhaallll bbee ddeeeemmeedd ttoo ccoonnssttiittuuttee aa SSeelllleerr MMaatteerriiaall AAddvveerrssee EEffffeecctt oorr sshhaallll bbee ttaakkeenn iinnttoo aaccccoouunntt wwhheenn ddeetteerrmmiinniinngg wwhheetthheerr aa SSeelllleerr MMaatteerriiaall AAddvveerrssee EEffffeecctt hhaass ooccccuurrrreedd oorr wwoouulldd rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee lliikkeellyy ttoo eexxiisstt:: ((ii)) ggeenneerraall lleeggaall,, ttaaxx,, eeccoonnoommiicc,, ppoolliittiiccaall oorr rreegguullaattoorryy ccoonnddiittiioonnss ((oorr cchhaannggeess tthheerreeiinn)) iinn tthhee mmaarrkkeettss iinn wwhhiicchh tthhee aaccqquuiirreedd BBuussiinneessss ooppeerraatteess,, iinncclluuddiinngg aannyy cchhaannggeess aaffffeeccttiinngg ffiinnaanncciiaall,, ccrreeddiitt oorr ccaappiittaall mmaarrkkeett ccoonnddiittiioonnss tthhaatt ddoo nnoott ddiisspprrooppoorrttiioonnaatteellyy aaffffeecctt tthhee BBuussiinneessss,, ((iiii)) aannyy ggeenneerraallllyy aapppplliiccaabbllee cchhaannggee iinn LLaaww oorr IIFFRRSS oorr iinntteerrpprreettaattiioonn ooff aannyy ooff tthhee ffoorreeggooiinngg tthhaatt ddoo nnoott ddiisspprrooppoorrttiioonnaatteellyy aaddvveerrsseellyy aaffffeecctt tthhee BBuussiinneessss,, aanndd ((iiiiii)) ccoonnddiittiioonnss aarriissiinngg oouutt ooff aaccttss ooff tteerrrroorriissmm oorr ssaabboottaaggee,, wwaarr ((wwhheetthheerr oorr nnoott ddeeccllaarreedd)),, tthhee ccoommmmeenncceemmeenntt,, ccoonnttiinnuuaattiioonn oorr eessccaallaattiioonn ooff aa wwaarr,, aaccttss ooff aarrmmeedd hhoossttiilliittyy,, wweeaatthheerr ccoonnddiittiioonnss,, nnaattuurraall ddiissaasstteerrss oorr ootthheerr ffoorrccee majeure events that do not disproportionately affect the Company and its Subsidiaries. Seller Percentage(s) The applicable percentage(s) set forth on Annex D. Sellers Sellers A and Sellers B. Sellers A Purchase Price ((aa)) AAnn aammoouunntt ooff $$4433,,884455,,000000 ((ffoorrttyy tthhrreeee mmiilllliioonn eeiigghhtt hhuunnddrreedd ffoorrttyy ffiivvee tthhoouussaanndd DDoollllaarrss)) ffoorr 1133,,220011,,442266 RRTTHH SShhaarreess,, ppaayyaabbllee aass sseett ffoorrtthh iinn SSeeccttiioonn 22..22 aatt tthhee CClloossiinngg ((wwhhiicchh rreepprreesseennttss 3355..11228822%% ooff tthhee ttoottaall RRTTHH SShhaarreess aanndd aarree ttoo bbee ppuurrcchhaasseedd aass sseett forth in Section 2.2), and (b) the Company' ss MMaarrkkeett VVaalluuaattiioonn ffoorr tthhee rreemmaaiinniinngg 1188..77118800%% ooff tthhee oouuttssttaannddiinngg RRTTHH SShhaarreess payable under Section 7 at the Second Closing. 14 Sellers B Purchase Price AAnn aammoouunntt ooff $$4433,,331188,,000000 ((ffoorrttyy tthhrreeee mmiilllliioonn tthhrreeee hhuunnddrreedd eeiigghhtteeeenn tthhoouussaanndd DDoollllaarrss)) ffoorr 1177,,334444,,990066 RRTTHH SShhaarreess,, ppaayyaabbllee aass sseett ffoorrtthh iinn SSeeccttiioonn 22..22 ((wwhhiicchh rreepprreesseennttss 4466..11553388%% ooff tthhee ttoottaall RRTTHH SShhaarreess wwhhiicchh aarree ttoo bbee ppuurrcchhaasseedd aass sseett ffoorrtthh iinn SSeeccttiioonn 2.2). Sellers' Representative As defined in Section 10.23. Sellers Transaction Expenses EExxppeennsseess aarriissiinngg pprriioorr ttoo tthhee CClloossiinngg tthhaatt wweerree iinnccuurrrreedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy,, aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy,, SSeelllleerrss AA aanndd SSeelllleerrss BB iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn,, iinncclluuddiinngg ffeeeess aanndd eexxppeennsseess ooff ccoouunnsseell,, aaccccoouunnttaannttss,, ffiinnaanncciiaall aaddvviissoorrss aanndd eexxppeerrttss aanndd EExxppeennsseess,, eexxcceepptt for the Company Paid STE. Spanish Counsel PwC as Spanish Tax and corporate counsel for the Company and the Sellers. Spanish Transfer Agreement (Purchase Shares) Simple transfer agreement, substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit E,, ttoo bbee ssiiggnneedd bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr aanndd tthhee SSeelllleerrss aass rreeqquuiirreedd uunnddeerr SSppaanniisshh LLaawwss ttoo ttrraannssffeerr tthhee oowwnneerrsshhiipp ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee SShhaarreess aanndd tthhaatt wwiillll bbee nnoottaarriizzeedd iinn ffrroonntt ooff tthhee Notary at the Closing. Spanish Transfer Agreement (Remaining Shares) SSiimmppllee ttrraannssffeerr aaggrreeeemmeenntt,, iinn ssuubbssttaannttiiaallllyy tthhee ffoorrmm ooff tthhee SSppaanniisshh TTrraannssffeerr AAggrreeeemmeenntt ((PPuurrcchhaassee SShhaarreess)),, ttoo bbee ssiiggnneedd bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr aanndd tthhee SSeelllleerrss AA ttoo ttrraannssffeerr tthhee oowwnneerrsshhiipp ooff tthhee RReemmaaiinniinngg SShhaarreess aanndd tthhaatt wwiillll bbee nnoottaarriizzeedd iinn ffrroonntt ooff tthhee NNoottaarryy at the Second Closing. Subsidiaries Tax The Partly Owned Subsidiaries and the Fully Owned Subsidiaries. AAnnyy ppaasstt,, pprreesseenntt aanndd ffuuttuurree iinnccoommee,, vvaalluuee aaddddeedd aanndd ootthheerr ttaaxxeess,, lleevviieess,, ttaarriiffffss,, eexxcciissee,, ccuussttoommss dduuttiieess,, iimmppoossttss,, ddeedduuccttiioonnss,, cchhaarrggeess aanndd wwiitthhhhoollddiinnggss iinn tthhee nnaattuurree ooff ttaaxxeess wwhhaattssooeevveerr ((iinncclluuddiinngg,, wwiitthhoouutt lliimmiittaattiioonn,, ttaaxxeess ccoonncceerrnniinngg iinnccoommee,, ccaappiittaall ggaaiinnss,, ssaalleess,, llaanndd vvaalluuee ggaaiinnss,, ffrraanncchhiissee,, wwiitthhhhoollddiinngg,, ppaayyrroollll,, eemmppllooyymmeenntt,, ssoocciiaall sseeccuurriittyy,, sseevveerraannccee,, ssttaammpp oorr pprrooppeerrttyy ttaaxx)) and any payments made on or in respect thereof. 15 Tax Return Transaction Transaction Documents AAnnyy rreeppoorrtt,, rreettuurrnn,, cceerrttiiffiiccaattee,, ddeeccllaarraattiioonn,, eelleeccttiioonn,, rreeppoorrtt,, ccllaaiimm ffoorr rreeffuunndd oorr iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn rreettuurrnn oorr ssttaatteemmeenntt rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbee ffiilleedd wwiitthh aannyy GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy oorr ddoommeessttiicc oorr ffoorreeiiggnn ttaaxxiinngg aauutthhoorriittyy aanndd wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo TTaaxxeess,, iinncclluuddiinngg aannyy schedule or attachment thereto, and including any amendment thereof. TThhee eexxeeccuuttiioonn,, ddeelliivveerryy,, aanndd ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd tthhee ootthheerr TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeennttss,, aanndd tthhee ccoonnssuummmmaattiioonn ooff the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby. TThhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, tthhee SSppaanniisshh TTrraannssffeerr AAggrreeeemmeenntt ((PPuurrcchhaassee SShhaarreess)),, tthhee RRTTHH SShhaarreehhoollddeerrss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, tthhee IIttuurraann SSttoocckkhhoollddeerrss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, tthhee EEssccrrooww AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, tthhee PPlleeddggee AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, tthhee UUllttiimmaattee SShhaarreehhoollddeerrss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd tthhee KKeeyy Management Employment Agreements. Ultimate Shareholders As defined in the Ultimate Shareholders Agreement. Ultimate Shareholders Agreement TThhee AAggrreeeemmeenntt bbeettwweeeenn PPuurrcchhaasseerr aanndd tthhee eeqquuiittyy oowwnneerrss ooff tthhee SSeelllleerrss eexxeeccuutteedd ccoonnccuurrrreennttllyy wwiitthh tthhee eexxeeccuuttiioonn ooff tthhiiss Agreement. U.S. GAAP Valuation Expert Valuation Methods Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, consistently applied. As defined in Section 7.3. The following methods: (i) evaluating other comparable companies' ccuurrrreenntt vvaalluuaattiioonn mmeettrriiccss,, ddeetteerrmmiinneedd bbyy mmaarrkkeett pprriicceess,, aanndd aappppllyyiinngg tthheemm ttoo tthhee CCoommppaannyy,, ((iiii)) vvaalluuiinngg tthhee CCoommppaannyy bbyy pprroojjeeccttiinngg iittss ffuuttuurree ccaasshh fflloowwss aanndd tthheenn ddeetteerrmmiinniinngg tthhee nneett pprreesseenntt vvaalluuee ooff tthhee ffuuttuurree ccaasshh ffllooww,, uussiinngg tthhee aavveerraaggee WWAACCCC ffoorr tteelleeccoomm eeqquuiippmmeenntt//sseerrvviicceess ccoommppaanniieess ffoorr 22002200 aass rreeppoorrtteedd oonn hhttttpp::////ppeeooppllee..sstteerrnn..nnyyuu..eedduu//aaddaammooddaarr//NNeeww__HHoommee__PPaaggee //ddaattaaffiillee//wwaacccc..hhttmm ((oorr ccoommppaarraabbllee ssuurrvveeyy iiff tthhaatt ssuurrvveeyy cceeaasseess ttoo bbee aavvaaiillaabbllee)) ffoorr tthhee ddiissccoouunntt rraattee,, ((iiiiii)) rreevviieewwiinngg hhiissttoorriiccaall pprriicceess ffoorr ccoommpplleetteedd mmeerrggeerr aanndd aaccqquuiissiittiioonn ttrraannssaaccttiioonnss iinnvvoollvviinngg ssiimmiillaarr ccoommppaanniieess ttoo ggeett aa rraannggee ooff vvaalluuaattiioonn mmuullttiipplleess,, aanndd ((iivv)) vvaalluuiinngg tthhee CCoommppaannyy bbyy aassssuummiinngg tthhee aaccqquuiissiittiioonn ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy vviiaa aa lleevveerraaggeedd bbuuyyoouutt,, wwhhiicchh uusseess aa ssiiggnniiffiiccaanntt aammoouunntt ooff bboorrrroowweedd ffuunnddss ttoo ffuunndd tthhee ppuurrcchhaassee,, aanndd aassssuummiinngg aa reasonable rate of return (but not in excess of such WACC) for the purchasing entity. 16 1.2. . Unless expressly specified otherwise, whenever used in this Agreement, the terms "Article," " Exhibit," "Annex," "Schedule" and "Section" rreeffeerr ttoo aarrttiicclleess,, Construction exhibits, annexes, schedules and sections of this Agreement (and, for the avoidance of doubt, do not refer to articles, exhibits , annexes, sscchheedduulleess aanndd sseeccttiioonnss ooff aannyy ootthheerr Transaction Document) and are an integral part of this Agreement. Whenever used in this Agreement, the terms "hereby," "hereof," "herein" and "hereunder" aanndd wwoorrddss ooff similar import refer to this Agreement as a whole, including all articles, annexes, sections, schedules and exhibits hereto. Whenever used in this Agreement, the terms "include,"" "includes" and "including" mean "include, without limitation," "includes, without limitation" and "including, without limitation," respectively. The word "or" iiss nnoott eexxcclluussiivvee.. Whenever the context of this Agreement permits, the masculine, feminine or neuter gender, and the singular or plural number, are each deemed to include the others. "Days"" mmeeaannss ccaalleennddaarr ddaayyss uunnlleessss ootthheerrwwiissee ssppeecciiffiieedd.. UUnnlleessss eexxpprreessssllyy ssppeecciiffiieedd ootthheerrwwiissee,, aallll ppaayymmeennttss ttoo bbee mmaaddee iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh oorr uunnddeerr tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt ((oorr aannyy ootthheerr TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeenntt)) sshhaallll bbee mmaaddee iinn DDoollllaarrss.. RReeffeerreenncceess iinn tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt ttoo ppaarrttiiccuullaarr sseeccttiioonnss ooff aa LLaaww sshhaallll bbee ddeeeemmeedd ttoo rreeffeerr ttoo ssuucchh sseeccttiioonnss oorr pprroovviissiioonnss aass tthheeyy mmaayy bbee aammeennddeedd aafftteerr tthhee ddaattee ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt.. TThhee PPaarrttiieess hhaavvee ppaarrttiicciippaatteedd jjooiinnttllyy iinn tthhee nneeggoottiiaattiioonn aanndd ddrraaffttiinngg ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd iinn tthhee eevveenntt aann aammbbiigguuiittyy oorr qquueessttiioonn ooff iinntteenntt oorr iinntteerrpprreettaattiioonn aarriisseess,, tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt sshhaallll bbee ccoonnssttrruueedd aass iiff ddrraafftteedd jjooiinnttllyy bbyy tthhee PPaarrttiieess aanndd nnoo pprreessuummppttiioonn oorr bbuurrddeenn ooff pprrooooff sshhaallll aarriissee ffaavvoorriinngg oorr disfavoring any Party (or any Affiliate thereof) by virtue of the authorship of any of the provisions of this Agreement. 1.3. The paragraph headings are for the sake of convenience only and shall not affect the interpretation of this Agreement. 2. PURCHASE AND SALE OF THE SHARES 2.1. Agreement to Purchase and Sell . (i) SSuubbjjeecctt ttoo aanndd iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh tthhee tteerrmmss aanndd ccoonnddiittiioonnss ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, oonn CClloossiinngg SSeelllleerrss AA sshhaallll sseellll ttoo tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, aanndd tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll ppuurrcchhaassee ffrroomm SSeelllleerrss AA aa ttoottaall ooff 1133,,220011,,442266 RRTTHH SShhaarreess ((ooff wwhhiicchh 1100,,774499,,773355 sshhaallll bbee ssoolldd bbyy YYoommuunnaa IInnvveessttmmeennttss SS..LL.. aanndd 22,,445511,,669911 sshhaallll bbee ssoolldd bbyy VViiaattkkaa IInnvveessttmmeennttss SS..LL..)) ;; aanndd oonn CClloossiinngg SSeelllleerrss BB sshhaallll sseellll ttoo tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr aanndd tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll ppuurrcchhaassee ffrroomm SSeelllleerrss BB aa ttoottaall ooff 1177,,334444,,990066 RRTTHH SShhaarreess ((ooff which 9,395,129 shall be sold by I-Gelt Holdings, LLC and 7,949,777 shall be sold by East Holdings, LLC) (such 30,546,332 RTH Shares, the "PPuurrcchhaassee Shares"), wwhhiicchh,, uuppoonn CClloossiinngg,, wwiillll bbee ccoonnvveerrtteedd iinnttoo RRTTHH CCllaassss BB SShhaarreess,, ccoonnssttiittuuttiinngg aatt tthhee CClloossiinngg 8811..228822%% ooff tthhee iissssuueedd aanndd oouuttssttaannddiinngg RRTTHH SShhaarreess oonn aa ffuullllyy ddiilluutteedd bbaassiiss ((iinncclluuddiinngg bbuutt nnoott lliimmiitteedd ttoo aallll wwaarrrraannttss,, ooppttiioonnss,, ccoonnvveerrttiibbllee sseeccuurriittiieess aanndd ccoonnvveerrttiibbllee ddeebbtt)) aass ooff tthhee ddaattee ooff CClloossiinngg,, aass rreepprreesseenntteedd in the Capitalization Table set out in Schedule 2.1(i),, ffoorr tthhee SSeelllleerrss AA PPuurrcchhaassee PPrriiccee ffoorr SSeelllleerrss AA,, aanndd tthhee SSeelllleerrss BB PPuurrcchhaassee PPrriiccee ffoorr SSeelllleerrss BB ((ccoolllleeccttiivveellyy,, the "Purchase Price" ), as adjusted and reduced in Subsections (ii) and (iii) below. 17 (ii) (iii) (iv) TToo tthhee eexxtteenntt sseett ffoorrtthh oonn AAnnnneexx CC aanndd SSeeccttiioonn 22..66,, tthhee SSeelllleerrss TTrraannssaaccttiioonn EExxppeennsseess iinnccuurrrreedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy sshhaallll bbee ddeedduucctteedd ffrroomm tthhee Purchase Price paid to each Seller in accordance with the Seller Percentages set forth on Annex D aanndd oonnllyy uuppoonn tthhee SSeeccoonndd CClloossiinngg ffrroomm tthhee EEmmppllooyyeeee Extraordinary Bonus Payments on a proportionate basis in accordance with Annex F.. TThhee CCoommppaannyy wwiillll ccaauussee iittss SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy ttoo wwiitthhhhoolldd aannyy TTaaxx oonn tthhee bboonnuusseess ttoo tthhee EEmmppllooyyeeee EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy BBoonnuuss PPeerrssoonnnneell tthhaatt iiss rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbee wwiitthhhheelldd uunnddeerr aapppplliiccaabbllee LLaaww;; tthhee CCoommppaannyy wwiillll bbee rreessppoonnssiibbllee ffoorr aannyy TTaaxx ppaayyaabbllee bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhee EEmmppllooyyeeee EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeennttss;; aanndd tthhee SSeelllleerrss sshhaallll hhaavvee nnoo rreessppoonnssiibbiilliittyy ffoorr any Tax payable by the Company or any Subsidiary in connection with the Employee Extraordinary Bonus Payments. The Purchase Price shall be reduced in the event of any shortfall in the 2018 Operating Profits below $20,000,000 (twenty million Dollars) ("OP Shortfall" )).. Such shortfall shall reduce the full Purchase Price by the following formula: 5 (five) times OP Shortfall multiplied by 0.81282 (hereinafter: "Returned Amount")).. The Returned Amount shall be paid out of the Second Escrow Amount, as more fully set forth in Section 2.5(a). TThhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ccoovveennaannttss aanndd aaggrreeeess ttoo ccaauussee tthhee CCoommppaannyy ttoo mmaakkee tthhee AAnnnniivveerrssaarryy EEmmppllooyyeeee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn CCaasshh BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeennttss oonn tthhee ffiirrsstt aanndd sseeccoonndd aannnniivveerrssaarriieess ooff tthhee CClloossiinngg,, aanndd ttoo ppaayy tthhee SSeelllleerrss AA aanndd SSeelllleerrss BB iinn pprrooppoorrttiioonn ttoo tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee SSeelllleerrss PPeerrcceennttaaggeess oonn ssuucchh ddaatteess tthhee aammoouunntt ooff aannyy AAnnnniivveerrssaarryy EEmmppllooyyeeee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn CCaasshh BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeennttss tthhaatt wweerree nnoott ppaaiidd bbeeccaauussee aannyy EEmmppllooyyeeee EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy BBoonnuuss PPeerrssoonnnneell wweerree nnoott eemmppllooyyeedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aa SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy oonn ssuucchh aannnniivveerrssaarryy ddaattee((ss)).. AAnnyy aammoouunnttss ppaaiidd ttoo tthhee SSeelllleerrss AA aanndd SSeelllleerrss BB ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 22..11((iivv)) sshhaallll bbee considered an adjustment to the Sellers A Purchase Price and Sellers B Purchase Price. 18 2.2. Closing (a) The closing of the purchase and sale of the Purchase Shares (the "Closing" ) sshhaallll ttaakkee ppllaaccee aatt tthhee ooffffiicceess ooff tthhee NNoottaarryy,, wwhhoossee ooffffiiccee iiss llooccaatteedd aatt MMaaddrriidd,, SSppaaiinn,, wwiitthhiinn 22 ((ttwwoo)) BBuussiinneessss DDaayyss ooff tthhee ssaattiissffaaccttiioonn ooff aallll tthhee ccoonnddiittiioonnss pprreecceeddeenntt ttoo CClloossiinngg aass sseett oouutt hheerreeiinn ((ootthheerr tthhaann tthhoossee CCoonnddiittiioonnss PPrreecceeddeenntt wwhhiicchh,, bbyy tthheeiirr tteerrmmss,, aarree ttoo bbee ssaattiissffiieedd aatt CClloossiinngg)),, oorr tthheerreeaafftteerr aatt ssuucchh ootthheerr ttiimmee,, ddaattee aanndd ppllaaccee aass mmaayy bbee mmuuttuuaallllyy aaggrreeeedd bbyy tthhee PPaarrttiieess iinn wwrriittiinngg ((tthhee ttiimmee aanndd ddaattee ooff tthhee Closing being herein referred to as the "Closing Date" ). IInn tthhee eevveenntt tthhaatt tthhee CClloossiinngg ddooeess nnoott ttaakkee ppllaaccee wwiitthhiinn 6600 ((ssiixxttyy)) ddaayyss aafftteerr tthhee ddaattee ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee hhaass nnoott bbeeeenn eexxtteennddiinngg iinn wwrriittiinngg aass pprroovviiddeedd iinn tthhee pprreevviioouuss sseenntteennccee,, tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt sshhaallll bbee ddeeeemmeedd ttoo bbee tteerrmmiinnaatteedd wwiitthhoouutt ggiivviinngg rriissee ttoo aannyy rriigghhtt oorr ccllaaiimm bbyy aannyy PPaarrttyy hheerreettoo,, eexxcclluuddiinngg ccllaaiimmss ffoorr bbrreeaacchheess ooff oobblliiggaattiioonnss bbyy aannyy PPaarrttyy hheerreettoo pprriioorr ttoo ssuucchh tteerrmmiinnaattiioonn aanndd oobblliiggaattiioonnss ooff ccoonnffiiddeennttiiaalliittyy,, which shall survive such termination. (b) AAtt tthhee CClloossiinngg,, tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg aaccttiioonnss aanndd ooccccuurrrreenncceess wwiillll ttaakkee ppllaaccee,, aallll ooff wwhhiicchh sshhaallll bbee ddeeeemmeedd ttoo hhaavvee ooccccuurrrreedd ssiimmuullttaanneeoouussllyy aanndd nnoo aaccttiioonn sshhaallll bbee ddeeeemmeedd ttoo hhaavvee bbeeeenn ccoommpplleetteedd aanndd nnoo ddooccuummeenntt oorr cceerrttiiffiiccaattee sshhaallll bbee ddeeeemmeedd ttoo hhaavvee bbeeeenn ddeelliivveerreedd,, uunnttiill aallll aaccttiioonnss aarree ccoommpplleetteedd aanndd aallll ddooccuummeennttss aanndd cceerrttiiffiiccaatteess delivered: (i) Sellers A and Sellers B, as applicable, shall deliver to the Purchaser: (A) (B) (C) AA cceerrttiiffiiccaattee bbyy tthhee sseeccrreettaarryy ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy ccoonnffiirrmmiinngg tthhaatt tthhee oowwnneerrsshhiipp ooff aallll tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee SShhaarreess hhaass bbeeeenn dduullyy rreeccoorrddeedd aass oowwnneedd bbyy tthhee Purchaser in the Company' s share register; SSuucchh wwaaiivveerrss,, ccoonnsseennttss oorr ssuucchh ootthheerr ddooccuummeennttss aass mmaayy bbee rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo ggiivvee ggoooodd ttiittllee ttoo tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee SShhaarreess aanndd ttoo eennaabbllee tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr oorr iittss nominees to become their registered holders and owners under Spanish Law; The letter of resignation in substantially the form set out in Schedule 2.2(b)(i)(C) ooff [[**]] aass mmeemmbbeerrss ooff tthhee BBooaarrdd ooff DDiirreeccttoorrss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd corresponding roles at the Subsidiaries, wwiitthh aa wwrriitttteenn aacckknnoowwlleeddggmmeenntt ffrroomm eeaacchh ssuucchh rreessiiggnniinngg ddiirreeccttoorr tthhaatt hhee hhaass nnoo ccllaaiimm oorr hhaass rreelliinnqquuiisshheedd aallll eexxiissttiinngg oorr ppootteennttiiaall ccllaaiimmss wwhhaattssooeevveerr aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy,, ootthheerr tthhaann ccllaaiimmss uunnddeerr tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeennttss,, iinn wwhhiicchh hhee sseerrvveedd aass aa ddiirreeccttoorr,, wwhheetthheerr iinn rreessppeecctt ooff ccoommppeennssaattiioonn ffoorr lloossss ooff ooffffiiccee,, ddaammaaggeess,, llooaannss oorr ootthheerrwwiissee,, eexxcceepptt aannyy ccllaaiimmss ((ii)) uunnddeerr aannyy ooff tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeennttss oorr ccllaaiimmss tthhaatt aarree ccoovveerreedd uunnddeerr aannyy iinnddeemmnniittyy uunnddeerrttaakkiinngg ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr ffoorr aannyy eevveenntt aarriissiinngg aafftteerr tthhee ddaattee hheerreeooff and (ii) for unpaid compensation, reimbursements of expenses and similar amounts that arose prior to the Closing; 19 (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) Minutes of the Company' ss GGeenneerraall SShhaarreehhoollddeerrss MMeeeettiinngg ccoonnttaaiinniinngg ((ii)) tthhee rreessoolluuttiioonn bbyy vviirrttuuee ooff wwhhiicchh tthhee rreelleevvaanntt aaggrreeeedd ddiirreeccttoorrss aarree aappppooiinntteedd as members of the Company' s Board of Directors upon Closing and (ii) the resolution by virtue of which their position/role within the Company' ss Board of Directors is appointed; Minutes of the Company' s General Shareholders Meeting containing the resolution by virtue of which the sale of the Purchase Shares is approved; TThhee ooppiinniioonnss ooff lleeggaall ccoouunnsseell ttoo tthhee SSeelllleerrss ((iinncclluuddiinngg aa rreellaatteedd RReelleeaassee)),, ddaatteedd aass ooff tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee,, ssuubbssttaannttiiaallllyy iinn tthhee ffoorrmmss aattttaacchheedd hheerreettoo aass Schedule 2.2(b)(i)(F); The opinions of legal counsel to the Company, dated as of the Closing Date, substantially in the form attached hereto as Schedule 2.2(b)(i)(G); Bring down letter from the Sellers confirming the matters referred to in Section 2.3 (b), substantially in the form attached hereto as Schedule 2.2(b)(i) (H); Bring down letter from the Company' s CEO and CFO, substantially in the form attached hereto as Schedule 2.2(b)(i)(I),, ccoonnffiirrmmiinngg tthhee aaddeeqquuaaccyy ooff the Financial Statements; the matters set forth in Sections 2.3(f), (g), (h) and (j); and the completion of the transfer of GTS Ecuador; (J) Copies of the Company' s and all the Subsidiaries' bank statements covering the period from January 1, 2018 until Closing; 20 (K) (L) Signed copies of the Key Management Employment Agreements entered into by RT Hong Kong, RT Mexico or RT Colombia, aanndd tthhee KKeeyy Management prior to the Closing Date; Minutes of the Company' s General Shareholders Meeting containing the resolution by virtue of which the substitution of the New By-LLaawwss iiss adopted upon Closing; (M) Evidence that the New By-Laws have been adopted and notarized under the SCL, subject to filing with the Companies House; (N) (O) (P) RReelleevvaanntt ccoorrppoorraattee rreessoolluuttiioonnss aanndd ppoowweerrss ooff aattttoorrnneeyy ffrroomm tthhee SSeelllleerrss aanndd tthhee CCoommppaannyy,, iiff aannyy,, tthhaatt mmaayy bbee nneecceessssaarryy ffoorr tthhee ccoommpplleettiioonn ooff tthhee Transaction, the signing of the Transaction Documents and for the carrying out of all the actions thereunder in accordance with the applicable laws; SSiiggnneedd ccooppiieess ooff tthhee RRTTHH SShhaarreehhoollddeerrss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, IIttuurraann SSttoocckkhhoollddeerrss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, UUllttiimmaattee SShhaarreehhoollddeerrss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, EEssccrrooww AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd tthhee Pledge Agreement; and Evidence that the required time periods relating to the Anti-TTrruusstt FFiilliinngg hhaavvee eexxppiirreedd wwiitthh nnoo ffuurrtthheerr aaccttiioonnss rreeqquuiirreedd aanndd tthhaatt PPuurrcchhaasseerr hhaass complied fully with applicable Israeli anti-trust and other acquisition regulatory Laws of Israel or that an approval by the Israeli Anti-TTrruusstt Commission has been granted (without material conditions). (ii) (iii) (iv) At a Company' s General Shareholders Meeting held prior to Closing or at Closing the transfers of the Purchase Shares shall be approved. TThhee SSppaanniisshh TTrraannssffeerr AAggrreeeemmeenntt ((PPuurrcchhaassee SShhaarreess)) sshhaallll bbee ssiiggnneedd bbyy tthhee SSeelllleerrss aanndd tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr aanndd nnoottaarriizzeedd bbeeffoorree aa NNoottaarryy mmuuttuuaallllyy aaggrreeeedd bbyy tthhee Parties and delivered to the Purchaser. At a Company' ss GGeenneerraall SShhaarreehhoollddeerrss MMeeeettiinngg hheelldd aatt CClloossiinngg ((ii)) tthheerree sshhaallll bbee ssuubbmmiitttteedd aanndd aacccceepptteedd tthhee rreessiiggnnaattiioonnss ooff tthhee oouuttggooiinngg ddiirreeccttoorrss;; ((iiii)) tthhee appointment of new directors and posts in the Company shall be approved and (iii) the substitution of the New By-Laws shall be approved. 21 (v) TThhee CCoommppaannyy sshhaallll rreeccoorrdd tthhee ttrraannssffeerr ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee SShhaarreess ffrroomm SSeelllleerrss AA aanndd SSeelllleerrss BB ttoo tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ((oorr aass iinnssttrruucctteedd iinn wwrriittiinngg bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr)) oonn the Company' s shareholders' rreeggiisstteerr aanndd ootthheerr rreeccoorrddss aanndd,, pprroommppttllyy aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy sshhaallll mmaakkee aallll ffiilliinnggss aanndd rreeggiissttrraattiioonnss aass mmaayy bbee necessary to perfect such transfer and shall deliver copies thereof to the Purchaser. (vi) (A) The Purchaser shall pay the Sellers B Purchase Price as follows: ((ii)) bbyy wwiirree ttrraannssffeerr ooff iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy aavvaaiillaabbllee ffuunnddss tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee aammoouunntt ooff $$3366,,220011,,000000 ((tthhiirrttyy ssiixx mmiilllliioonn ttwwoo hhuunnddrreedd oonnee tthhoouussaanndd DDoollllaarrss)) ppaaiidd ttoo tthhee SSeelllleerrss BB iinn tthhee aammoouunnttss aanndd ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhee wwiirree iinnssttrruuccttiioonnss sseett ffoorrtthh in Annex 2.2(b)(vi); (ii) by depositing the FFiirrsstt EEssccrrooww AAmmoouunntt iinnttoo tthhee FFiirrsstt EEssccrrooww;; aanndd ((iiiiii)) bbyy ddeeppoossiittiinngg iinnttoo tthhee SSeeccoonndd EEssccrrooww tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff IIttuurraann SShhaarreess eeqquuaall ttoo $$55,,773322,,000000 ((ffiivvee mmiilllliioonn sseevveenn hhuunnddrreedd tthhiirrttyy ttwwoo tthhoouussaanndd DDoollllaarrss)) ddiivviiddeedd bbyy tthhee AAddjjuusstteedd MMaarrkkeett PPrriiccee ((tthheessee sshhaarreess wwiillll bbee referred to as the "Escrowed Sellers B Shares"). (B) (C) TThhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll ppaayy tthhee SSeelllleerrss AA PPuurrcchhaassee PPrriiccee aass ffoolllloowwss:: ((ii)) bbyy wwiirree ttrraannssffeerr ooff iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy aavvaaiillaabbllee ffuunnddss tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee aammoouunntt ooff $38,105,000 (thirty eight million one hundred five thousand Dollars), allocated to the Sellers A, and pursuant to the wire instructions, sseett ffoorrtthh iinn Annex 2.2(b)(vi);; aanndd ((iiii)) bbyy ddeeppoossiittiinngg iinnttoo tthhee SSeeccoonndd EEssccrrooww tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff IIttuurraann SShhaarreess eeqquuaall ttoo $$55,,774400,,000000 ((ffiivvee mmiilllliioonn sseevveenn hhuunnddrreedd ffoorrttyy thousand Dollars) divided by the Adjusted Market Price (these shares will be referred to as the "Escrowed Sellers A Shares" ). TThhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll ppaayy oorr ccaauussee ttoo bbee ppaaiidd oonn bbeehhaallff ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aa ppoorrttiioonn ooff tthhee EEmmppllooyyeeee EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeennttss bbyy ddeeppoossiittiinngg iinnttoo tthhee SSeeccoonndd EEssccrrooww aa cceerrttiiffiiccaattee iinn tthhee nnaammee ooff RRTT HHoonngg KKoonngg ffoorr tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff IIttuurraann SShhaarreess eeqquuaall ttoo $$556666,,000000 ((ffiivvee hhuunnddrreedd ssiixxttyy ssiixx tthhoouussaanndd Dollars) divided by the Adjusted Market Price (these shares will be referred to as the "Escrowed Employee Shares"), aanndd tthhee CCoommppaannyy wwiillll ccaauussee RRTT HHoonngg KKoonngg ttoo ppaayy tthhee IInniittiiaall EEmmppllooyyeeee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn CCaasshh BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeennttss ttoo tthhee EEmmppllooyyeeee EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy BBoonnuuss PPeerrssoonnnneell wwhhoo aarree eemmppllooyyeedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aa SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy oonn tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee.. AAnnyy aammoouunntt ooff tthhee IInniittiiaall EEmmppllooyyeeee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn CCaasshh BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeennttss tthhaatt iiss nnoott ppaaiidd ttoo eemmppllooyyeeeess wwiillll bbee ppaaiidd bbyy PPuurrcchhaasseerr ttoo tthhee SSeelllleerrss AA aanndd SSeelllleerrss BB iinn pprrooppoorrttiioonn ttoo tthheeiirr SSeelllleerr PPeerrcceennttaaggeess aass aann aaddjjuussttmmeenntt ttoo tthhee SSeelllleerrss AA Purchase Price and Sellers B Purchase Price. 22 (vii) The Purchaser shall deliver to the Sellers: (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) The opinion of legal counsel to the Purchaser, dated as of the Closing Date, substantially in the form attached hereto as Schedule 2.2(b)(vii)(A). Bring down letter from Purchaser substantially in the form attached hereto as Schedule 2.2(b)(vii)(B) ccoonnffiirrmmiinngg tthhee mmaatttteerrss sseett ffoorrtthh iinn SSeeccttiioonnss 22..44 (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) and (g). SSiiggnneedd ccooppiieess ooff tthhee RRTTHH SShhaarreehhoollddeerrss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, IIttuurraann SSttoocckkhhoollddeerrss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, UUllttiimmaattee SShhaarreehhoollddeerrss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, EEssccrrooww AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, SSppaanniisshh Transfer Agreement (Purchase Shares) and Pledge Agreement. NNoottwwiitthhssttaannddiinngg tthhee ffoorreeggooiinngg,, tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll bbee eennttiittlleedd ttoo wwiitthhhhoolldd ffrroomm aannyy ppaayymmeennttss dduuee hheerreeuunnddeerr aannyy aammoouunnttss iitt iiss rreeqquuiirreedd bbyy llaaww ttoo ddeedduucctt aanndd wwiitthhhhoolldd.. TToo tthhee eexxtteenntt tthhaatt aammoouunnttss aarree ssoo ddeedduucctteedd aanndd wwiitthhhheelldd bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, ssuucchh aammoouunnttss sshhaallll bbee ttrreeaatteedd ffoorr aallll ppuurrppoosseess ooff this Agreement as having been paid to the relevant Seller. FFoorr tthhee aavvooiiddaannccee ooff ddoouubbtt,, iitt iiss hheerreebbyy ccllaarriiffiieedd tthhaatt aallll TTaaxxeess lleevviieedd oonn tthhee EEmmppllooyyeeee EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy BBoonnuuss PPeerrssoonnnneell sshhaallll bbee bboorrnnee aanndd ppaaiidd bbyy each of the Employee Extraordinary Bonus Personnel for the portion of the Employee Extraordinary Bonus Payments distributed to them. Minutes of the Company' ss GGeenneerraall SShhaarreehhoollddeerrss MMeeeettiinngg ccoonnttaaiinniinngg ((ii)) tthhee rreessoolluuttiioonn bbyy vviirrttuuee ooff wwhhiicchh tthhee rreelleevvaanntt aaggrreeeedd ddiirreeccttoorrss aarree aappppooiinntteedd as members of the Company' s Board of Directors upon Closing and (ii) the resolution by virtue of which their position/role within the Company' ss Board of Directors is appointed. Minutes of the Company' s General Shareholders Meeting containing the resolution by virtue of which the substitution of the New By-LLaawwss iiss adopted upon Closing. 23 (H) (I) RReelleevvaanntt ccoorrppoorraattee rreessoolluuttiioonnss aanndd ppoowweerrss ooff aattttoorrnneeyy ffrroomm tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, iiff aannyy,, tthhaatt mmaayy bbee nneecceessssaarryy ffoorr tthhee ccoommpplleettiioonn ooff tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn,, tthhee signing of the Transaction Documents and for the carrying out of all the actions thereunder in accordance with the applicable laws. Evidence that the required time periods relating to the Anti-TTrruusstt FFiilliinngg hhaavvee eexxppiirreedd wwiitthh nnoo ffuurrtthheerr aaccttiioonnss rreeqquuiirreedd aanndd tthhaatt PPuurrcchhaasseerr hhaass complied fully with applicable Israeli anti-trust and other acquisition regulatory Laws of Israel or an approval by the Israeli Anti-TTrruusstt CCoommmmiissssiioonn has been granted (without material conditions). (viii) TThhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll ((oonn tthhee aaccccoouunntt ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee PPrriiccee)) ddeeppoossiitt ((ii)) tthhee FFiirrsstt EEssccrrooww AAmmoouunntt iinnttoo tthhee FFiirrsstt EEssccrrooww aanndd ((iiii)) tthhee EEssccrroowweedd SShhaarreess iinnttoo tthhee SSeeccoonndd EEssccrrooww.. TThhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr wwiillll bbee eennttiittlleedd ttoo bbee iinnddeemmnniiffiieedd ffrroomm tthhee FFiirrsstt EEssccrrooww ffoorr tthhee mmaatttteerrss sseett ffoorrtthh iinn SSeeccttiioonn 88..11.. UUppoonn tthhee ffiirrsstt aannnniivveerrssaarryy ooff tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee aallll tthhee rreemmaaiinniinngg aammoouunnttss iinn tthhee FFiirrsstt EEssccrrooww wwiillll bbee ddeelliivveerreedd ttoo SSeelllleerrss BB lleessss tthhee aammoouunntt ooff aannyy CCllaaiimmss tthhaatt hhaavvee bbeeeenn ffiinnaallllyy aaddjjuuddiiccaatteedd oorr are still in dispute under Section 8.1, as provided in the Escrow Agreement. (c) At the Closing, the Purchase Shares shall be converted to RTH Class B Shares and the Remaining Shares shall be converted to RTH Class A Shares. 2.3. Purchaser Closing, of each and all of the following conditions (any or all of which may be waived by the Purchaser): ' s Conditions to Closing . The Purchaser' ss oobblliiggaattiioonnss ttoo ccoonnssuummmmaattee tthhee ppuurrcchhaassee ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee SShhaarreess hheerreeuunnddeerr aarree ssuubbjjeecctt ttoo tthhee ffuullffiillmmeenntt,, pprriioorr ttoo oorr aatt tthhee (a) tthhee rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss aanndd wwaarrrraannttiieess ooff tthhee SSeelllleerrss wweerree ttrruuee aanndd ccoorrrreecctt iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss wwhheenn mmaaddee aanndd sshhaallll bbee ttrruuee aanndd ccoorrrreecctt iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss aatt tthhee CClloossiinngg aass tthhoouugghh mmaaddee aaggaaiinn aatt tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee ((eexxcceepptt tthhoossee rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss aanndd wwaarrrraannttiieess tthhaatt aaddddrreessss mmaatttteerrss oonnllyy aass ooff aa ppaarrttiiccuullaarr ddaattee,, wwhhiicchh sshhaallll bbee ttrruuee and correct as of that date); 24 (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) tthhee SSeelllleerrss sshhaallll hhaavvee ppeerrffoorrmmeedd aanndd ccoommpplliieedd wwiitthh aallll oobblliiggaattiioonnss aanndd ccoovveennaannttss rreeqquuiirreedd bbyy tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt ttoo bbee ppeerrffoorrmmeedd oorr ccoommpplliieedd wwiitthh bbyy tthheemm pprriioorr ttoo oorr aatt the Closing; tthhee eexxeeccuuttiioonn aanndd tthhee ddeelliivveerryy ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd tthhee ccoonnssuummmmaattiioonn ooff tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd hheerreebbyy sshhaallll hhaavvee bbeeeenn aapppprroovveedd bbyy aallll GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittiieess oorr tthhiirrdd ppaarrttiieess wwhhoossee aapppprroovvaallss aarree rreeqquuiirreedd bbyy LLaaww oorr nneecceessssaarryy ttoo pprreesseerrvvee tthhee rriigghhttss aanndd bbeenneeffiittss ccuurrrreennttllyy eennjjooyyeedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee FFuullllyy Owned Subsidiaries after the Closing; nnoo aaccttiioonn,, pprroocceeeeddiinngg,, iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn,, rreegguullaattiioonn oorr lleeggiissllaattiioonn sshhaallll hhaavvee bbeeeenn iinnssttiittuutteedd,, tthhrreeaatteenneedd oorr pprrooppoosseedd bbeeffoorree aannyy ccoouurrtt,, GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy oorr lleeggiissllaattiivvee bbooddyy ttoo eennjjooiinn,, rreessttrraaiinn,, pprroohhiibbiitt oorr oobbttaaiinn ssuubbssttaannttiiaall ddaammaaggeess iinn rreessppeecctt ooff,, oorr wwhhiicchh iiss rreellaatteedd ttoo,, oorr aarriisseess oouutt ooff,, tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt oorr tthhee ccoonnssuummmmaattiioonn of the Transaction contemplated hereby; tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll hhaavvee rreecceeiivveedd aa ttrruuee aanndd ccoorrrreecctt ccooppyy ooff eevveerryy ccoonnsseenntt,, ooppiinniioonn,, aapppprroovvaall aanndd wwaaiivveerr rreeqquuiirreedd ffoorr tthhee eexxeeccuuttiioonn ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd tthhee consummation of the Transaction contemplated hereby; aallll ccoorrppoorraattee aanndd ootthheerr pprroocceeeeddiinnggss iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhee aapppprroovvaall aanndd ffuullffiillmmeenntt ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt ((aanndd aannyy ooff iittss aanncciillllaarryy ddooccuummeennttss,, sscchheedduulleess oorr eexxhhiibbiittss)),, iinncclluuddiinngg aallll ttrraannssaaccttiioonnss ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd aatt tthhee CClloossiinngg aanndd aallll ddooccuummeennttss iinncciiddeenntt tthheerreettoo,, iinncclluuddiinngg tthhee iimmpplleemmeennttaattiioonnss ooff tthhee pprroovviissiioonn tthheerreeooff,, sshhaallll hhaavvee bbeeeenn ttaakkeenn iinn aa mmaannnneerr ssaattiissffaaccttoorryy iinn ffoorrmm aanndd ssuubbssttaannccee ttoo tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr aanndd tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll hhaavvee rreecceeiivveedd ccoouunntteerrppaarrtt oorriiggiinnaall oorr cceerrttiiffiieedd ccooppiieess ooff ssuucchh documents; (g) between the December 31, 2017 and the Closing Date, there shall have been no Seller Material Adverse Effect other than as set forth on the Schedules; (h) Sellers A shall continue to hold 7,034,336 RTH Shares constituting 18.7180% of the outstanding Ordinary Shares of the Company; (i) (j) tthhee CCoommppaannyy sshhaallll ccoonnttiinnuuee ttoo oowwnn,, ddiirreeccttllyy oorr iinnddiirreeccttllyy,, 110000%% ((oonnee hhuunnddrreedd ppeerrcceenntt)) ooff tthhee iissssuueedd sshhaarreess aanndd aallll ootthheerr rriigghhttss ooff tthhee FFuullllyy OOwwnneedd SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess,, aanndd 50% (fifty percent) of the issued shares and all other rights of the Partly Owned Subsidiaries; and aallll LLiieennss rreeggiisstteerreedd aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee aasssseettss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy sshhaallll hhaavvee bbeeeenn ddiisscchhaarrggeedd ((eexxcceepptt ffoorr LLiieennss iinn ffaavvoorr ooff bbaannkkss ffoorr eexxtteennddiinngg oorrddiinnaarryy bbuussiinneessss ccrreeddiitt lliinneess ttoo the Company and Permitted Security Interests). 25 (k) Global Telematics Solutions GTS Ecuador S.A ("GTS Ecuador") hhaassbbeeeenn wwhhoollllyy aanndd iirrrreevvooccaabbllyy ttrraannssffeerrrreedd wwiitthhoouutt aannyy TTaaxx rraammiiffiiccaattiioonnss oorr eexxppoossuurreess ttoo tthhee Company and any of the Subsidiaries or any exposure or any Liability. (l) The transfer of the Company' s registered office and Tax residency from Bilbao to Madrid. (m) TThhee CCoommppaannyy wwiillll ddeelliivveerr uunnaauuddiitteedd ccoonnssoolliiddaatteedd ffiinnaanncciiaall ssttaatteemmeennttss ((wwiitthh aa lliimmiitteedd rreevviieeww ooppiinniioonn bbyy tthhee aauuddiittoorrss)) ffoorr tthhee 66 ((ssiixx)) mmoonntthh ppeerriioodd eennddeedd JJuunnee 3300,, 2018 (including changes of profit or loss, changes in stockholders' equity, statements of cash-fflloowwss aanndd nnootteess ttoo tthhee ssttaatteemmeennttss)),, aallll aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee IIFFRRSS ((tthhee "Interim Financial Statements"). 2.4. ' Conditions to Closing Sellers the Closing, of each of the following conditions (any or all of which may be waived by the Sellers): . The Sellers' oobblliiggaattiioonnss ttoo ccoonnssuummmmaattee tthhee ssaallee ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee SShhaarreess ttoo tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr aatt tthhee CClloossiinngg aarree ssuubbjjeecctt ttoo tthhee ffuullffiillmmeenntt,, pprriioorr ttoo oorr aatt (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) aallll rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss aanndd wwaarrrraannttiieess ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr wweerree ttrruuee aanndd ccoorrrreecctt iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss wwhheenn mmaaddee aanndd sshhaallll bbee ttrruuee aanndd ccoorrrreecctt iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss aatt tthhee CClloossiinngg aass tthhoouugghh mmaaddee aaggaaiinn aatt tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee ((eexxcceepptt tthhoossee rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss aanndd wwaarrrraannttiieess tthhaatt aaddddrreessss mmaatttteerrss oonnllyy aass ooff aa ppaarrttiiccuullaarr ddaattee,, wwhhiicchh sshhaallll bbee ttrruuee and correct as of that date); tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll hhaavvee ppeerrffoorrmmeedd aanndd ccoommpplliieedd wwiitthh aallll oobblliiggaattiioonnss aanndd ccoovveennaannttss rreeqquuiirreedd bbyy tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt ttoo bbee ppeerrffoorrmmeedd oorr ccoommpplliieedd wwiitthh bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr prior to or at the Closing; tthhee eexxeeccuuttiioonn aanndd ddeelliivveerryy ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd tthhee ccoonnssuummmmaattiioonn ooff tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd hheerreebbyy,, sshhaallll hhaavvee bbeeeenn aapppprroovveedd bbyy aallll GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall Authorities required by Law; nnoo aaccttiioonn,, pprroocceeeeddiinngg,, iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn,, rreegguullaattiioonn oorr lleeggiissllaattiioonn sshhaallll hhaavvee bbeeeenn iinnssttiittuutteedd,, tthhrreeaatteenneedd oorr pprrooppoosseedd bbeeffoorree aannyy ccoouurrtt,, GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy oorr lleeggiissllaattiivvee bbooddyy ttoo eennjjooiinn,, rreessttrraaiinn,, pprroohhiibbiitt oorr oobbttaaiinn ssuubbssttaannttiiaall ddaammaaggeess iinn rreessppeecctt ooff,, oorr wwhhiicchh iiss rreellaatteedd ttoo,, oorr aarriisseess oouutt ooff,, tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt oorr tthhee ccoonnssuummmmaattiioonn of the Transaction contemplated hereby; aallll ccoorrppoorraattee aanndd ootthheerr pprroocceeeeddiinnggss iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhee aapppprroovvaall aanndd ffuullffiillllmmeenntt ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt ((aanndd aannyy ooff iittss aanncciillllaarryy ddooccuummeennttss,, sscchheedduulleess oorr eexxhhiibbiittss)),, iinncclluuddiinngg aallll ttrraannssaaccttiioonnss ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd aatt tthhee CClloossiinngg aanndd aallll ddooccuummeennttss iinncciiddeenntt tthheerreettoo,, iinncclluuddiinngg tthhee iimmpplleemmeennttaattiioonnss ooff tthhee pprroovviissiioonn tthheerreeooff,, sshhaallll hhaavvee bbeeeenn ttaakkeenn iinn aa mmaannnneerr ssaattiissffaaccttoorryy iinn ffoorrmm aanndd ssuubbssttaannccee ttoo tthhee SSeelllleerrss aanndd tthhee SSeelllleerrss sshhaallll hhaavvee rreecceeiivveedd ccoouunntteerrppaarrtt oorriiggiinnaall oorr cceerrttiiffiieedd ccooppiieess ooff ssuucchh ddooccuummeennttss;; and between the date of this Agreement and the Closing Date, there shall have been no Purchaser Material Adverse Effect.. 26 2.5. Post -Closing Adjustment (a) (b) (c) On the date specified in Section 2.5(c) or 2.5(f) below, as applicable, the Returned Amount shall be transferred to the Purchaser. TThhee RReettuurrnneedd AAmmoouunntt sshhaallll bbee delivered from the Second Escrow in the form of a number of Escrowed Shares equal to the Returned Amount divided by the Returned Amount Market Price. AAllll rreemmaaiinniinngg aammoouunnttss ooff EEssccrroowweedd SShhaarreess ffrroomm tthhee SSeeccoonndd EEssccrrooww AAmmoouunntt sshhaallll bbee aallllooccaatteedd ttoo SSeelllleerrss AA,, SSeelllleerrss BB aanndd tthhee EEmmppllooyyeeee BBoonnuuss TTrraannssaaccttiioonn PPeerrssoonnnneell who are employed by the Company or a Subsidiary on the Returned Amount Determination Date, all as set forth on Schedule 2.5(a),, wwhhiicchh iinncclluuddeess aann iilllluussttrraattiioonn ooff such reduction allocation and distribution, and subject to the other terms and procedures of this Agreement and the Second Escrow Agreement. TThhee CCoommppaannyy sshhaallll pprreeppaarree aanndd ddeelliivveerr ttoo tthhee SSeelllleerrss aanndd tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr tthhee 22001188 OOppeerraattiinngg PPrrooffiittss ssttaatteemmeennttss nnoo llaatteerr tthhaann AApprriill 3300,, 22001199.. TThhee 22001188 OOppeerraattiinngg PPrrooffiittss statements shall have been reviewed by the Company' s auditors. IInn aaddddiittiioonn,, iinn tthhee eevveenntt tthhaatt tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ccaauusseess tthhee CCoommppaannyy ttoo ttaakkee oorr oommiitt aannyy aaccttiioonn iinn aa mmaannnneerr tthhaatt ((ii)) iiss iinnccoonnssiisstteenntt wwiitthh tthhee OOrrddiinnaarryy CCoouurrssee ooff BBuussiinneessss aanndd ((iiii)) hhaass tthhee eeffffeecctt ooff mmaatteerriiaallllyy ddeeccrreeaassiinngg rreevveennuueess oorr iinnccrreeaassiinngg eexxppeennsseess iinn 22001188,, tthhee effects of such action or inaction shall be excluded from the 2018 Operating Profits statements. AAfftteerr rreecceeiipptt ooff tthhee 22001188 OOppeerraattiinngg PPrrooffiittss ssttaatteemmeennttss,, tthhee PPaarrttiieess sshhaallll tthheerreeuuppoonn,, iiff nneecceessssaarryy,, mmaakkee aaddjjuussttmmeennttss ttoo tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee PPrriiccee,, aass pprroovviiddeedd iinn SSeeccttiioonn 22..11((ii)),, aanndd ttoo tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff IIttuurraann SShhaarreess rreelleeaasseedd ttoo tthhee EEmmppllooyyeeee BBoonnuuss TTrraannssaaccttiioonn PPeerrssoonnnneell,, aanndd bbaasseedd oonn tthhee aammoouunnttss rreefflleecctteedd iinn tthhee 22001188 OOppeerraattiinngg PPrrooffiittss ssttaatteemmeennttss.. UUnnlleessss ddiissppuutteedd,, tthhee RReettuurrnneedd AAmmoouunntt sshhaallll bbee ttrraannssffeerrrreedd ttoo tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh SSeeccttiioonn 22..55((aa)) 1100 ((tteenn)) ddaayyss aafftteerr tthhee RReettuurrnneedd AAmmoouunntt DDeetteerrmmiinnaattiioonn DDaattee.. IIff tthhee SSeelllleerrss oorr tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ddiissppuuttee tthhee ffiigguurreess rreefflleecctteedd oonn tthhee 22001188 OOppeerraattiinngg PPrrooffiittss ssttaatteemmeennttss wwiitthhiinn tthhee aabboovvee 1100 ((tteenn)) ddaayyss tthhee PPaarrttiieess mmaayy nneeggoottiiaattee iinn ggoooodd ffaaiitthh ttoo sseettttllee ssuucchh ddiissppuuttee aanndd iiff ssuucchh ddiissppuuttee iiss nnoott sseettttlleedd wwiitthhiinn 3300 ((tthhiirrttyy)) ddaayyss ooff tthhee ccoommmmeenncceemmeenntt ooff nneeggoottiiaattiioonnss,, tthhee SSeelllleerrss aanndd PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll hhaavvee tthhee rriigghhtt ttoo rreeffeerr tthhee mmaatttteerr ttoo oonnee ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg aaccccoouunnttiinngg ffiirrmmss:: EErrnnsstt && YYoouunngg,, PPWWCC,, KKPPMMGG oorr BBDDOO,, aaccttiinngg aass aann eexxppeerrtt aanndd nnoott aass arbitrator (the "Operating Profits Expert"). 27 (d) (e) (f) TThhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll pprroovviiddee tthhee OOppeerraattiinngg PPrrooffiittss EExxppeerrtt,, ssuubbjjeecctt ttoo ccoonnffiiddeennttiiaalliittyy uunnddeerrttaakkiinnggss,, wwiitthh aallll ddaattaa aanndd ddooccuummeennttss aanndd wwiillll aallllooww tthhee SSeelllleerrss aanndd tthhee OOppeerraattiinngg PPrrooffiittss EExxppeerrtt ttoo iinnssppeecctt aanndd mmaakkee ccooppiieess ooff tthhee rreelleevvaanntt rreeccoorrddss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess aass tthhee SSeelllleerrss mmaayy rreeaassoonnaabbllyy require in connection with the adjustment contemplated herein. TThhee OOppeerraattiinngg PPrrooffiittss EExxppeerrtt wwiillll bbee iinnssttrruucctteedd ttoo pprroovviiddee aa ddeecciissiioonn iinn wwrriittiinngg wwiitthhiinn 3300 ((tthhiirrttyy)) ddaayyss ooff iittss aappppooiinnttmmeenntt.. SSuucchh ddeecciissiioonn wwiillll bbee ffiinnaall aanndd bbiinnddiinngg upon the Parties and the Employee Bonus Transaction Personnel. The expenses of the Operating Profits Expert will be borne by the Company. AAnnyy ttrraannssffeerr ooff RReettuurrnneedd AAmmoouunntt ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhee ddeecciissiioonn ooff tthhee OOppeerraattiinngg PPrrooffiittss EExxppeerrtt wwiillll bbee mmaaddee ffrroomm tthhee SSeeccoonndd EEssccrrooww AAmmoouunntt aanndd,, oonnllyy iinn tthhee eevveenntt tthhee Second Escrow Amount is inadequate, by Sellers from other resources, within 10 (ten) days from such decision. 2.6. Agreed Sellers Expenses Paid by the Company on Behalf of Sellers . The Purchaser and Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee wwiillll ddeetteerrmmiinnee aann eessttiimmaattee ooff tthhee SSeelllleerrss eexxppeennsseess ttoo bbee ppaaiidd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy oonn bbeehhaallff ooff SSeelllleerrss.. TToo tthhee eexxtteenntt tthhee eessttiimmaattee aass ooff tthhee CClloossiinngg ddiiffffeerrss ffrroomm $$11,,000000,,000000 ((wwhhiicchh hhaass aallrreeaaddyy bbeeeenn ddeedduucctteedd ffrroomm tthhee SSeelllleerrss AA PPuurrcchhaassee PPrriiccee aanndd SSeelllleerrss BB PPuurrcchhaassee PPrriiccee)) tthhee ccaasshh aammoouunnttss ppaayyaabbllee aass SSeelllleerrss AA PPuurrcchhaassee PPrriiccee aanndd SSeelllleerrss BB PPuurrcchhaassee PPrriiccee sshhaallll bbee pprrooppoorrttiioonnaatteellyy aaddjjuusstteedd uupp oorr ddoowwnn,, aanndd ttoo tthhee eexxtteenntt tthhee aaccttuuaall eexxppeennsseess ddiiffffeerr ffrroomm ssuucchh eessttiimmaattee,, tthhee SSeelllleerrss AA aanndd SSeelllleerrss BB wwiillll tthhee bbeeaarr tthhee aammoouunntt ooff tthhee eexxcceessss,, aanndd PPuurrcchhaasseerr wwiillll rreeiimmbbuurrssee SSeelllleerrss AA aanndd SSeelllleerrss BB,, iinn eeaacchh ccaassee iinn proportion to their respective Seller Percentages. 28 3. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES REGARDING THE COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The Sellers hereby severally and not jointly represent and warrant to the Purchaser as of the date hereof and as of the Closing Date (except those representations and warranties that address matters only as of a particular date, which shall be true and correct as of that date) as follows: 3.1. Constitution and Compliance (a) TThhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd eeaacchh ooff tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess iiss dduullyy oorrggaanniizzeedd aanndd vvaalliiddllyy eexxiissttiinngg uunnddeerr tthhee LLaawwss ooff tthhee rreelleevvaanntt jjuurriissddiiccttiioonn ooff ffoorrmmaattiioonn,, wwiitthh ppoowweerr aanndd aauutthhoorriittyy ttoo ccaarrrryy oonn iittss BBuussiinneessss aass nnooww bbeeiinngg ccoonndduucctteedd aanndd aass ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd ttoo bbee ccoonndduucctteedd.. TThhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd eeaacchh ooff tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess hhaass aatt aallll ttiimmeess ccaarrrriieedd oonn iittss BBuussiinneessss aanndd aaffffaaiirrss iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh tthheeiirr OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonnaall DDooccuummeennttss aanndd aallll aapppplliiccaabbllee LLaawwss aanndd rreegguullaattiioonnss,, aanndd tthheerree iiss nnoo vviioollaattiioonn oorr ddeeffaauulltt wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo aannyy ssttaattuuttee,, rreegguullaattiioonn,, oorrddeerr,, ddeeccrreeee,, oorr jjuuddggeemmeenntt ooff aannyy ccoouurrtt oorr aannyy GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy wwhhiicchh ccoouulldd rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee eexxppeecctteedd ttoo hhaavvee aa SSeelllleerr MMaatteerriiaall AAddvveerrssee EEffffeecctt uuppoonn tthhee aasssseettss oorr BBuussiinneessss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess.. TThhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd eeaacchh ooff tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess iiss dduullyy qquuaalliiffiieedd ttoo ddoo business and in good standing in each jurisdiction in which the Company and each of the Subsidiaries currently conducts business. (b) The Purchaser has received true and accurate copies of the Organizational Documents of the Company and the Subsidiaries as of the date of this Agreement. (c) (d) The Company and each of the Subsidiaries maintain all corporate, shareholder or other records and registries required by Law. Schedule 3.1(c) sseettss ffoorrtthh aa lliisstt ooff documents of this type that Purchaser has received. TToo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess hhaavvee mmaaddee aanndd ffiilleedd aallll rreettuurrnnss,, ppaarrttiiccuullaarrss,, rreessoolluuttiioonnss aanndd ddooccuummeennttss rreeqquuiirreedd bbyy tthhee rreelleevvaanntt jjuurriissddiiccttiioonn ooff ffoorrmmaattiioonn ccoommppaanniieess LLaaww oorr aannyy ootthheerr lleeggiissllaattiioonn ttoo bbee ffiilleedd wwiitthh tthhee rreelleevvaanntt rreeggiissttrraarr ooff ccoommppaanniieess oorr aannyy eeqquuiivvaalleenntt aauutthhoorriittyy oorr aannyy ootthheerr Governmental Authority or local authority, except as disclosed in Schedule 3.1(d). 3.2. Capitalization (a) Schedule 2.1(i) and Schedule 3.2(e) sseett oouutt tthhee aauutthhoorriizzeedd aanndd iissssuueedd sshhaarree ccaappiittaall ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd eeaacchh ooff tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess ((ttooggeetthheerr wwiitthh tthhee nnaammeess aanndd hhoollddiinnggss ooff eeaacchh ooff tthhee sshhaarreehhoollddeerrss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd ooff eeaacchh ooff tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess)) aass ooff tthhee ddaattee ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy pprriioorr ttoo aanndd aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg.. AAtt,, aanndd iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg,, SSeelllleerrss AA sshhaallll ccoonnttiinnuuee ttoo hhoolldd 77,,003344,,333366 sshhaarreess ccoonnssttiittuuttiinngg 1188..771188%% ooff tthhee oouuttssttaannddiinngg sshhaarreess ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy.. The shareholdings of Sellers A are listed in Schedule 2.1(i). 29 (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Other than as listed in Schedule 2.1(i),, tthheerree aarree nnoo oouuttssttaannddiinngg oorr aauutthhoorriizzeedd ssuubbssccrriippttiioonnss,, ooppttiioonnss,, wwaarrrraannttss,, ccaallllss,, rriigghhttss,, ccoommmmiittmmeennttss,, oorr aannyy ootthheerr aaggrreeeemmeennttss ooff aannyy cchhaarraacctteerr ddiirreeccttllyy oorr iinnddiirreeccttllyy oobblliiggaattiinngg tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess ttoo iissssuuee ((ii)) aannyy aaddddiittiioonnaall sshhaarreess oorr ootthheerr sseeccuurriittiieess oorr ((iiii)) aannyy sseeccuurriittiieess oorr ddeebbtt ccoonnvveerrttiibbllee iinnttoo,, oorr eexxcchhaannggeeaabbllee ffoorr,, oorr eevviiddeenncciinngg tthhee rriigghhtt ttoo ssuubbssccrriibbee ffoorr,, aannyy sshhaarreess ootthheerr sseeccuurriittiieess.. FFoorr tthhee aavvooiiddaannccee ooff ddoouubbtt,, aallll tthhee aaffoorreemmeennttiioonneedd ooppttiioonnss,, wwaarrrraannttss,, ccaallllss,, rriigghhttss,, ccoommmmiittmmeennttss oorr ootthheerr aaggrreeeemmeenntt ttoo ppuurrcchhaassee sshhaarreess oorr sseeccuurriittiieess ((oorr iinnssttrruummeennttss ccoonnvveerrttiibbllee iinnttoo oorr eexxcchhaannggeeaabbllee ffoorr sshhaarreess oorr sseeccuurriittiieess)) sshhaallll bbee dduullyy ccaanncceelllleedd bbeeffoorree CClloossiinngg,, aanndd nnoo aaddddiittiioonnaall ppaayymmeenntt bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll bbee rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo ppuurrcchhaassee tthhee sshhaarreess ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy ootthheerr tthhaann the Remaining Shares except for the Purchase Price. NNeeiitthheerr tthhee CCoommppaannyy nnoorr aannyy ooff tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess hhaass aaddoopptteedd oorr aauutthhoorriizzeedd aannyy ppllaann ffoorr tthhee bbeenneeffiitt ooff iittss ooffffiicceerrss,, eemmppllooyyeeeess,, ccoonnssuullttaannttss oorr ddiirreeccttoorrss wwhhiicchh requires or permits the issuance, sale, purchase, or grant of any shares of the Company' s or such Subsidiary' ss sshhaarree ccaappiittaall oorr ootthheerr sseeccuurriittiieess oorr aannyy sseeccuurriittiieess convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, or evidencing the right to subscribe for any such shares or securities, other than as set forth in Schedule 2.1(i). AAllll sseeccuurriittiieess ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd eeaacchh ooff tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess hhaavvee bbeeeenn iissssuueedd iinn ccoommpplliiaannccee iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss wwiitthh aallll llaawwss,, rruulleess aanndd rreegguullaattiioonnss,, iinncclluuddiinngg aapppplliiccaabbllee sseeccuurriittiieess llaawwss aanndd tthhee OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonnaall DDooccuummeennttss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess,, rreessppeeccttiivveellyy.. NNeeiitthheerr tthhee CCoommppaannyy nnoorr tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess iiss ssuubbjjeecctt ttoo aannyy oobblliiggaattiioonn ((ccoonnttiinnggeenntt oorr ootthheerrwwiissee)) ttoo rreeppuurrcchhaassee oorr ootthheerrwwiissee aaccqquuiirree oorr rreettiirree aannyy ooff iittss sshhaarreess oorr aannyy wwaarrrraannttss,, ooppttiioonnss oorr ootthheerr rriigghhttss ttoo aaccqquuiirree iittss shares. Schedule 3.2(e) lists all equity interests of the Company in the Subsidiaries. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.2(e), tthhee CCoommppaannyy oowwnnss ddiirreeccttllyy oorr iinnddiirreeccttllyy aallll ooff tthhee iissssuueedd aanndd oouuttssttaannddiinngg sshhaarree ccaappiittaall ooff tthhee FFuullllyy OOwwnneedd SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess aanndd hhaallff ((5500%%)) ooff aallll tthhee iissssuueedd aanndd oouuttssttaannddiinngg sshhaarree ccaappiittaall ooff tthhee PPaarrttllyy OOwwnneedd Subsidiaries, free and clear of all Security Interests. AAllll ddiivviiddeennddss,, sshhaarree pprreemmiiuumm rreeppaayymmeennttss oorr ootthheerr ddiissttrriibbuuttiioonnss ooff pprrooffiittss iinncclluuddiinngg aallll ttaaxxeess aassssoocciiaatteedd wwiitthh ssuucchh ddiivviiddeennddss ddeeccllaarreedd,, mmaaddee oorr ppaaiidd ssiinnccee tthhee ddaattee ooff ffoorrmmaattiioonn ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess hhaavvee bbeeeenn ddeeccllaarreedd,, mmaaddee oorr ppaaiidd iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss wwiitthh LLaawwss ooff tthhee jjuurriissddiiccttiioonn ooff ffoorrmmaattiioonn aanndd the Company' s or Subsidiaries' Organizational Documents. 30 3.3. Financial Statements (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) TThhee SSeelllleerrss hhaavvee ddeelliivveerreedd ttoo tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr aauuddiitteedd ccoonnssoolliiddaatteedd ffiinnaanncciiaall ssttaatteemmeennttss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy ffoorr tthhee yyeeaarrss eennddeedd DDeecceemmbbeerr 3311,, 22001177 aanndd DDeecceemmbbeerr 3311,, 22001166 (including consolidated changes of profit or loss, consolidated changes in stockholders' equity, consolidated statements of cash-fflloowwss aanndd nnootteess ttoo tthhee consolidated statements) (the "Financial Statements" , iinncclluuddiinngg tthhee IInntteerriimm FFiinnaanncciiaall SSttaatteemmeennttss aass ooff tthhee CClloossiinngg)).. TThhee FFiinnaanncciiaall SSttaatteemmeennttss,, iinncclluuddiinngg tthhee rreellaatteedd nnootteess aanndd sscchheedduulleess,, hhaavvee bbeeeenn pprreeppaarreedd ffrroomm tthhee bbooookkss aanndd rreeccoorrddss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess oonn aann aaccccrruuaall bbaassiiss iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh IIFFRRSS ccoonnssiisstteennttllyy aapppplliieedd tthhrroouugghhoouutt tthhee ppeerriiooddss ccoovveerreedd bbyy tthhee ssttaatteemmeennttss ooff ooppeerraattiioonnss iinncclluuddeedd tthheerreeiinn,, aarree ccoommpplleettee aanndd ccoorrrreecctt aanndd ffaaiirrllyy pprreesseenntt tthhee rreessuullttss ooff ooppeerraattiioonnss aanndd ffiinnaanncciiaall ccoonnddiittiioonn ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aass ooff tthhee ddaatteess aanndd ffoorr tthhee ppeerriiooddss ccoovveerreedd tthheerreebbyy ((ssuubbjjeecctt,, iinn tthhee ccaassee ooff tthhee IInntteerriimm FFiinnaanncciiaall SSttaatteemmeennttss ttoo the absence of footnote disclosures and reasonable audit adjustments). The Financial Statements are attached hereto as Annex 3.3(a). TThhee FFiinnaanncciiaall SSttaatteemmeennttss aarree pprreeppaarreedd iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh tthhee bbooookkss aanndd rreeccoorrddss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess aanndd aarree aaccccuurraattee iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss.. TThhee FFiinnaanncciiaall SSttaatteemmeennttss pprreesseenntt iinn aa ttrruuee,, ccoommpplleettee aanndd ffaaiirr vviieeww,, tthhee ffiinnaanncciiaall ppoossiittiioonn,, aasssseettss aanndd LLiiaabbiilliittiieess ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess aass ooff tthhee ddaatteess indicated and the results of its operations for such periods. The Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS. To the Knowledge of Sellers, there are no material off-bbaallaannccee sshheeeett LLiiaabbiilliittiieess,, ccllaaiimmss,, oorr oobblliiggaattiioonnss ooff aannyy nnaattuurree,, wwhheetthheerr aaccccrruueedd,, aabbssoolluuttee,, ccoonnttiinnggeenntt,, aannttiicciippaatteedd,, oorr ootthheerrwwiissee,, wwhheetthheerr dduuee oorr ttoo bbeeccoommee dduuee,, tthhaatt aarree nnoott sshhoowwnn oorr pprroovviiddeedd ffoorr iinn tthhee FFiinnaanncciiaall SSttaatteemmeennttss.. TThhee LLiiaabbiilliittiieess ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee Fully Owned Subsidiaries were incurred in the Ordinary Course of Business. NNoo eevveenntt hhaass ooccccuurrrreedd dduurriinngg tthhee ppeerriioodd ccoovveerreedd bbyy tthhee FFiinnaanncciiaall SSttaatteemmeennttss tthhaatt hhaass rreessuulltteedd iinn tthhee pprrooffiittss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess iinn rreessppeecctt ooff ssuucchh period being abnormally high or low. The Financial Statements are not affected by any materially unusual or non-rreeccuurrrriinngg iitteemmss,, eexxcceepptt aass ddiisscclloosseedd iinn tthhee FFiinnaanncciiaall Statements. TThhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass ddiisscclloossuurree ccoonnttrroollss aanndd pprroocceedduurreess wwhhiicchh aarree rreeaassoonnaabbllyy ddeessiiggnneedd ttoo eennssuurree tthhaatt iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbee ddiisscclloosseedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess iiss rreeccoorrddeedd,, pprroocceesssseedd,, ssuummmmaarriizzeedd aanndd rreeppoorrtteedd wwiitthhiinn tthhee rreeqquuiirreedd ttiimmee ppeerriioodd aanndd tthhaatt aallll ssuucchh iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn iiss aaccccuummuullaatteedd aanndd ccoommmmuunniiccaatteedd ttoo tthhee Company' ss pprriinncciippaall eexxeeccuuttiivvee ooffffiicceerr aanndd pprriinncciippaall ffiinnaanncciiaall ooffffiicceerr aass aapppprroopprriiaattee ttoo aallllooww ttiimmeellyy ddeecciissiioonnss rreeggaarrddiinngg rreeqquuiirreedd ddiisscclloossuurree aanndd ttoo mmaakkee tthhee cceerrttiiffiiccaattiioonnss ooff tthhee pprriinncciippaall eexxeeccuuttiivvee ooffffiicceerr aanndd pprriinncciippaall ffiinnaanncciiaall ooffffiicceerr ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy rreeqquuiirreedd uunnddeerr IIFFRRSS wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo ssuucchh rreeppoorrttss,, ccoonnssiisstteenntt wwiitthh IIFFRRSS,, but cannot implement such disclosure controls and procedures in accordance with U.S. GAAP before Closing. 31 3.4. Business to Date (a) Since December 31, 2017, except as set forth in Schedule 3.4(a) attached hereto: (i) (ii) eexxcceepptt iinn tthhee OOrrddiinnaarryy CCoouurrssee ooff BBuussiinneessss,, nneeiitthheerr tthhee CCoommppaannyy nnoorr aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy hhaass eenntteerreedd iinnttoo aannyy ssaallee oorr ppuurrcchhaassee oorrddeerr iinn eexxcceessss ooff $$775500,,000000 ((sseevveenn hundred and fifty thousand Dollars) per transaction or greater than $2,000,000 (two million Dollars) in the aggregate as to both; tthhee BBuussiinneessss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess hhaass bbeeeenn ccaarrrriieedd oonn aanndd ccoonndduucctteedd iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss,, iinn tthhee OOrrddiinnaarryy CCoouurrssee ooff BBuussiinneessss ccoonnssiisstteenntt with past practice, and there has been no Seller Material Adverse Effect; (iii) the Company has not declared or paid any cash dividend or made any distribution on its shares (except as provided under Section 2.1(iii)); (iv) eexxcceepptt iinn tthhee OOrrddiinnaarryy CCoouurrssee ooff BBuussiinneessss,, tthheerree hhaass bbeeeenn nnoo ssaallee,, aassssiiggnnmmeenntt,, oorr ttrraannssffeerr ooff aannyy ttaannggiibbllee aasssseett ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess aanndd nnoo sale, assignment, or transfer of any patent, trademark, trade secret, or other intangible asset of the Company or the Subsidiaries. (b) (c) NNeeiitthheerr tthhee CCoommppaannyy nnoorr aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy hhaavvee iinnccuurrrreedd aannyy ffiinnaanncciiaall LLiiaabbiilliittiieess,, ffiixxeedd oorr vvaarriiaabbllee oorr ccoonnttiinnggeenntt,, oorr kknnoowwnn ((ootthheerr tthhaann aaddddiittiioonnaall ffiinnaanncciiaall LLiiaabbiilliittiieess ooff uupp ttoo $$11,,000000,,000000 ((oonnee mmiilllliioonn DDoollllaarrss)) iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee aass ttoo bbootthh tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess)),, eexxcceepptt iinn tthhee OOrrddiinnaarryy CCoouurrssee ooff BBuussiinneessss oorr aass sshhoowwnn oonn Schedule 3.4(b). TThheerree aarree nnoo mmaatteerriiaall oouuttssttaannddiinngg ddeebbttss oowweedd ttoo tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess ootthheerr tthhaann aaccccoouunnttss rreecceeiivvaabbllee iinn tthhee OOrrddiinnaarryy CCoouurrssee ooff BBuussiinneessss eexxcceepptt aass detailed in Schedule 3.4(c). 32 (d) (e) 3.5. Properties There are no bad or doubtful debts owed to the Company on the Company' s or the Subsidiaries' bbooookkss aatt tthhee ddaattee hheerreeooff,, eexxcceepptt bbaadd oorr ddoouubbttffuull ddeebbttss tthhaatt aarroossee iinn the Ordinary Course of Business. AA lliisstt ooff aallll bbaannkk aaccccoouunnttss,, oovveerrddrraaffttss,, llooaannss,, gguuaarraanntteeeess oorr ootthheerr ffiinnaanncciiaall ffaacciilliittiieess oouuttssttaannddiinngg oorr aavvaaiillaabbllee ttoo tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess iiss ccoonnttaaiinneedd iinn Schedule 3.4(e). (a) Except as set forth on Schedule 3.5(a), the value of the Company' s and the Subsidiaries' mmaatteerriiaall ttaannggiibbllee pprrooppeerrttiieess aanndd ttaannggiibbllee aasssseettss aass ooff DDeecceemmbbeerr 3311,, 22001177 aanndd MMaarrcchh 3311,, 22001188,, rreessppeeccttiivveellyy,, wwaass ccoonnssiisstteenntt iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss wwiitthh tthhee vvaalluuee aassccrriibbeedd ttoo ssuucchh pprrooppeerrttiieess aanndd aasssseettss iinn tthhee FFiinnaanncciiaall SSttaatteemmeennttss.. TThhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd eeaacchh ooff tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess hhaavvee ggoooodd ttiittllee ttoo,, oorr vvaalliidd lleeaasseehhoolldd iinntteerreesstt iinn,, aallll pprrooppeerrttiieess aanndd aasssseettss uusseedd iinn iittss bbuussiinneessss oorr oowwnneedd bbyy iitt,, ffrreeee aanndd cclleeaarr ooff all Security Interests other than Permitted Security Interests. (b) No asset of the Company and the Subsidiaries has been acquired for any consideration other than by way of bargain at arm' s length. (c) OOtthheerr tthhaann tthhee sshhaarreess ooff tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess oowwnneedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy,, nneeiitthheerr tthhee CCoommppaannyy nnoorr aannyy ooff tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess iiss tthhee hhoollddeerr oorr tthhee bbeenneeffiicciiaall oowwnneerr ooff aannyy sshhaarree,, ddeebbeennttuurree,, mmoorrttggaaggee,, oorr sseeccuurriittyy ((oorr iinntteerreesstt tthheerreeiinn)) iinn aannyy ootthheerr ccoommppaannyy oorr ccoorrppoorraattiioonn,, oorr aa mmeemmbbeerr ooff aannyy ppaarrttnneerrsshhiipp oorr uunniinnccoorrppoorraatteedd aassssoocciiaattiioonn oorr limited liability company, except for entities mentioned in Schedule 3.2(e) and portfolio investment in listed shares. 3.6. Taxation . For purposes of this Section 3.6, the term "Company" shall include the Company and the Subsidiaries. Except as set forth in Schedule 3.6: (a) (b) AAllll mmaatteerriiaall rreeppoorrttss,, rreettuurrnnss oorr ootthheerr iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbee ffiilleedd bbyy oorr oonn bbeehhaallff ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy rreeggaarrddiinngg TTaaxxeess hhaavvee bbeeeenn ffiilleedd oonn aa ttiimmeellyy bbaassiiss wwiitthh tthhee aapppprroopprriiaattee GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittiieess iinn aallll rreeqquuiissiittee jjuurriissddiiccttiioonnss aanndd aallll ssuucchh rreettuurrnnss,, rreeppoorrttss oorr ootthheerr iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn wweerree ttrruuee,, ccoorrrreecctt aanndd ccoommpplleettee iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall respects. TToo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, aallll TTaaxxeess tthhaatt aarree dduuee aanndd ppaayyaabbllee wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo tthhee ppeerriioodd eennddeedd DDeecceemmbbeerr 3311,, 22001177 hhaavvee bbeeeenn ffuullllyy aanndd ttiimmeellyy ppaaiidd oorr rreesseerrvveedd iinn tthhee FFiinnaanncciiaall SSttaatteemmeennttss,, aanndd tthhee CCoommppaannyy ddooeess nnoott hhaavvee aannyy lliiaabbiilliittyy ffoorr TTaaxxeess wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo ssuucchh ppeerriioodd iinn eexxcceessss ooff tthhee aammoouunnttss ssoo ppaaiidd oorr ootthheerrwwiissee rreesseerrvveedd in the Financial Statements at December 31, 2017. All Taxes due since January 1, 2018 have been timely paid. 33 (c) (d) EExxcceepptt aass pprroovviiddeedd hheerreeiinn bbeellooww,, tthheerree iiss nnoo ddiissppuuttee wwiitthh aannyy TTaaxx aauutthhoorriittyy aannyywwhheerree iinn rreellaattiioonn ttoo tthhee aaffffaaiirrss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy.. TThheerree aarree nnoo cciirrccuummssttaanncceess wwhhiicchh wwiillll oorr mmaayy rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee ddeeeemmeedd lliikkeellyy ttoo,, wwhheetthheerr bbyy llaappssee ooff ttiimmee oorr tthhee iissssuuee ooff aannyy nnoottiiccee ooff aasssseessssmmeenntt oorr ootthheerrwwiissee,, ggiivvee rriissee ttoo aannyy mmaatteerriiaall ddiissppuuttee wwiitthh aannyy relevant Tax authority in relation to the Company' ss LLiiaabbiilliittyy oorr aaccccoouunnttaabbiilliittyy ffoorr TTaaxxeess uunnddeerr ccuurrrreennttllyy eennaacctteedd ssttaattuutteess aanndd rreegguullaattiioonnss,, aannyy ccllaaiimm mmaaddee bbyy iitt,, aannyy rreelliieeff,, ddeedduuccttiioonn,, oorr aalllloowwaannccee aaffffoorrddeedd ttoo tthhee CCoommppaannyy,, oorr iinn rreellaattiioonn ttoo tthhee ssttaattuuss oorr cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy uunnddeerr oorr ffoorr tthhee ppuurrppoossee ooff aannyy pprroovviissiioonn ooff aannyy legislation relating to Taxes. The Company has final Tax assessments until and including the year ended December 31, 2017. TThhee CCoommppaannyy iiss iinn ccoommpplliiaannccee iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss wwiitthh aallll tteerrmmss aanndd ccoonnddiittiioonnss ooff aannyy TTaaxx eexxeemmppttiioonnss,, TTaaxx hhoolliiddaayy oorr ootthheerr TTaaxx rreedduuccttiioonn aaggrreeeemmeenntt,, aapppprroovvaall oorr oorrddeerr ooff aannyy GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy aanndd,, ttoo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, tthhee ccoonnssuummmmaattiioonn ooff tthhee CClloossiinngg wwiillll nnoott hhaavvee aannyy mmaatteerriiaall aaddvveerrssee eeffffeecctt oonn:: ((ii)) tthhee vvaalliiddiittyy aanndd eeffffeeccttiivveenneessss ooff aannyy ssuucchh TTaaxx eexxeemmppttiioonnss,, TTaaxx hhoolliiddaayy oorr ootthheerr TTaaxx rreedduuccttiioonn aaggrreeeemmeenntt oorr oorrddeerr;; aanndd ((iiii)) tthhee ccoonnttiinnuueedd qquuaalliiffiiccaattiioonn ffoorr tthhee GGrraannttss oorr tthhee tteerrmmss oorr dduurraattiioonn tthheerreeooff oorr rreeqquuiirree aannyy rreeccaappttuurree ooff aannyy pprreevviioouussllyy claimed incentive under such Grants. (e) The Company has not waived any statute of limitations with respect to Taxes or agreed to any extension of time with respect to a Tax assessment or deficiency. (f) (g) Since December 31, 2017, tthhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass nnoott rreeqquueesstteedd,, ooffffeerreedd ttoo eenntteerr iinnttoo oorr eenntteerreedd iinnttoo aannyy aaggrreeeemmeenntt oorr ootthheerr aarrrraannggeemmeenntt,, oorr eexxeeccuutteedd aannyy wwaaiivveerr,, pprroovviiddiinngg ffoorr aannyy eexxtteennssiioonn ooff ttiimmee wwiitthhiinn wwhhiicchh:: ((ii)) ttoo ffiillee aannyy TTaaxx RReettuurrnn ccoovveerriinngg aannyy TTaaxxeess ffoorr wwhhiicchh tthhee CCoommppaannyy iiss oorr mmaayy bbee lliiaabbllee;; ((iiii)) ttoo ffiillee aannyy eelleeccttiioonnss,, ddeessiiggnnaattiioonnss oorr ssiimmiillaarr ffiilliinnggss rreellaattiinngg ttoo TTaaxxeess ffoorr wwhhiicchh tthhee CCoommppaannyy iiss oorr mmaayy bbee lliiaabbllee;; ((iiiiii)) tthhee CCoommppaannyy iiss rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo ppaayy oorr rreemmiitt aannyy TTaaxxeess oorr aammoouunnttss oonn account of Taxes; or (iv) any Governmental Authority may assess or collect Taxes for which the Company is or may be liable. TThhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass dduullyy aanndd ttiimmeellyy wwiitthhhheelldd aallll TTaaxxeess aanndd ootthheerr aammoouunnttss rreeqquuiirreedd bbyy LLaaww ttoo bbee wwiitthhhheelldd bbyy iitt ((iinncclluuddiinngg TTaaxxeess aanndd ootthheerr aammoouunnttss rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbee wwiitthhhheelldd bbyy iitt iinn rreessppeecctt ooff aannyy aammoouunntt ppaaiidd oorr ccrreeddiitteedd oorr ddeeeemmeedd ttoo bbee ppaaiidd oorr ccrreeddiitteedd bbyy iitt ttoo oorr ffoorr tthhee aaccccoouunntt oorr bbeenneeffiitt ooff aannyy ppeerrssoonn,, iinncclluuddiinngg aannyy Employees, officers or directors and any non-rreessiiddeenntt ppeerrssoonn)),, aanndd hhaass dduullyy aanndd ttiimmeellyy rreemmiitttteedd ttoo tthhee aapppprroopprriiaattee GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy ssuucchh TTaaxxeess aanndd ootthheerr amounts required by Law to be remitted by it. 34 (h) The Company has delivered to the Purchaser accurate copies of the Income Tax Returns of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2017. (i) (j) (k) (l) NNeeiitthheerr tthhee CCoommppaannyy nnoorr tthhee SSeelllleerrss ((iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthheeiirr sshhaarreess iinn tthhee CCoommppaannyy)) aarree ssuubbjjeecctt ttoo aannyy rreessttrriiccttiioonnss oorr lliimmiittaattiioonnss ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo aannyy TTaaxx LLaaww oorr pursuant to any Tax ruling made that may be violated as a result of the consummation of this Agreement. AAllll bbooookkss aanndd rreeccoorrddss wwhhiicchh tthhee CCoommppaannyy iiss rreeqquuiirreedd uunnddeerr rreelleevvaanntt LLaaww ttoo kkeeeepp ffoorr TTaaxx ppuurrppoosseess ((iinncclluuddiinngg aallll ddooccuummeennttss aanndd rreeccoorrddss lliikkeellyy ttoo bbee nneeeeddeedd ttoo ddeeffeenndd aannyy cchhaalllleennggee bbyy aannyy GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy ttoo tthhee ttrraannssffeerr pprriicciinngg ooff aannyy ttrraannssaaccttiioonn)) hhaavvee bbeeeenn dduullyy kkeepptt iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh aallll mmaatteerriiaall aapppplliiccaabbllee requirements and are available for inspection at the premises of the Company. AAllll tthhee mmaatteerriiaall aaggrreeeemmeennttss tthhaatt tthhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass ssiiggnneedd wwiitthh aannyy TTaaxx aauutthhoorriittyy ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo wwhhiicchh tthhee CCoommppaannyy iiss oobblliiggaatteedd ttoo mmaakkee ppaayymmeennttss aafftteerr tthhee ddaattee hheerreeooff aanndd aallll tthhee rruulliinnggss aanndd ddeecciissiioonnss rreecceeiivveedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy ffrroomm aannyy TTaaxx aauutthhoorriittyy tthhaatt ccoonnttiinnuuee ttoo bbee bbiinnddiinngg oonn tthhee CCoommppaannyy aafftteerr tthhee ddaattee hheerreeooff hhaavvee bbeeeenn mmaaddee available to the Purchaser at the Company' s offices and are attached hereto as Schedule 3.6(k). Except as set forth on Schedule 3.6(l),, tthheerree iiss nnoo nnoottiiccee,, ccllaaiimm,, aauuddiitt,, aaccttiioonn,, ssuuiitt,, pprroocceeeeddiinngg,, oorr iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn nnooww ppeennddiinngg oorr,, ttoo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, threatened in writing against or with respect to any Taxes relating to or involving the Company. (m) There are no Liens for Taxes upon any asset of the Company other than Permitted Security Interests. (n) The consummation of the Transaction pursuant to this Agreement will not result in any Taxes levied on the Company. (o) To the Knowledge of Sellers, RT Hong Kong complied with Hong-Kong offshore Tax regime through the date of this Agreement and Closing. (p) TThhee lleeggaall aaddddrreessss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy wwaass mmoovveedd ffrroomm BBiillbbaaoo ttoo MMaaddrriidd dduurriinngg tthhee ccaalleennddaarr yyeeaarr 22001188,, pprriioorr ttoo tthhee ttrraannssaaccttiioonn,, aanndd tthheerreeffoorree,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy wwiillll bbee considered as tax resident in Madrid. Consequently, the Company is subject to tax rules of such territory during the calendar year 2018. 35 (q) (r) AAllll ttrraannssaaccttiioonnss ccaarrrriieedd oouutt bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy wwiitthh rreellaatteedd ppaarrttiieess ooff tthhee SSeelllleerrss oorr ootthheerrss hhaavvee bbeeeenn ccaarrrriieedd oouutt uunnddeerr aarrmm''ss lleennggtthh ccoonnddiittiioonnss aass ccaann bbee eevviiddeenncceedd bbyy the price studies previously delivered to Purchaser. DDuurriinngg tthhee ppeerriioodd tthhee CCoommppaannyy wwaass rreessiiddeenntt iinn BBaarrcceelloonnaa aanndd MMaaddrriidd,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy ffiilleedd ffoorr EETTVVEE rreeggiimmee aanndd hhaass ccoommpplliieedd wwiitthh aallll rreelleevvaanntt ffoorrmmaall aanndd ssuubbssttaannccee requirements to benefit from such regime. There was no requirement to file for ETVE regime during the period the Company was resident in Bilbao. (s) To the Knowledge of the Sellers, none of the Subsidiaries has generated controlled foreign corporation income. 3.7. Contracts . For purposes of this Section 3.7, the term "Company" shall include the Company and the Subsidiaries. (a) (b) (c) The Purchaser has received true, correct, and complete copies (or where oral, written descriptions) of all Material Contracts, as listed on Schedule 3.7(a).. TThhee Company is not responsible for any translations thereof from the original language(s). Except as set forth on Schedule 3.7(b),, aallll MMaatteerriiaall CCoonnttrraaccttss aarree iinn ffuullll ffoorrccee aanndd eeffffeecctt aanndd tthhee CCoommppaannyy ((oorr iittss SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess aass aapppprroopprriiaattee)) hhaass ppeerrffoorrmmeedd iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss aallll ooff iittss oobblliiggaattiioonnss uunnddeerr eeaacchh MMaatteerriiaall CCoonnttrraacctt,, aanndd,, ttoo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, aallll tthhiirrdd ppaarrttiieess wwiitthh wwhhoomm tthhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass ttrraannssaacctteedd business under the Material Contracts have performed in all material respects all of their obligations thereunder which were due to have been performed. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.7(c),, nnoo ppaarrttyy ttoo aa MMaatteerriiaall CCoonnttrraacctt hhaass mmaaddee aa ccllaaiimm ttoo tthhee eeffffeecctt tthhaatt tthhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass ffaaiilleedd ttoo ppeerrffoorrmm aa mmaatteerriiaall oobblliiggaattiioonn tthheerreeuunnddeerr,, nnoorr hhaass aannyy ssuucchh ppaarrttyy nnoottiiffiieedd tthhee CCoommppaannyy ooff aann iinntteennttiioonn ttoo tteerrmmiinnaattee oorr nnoott rreenneeww aannyy ssuucchh MMaatteerriiaall CCoonnttrraaccttss aanndd tthhee CCoommppaannyy iiss nnoott ssuubbjjeecctt ttoo any penalties or fines. Except as set forth on Schedules 3.7(b) and 3.7(c), there are no circumstances known to the Company or to the Sellers which could cause (i) any Material Contract to be terminated or rescinded by any other party or (ii) their terms to be worsened or the Company or any Subsidiary prejudiced as a result of anything done or omitted or permitted to be done by the Company. 36 3.8. Litigation . For purposes of this Section 3.8, the term "Company" shall include the Company and the Subsidiaries. Except as provided in Schedule 3.8 hereto and except as would not have a Seller Material Adverse Effect: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) TThheerree aarree nnoo ppeennddiinngg cciivviill,, ccrriimmiinnaall,, aarrbbiittrraattiioonn oorr aaddmmiinniissttrraattiivvee pprroocceeeeddiinnggss ppeennddiinngg oorr,, ttoo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, tthhrreeaatteenneedd iinn wwrriittiinngg aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee CCoommppaannyy.. TToo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, tthheerree aarree nnoo ppeennddiinngg oorr tthhrreeaatteenneedd iinn wwrriittiinngg cciivviill,, ccrriimmiinnaall,, aarrbbiittrraattiioonn oorr aaddmmiinniissttrraattiivvee pprroocceeeeddiinnggss aaggaaiinnsstt aannyy PPeerrssoonn ttoo wwhhoomm tthhee Company is liable to indemnify, in each case arising out of the performance of their duties to the Company. TThhee CCoommppaannyy iiss nnoott ssuubbjjeecctt ttoo aannyy oorrddeerr oorr jjuuddggeemmeenntt ggiivveenn bbyy aannyy ccoouurrtt oorr GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy aanndd hhaass nnoott bbeeeenn aa ppaarrttyy ttoo aannyy uunnddeerrttaakkiinngg oorr aassssuurraannccee ggiivveenn ttoo aannyy ccoouurrtt oorr GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy wwhhiicchh iiss ssttiillll iinn ffoorrccee,, nnoorr aarree tthheerree aannyy ffaaccttss oorr cciirrccuummssttaanncceess ((wwiitthh oorr wwiitthhoouutt tthhee ggiivviinngg ooff nnoottiiccee oorr llaappssee ooff ttiimmee)) wwhhiicchh wwoouulldd bbee lliikkeellyy ttoo rreessuulltt iinn tthhee CCoommppaannyy bbeeccoommiinngg ssuubbjjeecctt ttoo ssuucchh aann oorrddeerr oorr jjuuddggeemmeenntt oorr bbeeiinngg rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbee aa ppaarrttyy ttoo aannyy ssuucchh uunnddeerrttaakkiinngg oorr assurance. TToo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, nneeiitthheerr tthhee CCoommppaannyy,, tthhee ddiirreeccttoorrss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy nnoorr aannyy ooff tthhee EEmmppllooyyeeeess tthheerreeooff iiss tthhee ssuubbjjeecctt ooff aannyy iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn,, eennqquuiirryy,, pprroocceessss oorr rreeqquueesstt ffoorr iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn iinn rreessppeecctt ooff aannyy ooff tthhee aaccttiivviittiieess ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy bbyy aannyy ccoommppeetteenntt aauutthhoorriittyy;; nnoo ssuucchh pprroocceedduurreess aarree ppeennddiinngg oorr tthhrreeaatteenneedd iinn writing; and there are no facts that are reasonably likely to give rise to any such proceedings. OOtthheerr tthhaann iinn tthhee OOrrddiinnaarryy CCoouurrssee ooff BBuussiinneessss,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass nnoott rreecceeiivveedd aannyy ccoommppllaaiinntt iinn wwrriittiinngg rreeggaarrddiinngg ((aanndd ttoo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass nnoott ssoolldd)) PPrroodduuccttss wwhhiicchh aarree oorr mmaayy iinn aannyy mmaatteerriiaall aassppeecctt bbee ffaauullttyy oorr ddeeffeeccttiivvee oorr wwhhiicchh ddoo nnoott ccoommppllyy iinn aannyy mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeecctt wwiitthh aannyy wwaarrrraannttiieess oorr representations expressly or impliedly made by the Company. TThhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass oobbttaaiinneedd aallll rreelleevvaanntt lliicceennsseess,, ccoonnsseennttss,, aapppprroovvaallss,, ppeerrmmiissssiioonnss,, ppeerrmmiittss,, cceerrttiiffiiccaatteess aanndd aauutthhoorriittiieess nneecceessssaarryy ffoorr tthhee ccaarrrryyiinngg oonn ooff iittss BBuussiinneessss iinn tthhee ppllaacceess aanndd iinn tthhee mmaannnneerr iinn wwhhiicchh ssuucchh BBuussiinneessss iiss nnooww ccaarrrriieedd oonn iinncclluuddiinngg ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo aallll eennvviirroonnmmeennttaall lleeggiissllaattiioonn aallll ooff wwhhiicchh aarree vvaalliidd aanndd ssuubbssiissttiinngg aanndd ttoo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, tthheerree aarree nnoo ffaaccttss oorr cciirrccuummssttaanncceess ((wwiitthh oorr wwiitthhoouutt tthhee ggiivviinngg ooff nnoottiiccee oorr llaappssee ooff ttiimmee)),, wwhhiicchh wwoouulldd bbee lliikkeellyy ttoo ccaauussee aannyy ooff them to be suspended, cancelled, revoked or not renewed. (f) To the Knowledge of Sellers, except as set forth on Schedule 3.8(f),, tthhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass aallll mmaatteerriiaall aapppprroovvaallss,, ppeerrmmiittss aanndd ccoonnsseennttss rreeqquuiirreedd bbyy aannyy GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall Authority from the Company. 37 3.9. Regulatory Matters . For purposes of this Section 3.9, the term "Company" shall include the Company and the Subsidiaries. (a) (b) EExxcceepptt aass wwoouulldd nnoott rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee eexxppeecctteedd ttoo hhaavvee,, iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy oorr iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee,, aa SSeelllleerr MMaatteerriiaall AAddvveerrssee EEffffeecctt,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy iiss hhoollddiinngg aanndd ooppeerraattiinngg iinn mmaatteerriiaall ccoommpplliiaannccee wwiitthh aallll ppeerrmmiittss tthhaatt aarree nneecceessssaarryy ffoorr tthhee ccoonndduucctt ooff tthhee BBuussiinneessss nnooww bbeeiinngg ccoonndduucctteedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy.. TThheerree aarree nnoo pprroocceeeeddiinnggss ppeennddiinngg oorr,, ttoo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, tthhrreeaatteenneedd iinn wwrriittiinngg wwhhiicchh wwoouulldd rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee eexxppeecctteedd ttoo rreessuulltt iinn tthhee mmaatteerriiaall lliimmiittaattiioonn,, oorr mmaatteerriiaall aaddvveerrssee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn,, revocation, cancellation or suspension, of any material permits or Governmental Approvals or licenses. EExxcceepptt ffoorr tthhoossee mmaatttteerrss wwhhiicchh,, iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy oorr iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee,, wwoouulldd nnoott rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee eexxppeecctteedd ttoo hhaavvee,, iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy oorr iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee,, aa SSeelllleerr MMaatteerriiaall AAddvveerrssee EEffffeecctt,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy iiss ccoonndduuccttiinngg aanndd hhaass ccoonndduucctteedd tthhee BBuussiinneessss iinn ccoommpplliiaannccee iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss,, wwiitthh aallll mmaatteerriiaall LLaawwss.. WWiitthhiinn tthhee 33 ((tthhrreeee)) yyeeaarrss pprreecceeddiinngg tthhee ddaattee hheerreeooff,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass nnoott rreecceeiivveedd aannyy wwrriitttteenn nnoottiiccee,, iinncclluuddiinngg aannyy wwaarrnniinngg lleetttteerr,, nnoottiiccee ooff aaddvveerrssee ffiinnddiinngg,, oorr nnoottiiccee ooff ddeeffiicciieennccyy,, oorr ssiimmiillaarr ccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn ffrroomm aannyy GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy,, ((ii)) aalllleeggiinngg tthhaatt aannyy ooff tthhee PPrroodduuccttss oorr tthhee oowwnneerrsshhiipp,, mmaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg,, ooppeerraattiioonn,, ssttoorraaggee,, iimmppoorrtt,, eexxppoorrtt,, ddiissttrriibbuuttiioonn,, mmaarrkkeettiinngg,, pprriicciinngg,, ssaallee,, pprroommoottiioonn,, wwaarreehhoouussiinngg,, ppaacckkaaggiinngg,, llaabbeelliinngg,, hhaannddlliinngg oorr tteessttiinngg tthheerreeooff iiss iinn vviioollaattiioonn ooff aannyy aapppplliiccaabbllee LLaaww oorr ppeerrmmiitt,, ((iiii)) ootthheerrwwiissee aalllleeggiinngg aannyy vviioollaattiioonn ooff aannyy LLaawwss bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo tthhee BBuussiinneessss oorr PPrroodduuccttss,, oorr ((iiiiii)) aalllleeggiinngg tthhaatt aannyy ssuucchh vviioollaattiioonn,, iiff aannyy,, hhaass nnoott bbeeeenn rreemmeeddiieedd;; eexxcceepptt,, iinn eeaacchh ccaassee,, ttoo tthhee eexxtteenntt tthhaatt ssuucchh vviioollaattiioonn hhaass bbeeeenn rreemmeeddiieedd oorr tthhaatt ssuucchh vviioollaattiioonn hhaass nnoott bbeeeenn,, aanndd wwoouulldd nnoott bbee,, eeiitthheerr iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy oorr iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee,, mmaatteerriiaall ttoo tthhee CCoommppaannyy.. TThhee CCoommppaannyy iiss nnoott ssuubbjjeecctt ttoo aannyy eennffoorrcceemmeenntt,, rreegguullaattoorryy oorr aaddmmiinniissttrraattiivvee pprroocceeeeddiinnggss bbyy aannyy GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy aalllleeggiinngg tthhaatt aannyy ooppeerraattiioonn oorr aaccttiivviittyy ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess rreellaattiinngg ttoo tthhee BBuussiinneessss oorr PPrroodduuccttss iiss iinn mmaatteerriiaall vviioollaattiioonn ooff aannyy LLaaww,, aanndd,, ttoo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, nnoo ssuucchh pprroocceeeeddiinnggss hhaavvee bbeeeenn tthhrreeaatteenneedd iinn wwrriittiinngg.. TToo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, nnoo aacctt,, oommiissssiioonn,, eevveenntt oorr cciirrccuummssttaannccee hhaass ooccccuurrrreedd tthhaatt would reasonably be expected to give rise to, or lead to, any such a proceeding or a material Liability relating to the Business or Products. 38 (c) AAllll mmaatteerriiaall ddooccuummeennttss,, rreeppoorrttss aanndd nnoottiicceess rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbee mmaaiinnttaaiinneedd oorr ffiilleedd wwiitthh aannyy GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo tthhee BBuussiinneessss oorr aannyy PPrroodduucctt hhaavvee bbeeeenn ssoo mmaaiinnttaaiinneedd oorr ffiilleedd oonn aa ttiimmeellyy bbaassiiss,, aanndd wweerree ccoommpplleettee aanndd aaccccuurraattee iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss aass ooff tthhee ddaattee ooff ffiilliinngg,, oorr wweerree ssuubbsseeqquueennttllyy uuppddaatteedd,, cchhaannggeedd,, ccoorrrreecctteedd,, oorr mmooddiiffiieedd pprriioorr ttoo tthhee ddaattee ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt.. TToo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, nnoo ssuucchh ffiilliinngg wwiitthh aannyy GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy ccoonnttaaiinnss aannyy mmaatteerriiaallllyy ffaallssee,, mmiisslleeaaddiinngg oorr ootthheerrwwiissee iinnaaccccuurraattee ssttaatteemmeennttss oorr iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn,, wwhheetthheerr eexxpprreessss oorr dduuee ttoo oommiissssiioonn ooff mmaatteerriiaall iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn,, aass ooff tthhee ddaattee ooff ffiilliinngg.. TToo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, nnoo aaccttiioonn hhaass bbeeeenn ttaakkeenn oorr ssttaatteemmeennttss mmaaddee oorr ffaaiilleedd ttoo bbee mmaaddee bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aannyy EEmmppllooyyeeee,, ccoonnssuullttaanntt,, ccoonnttrraaccttoorr,, aaggeenntt oorr ootthheerr RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy,, wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo tthhee BBuussiinneessss oorr aannyy PPrroodduuccttss,, tthhaatt ccoouulldd rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee eexxppeecctteedd ttoo pprroovviiddee aa bbaassiiss ffoorr aa GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall Authority to invoke its governmental policy or regulation, rule or Law. (d) The consummation of the Transaction by Sellers does not require Governmental Approvals. (e) WWiitthhoouutt aannyy lliimmiittaattiioonn ttoo tthhee ffoorreeggooiinngg,, eexxcceepptt ffoorr tthhoossee mmaatttteerrss wwhhiicchh,, ((ii)) iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy oorr iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee,, wwoouulldd nnoott rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee eexxppeecctteedd ttoo hhaavvee,, iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy oorr iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee,, aa SSeelllleerr MMaatteerriiaall AAddvveerrssee EEffffeecctt,, wwiitthh rreessppeecctt oonnllyy ttoo tthhee BBuussiinneessss oorr ((iiii)) wwoouulldd hhaavvee aa rreeaassoonnaabbllee ppoossssiibbiilliittyy ooff rreessuullttiinngg iinn aa ccrriimmiinnaall vviioollaattiioonn oorr ccrriimmiinnaall lliiaabbiilliittyy bbyy tthhee BBuussiinneessss,, aanndd eexxcceepptt ffoorr tthhoossee mmaatttteerrss wwhhiicchh,, iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy oorr iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee,, wwoouulldd nnoott rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee eexxppeecctteedd ttoo hhaavvee,, iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy oorr iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee,, aa SSeelllleerr MMaatteerriiaall AAddvveerrssee EEffffeecctt,, ttoo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, eexxcceepptt aass sseett ffoorrtthh iinn tthhee FFCCPPAA CCoommpplliiaannccee RReeppoorrtt,, nneeiitthheerr tthhee CCoommppaannyy nnoorr aannyy ooff iittss ssuubbssiiddiiaarriieess,, ddiirreeccttoorrss,, ooffffiicceerrss,, EEmmppllooyyeeeess,, aaggeennttss,, oorr ootthheerr ccoonnttrraaccttoorrss aanndd ssuubbccoonnttrraaccttoorrss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy ((ii)) hhaass iinn tthhee llaasstt ttwwoo ((22)) yyeeaarrss oorr dduurriinngg aannyy applicable statute of limitations period that has yet to expire or is currently tolled ("Applicable SOL Period") vviioollaatteedd,, hhaass ccaauusseedd ootthheerr ppaarrttiieess ttoo bbee iinn vviioollaattiioonn ooff,, or has knowingly participated in a violation of any anti-corruption Law or regulation applicable to the Company or its Subsidiaries (collectively "Anti-CCoorrrruuppttiioonn Laws"); (iiii)) hhaass iinn tthhee llaasstt ttwwoo ((22)) yyeeaarrss oorr dduurriinngg aannyy AApppplliiccaabbllee SSOOLL PPeerriioodd ddiirreeccttllyy oorr iinnddiirreeccttllyy ((tthhrroouugghh tthhiirrdd ppaarrttiieess)) ppaaiidd,, pprroovviiddeedd,, pprroommiisseedd,, ooffffeerreedd,, oorr aauutthhoorriizzeedd tthhee ppaayymmeenntt oorr pprroovviissiioonn ooff aannyy mmoonneeyy oorr aannyytthhiinngg ooff vvaalluuee ttoo ((aa)) aann ooffffiicciiaall,, eemmppllooyyeeee,, oorr aaggeenntt ooff aannyy ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt,, mmiilliittaarryy,, ppuubblliicc iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall organization, state-owned or affiliated entity, or instrumentality thereof (collectively "Government Officials"), (bb)) aa ppoolliittiiccaall ppaarrttyy oorr ccaannddiiddaattee,, oorr ((cc)) aannyy ootthheerr iinnddiivviidduuaall,, eennttiittyy,, oorr oorrggaanniizzaattiioonn,, ffoorr ppuurrppoosseess ooff oobbttaaiinniinngg,, rreettaaiinniinngg,, oorr ddiirreeccttiinngg bbuussiinneesssseess oorr aannootthheerr iimmpprrooppeerr aaddvvaannttaaggee ffrroomm,, ttoo oorr ffoorr aannyy PPeerrssoonn,, iinncclluuddiinngg tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr iittss ssuubbssiiddiiaarriieess;; ((iiiiii)) hhaass iinn tthhee llaasstt ttwwoo ((22)) yyeeaarrss oorr dduurriinngg aannyy AApppplliiccaabbllee SSOOLL PPeerriioodd ootthheerrwwiissee ooffffeerreedd,, pprroommiisseedd,, aauutthhoorriizzeedd,, pprroovviiddeedd,, oorr iinnccuurrrreedd aannyy iilllleeggaall bbrriibbee,, kkiicckkbbaacckk,, oorr ootthheerr ccoorrrruupptt oorr uunnllaawwffuull ppaayymmeenntt,, eexxppeennssee,, ccoonnttrriibbuuttiioonn,, ggiifftt,, eenntteerrttaaiinnmmeenntt,, ttrraavveell oorr ootthheerr bbeenneeffiitt,, oorr aaddvvaannttaaggee ((ccoolllleeccttiivveellyy,, "Restricted Benefits" ) ttoo oorr ffoorr tthhee bbeenneeffiitt ooff aannyy GGoovveerrnnmmeenntt OOffffiicciiaall,, ppoolliittiiccaall ppaarrttyy oorr ccaannddiiddaattee,, oorr aannyy ootthheerr iinnddiivviidduuaall,, eennttiittyy,, oorr oorrggaanniizzaattiioonn;; ((iivv)) hhaass iinn tthhee llaasstt ttwwoo ((22)) yyeeaarrss oorr dduurriinngg aannyy AApppplliiccaabbllee SSOOLL PPeerriioodd ssoolliicciitteedd,, aacccceepptteedd,, oorr rreecceeiivveedd aannyy RReessttrriicctteedd BBeenneeffiittss;; ((vv)) hhaass eessttaabblliisshheedd oorr mmaaiinnttaaiinneedd aannyy uunnllaawwffuull oorr unrecorded funds or has otherwise violated the books, records, and internal controls requirements of any Anti-CCoorrrruuppttiioonn LLaawwss;; ((vvii)) iiss oorr hhaass iinn tthhee llaasstt ttwwoo ((22)) yyeeaarrss oorr dduurriinngg aannyy AApppplliiccaabbllee SSOOLL PPeerriioodd bbeeeenn tthhee ssuubbjjeecctt ooff aannyy aalllleeggaattiioonn,, vvoolluunnttaarryy ddiisscclloossuurree,, ssuubbppooeennaa oorr ootthheerr iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn rreeqquueesstt,, iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn,, prosecution, settlement or other enforcement action related to any Anti-CCoorrrruuppttiioonn LLaaww,, oorr ootthheerr aapppplliiccaabbllee LLaaww oorr rreegguullaattiioonn.. TThhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass ddeelliivveerreedd ttoo tthhee Purchaser a true and complete copy of the FCPA Compliance Report. 39 3.10. Employees . For purposes of this Section 3.10, the term "Company" shall include the Company and the Fully Owned Subsidiaries. (a) (b) (c) AA lliisstt ooff aallll tthhee ddiirreeccttoorrss,, ooffffiicceerrss,, EEmmppllooyyeeeess aanndd ccoonnssuullttaannttss ((eexxcclluuddiinngg ccoonnssuullttaannttss aanndd EEmmppllooyyeeeess rreecceeiivviinngg lleessss tthhaann $$5500,,000000 ppeerr yyeeaarr,, llaawwyyeerrss aanndd aaccccoouunnttaannttss)) of the Company as Schedule 3.10(a).. TThhee bbeenneeffiittss ppaaiidd ttoo eeaacchh EEmmppllooyyeeee ccoommppllyy iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss wwiitthh tthhee rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss ooff tthhee LLaawwss aapppplliiccaabbllee ttoo tthhee Company or the Subsidiary that employs such Employee. TThhee SSeelllleerrss hhaavvee ddeelliivveerreedd ttrruuee aanndd ccoommpplleettee ccooppiieess ooff aallll eemmppllooyymmeenntt aanndd ccoonnssuullttaannccyy aaggrreeeemmeennttss ((iinncclluuddiinngg aannyy aaggrreeeemmeennttss bbeettwweeeenn tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd aannyy ssuucchh Employee concerning Intellectual Property, confidentiality and non-ccoommppeettiittiioonn,, bbuutt eexxcclluuddiinngg aannyy aaggrreeeemmeennttss wwiitthh EEmmppllooyyeeeess aanndd ccoonnssuullttaannttss rreecceeiivviinngg lleessss tthhaann $$5500,,000000 ppeerr yyeeaarr,, llaawwyyeerrss aanndd aaccccoouunnttaannttss)) uunnddeerr wwhhiicchh tthhee EEmmppllooyyeeeess aarree eennggaaggeedd.. TThheerree aarree nnoo CCoonnttrraaccttss bbeettwweeeenn tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd aannyy KKeeyy MMaannaaggeemmeenntt Employee. Other than in Mexico, there are no collective bargaining agreements with any labor union or any local or subdivision thereof. Other than benefits arrangements relating to Employees that are in place to satisfy the requirements of applicable Law and except as set forth in Schedule 33..1100((cc)),, tthheerree aarree nnoo mmaatteerriiaall aaggrreeeemmeennttss oorr aarrrraannggeemmeennttss,, wwhheetthheerr wwrriitttteenn oorr nnoott,, ffoorr tthhee ppaayymmeenntt ooff aannyy ppeennssiioonnss,, aalllloowwaanncceess,, lluummpp ssuummss oorr ootthheerr lliikkee bbeenneeffiittss oonn rreettiirreemmeenntt oorr oonn ddeeaatthh oorr tteerrmmiinnaattiioonn oorr dduurriinngg ppeerriiooddss ooff ssiicckknneessss oorr ddiissaabblleemmeenntt ffoorr tthhee bbeenneeffiitt ooff aannyy EEmmppllooyyeeee oorr ffoorrmmeerr EEmmppllooyyeeee oorr ffoorr tthhee bbeenneeffiitt ooff tthhee dependents of any such Employee in operation at the date hereof (collectively, "Benefits Arrangements" ). TThhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass ffuullffiilllleedd iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss iittss obligations under such Benefits Arrangements and any Law with respect to such Benefit Arrangements. 40 (d) Currently there are no outstanding options granted pursuant to any Company stock option plans. (e) (f) (g) (h) TThhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass ccoommpplliieedd wwiitthh aallll mmaatteerriiaall lleeggiissllaattiivvee oorr ootthheerr ooffffiicciiaall pprroovviissiioonnss rreellaattiinngg ttoo EEmmppllooyyeeeess,, aanndd tthheeiirr tteerrmmss aanndd ccoonnddiittiioonnss ooff eemmppllooyymmeenntt oorr eennggaaggeemmeenntt aanndd hhaass mmaaddee aallll ddeedduuccttiioonnss aanndd ppaayymmeennttss ttoo tthhee rreelleevvaanntt TTaaxx aauutthhoorriittiieess aanndd tthhee rreelleevvaanntt NNaattiioonnaall IInnssuurraannccee IInnssttiittuuttee ((oorr ssiimmiillaarr GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall Authorities) required to be made by Law. AAnnyy LLiiaabbiilliittiieess wwiitthh rreeggaarrdd ttoo sseevveerraannccee ppaayy aanndd aaccccrruueedd vvaaccaattiioonn ddaayyss dduuee ttoo aallll tthhee EEmmppllooyyeeeess aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo aannyy LLaaww oorr aaggrreeeemmeenntt ((iinncclluuddiinngg bbuutt nnoott lliimmiitteedd ttoo:: aannyy ppeerrssoonnaall oorr ccoolllleeccttiivvee aaggrreeeemmeenntt,, eexxtteennssiioonn oorrddeerr oorr ccuussttoomm iinn tthhee wwoorrkkppllaaccee)) aarree ffuunnddeedd oorr rreesseerrvveedd iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh llooccaall aacccceepptteedd aaccccoouunnttiinngg requirements. EExxcceepptt ffoorr tthhee KKeeyy MMaannaaggeemmeenntt EEmmppllooyymmeenntt AAggrreeeemmeennttss ((ttoo bbee eexxeeccuutteedd pprriioorr ttoo CClloossiinngg)),, tthheerree aarree nnoo mmaatteerriiaall aaggrreeeemmeennttss bbeettwweeeenn tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd aannyy ooff iittss ddiirreeccttoorrss,, ooffffiicceerrss,, eexxeeccuuttiivveess oorr EEmmppllooyyeeeess wwhhiicchh ccaannnnoott bbee tteerrmmiinnaatteedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy bbyy 1122 ((ttwweellvvee)) wweeeekk nnoottiiccee oorr lleessss,, wwiitthhoouutt ggiivviinngg rriissee ttoo aa ccllaaiimm ffoorr damages or compensation (except for statutory severance pay). TToo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, aallll ccoonnssuullttaannttss aarree rriigghhttllyy ccllaassssiiffiieedd aass ccoonnssuullttaannttss aanndd ccaannnnoott bbee rreeccllaassssiiffiieedd bbyy tthhee ccoouurrttss oorr aannyy ootthheerr GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy aass EEmmppllooyyeeeess.. TToo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, nnoo ccoonnssuullttaanntt iiss eennttiittlleedd ttoo aannyy rriigghhttss uunnddeerr tthhee llaabboorr llaawwss ooff aannyy aapppplliiccaabbllee jjuurriissddiiccttiioonnss,, iinncclluuddiinngg sseevveerraannccee ppaayy,, aanndd aallll ssaaiidd ccoonnssuullttaannttss hhaavvee rreecceeiivveedd aallll ooff tthhee rriigghhttss ttoo wwhhiicchh tthheeyy aarree eennttiittlleedd aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo aannyy aapppplliiccaabbllee LLaaww.. TToo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, aannyy iinnddiivviidduuaallss eemmppllooyyeedd bbyy mmaannppoowweerr ccoommppaanniieess wwhhiicchh aarree eennggaaggeedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy ffoorr tthhee pprroovviissiioonn ooff sseerrvviicceess ttoo tthhee CCoommppaannyy ccaannnnoott bbee rreeccllaassssiiffiieedd aass EEmmppllooyyeeeess aanndd aarree nnoott eennttiittlleedd to any employment entitlements from the Company. 41 (i) (j) (k) TThhee CCoommppaannyy iiss nnoott ssuubbjjeecctt ttoo aannyy llaabboorr ddiissppuuttee,, lloocckkoouutt,, sslloowwddoowwnn,, ssttrriikkee,, wwoorrkk ssttooppppaaggee oorr ggrriieevvaannccee,, aanndd,, ttoo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, tthheerree aarree nnoo ssuucchh aaccttiioonnss tthhrreeaatteenneedd iinn wwrriittiinngg,, eexxcceepptt aass wwoouulldd nnoott hhaavvee,, iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy oorr iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee,, aa SSeelllleerr MMaatteerriiaall AAddvveerrssee EEffffeecctt.. TToo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, tthheerree aarree nnoo oorrggaanniizzaattiioonnaall eeffffoorrttss wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo tthhee ffoorrmmaattiioonn ooff aa ccoolllleeccttiivvee bbaarrggaaiinniinngg uunniitt pprreesseennttllyy bbeeiinngg mmaaddee oorr tthhrreeaatteenneedd iinn wwrriittiinngg iinnvvoollvviinngg EEmmppllooyyeeeess,, eexxcceepptt ffoorr those the formation of which would not have or reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Seller Material Adverse Effect. EExxcceepptt aass wwoouulldd nnoott,, iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy oorr iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee,, rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee eexxppeecctteedd ttoo hhaavvee aa SSeelllleerr MMaatteerriiaall AAddvveerrssee EEffffeecctt,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy ((ii)) iiss iinn ccoommpplliiaannccee wwiitthh aallll aapppplliiccaabbllee LLaawwss rreeggaarrddiinngg eemmppllooyymmeenntt aanndd eemmppllooyymmeenntt pprraaccttiicceess aanndd tthhoossee LLaawwss rreellaattiinngg ttoo tteerrmmss aanndd ccoonnddiittiioonnss ooff eemmppllooyymmeenntt,, ccllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn ooff eemmppllooyyeeeess,, wages and hours, occupational safety and health and workers' ccoommppeennssaattiioonn,, aanndd ((iiii)) hhaass nnoo cchhaarrggeess oorr ccoommppllaaiinnttss rreellaattiinngg ttoo uunnffaaiirr llaabboorr pprraaccttiicceess oorr uunnllaawwffuull employment practices pending or, to the Knowledge of Sellers, threatened in writing against it before any Governmental Authority. TThhee eexxeeccuuttiioonn aanndd ddeelliivveerryy ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt wwiillll nnoott rreeqquuiirree tthhee ccoonnsseenntt ooff,, oorr aaddvvaannccee nnoottiiffiiccaattiioonn ttoo,, aannyy wwoorrkkss ccoouunncciillss,, uunniioonnss oorr ssiimmiillaarr llaabboorr oorrggaanniizzaattiioonnss wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo aannyy EEmmppllooyyeeeess ootthheerr tthhaann aannyy ssuucchh ccoonnsseennttss tthhee ffaaiilluurree ooff wwhhiicchh ttoo oobbttaaiinn oorr aaddvvaannccee nnoottiiffiiccaattiioonnss tthhee ffaaiilluurree ooff wwhhiicchh ttoo pprroovviiddee wwoouulldd nnoott rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee eexxppeecctteedd ttoo hhaavvee,, iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy oorr iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee,, aa SSeelllleerr MMaatteerriiaall AAddvveerrssee EEffffeecctt.. EExxcceepptt ffoorr tthhee EEmmppllooyyeeee EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeennttss aass sseett forth in Annex F and Annex 7.5,, tthhee ssiiggnniinngg ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt oorr tthhee ccoonnssuummmmaattiioonn ooff tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn wwiillll nnoott ((ii)) eennttiittllee aannyy EEmmppllooyyeeee,, ddiirreeccttoorr,, ooffffiicceerr oorr iinnddeeppeennddeenntt ccoonnttrraaccttoorr ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy ttoo bboonnuuss ppaayymmeennttss,, sseevveerraannccee ppaayy,, uunneemmppllooyymmeenntt ccoommppeennssaattiioonn oorr aannyy ootthheerr ppaayymmeenntt,, oorr ((iiii)) aacccceelleerraattee tthhee ttiimmee ooff payment or vesting, or increase the amount of, or compensation due to any such Employee, director, officer or independent contractor. (l) EEaacchh ooff tthhee eemmppllooyymmeenntt tteerrmmss ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhee KKeeyy MMaannaaggeemmeenntt EEmmppllooyymmeenntt AAggrreeeemmeennttss aarree ssuubbssttaannttiiaallllyy ssiimmiillaarr ttoo tthhee eemmppllooyymmeenntt tteerrmmss ooff ssuucchh rreelleevvaanntt KKeeyy Management prior to the execution of the relevant Key Management Employment Agreement, except for the Employee Extraordinary Bonus Payments. 42 3.11. Insurance . For purposes of this Section 3.11, the term "Company" shall include the Company and the Subsidiaries. (a) The Company is insured in amounts, scope and covering such risks which the Sellers believe is adequate. (b) (c) (d) True and correct copies or summaries of the material insurance policies of the Company (the "Company Insurance Policies") hhaavvee bbeeeenn ddeelliivveerreedd ttoo tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr.. All such Company Insurance Policies are in full force and effect. TThhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass nnoott ddoonnee oorr ssuuffffeerreedd aannyytthhiinngg ttoo bbee ddoonnee wwhhiicchh hhaass rreennddeerreedd oorr iiss rreeaassoonnaabbllyy lliikkeellyy ttoo rreennddeerr aannyy CCoommppaannyy IInnssuurraannccee PPoolliicciieess vvooiidd oorr vvooiiddaabbllee oorr wwhhiicchh mmiigghhtt rreessuulltt iinn aa mmaatteerriiaall iinnccrreeaassee iinn pprreemmiiuummss aanndd tthhee CCoommppaannyy hhaass ccoommpplliieedd iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss wwiitthh aallll ccoonnddiittiioonnss aattttaacchheedd ttoo ssuucchh CCoommppaannyy Insurance Policies. TThheerree iiss nnoo mmaatteerriiaall ccllaaiimm oouuttssttaannddiinngg uunnddeerr aannyy ooff ssuucchh CCoommppaannyy IInnssuurraannccee PPoolliicciieess aanndd,, ttoo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, tthheerree aarree nnoo cciirrccuummssttaanncceess lliikkeellyy ttoo ggiivvee rriissee to a material claim. 3.12. Intellectual Property . (a) EExxcceepptt ffoorr tthhee IInntteelllleeccttuuaall PPrrooppeerrttyy ooff ssuupppplliieerrss aanndd sseerrvviiccee pprroovviiddeerrss tthhaatt sseellll ggooooddss oorr sseerrvviicceess ttoo tthhee CCoommppaannyy,, nneeiitthheerr tthhee CCoommppaannyy nnoorr aannyy ooff tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess hhaass lliicceennsseedd aannyy IInntteelllleeccttuuaall PPrrooppeerrttyy ffrroomm tthhiirrdd ppaarrttiieess ((nnoott iinncclluuddiinngg ooffff tthhee sshheellff ssooffttwwaarree lliicceennsseedd ffrroomm tthhiirrdd ppaarrttiieess aanndd nnoott ttoo bbee iinnccoorrppoorraatteedd iinn iinntteelllleeccttuuaall property distributed by the Company or the Subsidiaries). (b) Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries has granted any material license of any Intellectual Property to any third parties. (c) To the Knowledge of Sellers, the Company and the Subsidiaries are able to obtain or acquire rights to use all of the Intellectual Property required for the Business. (d) (e) TToo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess oowwnn oorr hhaavvee tthhee rriigghhtt ttoo uussee aallll ooff tthhee IInntteelllleeccttuuaall PPrrooppeerrttyy rreeqquuiirreedd ffoorr tthhee PPrroodduuccttss wwiitthhoouutt ppaayyiinngg rrooyyaallttiieess ootthheerr tthhaann iinn tthhee OOrrddiinnaarryy CCoouurrssee ooff BBuussiinneessss oorr bbyy ppuurrcchhaassiinngg tthhee ggooooddss oorr sseerrvviicceess ffrroomm tthhee ssuupppplliieerr wwhhoo oowwnnss oorr hhaass tthhee rriigghhtt ttoo ssuucchh IInntteelllleeccttuuaall Property. NNoo IInntteelllleeccttuuaall PPrrooppeerrttyy uusseedd oorr pprrooppoosseedd ttoo bbee uusseedd iinn tthhee BBuussiinneessss aass ccuurrrreennttllyy ccoonndduucctteedd oorr aass ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd ttoo bbee ccoonndduucctteedd,, hhaass,, ttoo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, iinnffrriinnggeedd oorr iinnffrriinnggeess uuppoonn aannyy IInntteelllleeccttuuaall PPrrooppeerrttyy rriigghhttss ooff ootthheerrss.. TToo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, tthhee uussee ooff tthhee IInntteelllleeccttuuaall PPrrooppeerrttyy iinn tthhee BBuussiinneessss aass ccuurrrreennttllyy ccoonndduucctteedd wwiillll nnoott ccoonnssttiittuuttee aann iinnffrriinnggeemmeenntt,, mmiissaapppprroopprriiaattiioonn oorr mmiissuussee ooff aannyy IInntteelllleeccttuuaall PPrrooppeerrttyy rriigghhttss ooff aannyy tthhiirrdd ppaarrttyy.. TToo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, nnoo third party has the right to assert any claim regarding the use of, or challenging or questioning the Company' s or the Subsidiaries' rriigghhtt oorr ttiittllee iinn,, aannyy ooff ssuucchh Intellectual Property. 43 (f) (g) (h) (i) TToo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, iitt iiss nnoott nneecceessssaarryy ttoo uussee iinn tthhee BBuussiinneessss aannyy iinnvveennttiioonnss ooff aannyy ooff tthhee EEmmppllooyyeeeess ((oorr PPeerrssoonnss tthhaatt tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess currently intends to engage) made prior to their employment or engagement by the Company or the Subsidiaries. TThhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess hhaavvee ttaakkeenn aallll rreeaassoonnaabbllee mmeeaassuurreess,, iinncclluuddiinngg mmeeaassuurreess aaggaaiinnsstt uunnaauutthhoorriizzeedd ddiisscclloossuurree,, ttoo pprrootteecctt tthhee sseeccrreeccyy aanndd confidentiality of their Intellectual Property. AAllll IInntteelllleeccttuuaall PPrrooppeerrttyy tthhaatt hhaass bbeeeenn ddeevveellooppeedd oorr iiss ccuurrrreennttllyy bbeeiinngg ddeevveellooppeedd oonn bbeehhaallff ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess bbyy aannyy EEmmppllooyyeeee oorr ootthheerr tthhiirrdd ppaarrttyy is or shall be the sole property of, or is licensed or permitted to be used by its suppliers of goods and services to, the Company or the Subsidiaries. The key Employees set forth on Schedule 3.12(i) aarree oobblliiggaatteedd uunnddeerr wwrriitttteenn aaggrreeeemmeennttss ttoo rreettaaiinn iinn ccoonnffiiddeennccee tthhee pprroopprriieettaarryy aanndd ccoonnffiiddeennttiiaall iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn ooff tthhee Company or the Subsidiaries, including Intellectual Property, substantially in the forms previously provided to the Purchaser. 3.13. 3.14. 3.15. Grants and Benefits $20,000.00, from any Governmental Authority, or from any foreign Governmental Authority, granted to the Company or the Subsidiaries. . There are no material ppeennddiinngg aanndd oouuttssttaannddiinngg ggrraannttss,, iinncceennttiivveess aanndd ssuubbssiiddiieess,, aanndd aapppplliiccaattiioonnss tthheerreeffoorree,, iinn eeaacchh ccaassee wwiitthh aa vvaalluuee ooff mmoorree tthhaann Brokers and Finders .. EExxcceepptt ffoorr BBrrookkeerr PPaayymmeennttss,, nneeiitthheerr tthhee CCoommppaannyy,, nnoorr aannyy ooff tthhee EEmmppllooyyeeeess oorr tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess,, hhaass eemmppllooyyeedd oorr mmaaddee aannyy aaggrreeeemmeenntt wwiitthh aannyy bbrrookkeerr,, finder or similar agent or any Person, which will result in the obligation of the Company or any of the Subsidiaries or the Purchaser to pay any finder' ss ffeeee,, bbrrookkeerraaggee ffeeeess oorr commission or similar payment in connection with the Transaction contemplated hereby. Insolvency stopped paying its debts (or is unable to pay its debts) as and when they fall due. .. NNoo iinnssoollvveennccyy pprroocceeeeddiinnggss ooff aannyy kkiinndd hhaavvee bbeeeenn ffiilleedd aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy aanndd nneeiitthheerr tthhee CCoommppaannyy nnoorr aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy iiss iinnssoollvveenntt oorr hhaass 3.16. Environmental (a) (b) TToo tthhee KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff SSeelllleerrss,, nneeiitthheerr tthhee CCoommppaannyy nnoorr aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy ((oorr aannyy aasssseettss oorr pprrooppeerrttiieess wwhhiicchh tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy ooccccuuppiieess oorr uusseess oorr hhaass occupied or used), have been the subject of any environmental audit or any environmental evaluation, assessment, study or test. NNeeiitthheerr tthhee CCoommppaannyy nnoorr aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy ((oorr aannyyoonnee aaccttiinngg oonn tthheeiirr bbeehhaallff)) hhaass ssttoorreedd,, ttrreeaatteedd,, ttrraannssppoorrtteedd oorr ddiissppoosseedd ooff aannyy HHaazzaarrddoouuss MMaatteerriiaallss ootthheerr tthhaann iinn accordance with applicable Law. 44 3.17. Full Disclosure misstatement of fact or omits to state any material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which it was made, not misleading. . NNoonnee ooff tthhee rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss,, wwaarrrraannttiieess,, oorr ssttaatteemmeennttss ccoonnttaaiinneedd iinn tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 33 oorr iinn tthhee sscchheedduulleess,, aannnneexxeess aanndd eexxhhiibbiittss hheerreettoo ccoonnttaaiinnss aannyy mmaatteerriiaall 4. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF EACH SELLER Except for Section 4.5, each of the Sellers severally and not jointly represents and warrants to the Purchaser as of the date hereof and as of the Closing Date (except those representations and warranties that address matters only as of a particular date, which shall be true and correct as of that date) as follows solely as to such Seller: 4.1. 4.2. Incorporation being conducted. .. SSuucchh SSeelllleerr iiss dduullyy oorrggaanniizzeedd aanndd vvaalliiddllyy eexxiissttiinngg uunnddeerr tthhee LLaawwss ooff tthhee jjuurriissddiiccttiioonn ooff iittss oorrggaanniizzaattiioonn,, wwiitthh ppoowweerr aanndd aauutthhoorriittyy ttoo ccaarrrryy oonn iittss bbuussiinneessss aass nnooww .. SSuucchh SSeelllleerr hhaass tthhee ccaappaacciittyy aanndd aauutthhoorriittyy ttoo eexxeeccuuttee aanndd ddeelliivveerr tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, ttoo ppeerrffoorrmm hheerreeuunnddeerr aanndd ttoo ccoonnssuummmmaattee tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn Authority to Transact ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd hheerreebbyy.. TThhee bbooaarrdd ooff ddiirreeccttoorrss oorr ootthheerr ccoommppaarraabbllee ggoovveerrnniinngg bbooddyy ooff ssuucchh SSeelllleerr hhaass aapppprroovveedd tthhee eexxeeccuuttiioonn aanndd ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd aallll ootthheerr ccoorrppoorraattee oorr ootthheerr eennttiittyy aaccttiioonn oonn tthhee ppaarrtt ooff ssuucchh SSeelllleerr nneecceessssaarryy ffoorr tthhee aauutthhoorriizzaattiioonn aanndd eexxeeccuuttiioonn ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, tthhee aauutthhoorriizzaattiioonn,, ssaallee aanndd ddeelliivveerryy ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee Shares and the performance of all of such Seller' ss oobblliiggaattiioonnss hheerreeuunnddeerr hhaavvee bbeeeenn ttaakkeenn.. TThhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd tthhee ootthheerr TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeennttss ccoonnssttiittuuttee,, wwhheenn ssiiggnneedd bbyy such Seller' ss dduullyy aauutthhoorriizzeedd RReepprreesseennttaattiivveess,, vvaalliidd aanndd lleeggaallllyy bbiinnddiinngg oobblliiggaattiioonnss ooff ssuucchh SSeelllleerr,, eennffoorrcceeaabbllee iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh tthheeiirr tteerrmmss,, eexxcceepptt aass ssuucchh eennffoorrcceeaabbiilliittyy mmaayy be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or similar Laws affecting the rights of creditors generally and subject to general principles of equity. 45 4.3. Execution of Agreement Transaction contemplated hereby and thereby will not: .. TThhee eexxeeccuuttiioonn aanndd ddeelliivveerryy ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd tthhee ootthheerr TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeennttss bbyy ssuucchh SSeelllleerr ddooeess nnoott,, aanndd tthhee ccoonnssuummmmaattiioonn ooff tthhee (a) constitute a breach of any Law, rule or regulation of any Governmental Authority applicable to such Seller; (b) require the consent or agreement of any court, Governmental Authority or entity or other third party; (c) violate any provisions of such Seller' s Organizational Documents or any material Contract of such Seller; and (d) rreessuulltt iinn aannyy vviioollaattiioonn ooff,, oorr ccoonnfflliicctt wwiitthh,, oorr ccoonnssttiittuuttee aa ddeeffaauulltt uunnddeerr aannyy tteerrmm ooff,, oorr rreessuulltt iinn tthhee ccrreeaattiioonn oorr eennffoorrcceemmeenntt ooff aannyy SSeeccuurriittyy IInntteerreesstt uuppoonn aannyy ooff tthhee properties or assets of such Seller. 4.4. Purchase Shares (a) Seller owns such number of the Purchase Shares free and clear of Security Interests, as appear in Schedule 2.1(i) in parallel to its name. (b) Such Seller is entitled to sell the full legal and beneficial interest in the Purchase Shares to the Purchaser on the terms set out in this Agreement. (c) (d) Such Seller' ss PPuurrcchhaassee SShhaarreess aarree ffrreeee ooff aannyy SSeeccuurriittyy IInntteerreessttss,, pprrooxxiieess,, vvoottiinngg ttrruussttss aanndd ootthheerr vvoottiinngg aaggrreeeemmeennttss,, ccaallllss oorr ccoommmmiittmmeennttss ooff aannyy kkiinndd,, ootthheerr tthhaann aass explicitly contemplated by the Organizational Documents of the Company. The Purchase Shares are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-aasssseessssaabbllee aanndd hhaavvee tthhee rriigghhttss,, pprreeffeerreenncceess,, pprriivviilleeggeess,, aanndd rreessttrriiccttiioonnss sseett ffoorrtthh iinn tthhee Company' s Organizational Documents. 4.5. Brokers and Finders .. TThhee SSeelllleerrss jjooiinnttllyy aanndd sseevveerraallllyy rreepprreesseenntt aanndd wwaarrrraanntt tthhaatt nneeiitthheerr tthhee SSeelllleerrss nnoorr aannyy ooff tthheeiirr eemmppllooyyeeeess,, sshhaarreehhoollddeerrss oorr aannyy ssuubbssiiddiiaarryy hhaass eemmppllooyyeedd oorr mmaaddee aannyy aaggrreeeemmeenntt wwiitthh aannyy bbrrookkeerr,, ffiinnddeerr oorr ssiimmiillaarr aaggeenntt oorr aannyy ppeerrssoonn oorr ffiirrmm,, wwhhiicchh wwiillll rreessuulltt iinn tthhee oobblliiggaattiioonn ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy oorr tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ttoo ppaayy any finder' ss ffeeeess,, bbrrookkeerraaggee ffeeeess oorr ccoommmmiissssiioonn oorr ssiimmiillaarr ppaayymmeenntt iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd hheerreebbyy eexxcceepptt ffoorr tthhee BBrrookkeerr PPaayymmeennttss.. TThhee SSeelllleerrss sshhaallll bbee responsible for the Broker Payments in proportion to their respective Seller Percentages. 46 5. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF THE PURCHASER The Purchaser hereby represents and warrants to the Sellers as of the date hereof and as of the Closing Date (except those representations and warranties that address matters only as of a particular date, which shall be true and correct as of that date) as follows: 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4. 5.5. Incorporation. The Purchaser is a duly organized and validly existing corporation in good standing under the Laws of the State of Israel. Authority to Transact .. TThhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr hhaass tthhee ccaappaacciittyy aanndd aauutthhoorriittyy ttoo eexxeeccuuttee aanndd ddeelliivveerr tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, ttoo ppeerrffoorrmm hheerreeuunnddeerr aanndd ttoo ccoonnssuummmmaattee tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd hheerreebbyy.. TThhee eexxeeccuuttiioonn,, ddeelliivveerryy aanndd ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, tthhee ppuurrcchhaassee ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee SShhaarreess,, tthhee iissssuuaannccee ooff tthhee EEssccrroowweedd SShhaarreess,, the consummation of the Transaction and the performance of all of the Purchaser' ss oobblliiggaattiioonnss hheerreeuunnddeerr aanndd uunnddeerr tthhee ootthheerr TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeennttss hhaavvee bbeeeenn dduullyy aanndd vvaalliiddllyy aauutthhoorriizzeedd bbyy aallll nneecceessssaarryy aaccttiioonn rreeqquuiirreedd oonn tthhee ppaarrtt ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, aanndd nnoo ootthheerr pprroocceeeeddiinnggss oonn tthhee ppaarrtt ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr aarree nneecceessssaarryy ttoo aauutthhoorriizzee tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt oorr tthhee ootthheerr TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeennttss oorr ffoorr tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ttoo ppeerrffoorrmm iittss oobblliiggaattiioonnss uunnddeerr tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt oorr tthhee ootthheerr TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeennttss.. TThhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd tthhee ootthheerr TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeennttss ccoonnssttiittuutteess tthhee llaawwffuull,, vvaalliidd aanndd lleeggaallllyy bbiinnddiinngg oobblliiggaattiioonn ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, eennffoorrcceeaabbllee iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh iittss tteerrmmss,, eexxcceepptt aass tthhee ssaammee mmaayy bbee lliimmiitteedd bbyy aass rriigghhttss ttoo iinnddeemmnniittyy hheerreeuunnddeerr mmaayy bbee lliimmiitteedd bbyy ffeeddeerraall oorr ssttaattee sseeccuurriittiieess llaawwss aanndd aapppplliiccaabbllee bbaannkkrruuppttccyy,, iinnssoollvveennccyy,, rreeoorrggaanniizzaattiioonn,, mmoorraattoorriiuumm oorr ssiimmiillaarr laws affecting the enforcement of creditors' rriigghhttss ggeenneerraallllyy aanndd ggeenneerraall eeqquuiittaabbllee pprriinncciipplleess rreeggaarrddlleessss ooff wwhheetthheerr ssuucchh eennffoorrcceeaabbiilliittyy iiss ccoonnssiiddeerreedd iinn aa pprroocceeeeddiinngg aatt llaaww oorr iinn equity. Organizational Documents violate any provisions of the Organizational Documents of the Purchaser. .. TThhee eexxeeccuuttiioonn aanndd ddeelliivveerryy ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ddooeess nnoott,, aanndd tthhee ccoonnssuummmmaattiioonn ooff tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd hheerreebbyy wwiillll nnoott,, Valid Issuance of Common Stock and nonassessable and free of restrictions on transfer other than the applicable state and federal securities laws. .. TThhee EEssccrroowweedd SShhaarreess,, wwhheenn ssoolldd aanndd ddeelliivveerreedd iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh tthhee tteerrmmss hheerreeooff,, wwiillll bbee dduullyy aanndd vvaalliiddllyy aauutthhoorriizzeedd aanndd iissssuueedd,, ffuullllyy ppaaiidd SEC Documents; Financial Statements . Except as set forth on Schedule 5.5,, dduurriinngg tthhee ttwwoo ((22)) yyeeaarrss pprriioorr ttoo tthhee ddaattee hheerreeooff,, PPuurrcchhaasseerr hhaass ffiilleedd aallll rreeppoorrttss,, sscchheedduulleess,, ffoorrmmss,, ssttaatteemmeennttss aanndd ootthheerr ddooccuummeennttss rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbee ffiilleedd bbyy iitt wwiitthh tthhee SSEECC ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhee rreeppoorrttiinngg rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss ooff tthhee 11993344 AAcctt ((aallll ooff tthhee ffoorreeggooiinngg ffiilleedd pprriioorr ttoo tthhee ddaattee hheerreeooff aanndd aallll eexxhhiibbiittss iinncclluuddeedd tthheerreeiinn aanndd ffiinnaanncciiaall ssttaatteemmeennttss,, nnootteess aanndd sscchheedduulleess tthheerreettoo aanndd ddooccuummeennttss iinnccoorrppoorraatteedd bbyy rreeffeerreennccee tthheerreeiinn bbeeiinngg hheerreeiinnaafftteerr rreeffeerrrreedd ttoo aass tthhee "SEC Documents" ), and true, correct and complete copies of all the SEC Documents are available on the SEC' ss EEDDGGAARR ssyysstteemm.. AAss ooff tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee ddaatteess,, tthhee SSEECC DDooccuummeennttss ccoommpplliieedd iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss wwiitthh tthhee rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss ooff tthhee 11993344 AAcctt aanndd tthhee rruulleess aanndd rreegguullaattiioonnss ooff tthhee SSEECC pprroommuullggaatteedd tthheerreeuunnddeerr aapppplliiccaabbllee ttoo tthhee SSEECC DDooccuummeennttss,, aanndd nnoonnee ooff tthhee SSEECC DDooccuummeennttss,, aatt tthhee ttiimmee tthheeyy wweerree ffiilleedd wwiitthh tthhee SSEECC,, oorr aass ooff tthhee ddaattee ooff tthhee llaasstt aammeennddmmeenntt tthheerreeooff,, iiff aammeennddeedd aafftteerr ffiilliinngg,, ccoonnttaaiinneedd aannyy uunnttrruuee ssttaatteemmeenntt ooff aa mmaatteerriiaall ffaacctt oorr oommiitttteedd ttoo ssttaattee aa mmaatteerriiaall ffaacctt rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbee ssttaatteedd tthheerreeiinn oorr nneecceessssaarryy iinn oorrddeerr ttoo mmaakkee tthhee ssttaatteemmeennttss tthheerreeiinn,, iinn tthhee lliigghhtt ooff tthhee cciirrccuummssttaanncceess uunnddeerr wwhhiicchh tthheeyy wweerree mmaaddee,, nnoott mmiisslleeaaddiinngg.. AAss ooff tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee ddaatteess,, tthhee ffiinnaanncciiaall ssttaatteemmeennttss ooff PPuurrcchhaasseerr iinncclluuddeedd iinn tthhee SSEECC DDooccuummeennttss ccoommpplliieedd aass ttoo ffoorrmm iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss wwiitthh aapppplliiccaabbllee aaccccoouunnttiinngg rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss aanndd tthhee ppuubblliisshheedd rruulleess aanndd rreegguullaattiioonnss ooff tthhee SSEECC wwiitthh rreessppeecctt tthheerreettoo.. AAllll ssuucchh ffiinnaanncciiaall ssttaatteemmeennttss ffiilleedd wwiitthh tthhee SSEECC hhaavvee bbeeeenn pprreeppaarreedd iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh ggeenneerraallllyy aacccceepptteedd aaccccoouunnttiinngg pprriinncciipplleess,, ccoonnssiisstteennttllyy aapppplliieedd,, dduurriinngg tthhee ppeerriiooddss iinnvvoollvveedd ((eexxcceepptt ((ii)) aass mmaayy bbee ootthheerrwwiissee iinnddiiccaatteedd iinn ssuucchh ffiinnaanncciiaall ssttaatteemmeennttss oorr tthhee nnootteess tthheerreettoo,, oorr ((iiii)) iinn tthhee ccaassee ooff uunnaauuddiitteedd iinntteerriimm ssttaatteemmeennttss,, ttoo tthhee eexxtteenntt tthheeyy mmaayy eexxcclluuddee ffoooottnnootteess oorr mmaayy bbee ccoonnddeennsseedd oorr ssuummmmaarryy ssttaatteemmeennttss)) aanndd ffaaiirrllyy pprreesseenntt iinn aallll mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeeccttss tthhee ffiinnaanncciiaall ppoossiittiioonn ooff PPuurrcchhaasseerr aass ooff tthhee ddaatteess tthheerreeooff aanndd tthhee rreessuullttss ooff iittss ooppeerraattiioonnss aanndd ccaasshh fflloowwss ffoorr tthhee periods then ended (subject, in the case of unaudited statements, to normal year-end audit adjustments). 47 5.6. 5.7. .. TThhee eexxeeccuuttiioonn,, ddeelliivveerryy aanndd ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd hheerreebbyy ddoo nnoott ((ii)) vviioollaattee,, ccoonnfflliicctt wwiitthh oorr rreessuulltt iinn tthhee No Violation or Conflict breach of any provision of the Purchaser' ss CCeerrttiiffiiccaattee ooff IInnccoorrppoorraattiioonn oorr BByyllaawwss,, ((iiii)) ccoonnfflliicctt wwiitthh oorr vviioollaattee aannyy llaaww,, rruullee,, rreegguullaattiioonn,, oorrddeerr,, jjuuddggmmeenntt oorr ddeeccrreeee aapppplliiccaabbllee tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr oorr aannyy ooff iittss aasssseettss,, pprrooppeerrttiieess oorr bbuussiinneesssseess,, oorr ((iiiiii)) ccoonnfflliicctt wwiitthh,, rreessuulltt iinn aannyy bbrreeaacchh ooff,, ccoonnssttiittuuttee aa ddeeffaauulltt ((oorr eevveenntt tthhaatt wwiitthh tthhee ggiivviinngg ooff nnoottiiccee oorr llaappssee ooff ttiimmee,, oorr bbootthh,, wwoouulldd bbeeccoommee aa ddeeffaauulltt)) uunnddeerr,, rreeqquuiirree aannyy ccoonnsseenntt uunnddeerr,, oorr ggiivvee ttoo ootthheerrss aannyy rriigghhttss ooff tteerrmmiinnaattiioonn,, aammeennddmmeenntt,, aacccceelleerraattiioonn,, ssuussppeennssiioonn,, rreevvooccaattiioonn oorr ccaanncceellllaattiioonn ooff,, oorr rreessuulltt iinn tthhee ccrreeaattiioonn ooff aannyy eennccuummbbrraannccee oonn aannyy ooff tthhee aasssseettss oorr pprrooppeerrttiieess ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo aannyy nnoottee,, bboonndd,, mmoorrttggaaggee oorr iinnddeennttuurree,, ccoonnttrraacctt,, aaggrreeeemmeenntt,, lleeaassee,, ssuubblleeaassee,, lliicceennssee,, ppeerrmmiitt,, ffrraanncchhiissee oorr ootthheerr iinnssttrruummeenntt oorr aarrrraannggeemmeenntt ttoo wwhhiicchh tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr iiss aa ppaarrttyy eexxcceepptt,, iinn tthhee ccaassee ooff ccllaauusseess ((iiii)) aanndd ((iiiiii)),, ttoo tthhee eexxtteenntt tthhaatt ssuucchh ccoonnfflliiccttss,, bbrreeaacchheess,, ddeeffaauullttss oorr ootthheerr mmaatttteerrss wwoouulldd nnoott,, iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy oorr iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee,, rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee eexxppeecctteedd ttoo hhaavvee aa PPuurrcchhaasseerr MMaatteerriiaall AAddvveerrssee EEffffeecctt.. NNoo tthhiirrdd ppaarrttyy has a right of first refusal, preemptive right, right of participation, or any similar right to participate in the Transaction contemplated hereby. Material Changes; Undisclosed Events, Liabilities or Developments .. SSiinnccee DDeecceemmbbeerr 3311,, 22001177,, tthhee ddaattee ooff tthhee llaatteesstt aauuddiitteedd ffiinnaanncciiaall ssttaatteemmeennttss iinncclluuddeedd wwiitthhiinn tthhee rreeppoorrttss ffiilleedd wwiitthh tthhee SSEECC,, eexxcceepptt aass ssppeecciiffiiccaallllyy ddiisscclloosseedd iinn ssuucchh rreeppoorrttss aanndd ootthheerr rreeppoorrttss ffiilleedd pprriioorr ttoo tthhee ddaattee hheerreeooff,, ((ii)) tthheerree hhaass bbeeeenn nnoo eevveenntt,, ooccccuurrrreennccee oorr ddeevveellooppmmeenntt tthhaatt hhaass hhaadd oorr tthhaatt ccoouulldd rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee eexxppeecctteedd ttoo rreessuulltt iinn ((AA)) aa mmaatteerriiaall aaddvveerrssee eeffffeecctt oonn tthhee lleeggaalliittyy,, vvaalliiddiittyy oorr eennffoorrcceeaabbiilliittyy ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, ((BB)) aa PPuurrcchhaasseerr MMaatteerriiaall Adverse Effect, or (C) a material adverse effect on the Purchaser' ss aabbiilliittyy ttoo ppeerrffoorrmm iinn aannyy mmaatteerriiaall rreessppeecctt oonn aa ttiimmeellyy bbaassiiss iittss oobblliiggaattiioonnss uunnddeerr aannyy TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeenntt;; ((iiii)) tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr hhaass nnoott iinnccuurrrreedd aannyy lliiaabbiilliittiieess ((ccoonnttiinnggeenntt oorr ootthheerrwwiissee)) wwhhiicchh wwoouulldd,, iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy oorr iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee,, rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbee lliikkeellyy ttoo hhaavvee aa PPuurrcchhaasseerr MMaatteerriiaall AAddvveerrssee EEffffeecctt,, ((iiiiii)) tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr hhaass nnoott ddeeccllaarreedd oorr mmaaddee aannyy ddiivviiddeenndd oorr ddiissttrriibbuuttiioonn ooff ccaasshh oorr ootthheerr pprrooppeerrttyy ttoo iittss ssttoocckkhhoollddeerrss oorr ppuurrcchhaasseedd,, rreeddeeeemmeedd oorr mmaaddee aannyy aaggrreeeemmeennttss ttoo ppuurrcchhaassee oorr rreeddeeeemm aannyy sshhaarreess ooff iittss ccaappiittaall ssttoocckk;; aanndd ((iivv)) tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr hhaass nnoott iissssuueedd aannyy eeqquuiittyy sseeccuurriittiieess ttoo aannyy ooffffiicceerr,, ddiirreeccttoorr oorr AAffffiilliiaattee,, eexxcceepptt ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo eexxiissttiinngg PPuurrcchhaasseerr ssttoocckk ooppttiioonn ppllaannss.. TThhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ddooeess nnoott hhaavvee ppeennddiinngg bbeeffoorree tthhee SSEECC aannyy rreeqquueesstt ffoorr ccoonnffiiddeennttiiaall ttrreeaattmmeenntt ooff iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn.. EExxcceepptt ffoorr tthhee iissssuuaannccee ooff tthhee IIttuurraann SShhaarreess ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd bbyy tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, nnoo eevveenntt,, lliiaabbiilliittyy,, ffaacctt,, cciirrccuummssttaannccee,, ooccccuurrrreennccee oorr ddeevveellooppmmeenntt hhaass ooccccuurrrreedd oorr eexxiissttss oorr iiss rreeaassoonnaabbllyy eexxppeecctteedd ttoo ooccccuurr oorr eexxiisstt wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr oorr iittss ssuubbssiiddiiaarriieess oorr tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee bbuussiinneesssseess,, pprroossppeeccttss,, pprrooppeerrttiieess,, ooppeerraattiioonnss,, aasssseettss oorr ffiinnaanncciiaall ccoonnddiittiioonn tthhaatt wwoouulldd bbee rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbee ddiisscclloosseedd bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr uunnddeerr aapppplliiccaabbllee sseeccuurriittiieess llaawwss aatt tthhee ttiimmee tthhiiss rreepprreesseennttaattiioonn iiss mmaaddee oorr ddeeeemmeedd mmaaddee tthhaatt hhaass nnoott bbeeeenn ppuubblliiccllyy ddiisscclloosseedd aatt lleeaasstt oonnee ((11)) ddaayy prior to the date that this representation is made. 48 5.8. 5.9. 5.10. 5.11. .. TThhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr hhaass nnoott,, iinn tthhee 1122 ((ttwweellvvee)) mmoonntthhss pprreecceeddiinngg tthhee ddaattee hheerreeooff,, rreecceeiivveedd nnoottiiccee ffrroomm aannyy ttrraaddiinngg mmaarrkkeett oonn wwhhiicchh tthhee Listing and Maintenance Requirements CCoommmmoonn SSttoocckk iiss oorr hhaass bbeeeenn lliisstteedd oorr qquuootteedd ttoo tthhee eeffffeecctt tthhaatt tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr iiss nnoott iinn ccoommpplliiaannccee wwiitthh tthhee lliissttiinngg oorr mmaaiinntteennaannccee rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss ooff ssuucchh ttrraaddiinngg mmaarrkkeett.. TThhee Purchaser is, and has no reason to believe that it will not in the foreseeable future continue to be, in compliance with all such listing and maintenance requirements. Disclosure .. EExxcceepptt wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo tthhee mmaatteerriiaall tteerrmmss aanndd ccoonnddiittiioonnss ooff tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd bbyy tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ccoonnffiirrmmss tthhaatt nneeiitthheerr iitt nnoorr aannyy tthhiirrdd party acting on its behalf has provided the Sellers or their agents or counsel with any information that it believes constitutes or might constitute material, non-ppuubblliicc information which is not otherwise disclosed in the SEC Documents. Regulation M Compliance .. TThhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr hhaass nnoott,, aanndd ttoo iittss kknnoowwlleeddggee nnoo oonnee aaccttiinngg oonn iittss bbeehhaallff hhaass,, ((ii)) ttaakkeenn,, ddiirreeccttllyy oorr iinnddiirreeccttllyy,, aannyy aaccttiioonn ddeessiiggnneedd ttoo ccaauussee oorr ttoo rreessuulltt iinn tthhee ssttaabbiilliizzaattiioonn oorr mmaanniippuullaattiioonn ooff tthhee pprriiccee ooff tthhee IIttuurraann SShhaarreess,, ((iiii)) ssoolldd,, bbiidd ffoorr,, ppuurrcchhaasseedd,, oorr,, ppaaiidd aannyy ccoommppeennssaattiioonn ffoorr ssoolliicciittiinngg ppuurrcchhaasseess ooff,, aannyy ooff tthhee Escrowed Shares, or (iii) paid or agreed to pay to any Person any compensation for soliciting another to purchase any other securities of the Purchaser. .. EExxcceepptt ffoorr ffiilliinnggss uunnddeerr ffeeddeerraall sseeccuurriittiieess llaawwss aanndd,, iiff rreeqquuiirreedd,, PPrriinncciippaall EExxcchhaannggee rruulleess aanndd rreegguullaattiioonnss,, tthhee eexxeeccuuttiioonn,, Governmental/Regulatory Consents and Approvals ddeelliivveerryy aanndd ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ddoo nnoott,, aanndd tthhee ccoonnssuummmmaattiioonn ooff tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd hheerreebbyy ddoo nnoott aanndd wwiillll nnoott,, rreeqquuiirree aannyy ppeerrmmiittss,, ccoonnsseennttss,, aapppprroovvaallss,, oorrddeerrss,, aauutthhoorriizzaattiioonnss ooff,, oorr ddeeccllaarraattiioonnss ttoo oorr ffiilliinnggss wwiitthh aannyy ffeeddeerraall,, ssttaattee,, llooccaall oorr ffoorreeiiggnn GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy,, wwhhiicchh hhaass nnoott aallrreeaaddyy bbeeeenn obtained, effected or provided. The consummation of the Transaction by Purchaser does not require Governmental Approvals, except for the approval of the Israeli Anti-TTrruusstt Commission. 49 5.12. Disputes contemplated hereby. . TThheerree iiss nnoo ssuuiitt,, aaccttiioonn,, pprroocceeeeddiinngg,, ccllaaiimm oorr iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn ppeennddiinngg aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr tthhaatt sseeeekkss ttoo pprreevveenntt tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ffrroomm ccoonnssuummmmaattiinngg tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn 5.13. No Other Representations . (a) PPuurrcchhaasseerr aacckknnoowwlleeddggeess tthhaatt iitt hhaass rreecceeiivveedd iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn iinn rreessppeecctt ttoo iittss rreeqquueesstt ffoorr ddeecciiddiinngg wwhheetthheerr ttoo eenntteerr iinnttoo tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd hheerreeiinn aanndd hhaass ccoonndduucctteedd aa dduuee ddiilliiggeennccee rreevviieeww ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy.. PPuurrcchhaasseerr ffuurrtthheerr aacckknnoowwlleeddggeess tthhaatt iitt wwaass aaffffoorrddeedd tthhee ooppppoorrttuunniittyy ttoo rraaiissee qquueessttiioonnss aanndd rreecceeiivvee aannsswweerrss ffrroomm Company management, including without limitation with respect to the Company' ss BBuussiinneessss,, ffiinnaanncciiaall aaffffaaiirrss,, aasssseettss,, aanndd lliiaabbiilliittiieess.. IInn eenntteerriinngg iinnttoo tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, Purchaser has relied solely upon the express representations and warranties of the Sellers set forth in Sections 3 and 4 and Purchaser' ss oowwnn iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn aanndd aannaallyyssiiss.. PPuurrcchhaasseerr aacckknnoowwlleeddggeess tthhaatt,, eexxcceepptt aass sseett ffoorrtthh iinn SSeeccttiioonnss 33 aanndd 44,, nnoonnee ooff tthhee SSeelllleerrss nnoorr aannyy ooff tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee AAffffiilliiaatteess ((iinncclluuddiinngg tthhee CCoommppaannyy)) oorr aannyy ooff tthheeiirr RReepprreesseennttaattiivveess mmaakkeess aannyy rreepprreesseennttaattiioonn oorr wwaarrrraannttyy,, eeiitthheerr eexxpprreessss oorr iimmpplliieedd,, aass ttoo tthhee aaccccuurraaccyy oorr ccoommpplleetteenneessss ooff aannyy ooff tthhee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn pprroovviiddeedd oorr mmaaddee aavvaaiillaabbllee ttoo PPuurrcchhaasseerr oorr aannyy ooff iittss AAffffiilliiaatteess oorr aannyy ooff tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee RReepprreesseennttaattiivveess.. PPuurrcchhaasseerr aacckknnoowwlleeddggeess tthhaatt,, eexxcceepptt aass eexxpprreessssllyy sseett ffoorrtthh iinn tthhee rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss aanndd wwaarrrraannttiieess iinn SSeeccttiioonnss 33 aanndd 44,, tthheerree aarree nnoo rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss oorr wwaarrrraannttiieess ooff aannyy kkiinndd,, eexxpprreessss oorr iimmpplliieedd,, wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr iittss business, and that it has no knowledge that any of the representations or warranties of the Sellers are materially inaccurate or incomplete. (b) The provisions of this Section 5.13 shall be without prejudice to the representations and warranties of the Sellers contained in Sections 3 and 4 above. 5.14. Compliance with Agreement . TThhee eexxeeccuuttiioonn,, ddeelliivveerryy aanndd ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee ooff aanndd ccoommpplliiaannccee wwiitthh tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd tthhee ootthheerr TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeennttss bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr wwiillll nnoott ccaauussee tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr oorr aannyy ooff iittss AAffffiilliiaatteess ttoo lloossee aannyy iinntteerreesstt iinn oorr tthhee bbeenneeffiitt ooff aannyy aasssseett,, rriigghhtt,, lliicceennssee oorr pprriivviilleeggee,, iitt pprreesseennttllyy oowwnnss oorr eennjjooyyss;; wwiillll nnoott rreessuulltt iinn aannyy pprreesseenntt oorr ffuuttuurree iinnddeebbtteeddnneessss ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr oorr aannyy ooff iittss AAffffiilliiaatteess bbeeccoommiinngg dduuee pprriioorr ttoo iittss ssttaatteedd mmaattuurriittyy;; wwiillll nnoott ccaauussee aannyyoonnee wwhhoo nnoorrmmaallllyy ddooeess bbuussiinneessss wwiitthh tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr or any of its Affiliates to cease to do so on the same basis as such business was previously conducted; and will not give rise to, or cause any option or right of pre-eemmppttiioonn ttoo become exercisable. 50 5.15. Adequate Funds . The Purchaser has sufficient cash and financing to consummate the Transaction. 5.16. Full Disclosure misstatement of fact or omits to state any material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which it was made, not misleading. .. NNoonnee ooff tthhee rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss,, wwaarrrraannttiieess,, oorr ssttaatteemmeennttss ccoonnttaaiinneedd iinn tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 55 oorr iinn tthhee sscchheedduulleess,, aannnneexxeess aanndd eexxhhiibbiittss hheerreettoo ccoonnttaaiinnss aannyy mmaatteerriiaall 6. COVENANTS 6.1. TThhee SSeelllleerrss ccoovveennaanntt aanndd aaggrreeee wwiitthh tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr tthhaatt tthheeyy sshhaallll pprrooccuurree tthhaatt tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess,, aafftteerr tthhee ssiiggnniinngg ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd uunnttiill tthhee CClloossiinngg oorr eeaarrlliieerr tteerrmmiinnaattiioonn ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh SSeeccttiioonn 22((aa)),, sshhaallll ccaarrrryy oonn tthheeiirr BBuussiinneessss iinn tthhee OOrrddiinnaarryy CCoouurrssee ooff BBuussiinneessss ccoonnssiisstteenntt wwiitthh ppaasstt pprraaccttiiccee aanndd tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess sshhaallll pprreesseerrvvee tthheeiirr bbuussiinneessss oorrggaanniizzaattiioonnss iinnttaacctt aanndd mmaaiinnttaaiinn bbuussiinneessss rreellaattiioonnss wwiitthh mmaatteerriiaall ccuussttoommeerrss,, ssuupppplliieerrss,, ddiissttrriibbuuttoorrss,, eemmppllooyyeeeess aanndd other Persons with whom the Company or the Subsidiaries have business relationship. Other than as set forth on Schedule 6.1,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess sshhaallll nnoott,, wwiitthhoouutt tthhee pprriioorr wwrriitttteenn ccoonnsseenntt ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, eexxcceepptt ttoo tthhee eexxtteenntt ootthheerrwwiissee sseett ffoorrtthh hheerreeiinn oorr iinn tthhee sscchheedduulleess hheerreettoo,, ccaarrrryy oouutt oorr ccaauussee oorr ppeerrmmiitt tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aannyy Owned Subsidiary to carry out any of the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) iissssuuee oorr sseellll aannyy sshhaarreess,, ssttoocckk,, ooppttiioonnss oorr ootthheerr sseeccuurriittiieess oorr sseeeekk,, nneeggoottiiaattee oorr aaggrreeee ttoo aannyy iinnvveessttmmeenntt,, ddiirreecctt oorr iinnddiirreecctt,, iinn tthhee eeqquuiittyy ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aannyy Subsidiary; except in the Ordinary Course of Business, incur any capital expenditure or enter into any commitments for capital expenditures in excess of $1,00000,,000000 ((oonnee mmiilllliioonn Dollars) without the approval of Purchaser; enter into or be a party to any new transaction with any Affiliate or Subsidiary, except pursuant to the reasonable requirements of the Company' ss BBuussiinneessss aanndd uuppoonn ffaaiirr aanndd rreeaassoonnaabbllee tteerrmmss wwhhiicchh aarree nnoo lleessss ffaavvoorraabbllee ttoo tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr tthhee rreelleevvaanntt SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy,, tthhaann tthhee CCoommppaannyy ((oorr SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy)) wwoouulldd oobbttaaiinn iinn aa comparable arm' s length transaction with a person or entity not a shareholder; enter into any financing agreement or incur any indebtedness and draw down on any existing credit or overdraft facilities at the Company' s or any Subsidiary' ss bank, in each case in an amount in excess of $10,000,000 (ten million Dollars) and excluding refinancings; 51 (e) eenntteerr iinnttoo aannyy aaggrreeeemmeenntt oorr ttaakkee aannyy aaccttiioonn tthhaatt iiss lliikkeellyy ttoo ccaauussee aannyy ooff tthhee rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss aanndd wwaarrrraannttiieess ooff tthhee SSeelllleerrss uunnddeerr tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt nnoott ttoo bbee ttrruuee aanndd correct as of the Closing without change, or that is likely to affect the Closing; (f) declare, make or pay any dividend or other distribution other than as contemplated in this Agreement; (g) hhiirree aannyy eexxeeccuuttiivveess aatt aa mmoonntthhllyy ssaallaarryy iinn tthhee eexxcceessss ooff $$1100,,000000 ((tteenn tthhoouussaanndd DDoollllaarrss)) oorr mmooddiiffyy oorr cchhaannggee mmaatteerriiaallllyy tthhee tteerrmmss ooff aannyy eexxiissttiinngg eemmppllooyymmeenntt ccoonnttrraaccttss for the Employees; or (h) agree or undertake to do any of the above. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4. TThhee SSeelllleerrss ccoovveennaanntt aanndd aaggrreeee wwiitthh tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr tthhaatt tthhee SSeelllleerrss sshhaallll nnoott ddiissppoossee ooff aannyy iinntteerreesstt iinn tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee SShhaarreess oorr aannyy ooff tthheemm oorr ggrraanntt aannyy ooppttiioonn oovveerr oorr ccrreeaattee oorr allow to exist any Security Interest over the Purchase Shares or any of them. DDuurriinngg tthhee ppeerriioodd pprriioorr ttoo tthhee CClloossiinngg,, tthhee SSeelllleerrss sshhaallll pprrooccuurree tthhaatt tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, iittss aaggeennttss aanndd RReepprreesseennttaattiivveess aarree ggiivveenn dduurriinngg nnoorrmmaall bbuussiinneessss hhoouurrss oonn rreeaassoonnaabbllee nnoottiiccee ffuullll aacccceessss ttoo tthhee bbooookkss,, ccoonnttrraaccttss aanndd rreeccoorrddss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess aanndd ttoo tthhee pprreemmiisseess ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess aanndd tthhee SSeelllleerrss sshhaallll,, uuppoonn rreeqquueesstt,, ffuurrnniisshh ssuucchh iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn aanndd aannyy ootthheerr ddaattaa rreeggaarrddiinngg tthhee BBuussiinneessss aanndd aaffffaaiirrss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess aass tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr mmaayy rreeaassoonnaabbllyy rreeqquuiirree ffrroomm ttiimmee to time. NNoo aannnnoouunncceemmeenntt oorr ootthheerr ddiisscclloossuurree ccoonncceerrnniinngg tthhee ssaallee aanndd ppuurrcchhaassee ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee SShhaarreess,, tthhee iissssuuaannccee ooff tthhee EEssccrroowweedd SShhaarreess oorr aannyy aanncciillllaarryy mmaatttteerr sshhaallll bbee mmaaddee bbeeffoorree oorr aafftteerr CClloossiinngg bbyy tthhee PPaarrttiieess ssaavvee iinn aa ffoorrmm aaggrreeeedd bbeettwweeeenn tthhee PPaarrttiieess oorr ootthheerrwwiissee aass rreeqquuiirreedd bbyy LLaaww oorr bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo iittss oobblliiggaattiioonnss aass rreeqquuiirreedd under the rules or regulations of the SEC, Principal Exchange or any other stock exchanges where Purchaser' ss sshhaarreess aarree lliisstteedd aanndd qquuootteedd,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr wwiillll uussee its reasonable best efforts to coordinate such disclosure with the Sellers prior to making the disclosure). 6.5. The Company undertakes to immediately inform the Purchaser in writing if at any time after the date of this Agreement and prior to the Closing it reasonably determines that: (a) There has been a Seller Material Adverse Effect that has not been previously disclosed to Purchaser in writing; 52 (b) Any of the conditions to Closing stated in Section 2.3 will not be satisfied; or (c) Either Company or the Sellers will not be able to fulfil any of their obligations under this Agreement. 6.6. 6.7. Without the prior written consent of the Purchaser, the Sellers shall not vote in favor of any shareholders' rreessoolluuttiioonn ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy ((oorr aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy)) tthhaatt iiss lliikkeellyy ttoo ccaauussee any of the representations and warranties of the Sellers under this Agreement not to be true and correct as of the Closing without change, or that is likely to affect the Closing. The Purchaser agrees that (i) it will not make any material changes to the Ordinary Course of Business without the Sellers' Representative' ss ccoonnsseenntt aanndd ((iiii)) iitt wwiillll ooppeerraattee tthhee Business in 2018 after the Closing in accordance with the Ordinary Course of Business without making changes materially decreasing revenues or increasing expenses in 2018. 6.8. The Purchaser undertakes to immediately inform Company and the Sellers in writing if at any time prior to the Closing it reasonably determines that: (a) There has been a Purchaser Material Adverse Effect; (b) Any of the conditions to Closing stated in Section 2.4 will not be satisfied; or (c) Purchaser will not be able to fulfil any of its obligations under this Agreement. 6.9. The Purchaser shall: (a) (b) (c) FFiillee tthhee RReessaallee RReeggiissttrraattiioonn SSttaatteemmeenntt aass pprroommppttllyy aass rreeaassoonnaabbllyy pprraaccttiiccaall aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg ((bbuutt nnoo llaatteerr tthhaann 9900 ((nniinneettyy)) ddaayyss ffrroomm tthhee ddaattee ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, provided Sellers' ccoommmmeennttss aarree ddeelliivveerreedd iinn aa ttiimmeellyy mmaannnneerr)),, aanndd sshhaallll uussee iittss rreeaassoonnaabbllee bbeesstt eeffffoorrttss ttoo ccaauussee tthhee RReessaallee RReeggiissttrraattiioonn SSttaatteemmeenntt ttoo bbee ddeeccllaarreedd effective by the SEC as promptly as reasonable practical; prepare and file with the SEC such amendments, post-eeffffeeccttiivvee aammeennddmmeennttss aanndd ssuupppplleemmeennttss ttoo tthhee RReessaallee RReeggiissttrraattiioonn SSttaatteemmeenntt aanndd tthhee PPrroossppeeccttuuss uusseedd iinn connection therewith as may be necessary to keep such Resale Registration Statement effective and to comply with the provisions of the Securities Act; wwiitthhiinn aa rreeaassoonnaabbllee ttiimmee bbeeffoorree ffiilliinngg tthhee RReessaallee RReeggiissttrraattiioonn SSttaatteemmeenntt oorr aannyy aammeennddmmeennttss oorr ssuupppplleemmeennttss ttoo tthhee RReessaallee RReeggiissttrraattiioonn SSttaatteemmeenntt aanndd tthhee PPrroossppeeccttuuss uusseedd iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn tthheerreewwiitthh wwiitthh tthhee SSEECC,, ffuurrnniisshh ttoo HHaahhnn && HHeesssseenn LLLLPP ccooppiieess ooff ssuucchh ddooccuummeennttss pprrooppoosseedd ttoo bbee ffiilleedd,, aanndd ccoonnssiiddeerr iinn ggoooodd ffaaiitthh aannyy comments of such counsel on such documents; and 53 (d) nnoottiiffyy eeaacchh sseelllliinngg hhoollddeerr ooff RReeggiissttrraabbllee SSeeccuurriittiieess,, pprroommppttllyy aafftteerr PPuurrcchhaasseerr rreecceeiivveess nnoottiiccee tthheerreeooff,, ooff tthhee ttiimmee wwhheenn aa ssuupppplleemmeenntt ttoo aannyy PPrroossppeeccttuuss ffoorrmmiinngg aa ppaarrtt of the Resale Registration Statement has been filed with the SEC. 6.10. The Purchaser shall file the Anti-TTrruusstt FFiilliinngg aass pprroommppttllyy aass rreeaassoonnaabbllyy pprraaccttiiccaall aafftteerr tthhee ddaattee hheerreeooff aanndd sshhaallll uussee rreeaassoonnaabbllee bbeesstt eeffffoorrttss ttoo eennssuurree tthhaatt aallll qquueessttiioonnss oorr concerns relating to the Anti-Trust Filing are dealt with promptly. The Company shall cooperate with the Purchaser in filing, supplementing and amending the Anti-TTrruusstt Filing. 6.11. Tax Covenants . For purposes of this Section 6.11, the term "Company" shall include the Company and the Subsidiaries. (a) Filing of Tax Returns. (i) Company' s Obligations .. CCoommppaannyy sshhaallll pprreeppaarree aanndd ttiimmeellyy ffiillee,, oorr ccaauussee ttoo bbee pprreeppaarreedd aanndd ttiimmeellyy ffiilleedd,, aallll RReettuurrnnss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy ffoorr ttaaxxaabbllee ppeerriiooddss tthhaatt eenndd oonn oorr bbeeffoorree tthhee CClloossiinngg aanndd tthhaatt aarree rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbee ffiilleedd aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg.. AAllll ssuucchh RReettuurrnnss sshhaallll bbee pprreeppaarreedd iinn aa mmaannnneerr ccoonnssiisstteenntt wwiitthh ppaasstt pprraaccttiiccee ((uunnlleessss ootthheerrwwiissee rreeqquuiirreedd bbyy AApppplliiccaabbllee LLaaww)) aanndd wwiitthhoouutt aa cchhaannggee ooff aannyy eelleeccttiioonn oorr aannyy aaccccoouunnttiinngg mmeetthhoodd.. CCoommppaannyy sshhaallll pprroovviiddee ccooppiieess ooff aannyy ssuucchh Return to the Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee aatt lleeaasstt tthhiirrttyy ddaayyss pprriioorr ttoo tthhee dduuee ddaattee ((iinncclluuddiinngg eexxtteennssiioonnss)) ffoorr rreevviieeww aanndd aapppprroovvaall ((wwhhiicchh aapppprroovvaall sshhaallll nnoott bbee unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed). (b) Contests. (i) (ii) Notice of Tax Claims .. EEaacchh PPaarrttyy wwiillll pprroommppttllyy nnoottiiffyy tthhee ootthheerr PPaarrttyy iinn wwrriittiinngg uuppoonn rreecceeiipptt bbyy ssuucchh PPaarrttyy ((oorr aannyy ooff iittss AAffffiilliiaatteess)) ooff nnoottiiccee ooff aannyy ppeennddiinngg oorr tthhrreeaatteenneedd aauuddiitt,, eexxaammiinnaattiioonn oorr pprroocceeeeddiinngg bbyy aa TTaaxxiinngg AAuutthhoorriittyy iinn rreessppeecctt ooff wwhhiicchh aann iinnddeemmnniittyy mmaayy bbee ssoouugghhtt ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 66..1111,, SSeeccttiioonn 88 or Section 9 (a "Tax Claim"); pprroovviiddeedd,, hhoowweevveerr,, tthhaatt tthhee ffaaiilluurree ooff ssuucchh PPaarrttyy ttoo ggiivvee pprroommpptt nnoottiiccee sshhaallll nnoott rreelliieevvee tthhee ootthheerr PPaarrttyy ooff aannyy ooff iittss oobblliiggaattiioonnss under this Section 6.11 except to the extent the other Party can demonstrate actual prejudice as a result of such failure. . Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee sshhaallll ccoonnttrrooll aanndd rreessoollvvee aannyy TTaaxx CCllaaiimm rreellaattiinngg ttoo aannyy ttaaxxaabbllee ppeerriioodd tthhaatt eennddss oonn oorr bbeeffoorree tthhee Tax Claims for Prior Periods December 31, 2017, at the Sellers' ccoosstt aanndd eexxppeennssee;; pprroovviiddeedd,, hhoowweevveerr,, tthhaatt tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll hhaavvee tthhee rriigghhtt,, aatt iittss oowwnn eexxppeennssee,, ttoo ppaarrttiicciippaattee iinn,, aanndd consult with the Sellers' Representative regarding any such Tax Claim. Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee mmaayy nnoott sseettttllee,, ccoommpprroommiissee oorr rreessoollvvee aannyy ssuucchh TTaaxx CCllaaiimm without the consent of Purchaser, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed. 54  (iii) Tax Claims for Post -Closing Periods. Purchaser shall have sole control over any Tax Claim relating to a taxable period that begins after the Closing. (c) (d) (e) Cooperation and Exchange of Information . Purchaser, Company and Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee sshhaallll pprroovviiddee eeaacchh ootthheerr wwiitthh ssuucchh ccooooppeerraattiioonn aanndd iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn aass eeiitthheerr ooff tthheemm rreeaassoonnaabbllyy mmaayy rreeqquueesstt ooff tthhee ootthheerr iinn ffiilliinngg aannyy RReettuurrnn ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 66..1111 oorr iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh aannyy aauuddiitt oorr pprroocceeeeddiinngg iinn rreessppeecctt ooff TTaaxxeess ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy.. SSuucchh ccooooppeerraattiioonn aanndd iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn sshhaallll iinncclluuddee pprroovviiddiinngg ccooppiieess ooff rreelleevvaanntt RReettuurrnnss oorr ppoorrttiioonnss tthheerreeooff,, ttooggeetthheerr wwiitthh aaccccoommppaannyyiinngg schedules, related work papers and documents relating to ruling or other determinations by tax authorities. Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee aanndd PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll rreettaaiinn aallll RReettuurrnnss,, sscchheedduulleess aanndd wwoorrkk ppaappeerrss,, rreeccoorrddss aanndd ootthheerr ddooccuummeennttss iinn iittss ppoosssseessssiioonn rreellaattiinngg ttoo TTaaxx mmaatttteerrss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy ffoorr aannyy ttaaxxaabbllee ppeerriioodd bbeeggiinnnniinngg bbeeffoorree tthhee CClloossiinngg uunnttiill tthhee eexxppiirraattiioonn ooff tthhee ssttaattuuttee ooff lliimmiittaattiioonnss ooff tthhee ttaaxxaabbllee ppeerriiooddss ttoo wwhhiicchh ssuucchh RReettuurrnnss aanndd ootthheerr ddooccuummeennttss rreellaattee,, wwiitthhoouutt rreeggaarrdd ttoo eexxtteennssiioonnss eexxcceepptt ttoo tthhee eexxtteenntt nnoottiiffiieedd bbyy tthhee ootthheerr ppaarrttyy iinn wwrriittiinngg ooff ssuucchh eexxtteennssiioonnss ffoorr tthhee rreessppeeccttiivvee TTaaxx ppeerriiooddss.. PPrriioorr ttoo ttrraannssffeerrrriinngg,, ddeessttrrooyyiinngg oorr ddiissccaarrddiinngg aannyy RReettuurrnnss,, sscchheedduulleess aanndd wwoorrkk ppaappeerrss,, rreeccoorrddss aanndd ootthheerr ddooccuummeennttss iinn iittss ppoosssseessssiioonn rreellaattiinngg ttoo TTaaxx mmaatttteerrss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy ffoorr aannyy ttaaxxaabbllee ppeerriioodd bbeeggiinnnniinngg bbeeffoorree the Closing, Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee oorr PPuurrcchhaasseerr ((aass tthhee ccaassee mmaayy bbee)) sshhaallll pprroovviiddee tthhee ootthheerr ppaarrttyy wwiitthh rreeaassoonnaabbllee wwrriitttteenn nnoottiiccee aanndd ooffffeerr tthhee ootthheerr ppaarrttyy tthhee opportunity to take custody of such materials. Tax Refunds period ending on or before December 31, 2017 shall be the property of Sellers. .. AAnnyy TTaaxx rreeffuunndd,, ccrreeddiitt oorr ssiimmiillaarr bbeenneeffiitt ((iinncclluuddiinngg aannyy iinntteerreesstt ppaaiidd oorr ccrreeddiitteedd wwiitthh rreessppeecctt tthheerreettoo)) rreellaattiinngg ttoo tthhee CCoommppaannyy ffoorr TTaaxxeess ppaaiidd ffoorr aannyy Filing of Tax Returns .. CCoommppaannyy sshhaallll pprreeppaarree aanndd ttiimmeellyy ffiillee,, oorr ccaauussee ttoo bbee pprreeppaarreedd aanndd ttiimmeellyy ffiilleedd,, aallll RReettuurrnnss ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy ffoorr ttaaxxaabbllee ppeerriiooddss tthhaatt eenndd oonn oorr bbeeffoorree tthhee CClloossiinngg aanndd tthhaatt aarree rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbee ffiilleedd aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg.. AAllll ssuucchh RReettuurrnnss sshhaallll bbee pprreeppaarreedd iinn aa mmaannnneerr ccoonnssiisstteenntt wwiitthh ppaasstt pprraaccttiiccee ((uunnlleessss ootthheerrwwiissee rreeqquuiirreedd bbyy aapppplliiccaabbllee LLaaww)) aanndd wwiitthhoouutt aa cchhaannggee ooff aannyy eelleeccttiioonn oorr aannyy aaccccoouunnttiinngg mmeetthhoodd.. CCoommppaannyy sshhaallll pprroovviiddee ccooppiieess ooff ssuucchh aannyy RReettuurrnn ttoo PPuurrcchhaasseerr ((aanndd Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee,, wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo aannyy RReettuurrnn tthhaatt ccoouulldd ggiivvee rriissee ttoo aa ppaayymmeenntt iinn rreessppeecctt ooff wwhhiicchh aann iinnddeemmnniittyy mmaayy bbee ssoouugghhtt ffrroomm SSeelllleerrss ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 66..1111 oorr SSeeccttiioonn 88)) aatt lleeaasstt tthhiirrttyy ddaayyss pprriioorr ttoo tthhee dduuee ddaattee ((iinncclluuddiinngg eexxtteennssiioonnss)) ffoorr rreevviieeww aanndd aapppprroovvaall ((wwhhiicchh aapppprroovvaall sshhaallll nnoott bbee uunnrreeaassoonnaabbllyy withheld, conditioned or delayed). 55 (f) (g) (h) Tax Treatment of Payments unless otherwise required by Applicable Law. .. AAnnyy ppaayymmeennttss ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 66..1111 sshhaallll bbee ttrreeaatteedd bbyy tthhee ppaarrttiieess aass aann aaddjjuussttmmeenntt ttoo tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee PPrriiccee ffoorr TTaaxx ppuurrppoosseess,, Responsibility of Parties for Their Own Taxes. FFoorr tthhee aavvooiiddaannccee ooff ddoouubbtt,, iitt iiss uunnddeerrssttoooodd aanndd aaggrreeeedd tthhaatt aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg,, tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll bbeeaarr ffuullll rreessppoonnssiibbiilliittyy ffoorr aallll TTaaxxeess dduuee aanndd ppaayyaabbllee bbyy iitt aass aa rreessuulltt ooff iittss oowwnneerrsshhiipp ooff RRTTHH CCllaassss BB SShhaarreess aanndd eeaacchh ooff YYoommuunnaa IInnvveessttmmeennttss SS..LL.. aanndd VViiaattkkaa IInnvveessttmmeennttss S.L. shall bear full responsibility for all Taxes due and payable by it as a result of its ownership of RTH Class A Shares. Definitions. "Returns" means all returns, declarations, reports, statements, and other documents required to be filed in respect of Taxes. "Taxing Authority any Governmental Authority responsible for the determination, imposition or administration of Taxes. " mmeeaannss 6.12. 6.13. New By-Laws . In case the Companies House challenges any provision of the New By-LLaawwss,, tthhee SSeelllleerrss aanndd PPuurrcchhaasseerr aaggrreeee ttoo ppaassss tthhee rreeqquuiirreedd rreessoolluuttiioonnss ttoo hhaavvee tthhee NNeeww By-LLaawwss aammeennddeedd iinn aa wwaayy tthhaatt iiss aacccceeppttaabbllee ttoo tthhee CCoommppaanniieess HHoouussee aanndd tthhaatt iiss aass aalliiggnneedd aass mmuucchh aass ppoossssiibbllee wwiitthh tthhee pprroovviissiioonnss ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd tthhee RRTTHH Shareholders Agreement. TThhee SSeelllleerrss uunnddeerrttaakkee tthhaatt tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr tthhee rreelleevvaanntt SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy,, aass aapppplliiccaabbllee,, sshhaallll aass pprroommppttllyy aass rreeaassoonnaabbllyy pprraaccttiiccaall aafftteerr tthhee ddaattee hheerreeooff ffiillee aallll tthhee rreeqquuiirreedd nnoottiicceess,, applications, notifications or similar documents, as required, in order to receivethe required approvals, permits, consents required by any Governmental Authority, if any, , aanndd sshhaallll uussee rreeaassoonnaabbllee bbeesstt eeffffoorrttss ttoo eennssuurree tthhaatt aallll qquueessttiioonnss oorr ccoonncceerrnnss rreellaattiinngg ttoo tthhee aaffoorreemmeennttiioonneedd aapppprroovvaallss,, ppeerrmmiittss,, ccoonnsseennttss aarree ddeeaalltt wwiitthh pprroommppttllyy.. TThhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll ccooooppeerraattee wwiitthh tthhee SSeelllleerrss iinn ffiilliinngg,, ssuupppplleemmeennttiinngg aanndd aammeennddiinngg tthhee aaffoorreemmeennttiioonneedd nnoottiicceess,, aapppplliiccaattiioonnss,, nnoottiiffiiccaattiioonnss oorr ssiimmiillaarr ddooccuummeennttss,, aass rreeqquuiirreedd,, aanndd sshhaallll bbee responsible for the Company completing these notices, applications, notifications or similar documents after the Closing. 56 6.14. 6.15. 6.16. Mexico Holding Company Exit. Company, they will be sold to designees of Sellers A. IInn ccaassee GGTTSS MMeexxiiccoo aanndd AAggrroo MMeexxiiccoo ddoo nnoott eexxiitt pprriioorr ttoo tthhee CClloossiinngg,, tthhee PPaarrttiieess aaggrreeee tthhaatt oonnccee tthheeyy rreeiimmbbuurrssee mmoosstt ooff tthheeiirr ccaappiittaall ttoo tthhee Adjustment of Sellers A Purchase Price and Sellers B Purchase Price A shall reimburse Purchaser the amount of such adjustment by offset against amounts due to Sellers A at the Second Closing. . In the event the adjustment reflected in Item 3 of Schedule 0.1 ooccccuurrss pprriioorr ttoo tthhee SSeeccoonndd CClloossiinngg,, SSeelllleerrss Mexico Holding Companies Exit (the "Mexico Holding Companies Exit") so that the Company will own directly or indirectly all the shares of Road Track Ecuador. . GGTTSS MMeexxiiccoo aanndd AAggrroo MMeexxiiccoo hhaavvee bbeeeenn oorr wwiillll bbee wwhhoollllyy aanndd iirrrreevvooccaabbllyy ttrraannssffeerrrreedd ttoo ddeessiiggnneeeess ooff SSeelllleerrss AA wwiitthh tthhee aapppprroopprriiaattee aaccttiioonnss 7. SALE OF THE REMAINING SHARES IN COMPANY 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. FFoolllloowwiinngg tthhee DDaattee ooff VVaalluuaattiioonn,, SSeelllleerrss AA sshhaallll sseellll ttoo tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ((oorr ttoo aann eennttiittyy aass iinnssttrruucctteedd bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr)) aallll tthhee RReemmaaiinniinngg SShhaarreess,, aanndd PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll bbuuyy ffrroomm Sellers A all the Remaining Shares. The price and timing of the sale of the Remaining Shares shall be determined following the procedure pursuant to Sections 7.2-77..55 hheerreettoo below. The Remaining Shares shall be sold to the Purchaser free and clear of all Security Interests. TThhee ppuurrcchhaassee pprriiccee ooff aallll ooff tthhee RReemmaaiinniinngg SShhaarreess sshhaallll bbee aann aammoouunntt eeqquuaall ttoo tthhee ffaaiirr mmaarrkkeett vvaalluuaattiioonn ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd iittss SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess aass aa wwhhoollee oonn tthhee DDaattee ooff VVaalluuaattiioonn (the "Company's Market Valuation") mmuullttiipplliieedd bbyy 00..11887722.. EEaacchh ooff SSeelllleerrss AA aanndd tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll aappppooiinntt oonnee ooff DDeellooiittttee,, EErrnnsstt && YYoouunngg,, PPWWCC oorr KKPPMMGG aass aann eexxppeerrtt ((tthhee "Valuation Expert(s)") to conduct on its behalf a written assessment of market valuation. For that purpose, all of the Company' s and Subsidiaries' ffiinnaanncciiaall ssttaatteemmeennttss,, bbooookk,, aaggrreeeemmeennttss aanndd ddooccuummeennttss sshhaallll bbee aavvaaiillaabbllee ffoorr rreevviieeww aanndd iinnssppeeccttiioonn ooff RReepprreesseennttaattiivveess ooff eeaacchh ooff tthhee VVaalluuaattiioonn EExxppeerrttss ttoo eennaabbllee tthheemm ttoo pprreeppaarree tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee Company' s Market Valuation (subject in each case to execution of a non-ddiisscclloossuurree aaggrreeeemmeenntt bbaasseedd oonn ssttaannddaarrdd tteerrmmss)).. OOnn tthhee ddaattee wwhhiicchh iiss 6600 ((ssiixxttyy)) ddaayyss ffoolllloowwiinngg tthhee Date of Valuation, each Valuation Expert appointed by Sellers A and the Purchaser shall present simultaneously to Purchaser and Sellers A reports on the Company' ss MMaarrkkeett Valuation prepared by the Valuation Expert and setting forth its Valuation Methods. In the event that the difference between the Company' ss MMaarrkkeett VVaalluuaattiioonn sseett ffoorrtthh iinn ssuucchh reports is no more than ten percent (10%) (calculated on the higher Company' s Market Valuation), then the final Company' ss MMaarrkkeett VVaalluuaattiioonn sshhaallll bbee tthhee aavveerraaggee ooff tthhee Company' s Market Valuation as provided by the two Valuation Experts. In the event that the difference of Company' ss MMaarrkkeett VVaalluuaattiioonn bbyy tthhee ttwwoo VVaalluuaattiioonn EExxppeerrttss iiss iinn excess of 10 (ten) %, then the final decision of the Company' ss MMaarrkkeett VVaalluuaattiioonn sshhaallll bbee ddeecciiddeedd bbyy oonnee ooff tthhee aaffoorreemmeennttiioonneedd aaccccoouunnttiinngg ffiirrmmss ((pprroovviiddeedd nnoott oonnee ooff tthhee Valuation Experts) designated jointly by the two Valuation Experts (the "Final Valuation Expert"). The Final Valuation Expert shall be required to render its Company' ss MMaarrkkeett Valuation report within 60 (sixty) days following its engagement by Sellers A or the Purchaser. The Final Valuation Expert shall base its Company' ss MMaarrkkeett VVaalluuaattiioonn oonn tthhee ttwwoo Company' s Market Valuations prepared by the Valuation Experts based upon its professional knowledge and expertise. The Final Valuation Expert' s decision of Company' ss Market Valuation shall be deemed the final Company' ss MMaarrkkeett VVaalluuaattiioonn ffoorr ccoommppuuttiinngg tthhee pprriiccee ooff tthhee RReemmaaiinniinngg SShhaarreess,, aanndd iinn aannyy eevveenntt sshhaallll nnoott bbee ggrreeaatteerr tthhaann tthhee hhiigghheesstt Company Market Valuation determined by a Valuation Expert or less than the lowest Company' s Market Valuation determined by a Valuation Expert. 57 7.4. 7.5. The Company' ss MMaarrkkeett VVaalluuaattiioonnss ((bbyy eeaacchh ooff tthhee VVaalluuaattiioonn EExxppeerrttss aanndd tthhee FFiinnaall VVaalluuaattiioonn EExxppeerrtt)) sshhaallll bbee bbaasseedd oonn aatt lleeaasstt ttwwoo ooff tthhee AAcccceeppttaabbllee VVaalluuaattiioonn MMeetthhooddss,, iinn eeaacchh ccaassee wwiitthhoouutt mmiinnoorriittyy ddiissccoouunnttss,, aassssuummiinngg ssaallee ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy aass aa wwhhoollee,, tthhee VVaalluuaattiioonn EExxppeerrttss oorr tthhee FFiinnaall VVaalluuaattiioonn EExxppeerrtt,, aassssuummiinngg tthhaatt tthhee sseerrvviicceess ccuurrrreennttllyy pprroovviiddeedd bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ttoo IIRRTT BBrraazziill aanndd IIRRTT AArrggeennttiinnaa ffrreeee ooff cchhaarrggee sshhaallll ccoonnttiinnuuee ttoo bbee pprroovviiddeedd ffrreeee ooff cchhaarrggee iinnddeeffiinniitteellyy,, aanndd ttaakkiinngg iinnttoo aaccccoouunntt tthhee pprroossppeeccttss ooff tthhee Company and the Subsidiaries on the Date of Valuation. The Closing of the purchase and sale of the Remaining Shares (the "Second Closing" ) sshhaallll ttaakkee ppllaaccee aatt tthhee ooffffiicceess ooff tthhee NNoottaarryy iinn MMaaddrriidd,, SSppaaiinn wwiitthhiinn sseevveenn ((77)) wwoorrkkiinngg days following the decision of the Company' ss MMaarrkkeett VVaalluuaattiioonn ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo SSeeccttiioonn 77..33 aabboovvee,, oorr tthheerreeaafftteerr aatt ssuucchh ootthheerr ttiimmee,, ddaattee aanndd ppllaaccee aass mmaayy bbee mmuuttuuaallllyy aaggrreeeedd bbyy Sellers A and the Purchaser in writing (the time and date of the Second Closing being herein referred to as the "Second Closing Date" ). (a) At the Second Closing, Sellers A will deliver to the Purchaser: (i) (ii) ssuucchh wwaaiivveerrss,, ccoonnsseennttss oorr ssuucchh ootthheerr ddooccuummeennttss aass mmaayy bbee rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo ggiivvee ggoooodd ttiittllee ttoo tthhee RReemmaaiinniinngg SShhaarreess aanndd ttoo eennaabbllee tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr oorr iittss nnoommiinneeeess to become their registered holders and owners under Spanish Law; the letters of resignation of the directors of the Company and all the Subsidiaries nominated by Sellers A, initially as set out in Schedule 7.5(a)(ii),, wwiitthh aa wwrriitttteenn aacckknnoowwlleeddggmmeenntt ffrroomm eeaacchh ssuucchh rreessiiggnniinngg ddiirreeccttoorr tthhaatt hhee hhaass nnoo ccllaaiimm oorr hhaass rreelliinnqquuiisshheedd aallll eexxiissttiinngg oorr ppootteennttiiaall ccllaaiimmss wwhhaattssooeevveerr aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy,, iinn eeaacchh ccaassee rreellaattiinngg ttoo sseerrvviiccee aass aa ddiirreeccttoorr,, iinn wwhhiicchh hhee sseerrvveedd aass aa ddiirreeccttoorr oorr tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, wwhheetthheerr iinn rreessppeecctt ooff ccoommppeennssaattiioonn ffoorr lloossss ooff ooffffiiccee,, ddaammaaggeess,, llooaannss oorr ootthheerrwwiissee,, eexxcceepptt aannyy ccllaaiimmss uunnddeerr aannyy ooff tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeennttss oorr aannyy ccllaaiimmss tthhaatt aarree ccoovveerreedd under any indemnity undertaking of the Company or covered by the directors and officers insurance policy of the Company in effect at the Second Closing; 58  (iii) relevant corporate resolutions and powers of attorney from the Sellers A and the Company that may be necessary for the Second Closing; and (iv) the opinion of legal counsel to Sellers A, dated as of the Second Closing Date, substantially in the form attached hereto as Schedule 7.5(a)(iv). (b) (c) (d) (e) SSeelllleerrss AA aanndd PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll eexxeeccuuttee aanndd ddeelliivveerr tthhee SSppaanniisshh TTrraannssffeerr AAggrreeeemmeenntt ((RReemmaaiinniinngg SShhaarreess)),, tthhaatt,, aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo SSppaanniisshh aapppplliiccaabbllee LLaaww,, mmuusstt bbee eexxeeccuutteedd in a public deed before the Notary. The Spanish Transfer Agreement (Remaining Shares) shall be notarized before the Notary. PPuurrcchhaasseerr wwiillll pprrooccuurree tthhaatt aa GGeenneerraall SShhaarreehhoollddeerrss MMeeeettiinngg ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy bbee hheelldd aatt tthhee SSeeccoonndd CClloossiinngg aatt wwhhiicchh ((AA)) tthheerree sshhaallll bbee ssuubbmmiitttteedd aanndd aacccceepptteedd tthhee rreessiiggnnaattiioonnss ooff tthhee oouuttggooiinngg ddiirreeccttoorrss aass rreeffeerrrreedd ttoo iinn SSeeccttiioonn 77..55((aa))((iiii));; aanndd ((BB)) tthhee aappppooiinnttmmeenntt ooff nneeww ddiirreeccttoorrss iinn tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd aallll tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess bbyy tthhee Purchaser. The Company shall record the transfer of the Remaining Shares from Sellers A to the Purchaser (or as instructed in writing by the Purchaser) on the Company' ss shareholders' rreeggiisstteerr aanndd ootthheerr rreeccoorrddss aanndd,, pprroommppttllyy aafftteerr tthhee SSeeccoonndd CClloossiinngg,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy sshhaallll mmaakkee aallll ffiilliinnggss aanndd rreeggiissttrraattiioonnss aass mmaayy bbee nneecceessssaarryy ttoo ppeerrffeecctt such transfer and shall deliver copies thereof to the Purchaser. At the Second Closing, the Purchaser shall (i) pay the purchase price for the Remaining Shares based on the final Company' ss MMaarrkkeett VVaalluuaattiioonn ddeetteerrmmiinneedd ppuurrssuuaanntt to Section 7.3 multiplied by 0.1872, to Sellers A (less the Employee Second Closing Bonus Payments), and (ii) pay the EEmmppllooyyeeee SSeeccoonndd CClloossiinngg BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeennttss,, in each case in accordance with Annex 7.5 aanndd iinn iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy aavvaaiillaabbllee ffuunnddss ttoo tthhee aaccccoouunnttss ddeessiiggnnaatteedd bbyy eeaacchh SSeelllleerr AA,, SSeelllleerr BB aanndd rreemmaaiinniinngg EEmmppllooyyeeee EExxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy BBoonnuuss PPeerrssoonnnneell;; pprroovviiddeedd tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll ppaayy tthhee SSeelllleerrss AA aanndd SSeelllleerrss BB iinn pprrooppoorrttiioonn ttoo tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee SSeelllleerr PPeerrcceennttaaggeess tthhee aammoouunntt ooff aannyy EEmmppllooyyeeee SSeeccoonndd CClloossiinngg BBoonnuuss PPaayymmeennttss tthhaatt wwaass nnoott ppaaiidd bbeeccaauussee aannyy EEmmppllooyyeeee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn BBoonnuuss PPeerrssoonnnneell wweerree nnoott eemmppllooyyeedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aa Subsidiary on the date the Company' ss MMaarrkkeett VVaalluuaattiioonn wwaass ddeetteerrmmiinneedd ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo SSeeccttiioonn 77..33 aabboovvee ((aanndd aannyy ssuucchh aammoouunnttss ppaaiidd ttoo tthhee SSeelllleerrss AA aanndd SSeelllleerrss BB sshhaallll bbee ccoonnssiiddeerreedd aann aaddjjuussttmmeenntt ttoo tthhee SSeelllleerrss AA PPuurrcchhaassee PPrriiccee aanndd SSeelllleerrss BB PPuurrcchhaassee PPrriiccee)).. SSuucchh ppaayymmeenntt sshhaallll bbee iinn DDoollllaarrss;; pprroovviiddeedd tthhaatt PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll bbee ppeerrmmiitttteedd ttoo sseett ooffff aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee ppuurrcchhaassee pprriiccee ffoorr tthhee RReemmaaiinniinngg SShhaarreess tthhee aammoouunntt ooff aannyy uunnppaaiidd aawwaarrdd iissssuueedd bbyy aann aarrbbiittrraattoorr aaggaaiinnsstt SSeelllleerrss AA ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo Section 10.18. 59 (f) FFoorr tthhee aavvooiiddaannccee ooff ddoouubbtt,, tthhee oonnllyy rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss,, wwaarrrraannttiieess oorr ccoovveennaannttss tthhaatt aa SSeelllleerr sshhaallll bbee rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo mmaakkee uunnddeerr tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 77 aarree wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo iittsseellff aass ttoo iittss ttiittllee ttoo aanndd oowwnneerrsshhiipp ooff RReemmaaiinniinngg SShhaarreess,, iittss aauutthhoorriizzaattiioonn aanndd iittss eexxeeccuuttiioonn aanndd eennffoorrcceeaabbiilliittyy ooff rreelleevvaanntt aaggrreeeemmeennttss aaggaaiinnsstt ssuucchh SSeelllleerr;; aanndd tthhee lliiaabbiilliittyy ooff eeaacchh SSeelllleerr wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo aannyy ooff iittss rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss,, wwaarrrraannttiieess oorr ccoovveennaannttss sshhaallll bbee sseevveerraall aanndd nnoott jjooiinntt wwiitthh aannyy ootthheerr PPeerrssoonn aanndd sshhaallll bbee lliimmiitteedd ttoo tthhee ttoottaall consideration paid to such Seller in connection with the sale of the Remaining Shares. 7.6. The Company shall bear the expenses and fees of the Valuation Experts and any Final Valuation Expert. 8. SELLERS ' INDEMNIFICATION 8.1. SSuubbjjeecctt ttoo tthhee lliimmiittaattiioonnss sseett ffoorrtthh iinn tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 88,, tthhee SSeelllleerrss,, sseevveerraallllyy aanndd iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy iinn pprrooppoorrttiioonn ttoo tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee SSeelllleerr PPeerrcceennttaaggeess,, aaggrreeee ttoo pprrootteecctt,, ddeeffeenndd,, indemnify, and hold the Purchaser, its directors, employees and advisors (the "Purchaser Indemnitees" ) hhaarrmmlleessss aaggaaiinnsstt aanndd iinn rreessppeecctt ooff aannyy aanndd aallll DDaammaaggeess aass aanndd wwhheenn incurred, occasioned by: (a) any material breach of any covenant or agreement to be performed by Sellers pursuant to this Agreement other than as covered by Section 8.2; (b) (c) aannyy ffaallssiittyy oorr bbrreeaacchh ooff aannyy ooff tthhee rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss aanndd wwaarrrraannttiieess ooff tthhee SSeelllleerrss ccoonnttaaiinneedd iinn SSeeccttiioonn 33 aabboovvee ((eeaacchh ssuucchh rreepprreesseennttaattiioonn aanndd wwaarrrraannttyy iiss ddeeeemmeedd ttoo be made on the date of this Agreement and at the Closing) or any certificate or other instrument furnished or to be furnished by the Sellers hereunder; ((ii)) aannyy lliiaabbiilliittyy ffoorr TTaaxxeess tthhaatt wweerree dduuee aanndd ppaayyaabbllee bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy ffoorr ppeerriiooddss eennddeedd oonn oorr bbeeffoorree DDeecceemmbbeerr 3311,, 22001177 iinn eexxcceessss ooff tthhee aammoouunnttss ppaaiidd oorr ootthheerrwwiissee rreesseerrvveedd iinn tthhee FFiinnaanncciiaall SSttaatteemmeennttss aatt DDeecceemmbbeerr 3311,, 22001177 aanndd ((iiii)) aannyy lliiaabbiilliittyy ffoorr ppeennaallttiieess oorr iinntteerreesstt ppaayyaabbllee bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy aass aa rreessuulltt ooff tthhee ffaaiilluurree ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr aannyy SSuubbssiiddiiaarryy ttoo ttiimmeellyy ffiillee wwiitthh tthhee aapppprroopprriiaattee GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy aa rreettuurrnn oorr ootthheerr iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn rreeggaarrddiinngg TTaaxxeess that was required to be filed by or on behalf of the Company or such Subsidiary prior to the Closing Date; 60 (d) any Liability for Tax payable by the Sellers arising from distributions from the Company between January 1, 2018 and the Closing; (e) any Broker Payments; and (f) any Employee Extraordinary Bonus Payments in excess of the amounts set forth on Annex F. Notwithstanding the aforesaid, the Sellers shall be under no obligation to indemnify the Purchaser in respect of any Damages mentioned in Subsections (a) through (f) that are provided for in the Financial Statements or which were explicitly calculated in the Returned Amount made pursuant to Section 2.1(iii). 8.2. EEaacchh SSeelllleerr sseevveerraallllyy,, aanndd nnoott jjooiinnttllyy,, aaggrreeeess ttoo ddeeffeenndd,, iinnddeemmnniiffyy,, aanndd hhoolldd tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr IInnddeemmnniitteeeess hhaarrmmlleessss aaggaaiinnsstt aanndd iinn rreessppeecctt ooff aannyy DDaammaaggeess,, aass aanndd wwhheenn iinnccuurrrreedd,, ooccccaassiioonneedd bbyy ((aa)) aannyy ffaallssiittyy oorr bbrreeaacchh ooff aannyy ooff tthhee rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss aanndd wwaarrrraannttiieess ooff ssuucchh SSeelllleerr ccoonnttaaiinneedd iinn SSeeccttiioonn 44 aabboovvee ((eeaacchh ssuucchh rreepprreesseennttaattiioonn aanndd wwaarrrraannttyy iiss ddeeeemmeedd ttoo bbee mmaaddee oonn tthhee ddaattee ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd aatt tthhee CClloossiinngg aanndd sshhaallll ssuurrvviivvee tthhee CClloossiinngg)) oorr aannyy cceerrttiiffiiccaattee oorr ootthheerr iinnssttrruummeenntt ffuurrnniisshheedd oorr ttoo bbee ffuurrnniisshheedd bbyy ssuucchh Seller hereunder and (b) any breach by such Seller of Sections 6.2, 10.1, 10.2 or 10.4. 8.3. Indemnification Procedures . (a) PPrroommppttllyy aafftteerr ((ii)) rreecceeiipptt bbyy aa PPuurrcchhaasseerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee ooff nnoottiiccee ooff tthhee ccoommmmeenncceemmeenntt ooff aannyy aaccttiioonn,, pprroocceeeeddiinngg,, oorr iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn aarriissiinngg ffrroomm aa bbrreeaacchh rreeffeerrrreedd ttoo iinn SSeeccttiioonn 88..11;; oorr ((iiii)) tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee bbeeccoommiinngg aawwaarree ooff aannyy bbrreeaacchh ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt oorr ffaallssiittyy ooff rreepprreesseennttaattiioonn bbyy tthhee SSeelllleerrss oorr aannyy eevveenntt rreeffeerrrreedd ttoo iinn Section 8.1 or 8.2, in each case, in respect of which indemnity may be sought as provided above (each, a "Purchaser Claim" ), ssuucchh PPuurrcchhaasseerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee sshhaallll notify the Sellers (in the case of Section 8.1) or the applicable Seller (in the case of Section 8.2), as the case may be (the "Seller Indemnitor" ) ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr CCllaaiimm and, when known, the facts constituting the basis of such Purchaser Claim; (b) UUppoonn rreecceeiipptt ooff aannyy ssuucchh nnoottiiccee ffrroomm tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee ((uunnddeerr SSeeccttiioonn 88((aa))((ii)) aabboovvee)),, tthhee SSeelllleerr IInnddeemmnniittoorr sshhaallll bbee eennttiittlleedd ttoo ppaarrttiicciippaattee iinn tthhee ddeeffeennssee ooff such claim and shall have the right to assume the defense of such Purchaser Claim if: i. tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee,, iinn iittss ggoooodd ffaaiitthh ddiissccrreettiioonn,, ddooeess nnoott nnoottiiffyy tthhee SSeelllleerr IInnddeemmnniittoorr ((iinn wwrriittiinngg,, wwiitthh rreeaassoonnaabbllee eexxppllaannaattiioonn)) tthhaatt iitt hhaass ddeetteerrmmiinneedd aa ccoonnfflliicctt of interest which makes separate representation by the Purchaser Indemnitee' s own counsel advisable; 61 ii. the claim does not involve a claim for injunctive or other similar equitable relief against the Purchaser Indemnitee; and iii. the claim does not involve any criminal law claim against a Purchaser Indemnitee. The Parties acknowledge and agree that in the event the Seller Indemnitor has properly assumed the defense of such Purchaser Claims provided herein, the Purchaser Indemnitee shall be entitled to retain its own counsel to participate in the defense of such Purchaser Claim at its own cost and expense. (c) NNoo CCllaaiimm sshhaallll bbee sseettttlleedd oorr ccoommpprroommiisseedd bbyy tthhee SSeelllleerr IInnddeemmnniittoorr wwiitthhoouutt tthhee wwrriitttteenn ccoonnsseenntt ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr IInnddeemmnniitteeeess iiff ssuucchh sseettttlleemmeenntt oorr ccoommpprroommiissee rreeqquuiirreess tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee IInnddeemmnniitteeee ttoo mmaakkee aannyy ppaayymmeenntt oorr ttoo ttaakkee oorr rreeffrraaiinn ffrroomm ttaakkiinngg aannyy aaccttiioonn oorr eennjjooiinnss tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee IInnddeemmnniitteeee oorr ssuubbjjeeccttss iitt ttoo ootthheerr equitable relief or subjects it to any potential criminal law, claim or Liability. 8.4. 8.5. AAnnyy PPuurrcchhaasseerr CCllaaiimm ffoorr bbrreeaacchh ooff aa rreepprreesseennttaattiioonn oorr wwaarrrraannttyy uunnddeerr tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt sshhaallll bbee bbrroouugghhtt bbyy aa PPuurrcchhaasseerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee wwiitthhiinn 2244 ((ttwweennttyy ffoouurr)) mmoonntthhss ccoommmmeenncciinngg oonn tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee,, pprroovviiddeedd tthhaatt aannyy PPuurrcchhaasseerr CCllaaiimm rreeggaarrddiinngg aa bbrreeaacchh ooff SSeeccttiioonnss 33..66 ((TTaaxxaattiioonn)) aanndd 44..44 ((PPuurrcchhaassee SShhaarreess)) mmaayy bbee bbrroouugghhtt aatt aannyy ttiimmee wwiitthhiinn tthhee applicable statute of limitations. EExxcceepptt aass ootthheerrwwiissee eexxpprreessssllyy pprroovviiddeedd iinn tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 88,, tthhee PPaarrttiieess aaggrreeee tthhaatt ffrroomm aanndd aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg,, tthhee iinnddeemmnniiffiiccaattiioonn pprroovviissiioonnss ooff tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 88 aarree tthhee ssoollee aanndd eexxcclluussiivvee rreemmeeddiieess ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr aanndd ootthheerr PPuurrcchhaasseerr IInnddeemmnniitteeeess ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt oorr iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn.. FFrroomm aanndd aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg,, ttoo tthhee mmaaxxiimmuumm eexxtteenntt ppeerrmmiitttteedd bbyy LLaaww,, tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr aanndd ootthheerr PPuurrcchhaasseerr IInnddeemmnniitteeeess hheerreebbyy wwaaiivvee aallll ootthheerr rriigghhttss,, ccllaaiimmss,, rreemmeeddiieess oorr aaccttiioonnss wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo aannyy mmaatttteerr iinn aannyy wwaayy rreellaattiinngg ttoo tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt oorr aarriissiinngg iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn hheerreewwiitthh,, wwhheetthheerr uunnddeerr aannyy ffoorreeiiggnn,, ffeeddeerraall,, ssttaattee,, pprroovviinncciiaall oorr llooccaall llaawwss,, ssttaattuutteess,, oorrddiinnaanncceess,, rruulleess,, rreegguullaattiioonnss,, rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss oorr oorrddeerrss aatt ccoommmmoonn llaaww oorr ootthheerrwwiissee.. EExxcceepptt aass pprroovviiddeedd iinn tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 88,, ffrroomm aanndd aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg,, nnoo rriigghhtt,, ccllaaiimm,, rreemmeeddyy oorr aaccttiioonn sshhaallll bbee bbrroouugghhtt oorr mmaaiinnttaaiinneedd bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr oorr aannyy ootthheerr PPuurrcchhaasseerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee,, aanndd nnoo rreeccoouurrssee sshhaallll bbee bbrroouugghhtt oorr ggrraanntteedd aaggaaiinnsstt aannyy SSeelllleerr,, bbyy vviirrttuuee ooff oorr bbaasseedd uuppoonn aannyy aalllleeggeedd misstatement or omission respecting an inaccuracy in or breach of any of the representations, warranties or covenants of any Seller set forth or contained in this Agreement. Notwithstanding this Section 8.5, in addition to the indemnification provisions of this Section 8, iinnjjuunnccttiivvee rreelliieeff mmaayy bbee oobbttaaiinneedd ttoo eennjjooiinn tthhee bbrreeaacchh,, oorr tthhrreeaatteenneedd bbrreeaacchh,, ooff any provision of this Agreement and the Purchaser shall be entitled to the specific performance by the Sellers of their obligations hereunder. 62 8.6. 8.7. 8.8. 8.9. IItt iiss hheerreebbyy aaggrreeeedd tthhaatt nnoo PPuurrcchhaasseerr CCllaaiimm mmaayy bbee bbrroouugghhtt aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee SSeelllleerrss uunnlleessss tthhee DDaammaaggeess ((ootthheerr tthhaann DDaammaaggeess lliisstteedd iinn SSeeccttiioonn 88..11((ff)))) eexxcceeeedd iinn aaggggrreeggaattee $$550000,,000000 ((ffiivvee hhuunnddrreedd tthhoouussaanndd DDoollllaarrss)).. SSeelllleerrss sshhaallll bbee lliiaabbllee ffoorr nnoo mmoorree tthhaann 8811..228822%% ooff aannyy DDaammaaggeess,, ootthheerr tthhaann DDaammaaggeess uunnddeerr SSeeccttiioonn 88..22 ffoorr wwhhiicchh SSeelllleerrss mmaayy bbee lliiaabbllee ffoorr 100% of the Damages. EExxcceepptt iinn tthhee ccaassee ooff iinntteennttiioonnaall ffrraauudd,, lliiaabbiilliittyy uunnddeerr tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 88 ffoorr tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee aammoouunntt ooff aallll DDaammaaggeess ffoorr bbrreeaacchheess uunnddeerr SSeeccttiioonnss 88..11((bb)) sshhaallll bbee lliimmiitteedd ttoo $$2255,,000000,,000000 ((ttwweennttyy ffiivvee mmiilllliioonn DDoollllaarrss)) iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee,, aallllooccaatteedd,, aafftteerr ppaayymmeenntt ooff aammoouunnttss ffrroomm tthhee FFiirrsstt EEssccrrooww,, iiff aapppplliiccaabbllee,, ttoo eeaacchh SSeelllleerr bbaasseedd oonn iittss SSeelllleerr Percentage as set forth on Annex D)),, aanndd tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee aammoouunntt ooff aallll DDaammaaggeess ffoorr wwhhiicchh aa SSeelllleerr sshhaallll bbee lliiaabbllee ffoorr bbrreeaacchheess ooff SSeeccttiioonnss 44..11 tthhrroouugghh 44..44 sshhaallll bbee eeqquuaall ttoo tthhee amount of cash such Seller received as part of the Purchase Price. In any event, the Sellers shall not be obliged to compensate the Purchaser for any loss of potential profits. SSeelllleerrss sshhaallll nnoott bbee lliiaabbllee uunnddeerr tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 88 ffoorr aannyy DDaammaaggeess bbaasseedd uuppoonn oorr aarriissiinngg oouutt ooff aannyy iinnaaccccuurraaccyy iinn oorr bbrreeaacchh ooff aannyy ooff tthhee rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss oorr wwaarrrraannttiieess ooff SSeelllleerrss ccoonnttaaiinneedd iinn tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt iiff PPuurrcchhaasseerr hhaadd aaccttuuaall kknnoowwlleeddggee ooff ssuucchh iinnaaccccuurraaccyy oorr bbrreeaacchh pprriioorr ttoo tthhee CClloossiinngg.. PPaayymmeenntt ooff aannyy DDaammaaggeess sshhaallll bbee lliimmiitteedd ttoo tthhee aammoouunntt ooff aannyy lliiaabbiilliittyy oorr ddaammaaggee tthhaatt rreemmaaiinnss aafftteerr ddeedduuccttiinngg tthheerreeffrroomm aannyy iinnssuurraannccee pprroocceeeeddss aanndd aannyy iinnddeemmnniittyy,, ccoonnttrriibbuuttiioonn oorr ootthheerr ssiimmiillaarr ppaayymmeenntt rreecceeiivveedd bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee iinn rreessppeecctt ooff aannyy ssuucchh ccllaaiimm.. TThhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee sshhaallll uussee iittss ccoommmmeerrcciiaallllyy rreeaassoonnaabbllee eeffffoorrttss ttoo rreeccoovveerr uunnddeerr iinnssuurraannccee ppoolliicciieess oorr iinnddeemmnniittyy,, ccoonnttrriibbuuttiioonn oorr ootthheerr ssiimmiillaarr aaggrreeeemmeennttss ffoorr aannyy DDaammaaggeess.. PPaayymmeennttss bbyy aa SSeelllleerr IInnddeemmnniittoorr ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 88 iinn rreessppeecctt ooff aannyy DDaammaaggeess sshhaallll bbee rreedduucceedd bbyy aann aammoouunntt eeqquuaall ttoo aannyy TTaaxx bbeenneeffiitt rreeaalliizzeedd aass aa rreessuulltt ooff ssuucchh DDaammaaggeess bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee.. EEaacchh PPuurrcchhaasseerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee sshhaallll ttaakkee,, aanndd ccaauussee iittss AAffffiilliiaatteess ttoo ttaakkee,, aallll rreeaassoonnaabbllee sstteeppss ttoo mmiittiiggaattee aannyy DDaammaaggeess uuppoonn bbeeccoommiinngg aawwaarree ooff aannyy eevveenntt oorr cciirrccuummssttaannccee tthhaatt wwoouulldd bbee rreeaassoonnaabbllyy eexxppeecctteedd ttoo,, oorr ddooeess,, ggiivvee rriissee tthheerreettoo,, iinncclluuddiinngg iinnccuurrrriinngg ccoossttss oonnllyy ttoo tthhee minimum extent reasonably necessary to remedy the breach that gives rise to such Damages. EExxcceepptt iinn tthhee ccaassee ooff iinntteennttiioonnaall ffrraauudd,, tthhee mmaaxxiimmuumm aaggggrreeggaattee aammoouunntt ooff DDaammaaggeess aarriissiinngg oouutt ooff oorr rreessuullttiinngg ffrroomm tthhee ccaauusseess eennuummeerraatteedd iinn SSeeccttiioonn 88..11 tthhaatt mmaayy bbee rreeccoovveerreedd ffrroomm SSeelllleerrss iinn tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee sshhaallll nnoott eexxcceeeedd $$2255,,000000,,000000 ((ttwweennttyy ffiivvee mmiilllliioonn DDoollllaarrss)),, aallllooccaatteedd,, aafftteerr ppaayymmeenntt ooff aammoouunnttss ffrroomm tthhee FFiirrsstt EEssccrrooww,, iiff aapppplliiccaabbllee,, ttoo eeaacchh SSeelllleerr based on its Seller Percentage as set forth on Annex D). If the Mexico Holding Companies Exit results in any Tax liability for the Company in excess of the amount set forth in Item 4 on Schedule 0.1,, SSeelllleerrss AA wwiillll bbee rreessppoonnssiibbllee ffoorr such excess. 63 9. PURCHASER 'S INDEMNIFICATION 9.1. SSuubbjjeecctt ttoo tthhee lliimmiittaattiioonnss sseett ffoorrtthh iinn tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 99,, tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr aaggrreeeess ttoo pprrootteecctt,, ddeeffeenndd,, iinnddeemmnniiffyy,, aanndd hhoolldd tthhee SSeelllleerrss,, aanndd eeaacchh ooff tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee ddiirreeccttoorrss,, eemmppllooyyeeeess and advisors (the "Seller Indemnitees" ) harmless against and in respect of any and all Damages, as and when incurred, occasioned by: (a) any material breach of any covenant or agreement to be performed by Purchaser pursuant to this Agreement; and (b) aannyy ffaallssiittyy oorr bbrreeaacchh ooff aannyy ooff tthhee rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss aanndd wwaarrrraannttiieess ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ccoonnttaaiinneedd iinn SSeeccttiioonn 55 aabboovvee ((eeaacchh ssuucchh rreepprreesseennttaattiioonn aanndd wwaarrrraannttyy iiss ddeeeemmeedd to be made on the date of this Agreement and at the Closing) or any certificate or other instrument furnished or to be furnished by the Purchaser hereunder. 9.2. PPrroommppttllyy aafftteerr ((ii)) rreecceeiipptt bbyy aa SSeelllleerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee ooff nnoottiiccee ooff tthhee ccoommmmeenncceemmeenntt ooff aannyy aaccttiioonn,, pprroocceeeeddiinngg,, oorr iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn aarriissiinngg ffrroomm aa bbrreeaacchh rreeffeerrrreedd ttoo iinn SSeeccttiioonn 99..11;; oorr ((iiii)) tthhee SSeelllleerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee bbeeccoommiinngg aawwaarree ooff aannyy bbrreeaacchh ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt oorr ffaallssiittyy ooff rreepprreesseennttaattiioonn bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, iinn eeaacchh ccaassee,, iinn rreessppeecctt ooff wwhhiicchh iinnddeemmnniittyy mmaayy bbee ssoouugghhtt as provided above (each, a "Seller Claim" ), ssuucchh SSeelllleerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee sshhaallll nnoottiiffyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ooff tthhee SSeelllleerr CCllaaiimm aanndd,, wwhheenn kknnoowwnn,, tthhee ffaaccttss ccoonnssttiittuuttiinngg tthhee bbaassiiss ooff ssuucchh Seller Claim. 9.3. UUppoonn rreecceeiipptt ooff aannyy ssuucchh nnoottiiccee ffrroomm tthhee SSeelllleerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee ((uunnddeerr SSeeccttiioonn 99..22((ii)) aabboovvee,, tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll bbee eennttiittlleedd ttoo ppaarrttiicciippaattee iinn tthhee ddeeffeennssee ooff ssuucchh ccllaaiimm aanndd sshhaallll hhaavvee the right to assume the defense of such Seller Claim if: (a) tthhee SSeelllleerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee,, iinn iittss ggoooodd ffaaiitthh ddiissccrreettiioonn,, ddooeess nnoott nnoottiiffyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr ((iinn wwrriittiinngg,, wwiitthh rreeaassoonnaabbllee eexxppllaannaattiioonn)) tthhaatt iitt hhaass ddeetteerrmmiinneedd aa ccoonnfflliicctt ooff iinntteerreesstt which makes separate representation by the Seller Indemnitee' s own counsel advisable; (b) the claim does not involve a claim for injunctive or other similar equitable relief against the Seller Indemnitee; and 64 (c) the claim does not involve any criminal law claim against a Seller Indemnitee. The Parties acknowledge and agree that in the event the Purchaser has properly assumed the defense of such Seller Claims provided herein, the Seller Indemnitee shall be entitled to retain its own counsel to participate in the defense of such Seller Claim at its own cost and expense. 9.4. 9.5. 9.6. NNoo CCllaaiimm sshhaallll bbee sseettttlleedd oorr ccoommpprroommiisseedd bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr wwiitthhoouutt tthhee wwrriitttteenn ccoonnsseenntt ooff tthhee SSeelllleerr IInnddeemmnniitteeeess iiff ssuucchh sseettttlleemmeenntt oorr ccoommpprroommiissee rreeqquuiirreess tthhee SSeelllleerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee ttoo mmaakkee aannyy ppaayymmeenntt oorr ttoo ttaakkee oorr rreeffrraaiinn ffrroomm ttaakkiinngg aannyy aaccttiioonn oorr eennjjooiinnss tthhee SSeelllleerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee oorr ssuubbjjeeccttss iitt ttoo ootthheerr eeqquuiittaabbllee rreelliieeff oorr ssuubbjjeeccttss iitt ttoo aannyy ppootteennttiiaall ccrriimmiinnaall llaaww,, claim or Liability. AAnnyy SSeelllleerr CCllaaiimm ffoorr bbrreeaacchh ooff aa rreepprreesseennttaattiioonn oorr wwaarrrraannttyy uunnddeerr tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt sshhaallll bbee bbrroouugghhtt bbyy aa SSeelllleerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee wwiitthhiinn 2244 ((ttwweennttyy ffoouurr)) mmoonntthhss ccoommmmeenncciinngg oonn tthhee Closing Date, provided that any claim regarding a breach of Sections 5.1 through 5.4 may be brought at any time during the applicable statute of limitations period. EExxcceepptt aass ootthheerrwwiissee eexxpprreessssllyy pprroovviiddeedd iinn tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 99,, tthhee PPaarrttiieess aaggrreeee tthhaatt ffrroomm aanndd aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg,, tthhee iinnddeemmnniiffiiccaattiioonn pprroovviissiioonnss ooff tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 99 aarree tthhee ssoollee aanndd eexxcclluussiivvee rreemmeeddiieess ooff tthhee SSeelllleerrss aanndd ootthheerr SSeelllleerr IInnddeemmnniitteeeess ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt oorr iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn.. FFrroomm aanndd aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg,, ttoo tthhee mmaaxxiimmuumm eexxtteenntt ppeerrmmiitttteedd bbyy LLaaww,, tthhee SSeelllleerrss aanndd ootthheerr SSeelllleerr IInnddeemmnniitteeeess hheerreebbyy wwaaiivvee aallll ootthheerr rriigghhttss,, ccllaaiimmss,, rreemmeeddiieess oorr aaccttiioonnss wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo aannyy mmaatttteerr iinn aannyy wwaayy rreellaattiinngg ttoo tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt oorr aarriissiinngg iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn hheerreewwiitthh,, wwhheetthheerr uunnddeerr aannyy ffoorreeiiggnn,, ffeeddeerraall,, ssttaattee,, pprroovviinncciiaall oorr llooccaall llaawwss,, ssttaattuutteess,, oorrddiinnaanncceess,, rruulleess,, rreegguullaattiioonnss,, rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss oorr oorrddeerrss aatt ccoommmmoonn llaaww oorr ootthheerrwwiissee.. EExxcceepptt aass pprroovviiddeedd iinn tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 99,, ffrroomm aanndd aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg,, nnoo rriigghhtt,, ccllaaiimm,, rreemmeeddyy oorr aaccttiioonn sshhaallll bbee bbrroouugghhtt oorr mmaaiinnttaaiinneedd bbyy tthhee SSeelllleerrss oorr aannyy ootthheerr SSeelllleerr IInnddeemmnniitteeee,, aanndd nnoo rreeccoouurrssee sshhaallll bbee bbrroouugghhtt oorr ggrraanntteedd aaggaaiinnsstt PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, bbyy vviirrttuuee ooff oorr bbaasseedd uuppoonn aannyy aalllleeggeedd mmiissssttaatteemmeenntt oorr oommiissssiioonn rreessppeeccttiinngg aann inaccuracy in or breach of any of the representations, warranties or covenants of Purchaser set forth or contained in this Agreement. NNoottwwiitthhssttaannddiinngg tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 99..55,, iinn addition to the indemnification provisions of this Section 9, iinnjjuunnccttiivvee rreelliieeff mmaayy bbee oobbttaaiinneedd ttoo eennjjooiinn tthhee bbrreeaacchh,, oorr tthhrreeaatteenneedd bbrreeaacchh,, ooff aannyy pprroovviissiioonn ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd the Sellers shall be entitled to the specific performance by the Purchaser of its obligations hereunder. 9.7. IItt iiss hheerreebbyy aaggrreeeedd tthhaatt nnoo SSeelllleerr CCllaaiimm mmaayy bbee bbrroouugghhtt aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr uunnlleessss tthhee DDaammaaggeess eexxcceeeedd iinn aaggggrreeggaattee $$550000,,000000 ((ffiivvee hhuunnddrreedd tthhoouussaanndd DDoollllaarrss)).. EExxcceepptt iinn tthhee ccaassee ooff iinntteennttiioonnaall ffrraauudd,, LLiiaabbiilliittyy uunnddeerr tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 99 ffoorr bbrreeaacchheess uunnddeerr SSeeccttiioonn 99..11((bb)) sshhaallll bbee lliimmiitteedd ttoo $$33,,990000,,000000 ((tthhrreeee mmiilllliioonn nniinnee hhuunnddrreedd tthhoouussaanndd DDoollllaarrss)) iinn tthhee aggregate. In any event, the Purchaser shall not be obliged to compensate the Sellers for any loss of potential profits. 9.8. The provisions of Section 8.7 hereinabove shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to any claim or demand served pursuant to Section 9. 65 10. MISCELLANEOUS 10.1. Confidentiality (a) SSeelllleerrss aanndd PPuurrcchhaasseerr aaggrreeee tthhaatt tthhee CCoonnffiiddeennttiiaalliittyy AAggrreeeemmeenntt ddaatteedd JJuullyy 1177,, 22001177,, bbeettwweeeenn CCoommppaannyy aanndd PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll,, aass ooff tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee,, bbee tteerrmmiinnaatteedd aanndd of no further force and effect. (b) EEaacchh SSeelllleerr aaggrreeeess tthhaatt,, aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg,, ssuucchh SSeelllleerr aanndd iittss RReepprreesseennttaattiivveess sshhaallll kkeeeepp ccoonnffiiddeennttiiaall aanndd eexxeerrcciissee tthhee ssaammee ddeeggrreeee ooff ccaarree wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo mmaaiinnttaaiinniinngg tthhee ccoonnffiiddeennttiiaalliittyy ooff aannyy IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn ((aass ddeeffiinneedd bbeellooww)) iinn iittss ppoosssseessssiioonn tthhaatt ssuucchh SSeelllleerr eexxeerrcciisseess wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo ssiimmiillaarr ttyyppeess ooff tthheeiirr oowwnn pprroopprriieettaarryy iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn,, bbuutt iinn nnoo eevveenntt lleessss tthhaann aa rreeaassoonnaabbllee ddeeggrreeee ooff ccaarree,, eexxcceepptt tthhaatt iiff aannyy iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn iiss rreeqquuiirreedd bbyy LLaaww oorr lleeggaall oorr aaddmmiinniissttrraattiivvee pprroocceessss ttoo bbee ddiisscclloosseedd,, tthhee SSeelllleerr sshhaallll pprroommppttllyy ((aanndd iinn aannyy eevveenntt pprriioorr ttoo mmaakkiinngg ssuucchh ddiisscclloossuurree,, ttoo tthhee eexxtteenntt ppeerrmmiitttteedd bbyy LLaaww)) nnoottiiffyy PPuurrcchhaasseerr ooff ssuucchh ddiisscclloossuurree rreeqquuiirreemmeenntt ssoo tthhaatt PPuurrcchhaasseerr mmaayy sseeeekk aa pprrootteeccttiivvee oorrddeerr oorr ootthheerr aapppprroopprriiaattee rreemmeeddyy.. IInn tthhee eevveenntt tthhaatt nnoo ssuucchh pprrootteeccttiivvee oorrddeerr oorr ootthheerr rreemmeeddyy iiss oobbttaaiinneedd,, oorr PPuurrcchhaasseerr ddooeess nnoott wwaaiivvee ccoommpplliiaannccee wwiitthh tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 1100..11((bb)),, aanndd tthhee aapppplliiccaabbllee SSeelllleerr oorr RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee iiss nnoonneetthheelleessss lleeggaallllyy ccoommppeelllleedd ttoo ddiisscclloossee ssuucchh iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn,, ssuucchh SSeelllleerr oorr iittss RReepprreesseennttaattiivveess,, aass tthhee ccaassee mmaayy bbee,, wwiillll ffuurrnniisshh oonnllyy tthhaatt ppoorrttiioonn ooff tthhee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn wwhhiicchh ssuucchh SSeelllleerr oorr RReepprreesseennttaattiivveess aarree,, aaddvviisseedd bbyy ccoouunnsseell iiss lleeggaallllyy rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbee ffuurrnniisshheedd aanndd wwiillll ggiivvee PPuurrcchhaasseerr wwrriitttteenn nnoottiiccee ooff tthhee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn ttoo bbee ddiisscclloosseedd aass ffaarr iinn aaddvvaannccee aass pprraaccttiiccaabbllee aanndd eexxeerrcciissee aallll rreeaassoonnaabbllee eeffffoorrttss ttoo oobbttaaiinn rreelliiaabbllee aassssuurraannccee tthhaatt ccoonnffiiddeennttiiaall ttrreeaattmmeenntt wwiillll bbee aaccccoorrddeedd tthhee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn.. FFoorr ppuurrppoosseess ooff tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn 1100..11((bb)),, tthhee tteerrmm "Information" mmeeaannss ((ii)) aallll iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn,, kknnoowwlleeddggee aanndd ddaattaa ooff tthhee SSeelllleerrss aanndd tthheeiirr AAffffiilliiaatteess aass ooff iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy pprriioorr ttoo tthhee CClloossiinngg ttoo tthhee eexxtteenntt rreellaatteedd ttoo tthhee BBuussiinneessss aanndd tthhee PPrroodduuccttss,, aanndd ((iiii)) aallll iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn,, kknnoowwlleeddggee aanndd ddaattaa pprroovviiddeedd bbyy PPuurrcchhaasseerr ttoo ssuucchh SSeelllleerr iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn ootthheerr tthhaann aannyy iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd bbyy ccllaauussee ((ii)),, ootthheerr tthhaann aannyy ssuucchh iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn tthhaatt ((AA)) oonnllyy wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo ccllaauussee ((iiii)) aabboovvee,, iiss kknnoowwnn ttoo ssuucchh SSeelllleerr pprriioorr ttoo rreecceeiipptt tthheerreeooff ffrroomm PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, ((BB)) iiss ddiisscclloosseedd ttoo ssuucchh SSeelllleerr bbyy aa tthhiirrdd ppaarrttyy wwhhiicchh hhaass,, oorr iiss rreeaassoonnaabbllyy bbeelliieevveedd bbyy ssuucchh SSeelllleerr ttoo hhaavvee,, aa lleeggaall rriigghhtt ttoo mmaakkee ssuucchh ddiisscclloossuurree wwiitthhoouutt rreeqquuiirriinngg ssuucchh SSeelllleerr ttoo mmaaiinnttaaiinn tthhee ccoonnffiiddeennttiiaalliittyy tthheerreeooff,, ((CC)) iiss oorr bbeeccoommeess ppaarrtt ooff tthhee ppuubblliicc ddoommaaiinn tthhrroouugghh nnoo ffaauulltt ooff ssuucchh SSeelllleerr,, oorr ((DD)) iiss iinnddeeppeennddeennttllyy ddeevveellooppeedd bbyy oorr ffoorr ssuucchh SSeelllleerr aass eevviiddeenncceedd bbyy iittss wwrriitttteenn rreeccoorrddss,, wwiitthhoouutt rreelliiaannccee oorr rreeffeerreennccee ttoo aannyy iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd bbyy ccllaauusseess ((ii)) oorr (ii). 66 10.2. 10.3. -Competition .. FFoorr aa ppeerriioodd ooff tthhrreeee ((33)) yyeeaarrss aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee ((aanndd,, wwiitthh rreeggaarrdd ttoo SSeelllleerrss AA aanndd tthhee UUllttiimmaattee SShhaarreehhoollddeerrss,, aafftteerr tthhee SSeeccoonndd CClloossiinngg)),, eeaacchh ooff tthhee Non SSeelllleerrss wwiillll nnoott,, aanndd wwiillll ccaauussee iittss ccuurrrreenntt aanndd ffuuttuurree AAffffiilliiaatteess nnoott ttoo,, ddiirreeccttllyy oorr iinnddiirreeccttllyy,, bbee eennggaaggeedd iinn tthhee BBuussiinneessss oorr,, wwhheetthheerr bbyy iittsseellff oorr tthhrroouugghh aa RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee oorr ootthheerrwwiissee,, oorr iinn aassssoocciiaattiioonn wwiitthh aannyy PPeerrssoonn oorr eennttiittyy,, oowwnn,, sshhaarree iinn tthhee eeaarrnniinnggss ooff,, iinnvveesstt iinn tthhee ssttoocckk,, bboonnddss oorr ootthheerr sseeccuurriittiieess ooff oorr llooaannss ttoo,, mmaannaaggee,, ooppeerraattee,, ffiinnaannccee ((wwhheetthheerr aass aa lleennddeerr,, iinnvveessttoorr oorr ootthheerrwwiissee)),, ccoonnttrrooll,, ppaarrttiicciippaattee iinn tthhee oowwnneerrsshhiipp,, mmaannaaggeemmeenntt,, ooppeerraattiioonn,, oorr ccoonnttrrooll ooff,, bbee eemmppllooyyeedd bbyy,, aassssoocciiaatteedd wwiitthh,, oorr iinn aannyy mmaannnneerr bbee ccoonnnneecctteedd wwiitthh,, lleenndd mmoonneeyy ttoo,, rreennddeerr sseerrvviicceess oorr aaddvviiccee ttoo,, bbee eennggaaggeedd oorr eemmppllooyyeedd bbyy,, oorr ttaakkee ppaarrtt iinn,, oorr,, ccoonnssuulltt oorr aaddvviissee,, aannyy ootthheerr PPeerrssoonn tthhaatt iiss eennggaaggeedd iinn tthhee BBuussiinneessss (each, a "Competing Activity") oorr iinn tthhee ddeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff aannyy ssuucchh pprroodduuccttss oorr ccaappaabbiilliittiieess wwhhiicchh ccoonnssttiittuuttee aa CCoommppeettiinngg AAccttiivviittyy aannyywwhheerree iinn tthhee wwoorrlldd wwhheerree tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr oorr iittss AAffffiilliiaatteess ccoonndduucctt tthhee BBuussiinneessss.. TThhee aaffoorreemmeennttiioonneedd pprroohhiibbiittiioonn sshhaallll aappppllyy,, mmuuttaattiiss mmuuttaannddiiss,, ffoorr aa tteerrmm ooff tteenn ((1100)) yyeeaarrss aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg ffoorr aannyy eennggaaggeemmeenntt rreellaattiinngg ttoo the Business with [*], and with any other Affiliate of [*] or any Affiliate of Group [*] in Mexico and the Continent of South America. Exception .. NNoo SSeelllleerr oorr aannyy AAffffiilliiaattee ooff aa SSeelllleerr wwiillll bbee iinn vviioollaattiioonn ooff SSeeccttiioonn 1100..22 ssoolleellyy bbyy rreeaassoonn ooff ((ii)) bbeeiinngg eennggaaggeedd iinn tthhee BBuussiinneessss tthhrroouugghh tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess oorr ((iiii)) iinnvveessttiinngg ((oorr tthheeiirr AAffffiilliiaatteess iinnvveessttiinngg)) iinn ssttoocckk,, bboonnddss oorr ootthheerr sseeccuurriittiieess ooff aannyy PPeerrssoonn oorr eennttiittyy eennggaaggeedd iinn aa CCoommppeettiinngg AAccttiivviittyy ((bbuutt wwiitthhoouutt ootthheerrwwiissee ppaarrttiicciippaattiinngg iinn ssuucchh CCoommppeettiinngg AAccttiivviittyy)),, iiff:: ((aa)) ssuucchh ssttoocckk,, bboonnddss oorr ootthheerr sseeccuurriittiieess aarree lliisstteedd oonn aannyy nnaattiioonnaall sseeccuurriittiieess eexxcchhaannggee oorr hhaavvee bbeeeenn rreeggiisstteerreedd uunnddeerr SSeeccttiioonn 1122((gg)) ooff tthhee SSeeccuurriittiieess EExxcchhaannggee AAcctt ooff 11993344 oorr aannyy ssuucccceessssoorr llaaww;; aanndd ((bb)) ssuucchh iinnvveessttmmeenntt ddooeess nnoott eexxcceeeedd,, iinn tthhee ccaassee ooff aannyy ccllaassss ooff tthhee ccaappiittaall ssttoocckk ooff aannyy oonnee iissssuueerr,, oonnee ppeerrcceenntt ((11%%)) ooff tthhee iissssuueedd aanndd oouuttssttaannddiinngg sshhaarreess ooff ssuucchh ccaappiittaall ssttoocckk,, oorr,, iinn tthhee ccaassee ooff bboonnddss oorr ootthheerr sseeccuurriittiieess,, oonnee ppeerrcceenntt ((11%%)) ooff tthhee aaggggrreeggaattee pprriinncciippaall amount thereof issued and outstanding. 10.4. Non-Solicitation . Each Seller agrees that, without the prior written consent of Purchaser, it shall not, and shall cause its respective Affiliates not to, directly or indirectly: (a) dduurriinngg tthhee ppeerriioodd bbeeggiinnnniinngg oonn tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee aanndd eennddiinngg ffoouurr ((44)) yyeeaarrss aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee,, ((ii)) hhiirree oorr eemmppllooyy ((wwhheetthheerr aass aann eemmppllooyyeeee,, ccoonnssuullttaanntt,, aaggeenntt,, independent contractor or otherwise) any Employee set forth on Schedule 10.4(a),, oorr ((iiii)) ccoonnttaacctt,, aapppprrooaacchh oorr ssoolliicciitt,, iinn eeaacchh ccaassee,, ffoorr tthhee ppuurrppoossee ooff ooffffeerriinngg employment (whether as an employee, consultant, agent, independent contractor or otherwise), to any such Employee; 67 (b) (c) dduurriinngg tthhee ppeerriioodd bbeeggiinnnniinngg oonn tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee aanndd eennddiinngg ttwwoo ((22)) yyeeaarrss aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee,, ((ii)) hhiirree oorr eemmppllooyy ((wwhheetthheerr aass aann eemmppllooyyeeee,, ccoonnssuullttaanntt,, aaggeenntt,, iinnddeeppeennddeenntt ccoonnttrraaccttoorr oorr ootthheerrwwiissee)) aannyy eemmppllooyyeeee ooff PPuurrcchhaasseerr oorr iittss AAffffiilliiaatteess,, wwiitthh wwhhoomm ssuucchh SSeelllleerr hhaass hhaadd ccoonnttaacctt iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn,, oorr ((iiii)) ccoonnttaacctt,, aapppprrooaacchh oorr ssoolliicciitt,, iinn eeaacchh ccaassee ffoorr tthhee ppuurrppoossee ooff ooffffeerriinngg eemmppllooyymmeenntt ((wwhheetthheerr aass aann eemmppllooyyeeee,, ccoonnssuullttaanntt,, aaggeenntt,, iinnddeeppeennddeenntt ccoonnttrraaccttoorr oorr ootthheerrwwiissee)),, aannyy eemmppllooyyeeee ooff PPuurrcchhaasseerr oorr iittss AAffffiilliiaatteess,, wwiitthh wwhhoomm ssuucchh SSeelllleerr hhaass hhaadd ccoonnttaacctt iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn;; pprroovviiddeedd tthhaatt tthhee ffoorreeggooiinngg ((ii)) sshhaallll nnoott rreessttrriicctt ggeenneerraall ssoolliicciittaattiioonnss ooff eemmppllooyymmeenntt tthhrroouugghh aaddvveerrttiisseemmeennttss oorr ootthheerr ssiimmiillaarr mmeeaannss tthhaatt aarree ppuubblliicc aanndd nnoott ddiirreecctteedd ssppeecciiffiiccaallllyy aatt ssuucchh eemmppllooyyeeeess aanndd ((iiii)) shall not restrict hiring or retention of any such employees who have been terminated by the Purchaser or its Affiliates (including RTH and Subsidiaries); or dduurriinngg tthhee ppeerriioodd bbeeggiinnnniinngg oonn tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee aanndd eennddiinngg ffiivvee)) yyeeaarrss aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee,, ssoolliicciitt,, iinndduuccee,, eennccoouurraaggee oorr aatttteemmpptt ttoo iinndduuccee [[**]],, oorr aannyy ccuussttoommeerr,, cclliieenntt,, ssuupppplliieerr oorr ootthheerr PPeerrssoonn hhaavviinngg aa bbuussiinneessss rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp wwiitthh tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess oorr rreellaattiinngg ttoo tthhee BBuussiinneessss ttoo ((ii)) ccaanncceell,, tteerrmmiinnaattee,, aalltteerr oorr rreedduuccee iittss bbuussiinneessss oorr rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp wwiitthh PPuurrcchhaasseerr oorr aannyy ooff iittss AAffffiilliiaatteess,, iinncclluuddiinngg tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess,, oorr ((iiii)) nnoott eenntteerr iinnttoo aa bbuussiinneessss rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp with Purchaser or any of its Affiliates, including the Company and the Subsidiaries. 10.5. Acknowledgement Section 10.2 and Section 10.4: .. SSeelllleerrss aacckknnoowwlleeddggee aanndd aaggrreeee oonn bbeehhaallff ooff tthheemmsseellvveess aanndd oonn bbeehhaallff ooff tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee AAffffiilliiaatteess aass ffoolllloowwss,, wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo tthhee rreessttrriiccttiioonnss ccoonnttaaiinneedd iinn (a) ssuucchh rreessttrriiccttiioonnss aarree rreeaassoonnaabbllee iinn aallll rreessppeeccttss ((iinncclluuddiinngg,, wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo tthhee ssuubbjjeecctt mmaatttteerr,, ttiimmee ppeerriioodd,, ggeeooggrraapphhyy aanndd aaccttiivviittyy)) aanndd aarree nneecceessssaarryy ttoo pprrootteecctt aanndd preserve Purchaser' s and its Affiliates' ( iinncclluuddiinngg tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess aafftteerr tthhee CClloossiinngg)) lleeggiittiimmaattee bbuussiinneessss iinntteerreessttss aanndd aarree nnoott bbrrooaaddeerr tthhaann necessary to protect Purchaser' s and its Affiliates' interests; (b) Purchaser or its Affiliates would be irreparably damaged if Sellers or any of their respective Affiliates were to breach its or their obligations under said restrictions; 68 (c) (d) (e) PPuurrcchhaasseerr hhaass bbeeeenn mmaatteerriiaallllyy iinndduucceedd bbyy SSeelllleerrss ttoo eenntteerr iinnttoo tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt bbyy tthheeiirr aaggrreeeemmeenntt ttoo ccoommppllyy wwiitthh ssaaiidd rreessttrriiccttiioonnss,, aanndd PPuurrcchhaasseerr wwoouulldd nnoott eenntteerr iinnttoo tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt oorr ccoonnssuummmmaattee tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd hheerreeuunnddeerr wwiitthhoouutt tthhee rreessttrriiccttiioonnss oonn SSeelllleerrss aanndd tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee AAffffiilliiaatteess aass pprroovviiddeedd iinn SSeeccttiioonn 10.2 and Section 10.4; tthhee ccoovveennaannttss iinn ssaaiidd rreessttrriiccttiioonnss ccoonnssttiittuuttee iinnddeeppeennddeenntt ccoovveennaannttss tthhaatt sshhaallll nnoott bbee aaffffeecctteedd bbyy tthhee ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee oorr nnoonnppeerrffoorrmmaannccee ooff aannyy ootthheerr pprroovviissiioonn ooff tthhiiss Agreement by Purchaser; and aass ppaarrtt ooff tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd bbyy tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, PPuurrcchhaasseerr iiss ppuurrcchhaassiinngg tthhee ggooooddwwiillll rreellaatteedd ttoo tthhee BBuussiinneessss,, wwiillll ccaarrrryy oonn tthhee BBuussiinneessss ccoonndduucctteedd bbyy tthhee CCoommppaannyy aanndd tthhee SSuubbssiiddiiaarriieess pprriioorr ttoo tthhee CClloossiinngg,, aanndd iinn oorrddeerr ttoo pprrootteecctt tthhee vvaalluuee ooff tthhee ggooooddwwiillll rreellaatteedd ttoo tthhee BBuussiinneessss,, aanndd aass aa ccoonnddiittiioonn ttoo eenntteerriinngg iinnttoo this Agreement, Sellers have agreed to the restrictive covenants affecting them set forth in Section 10.2 and Section 10.4. 10.6. 10.7. Modification of Covenant .. IIff aa ffiinnaall jjuuddggmmeenntt ooff aa ccoouurrtt oorr ttrriibbuunnaall ooff ccoommppeetteenntt jjuurriissddiiccttiioonn ddeetteerrmmiinneess tthhaatt aannyy tteerrmm oorr pprroovviissiioonn ccoonnttaaiinneedd iinn SSeeccttiioonn 1100..22 aanndd SSeeccttiioonn 1100..44 iiss iinnvvaalliidd oorr uunneennffoorrcceeaabbllee,, tthheenn tthhee ccoouurrtt oorr ttrriibbuunnaall wwiillll hhaavvee tthhee ppoowweerr ttoo rreedduuccee tthhee ssccooppee,, dduurraattiioonn,, oorr ggeeooggrraapphhiicc aarreeaa ooff tthhee tteerrmm oorr pprroovviissiioonn,, ttoo ddeelleettee ssppeecciiffiicc wwoorrddss oorr pphhrraasseess,, oorr ttoo rreeppllaaccee aannyy iinnvvaalliidd oorr uunneennffoorrcceeaabbllee tteerrmm oorr pprroovviissiioonn wwiitthh aa tteerrmm oorr pprroovviissiioonn tthhaatt iiss vvaalliidd aanndd eennffoorrcceeaabbllee aanndd tthhaatt ccoommeess cclloosseesstt ttoo eexxpprreessssiinngg tthhee iinntteennttiioonn ooff tthhee iinnvvaalliidd oorr uunneennffoorrcceeaabbllee tteerrmm oorr pprroovviissiioonn,, aanndd SSeeccttiioonn 1100..22 aanndd SSeeccttiioonn 1100..44 wwiillll bbee eennffoorrcceeaabbllee aass ssoo mmooddiiffiieedd aafftteerr tthhee eexxppiirraattiioonn ooff tthhee ttiimmee wwiitthhiinn wwhhiicchh tthhee jjuuddggmmeenntt mmaayy bbee aappppeeaalleedd.. TThhee ttiimmee ppeerriioodd dduurriinngg wwhhiicchh tthhee pprroohhiibbiittiioonnss sseett ffoorrtthh iinn SSeeccttiioonn 1100..22 aanndd SSeeccttiioonn 1100..44 sshhaallll aappppllyy aanndd sshhaallll bbee ttoolllleedd aanndd ssuussppeennddeedd ffoorr aa ppeerriioodd eeqquuaall ttoo tthhee aggregate time during which the Sellers or any of their respective Affiliates violates such prohibitions in any respect. .. EEaacchh ooff tthhee SSeelllleerrss aaggrreeeess tthhaatt iiff iitt oorr aannyy ooff iittss AAffffiilliiaatteess bbrreeaacchheess aannyy ooff tthhee ccoovveennaannttss,, dduuttiieess oorr oobblliiggaattiioonnss sseett ffoorrtthh iinn SSeeccttiioonn 1100..22 aanndd SSeeccttiioonn 1100..44,, Specific Performance PPuurrcchhaasseerr aanndd iittss AAffffiilliiaatteess ((aanndd tthheeiirr ssuucccceessssoorrss aanndd aassssiiggnnss)) wwoouulldd ssuuffffeerr iirrrreeppaarraabbllee hhaarrmm aanndd wwoouulldd eennccoouunntteerr eexxttrreemmee ddiiffffiiccuullttyy iinn aatttteemmppttiinngg ttoo pprroovvee tthhee aaccttuuaall aammoouunntt ooff ddaammaaggeess ssuuffffeerreedd bbyy tthheemm aass aa rreessuulltt ooff ssuucchh bbrreeaacchh aanndd wwoouulldd nnoott bbee rreeaassoonnaabbllyy oorr aaddeeqquuaatteellyy ccoommppeennssaatteedd iinn ddaammaaggeess iinn aannyy aaccttiioonn aatt llaaww.. IInn aaddddiittiioonn ttoo aannyy ootthheerr rreemmeeddyy PPuurrcchhaasseerr oorr iittss AAffffiilliiaatteess mmaayy hhaavvee aatt llaaww,, iinn eeqquuiittyy,, bbyy ssttaattuuttee oorr ootthheerrwwiissee,, iiff aannyy ooff tthhee SSeelllleerrss oorr aannyy ooff tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee AAffffiilliiaatteess bbrreeaacchheess SSeeccttiioonn 1100..22 aanndd SSeeccttiioonn 1100..44,, tthheenn PPuurrcchhaasseerr aanndd iittss AAffffiilliiaatteess wwiillll bbee eennttiittlleedd ttoo sseeeekk tteemmppoorraarryy,, pprreelliimmiinnaarryy aanndd ppeerrmmaanneenntt iinnjjuunnccttiivvee aanndd ssuucchh ootthheerr eeqquuiittaabbllee rreelliieeff ffrroomm aannyy GGoovveerrnnmmeennttaall AAuutthhoorriittyy ooff ccoommppeetteenntt jjuurriissddiiccttiioonn ttoo eennffoorrccee aannyy ooff tthheeiirr rriigghhttss uunnddeerr SSeeccttiioonn 1100..22 aanndd SSeeccttiioonn 1100..44 oorr ootthheerrwwiissee ttoo pprreevveenntt vviioollaattiioonn ooff SSeeccttiioonn 1100..22 aanndd SSeeccttiioonn 1100..44,, wwiitthhoouutt tthhee nneecceessssiittyy ooff pprroovviinngg tthhee aammoouunntt ooff aannyy aaccttuuaall ddaammaaggee rreessuullttiinngg tthheerreeffrroomm aanndd eeaacchh ooff SSeelllleerrss ffuurrtthheerr aaggrreeeess ttoo wwaaiivvee aannyy rreeqquuiirreemmeenntt ffoorr tthhee sseeccuurriinngg oorr ppoossttiinngg ooff aannyy bboonndd iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh ssuucchh rreemmeeddyy.. NNoo rreemmeeddyy ccoonnffeerrrreedd bbyy aannyy ooff tthhee ssppeecciiffiicc pprroovviissiioonnss ooff SSeeccttiioonn 1100..22 aanndd SSeeccttiioonn 1100..44 iiss iinntteennddeedd ttoo bbee eexxcclluussiivvee ooff aannyy ootthheerr rreemmeeddyy tthhaatt iiss ootthheerrwwiissee aavvaaiillaabbllee iinn tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, aatt llaaww,, iinn eeqquuiittyy,, bbyy ssttaattuuttee oorr ootthheerrwwiissee.. IInn aannyy aaccttiioonn,, ssuuiitt oorr ootthheerr pprroocceeeeddiinngg iinnssttiittuutteedd,, ccoonncceerrnniinngg oorr aarriissiinngg oouutt ooff SSeeccttiioonn 1100..22 aanndd Section 10.4, the prevailing party will recover all of such party' s costs and reasonable attorneys' fees. 69 10.8. .. AAllll nnoottiicceess oorr ootthheerr ccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonnss hheerreeuunnddeerr sshhaallll bbee iinn wwrriittiinngg aanndd sshhaallll bbee ggiivveenn iinn ppeerrssoonn,, bbyy rreeggiisstteerreedd mmaaiill ((rreeggiisstteerreedd iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall aaiirr mmaaiill iiff mmaaiilleedd Communications iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaallllyy)),, bbyy aann oovveerrnniigghhtt ccoouurriieerr sseerrvviiccee wwhhiicchh oobbttaaiinnss aa rreecceeiipptt ttoo eevviiddeennccee ddeelliivveerryy,, oorr bbyy ffaaccssiimmiillee,, ppddff oorr ootthheerr eelleeccttrroonniicc ttrraannssmmiissssiioonn ((wwiitthh rreecceeiipptt ccoonnffiirrmmeedd)) wwiitthh aa copy by mail, addressed as set forth below: If to the Purchaser: With a copy to: If to the Company: Attn: Email: ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. 3 Hashikma Street, Azour Israel Fax: +972-3-5571393 Attn: Guy Aharonov, Adv., VP Legal Email: guy_a@ituran.com Yoram L. Cohen, Law Offices 23 Bar Kochva St. B' nei-Brak 5126002 Israel Fax: +972-3-6490340 Attn: Yoram L. Cohen, Adv. Email: yoram@ylc-law.co.il Road Track Holding S.L. Agustin Manuel Chavez No. 1 Int. 204 Col. Santa Fe CDMX [*] [*] 70 with a copy to: Hahn & Hessen LLP 488 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10022 United States Fax: 212-478-7400 Attn: James Kardon, Esq. Email: jkardon@hahnhessen.com If to the Sellers: to their respective addresses set forth on Annex A with a copy to: Hahn & Hessen LLP 488 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10022 United States Fax: 212-478-7400 Attn: James Kardon, Esq. Email: jkardon@hahnhessen.com or such other address as any Party may designate to the other in accordance with the aforesaid procedure. All communications delivered in person or by courier service shall be deemed to have been given upon delivery, those given by facsimile, pdf or other electronic transmission shall be deemed given on the business day following transmission with confirmed answer back, and all notices and other communications sent by registered mail (or air mail if the posting is international) shall be deemed given ten (10) days after posting. 10.9. Successors and Assignees (a) IIff tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee SShhaarreess sshhaallll aatt aannyy ttiimmee bbee ssoolldd oorr ttrraannssffeerrrreedd ttoo aann AAffffiilliiaattee ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, oorr ttoo aannyy ootthheerr ppeerrssoonn,, tthheenn tthhee bbeenneeffiitt ooff eeaacchh ooff tthhee oobblliiggaattiioonnss,, uunnddeerrttaakkiinnggss,, iinnddeemmnniittiieess,, rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss oorr wwaarrrraannttiieess uunnddeerrttaakkeenn oorr ggiivveenn bbyy tthhee SSeelllleerrss uunnddeerr oorr ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt sshhaallll bbee aassssiiggnnaabbllee ttoo tthhee ppuurrcchhaasseerr oorr ttrraannssffeerreeee ooff tthhee PPuurrcchhaassee SShhaarreess aanndd ssuucchh ppuurrcchhaasseerr oorr ttrraannssffeerreeee sshhaallll bbee eennttiittlleedd ttoo eennffoorrccee tthhee ssaammee aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee SSeelllleerrss aass iiff iitt wweerree nnaammeedd iinn tthhiiss Agreement as the Purchaser (provided that the purchaser or transferee agrees to abide by any outstanding obligations on the part of the Purchaser herein). (b) SSaavvee aass sseett oouutt hheerreeiinn,, nnoonnee ooff tthhee rriigghhttss oorr oobblliiggaattiioonnss uunnddeerr oorr ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt mmaayy bbee aassssiiggnneedd oorr ttrraannssffeerrrreedd ttoo aannyy ootthheerr ppeerrssoonn wwiitthhoouutt tthhee wwrriitttteenn consent of all the parties. (c) This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by the parties and their respective successors and assigns. 71 10.10. .. SSuubbjjeecctt ttoo AAnnnneexx CC,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy sshhaallll bbeeaarr tthhee CCoommppaannyy TTrraannssaaccttiioonn CCoossttss;; tthhee SSeelllleerrss sshhaallll bbeeaarr tthhee SSeelllleerrss TTrraannssaaccttiioonn EExxppeennsseess ttoo tthhee eexxtteenntt sseett ffoorrtthh iinn Expenses SSeeccttiioonn 22..66;; aanndd tthhee SSeelllleerrss sshhaallll bbee rreessppoonnssiibbllee ffoorr aallll ccoossttss,, ootthheerr tthhaann CCoommppaannyy PPaaiidd SSTTEE,, iinnccuurrrreedd bbyy tthhee SSeelllleerrss aanndd tthhee CCoommppaannyy iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh ((ii)) tthhee pprreeppaarraattiioonn aanndd nneeggoottiiaattiioonn ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd ootthheerr TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeennttss oorr ((iiii)) aaccttiioonnss rreellaattiinngg ttoo tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd bbyy tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt ((iinn tthhee ccaassee ooff aaccttiioonnss ttaakkeenn bbyy tthhee Company, that are taken prior to the Closing). The Purchaser shall bear the Purchaser' ss TTrraannssaaccttiioonn EExxppeennsseess,, aanndd tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll bbee rreessppoonnssiibbllee ffoorr aallll ccoossttss iinnccuurrrreedd bbyy tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhee pprreeppaarraattiioonn aanndd nneeggoottiiaattiioonn ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd ootthheerr TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeennttss oorr aaccttiioonnss rreellaattiinngg ttoo tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd bbyy this Agreement. 10.11. Delays or Omissions; Waiver . (a) (b) TThhee rriigghhttss ooff aa PPaarrttyy mmaayy bbee wwaaiivveedd bbyy ssuucchh PPaarrttyy oonnllyy iinn wwrriittiinngg aanndd ssppeecciiffiiccaallllyy;; tthhee ccoonndduucctt ooff aannyy oonnee ooff tthhee PPaarrttiieess sshhaallll nnoott bbee ddeeeemmeedd aa wwaaiivveerr ooff aannyy ooff iittss rriigghhttss ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt oorr aass aa wwaaiivveerr oorr ccoonnsseenntt oonn iittss ppaarrtt aass ttoo aannyy bbrreeaacchh oorr ffaaiilluurree ttoo mmeeeett aannyy ooff tthhee tteerrmmss ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt oorr aass aann aammeennddmmeenntt hheerreettoo.. AA wwaaiivveerr bbyy aa PPaarrttyy iinn rreessppeecctt ooff aa bbrreeaacchh bbyy tthhee ootthheerr PPaarrttyy ooff iittss oobblliiggaattiioonnss sshhaallll nnoott bbee ccoonnssttrruueedd aass aa jjuussttiiffiiccaattiioonn oorr eexxccuussee ffoorr aa ffuurrtthheerr bbrreeaacchh ooff iittss obligations. NNoo ddeellaayy oorr oommiissssiioonn ttoo eexxeerrcciissee aannyy rriigghhtt,, ppoowweerr,, oorr rreemmeeddyy aaccccrruuiinngg ttoo aannyy PPaarrttyy hheerreettoo uuppoonn aannyy bbrreeaacchh oorr ddeeffaauulltt bbyy tthhee ootthheerr uunnddeerr tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt sshhaallll iimmppaaiirr aannyy ssuucchh rriigghhtt oorr rreemmeeddyy nnoorr sshhaallll iitt bbee ccoonnssttrruueedd ttoo bbee aa wwaaiivveerr ooff aannyy ssuucchh bbrreeaacchh oorr ddeeffaauulltt,, oorr aannyy aaccqquuiieesscceennccee tthheerreeiinn oorr iinn aannyy ssiimmiillaarr bbrreeaacchh oorr ddeeffaauulltt thereafter occurring. 10.12. Amendment. This Agreement may be amended or modified only by a written document signed by all the Parties hereto. 10.13. Entire Agreement .. TThhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt ((ttooggeetthheerr wwiitthh tthhee rreecciittaallss,, sscchheedduulleess,, aappppeennddiicceess,, aannnneexxeess aanndd eexxhhiibbiittss hheerreettoo aattttaacchheedd hheerreettoo)) ccoonnttaaiinnss tthhee eennttiirree uunnddeerrssttaannddiinngg ooff tthhee PPaarrttiieess wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo iittss ssuubbjjeecctt mmaatttteerr aanndd aallll pprriioorr nneeggoottiiaattiioonnss,, ddiissccuussssiioonnss,, aaggrreeeemmeennttss,, ccoommmmiittmmeennttss aanndd uunnddeerrssttaannddiinnggss bbeettwweeeenn tthheemm wwiitthh rreessppeecctt tthheerreettoo nnoott eexxpprreessssllyy contained herein shall be null and void in their entirety, effective immediately with no further action required. 72 10.14. Severability (a) IIff aa pprroovviissiioonn ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt iiss oorr bbeeccoommeess iilllleeggaall,, iinnvvaalliidd oorr uunneennffoorrcceeaabbllee iinn aannyy jjuurriissddiiccttiioonn,, tthhaatt sshhaallll nnoott aaffffeecctt tthhee vvaalliiddiittyy oorr eennffoorrcceeaabbiilliittyy iinn tthhaatt jurisdiction of any other provision hereof or the validity or enforceability in other jurisdictions of that or any other provision hereof. (b) WWhheerree pprroovviissiioonnss ooff aannyy aapppplliiccaabbllee LLaaww rreessuullttiinngg iinn ssuucchh iilllleeggaalliittyy,, iinnvvaalliiddiittyy oorr uunneennffoorrcceeaabbiilliittyy mmaayy bbee wwaaiivveedd,, tthheeyy aarree hheerreebbyy wwaaiivveedd bbyy eeaacchh PPaarrttyy ttoo tthhee ffuullll extent permitted so that this Agreement shall be deemed valid and binding agreements. 10.15. Counterparts, Facsimile Signatures .. TThhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt mmaayy bbee eexxeeccuutteedd iinn aannyy nnuummbbeerr ooff ccoouunntteerrppaarrttss,, eeaacchh ooff wwhhiicchh sshhaallll bbee ddeeeemmeedd aann oorriiggiinnaall bbuutt aallll ooff wwhhiicchh ttooggeetthheerr sshhaallll ccoonnssttiittuuttee oonnee aanndd tthhee ssaammee iinnssttrruummeenntt.. AA ssiiggnneedd AAggrreeeemmeenntt rreecceeiivveedd bbyy aa PPaarrttyy hheerreettoo vviiaa ffaaccssiimmiillee oorr ppddff wwiillll bbee ddeeeemmeedd aann oorriiggiinnaall,, aanndd bbiinnddiinngg uuppoonn tthhee PPaarrttyy wwhhoo ssiiggnneedd it. 10.16. Governing Law of laws. .. TThhee AAggrreeeemmeenntt sshhaallll bbee ggoovveerrnneedd bbyy aanndd ccoonnssttrruueedd iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh tthhee LLaawwss ooff EEnnggllaanndd,, wwiitthhoouutt ggiivviinngg eeffffeecctt ttoo tthhee pprriinncciipplleess tthheerreeooff rreellaattiinngg ttoo ccoonnfflliicctt 10.17. Survival. Each of the representations and warranties contained in Sections 3, 4 and 5 shall survive until the twenty four (24) month after the Closing Date; and provided ,, however ,, tthhaatt ((aa)) tthhee rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss sseett ffoorrtthh iinn SSeeccttiioonn 33..66 sshhaallll ssuurrvviivvee ffoorr aa ppeerriioodd eeqquuaall ttoo tthhee aapppplliiccaabbllee ssttaattuuttee ooff lliimmiittaattiioonnss ((aass eexxtteennddeedd bbyy aaccttiioonnss ooff aapppplliiccaabbllee Governmental Authority), and (b) the representations set forth in Sections 4.4 and 5.4 shall survive indefinitely. 10.18. London Arbitration . (a) (b) AAnnyy ddiissppuuttee,, ccoonnttrroovveerrssyy oorr ccllaaiimm aarriissiinngg oouutt ooff oorr iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, iinncclluuddiinngg aannyy qquueessttiioonn rreeggaarrddiinngg iittss ffoorrmmaattiioonn,, eexxiisstteennccee,, vvaalliiddiittyy,, iinntteerrpprreettaattiioonn,, ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee,, bbrreeaacchh oorr tteerrmmiinnaattiioonn aanndd aannyy aapppplliiccaattiioonn ffoorr iinntteerriimm,, pprreelliimmiinnaarryy,, eeqquuiittaabbllee oorr iinnjjuunnccttiivvee rreelliieeff,, sshhaallll ((ttoo tthhee eexxcclluussiioonn ooff aannyy ootthheerr forum) be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration under the Arbitration Rules of The London Court of International Arbitration (the "LCIA"), wwhhiicchh rruulleess aarree ddeeeemmeedd ttoo bbee iinnccoorrppoorraatteedd bbyy rreeffeerreennccee iinnttoo tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn.. AAnnyy aatttteemmpptt bbyy aa PPaarrttyy ttoo sseeeekk rreelliieeff oorr rreemmeeddiieess iinn aannyy ootthheerr ffoorruumm sshhaallll ccoonnssttiittuuttee aa bbrreeaacchh ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd eennttiittllee tthhee ootthheerr PPaarrttiieess ttoo ddaammaaggeess,, eeqquuiittaabbllee rreelliieeff aanndd ffuullll iinnddeemmnniiffiiccaattiioonn aaggaaiinnsstt aallll ccoossttss aanndd eexxppeennsseess iinnccuurrrreedd iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn tthheerreewwiitthh.. EEaacchh Party shall be obliged to post security for costs as directed by the arbitral tribunal ("Tribunal"). TThhee TTrriibbuunnaall sshhaallll ccoonnssiisstt ooff tthhrreeee aarrbbiittrraattoorrss.. EEaacchh ooff SSeelllleerrss AA aanndd SSeelllleerrss BB ((aaccttiinngg jjooiinnttllyy)) aanndd PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll nnoommiinnaattee oonnee aarrbbiittrraattoorr aanndd tthhee ttwwoo aarrbbiittrraattoorrss nominated by the Parties shall, within thirty days of the nomination of the second party-nnoommiinnaatteedd aarrbbiittrraattoorr,, aaggrreeee uuppoonn aanndd nnoommiinnaattee aa tthhiirrdd aarrbbiittrraattoorr wwhhoo sshhaallll aacctt aass CChhaaiirrmmaann ooff tthhee TTrriibbuunnaall.. IIff nnoo aaggrreeeemmeenntt iiss rreeaacchheedd wwiitthhiinn tthhiirrttyy ddaayyss oorr aatt aallll,, tthhee LLCCIIAA sshhaallll sseelleecctt aanndd aappppooiinntt aa tthhiirrdd aarrbbiittrraattoorr ttoo aacctt aass CChhaaiirrmmaann ooff tthhee Tribunal. 73 (c) The seat, or legal place, of arbitration shall be London. Proceedings shall occur at locations agreed by the parties or directed by the Tribunal. (d) The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English. (e) EEaacchh PPaarrttyy,, bbeeiinngg aa ssoopphhiissttiiccaatteedd ccoommmmeerrcciiaall eennttiittyy wwiitthh aacccceessss ttoo ccoouunnsseell,, iirrrreevvooccaabbllyy wwaaiivveess aanndd ffoorreevveerr aanndd uunnccoonnddiittiioonnaallllyy rreelleeaasseess,, ddiisscchhaarrggeess aanndd qquuiittccllaaiimmss aannyy ccllaaiimmss,, ccoouunntteerrccllaaiimmss,, ddeeffeennsseess,, ccaauusseess ooff aaccttiioonn,, rreemmeeddiieess oorr rriigghhttss tthhaatt iitt hhaass oorr mmaayy hhaavvee iinn tthhee ffuuttuurree aarriissiinngg ffrroomm aannyy ddooccttrriinnee,, rruullee oorr pprriinncciippllee ooff llaaww oorr eeqquuiittyy tthhaatt tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt oorr aannyy ooff tthhee rreellaattiioonnsshhiippss aanndd TTrraannssaaccttiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd bbyy tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt ((ii)) aarree aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee ppuubblliicc ppoolliiccyy ooff aannyy rreelleevvaanntt jjuurriissddiiccttiioonn;; ((iiii)) aarree uunnccoonnsscciioonnaabbllee oorr ccoonnttrraavveennee aannyy llaawwss rreellaattiinngg ttoo ccoonnssuummeerr pprrootteeccttiioonn;; ((iiiiii)) aarree uussuurriioouuss oorr ccaallll ffoorr ppaayymmeenntt ooff iinntteerreesstt aatt aa uussuurriioouuss rraattee;; ((iivv)) wweerree eenntteerreedd iinnttoo uunnddeerr dduurreessss;; ((vv)) wweerree eenntteerreedd iinnttoo aass aa rreessuulltt ooff aaccttiioonnss bbyy tthhee ootthheerr PPaarrttiieess tthhaatt vviioollaatteedd iittss oobblliiggaattiioonnss ooff ggoooodd ffaaiitthh oorr ffaaiirr ddeeaalliinngg;; ((vvii)) ccoonnssttiittuuttee iilllleeggaall ggaammbblliinngg oorr tthhee ssaallee ooff uunnrreeggiisstteerreedd sseeccuurriittiieess;; ((vviiii)) ccoonnssttiittuuttee mmaalliicciioouuss pprroosseeccuuttiioonn,, aabbuussee ooff pprroocceessss oorr wwrroonnggffuull iinniittiiaattiioonn ooff lliittiiggaattiioonn;; oorr ((vviiiiii)) ccoonnssttiittuuttee cchhaammppeerrttyy,, mmaaiinntteennaannccee,, bbaarrrraattrryy oorr aannyy iimmppeerrmmiissssiibbllee ttrraannssffeerr oorr aassssiiggnnmmeenntt ooff pprrooppeerrttyy oorr cchhoosseess iinn aaccttiioonn.. TThhee ppaarrttiieess ssppeecciiffiiccaallllyy aaggrreeee tthhaatt aannyy iissssuueess concerning the scope or validity of the foregoing waiver shall be within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Tribunal. 10.19. Actions .. AAtt aannyy ttiimmee aanndd ffrroomm ttiimmee ttoo ttiimmee,, eeaacchh PPaarrttyy aaggrreeeess,, wwiitthhoouutt ffuurrtthheerr ccoonnssiiddeerraattiioonn,, ttoo ttaakkee ssuucchh aaccttiioonnss aanndd ttoo eexxeeccuuttee aanndd ddeelliivveerr ssuucchh ddooccuummeennttss aass mmaayy bbee reasonably necessary to effectuate the purposes of this Agreement. 10.20. No Third-Party Beneficiaries .. NNootthhiinngg iinn tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt sshhaallll ccrreeaattee oorr ccoonnffeerr uuppoonn aannyy PPeerrssoonn oorr eennttiittyy,, ootthheerr tthhaann tthhee ppaarrttiieess hheerreettoo oorr tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee ssuucccceessssoorrss aanndd permitted assigns, any rights, remedies, obligations or Liabilities, except as expressly provided herein. 10.21. Representation by Counsel .. EEaacchh PPaarrttyy hheerreettoo rreepprreesseennttss aanndd aaggrreeeess wwiitthh eeaacchh ootthheerr tthhaatt iitt hhaass bbeeeenn rreepprreesseenntteedd bbyy oorr hhaadd tthhee ooppppoorrttuunniittyy ttoo bbee rreepprreesseenntteedd bbyy,, iinnddeeppeennddeenntt ccoouunnsseell ooff iittss oowwnn cchhoooossiinngg,, aanndd tthhaatt iitt hhaass hhaadd tthhee ffuullll rriigghhtt aanndd ooppppoorrttuunniittyy ttoo ccoonnssuulltt wwiitthh iittss rreessppeeccttiivvee aattttoorrnneeyy((ss)),, tthhaatt ttoo tthhee eexxtteenntt,, iiff aannyy,, tthhaatt iitt ddeessiirreedd,, iitt aavvaaiilleedd iittsseellff ooff tthhiiss rriigghhtt aanndd ooppppoorrttuunniittyy,, tthhaatt iitt oorr iittss aauutthhoorriizzeedd ooffffiicceerrss ((aass tthhee ccaassee mmaayy bbee)) hhaavvee ccaarreeffuullllyy rreeaadd aanndd ffuullllyy uunnddeerrssttaanndd tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt iinn iittss eennttiirreettyy aanndd hhaavvee hhaadd tthheemm fully explained to them by such Party' ss rreessppeeccttiivvee ccoouunnsseell,, tthhaatt eeaacchh iiss ffuullllyy aawwaarree ooff tthhee ccoonntteennttss tthheerreeooff aanndd tthheeiirr mmeeaanniinngg,, iinntteenntt aanndd lleeggaall eeffffeecctt,, aanndd tthhaatt iitt oorr iittss aauutthhoorriizzeedd officer (as the case may be) is competent to execute this Agreement and has executed this Agreement free from coercion, duress or undue influence. 74 10.22. Post -Closing Access to Information; Transition Services . (a) (b) PPuurrcchhaasseerr aaggrreeeess tthhaatt,, ffoolllloowwiinngg tthhee CClloossiinngg,, SSeelllleerrss aanndd tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee rreepprreesseennttaattiivveess sshhaallll,, uuppoonn rreeaassoonnaabbllee nnoottiiccee aanndd ssoo lloonngg aass ssuucchh aacccceessss ddooeess nnoott uunnrreeaassoonnaabbllyy iinntteerrffeerree wwiitthh tthhee bbuussiinneessss ooppeerraattiioonnss ooff PPuurrcchhaasseerr,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy oorr tthheeiirr rreessppeeccttiivvee ssuubbssiiddiiaarriieess,, hhaavvee rreeaassoonnaabbllee aacccceessss dduurriinngg nnoorrmmaall bbuussiinneessss hours to (a) Company' s personnel and (b) all books and records of the Company and its Subsidiaries for periods prior to the Closing ("Pre-CClloossiinngg BBooookkss aanndd Records"). Such access to Pre-CClloossiinngg BBooookkss aanndd RReeccoorrddss sshhaallll bbee pprroovviiddeedd aatt nnoo ccoosstt ttoo SSeelllleerrss ((pprroovviiddeedd,, tthhee PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll nnoott bbee rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo iinnccuurr uunnrreeiimmbbuurrsseedd oouutt ooff ppoocckkeett eexxppeennsseess ttoo tthhiirrdd ppaarrttiieess ttoo pprroovviiddee ssuucchh aacccceessss)) aanndd sshhaallll iinncclluuddee aacccceessss ttoo aannyy ssuucchh iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn iinn eelleeccttrroonniicc ffoorrmm ttoo tthhee eexxtteenntt reasonably available. For a period ending three (3) years following the Closing, prior to destroying any Pre-CClloossiinngg BBooookkss aanndd RReeccoorrddss,, PPuurrcchhaasseerr sshhaallll nnoottiiffyy Sellers, no less than thirty (30) days in advance of any such proposed destruction of their intent to destroy such Pre-CClloossiinngg BBooookkss aanndd RReeccoorrddss,, aanndd PPuurrcchhaasseerrss will permit Sellers to retain such Pre-Closing Books and Records at Sellers' sole expense. FFoolllloowwiinngg tthhee CClloossiinngg,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy sshhaallll rreennddeerr aallll rreeaassoonnaabbllee aassssiissttaannccee tthhaatt SSeelllleerrss mmaayy rreeaassoonnaabbllyy rreeqquueesstt,, aatt nnoo ccoosstt ttoo SSeelllleerrss ((pprroovviiddeedd,, tthhee CCoommppaannyy sshhaallll nnoott bbee rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo iinnccuurr uunnrreeiimmbbuurrsseedd oouutt ooff ppoocckkeett eexxppeennsseess ttoo tthhiirrdd ppaarrttiieess ttoo pprroovviiddee ssuucchh aassssiissttaannccee)),, iinn ((ii)) tthhee MMeexxiiccoo HHoollddiinngg CCoommppaanniieess EExxiitt,, ((iiii)) tthhee aaddmmiinniissttrraattiioonn,, wwiinnddiinngg ddoowwnn aanndd lliiqquuiiddaattiioonn ooff GGTTSS EEccuuaaddoorr aanndd ((iiiiii)) tthhee rreessoolluuttiioonn ooff ttaaxx iissssuueess rreeggaarrddiinngg GGTTSS EEccuuaaddoorr,, aanndd sshhaallll mmaakkee aavvaaiillaabbllee ttoo SSeelllleerrss tthhee ppeerrssoonnnneell ooff tthhee CCoommppaannyy mmoosstt kknnoowwlleeddggeeaabbllee aabboouutt tthhee mmaatttteerr iinn qquueessttiioonn ((iinncclluuddiinngg,, wwiitthhoouutt lliimmiittaattiioonn,, PPaabblloo GGoommeezz aanndd JJoorrggee CCoorrtteess ZZaammuuddiioo)).. SSeerrvviicceess provided by the Company' s employees will be subject to employee work schedules in the ordinary course of their duties. 75 10.23. Sellers ' Representative . (a) The Sellers hereby designate [*] from and after the date hereof as their representative (the "Sellers' Representative") and as their attorney-in-ffaacctt wwiitthh ffuullll ppoowweerr ooff ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn ttoo ddoo aallll tthhiinnggss aanndd ppeerrffoorrmm aallll aaccttss oonn bbeehhaallff ooff ssuucchh SSeelllleerrss,, aanndd ttoo ootthheerrwwiissee rreepprreesseenntt tthhee SSeelllleerrss,, iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt,, tthhee ootthheerr TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeennttss aanndd tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn ccoonntteemmppllaatteedd hheerreebbyy aanndd tthheerreebbyy,, ootthheerr tthhaann iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh bbrreeaacchheess bbyy aa SSeelllleerr ooff SSeeccttiioonnss 44..11 tthhrroouugghh 44..44 oorr tthhee breach by an individual Seller of Sections 6.2, 10.1, 10.2 or 10.4, which shall be the sole responsibility of such Seller, including: (i) (ii) (iii) executing and delivering, on behalf of each Seller, and accepting delivery of, on behalf of such Seller, such documents as may be deemed by the Sellers'' Representative, in its sole discretion, to be appropriate to consummate this Agreement; ((AA)) ddiissppuuttiinngg oorr rreeffrraaiinniinngg ffrroomm ddiissppuuttiinngg,, oonn bbeehhaallff ooff eeaacchh SSeelllleerr,, aannyy ccllaaiimm mmaaddee bbyy PPuurrcchhaasseerr uunnddeerr tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt;; ((BB)) nneeggoottiiaattiinngg aanndd ccoommpprroommiissiinngg,, oonn bbeehhaallff ooff eeaacchh SSeelllleerr,, aannyy ddiissppuuttee tthhaatt mmaayy aarriissee hheerreeuunnddeerr,, aanndd eexxeerrcciissiinngg oorr rreeffrraaiinniinngg ffrroomm eexxeerrcciissiinngg aannyy rreemmeeddiieess aavvaaiillaabbllee uunnddeerr tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt;; aanndd ((CC)) executing, on behalf of each Seller, any settlement agreement, release or other document with respect to such dispute or remedy; wwaaiivviinngg,, oonn bbeehhaallff ooff eeaacchh SSeelllleerr,, aannyy cclloossiinngg ccoonnddiittiioonn ccoonnttaaiinneedd iinn SSeeccttiioonnss 22..22,, 22..33 aanndd 22..44 ooff tthhiiss AAggrreeeemmeenntt aanndd ggiivviinngg oorr aaggrreeeeiinngg ttoo,, oonn bbeehhaallff ooff ssuucchh Seller, any and all consents, waivers, amendments, or modifications, deemed by the Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee,, iinn iittss ssoollee ddiissccrreettiioonn,, ttoo bbee nneecceessssaarryy oorr appropriate, under this Agreement, and, in each case, to execute and deliver any documents that may be necessary or appropriate in connection therewith; (iv) nneeggoottiiaattiinngg wwiitthh PPuurrcchhaasseerr rreeggaarrddiinngg,, aanndd ootthheerrwwiissee mmaakkiinngg aallll ddeecciissiioonnss rreellaattiinngg ttoo,, tthhee FFiinnaall CClloossiinngg AAddjjuussttmmeenntt aanndd tthhee ffiinnaall ddeetteerrmmiinnaattiioonn ooff tthhee CClloossiinngg Date Merger Consideration; (v) negotiating and agreeing to the resolution of all claims for indemnification hereunder; (vi) giving and receiving, on behalf of the Sellers, all notices required to be given hereunder with respect to such Sellers; and (vii) taking any and all other actions contemplated to be taken by or on behalf of the Sellers under this Agreement or under the other Transaction Documents. 76 (b) (c) By the Sellers' Representative' s execution of this Agreement, the Sellers' Representative accepts the appointment as the Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee hheerreeuunnddeerr aanndd agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Agreement. The Sellers' Representative shall have such powers and authority as are necessary to carry out the functions assigned such Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee uunnddeerr tthhiiss Agreement. (d) By their execution of this Agreement, the Sellers agree that: (i) all actions, decisions and instructions of the Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee sshhaallll bbee ccoonncclluussiivvee aanndd bbiinnddiinngg uuppoonn aallll ooff tthhee SSeelllleerrss aanndd nnoo SSeelllleerr sshhaallll hhaavvee aannyy ccaauussee of action against the Sellers' Representative for any action taken, decision made or instruction given by such Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee iinn ggoooodd ffaaiitthh uunnddeerr tthhiiss Agreement; (ii) iinn ttaakkiinngg ((oorr rreeffrraaiinniinngg ffrroomm ttaakkiinngg)) aannyy aaccttiioonn hheerreeuunnddeerr ffoorr wwhhiicchh SSeelllleerrss aarree rreessppoonnssiibbllee oorr bbeenneeffiitt pprrooppoorrttiioonnaatteellyy uunnddeerr tthhee TTrraannssaaccttiioonn DDooccuummeennttss,, tthhee Sellers' Representative shall use reasonable efforts to act or refrain in a manner that gives effect to such proportional rights and obligations; (iii) tthhee pprroovviissiioonnss ooff tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn aarree iinnddeeppeennddeenntt aanndd sseevveerraabbllee,, aarree iirrrreevvooccaabbllee aanndd ccoouupplleedd wwiitthh aann iinntteerreesstt aanndd sshhaallll bbee eennffoorrcceeaabbllee nnoottwwiitthhssttaannddiinngg aannyy rights or remedies that any Seller may have in connection with the Transaction contemplated by this Agreement; and (iv) tthhee pprroovviissiioonnss ooff tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn sshhaallll bbee bbiinnddiinngg uuppoonn tthhee eexxeeccuuttoorrss,, hheeiirrss,, lleeggaall rreepprreesseennttaattiivveess aanndd ssuucccceessssoorrss ooff eeaacchh SSeelllleerr,, aanndd aannyy rreeffeerreenncceess iinn tthhiiss Agreement to a Seller shall mean and include the successors to any such Seller' ss rriigghhttss hheerreeuunnddeerr,, wwhheetthheerr ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tteessttaammeennttaarryy ddiissppoossiittiioonn,, tthhee llaawwss ooff descent and distribution, bankruptcy, dissolution or otherwise. (e) In the event the Sellers' Representative becomes unable to perform the Sellers' Representative' ss rreessppoonnssiibbiilliittiieess hheerreeuunnddeerr oorr rreessiiggnnss ffrroomm ssuucchh ppoossiittiioonn,, tthhee SSeelllleerrss hhoollddiinngg,, aass ooff tthhee ddaattee hheerreeooff,, aa mmaajjoorriittyy ooff tthhee PPeerrcceennttaaggee OOwwnneerrsshhiipp ooff tthhee SSeelllleerrss sshhaallll sseelleecctt aannootthheerr rreepprreesseennttaattiivvee ttoo ffiillll ssuucchh vvaaccaannccyy aanndd ssuucchh ssuubbssttiittuutteedd representative shall be deemed to be the Sellers' Representative for all purposes of this Agreement upon its acceptance thereof in writing. 77 (f) (g) (h) (i) TThhee SSeelllleerrss rreepprreesseennttiinngg aa mmaajjoorriittyy ooff tthhee SSeelllleerr PPeerrcceennttaaggee tthheenn oouuttssttaannddiinngg sshhaallll hhaavvee tthhee rriigghhtt,, eexxeerrcciissaabbllee ffrroomm ttiimmee ttoo ttiimmee uuppoonn wwrriitttteenn nnoottiiccee ddeelliivveerreedd ttoo tthhee Sellers' Representative and Purchaser to (1) remove any Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee,, wwiitthh oorr wwiitthhoouutt ccaauussee;; oorr ((22)) aappppooiinntt aa SSeelllleerr ttoo ffiillll aa vvaaccaannccyy ccaauusseedd bbyy tthhee resignation or removal of the Sellers' Representative. The Sellers' Representative shall not be entitled to any fee, commission, or other compensation for the performance of such Sellers' Representative' ss sseerrvviicceess hereunder, but shall be entitled to be reimbursed by the Sellers for all reasonable expenses incurred in the performance of such Sellers' Representative' ss dduuttiieess iinn accordance with each Seller' ss SSeelllleerr PPeerrcceennttaaggee ooff ssuucchh eexxppeennsseess ((iinncclluuddiinngg bbyy wwaayy ooff ffuunnddss tthhaatt aarree ootthheerrwwiissee ddiissttrriibbuuttaabbllee ttoo tthhee SSeelllleerrss uunnddeerr tthhee EEssccrrooww Agreement). In exercising or failing to exercise all or any of the powers or duties conferred upon the Sellers' Representative hereunder, the Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee sshhaallll iinnccuurr nnoo rreessppoonnssiibbiilliittyy oorr lliiaabbiilliittyy wwhhaattssooeevveerr ttoo aannyy SSeelllleerr bbyy rreeaassoonn ooff aannyy eerrrroorr iinn jjuuddggmmeenntt oorr ootthheerr aacctt oorr oommiissssiioonn ppeerrffoorrmmeedd oorr oommiitttteedd,, eexxcceepptt ffoorr aannyy aacctt oorr ffaaiilluurree ttoo act which constitutes fraud or willful misconduct or which unfairly benefits Sellers' Representative to the detriment of the other Sellers. Each Seller shall indemnify the Sellers' Representative, based upon each Seller' ss pprroo rraattaa oowwnneerrsshhiipp ooff RRTTHH SShhaarreess iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy pprriioorr ttoo tthhee CClloossiinngg DDaattee,, aaggaaiinnsstt aallll Damages (including reasonable attorneys' , accountants' and other experts' or consultants' ffeeeess aanndd tthhee aammoouunntt ooff aannyy jjuuddggmmeenntt aaggaaiinnsstt tthheemm)) ooff aannyy nnaattuurree wwhhaattssooeevveerr ((iinncclluuddiinngg aannyy aanndd aallll eexxppeennssee wwhhaattssooeevveerr rreeaassoonnaabbllyy iinnccuurrrreedd iinn iinnvveessttiiggaattiinngg,, pprreeppaarriinngg oorr ddeeffeennddiinngg aaggaaiinnsstt aannyy lliittiiggaattiioonn,, ccoommmmeenncceedd oorr tthhrreeaatteenneedd,, oorr aannyy ccllaaiimmss wwhhaattssooeevveerr)),, aarriissiinngg oouutt ooff oorr iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh aannyy ccllaaiimm,, iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn,, cchhaalllleennggee,, aaccttiioonn oorr pprroocceeeeddiinngg oorr iinn ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh aannyy aappppeeaall thereof, relating to the acts or omissions of the Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee.. TThhee ffoorreeggooiinngg iinnddeemmnniiffiiccaattiioonn sshhaallll nnoott aappppllyy iinn tthhee eevveenntt ooff aannyy aaccttiioonn oorr pprroocceeeeddiinngg which finally adjudicates the Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee lliiaabbllee ffoorr ffrraauudd oorr wwiillllffuull mmiissccoonndduucctt.. IInn tthhee eevveenntt ooff aannyy iinnddeemmnniiffiiccaattiioonn uunnddeerr tthhiiss SSeeccttiioonn,, uuppoonn wwrriitttteenn notice from the Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee ttoo tthhee SSeelllleerrss aass ttoo tthhee eexxiisstteennccee ooff aa ddeeffiicciieennccyy ttoowwaarrdd tthhee ppaayymmeenntt ooff aannyy ssuucchh iinnddeemmnniiffiiccaattiioonn aammoouunntt,, eeaacchh SSeelllleerr sshhaallll promptly deliver to the Sellers' Representative full payment of such Seller' ss SSeelllleerr PPeerrcceennttaaggee ooff tthhee aammoouunntt ooff ssuucchh ddeeffiicciieennccyy.. AAllll ooff tthhee iinnddeemmnniittiieess,, iimmmmuunniittiieess and powers granted to the Sellers' Representative under this Agreement shall survive the Closing or any termination of this Agreement. (j) Purchaser and the Sellers shall have the right to rely conclusively upon all actions taken or omitted to be taken by the Sellers' RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo tthhiiss Agreement. [Rest of this page intentionally left blank] 78 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Agreement has been duly executed on the date herein above set forth. ROAD TRACK HOLDING S.L. ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. By:___________________________________ Title: Date: By:___________________________________ Title: Date: YOMUNA INVESTMENTS S.L. VIATKA INVESTMENTS S.L. By:___________________________________ Title: Date: By:___________________________________ Title: Date: I-GELT HOLDINGS, LLC EAST HOLDINGS, LLC By:___________________________________ Title: Date: By:___________________________________ Title: Date: [Signature Page of Share Purchase Agreement] The List of Omitted Schedules Briefly identifying the contents Extraordinary Expenses and Extraordinary Income Seller Percentages; Reduction and Allocation Company Paid STE Employee Extraordinary Bonus Personnel and Payments Financial Statements Agreed Elements of Purchase Price Calculation List of Key Management List of Road Track Products Form of Resignation Letters of Company Directors Form of Opinions of Legal Counsel of Sellers A and Sellers B as of Closing Date Form of Opinions of Legal Counsel of Company as of Closing Date Form of Seller' s Bring Down Letter Form of Company' s Bring Down Letter Form of Opinions of Legal Counsel of Purchaser Form of Purchaser' s Bring Down Letter Allocation of Remaining Amounts of Escrowed Shares List of Corporate, Shareholder or Other Records and Registries Exceptions to Compliance with Governmental Regulatory Requirements Transactions Outside the Ordinary Course of Business New Liabilities Outside the Ordinary Course of Business in the Aggregate Amount of More Than $1,000,000 Material Outstanding Debts Owed to the Company/Accounts Receivable Outside of the Ordinary Course of Business Bank Accounts, Overdrafts Loans, Guarantees, other Financial Facilities Outstanding Exceptions to Tangible Properties and Assets Material Agreements with Tax Authorities that Continue to Bind the Company Exceptions to Tax Representations List of Material Contracts Exceptions to Material Contracts Representations Adverse Issues under Material Contracts Annexes Annex C Annex D Annex E Annex F Annex 3.3(a) Schedules Schedule 0.1 Schedule 1.1 Schedule 1.2 Schedule 2.2(b)(i)(C) Schedule 2.2(b)(i)(F) Schedule 2.2(b)(i)(G) Schedule 2.2(b)(i)(H) Schedule 2.2(b)(i)(I) Schedule 2.2(b)(vii)(A) Schedule 2.2(b)(vii)(B) Schedule 2.5(a) Schedule 3.1(c) Schedule 3.1(d) Schedule 3.4(a) Schedule 3.4(b) Schedule 3.4(c) Schedule 3.4(e) Schedule 3.5(a) Schedule 3.6(k) Schedule 3.6(l) Schedule 3.7(a) Schedule 3.7(b) Schedule 3.7(c) Schedule 3.8 Schedule 3.8(f) Schedule 3.10(a) Schedule 3.10(c) Schedule 3.12(i) Schedule 5.5 Schedule 6.1 Schedule 7.5(a)(ii) Schedule 7.5(a)(iv) Schedule 10.4 (a) Exhibits Exhibit B Exhibit C Exhibit D Exhibit E Exhibit F Exhibit G Litigation Exceptions to Material Approvals, Permits, Consents required by any Governmental Authority Employees List and description of Benefits Arrangements for employees List of Employees who signed Confidentiality and Intellectual Property Assignment Agreements SEC Documents Exceptions Restricted Actions Form of Resignation of Directors After Second Closing Form of Opinion of Legal Counsel of Sellers A as of Closing Date List of key employees for non-solicitation RTH Shareholders Agreement Escrow Agreement Form of Key Management Employment Agreement Spanish Transfer Agreement (Purchase Shares) Form of Pledge Agreement New By-Laws Additional Documents Indemnification by ultimate shareholders Note: Any of the aforementioned documents will be submitted to the SEC Staff on a supplemental basis upon request. Name Yomuna Investments S.L. Viatka Investments S.L. Address [*] [*] [*] [*] Annex A Sellers A Annex A - 1 Name I-Gelt Holdings, LLC East Holdings, LLC Address [*] [*] Annex B Sellers B Annex B - 1 Sellers B East Holdings, LLC I-Gelt Holdings, LLC Sellers A Yomuna Investments S.L. Viatka Investments S.L Annex 2.2(b)(vi) Closing Allocation Percentages Percentage of Sellers B Purchase Price Payable to each Seller B Wire Instructions for Sellers B [*] [*] [to be provided prior to Closing] [to be provided prior to Closing] Percentage of Sellers A Purchase Price Payable to each Seller A Wire Instructions for Sellers A [*] [*] [to be provided prior to Closing] [to be provided prior to Closing] Annex 2.2(b)(vi) - 1 Annex 7.5 Second Closing Allocation Percentages Seller/Employees Yomuna Investments S.L. Viatka Investments S.L. Employee Transaction Bonus Personnel as a Group (subject to adjustment) Total: Allocation Percentage [*] [*] [*] [*] Of the up to 8.9041% allocated to the Employee Transaction Bonus Personnel as a group, subject to adjustment as described in the Agreement, the applicable Employment Agreements and below, such Employee Second Closing Bonus Payments shall be allocated among the Employee Transaction Bonus Personnel as follows: Name of Employee Extraordinary Bonus Personnel % EEBP Second Closing Bonus Percentages1 [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Total Employee Extraordinary Bonus Personnel 8.9041% 1 Subject to vesting. Annex 7.5 - 1 Dummy Text The Employee Second Closing Bonus Payments shall be paid to the Employee Transaction Bonus Personnel who are employed by the Company or a Subsidiary on the date on which the Second Closing is consummated (and any amounts that would have otherwise been payable to an Employee who is not so employed shall, unless directed otherwise by the Sellers' Representative, be paid to Sellers A and Sellers B in proportion to their respective Seller Percentages as additional Sellers A Purchase Price and Sellers B Purchase Price). The Closing Adjustments shall be allocated among the Employee Transaction Bonus Personnel in accordance with the EEBP Second Closing Bonus Percentages set forth above. All fees and expenses of the Second Closing and all reductions and offsets against the purchase price for the Remaining Shares shall be allocated among the Sellers A and the Employee Transaction Bonus Personnel as set forth above. In addition, any amounts otherwise payable to an Employee Extraordinary Bonus Personnel shall be reduced by the amount of reductions and offsets against the Purchase Price and indemnification and other payments made to the Purchaser under the Agreement that were not allocated to such Employee as set forth in Annex D and not satisfied by way of reductions against such Employee' s Anniversary Employee Transaction Cash Bonus Payments. Annex 7.5 - 2 Shareholders Yomuna Investments S.L. Viatka Investments S.L. I-Gelt Holdings, LLC East Holdings, LLC Total Schedule 2.1(i) - Company Capitalization Total of shares [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Percentage of Total [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Schedule 2.1(i) - 1 Schedule 3.2(e) - Equity Interests in Subsidiaries Road Track México, S.A. de C.V. Shareholder Fixed Portion Serie A Shares Variable Portion Serie B Shares Total Shares % Road Track Holding S.L. Road Track de Colombia, S.A.S Total shares 49,999 1 50,000 76,968,972 - 76,968,972 77,018,971 1 77,018,972 100.00% 0.00% 100.00% Road Track de Colombia, S.A.S Road Track Holding S.L. # Shares 8,871,321 % 100% # Shares % # Shares % After the exit of Global Telematics, SA. de C.V. and Agro Telematics, S.A. de C.V. Road Track Ecuador Cia., LTDA Road Track Holding S.L. Global Telematics Solutions, S.A. de C.V. Agro Telematics Solutions, S.A. de C.V. Total shares 5,589,674 4,338,349 989,447 10,917,470 51.20% 39.74% 9.06% 100.00% Road Track Holding S.L. Road Track de Colombia, S.A.S 3,277,049 99.99979% 1 00003% Total shares 3,277,050 100.00% Schedule 3.2(e) - 1 Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Road Track Telematics Development Ltd Road Track Holding S.L. Road Track Telematics Development Total Road Track Israel Ltd Road Track Holding S.L. Road Track Israel Total 100% 100% # Shares % 4,615 5,385 10,000 # Shares % 1,154 1,346 2,500 # Shares % E.D.T. E-Drive Technology Ltd Road Track HK Telematics Limited Road Track Israel Ltd 1,200 100% Road Track Holding S.L. 1 100% # Shares % Schedule 3.2(e) - 2 Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Dummy Text Blue Cloud Electronics Limited (no transactions have been made with this company) Global Telematic Solutions HK Limited Road Track Holding S.L. Road Track Holding S.L. Ituran Location and Control LTD Ituran USA Holdings, Inc. Total shares 1 500 100 400 1,000 100% 50.0% 10.0% 40.0% 100.0% RTI Uruguay, S.A. Ituran Road Track Argentina, S.A. Road Track Holding S.L. Ituran Location and Control LTD Total shares 36,000 36,000 72,000 50.0% 50.0% 100.0% Road Track Holding S.L. Ituran Argentina, SA. Total shares 50,000 50,000 100,000 50.0% 50.0% 100.0% Schedule 3.2(e) - 3 Ituran Road Track Monitoramento de Veículos LTDA. Road Track Holding S.L. Ituran Location and Control LTD Total shares 7.700.000 7.700.000 15,400,000 50.0% 50.0% 100.0% Schedule 3.2(e) - 4 THE SYMBOL "[*]" INDICATES MATERIAL WHERE CERTAIN IDENTIFIED INFORMATION HAS BEEN EXCLUDED FROM THE EXHIBIT BECAUSE IT IS BOTH (i) NOT MATERIAL AND (ii) WOULD LIKELY CAUSE COMPETITIVE HARM TO THE COMPANY IF PUBLICLY DISCLOSED. ITURAN STOCKHOLDERS AGREEMENT This Stockholders Agreement (this "Agreement" ) is dated and effective as of September 13th, 2018 among Ituran Location and Control Limited, a company organized under the laws of the State of Israel of 3 Hashikma Street, Azour, Israel ("Ituran"), I-Gelt Holdings, LLC, a Georgia limited liability company ("I-Gelt"), East Holdings, LLC a Georgia limited liability company ("East"), Viatka Investments SL, a company organized in Spain ("Viatka" ) and Yomuna Investments SL, a company organized in Spain ("Yomuna" and collectively with I-Gelt, East and Viatka, the "Shareholders" ). Each of Ituran and the Shareholders are referred to in this Agreement individually as a "Party" and collectively as the "Parties" . th RECITALS WHEREAS, Ituran and the Shareholders are parties to a Share Purchase Agreement dated as of July 23, 2018 (the "Purchase Agreement" ), pursuant to which Ituran acquired certain securities of RTH from the Shareholders in exchange for cash and the Transaction Shares (as defined below); WHEREAS, the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement have been consummated as of the date of this Agreement and, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, Ituran delivered to the Shareholders an aggregate of 373,489 Ituran Shares (collectively, the "Transaction Shares" ), representing approximately _______% of the total outstanding Ituran Shares as of immediately following the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement; WHEREAS, the Parties are entering into this Agreement for the purposes of setting forth their agreement and understanding relating to the ownership of the Transaction Shares by the Shareholder and certain other matters; and WHEREAS, the execution and delivery of this Agreement is a condition to the obligations of the Parties to consummate the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement. NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing and their respective representations, warranties, covenants and agreements set forth in this Agreement, and intending to be legally bound hereby, the Parties agree as follows: AGREEMENT ARTICLE 1 Definitions Section 1.1. Definitions. In addition to the terms defined elsewhere in this Agreement, the following terms have the meanings set forth in this Section 1.1: "Activist Investor" means, as of any date, any Person that has, directly or indirectly through its publicly disclosed Affiliates, whether individually or as a member of a publicly disclosed Group, within the two (2) year period immediately preceding such date, and in each case with respect to Ituran, any of its Subsidiaries or any of its or their equity securities (i) publicly made, engaged in or been a participant (as defined in Instruction 3 to Item 4 of Schedule 14A under the Exchange Act) in any "solicitation" of "proxies" (as such terms are defined in Regulation 14A as promulgated by the SEC and assuming for this purpose only that Ituran was subject to the proxy rules under Section 14 of the Exchange Act) or in the submission of position statements (as such term is used in the Israeli Companies Law) (including, in each case, similar concepts under Israeli law), to vote any equity securities of Ituran or any of its Subsidiaries, including in connection with a proposed change in Control or other extraordinary or fundamental transaction involving Ituran or any of its Subsidiaries, or a public proposal for the election or replacement of any directors of Ituran or any of its Subsidiaries, not approved by the Board of Directors prior to first public disclosure thereof, (ii) publicly called, or publicly sought to call, a meeting of shareholders of Ituran or any of its Subsidiaries or publicly initiated any shareholder proposal or meeting agenda item for action by shareholders of Ituran or any of its Subsidiaries (including through action by written consent), in each case not approved by the Board of Directors prior to first public disclosure thereof, (iii) commenced a "tender offer" (as such term is used in Regulation 14D under the Exchange Act or in the Israeli Companies Law) to acquire equity securities of Ituran or any of its Subsidiaries that was not approved (at or before the time of commencement) by the Board of Directors, (iv) otherwise publicly acted, alone or in concert with others, to seek to Control or influence the Board of Directors or shareholders of Ituran or any of its Subsidiaries (provided that this clause (iv) is not intended to apply to the activities of any member of the Board of Directors, with respect to Ituran or such Subsidiary, taken in good faith solely in his or her capacity as a director of Ituran or such Subsidiary) or (v) publicly disclosed any intention, plan, arrangement or other Contract to do any of the foregoing. "Affiliate" has the meaning as defined in the Purchase Agreement. "Base Prospectus" means the prospectus in the form in which it appeared in the Registration Statement. "Beneficially Own" , "Beneficial Owner" and "Beneficial Ownership" mean, with respect to any securities, having "beneficial ownership" of such securities for purposes of Rule 13d-3 or 13d-5 under the Exchange Act (as in effect on the date of this Agreement). In addition, a Person shall be deemed to be the Beneficial Owner of, and shall be deemed to Beneficially Own and have Beneficial Ownership of, any securities which are the subject of, or the reference securities for, or that underlie, any Derivative Instrument of such Person, with the number of securities Beneficially Owned being the notional or other number of securities specified in the documentation evidencing the Derivative Instrument as being subject to be acquired upon the exercise or settlement of such Derivative Instrument or as the basis upon which the value or settlement amount of such Derivative Instrument is to be calculated in whole or in part or, if no such number of securities is specified in such documentation, as determined by the Board of Directors in its sole discretion to be the number of securities to which the Derivative Instrument relates. 2 "Board of Directors" means the board of directors of Ituran. "Business Day" has the meaning as defined in the Purchase Agreement. "Change in Control" means the transfer in any manner, including by way of merger, consolidation or sale, of the assets or securities of Ituran such that Control of Ituran is transferred. "Closing" has the meaning as defined in the Purchase Agreement. "Contract" means any contract, agreement, instrument, undertaking, indenture, commitment, loan, license, settlement, consent, note or other legally binding obligation (whether or not in writing). "Control", "Controlled" and "Controlling" mean, when used with respect to any specified Person, the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of such Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities or other interests, by Contract or otherwise, and the terms "Controlled by" and "under common Control with" shall be construed accordingly. "Controlling Person" means a "controlling person" within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act and Section 20 of the Exchange Act. "Current Directors" means directors serving on the Board of Directors as of the date of this Agreement. "Derivative Instrument" means any and all derivative securities (as defined under Rule 16a-1 under the Exchange Act) that increase in value as the value of any Equity Securities of Ituran increases, including a long convertible security, a long call option and a short put option position, in each case, regardless of whether (a) such derivative security conveys any voting rights in any Equity Security, (b) such derivative security is required to be, or is capable of being, settled through delivery of any Equity Security or (c) other transactions hedge the value of such derivative security. "Effectiveness Period" means the period commencing on the date hereof and continuing until the third (3 ) anniversary of the date hereof, provided the Effectiveness Period shall terminate on the date when all Registrable Securities held by the Shareholders (together with any Affiliates of any of the Shareholders with whom any of such Shareholders must aggregate sales under Rule 144) may be sold freely to the public under Rule 144. rdrd "Equity Right" means, with respect to any Person, any security (including any debt security or hybrid debt-equity security) or obligation convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or giving any Person any right to subscribe for or acquire, or any options, calls, warrants, restricted shares, restricted shares units, deferred share awards, share units, "phantom" awards, dividend equivalents, participations, interests, rights or commitments relating to, or any share appreciation right or other instrument the value of which is determined in whole or in part by reference to the market price or value of, shares of capital stock or earnings of such Person. 3 "Equity Securities" means (a) Ituran Shares or other capital stock or equity interests or equity-linked interests of Ituran and (b) Equity Rights that are directly or indirectly exercisable or exchangeable for or convertible into Ituran Shares, or other capital stock or equity interests or equity-linked interests of Ituran. "Exchange Act" means the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. "Group" has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act. "Group Member" means, with respect to any specified Person, any Affiliate of the specified Person that is, directly or indirectly, Controlled by the specified Person and includes any Person with respect to which the specified Person is a direct or indirect Subsidiary. "Hedging Arrangement" means any transaction or arrangement, including through the creation, purchase or sale of any security, including any security-based swap, swap, cash-settled option, forward sale agreement, exchangeable note, total return swap or other derivative, in each case, the effect of which is to hedge the risk of owning Equity Securities. "Incumbent Directors" means (a) the Current Directors, (b) new directors nominated or appointed by a majority of the Current Directors, (c) directors appointed pursuant to recommendation of the Current Directors, and (d) other directors nominated or appointed by a majority of the Current Directors and other Incumbent Directors. "Israeli Companies Law" means the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999, as amended from time to time, including regulations thereunder and successor provisions and regulations thereto. "Ituran Competitor" means those competitors of Ituran identified on Schedule I to this Agreement and any successor thereto, acquirer thereof or acquirer of a material competing portion of the business thereof. "Ituran Shares" has the meaning as defined in the Purchase Agreement. "Law" has the meaning as defined in the Purchase Agreement. "Organizational Documents" has the meaning as defined in the Purchase Agreement. "Permitted Transferee" means the Shareholders and any direct or indirect Affiliate of a Shareholder. "Person" has the meaning as defined in the Purchase Agreement. 4 "Prohibited Transferee" means (a) any Ituran Competitor, (b) any Activist Investor or (c) any Person who after such Transfer, would Beneficially Own more than 5% (five percent) of the Voting Securities and to the knowledge of the Shareholder, after due inquiry on the date of the applicable Transfer, would report its ownership position on Schedule 13D (or successor form). "Prospectus" means the final prospectus supplement (including the Base Prospectus as so supplemented) relating to the resale of the Transaction Shares included in the Registration Statement in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated under the Securities Act. "Registrable Securities" means (a) the Transaction Shares, and (b) any Equity Securities issued or issuable with respect to any Transaction Shares by way of a stock dividend or stock split or in exchange for or upon conversion of such shares or otherwise in connection with a combination of shares, distribution, recapitalization, merger, consolidation, other reorganization or other similar event with respect to the Ituran Shares (it being understood that, for purposes of this Agreement, a Person shall be deemed to be a holder of Registrable Securities whenever such Person has the right to then acquire or obtain from Ituran any Registrable Securities, whether or not such acquisition has actually been effected). As to any particular Registrable Securities, such securities shall cease to be Registrable Securities when (i) the SEC has declared a Registration Statement covering such securities effective and such securities have been disposed of pursuant to such effective Registration Statement, (ii) such securities are sold under circumstances in which all of the applicable conditions of Rule 144 under the Securities Act are met, (iii) such securities are otherwise transferred, or (iv) such securities cease to be outstanding. "Registration Statement" means the registration statement on Form F-3 under the Securities Act to be filed with the SEC by Ituran in connection with the Closing on or about the date of Closing containing the Prospectus to be used by the Shareholders in connection with resales of their Registrable Securities in the manner described therein and includes the Prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference therein. "Representatives" has the meaning as defined in the Purchase Agreement. "Required Holders" means Shareholders holding at least a majority in interest of the applicable Registrable Securities. "Restricted Period" means the period ending at the earlier of third anniversary following the Closing and a Change in Control. "RTH" means Road Track Holding S.L., a company incorporated in Spain. "Rule 144" means Rule 144 promulgated by the SEC pursuant to the Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the SEC having substantially the same effect as such Rule. 5 "Rule 405" means Rule 405 promulgated by the SEC pursuant to the Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the SEC having substantially the same effect as such Rule. "SEC" has the meaning as defined in the Purchase Agreement. "Securities Act" has the meaning as defined in the Purchase Agreement. "Security Interest" has the meaning as defined in the Purchase Agreement. "Subsidiary" means, with respect to a specified Person, any corporation or other Person of which securities or other interests having the power to elect a majority of that corporation' s or other Person' s board of directors or similar governing body, or otherwise having the power to direct the business and policies of that corporation or other Person (other than securities or other interests having such power only upon the happening of a contingency that has not occurred) are held by the specified Person or one or more of its Subsidiaries. "Transfer" means the sale, assignment, pledge, lien, hypothecate or other obligations regarding the future sale, assignment, pledge or transfer of Beneficial Ownership of the Transaction Shares in any single transaction or series of related transactions. "Voting Securities" means the Ituran Shares. Section 1.2. Additional Defined Terms. For purposes of this Agreement, the following terms have the meanings specified in the indicated Section of this Agreement: Defined Term Agreement Ituran Legal Counsel Parties Purchase Agreement Shareholders Transaction Shares Viatka Yomuna Section Preamble Preamble Section 2.3(b) Preamble Recitals Preamble Recitals Preamble Preamble Section 1.3. Construction. Unless expressly specified otherwise, whenever used in this Agreement, the terms "Article," " Exhibit," "Schedule" and "Section" refer to articles, exhibits, schedules and sections of this Agreement. Whenever used in this Agreement, the terms "hereby," "hereof," "herein" and "hereunder" and words of similar import refer to this Agreement as a whole, including all articles, sections, schedules and exhibits hereto. Whenever used in this Agreement, the terms "include," "includes" and "including" mean "include, without limitation," "includes, without limitation" and "including, without limitation," respectively. Whenever the context of this Agreement permits, the masculine, feminine or neuter gender, and the singular or plural number, are each deemed to include the others. The word "or" is not exclusive. "Days" means calendar days unless otherwise specified. Unless expressly specified otherwise, all payments to be made in accordance with or under this Agreement shall be made in U.S. Dollars (USD$). References in this Agreement to particular sections of a Law shall be deemed to refer to such sections or provisions as they may be amended after the date of this Agreement. The Parties have participated jointly in the negotiation and drafting of this Agreement and in the event an ambiguity or question of intent or interpretation arises, this Agreement shall be construed as if drafted jointly by the Parties and no presumption or burden of proof shall arise favoring or disfavoring any Party (or any Affiliate thereof) by virtue of the authorship of any of the provisions of this Agreement. 6 ARTICLE 2 Registration and Transfer Restrictions Section 2.1. Ituran Representations and Warranties. Ituran warrants and represents that: (a) The Transaction Shares have been issued in compliance with all laws, rules and regulations, including applicable securities laws and the Organizational Documents of Ituran. The Transaction Shares were issued clean and free of any Security Interest or any restrictions on resale other than as set forth in this Agreement. (b) The Transaction Shares are free of restrictions on Transfer other than as set forth in this Agreement. Section 2.2. Registration Statement. Ituran agrees, represents and warrants as follows: (a) Ituran has prepared and filed or shall use its reasonable best efforts to prepare and, as soon as practicable after the date hereof, file with the SEC a Registration Statement on Form F-3 covering the resale of all of the Registrable Securities. The Registration Statement prepared pursuant hereto shall register for resale all of the Registrable Securities. Ituran shall use its reasonable best efforts to have the Registration Statement declared effective by the SEC as soon as practicable and shall file with the SEC in accordance with Rule 424 under the Securities Act the Prospectus to be used in connection with sales pursuant to the Registration Statement. (b) At the time the Registration Statement and any amendments thereto become effective, the Registration Statement and any supplements and amendments thereto will conform in all material respects to the requirements of the Securities Act and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; and the Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto, at the time the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto is issued, will conform in all material respects to the requirements of the Securities Act and will not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. 7 (c) Ituran has not, in the twelve (12) months preceding the date hereof, received notice from any trading market on which the Ituran Shares is or have been listed or quoted to the effect that Ituran is not in compliance with the listing or maintenance requirements of such trading market. Ituran is, and has no reason to believe that it will not in the foreseeable future continue to be, in compliance with all such listing and maintenance requirements. (d) Ituran shall use its reasonable best efforts to maintain the effectiveness of the Registration Statement during the Effectiveness Period. (e) In the event that Form F-3 is not available for the registration of the resale of the Registrable Securities hereunder or Ituran is not eligible to use Form F-3 to register the Registrable Securities for resale under applicable SEC rules and regulations, then, Ituran shall (i) register the resale of the Registrable Securities on Form F-1 or another appropriate SEC form that Ituran is then eligible to use which is reasonably acceptable to the Required Holders and (ii) undertake to register the Registrable Securities on Form F-3 as promptly as reasonably practicable after Ituran becomes eligible to us such form; provided, however, that the Ituran shall maintain the effectiveness of the Registration Statement then in effect until such time as a Registration Statement on Form F-3 covering all of the Registrable Securities has been declared effective by the SEC, or if earlier, until the end of the Effectiveness Period (as defined in Section 3(a)). Section 2.3. Registration Procedures. Ituran shall use its reasonable best efforts to maintain the registration of the offer and sale of the Registrable Securities under the Securities Act in accordance with the intended method of disposition thereof, and pursuant thereto Ituran shall as soon as practicable and as applicable: (a) prepare and file with the SEC such amendments, post-effective amendments and supplements to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus used in connection therewith as may be necessary to keep the Registration Statement effective for the Effectiveness Period); (b) within a reasonable time before filing amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus used in connection therewith with the SEC, furnish to one (1) counsel selected by the Required Holders ("Legal Counsel" ), which the Shareholders agree shall be Hahn & Hessen LLP or such other counsel as thereafter designated in writing by the Required Holders, copies of such documents proposed to be filed, which documents shall be subject to the review and comment of Legal Counsel; (c) notify each selling holder of Registrable Securities, promptly after Ituran receives notice thereof, of the time when a supplement to any Prospectus forming a part of the Registration Statement has been filed with the SEC; it being understood and agreed that Ituran may provide such notice by providing a website url link to the applicable SEC filing; 8 (d) furnish to each selling holder of Registrable Securities such number of copies of the Prospectus included in the Registration Statement (including each preliminary Prospectus) and any supplement thereto (in each case including all exhibits and documents incorporated by reference therein), and such other documents as such seller may reasonably request in order to facilitate the disposition of the Registrable Securities owned by such seller; it being understood and agreed that Ituran may satisfy such requirement by providing such selling holder a website url link with the applicable SEC filing; (e) use its reasonable best efforts to register or qualify the Registrable Securities under such other securities or "blue sky" laws of such jurisdictions as are required by applicable state securities laws at the time of resale of Registrable Securities prior to the end of the Effectiveness Period; provided, that Ituran shall not be required to qualify generally to do business, subject itself to general taxation or consent to general service of process in any jurisdiction where it would not otherwise be required to do so but for this Section 2.3(e); (f) notify each selling holder of the Registrable Securities, at any time when a Prospectus relating thereto is required to be delivered under the Securities Act, of the occurrence of any event that would cause the Prospectus included in the Registration Statement to contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit any fact necessary in order to make the statements made therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, and, at the request of any such holder, Ituran shall prepare a supplement or amendment to such Prospectus so that, as thereafter delivered to the purchasers of the applicable Registrable Securities, such Prospectus shall not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any fact necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; (g) in connection with an underwritten offering of Registrable Securities, enter into such customary agreements (including underwriting and lock-up agreements in customary form) and take all such other customary actions as the holders of such Registrable Securities or the managing underwriter(s) of such offering reasonably request in order to expedite or facilitate the disposition of such Registrable Securities (including, without limitation, making appropriate officers of Ituran available to participate in "road show" and other customary marketing activities (including reasonable requests for one-on-one meetings with prospective purchasers of such Registrable Securities)); (h) otherwise use its reasonable best efforts to comply with all applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and make available to its stockholders an earnings statement (in a form that satisfies the provisions of Section 11(a) of the Securities Act and Rule 158 under the Securities Act or any successor rule thereto) no later than thirty (30) days after the end of the 12-month period beginning with the first day of Ituran' s first full fiscal quarter after the effective date of the Registration Statement, which earnings statement shall cover said 12-month period, and which requirement will be deemed to be satisfied if Ituran timely files complete and accurate information on Forms 20-F and 6-F under the Exchange Act and otherwise complies with Rule 158 under the Securities Act or any successor rule thereto; 9 (i) furnish to each underwriter, if any, with (i) a written legal opinion of Ituran' s outside counsel, dated the closing date of the offering, in form and substance as is customarily given in opinions of Ituran' s counsel to underwriters in underwritten SEC registered offerings; and (ii) on the date of the applicable Prospectus, on the effective date of any post-effective amendment to the applicable Registration Statement and at the closing of the offering, dated the respective dates of delivery thereof, a "comfort" letter signed by Ituran' s independent certified public accountants in form and substance as is customarily given in accountants' letters to underwriters in underwritten registered offerings; (j) advise the holders of Registrable Securities, promptly after it shall receive notice or obtain knowledge thereof, of the issuance of any stop order by the SEC suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose and promptly use its reasonable best efforts to prevent the issuance of any stop order or to obtain its withdrawal at the earliest possible moment if such stop order should be issued; (k) take no direct or indirect action prohibited by Regulation M under the Exchange Act; provided, that, to the extent that any prohibition is applicable to Ituran, Ituran will take all reasonable action to make any such prohibition inapplicable; and (l) otherwise use its reasonable best efforts to take all other steps necessary to maintain the effectiveness of the registration of the Registrable Securities contemplated hereby until the end of the Effective Period. Section 2.4. Restrictions on Transfer. (a) The right of the Shareholders and their respective Affiliates to Transfer directly or indirectly in any single transaction or series of related transactions any of the Transaction Shares is subject to the restrictions set forth in this Section 2.4, and no Transfer of Transaction Shares by the Shareholders or any of their respective Affiliates may be effected except in compliance with this Section 2.4. Any attempted Transfer in violation of this Agreement shall be of no effect and null and void, regardless of whether the purported Transferee has any actual or constructive knowledge of the Transfer restrictions set forth in this Agreement, and shall not be recorded on the stock transfer books of Ituran or any local custodian or transfer agent. (b) A Shareholder shall not directly or indirectly, in any single transaction or series of related transactions, Transfer any of the Transaction Shares during the Restricted Period either (x) to a Prohibited Transferee or (y) without the prior written consent of Ituran other than: (i) a Transfer of the Transaction Shares in response to a tender or exchange offer by any Person that has been approved or recommended by the Board of Directors (provided a majority of directors at the time of such approval or recommendation are Incumbent Directors); 10 (ii) a Transfer of the Transaction Shares to Ituran or an Affiliate of Ituran; (iii) a Transfer of the Transaction Shares to a Permitted Transferee, so long as such Permitted Transferee, to the extent it has not already done so, executes a customary joinder to this Agreement, in form and substance reasonably acceptable to Ituran, in which such Permitted Transferee agrees to be bound by the terms of this Agreement as if such Permitted Transferee was an original party hereto; provided, in each case, that any such Transfer is made in accordance with all applicable Laws; and provided further, that, notwithstanding the foregoing, the Shareholder shall be entitled at any time during the Restricted Period to request that Ituran waive, in whole or in part, the restrictions of this Section 2.4(b), and Ituran will consider such request in good faith and shall not unreasonably delay its response to such request or refuse such request. (c) Following the Restricted Period, the Shareholder shall be entitled to Transfer any Shares in its sole discretion. (d) A Shareholder shall not be deemed to have breached its obligations under Section 2.4(b) as it relates to Activist Investors with respect to the Transfer of Transaction Shares to any Person so long as such Shareholder acts in good faith, based on generally available public information and the advice of its financial advisors, to determine whether such Person is an Activist Investor. The reporting by a Person of its ownership of the securities of Ituran on Schedule 13G shall be deemed to establish conclusively that such Person is not an Activist Investor with respect to Ituran for purposes of the definition of "Activist Investor" , except to the extent such Person subsequently files a Schedule 13D with respect to Ituran. (e) A Shareholder shall not Transfer, or cause or permit the Transfer of, any Shares in connection with any "tender offer" (as such term is used in Regulation 14D under the Exchange Act or the Israeli Companies Law) not approved or recommended by the Board of Directors (provided a majority of directors at the time of such approval or recommendation are Incumbent Directors). (f) The entry by the Shareholder into a Hedging Arrangement with respect to Shares shall not be deemed to be a Transfer of such Shares for purposes of this Agreement. (g) A Shareholder shall not be deemed to have breached its obligations under Section 2.4(b) as it relates to any Prohibited Transferee with respect to the Transfer of Transaction Shares in transactions described in Rule 144(f)(1) or (2). Section 2.5. Reporting. Ituran agrees to use its reasonable best efforts to: (a) make and keep public information available, as those terms are understood and defined in Rule 144; and (b) file with the SEC, in a timely manner, all reports and other documents required of Ituran under the Exchange Act. 11 Section 2.6. Indemnification. (a) Ituran shall indemnify and hold harmless, to the fullest extent permitted by law, each holder of Registrable Securities, such holder' s officers, directors, managers, and each other Controlling Person, if any, who controls any of the foregoing Persons, against all losses, claims, actions, damages, liabilities and expenses, joint or several, to which any of the foregoing Persons may become subject under the Securities Act or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, actions, damages, liabilities or expenses arise out of or are based upon any untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, Prospectus, preliminary Prospectus, free writing prospectus (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act or any successor rule thereto) or any amendment thereof or supplement thereto or any omission or alleged omission of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein (in the case of a Prospectus, preliminary Prospectus or free writing prospectus, in light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading; and shall reimburse such Persons for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by any of them in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, action, damage or liability, except insofar as the same are caused by or contained in any information furnished in writing to Ituran by such holder expressly for use therein or by such holder' s failure to deliver a copy of the Registration Statement, Prospectus, preliminary Prospectus, free writing prospectus (as defined in Rule 405) or any amendments or supplements thereto (if the same was required by applicable law to be so delivered) after Ituran has furnished such holder with a sufficient number of copies of the same prior to any written confirmation of the sale of Registrable Securities. This indemnity shall be in addition to any liability Ituran may otherwise have. Ituran further agrees to provide customary indemnification to any underwriter, broker or any other Person acting on behalf of a holder of Registrable Securities in any agreement executed in connection with the retention of such underwriter, broker, or other Person for an offering subject to registration hereunder. (b) In connection with any registration in which a holder of Registrable Securities is participating, each such holder shall furnish to Ituran in writing such information as Ituran reasonably requests for use in connection with any the Registration Statement or Prospectus and, to the extent permitted by law, shall indemnify and hold harmless, Ituran, each director of Ituran, each officer of Ituran who shall sign the Registration Statement, and each Controlling Person who controls any of the foregoing Persons against any losses, claims, actions, damages, liabilities or expenses resulting from any untrue or alleged untrue statement of material fact contained in the Registration Statement, Prospectus, preliminary Prospectus, free writing prospectus (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act or any successor rule thereto) or any amendment thereof or supplement thereto or any omission or alleged omission of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein (in the case of a Prospectus, preliminary Prospectus or free writing prospectus, in light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading, but only to the extent that such untrue statement or omission is contained in any information so furnished in writing by such holder expressly for use therein; provided, that the obligation to indemnify shall be several, not joint and several, for each holder and shall not exceed an amount equal to the net proceeds (after underwriting fees, commissions or discounts) actually received by such holder from the sale of Registrable Securities pursuant to the Registration Statement. This indemnity shall be in addition to any liability the selling holder may otherwise have. 12 (c) Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party of notice of the commencement of any action involving a claim referred to in this Section 2.6, such indemnified party shall, if a claim in respect thereof is made against an indemnifying party, give written notice to the latter of the commencement of such action. The failure of any indemnified party to notify an indemnifying party of any such action shall not (unless such failure shall have a material adverse effect on the indemnifying party) relieve the indemnifying party from any liability in respect of such action that it may have to such indemnified party hereunder. In case any such action is brought against an indemnified party, the indemnifying party shall be entitled to participate in and to assume the defense of the claims in any such action that are subject or potentially subject to indemnification hereunder, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified to the extent that it may wish, with counsel reasonably satisfactory to such indemnified party, and after written notice from the indemnifying party to such indemnified party of its election so to assume the defense thereof, the indemnifying party shall not be responsible for any legal or other expenses subsequently incurred by the indemnified party in connection with the defense thereof; provided, that, if (i) any indemnified party shall have reasonably concluded that there may be one or more legal or equitable defenses available to such indemnified party which are additional to or conflict with those available to the indemnifying party, or that such claim or litigation involves or could have an effect upon matters beyond the scope of the indemnity provided hereunder, or (ii) such action seeks an injunction or equitable relief against any indemnified party or involves actual or alleged criminal activity, the indemnifying party shall not have the right to assume the defense of such action on behalf of such indemnified party without such indemnified party' s prior written consent (but, without such consent, shall have the right to participate therein with counsel of its choice) and such indemnifying party shall reimburse such indemnified party and any Controlling Person of such indemnified party for that portion of the fees and expenses of any counsel retained by the indemnified party which is reasonably related to the matters covered by the indemnity provided hereunder. If the indemnifying party is not entitled to, or elects not to, assume the defense of a claim, it shall not be obligated to pay the fees and expenses of more than one counsel for all parties indemnified by such indemnifying party with respect to such claim, unless in the reasonable judgment of any indemnified party a conflict of interest may exist between such indemnified party and any other of such indemnified parties with respect to such claim. In such instance, the conflicting indemnified parties shall have a right to retain one separate counsel, chosen by the holders of a majority of the Registrable Securities included in the registration, at the expense of the indemnifying party. (d) If the indemnification provided for hereunder is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be unavailable to an indemnified party with respect to any loss, claim, damage, liability or action referred to herein, then the indemnifying party, in lieu of indemnifying such indemnified party hereunder, shall contribute to the amounts paid or payable by such indemnified party as a result of such loss, claim, damage, liability or action in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative fault of the indemnifying party on the one hand and of the indemnified party on the other in connection with the statements or omissions which resulted in such loss, claim, damage, liability or action as well as any other relevant equitable considerations; provided, that the maximum amount of liability in respect of such contribution shall be limited, in the case of each holder of Registrable Securities, to an amount equal to the net proceeds (after underwriting fees, commissions or discounts) actually received by such seller from the sale of Registrable Securities effected pursuant to such registration. The relative fault of the indemnifying party and of the indemnified party shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the indemnifying party or by the indemnified party, whether the violation of the Securities Act or any other similar federal or state securities laws or rule or regulation promulgated thereunder applicable to Ituran and relating to action or inaction required of Ituran in connection with any applicable registration, qualification or compliance was perpetrated by the indemnifying party or the indemnified party and the parties' relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The parties agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution pursuant hereto were determined by pro rata allocation or by any other method or allocation which does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to herein. No Person guilty or liable of fraudulent misrepresentation within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act shall be entitled to contribution from any Person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. 13 ARTICLE 3 Voting Section 3.1. Voting Agreement. (a) During the Restricted Period, each Shareholder shall cause all of the Voting Securities Beneficially Owned at the time of a vote by it or any of its Group Members or over which it or any of its Group Members has voting control to be voted (i) in favor of all those persons nominated and recommended to serve as directors of Ituran by the Board of Directors or any applicable committee thereof, and (ii) with respect to any other action, proposal or matter to be voted on by the shareholders of Ituran (including through action by written consent), in accordance with the recommendation of the Board of Directors or any applicable committee thereof (so long as a majority of directors at the time of such recommendation are Incumbent Directors). Notwithstanding the foregoing, any Shareholder or Group Member shall be free to vote at its discretion in connection with any proposal submitted for a vote of the shareholders of Ituran in respect of (A) the issuance of Equity Securities in connection with any merger, consolidation or business combination of Ituran, (B) any merger, consolidation or business combination of Ituran or (C) the sale of all or substantially all the assets of Ituran, except in each of clause (A), (B) and (C) where such proposal has not been approved or recommended by the Board of Directors, in which event the preceding sentence shall apply. (b) During the Restricted Period, with respect to any matter that any of the Shareholders is required to vote on in accordance with Section 3.1(a), each Shareholder shall cause each Voting Security owned by it or over which it has voting control to be voted by completing the proxy forms distributed by Ituran and not by any other means. The Shareholder shall deliver the completed proxy form to Ituran no later than five (5) Business Days prior to the date of such general meeting of Ituran. Upon the written request of Ituran, the Shareholder hereby agrees to take such further action or execute such other instruments as may be reasonably necessary to effectuate the intent of this Section 3.1(b). ARTICLE 4 Standstill Section 4.1. During the Restricted Period, any Shareholder shall not, directly or indirectly, and shall cause its Representatives (to the extent acting on behalf of the Shareholder) and Group Members not, directly or indirectly, to, without the prior written consent of, or waiver by, Ituran: (a) subject to Section 4.2, acquire, offer or seek to acquire, agree to acquire or make a proposal (including any private proposal to Ituran or the Board of Directors) to acquire, by purchase or otherwise (including through the acquisition of Beneficial Ownership), any securities (including any Equity Securities or Voting Securities) or Derivative Instruments, or direct or indirect rights to acquire any securities (including any Equity Securities or Voting Securities) or Derivative Instruments, of Ituran or any Subsidiary or Affiliate of Ituran (other than RTH or any of its Subsidiaries in accordance with other Transaction Documents as defined in the Purchase Agreement) or any successor to or Person in Control of Ituran, or any securities (including any Equity Securities or Voting Securities) or indebtedness convertible into or exchangeable for any such securities or indebtedness; provided that the Shareholder may acquire, offer or seek to acquire, agree to acquire or make a proposal to acquire Equity Securities (and any securities (including any Equity Securities or Voting Securities) convertible into or exchangeable for Equity Securities) and Derivative Instruments with respect to Ituran Shares, if, immediately following such acquisition, the collective Beneficial Ownership of Ituran Shares of the Shareholder and its Group Members, as a group, would not exceed 4.99% of the outstanding Ituran Shares, as reported to the SEC; 14 (b) offer, or seek to acquire, or participate in any acquisition of a majority of the consolidated assets of Ituran and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole; (c) conduct, fund or otherwise become a participant in any "tender offer" (as such term is used in Regulation 14D under the Exchange Act or the Israeli Companies Law) involving Equity Securities, Voting Securities or any securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, Equity Securities or Voting Securities, in each case not approved by the Board of Directors; (d) otherwise act in concert with others to seek to control or influence the Board of Directors or shareholders of Ituran or its Subsidiaries or Affiliates; provided that nothing in this Section 4.1 shall preclude the Shareholder or its Representatives from engaging in discussions with Ituran or its Representatives or exercising its rights under the Purchase Agreement or other Transaction Documents (as defined in the Purchase Agreement); (e) make or join or become a participant (as defined in Instruction 3 to Item 4 of Schedule 14A under the Exchange Act) in (or in any way knowingly encourage) any "solicitation" of "proxies" (as such terms are defined in Regulation 14A as promulgated by the SEC and assuming for this purpose only that Ituran was subject to the proxy rules under Section 14 of the Exchange Act) (including, in each case, similar concepts under Israeli law, including submission of positions statements), or consent to vote any Voting Securities or any of the voting securities of any Subsidiaries or Affiliates of Ituran (including through action by written consent), or otherwise knowingly advise or influence any Person with respect to the voting of any securities of Ituran or its Subsidiaries or Affiliates; (f) make any public announcement with respect to, or solicit or submit a proposal for, or offer, seek, propose or indicate an interest in (with or without conditions) any merger, consolidation, business combination, "tender offer" (as such term is used in Regulation 14D under the Exchange Act or the Israeli Companies Law), recapitalization, reorganization, purchase or license of a material portion of the assets, properties, securities or indebtedness of Ituran or any Subsidiary or Affiliate of Ituran, or other similar extraordinary transaction involving Ituran, any Subsidiary of Ituran or any of its securities or indebtedness, or enter into any discussions, negotiations, arrangements, understandings or agreements (whether written or oral) with any other Person regarding any of the foregoing; 15 (g) call or seek to call a meeting of shareholders of Ituran or initiate any shareholder proposal or meeting agenda item for action of Ituran' s shareholders, or seek election or appointment to or to place a representative on the Board of Directors or seek the removal of any director from the Board of Directors; (h) form, join, become a member or in any way participate in a Group with respect to the securities of Ituran or any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates, other than with the other Shareholders and their respective Affiliates; (i) deposit any Voting Securities in a voting trust or similar Contract or subject any Voting Securities to any voting agreement, pooling arrangement or similar arrangement or Contract, or grant any proxy with respect to any Voting Securities (in each case, other than with the Shareholder or any of its wholly owned Subsidiaries); (j) make any proposal or disclose any plan, or cause or authorize any of its and their directors, officers, employees, agents, advisors and other Representatives to make any proposal or disclose any plan on its or their behalf, inconsistent with the foregoing restrictions; (k) knowingly take any action or cause or authorize any of its and their directors, officers, employees, agents, advisors and other Representatives to take any action on its or their behalf, that would reasonably be expected to require Ituran or any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates to publicly disclose any of the foregoing actions or the possibility of a business combination, merger or other type of transaction or matter described in this Section 4.1; (l) knowingly advise, assist, arrange or otherwise enter into any discussions or arrangements with any third party with respect to any of the foregoing; or (m) directly or indirectly, contest the validity of, any provision of this Section 4.1 (including this sub clause) or Section 3.1 (whether by legal action or otherwise). Section 4.2. The prohibition in Section 4.1(a) shall not apply to the activities of the Shareholder or any of its Group Members in connection with: (a) acquisitions made as a result of a stock split, stock dividend, reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, combination, exchange of shares or other like change approved or recommended by the Board of Directors; or (b) acquisitions made in connection with a transaction or series of related transactions in which the Shareholder or any of its Group Members acquires a previously unaffiliated business entity that Beneficially Owns Equity Securities, Voting Securities or Derivative Instruments, or any securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, Equity Securities, Voting Securities or Derivative Instruments, at the time of the consummation of such acquisition, provided that in connection with any such acquisition, (i) the Shareholder or such applicable Group Member, as the case may be, either (A) causes such entity to divest the Equity Securities, Voting Securities or Derivative Instruments, or any securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, Equity Securities, Voting Securities or Derivative Instruments, Beneficially Owned by the acquired entity within a period of one hundred twenty (120) calendar days after the date of the consummation of such acquisition or (B) divests the Equity Securities, Voting Securities or Derivative Instruments, or any other securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, Equity Securities, Voting Securities or Derivative Instruments, Beneficially Owned by the Shareholder and its Permitted Transferees, in an amount so that the Shareholder and its Permitted Transferees, together with such acquired business entity, shall not, acting alone or as part of a Group, directly or indirectly, Beneficially Own a number of Ituran Shares in excess of 4.99% of Ituran' s outstanding capital following such acquisition, and (ii) prior to the disposition thereof, such Equity Securities or other Voting Securities remain subject to the terms of this Agreement in all respects. 16 Section 4.3. Ituran acknowledges and agrees that no Shareholder shall be deemed an affiliate (as that term is defined in Rule 144(a)) of Ituran during the term of this Agreement. ARTICLE 5 Miscellaneous Section 5.1. Fees and Expenses. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement or the Purchase Agreement, each Party shall pay its own direct and indirect expenses incurred by it in connection with the preparation and negotiation of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including all fees and expenses of its advisors and representatives. Section 5.2. Notices. All notices and other communications in connection with this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be given or made (and shall be deemed to have been duly given or made upon receipt) by delivery in person, by overnight courier service, by facsimile, pdf or other electronic transmission (with receipt confirmed) or by registered or certified mail (postage prepaid, return receipt requested) to the respective Parties at the following addresses: If to Ituran, to: ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. 3 Hashikma Street Azour, Israel Fax: +972-3-5571393 Attn: Guy Aharonov, Adv., VP Legal Email: guy_a@ituran.com 17 with a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to: Yoram L. Cohen, Law Offices 23 Bar Kochva St. B' nei-Brak 5126002 Israel Fax: +972-3-6490340 Attn: Yoram L. Cohen, Adv. Email: yoram@ylc-law.co.il If to a Shareholder, to the address set forth on Annex A with a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to: Hahn & Hessen LLP 488 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10022 United States Fax: 212.478.7400 Attn: James Kardon, Esq. Email: jkardon@hahnhessen.com Any Party may, by delivery of written notice to the other Parties, change the address to which such notices and other communications are to be given in connection with this Agreement. Section 5.3. Counterparts; Entire Agreement; Corporate Power; Facsimile Signatures. This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, all of which shall be considered one and the same agreement. The Escrow Agreement, this Agreement, the other Transaction Documents and the Schedules hereto contain the entire agreement between the Parties with respect to the subject matter hereof, supersede all previous agreements, negotiations, discussions, writings, understandings, commitments and conversations with respect to such subject matter and there are no agreements or understandings between the Parties other than those set forth or referred to herein or therein. Each Party acknowledges that it and the other Parties may execute this Agreement by manual, stamp or mechanical signature, and that delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page to this Agreement (whether executed by manual, stamp or mechanical signature) by facsimile or by email in portable document format (PDF) shall be effective as delivery of such executed counterpart of this Agreement. Each Party expressly adopts and confirms a stamp or mechanical signature (regardless of whether delivered in person, by mail, by courier, by facsimile or by email in portable document format (PDF)) made in its respective name as if it were a manual signature delivered in person, agrees that it shall not assert that any such signature or delivery is not adequate to bind such Party to the same extent as if it were signed manually and delivered in person and agrees that, at the reasonable request of the other Party at any time, it shall as promptly as reasonably practicable cause this Agreement to be manually executed (any such execution to be as of the date of the initial date thereof) and delivered in person, by mail or by courier. 18 Section 5.4. Amendments and Waivers. No provision of this Agreement may be waived, modified, supplemented or amended except in a written instrument signed, in the case of an amendment, by Ituran and the Shareholders or, in the case of a waiver, by the Party against whom enforcement of any such waived provision is sought. No waiver of any default with respect to any provision, condition or requirement of this Agreement shall be deemed to be a continuing waiver in the future or a waiver of any subsequent default or a waiver of any other provision, condition or requirement hereof, nor shall any delay or omission of any Party to exercise any right hereunder in any manner impair the exercise of any such right. Section 5.5. Successors and Assigns. Subject to clauses (b) and (c) below, this Agreement shall be binding upon the Parties and their respective successors and assigns and shall inure to the benefit of the Parties and their respective successors and permitted assigns. (a) Ituran may not assign or delegate this Agreement or any rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of the Shareholders; provided that no such consent shall be required for any assignment by Ituran of its rights or obligations hereunder in connection with a merger, consolidation, combination, reorganization or similar transaction or the transfer, sale, lease, conveyance or disposition of all or substantially all of its assets. (b) The Shareholders may not assign or delegate this Agreement or any rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of Ituran; provided that no such consent shall be required for (i) subject to Section 5.5(d), any assignment by any of the Shareholders of its rights or obligations hereunder in connection with a merger, consolidation, combination, reorganization or similar transaction or the transfer, sale, lease, conveyance or disposition of all or substantially all of its assets, if such assignee agrees in writing to be bound by the terms of this Agreement or (ii) the assignment or delegation by any of the Shareholders of any of its rights or obligations under this Agreement to an Affiliate, if such Affiliate agrees in writing to be bound by the terms of this Agreement and shall together with the Shareholder and any prior Affiliate Transferee shall be deemed the Shareholder; provided further that no such assignment or delegation shall relieve the Shareholder of its obligations under this Agreement. (c) Except as provided in Section 5.5(d), the covenants and agreements of the Shareholders set forth in this Agreement shall not be binding upon or restrict any Transferee of Shares other than (i) Permitted Transferees or (ii) any Transferee of Shares pursuant to a Transfer in connection with which the Shareholder' s rights under this Agreement are assigned to the Transferee pursuant to Section 5.5(b)(i), and no Transferee of Shares other than such Permitted Transferees or a transferee of the Shareholder' s rights pursuant to Section 5.5(b)(i) shall have any rights under this Agreement. (d) A Shareholder shall not enter into any transaction pursuant to which any Person, other than its current ultimate parent entity, would become its ultimate parent entity (such that the Shareholder is a direct or indirect Subsidiary of another Person or all or substantially all of the Shareholder' s assets have been acquired by another Person) without causing such Person to assume all of the Shareholder' s obligations under this Agreement effective as of the consummation of such transaction. 19 Section 5.6. Acknowledgment of Securities Laws. Each Party is aware, and shall advise its Representatives who are informed of the matters that are the subject of this Agreement, of the restrictions imposed by the securities laws of the United States on the purchase or sale of securities by any Person who has received material, nonpublic information from the issuer of such securities and on the communication of such information to any other person when it is reasonably foreseeable that such other person is likely to purchase or sell such securities in reliance upon such information. Section 5.7. Termination. This Agreement (except for Section 2.6, Section 4.3 and Article 5) shall terminate at the earlier of (a) the mutual written agreement of Ituran and the Shareholders and (b) a Change in Control. Section 5.8. No Third Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement is intended for the benefit of the Parties and their respective successors and permitted assigns. Section 5.9. Severability. In the event that any one or more of the terms or provisions of this Agreement or the application thereof to any Person or circumstance is determined by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect, such invalidity, illegality or unenforceability shall not affect any other term or provision of this Agreement, or the application of such term or provision to Persons or circumstances or in jurisdictions other than those as to which it has been determined to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, and the Parties shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to substitute one or more valid, legal and enforceable terms or provisions into this Agreement which, insofar as practicable, implement the purposes and intent of the Parties. Any term or provision of this Agreement held invalid or unenforceable only in part, degree or within certain jurisdictions shall remain in full force and effect to the extent not held invalid or unenforceable to the extent consistent with the intent of the Parties as reflected by this Agreement. To the extent permitted by applicable Law, each Party waives any term or provision of Law which renders any term or provision of this Agreement to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect. Section 5.10. Business Days. If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted in this Agreement is not a Business Day, then such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Business Day. Section 5.11. Governing Law and Venue; Waiver of Jury Trial. (a) THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE DEEMED TO BE MADE IN AND IN ALL RESPECTS SHALL BE INTERPRETED, CONSTRUED AND GOVERNED BY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE SUBSTANTIVE AND PROCEDURAL LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, WITHOUT REGARD TO ITS RULES OF CONFLICTS OF LAW. The Parties irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the State of New York located in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan and the federal courts of the United States of America for the Southern District with respect to all matters arising out of or relating to this Agreement and the interpretation and enforcement of the provisions of this Agreement, and of the documents referred to in this Agreement, and in respect of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and waive, and agree not to assert, as a defense in any action, suit or proceeding for the interpretation or enforcement hereof or of any such document, that it is not subject thereto or that such action, suit or proceeding may not be brought or is not maintainable in such courts or that the venue thereof may not be appropriate or that this Agreement or any such document may not be enforced in or by such courts, and the Parties agree that all claims with respect to such action or proceeding shall be heard and determined exclusively in such a New York state or federal court. The Parties agree that a final judgment in any such any action, suit or proceeding shall be conclusive and may be enforced in other jurisdictions by suit on the judgment or in any other manner provided by Law. The Parties consent to and grant any such court jurisdiction over the person of such Parties solely for such purpose and over the subject matter of such dispute and agree that mailing of process or other papers in connection with any such action or proceeding in the manner provided in Section 5.2 or in such other manner as may be permitted by Law shall be valid and sufficient service. 20 (b) EACH PARTY IRREVOCABLY AND UNCONDITIONALLY WAIVES ANY RIGHT SUCH PARTY MAY HAVE TO A TRIAL BY JURY WITH RESPECT TO ANY LITIGATION DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED BY THIS AGREEMENT. EACH PARTY ACKNOWLEDGES AND AGREES THAT NO REPRESENTATIVE, AGENT OR ATTORNEY OF ANY OTHER PARTY HAS REPRESENTED, EXPRESSLY OR OTHERWISE, THAT SUCH OTHER PARTY WOULD NOT, IN THE EVENT OF LITIGATION, SEEK TO ENFORCE THE FOREGOING WAIVER. EACH PARTY UNDERSTANDS AND HAS CONSIDERED THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WAIVER. EACH PARTY MAKES THIS WAIVER VOLUNTARILY AND EACH PARTY HAS BEEN INDUCED TO ENTER INTO THIS AGREEMENT BY, AMONG OTHER THINGS, THE MUTUAL WAIVERS IN THIS SECTION 6.10(b). Section 5.12. Enforcement. The Parties acknowledge and agree that irreparable damage would occur in the event that any provision of this Agreement was not performed in accordance with its specific terms or was otherwise breached, and that monetary damages, even if available, would not be an adequate remedy therefor. It is accordingly agreed that the Parties shall be entitled to an injunction or injunctions to prevent breaches of this Agreement and to enforce specifically the performance of the terms and provisions hereof in any court referred to in Section 5.11, without proof of actual damages (and each Party hereby waives any requirement for the securing or posting of any bond in connection with such remedy), this being in addition to any other remedy to which they are entitled at Law or in equity. The Parties further agree not to assert that a remedy of specific enforcement is unenforceable, invalid, contrary to Law or inequitable for any reason, nor to assert that a remedy of monetary damages would provide an adequate remedy for such breach. 21 Section 5.13. Obligations Several. The obligations of each Shareholder hereunder is several, not joint, and in no event shall any Shareholder be liable or responsible for any breach of this Agreement by another Shareholder. Section 5.14. Escrow. The Transaction Shares will be deposited with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association acting as escrow agent pursuant to the Escrow Agreement. Section 5.15. Legal Counsel. (b) Ituran shall bear the reasonable expenses of Legal Counsel' s review under Section 2.3(b). (b) The Shareholders hereby waive any conflict of interest or potential conflict of interest that may arise as a result of the representation of such Investors by Hahn & Hessen LLP in connection with the subject matter of this Agreement. This provision will not prohibit any other counsel to a Shareholder from reviewing and commenting on any registration filed pursuant to this Agreement at no cost to Ituran. [Signature pages follow] 22 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Ituran and the Shareholders have caused this Agreement to be signed by their respective officers thereunto duly authorized, all as of the date first above written. Ituran: ITURAN LOCATION AND CONTROL LTD. By:_______________________________________ Name: Title: The Shareholders: YOMUNA INVESTMENTS SL By:_______________________________________ Name: Title: VIATKA INVESTMENTS SL By:_______________________________________ Name: Title: I-GELT HOLDINGS, LLC By:_______________________________________ Name: Title: EAST HOLDINGS, LLC By:_______________________________________ Name: Title: 23 American Tracer AutoTrack FleetBoss FleetMatics G4S GPS Insight Guide Point I-Metrik SVR ISR LoJack Corporation Megatrans S.A Navtrack Network Fleet OnStar Corporation PassTime Pointer Position Plus Prosegur Sascar Sitrac S.A. Sky Cop Sky Guard Sky Patrol Skylock Ltd. Spireon (which also includes SysLocate and GoldStar) Street Eagle Teletrac Traffilog Trim Track Trimble Ubicar S.A. Zatix Schedule 1 Ituran Competitors Schedule 1 - 1 Our significant subsidiaries are set forth below, all of which are either 100% owned by us or controlled by us. List of Significant Subsidiaries Exhibit 8 Name of Subsidiary Ituran USA Holdings Inc. Ituran USA Inc. Ituran de Argentina S.A. Ituran Sistemas de Monitoramento Ltda. Ituran Instalacoes Ltda. Teleran Holding Ltda. E.R.M. Electronic Systems Limited Mapa Mapping & Publishing Ltd. Ituran servicos Ltda. Ituran Spain Holding S.L. Ituran Road Track Monitaramento de Veiculos LTDA. Ituran Road Track Argentina, S.A. Global Telematics Solutions HK, Limited Road Track De Colombia S.A.S Road Track Ecuador, S.A. Road Track Mexico S.A. De C.V. Road Track HK Telematics Limited E.D.T.E - Drive Technology Ltd. Country of Incorporation USA USA Argentina Brazil Brazil Brazil Israel Israel Brazil Spain Brazil Argentina Hong Kong Colombia Ecuador Mexico Hong Kong Israel CERTIFICATION OF THE CO-CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT Exhibit 12.1 I, Eyal Sheratzky, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Ituran Location and Control Ltd.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The company's other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have: a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the company's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d. Disclosed in this report any change in the company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company's internal control over financial reporting, and 5. The company's other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the company's auditors and the audit committee of company's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal controls over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company's internal controls over financial reporting. Date: April 30, 2019 /s/ Eyal Sheratzky --------- Eyal Sheratzky Co-Chief Executive Officer CERTIFICATION OF THE CO-CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT I, Nir Sheratzky, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Ituran Location and Control Ltd.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The company's other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have: a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the company's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d. Disclosed in this report any change in the company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company's internal control over financial reporting, and 5. The company's other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the company's auditors and the audit committee of company's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal controls over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company's internal controls over financial reporting. Date: April 30, 2019 /s/ Nir Sheratzky --------- Nir Sheratzky Co-Chief Executive Officer CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT Exhibit 12.2 I, Eli Kamer, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Ituran Location and Control Ltd.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The company's other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have: a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the company's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d. Disclosed in this report any change in the company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company's internal control over financial reporting, and 5. The company's other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the company's auditors and the audit committee of company's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal controls over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company's internal controls over financial reporting. Date: April 30, 2019 /s/ Eli Kamer --------- Eli Kamer Chief Financial Officer CERTIFICATION OF THE COMPANY'S CO-CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AS REQUIRED BY RULE 13a-14(b) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT AND SECTION 1350 OF CHAPTER 63 OF TITLE 18 OF THE UNITED STATES CODE Exhibit 13 In connection with the Annual Report on Form 20-F of Ituran Location and Control Ltd. (the "Company") for the period ended December 31, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), each of the undersigned Co-Chief Executive Officers of the Company, certify that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Dated: April 30, 2019 /s/ Nir Sheratzky --------- Nir Sheratzky Co-Chief Executive Officer CERTIFICATION OF THE COMPANY'S CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER AS REQUIRED BY RULE 13a-14(b) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT AND SECTION 1350 OF CHAPTER 63 OF TITLE 18 OF THE UNITED STATES CODE In connection with the Annual Report on Form 20-F of Ituran Location and Control Ltd. (the "Company") for the period ended December 31, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), the undersigned Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Dated: April 30, 2019 /s/ Eli Kamer --------- Eli Kamer Chief Financial Officer Exhibit 14.1 Fahn Kanne & Co. Head Office 32 Hamasger Street Tel-Aviv 6721118, ISRAEL PO Box 36172, 6136101 T +972 3 7106666 F +972 3 7106660 www.gtfk.co.il CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We have issued our reports dated April 30, 2019, with respect to the consolidated financial statements and internal control over financial reporting included in the Annual Report of Ituran Location and Control Ltd. on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2018. We consent to the incorporation by reference of said reports in the Registration Statement of Ituran Location and Control Ltd. on Form F-3 (File No. 333-222289). /s/ FAHN KANNE & CO. GRANT THORNTON ISRAEL Tel Aviv, Israel April 30, 2019 Exhibit 14.2 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To: Ituran Location and Control Ltd Re: Ituran de Argentina S.A. We have issued our report dated January 28, 2019, with respect to the consolidated financial statements and internal control over financial reporting for Ituran de Argentina S. A. included in the Annual Report of Ituran Location and Control Ltd. on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2018. We consent to the incorporation by reference of the aforementioned reports in the Registration Statement on Form F-3 No. 333-222289. Gustavo Chesta Estudio Urien & Asociados Buenos Aires, Argentina, April 30, 2019 

Continue reading text version or see original annual report in PDF format above