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Vista GoldUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 40-F ¨ Registration statement pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or ý Annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 Commission File Number 001-38179 Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) Ontario (Province or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 1000 (Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number) N/A (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) 200 Bay Street, Suite 3120 Toronto, Ontario M5J 2J1 Canada (416) 840-7884 (Address and telephone number of Registrant’s principal executive offices) Registered Agent Solutions, Inc. 99 Washington Avenue Suite 1008 Albany, NY 12260 (888) 705-7274 (Name, address (including zip code) and telephone number (including area code) of agent for service in the United States) Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common Shares, no par value Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None. Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None For annual reports, indicate by check mark the information filed with this Form: ý Annual information form ý Audited annual financial statements Name of each exchange on which registered New York Stock Exchange Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the registrant’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 209,822,819 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ý Yes ¨ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). ý Yes ¨ No 1 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨ † The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012. Emerging growth company ¨ 2 EXPLANATORY NOTE Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Company” or the “Registrant”) is a Canadian issuer that is permitted, under the multijurisdictional disclosure system adopted in the United States, to prepare this annual report on Form 40-F (this “Annual Report”) pursuant to Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), in accordance with Canadian disclosure requirements, which are different from those of the United States. The Company is a “foreign private issuer” as defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act and Rule 405 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Equity securities of the Company are accordingly exempt from Sections 14(a), 14(b), 14(c), 14(f) and 16 of the Exchange Act pursuant to Rule 3a12-3 thereunder. FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS The Exhibits incorporated by reference into this Annual Report contain forward-looking statements that reflect our management’s expectations with respect to future events, our financial performance and business prospects. All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. The use of the words such as “plan”, “expect”, “budget”, “target”, “schedule”, “estimate”, “forecast”, “project”, “intend”, “believe”, “anticipate” and other similar words or statements that certain events or conditions “may”, “could”, “would”, “might”, or “will” occur or be achieved, and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause actual results or events to differ materially from those anticipated or implied in such forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, those described in the Company’s Annual Information Form (the “AIF”) for the year ended December 31, 2018 filed as Exhibit 99.1 to this Annual Report. No assurance can be given that these expectations will prove to be correct and such forward-looking statements in the Exhibits incorporated by reference into this Annual Report should not be unduly relied upon. The Registrant’s forward-looking statements contained in the Exhibits incorporated by reference into this Annual Report are made as of the respective dates set forth in such Exhibits. Such forward-looking statements are based on the opinions, assumptions and estimates of management considered reasonable at the date the statements are made, and are inherently subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties and other known and unknown factors that could cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking information. Such factors include: the price of gold; exploration, development and operating risks; health, safety and environmental risks and hazards; risks relating to foreign operations and political risks; uncertainty in the estimation of mineral reserves and mineral resources; replacement of depleted mineral reserves; uncertainty relating to mineral resources; risks related to production estimates and cost estimates; obligations as a public company; risks relating to government regulation; risks related to acquisitions and integration; the impact of Australian laws regarding foreign investment; access to additional capital; volatility in the market price of the Company’s securities; liquidity risk; risks related to community relations; risks relating to equity investments; risks relating to first nations and aboriginal heritage; the availability of infrastructure, energy and other commodities; nature and climactic conditions; risks related to information technology and cybersecurity; timing and costs associated with the design, procurement and construction of the Company’s various capital projects, including but not limited to the #4 Shaft project at the Company’s Macassa mine complex located in northeastern Ontario and the ventilation and paste fill plant project at the Company’s Fosterville gold mine located in the State of Victoria, Australia; permitting; risks related to insurance and uninsured risks; the prevalence of competition within the mining industry; currency exchange rates (such as the Canadian dollar and the Australian dollar versus the United States dollar); availability of sufficient power and water for operations; risks associated with tax matters and foreign mining tax regimes; risks relating to potential litigation; risks associated with title to the Company’s mining claims and leases; risks relating to the dependence of the Company on outside parties and key management personnel; risks associated with dilution; labour and employment matters; risks in the event of a potential conflict of interest; as well as those risk factors discussed or referred to in the Company’s annual management’s discussion and analysis (the “MD&A”) as at and for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 filed as Exhibit 99.3 to this Annual Report. In preparing this Annual Report, the Company has not updated such forward-looking statements to reflect any change in circumstances or in management’s beliefs, expectations or opinions that may have occurred prior to the date hereof. Nor does the Company assume any obligation to update such forward-looking statements in the future. For the reasons set forth above, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. 3 This list is not exhaustive of the factors that may affect our forward-looking statements. Some of the important risks and uncertainties that could affect forward-looking statements are described further in the exhibits attached to this Annual Report, including those described in the AIF and the MD&A and incorporated by reference herein. Should one or more of these risks and uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. NOTE TO UNITED STATES READERS - DIFFERENCES IN UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN REPORTING PRACTICES The Registrant is permitted, under a multijurisdictional disclosure system adopted by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), to prepare this Annual Report in accordance with Canadian disclosure requirements, which are different from those of the United States. The Registrant prepares its financial statements, which are filed with this Annual Report in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, and which are not comparable to financial statements of United States companies. RESOURCE AND RESERVE ESTIMATES The exhibits filed or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the securities laws in effect in Canada, which differ from the requirements of United States securities laws. The terms “mineral reserve”, “proven mineral reserve” and “probable mineral reserve” are Canadian mining terms as defined in accordance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101-Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”) and the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (the “CIM”)-CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, adopted by the CIM Council, as amended. These definitions differ from the definitions in SEC Industry Guide 7 under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Under SEC Industry Guide 7 standards, a “final” or “bankable” feasibility study is required to report reserves, the three-year historical average price is used in any reserve or cash flow analysis to designate reserves and the primary environmental analysis or report must be filed with the appropriate governmental authority. In addition, the terms “mineral resource”, “measured mineral resource”, “indicated mineral resource” and “inferred mineral resource” are defined in and required to be disclosed by NI 43-101; however, these terms are not defined terms under SEC Industry Guide 7 and have historically not been permitted to be used in reports and registration statements filed with the SEC. Investors are cautioned not to assume that any part or all of mineral deposits in these categories will ever be converted into reserves. “Inferred mineral resources” have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence, and great uncertainty as to their economic and legal feasibility. It cannot be assumed that all or any part of an inferred mineral resource will ever be upgraded to a higher category. Under Canadian rules, estimates of inferred mineral resources may not form the basis of feasibility or pre-feasibility studies, except in rare cases. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an inferred mineral resource exists or is economically or legally mineable. Disclosure of “contained ounces” in a resource is permitted disclosure under Canadian regulations; however, the SEC normally only permits issuers to report mineralization that does not constitute “reserves” by SEC Industry Guide 7 standards as in place tonnage and grade without reference to unit measures. Accordingly, information contained in this Annual Report and the documents incorporated by reference herein contain descriptions of our mineral deposits that may not be comparable to similar information made public by U.S. companies who prepare their disclosure in accordance with SEC Industry Guide 7. 4 Unless otherwise indicated, all dollar amounts in this Annual Report on Form 40-F are in United States dollars. The exchange rate of Canadian dollars into United States dollars, on December 31, 2018, based upon the daily exchange rate as quoted by Thomson Reuters was U.S.$1.00 = Cdn.$1.3637. CURRENCY The AIF for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 is filed as Exhibit 99.1 to this Annual Report and is incorporated by reference herein. ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM AUDITED ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The audited consolidated financial statements of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, including the report of the independent auditor thereon, are filed as Exhibit 99.2 to this Annual Report, and are incorporated by reference herein. The Company’s MD&A for the year ended December 31, 2018 is filed as Exhibit 99.3 to this Annual Report, and is incorporated by reference herein. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS TAX MATTERS Purchasing, holding, or disposing of the Company’s securities may have tax consequences under the laws of the United States and Canada that are not described in this Annual Report. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Disclosure Controls and Procedures As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. The Company’s management has employed a framework consistent with Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(c), to evaluate the Company’s internal control over financial reporting described below. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures 5 of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. It should be noted that a control system, no matter how well conceived or operated, can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies and procedures may deteriorate. Management, including the CEO and CFO, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, and used the framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013) (COSO) to evaluate the effectiveness of our controls for the period covered by this Annual Report. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting were appropriately designed and effective as at December 31, 2018 and provided a reasonable assurance of the reliability of our financial reporting and preparation of financial statements. The Company is required to provide an auditor’s attestation report on its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In this annual report on Form 40-F, the Company’s independent registered auditor, KPMG LLP, states its opinion as to the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. KPMG LLP has audited the Company’s financial statements included in this annual report on Form 40-F and has issued an attestation report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm The attestation report of KPMG LLP on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is included in the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, which are filed as Exhibit 99.2 . Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting During the period covered by this Annual Report, the Company implemented and improved existing controls in order to fulfil reporting obligations set forth in the 2013 COSO Framework. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board of Directors”) is responsible for the Company’s corporate governance and has a separately designated standing Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee, Compensation Committee, Audit Committee, Technical Committee, and a Health, Safety, Environment and Corporate Social Responsibility Committee. The Board of Directors has determined that all the members of the Compensation Committee, Audit Committee and the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee are independent, based on the criteria for independence prescribed by Section 303A.02 of the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) Listed Company Manual. Compensation Committee Compensation of the Company’s CEO and all other executive officers is recommended to the Board of Directors for determination by the Compensation Committee. The Company’s Compensation Committee is comprised of Arnold Klassen (Chair), Jeffrey Parr and Jonathan Gill. The Compensation Committee is responsible for: establishment of executive compensation policies and programs; establishment, review and approval of corporate goals and executive compensation; review of incentive compensation plans and submission for approval of such plans to the Board of Directors; review of director compensation; monitor compliance with any legal requirements relating to the granting of loans by the Company to directors or senior management of the Company; continuous disclosure reporting; and any other duties or responsibilities delegated by the Board of Directors from time to time. The Company’s CEO cannot be present during the Compensation Committee’s deliberations or vote on his or her compensation. The Company’s Compensation Committee Charter is available on the Company’s website at www.klgold.com . 6 Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee Nominees for the election to the Board of Directors are recommended by the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee. The Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee is comprised of Raymond Threlkeld (Chair), Arnold Klassen and Pamela Klessig. The Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee is responsible, on behalf of the Board of Directors, for developing the Company’s approach to, and reviewing the Company’s effectiveness with respect to, governance and assessing the composition and effectiveness of the Board of Directors. The Company’s Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee Charter is available on the Company’s website at www.klgold.com . The Board of Directors has a separately designated standing Audit Committee established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Exchange Act and Section 303A.06 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. The Company’s Audit Committee is comprised of Jeffrey Parr (chair), Arnold Klassen and Raymond Threlkeld, all of whom, in the opinion of the Company’s Board of Directors, are independent (as determined under Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act and Section 303A.02 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual). All three members of the Audit Committee are financially literate, meaning they are able to read and understand the Company’s financial statements and to understand the breadth and level of complexity of the issues that can reasonably be expected to be raised by the Company’s financial statements. The Audit Committee meets the composition requirements set forth by Section 303A.07 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. AUDIT COMMITTEE The members of the Audit Committee do not have fixed terms and are appointed and replaced from time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors. The full text of the Audit Committee Charter is available on the Company’s website at www.klgold.com and is attached as Schedule “A” to the AIF, which is filed as Exhibit 99.1 to this Annual Report. Audit Committee Financial Expert The Board of Directors has determined that Jeffrey Parr qualifies as a financial expert (as defined in Item 407 (d)(5)(ii) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act), has financial management expertise (pursuant to section 303A.07 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual) and is independent (as determined under Exchange Act Rule 10A-3 and section 303A.02 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual). PRE-APPROVAL OF AUDIT AND NON-AUDIT SERVICES PROVIDED BY INDEPENDENT AUDITOR The Audit Committee Charter sets out responsibilities regarding the provision of non-audit services by the Company’s external auditors and requires the Audit Committee to pre-approve all permitted non-audit services to be provided by the Company’s external auditors, in accordance with applicable law. The Company also requires pre-approval of all audit services to be provided by its independent auditor. All audit and non-audit services performed by the Company’s auditor for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 were pre-approved by the Audit Committee and none were approved on the basis of the de minimis exemption set forth in Rule 2-01(c)(7)(i)(C) of Regulation S-X. The following table shows the aggregate fees billed to the Company by KPMG LLP and its affiliates, Chartered Professional Accountants, the Company’s independent auditor, in each of the last two years. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES – INDEPENDENT AUDITOR 7 Audit Fees (1) Audit-Related Fees (2) Tax Fees (3) All Other Fees Total 2017 $1,320,000 10,000 Nil Nil $1,330,000 2018 $2,595,000 Nil 5,200 Nil $2,600,200 (1) “Audit Fees” refers to the aggregate fees billed by the Company’s external auditor for audit services, including fees incurred in relation to quarterly reviews, review of securities filings, and statutory audits. (2) “Audit-Related Fees” refers to the aggregate fees billed for assurance and related services by the Company’s external auditor that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of the Company’s financial statements and not reported under Audit Fees. These reported fees related to compliance of a royalty program. (3) “Tax Fees” refers to the aggregate fees billed for the professional services rendered during the year ended December 31, 2018 by the Company’s external auditor for tax compliance. The Company does not have any off-balance sheet arrangements. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS CODE OF ETHICS The Company has adopted a Code of Conduct and Ethics that applies to directors, officers and employees of, and consultants to, the Company (the “Code”). The Code has been posted on the Company’s website at www.klgold.com . The Code meets the requirements for a “code of ethics” within the meaning of that term in General Instruction 9(b) of the Form 40-F. All amendments to the Code will be made available to all employees and all waivers of the Code with respect to any of the officers covered by it will be promptly disclosed as required by applicable securities rules and regulations. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, the Company did not waive or implicitly waive any provision of the Code with respect to any of the Company’s principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. The following table lists, as of December 31, 2018, information with respect to the Company’s known contractual obligations (in thousands): TABULAR DISCLOSURE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS Contractual Obligations Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Finance lease payments Office rent and other obligations Income taxes payable Total Total $125,635 23,107 8,442 34,434 $191,618 Payments due by period 1-3 years - 10,006 3,938 - $13,944 3-5 years More than 5 years - - 289 - $289 - - - - $— Less than 1 year $125,635 13,101 4,215 34,434 $177,385 8 There were no notices required by Rule 104 of Regulation BTR that the Company sent during the year ended December 31, 2018 concerning any equity security subject to a blackout period under Rule 101 of Regulation BTR. NOTICES PURSUANT TO REGULATION BTR NYSE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The Company complies with corporate governance requirements of both the Toronto Stock Exchange (the “TSX”) and the NYSE. As a foreign private issuer the Company is not required to comply with all of the corporate governance requirements of the NYSE; however, the Company adopts best practices consistent with domestic NYSE listed companies when appropriate to its circumstances. The Company has reviewed the NYSE corporate governance requirements and confirms that except as described below, the Company is in compliance with the NYSE corporate governance standards in all significant respects: Shareholder Meeting Quorum Requirement : The NYSE is of the opinion that the quorum required for any meeting of shareholders should be sufficiently high to insure a representative vote. The Company’s quorum requirement is set forth in its Bylaws. A quorum for a meeting of shareholders of the Company is two persons in person, each being a shareholder entitled to vote thereat or a duly appointed proxy or proxyholder for an absent shareholder so entitled, holding or representing in the aggregate not less than 10% of the issued shares of the Corporation enjoying voting rights at such meeting. Proxy Delivery Requirement : The NYSE requires the solicitation of proxies and delivery of proxy statements for all shareholder meetings, and requires that these proxies shall be solicited pursuant to a proxy statement that conforms to SEC proxy rules. The Company is a “foreign private issuer” as defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act, and the equity securities of the Company are accordingly exempt from the proxy rules set forth in Sections 14(a), 14(b), 14(c) and 14(f) of the Exchange Act. The Company solicits proxies in accordance with applicable rules and regulations in Canada. Approval of Equity Compensation Plans. Section 303A.08 of the NYSE’s Listed Company Manual requires shareholder approval of all equity compensation plans and material revisions to such plans. The definition of “equity compensation plans” covers plans that provide for the delivery of both newly issued and treasury securities, as well as plans that rely on securities re-acquired in the open market by the issuing company for the purpose of redistribution to employers and directors. The TSX rules provide that the creation of any equity compensation plans that provide for new issuances of securities is subject to shareholder approval. Any amendments to such plans are subject to shareholder approval unless the specific equity compensation plan contains detailed provisions, approved by the shareholders that specify those amendments requiring shareholder approval and those amendments which can be made without shareholder approval. The Company follows the TSX rules with respect to the requirements for shareholder approval of equity compensation plans and revisions to such plans. The foregoing are consistent with the laws, customs and practices in Canada. Not applicable. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE UNDERTAKING The Company undertakes to make available, in person or by telephone, representatives to respond to inquiries made by the SEC staff, and to furnish promptly, when requested to do so by the SEC staff, information relating to: the securities registered pursuant to Form 40-F; the securities in relation to which the obligation to file an annual report on Form 40-F arises; or transactions in said securities. 9 The Company has previously filed with the SEC a written consent to service of process on Form F-X. Any change to the name or address of the Company’s agent for service shall be communicated promptly to the SEC by amendment to the Form F-X referencing the file number of the Company. CONSENT TO SERVICE OF PROCESS 10 Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the Registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 40-F and has duly caused this Annual Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. By: signed “David Soares” . Name: David Soares Title: Chief Financial Officer Date: April 1, 2019 11 The following documents are being filed with the Commission as Exhibits to this Annual Report: EXHIBIT INDEX Exhibit Description 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.4 99.5 99.6 99.7 99.8 99.9 99.10 99.11 99.12 99.13 99.14 99.15 99.16 99.17 99.18 99.19 99.20 XBRL 101.INS 101.SCH 101.CAL 101.DEF 101.LAB 101.PRE Annual Information Form dated April 1, 2019 Audited Annual Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto as at and for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, together with the report thereon of the independent auditor Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 Certificate of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act Certificate of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act Certificate of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certificate of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Consent of KPMG LLP Consent of Eric Kallio Consent of Troy Fuller Consent of Ion Hann Consent of Ian Holland Consent of Owen Greenberger Consent of Pierre Rocque Consent of Mariana Pinheiro Consent of Robert Glover Consent of William Tai Consent of Ben Harwood Fosterville Property, Victoria, Australia Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report dated April 1, 2019 Macassa Property, Ontario, Canada Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report dated April 1, 2019 XBRL Instance XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase 12 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 April 1, 2019 3120 – 200 Bay Street Toronto, Ontario M5J 2J1 www.klgold.com TABLE OF CONTENTS CAUTIONARY STATEMENT NON-IFRS MEASURES GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND UNITS CURRENCY PRESENTATION CORPORATE STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS RISK FACTORS SUMMARY OF MINERAL RESERVE AND MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES MATERIAL PROPERTIES DIVIDENDS DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE MARKET FOR SECURITIES PRIOR SALES ESCROWED SECURITIES & SECURITIES SUBJECT TO CONTRACTUAL RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSFER DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS AUDIT COMMITTEE LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND REGULATORY ACTIONS INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN MATERIAL TRANSACTIONS TRANSFER AGENTS AND REGISTRARS MATERIAL CONTRACTS INTERESTS OF EXPERTS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SCHEDULE “A” – AUDIT COMMITTEE CHARTER 1 2 3 5 6 14 17 30 31 43 44 45 46 47 47 55 56 56 56 56 56 56 A-1 Forward-Looking Information CAUTIONARY STATEMENT This annual information form (“Annual Information Form”) contains “forward-looking information” within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities legislation. Forward-looking information includes, but is not limited to, information with respect to: the Company’s (as defined below) expected production from, and further potential of, the Company’s properties; the future price of minerals, particularly gold; the estimation of mineral reserves and mineral resources; conclusions of economic evaluations; the realization of mineral reserve estimates; the timing and amount of estimated future production; costs of production; capital expenditures; success of exploration activities; mining or processing issues; the timing of sustaining capital projects; assessment of future reclamation obligations; government regulation of mining operations; and environmental risks. Estimates regarding the anticipated timing, amount and cost of exploration and development activities are based on assumptions underlying mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates and the realization of such estimates. Capital and operating cost estimates are based on extensive research of the Company, purchase orders placed by the Company to date, recent estimates of construction and mining costs and other factors. Forward-looking information is characterized by words such as “plan”, “expect”, “budget”, “target”, “schedule”, “estimate”, “forecast”, “project”, “intend”, “believe”, “anticipate” and other similar words or statements that certain events or conditions “may”, “could”, “would”, “might”, or “will” occur or be achieved. Forward-looking information is based on the opinions, assumptions and estimates of management considered reasonable at the date the statements are made, and are inherently subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties and other known and unknown factors that could cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking information. Such factors include: the price of gold; exploration, development and operating risks; health, safety and environmental risks and hazards; risks relating to foreign operations and political risks; uncertainty in the estimation of mineral reserves and mineral resources; replacement of depleted mineral reserves; uncertainty relating to mineral resources; risks related to production estimates and cost estimates; obligations as a public company; risks relating to government regulation; risks related to acquisitions and integration; the impact of Australian laws regarding foreign investment; access to additional capital; volatility in the market price of the Company’s securities; liquidity risk; risks related to community relations; risks relating to equity investments; risks relating to first nations and aboriginal heritage; the availability of infrastructure, energy and other commodities; nature and climactic conditions; risks related to information technology and cybersecurity; timing and costs associated with the design, procurement and construction of the Company’s various capital projects, including but not limited to the #4 Shaft project at the Macassa Mine (as defined below) and the ventilation and paste fill plant project at the Fosterville Mine (as defined below); permitting; risks related to insurance and uninsured risks; the prevalence of competition within the mining industry; currency exchange rates (such as the Canadian dollar and the Australian dollar versus the United States dollar); availability of sufficient power and water for operations; risks associated with tax matters and foreign mining tax regimes; risks relating to potential litigation; risks associated with title to the Company’s mining claims and leases; risks relating to the dependence of the Company on outside parties and key management personnel; risks associated with dilution; labour and employment matters; risks in the event of a potential conflict of interest; as well as those risk factors discussed or referred to herein and in the Company’s annual management’s discussion and analysis (“MD&A”) as at and for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 available under the Company’s SEDAR profile at www.sedar.com. Although the Company has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual actions, events or results to differ materially from those described in forward-looking information, there may be other factors that cause actions, events or results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. There can be no assurance that forward-looking information will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such information. The Company undertakes no obligation to update forward-looking information if circumstances or management’s estimates, assumptions or opinions should change, except as required by applicable law. The reader is cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking information. The forward-looking information contained herein is presented for the purpose of assisting investors in understanding the Company’s expected financial and operational performance and results as at and for the periods ended on the dates presented in the Company’s plans and objectives and may not be appropriate for other purposes. 1 Note to United States Investors Concerning Estimates of Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources This Annual Information Form has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the securities laws in effect in Canada, which differ in certain material respects from the disclosure requirements of United States securities laws. The terms “mineral reserve”, “proven mineral reserve” and “probable mineral reserve” are Canadian mining terms as defined in accordance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101 - Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“ NI 43-101 ”) and the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (the “ CIM ”) - CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, adopted by the CIM Council, as amended (the “ CIM Standards ”). These definitions differ significantly from the definitions in the disclosure requirements promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “ Commission ”) and contained in Industry Guide 7 (“ Industry Guide 7 ”) under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended. In particular, under Industry Guide 7 standards, a “final” or “bankable” feasibility study is required to report mineral reserves, the three-year historical average price is used in any mineral reserve or cash flow analysis to designate mineral reserves and the primary environmental analysis or report must be filed with the appropriate governmental authority. In addition, Industry Guide 7 applies different standards in order to classify mineralization as a mineral reserve. As a result, the definitions of proven mineral reserves and probable mineral reserves used in NI 43-101, based on the CIM Standards, differ from the definitions used in Industry Guide 7. Under Commission standards, mineralization has historically not been classified as a mineral reserve unless the determination has been made that the mineralization could be economically and legally produced or extracted at the time the mineral reserve determination is made. Among other things, all necessary permits would be required to be in hand or the issuance must be imminent in order to classify mineralized material as mineral reserves under the Commission’s standards. Accordingly, mineral reserve estimates contained in this Annual Information Form may not qualify as mineral reserves under Commission standards. In addition, the terms “mineral resource”, “measured mineral resource”, “indicated mineral resource” and “inferred mineral resource” are defined in and required to be disclosed by NI 43-101. However, the Commission does not recognize mineral resources and United States companies have historically not been permitted to disclose mineral resources of any category in documents they file with the Commission. Investors are cautioned not to assume that any part or all of the mineral deposits in these categories will ever be converted into mineral reserves as defined in NI 43-101 or Industry Guide 7. Further, inferred mineral resources have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence, and great uncertainty as to their economic and legal feasibility. Under Canadian rules, estimates of inferred mineral resources may not form the basis of feasibility or pre-feasibility studies. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an inferred mineral resource exists or is economically or legally mineable, or that all or any part of indicated mineral resources or inferred mineral resources will ever be upgraded to a higher category. In addition, disclosure of “contained ounces” in a mineral resource is permitted disclosure under Canadian regulations. In contrast, the Commission only permits United States companies to report mineralization that does not constitute mineral reserves by Commission standards as in place tonnage and grade, without reference to unit measures. Investors are cautioned that information contained in this Annual Information Form may not be comparable to similar information made public by United States companies subject to the reporting and disclosure requirements under the United States federal securities laws and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder. This AIF makes reference to certain non-IFRS measures including all-in sustaining costs (“ASIC”) and AISC per ounce sold and operating cash cost per ounce sold. These measures are not recognized measures under IFRS, do not have a standardized meaning prescribed by IFRS and therefore may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other issuers; however, the Company believes that these measures are useful to assist readers in evaluating the total costs of producing gold from current operations. AISC and AISC per ounce are Non-IFRS measures. These measures are intended to assist readers in evaluating the total costs of producing gold from current operations. While there is no standardized meaning across the industry for this measure, the Company’s definition conforms to the definition of AISC as set out by the World Gold Council in its guidance note dated June 27, 2013. NON-IFRS MEASURES 2 The Company defines AISC as the sum of operating costs (as defined and calculated above), royalty expenses, sustaining capital, corporate expenses and reclamation cost accretion related to current operations. Corporate expenses include general and administrative expenses, net of transaction related costs, severance expenses for management changes and interest income. AISC excludes growth capital, reclamation cost accretion not related to current operations, interest expense, debt repayment and taxes. For more information regarding the non-IFRS measures used by the Company, see the information under the headings “Non-IFRS Financial Measures”, “AISC and AISC per Ounce Sold”, “Operating Cash Costs and Operating Cash Costs per Ounce Sold” and “Total Cash Costs and AISC Reconciliation” in the Company’s MD&A for the year ended December 31, 2018, which sections are incorporated by reference herein. The financial statements and MD&A of the Company are available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com . The following is a glossary of some of the technical terms used in this Annual Information Form. GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND UNITS Term alluvial Archaean batholith break BIOX ® bullion cataclasis crosscut cut (and uncut) cyanidation diabase doré drift dyke Definition Relatively recent deposits of sedimentary material laid down in river beds, flood plains, lakes, or at the base of mountain slopes. An era in geologic time about 3.8 billion to 2.5 billion years ago during which the Earth’s crust solidified. A large mass of igneous rock extending to great depth with its upper portion dome-like in shape. It has crystallized below surface, but may be exposed as a result of erosion of the overlying rock. Smaller masses of igneous rocks are known as bosses or plugs. A mineralized fault. Bacterial oxidation used in agitated tanks for the pretreatment of certain refractory ores and concentrates ahead of conventional cyanide leach for gold recovery. A refined metal, such as gold or silver. Crushing of rocks. A horizontal opening driven from a shaft and at right angles to the strike of a vein or rock formation. Assays are ‘cut’ or reduced to a lower, more consistent value to avoid such higher grade assays skewing the average and producing inconsistent results. Assays that are ‘uncut’ include such higher grade assays. A milling process, using hydrogen cyanide, to extract gold from the host rock. A common basic igneous rock usually occurring in dykes or sills. The final saleable product of a gold mine, usually a bar consisting of gold and silver, prior to refining into bullion. A horizontal underground opening that follows along the length of a vein or rock formation as opposed to a crosscut which crosses the rock formation. A long and relatively thin body of igneous rock that, while in the molten state, intruded a fissure in older rocks. 3 Term fault footwall fracture free-milling [gold] gangue geotechnical g/t hangingwall hectare igneous intrusive mill mineralization MNDM muck Definition A break in the Earth’s crust caused by tectonic forces which have moved the rock on one side with respect to the other. Faults may extend many kilometres, or be only a few centimetres in length. Similarly, the movement or displacement along the fault may vary widely. The wall or rock on the underside of a vein or ore structure. A break in the rock, the opening of which affords the opportunity for entry of mineral-bearing solutions. A ‘cross fracture’ is a minor break extending at more-or-less right angles to the direction of the principal fractures. Gold is ‘free-milling’ if it can be extracted from ore such that cyanidation can extract approximately 95% of the gold when the ore is ground to size 80% passing 45 microns, without prohibitively high reagent consumption. The highest level of free-milling ore is that from which the gold can be separated by a gravity process. Worthless minerals in an ore deposit. Using geology and geological engineering. Gold concentration, gram per tonne of rock The wall or rock on the upper side of a vein or ore deposit. A square of 100 metres on each side. A type of rock which has been formed from magna, a molten substance from the earth’s core. A body of igneous rock formed by the consolidation of magma intruded into other rocks, in contrast to lavas, which are extruded upon the surface. 1) A plant in which ore is treated for the recovery of valuable metals, or the concentration of valuable minerals into a smaller volume for shipment to a smelter or refinery. 2) A piece of milling equipment consisting of a revolving drum, for the fine-grinding of ores as a preparation for treatment. The concentration of metals and their chemical compounds within a body of rock. Ministry of Northern Development and Mines of the government of the province of Ontario. Ore or rock that has been broken by blasting. net smelter royalty or NSR A type of royalty based on a percentage of the proceeds, net of smelting, refining and transportation costs and penalties, from the sale of metals extracted from concentrate and doré by the smelter or refinery. NI 43-101 refractory opt ore paste plunge raise reserve or mineral reserve National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects of the Canadian Securities Administrators. Ore that has high melting point and is resistant to milling treatment. Such ore is commonly associated with sulphides. Gold concentration, ounce per imperial ton of rock A mixture of minerals and gangue from which at least one metal can be extracted at a profit. Tailings used for back-filling the underground voids in a mine to provide stable support of the mine and overburden (during mining and after closure of the mine) and eliminate or reduce above-ground tailings storage. The vertical angle an ore body makes between the horizontal plane and the direction along which it extends, longitudinally to depth. A vertical or inclined underground working that has been excavated from the bottom upward. CIM defines a ‘mineral reserve’ as the economically mineable part of a Measured or Indicated Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a comprehensive study of the viability of a mineral project that has advanced to a stage where the mining method, in the case of underground mining, or the pit configuration, in the case of an open pit, has been established, and where an effective method of mineral processing has been determined. This study must include a financial analysis based on reasonable assumptions of technical, engineering, operating, and economic factors and evaluation of other relevant factors which are sufficient for a person qualified under such instrument, acting reasonably, to determine if all or part of the Mineral Resource may be classified as a Mineral Reserve. This study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified. A Mineral Reserve includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined. Mineral Reserves are sub-divided in order of increasing confidence into Probable Mineral Reserves and Proven Mineral Reserves. A Probable Mineral Reserve has a lower level of confidence than a Proven Mineral Reserve. (1) Probable Mineral Reserve. A ‘Probable Mineral Reserve’ is the economically mineable part of an Indicated, and in some circumstances a Measured Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a Preliminary Feasibility Study. This Study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified. (2) Proven Mineral Reserve. A ‘Proven Mineral Reserve’ is the economically mineable part of a Measured Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a Preliminary Feasibility Study. This Study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction is justified. 4 Term resource or mineral resource royalty shaft shear shoot splay stope strike tailings tpd unknown ore vein winze Definition CIM defines a ‘Mineral Resource’ as a concentration or occurrence of natural, solid, inorganic or fossilized organic material in or on the Earth’s crust in such form and quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, geological characteristics and continuity of a mineral resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge. Mineral Resources are sub-divided, in order of increasing geological confidence, into Inferred, Indicated and Measured categories. An Inferred Mineral Resource has a lower level of confidence than that applied to an Indicated Mineral Resource. An Indicated Mineral Resource has a higher level of confidence than an Inferred Mineral Resource but has a lower level of confidence than a Measured Mineral Resource. (1) Inferred Mineral Resource. An ‘Inferred Mineral Resource’ is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity and grade or quality can be estimated on the basis of geological evidence and limited sampling and reasonably assumed, but not verified, geological and grade continuity. The estimate is based on limited information and sampling gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. (2) Indicated Mineral Resource. An ‘Indicated Mineral Resource’ is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics can be estimated with a level of confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough for geological and grade continuity to be reasonably assumed. (3) Measured Mineral Resource. A ‘Measured Mineral Resource’ is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape, physical characteristics are so well established that they can be estimated with confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support production planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough to confirm both geological and grade continuity. As used herein, “ resources ” or “ mineral resources ” do not include reserves. An amount of money paid at regular intervals, or based on production, by the lessee or operator of an exploration or mining property to the current or former owner of the mineral interests. Generally based on a certain amount per tonne or a percentage of the total production or profits. A vertical or inclined excavation in rock from surface for the purpose of providing access to an ore body. Usually equipped with a hoist at the top, which lowers and raises a conveyance for handling workers and materials. The deformation of rocks by lateral movement along innumerable parallel planes, generally resulting from pressure and producing such metamorphic structures as cleavage and schistosity. A concentration of mineral values. That part of a vein or zone carrying values of ore grade. An offshoot of a fault. A split from a major fault. An excavation in a mine from which ore is being or has been extracted. The direction, or bearing, from true north of a vein or rock formation measured on a horizontal surface. Material rejected from a mill after most of the recoverable valuable minerals have been extracted. Production rate measured in tonnes per day Ore encountered during mining that has not been defined through drilling and which is mined before being included in reserves and resources. Due to the erratic nature of the mineralization at most narrow vein gold mines, and the difficulties of defining ore zones in this environment, a significant fraction of ore mined in any period can be unknown ore. Unknown ore often must be mined when encountered to maintain the most efficient and stable mining sequence, and is normally, but not necessarily, lower grade than ore that which has been included in the reserves and resources. An occurrence of ore with an irregular development in length, width and depth usually from an intrusion of igneous rock. An internal shaft. CURRENCY PRESENTATION This Annual Information Form contains references to Australian dollars, referred to herein as “A$”, United States dollars, referred to herein as “US$”, and Canadian dollars, referred to herein as “C$”. The closing, high and low exchange rates for the United States dollar in terms of Australian dollars for each of the three years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016 based on the indicative rate of exchange as reported by Thomson Reuters, were as follows: 5 Closing High Low Average (1) 2018 (A$) 1.4186 1.4221 1.2338 1.3385 Year-Ended December 31 2017 (A$) 1.2821 1.3824 1.2314 1.3039 2016 (A$) 1.3819 1.4562 1.2801 1.3437 Note: (1) Calculated as an average of the the applicable daily rates for each period. On March 29, 2019, the indicative rate of exchange as reported by Thomson Reuters was US$1.00 = A$1.4096 or A$1.00 = US$0.7094. The closing, high, low and average exchange rates for the United States dollar in terms of Canadian dollars for each of the three years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016, based on the noon spot rate of exchange for 2016 and 2017 and based on the indicative rate of exchange for 2018, as reported by Thomson Reuters, were as follows: Closing High Low Average (1) 2018 (C$) 1.3637 1.3637 1.2281 1.2962 Year-Ended December 31 2017 (C$) 1.2545 1.3743 1.2128 1.2986 2016 (C$) 1.3427 1.4589 1.2544 1.3248 Note: (1) Calculated as an average of the applicable daily rates for each period. On March 29, 2019, the indicative rates of exchange as reported by Thomson Reuters was US$1.00 = C$1.3344 or C$1.00 = US$0.7494. The following factors for converting Imperial measurements into metric equivalents are provided: To Convert from Imperial To metric Multiply by tons (2,000 pounds) ounces (troy)/ton Tonnes (1,000 kilograms) grams/tonne 0.907 34.286 Newmarket Gold Inc. (one of the predecessors to the Company) (“ Old Newmarket ”), was originally incorporated as 565300 B.C. Ltd under the Company Act (British Columbia) on May 27, 1998 and changed its name to Raystar Enterprises Ltd. on August 13, 1998. Old Newmarket transitioned to the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) (the “ BCBCA ”) on May 25, 2004. On October 17, 2007, Old Newmarket changed its name to Raystar Capital Ltd., and on October 4, 2013 announced that it had changed its name to “Newmarket Gold Inc.”. On July 7, 2015, Old Newmarket was continued under the Business Corporations Act (Ontario) (“ OBCA ”). On July 10, 2015, Old Newmarket amalgamated with Crocodile Gold Corp. (“ Crocodile Gold ”) pursuant to a plan of arrangement under the OBCA to create an amalgamated entity which was also named Newmarket Gold Inc. (the “ Company ”). The subsidiaries of Crocodile Gold, became the subsidiaries of the Company. CORPORATE STRUCTURE 6 On November 30, 2016, the Company combined with Kirkland Lake Gold Inc. (“ Old Kirkland Lake Gold ”) pursuant to a plan of arrangement under the Canada Business Corporations Act (the “ CBCA ”), as a result of which, Old Kirkland Lake Gold became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “ Arrangement ”). In connection with the Arrangement with Old Kirkland Lake Gold, the Company changed its name from Newmarket Gold Inc. to Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. Old Kirkland Lake Gold was originally incorporated under the Company Act (British Columbia) (now the BCBCA) on June 29, 1983 and continued under the CBCA on July 27, 1988, at which time the authorized capital was changed to an unlimited number of common shares. Old Kirkland Lake Gold changed its name from “Foxpoint Resources Ltd.” to “Kirkland Lake Gold Inc.” on October 25, 2002 to reflect the nature and location of the Company’s business. On January 26, 2016, Old Kirkland Lake Gold completed the acquisition of St Andrew Goldfields Ltd. (“ St Andrew Goldfields ”) pursuant to a plan of arrangement under the OBCA (the “ St Andrew Arrangement ”). As a result, St Andrew Goldfields became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Old Kirkland Lake Gold. On December 31, 2017, the Company completed a corporate reorganization of its Australian subsidiaries pursuant to which Newmarket Gold NT Holdings Pty Ltd., an indirectly held wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, acquired all of the common shares of Newmarket Gold Victorian Holdings Pty Ltd. (“ NGVH ”). On December 11, 2017, NGVH entered into a share sale agreement with an affiliate of Arete Capital Partners Ltd. (“ Arete ”) pursuant to which, on December 22, 2017, Arete acquired all of the issued and outstanding common shares of Leviathan Resources Pty Ltd. and Stawell Gold Mines Pty Ltd., which held the Stawell gold mine located in the State of Victoria, Australia (the “ Stawell Gold Mine ”). The Company’s common shares (“ Common Shares ”) trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange (the “ TSX ”), the New York Stock Exchange (the “ NYSE ”) under the symbol “KL” and on the Australian Securities Exchange (the “ ASX ”) under the symbol “KLA”. The Company’s registered and head office is located at 3120 - 200 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada M5J 2J1. The corporate chart that follows on the next page sets forth the Company’s subsidiaries (collectively, the “ Subsidiaries ”), together with the jurisdiction of incorporation of each company and the percentage of voting securities beneficially owned, controlled or directed, directly or indirectly, by the Company. As used in this Annual Information Form, unless the context otherwise requires, reference to “ Kirkland Lake Gold ” or the “ Company ” means Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. and the Subsidiaries. Reference to “ Old Kirkland Lake Gold ” means Kirkland Lake Gold Inc. and its subsidiaries, prior to the completion of the Arrangement with the Company and reference to “ Newmarket Gold ” means the Company (when it was previously named Newmarket Gold Inc.) and its subsidiaries, prior to the completion of the Arrangement with Old Kirkland Lake Gold. 7 Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. – Corporate Structure Chart 8 Overview of the Business Kirkland Lake Gold is a growing gold mining, development and exploration company with a diversified portfolio of assets located in the stable mining jurisdictions of Canada and Australia with a significant pipeline of high-quality exploration projects. The production profile of the Company is anchored by two high-grade, low cost operations including the Macassa mine complex located in northeastern Ontario (the “Macassa Mine”) and the Fosterville gold mine located in the State of Victoria, Australia (the “Fosterville Mine”). In addition, the Company owns the Holt mine (the “Holt Mine”) and the Taylor mine (the “Taylor Mine”) which are situated along the Porcupine-Destor Fault Zone, in northeastern Ontario, and the Cosmo gold mine located in the Northern Territory, Australia (the “Cosmo Gold Mine”). The Company has a strong foundation of quality, low-cost gold production, with its mines producing a total of 723,701 ounces in 2018, at an average operating cash costs per ounce sold of $362 and all-in sustaining costs (“ AISC ” ) per ounce sold of $685. The Company is targeting significantly higher levels of production with its three-year annual production guidance including 920,000 - 1,000,000 ounces in 2019; 930,000 - 1,010,000 ounces in 2020; and 995,000 - 1,055,000 ounces in 2021. Kirkland Lake Gold is dedicated to continued growth in high-margin, low-cost production and mine life through the ongoing conversion of resources to reserves and the idenfication of new resources through a strong commitment to exploration, while at the same time generating high levels of profitability and free cash flow. The Company also strives to enhance shareholder value through the direct return of capital to shareholders, through its quarterly dividend, as well as through common share repurchases, when appropriate. Kirkland Lake Gold pursues its business plans through a disciplined approach focused on profitable operations, while also maintaining the high standards that the Company’s core values represent. Further information about Kirkland Lake Gold can be found in the Company’s regulatory filings available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and on the Company’s website at www.klgold.com. Recent Developments On April 1, 2019, Kirkland Lake Gold filed an updated technical report prepared in accordance with NI 43-101, for each of the Macassa Mine, titled “Macassa Property, Ontario, Canada, Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report” and the Fosterville Mine titled “Report on the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves of the Fosterville Gold Mine, Victoria, Australia” both with an effective date of December 31, 2018 and an issue date of April 1, 2019. In addition, the Company announced that it had been granted an extension to its mining licence at the Fosterville Mine, increasing the total area of mining from 17 km 2 to 28.5 km 2 . On March 25, 2019, the Company announced the retirement of Eric Sprott as Chairman and a member of the Company’s board of directors, effective immediately following the Company’s 2019 annual general meeting of shareholders, to be held on May 7, 2019. The Company further announced that following Mr. Sprott’s retirement, Mr. Jeff Parr will assume the role of interim Chairman of the board of directors, pending his re-election to the board of directors at the annual general meeting. On March 15, 2019, the Company declared its Q1 2019 dividend payment of C$0.04 to be paid on April 12, 2019 to shareholders of record as of March 29, 2019. On February 21, 2019, the Company provided updated three-year production guidance and announced its mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates as at December 31, 2018. On a consolidated basis, the Company reported an increase in mineral reserves of 1,100,000 ounces or 24%, to 5,750,000 ounces at 15.8 g/t. Growth in consolidated mineral reserves mainly resulted from a 60% increase in mineral reserves at the Fosterville Mine, to 2,720,000 ounces at 31.0 g/t, and an 11% increase in mineral reserves at the Macassa Mine, to 2,250,000 ounces at 21.9 g/t. On January 8, 2019, the Company announced record annual and quarterly production for the full year and three months ended December 31, 2018 with consolidated full year 2018 gold production of 732,701 ounces, including full year record production at all operating mines. 9 Three Year History Financial Year Ended December 31, 2018 On December 11, 2018, the Company announced full-year 2019 guidance, including solid production growth, improved unit costs and a peak year of growth capital expenditures in support of achieving its growth objectives, as well as three-year production guidance. The Company also announced an increase to its quarterly dividend payment from C$0.03 per Common Share to C$0.04 per Common Share, which was paid on January 11, 2019 to shareholders of record on December 31, 2018. On November 18, 2018, the Company announced the appointment of David Soares as Chief Financial Officer and Eric Kallio as Senior Vice President, Exploration. Mr. Soares replaced Phil Yee, the previous Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company who resigned effective September 6, 2018. In addition, the Company announced that Mr. Duncan King had been promoted to Vice President Mining, Kirkland Lake and that effective January 1, 2019, Mr. John Landmark, the VP Exploration, Australian Operations would assume the role of VP Human Resources. It was also announced that Ms. Tina Ouellette would retire as Executive Vice President, Human Resources in 2019 and that Mr. Doug Cater, Vice President, Canadian Operations would retire effective January 1, 2019. On October 30, 2018, the Company announced Q3 2018 financial and operating results and further increased consolidated production guidance from 635,000 ounces to a range of 655,000 to 675,000 ounces for 2018. On September 18, 2018, the Company announced that it had acquired 14,705,882 common shares of Osisko Mining Inc. (“Osisko”) by way of a private placement financing at a price of C$1.70 per share for total consideration of approximately C$25 million. The Company had previously acquired 17,921,750 common shares of Osisko. Upon completion of the private placement financing, the Company held 32,627,632 common shares of Osisko, representing 13.61% of the issued and outstanding common shares of Osisko as of the date of closing. On August 1, 2018, the Company reported strong earnings and cash flow in Q2 2018 and improved production guidance from 620,000 ounces to over 635,000 ounces on a consolidated basis. On May 30, 2018, the Company announced that it had acquired 4,000,000 common shares of Novo Resources Corp. (“Novo”) from Artemis Resources Limited a price of C$5.00 per common share (each, a “Novo Share”) for total consideration of C$20.1 million. Upon completion of the acquisition, the Company held 29,830,268 Novo Shares representing 18.8% of the issued and outstanding Nova Shares on an undiluted basis and 25.4% on a partially diluted basis, as of the date of closing. On May 17, 2018 the Company renewed is normal course issuer bid (the “2018 NCIB”) pursuant to which the Company can purchase up to 16,456,561 Common Shares for cancellation from May 22, 2018 to May 21, 2019. During the financial year ended December 31, 2018, the Company purchased 1,570,600 Common Shares for cancellation under the 2018 NCIB. On May 1, 2018, the Company reported its Q1 2018 earnings and announced an increase to its quarterly dividend payment from C$0.02 per share to C$0.03 per share that was paid to shareholders of record as of June 30, 2018. On April 2, 2018, Kirkland Lake Gold filed an updated technical report that was prepared in accordance with NI 43-101 for the Fosterville Mine for the year ended December 31, 2017. On March 22, 2018, the Company declared a dividend payment of $0.02 that was paid on April 13, 2018 to shareholders of record as of March 29, 2018. On February 20, 2018, the Company announced updated mineral reserve and mineral resources estimates effective as at December 31, 2017. Consolidated mineral reserves increased by 1,220,000 ounces or 36% to 4,640,000 ounces at 11.1 g/t. Mineral reserves at the Fosterville Mine increased by 1,210,000 ounces to 1,700,000 ounces at 23.1 g/t, representing a 65% increase in mineral reserve ounces from the June 30, 2017 mineral reserve estimate. In particular 10 mineral reserves at the Fosterville Mine Swan Zone more than doubled from the mid-year 2017 update to 1,160,000 ounces at 61.2 g/t. After depleting 190,000 ounces at the Macassa Mine, the Company also announced 2,030,000 ounces of mineral reserves at Macassa at 21.0 g/t. On January 17, 2018, Kirkland Lake Gold announced full year 2018 guidance, which included increased production, improved unit costs and higher levels of capital and exploration expenditures in support of the Company’s growth objectives. The Company also announced the new shaft project at the Macassa Mine (the “Macassa Shaft Project”). On January 11, 2018, the Company announced record annual and quarterly production for the full year and three months ended December 31, 2017 with consolidated full year 2017 gold production of 596,405 ounces, including full year record production at all operating mines. Financial Year Ended December 31, 2017 On December 15, 2017, the Company announced an increase to its quarterly dividend payment from C$0.01 per Common Share to C$0.02 per Common Share to shareholders of record as of December 29, 2017. On December 31, 2017, the C$61.9 million principal amount of 7.5% convertible unsecured subordinated debentures (the “ 7.5% Debentures ”) matured and the Company issued an aggregate of 4,505,393 Common Shares at a conversion price of C$13.70 per Common Share, repaid C$324,116 of principal in cash with respect to the outstanding 7.5% Debentures that were not converted in accordance with the terms of the First Supplemental Indenture, and paid an aggregate of C$2,139,968 in interest. On December 22, 2017, Arete acquired all of the issued and outstanding common shares of Leviathan Resources Pty Ltd. and Stawell Gold Mines Pty Ltd., which held the Stawell Gold Mine pursuant to the terms of a share sale agreement dated December 11, 2017. In accordance with the terms of the agreement, the Company received US$6.25 million in cash consideration and retained a 2% NSR on the property. On November 30, 2017 the Company completed a secondary listing as a foreign exempt issuer on the ASX under the symbol “KLA”. On September 12, 2017, the Company declared its second quarterly dividend payment of C$0.01 per Common Share to shareholders of record as of September 29, 2017. On September 11, 2017, the Company filed an updated NI 43-101 technical report on the Fosterville Mine entitled “Report on the Mineral Resources & Mineral Reserves of the Fosterville Mine in the State of Victoria, Australia” effective June 30, 2017 in support of the updated mineral resource and mineral reserve estimates contained in the Company’s press release dated July 27, 2017. On September 6, 2017, the Company announced that it had acquired 14,000,000 units of Novo by way of a private placement financing at a price of C$4.00 per unit for a total purchase price of C$56,000,000. Each unit was comprised of one Novo Share and one common share purchase warrant of Novo, entitling the Company to acquire a Novo Share at a price of C$6.00 until September 6, 2020. Immediately following completion of the offering, Kirkland Lake Gold held approximately 18.19% of the issued and outstanding Novo Shares on a non-diluted basis and approximately 25.3% on a partially-diluted basis. On August 31, 2017, the Company acquired 11,830,268 Novo Shares from a third party, representing approximately 9.9% of the issued and outstanding Novo Shares on a non-diluted basis. On August 16, 2017, the Company completed a secondary listing on the NYSE and the Common Shares began trading under the symbol “KL”. Effective on the day of listing, the Company’s shares ceased trading on the OTC Market under the symbol “KLGDF”. On July 27, 2017, the Company announced results of its mid-year 2017 mineral reserves and mineral resources update for the Fosterville Mine which included a 110% increase in underground mineral reserves to 1,030,000 ounces of gold 11 after depletion of 130,584 ounces of gold in the first six months of 2017. In addition, the Company announced an 83% increase in the underground mineral reserve grade from 9.8 g/t (in the prior mineral reserve and mineral resource estimate effective December 31, 2016) to 17.9 g/t. It was noted that the significant increase in reserves was supported by down-plunge extensions of high-grade mineralization within the Lower Phoenix gold system, including 532,000 ounces of mineral reserves at an average grade of 58.8 g/t in the Swan Zone. On June 30, 2017, the maturity date of the 6% convertible unsecured subordinated debentures (the “ 6% Debentures ” and together with the 7.5% Debentures, the “ Debentures ”), the Company paid a total of C$58,541,801 to holders of the 6% Debentures in respect of the principal (of C$56.8 million) and accrued interest. On June 19, 2017, the Company announced the appointment of certain key executive officer positions to its management team, including the promotion of Pierre Rocque from VP, Technical Services to the position of VP, Canadian Operations, the appointment of Ian Holland as VP, Australian Operations, the appointment of Mark Utting as VP, Investor Relations and the appointment of Brian Hagan as VP, Health, Safety and the Environment. On May 23, 2017, Kirkland Lake Gold announced the departure of Darren Hall as the Chief Operating Officer of the Company and the resignation of Ryan King as VP, Investor Relations. The Company also announced the appointment of Darin Smith as Director, Corporate Development of the Company. On May 15, 2017, the Company announced the commencement of a normal course issuer bid (the “ 2017 NCIB ”) effective May 17, 2017 to purchase up to 15,186,571 Common Shares until May 16, 2018. On April 24, 2017, the Company announced its acquisition of 10,357,143 units of Metanor Resources Inc. (“ Metanor ”) at a price of C$0.70 per unit, for a total purchase price of $7,250,000 pursuant to a private placement financing. Each unit consisted of one common share of Metanor and one-half of one common share purchase warrant of Metanor, with each full warrant entitling the Company to acquire one common share of Metanor at a price of C$0.90 until April 21, 2019. Upon completion of the offering, Kirkland Lake Gold held approximately 13.7% of the issued and outstanding common shares of Metanor on an undiluted basis and 19.3% on a partially diluted basis. On March 30, 2017, Kirkland Lake Gold filed updated technical reports for each of the Macassa Mine, the Fosterville Mine, the Holt-Holloway property, the Hislop property and the Northern Territory Operations, which includes the Cosmo Mine and the Taylor Mine having an effective date of December 31, 2016. On March 29, 2017, the Company announced that the Board of Directors of the Company (the “ Board ”) approved a dividend policy recommending the payment of a quarterly dividend of C$0.01 per Common Share (C$0.04 per Common Share annually). The inaugural quarterly dividend of C$0.01 per Common Share was paid on July 14, 2017 to shareholders of record as of June 30, 2017. On January 19, 2017, the Company announced a change in its stock symbol on the OTC Markets to “KLGDF” (OTCQX:KLGDF) and announced that the Company had changed its auditors from PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP to KPMG LLP. KPMG LLP were the auditors of Old Kirkland Lake Gold. On January 3, 2017, the Company announced certain executive management appointments, including the appointment of Darren Hall as the Chief Operating Officer, Alasdair Federico as the Executive Vice President, Corporate Affairs and CSR, Jason Gregg as Vice President, Human Resources, Ryan King as Vice President, Investor Relations and John Landmark as Vice President, Exploration, Australia. Financial Year Ended December 31, 2016 On December 23, 2016, the Company announced that it had completed a non-brokered private placement financing of 691,700 Common Shares which are “flow-through” shares within the meaning of the Income Tax Act (Canada). The flow-through shares were issued at a price of $10.12 per flow-through share, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $7,000,000. 12 On December 12, 2016, the Company provided its 2017 production guidance. In addition, the Company announced that it would be transitioning its Stawell Gold Mine located in Australia to care and maintenance and would transition the Holloway mine located in northeastern Ontario (the “ Holloway Mine ”) to surface exploration drill programs in 2017. On December 6, 2016, the Company announced that it changed the ticker symbol for the Common Shares on the TSX to “KL”. On November 30, 2016, the Company announced the closing of the Arrangement, involving the business combination between Old Kirkland Lake Gold and Newmarket Gold to create Kirkland Lake Gold. Pursuant to the terms of the Arrangement, Old Kirkland Lake Gold became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and the Company completed a consolidation of its sharess on the basis of 0.475 post-consolidation share for each pre-consolidated share held. In addition, the Company issued approximately 117,505,144 Common Shares to the former holders of Old Kirkland Lake Gold shares as consideration under the Arrangement. As a result, on closing of the Arrangement, approximately 57% of the Common Shares were held by former Old Kirkland Lake Gold shareholders and 43% of the Common Shares were held by former shareholders of Newmarket Gold. The Company announced that the publicly traded Debentures of Old Kirkland Lake Gold would continue to trade on the TSX under the symbols “KLG.D.B” and “KLG.D.BA” respectively. In connection with closing of the Arrangement, Anthony Makuch, the former President and Chief Executive Officer of Old Kirkland Lake Gold was appointed the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company. In addition, the management team of Old Kirkland Lake Gold, including Meri Verli, Senior Vice President, Finance and Treasurer, Jennifer Wagner, Corporate Legal Counsel and Corporate Secretary, Doug Cater, Vice President, Exploration, Pierre Rocque, Vice President, Mine Engineering and Ray Yip, Vice President, Business Intelligence Systems were appointed in the same positions with the Company. In addition, the Company announced the appointment of Philip Yee as the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, effective December 1, 2016. On November 25, 2016, Newmarket Gold and Old Kirkland Lake Gold announced the results of their respective special meetings of shareholders with respect to the Arrangement. In particular, it was noted that the shareholders of Newmarket Gold had elected Anthony Makuch, Maryse Belanger, Jonathan Gill, Arnold Klassen, Pamela Klessig, Barry Olson, Jeffrey Parr, Eric Sprott and Raymond Threlkeld to the Board. On September 29, 2016, Newmarket Gold and Old Kirkland Lake Gold announced the entering into of a definitive arrangement agreement (the “ Arrangement Agreement ”) providing for the Arrangement and pursuant to which all of the common shares of Old Kirkland Lake Gold (the “ Old Kirkland Lake Gold Shares ”) would be exchanged on the basis of 2.1053 common shares of Newmarket Gold, on a pre-consolidation basis, (“ Newmarket Shares ”) for every one Old Kirkland Lake Gold Share held. On September 20, 2016, Newmarket Gold announced additional near mine high-grade gold mineralization in the Lower Phoenix gold system at the Fosterville Mine in Australia. On September 15, 2016, Old Kirkland Lake Gold announced that it changed the ticker symbol for the Old Kirkland Lake Gold Shares on the TSX to “KLG” and the ticker symbols for the 6% Debentures and 7.5% Debentures to “KLG.D.B” and “KLG.D.BA”, respectively. On September 13, 2016, Old Kirkland Lake Gold announced the appointment of Meri Verli, Senior Vice President, Finance and Treasurer (effective September 14, 2016), Pierre Rocque, Vice President Mining Engineering (effective September 26, 2016), and Ray Yip, as Vice President Business Intelligence Systems (effective September 3, 2016). In addition, Old Kirkland Lake Gold announced the departure of Chris Stewart, Vice President of Operations from Old Kirkland Lake Gold. On August 3, 2016, Newmarket Gold announced that Lukas Lundin was retiring from the Board of Directors of Newmarket Gold and that Maryse Belanger was appointed to the Newmarket Gold Board of Directors. In addition, Newmarket Gold announced that John Landmark had been appointed as the Vice President, Exploration. 13 On July 13, 2016, Old Kirkland Lake Gold announced that it had completed a non-brokered private placement financing of 1,047,343 common shares which are “flow-through” shares within the meaning of the Income Tax Act (Canada). The flow-through shares were issued at a price of $14.32 per flow-through share for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $15,000,000. On June 13, 2016, Old Kirkland Lake Gold announced the resignation of George Ogilvie as President and Chief Executive Officer and the appointment of Anthony Makuch as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Old Kirkland Lake Gold, which took effect on July 18, 2016. On May 18, 2016, Newmarket Gold announced that it had filed an amended NI 43-101 Technical Report for Preliminary Economic Assessment of its Maud Creek gold project located in the Northern Territory, Australia (the “ Maud Creek Gold Project ”). On April 6, 2016, Newmarket Gold announced the appointment of Michael Vint to the Newmarket Gold Board of Directors. On April 4, 2016, Old Kirkland Lake Gold announced that it had received acceptance from the TSX with respect to a normal course issuer bid to purchase up to $5,690,300 of 6% Debentures (“KLG.D.B”) and up to $6,210,000 of 7.5% Debentures (“KLG.D.BA”), representing 10% of the issued and outstanding 6% Debentures and the 7.5% Debentures respectively in the public float as at March 31, 2016. Old Kirkland Lake Gold had a previous normal course issuer bid in place which terminated on April 2, 2016, pursuant to which the Company purchased $597,000 of 6% Debentures at a weighted average price of $98.30 and $6,900,000 of 7.5% Debentures at a weighted average price of $96.50. On March 21, 2016, Newmarket Gold announced the results of its updated 2015 year-end mineral reserves and mineral resources estimates for its Fosterville Mine, Stawell Gold Mine, Cosmo Gold Mine and Northern Territory and its Maud Creek Gold Project and announced the filing of an updated NI 43-101 technical report for each of the above listed properties under Newmarket Gold’s profile on SEDAR. On February 26, 2016, Newmarket Gold announced that a total of 4,039,120 common share purchase warrants had been exercised at a price of $1.63 per common share purchase warrant for gross proceeds of approximately $6,600,000. On February 12, 2016, Newmarket Gold announced that on March 30, 2016 (the “ Redemption Date ”), it intended to redeem in full all of its then outstanding convertible unsecured debentures due April 30, 2018 (the “ Newmarket Debentures ”) in accordance with the provisions of the convertible debenture indenture dated as of April 5, 2013, as supplemented and amended by the first supplemental indenture dated as of July 10, 2015. The redemption price for the Newmarket Debentures was 100% of the aggregate outstanding principal amount, together with accrued and unpaid interest up to, but excluding, the Redemption Date. On March 30, 2016, Newmarket Gold announced that an aggregate $34.29 million of its $34.5 million Newmarket Debentures were converted by the holders into Newmarket Shares prior to the Redemption Date. Newmarket Gold redeemed the remaining unconverted Newmarket Debentures on March 30, 2016, by issuing an aggregate of 10,287 Newmarket Shares, and settling any accrued and unpaid interest up to, but excluding, the Redemption Date, in cash. On January 26, 2016, Old Kirkland Lake Gold announced the completion of the St Andrew Arrangement pursuant to which Old Kirkland Lake Gold acquired all of the outstanding common shares of St Andrew Goldfields on the basis of 0.0906 of an Old Kirkland Lake Gold Share for each share of St Andrew Goldfields and upon the closing of the transaction, St Andrew Goldfields became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Old Kirkland Lake Gold. Kirkland Lake Gold is a growing gold mining, development and exploration company with a diversified portfolio of assets located in the stable mining jurisdictions of Canada and Australia with a significant pipeline of high-quality exploration projects. The production profile of the Company is anchored by two high-grade, low cost operations including the Macassa Mine complex located in northeastern Ontario and the Fosterville Mine located in the State of DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS 14 Victoria, Australia. In addition, the Company owns the Holt Mine and the Taylor Mine, which are situated along the Porcupine-Destor Fault Zone, in northeastern Ontario, and the Cosmo Gold Mine located in the Northern Territory, Australia. The Company has a strong foundation of quality, low-cost gold production, with its mines producing a total of 723,701 ounces in 2018, at an average operating cash costs per ounce sold of $362 and AISC per ounce sold of $685. The Company is targeting significantly higher levels of production with its three-year annual production guidance including 920,000 - 1,000,000 ounces in 2019; 930,000 - 1,010,000 ounces in 2020; and 995,000 - 1,055,000 ounces in 2021. Kirkland Lake Gold is dedicated to continued growth in high- margin, low-cost production and mine life through the ongoing conversion of resources to reserves and the idenfication of new resources through a strong commitment to exploration, while at the same time generating high levels of profitability and free cash flow. The Company also strives to enhance shareholder value through the direct return of capital to shareholders, through its quarterly dividend, as well as through common share repurchases, when appropriate. Kirkland Lake Gold pursues its business plans through a disciplined approach focused on profitable operations, while also maintaining the high standards that the Company’s core values represent. Principal Markets and Distribution Methods The gold doré produced at the Company’s operations is refined to market delivery standards by refineries in Australia and Canada. The Company markets its gold bullion through direct sales to gold bullion industry participants, including Asahi Refining Canada Ltd., ABC Refining (Australia) Pty Ltd, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, Royal Bank of Canada and Auramet Trading LLC. Purchasers All of the Company’s gold sales are to arm’s length parties. Production and Services Mining methods used by the Company vary from long-hole, mechanized cut-and-fill mining to conventional cut-and-fill mining (both overhand and underhand), and other equally labour intensive mining methods. Specialized Skill and Knowledge Many aspects of the Company’s business require specialized skills and knowledge, including but not limited to areas of geology, mining, engineering, milling and production, mechanical, electrical, and pipefitting installation and repair. Personnel with the requisite skills and knowledge are readily available to the Company to meet its current needs in the current labour market, with the exception of skilled conventional miners. See “Risk Factors − Labour and Employment Matters”. Competitive Conditions The precious metal mineral exploration and mining business is competitive in all phases of exploration, development and production. Competition in the mineral exploration and production industry can be significant at times. The Company competes with a number of other companies that have resources significantly in excess of those of the Company, in the search for and the acquisition of attractive precious metal mineral properties, qualified service providers, labour, equipment and suppliers. The Company also competes with other mining companies for production from, mineral concessions, claims, leases and other interests, as well as for the recruitment and retention of qualified employees and consultants. The ability of the Company to acquire precious metal mineral properties in the future will depend on its ability to operate and develop its present properties and on its ability to select and acquire suitable producing properties or prospects for precious metal development or mineral exploration in the future. There can be no assurance that additional capital or other types of financing will be available if needed or that, if available, the terms of such financing will be favourable to the Company. Factors beyond the control of the Company may affect the marketability of minerals mined or discovered by the Company. See “Risk Factors”. 15 Raw Materials (Components) The Company uses critical components such as water, electrical power, explosives, diesel and propane in its business, all of which are readily available. Business Cycle & Seasonality The Company’s business is not cyclical or seasonal. Economic Dependence The Company’s business is not substantially dependent on any single commercial contract or group of contracts either from suppliers or contractors. However, the Company is increasingly more reliant on the battery supplier for its electric powered underground equipment. Renegotiation or Termination of Contracts It is not expected that the Company’s business will be materially affected in the current financial year by the renegotiation or termination of any contracts or sub-contracts. Environmental Protection The Company’s mining, exploration and development activities are subject to various levels of federal, provincial, state and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, including requirements for closure and reclamation of mining properties. As at December 31, 2018, the Company’s environmental rehabilitation provision was US$56,695,000. The Company provides for the estimated future cost of rehabilitating mine sites and related production facilities on a discounted basis as such activity that creates the rehabilitation obligation occurs. The rehabilitation provision represents the present value of estimated future rehabilitation costs. These provisions are based on the Company’s internal estimates, with consideration of closure plans and rehabilitation requirements established by relevant regulatory bodies. Employees As at December 31, 2018, the Company had approximately 1,729 employees and 449 contractors. Foreign Operations The Company’s mines and material mineral projects are located in Canada and Australia. Any changes in regulations or shifts in political attitudes in these jurisdictions, or other jurisdictions in which the Company has projects from time to time, are beyond the control of the Company and may adversely affect its business. Future development and operations may be affected in varying degrees by such factors as government regulations (or changes thereto) with respect to the restrictions on production, export controls, income taxes, expropriation of property, repatriation of profits, environmental legislation, land use, water use, land claims of local people, mine safety and receipt of necessary permits. The effect of these factors cannot be accurately predicted. See “Risk Factors”. Social and Environmental Policies Protecting the environment and maintaining a social license with the communities where the Company operates is integral to the success of the Company. The Company’s approach to social and environmental policies is guided by both the legal guidelines in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates, as well as by a combination of Company-specific policies and standards with a commitment to best practice management. 16 The Company’s current production activities, as well as any future operation or development projects, are subject to environmental laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which it operates. There are environmental laws in both Canada and Australia that apply to the Company’s operations, exploration, development projects and land holdings. These laws address such matters as protection of the natural environment, employee health and safety, waste disposal, remediation of environmental sites, reclamation, mine safety, control of toxic substances, air and water quality and emissions standards. See “Risk Factors”. Kirkland Lake Gold’s operating mine sites seek to adopt leading practice environmental programs to manage environmental matters and ensure compliance with local and international legislation. The Company maintains and implements its Environmental Policy, which sets forth the following key commitments: (a) meet or exceed all applicable laws and regulations; (b) develop and maintain a comprehensive and effective Environmental Management System; (c) integrate environmental, social, cultural and economic considerations; (d) foster mutually beneficial environmental partnerships with its communities; (e) conduct business in a manner that minimizes potential environmental impacts; (f) seek continuous improvement in the management and use of records in environmentally sustainable exploration, mining, processing, waste management and rehabilitation; (g) communicate openly and honestly with respect to the Company’s performance in a timely manner; and (h) provide for the reclamation and rehabilitation of areas affected by its operations. To fulfil this commitment to environmental matters, the Company continuously evaluates environmental risks, takes appropriate action to mitigate such risks and effectively communicates its Environmental Policy to its employees, contractors, suppliers and stakeholders. The Company has also developed a Social Responsibility Policy, which sets forth the following key commitments: (a) meet or exceed all applicable laws and regulations; (b) acknowledge all cultural and other human rights relevant to its operations and ensuring that all levels of the workforce understand and respect these rights; (c) act ethically and respectfully regarding Indigenous rights, cultural beliefs and aspirations.; (d) engage stakeholders with respect to their concerns and values regarding development, operational and closure aspects of mineral projects; (e) communicate openly and honestly with respect to the Company’s performance in a timely manner; and (f) integrate social considerations into aspects of its business decisions and activities. To fulfil this commitment to social responsibility matters, the Company continuously reviews its objects and targets in order to identify and manage social impacts, risks and opportunities. The operations of the Company are subject to significant uncertainty due to the high-risk nature of its business, which is the acquisition, financing, exploration, development and operation of mining properties. The following risk factors could materially affect the Company’s financial condition and/or future operating results and could cause actual events to differ materially from those described in forward-looking statements relating to the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties, including those that the Company does not know about now or that it currently deems immaterial, may also adversely affect the Company’s business. RISK FACTORS Price of Gold The Company’s profitability and long-term viability depend, in large part, upon the market price of gold. Market price fluctuations of gold could adversely affect the profitability of the Company’s operations and lead to impairments and write downs of mineral properties. Metal prices fluctuate widely and are affected by numerous factors beyond the Company’s control, including: global and regional supply and demand for industrial products containing metals generally; changes in global or regional investment or consumption patterns; increased production due to new mine developments and improved mining and production methods; decreased production due to mine closures; interest rates and interest rate expectation; expectations with respect to the rate of inflation or deflation; currency rate fluctuations; availability and costs of metal substitutes; global or regional political or economic conditions; and sales by central banks, holders, speculators and other producers of metals in response to any of the above factors. There can be no assurance that metal prices will remain at current levels or that such prices will improve. A decrease in the market prices could adversely affect the profitability of the Company’s existing mines and projects as well as its ability to finance the exploration and development of additional properties, which would have a material adverse effect 17 on the Company’s results of operations, cash flows and financial position. A decline in metal prices may require the Company to write-down mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates, which could result in material write-downs of investments in mining properties. Further, if revenue from metal sales declines, the Company may experience liquidity difficulties. Its cash flow from mining operations may be insufficient to meet its operating needs, and as a result the Company could be forced to discontinue production and could lose its interest in, or be forced to sell, some or all of its properties. In addition to adversely affecting mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates and the Company’s results of operations, cash flows and financial position, declining metal prices can impact operations by requiring a reassessment of the feasibility of a particular project. Even if a project is ultimately determined to be economically viable, the need to conduct such a reassessment may cause substantial delays and/or may interrupt operations until the reassessment can be completed, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, cash flows and financial position. Exploration, Development and Operating Risks Mining operations are inherently dangerous and generally involve a high degree of risk. Kirkland Lake Gold’s operations are subject to all of the hazards and risks normally encountered in the exploration, development and production of precious and base metals, including, without limitation, unusual and unexpected geologic formations, seismic activity, rock bursts, cave-ins, flooding and other conditions involved in the drilling and removal of material, any of which could result in damage to, or destruction of, mines and other producing facilities, personal injury or loss of life and damage to tailings dams, property, and environmental damage, all of which may result in possible legal liability. Although the Company expects that adequate precautions to minimize risk will be taken, mining operations are subject to hazards such as fire, rock falls, geomechanical issues, equipment failure or failure of retaining dams around tailings disposal areas which may result in environmental pollution and consequent liability. The occurrence of any of these events could result in a prolonged interruption of the Company’s operations that would have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Further, the Company may be subject to liability or sustain losses in relation to certain risks and hazards against it cannot insure or for which it may elect not to insure. The occurrence of operational risks and/or a shortfall or lack of insurance coverage could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s future cash flows, earnings, results of operations and financial condition. The exploration for and development of mineral deposits involves significant risks, which even a combination of careful evaluation, experience and knowledge may not eliminate. While the discovery of an ore body may result in substantial rewards, few properties that are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines. Major expenses may be required to locate and establish mineral reserves, to develop metallurgical processes and to construct mining and processing facilities at a particular site. It is impossible to ensure that the exploration or development programs planned by Kirkland Lake Gold will result in a profitable commercial mining operation. Whether a mineral deposit will be commercially viable depends on a number of factors, some of which are: the particular attributes of the deposit, such as size, grade and proximity to infrastructure, metal prices that are highly cyclical, and government regulations, including regulations relating to prices, taxes, royalties, land tenure, exploration licences, mining licences, land use, importing and exporting of minerals and environmental protection. The exact effect of these factors cannot be accurately predicted, but the combination of these factors may result in Kirkland Lake Gold not receiving an adequate return on invested capital. There is no certainty that the expenditures made towards the search and evaluation of mineral deposits will result in discoveries or development of commercial quantities of ore. Development projects have no operating history upon which to base estimates of future capital and operating costs. For development projects, resource estimates and estimates of operating costs are, to a large extent, based upon the interpretation of geologic data obtained from drill holes and other sampling techniques, and feasibility studies, which derive estimates of capital and operating costs based upon anticipated tonnage and grades of ore to be mined and processed, ground conditions, the configuration of the ore body, expected recovery rates of minerals from ore, estimated operating costs, and other factors. As a result, actual production, cash operating costs and economic returns could differ significantly from those estimated. It is not unusual for new mining operations to experience problems during the start-up phase, and delays in the commencement of production can often occur. 18 Mineral exploration is highly speculative in nature. There can be no assurance that exploration efforts will be successful. Even when mineralization is discovered, it may take several years until production is possible, during which time the economic feasibility of production may change. Substantial expenditures are required to establish proven and probable mineral reserves through drilling. Because of these uncertainties, no assurance can be given that exploration programs will result in the establishment or expansion of mineral resources or mineral reserves. The Company’s ability to meet development and production schedules and cost estimates for its development and expansion projects cannot be assured. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, Kirkland Lake Gold is in the process of undertaking permitting efforts with respect to the Macassa Shaft Project, permitting with respect to its new tailings facility at the Macassa Mine, rehabilitation of the current tailings facility at the Macassa Mine, increased production throughput at the Taylor Mine, the development and implementation of a paste fill plant, water treatment plant, refinery upgrade and the granting of certain exploration licences for the Fosterville Mine. Technical considerations, delays in obtaining government approvals and necessary permits, changes in scope and design, the inability to obtain financing and/or the unanticipated costs associated with the development and construction of such projects could lead to further delays and delays in current mining operations in developing certain properties. Such delays could materially affect the financial performance of the Company. Health, Safety and Environmental Risks and Hazards Mining, like many other extractive natural resource industries, is subject to potential risks and liabilities due to accidents that could result in serious injury or death and/or material damage to the environment and Company assets. The impact of such accidents could affect the profitability of the operations, cause an interruption to operations, lead to a loss of licenses, affect the reputation of the Company and its ability to obtain further licenses, damage community relations and reduce the perceived appeal of the Company as an employer. Personnel involved in the Company’s operations are subject to many inherent risks, including but not limited to, rock bursts, cave-ins, flooding, fall of ground, electricity, slips and falls and moving equipment that could result in occupational illness, health issues and personal injuries. The Company strives to manage all such risks in compliance with local and international standards. The Company has implemented various health and safety measures designed to mitigate such risks, including the implementation of improved risk identification and reporting systems across the Company, effective management systems to identify and minimize health and safety risks, health and safety training and the promotion of enhanced employee commitment and accountability, including a fitness for work program which focuses on fatigue, stress, and alcohol and drug abuse. Such precautions, however, may not be sufficient to eliminate health and safety risks and employees, contractors and others may not adhere to the occupational health and safety programs that are in place. Any such occupational health and personal safety issues may adversely affect the business of the Company and its future operations. All phases of the Company’s operations are also subject to environmental and safety regulations in the jurisdictions in which it operates. These regulations mandate, among other things, water and air quality standards, noise, surface disturbance, the impact on flora and fauna and land reclamation, and regulate the generation, transportation, storage and disposal of hazardous waste. Environmental legislation is evolving in a manner that will require stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines and penalties for non-compliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects and a heightened degree of responsibility for companies and their officers, directors and employees. There is no assurance that the Company has been or will at all times be in full compliance with all environmental laws and regulations or hold, and be in full compliance with, all required environmental, health and safety permits. In addition, no assurances can be given that new rules and regulations will not be enacted or that existing rules and regulations will not be applied in a manner which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial position and operations. The potential costs and delays associated with compliance with such laws, regulations and permits could prevent the Company from proceeding with the development of a project or the operation or further development of a project, and any non-compliance therewith may adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Environmental hazards may also exist on the properties on which the Company holds interests that are unknown to the Company at present and that have been caused by previous or existing owners or operators of the properties. Government environmental approvals and permits are currently, or may in the future be, required in connection with the Company’s operations. To the extent such approvals are required and not obtained, the Company may be curtailed 19 or prohibited from proceeding with planned exploration or development of mineral properties. Failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and permitting requirements may result in enforcement actions, including orders issued by regulatory or judicial authorities causing operations to cease or be curtailed, and may include corrective measures requiring capital expenditures, installation of additional equipment, or remedial actions. The costs associated with such instances and liabilities could be significant. Amendments to current laws, regulations and permits governing operations and activities of mining companies, or more stringent implementation thereof, could have a material adverse impact on the Company and cause increases in capital expenditures or production costs or reduced levels of production at producing properties or require abandonment or delays in development of its mining properties. Parties engaged in mining operations, including the Company, may be required to compensate those suffering loss or damage by reason of the mining activities and may have civil or criminal fines or penalties imposed for violations of applicable laws or regulations. The Company may also be held financially responsible for remediation of contamination at current or former sites, or at third party sites. The Company could also be held responsible for exposure to hazardous substances. In the context of environmental permits, including the approval of reclamation plans, Kirkland Lake Gold must comply with standards, laws and regulations that may entail costs and delays depending on the nature of the activity to be permitted and how stringently the regulations are implemented by the regulatory authority. The reclamation liability on any of Kirkland Lake Gold’s properties will be calculated based on current laws and regulations and the expected future costs to be incurred in reclaiming, restoring and closing its exploration or operating mine sites. The Company may incur costs associated with reclamation activities, which may materially exceed the provisions established by the Company for the activities. In addition, possible additional future regulatory requirements may require additional reclamation requirements creating uncertainties related to future reclamation costs. Should the Company be unable to post required financial assurance related to an environmental remediation obligation, the Company might be prohibited from starting planned operations or required to suspend existing operations or enter into interim compliance measures pending completion of the required remedy, which could have a material adverse effect. Foreign Operations and Political Risk Kirkland Lake Gold conducts mining, development and exploration and other activities in Canada and Australia. Inherent risks with conducting foreign operations include, but are not limited to: renegotiation, cancellation or forced modification of existing contracts; expropriation or nationalization of property; changes in laws or policies or increasing legal and regulatory requirements of particular countries including those relating to taxation, royalties, imports, exports, duties, currency, or other claims by government entities, including retroactive claims and/or changes in the administration of laws, policies and practices; uncertain political and economic environments; war, terrorism, sabotage and civil disturbances; delays in obtaining or the inability to obtain or maintain necessary governmental permits or to operate in accordance with such permits or regulatory requirements; currency fluctuations; import and export regulations, including restrictions on the export of gold or other minerals; limitations on the repatriation of earnings; and increased financing costs. These risks may limit or disrupt operating mines or projects, restrict the movement of funds, cause the Company to have to expend more funds than previously expected or required, or result in the deprivation of contract rights or the taking of property by nationalization or expropriation without fair compensation, and may materially adversely affect the Company’s financial position or results of operations. Uncertainty in the Estimation of Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources To extend the lives of its mines and projects, ensure the continued operation of the business and realize its growth strategy, it is essential that the Company continues to realize its existing identified mineral reserves, convert mineral resources into mineral reserves, increase its mineral resource base by adding new mineral resources from areas of identified mineralized potential, and/or undertake successful exploration or acquire new mineral resources. The figures for mineral reserves and mineral resources contained in this Annual Information Form are estimates only and no assurance can be given that the anticipated tonnages and grades will be achieved, that the indicated level of recovery will be realized or that mineral reserves will be mined or processed profitably. Actual mineral reserves may not conform to geological, metallurgical or other expectations, and the volume and grade of ore recovered may differ 20 from estimated levels. There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating mineral reserves and mineral resources, including many factors beyond the Company’s control. Such estimation is a subjective process, and the accuracy of any mineral reserve or mineral resource estimate is a function of the quantity and quality of available data and of the assumptions made and judgments used in engineering and geological interpretations available at the time. Short-term operating factors relating to the mineral reserves, such as the need for orderly development of the ore bodies or the processing of new or different ore grades, may cause the mining operation to be unprofitable in any particular accounting period. In addition, there can be no assurance that gold recoveries in small scale laboratory tests will be duplicated in larger scale tests under on-site conditions or during production. Lower market prices, increased production costs, reduced recovery rates and other factors may result in a revision of its mineral reserve estimates from time to time or may render the Company’s mineral reserves uneconomic to exploit. Mineral reserve data is not indicative of future results of operations. If the Company’s actual mineral reserves and mineral resources are less than current estimates or if the Company fails to develop its mineral resource base through the realization of identified mineralized potential, its results of operations or financial condition may be materially and adversely affected. Evaluation of mineral reserves and mineral resources occurs from time to time and estimates may change depending on further geological interpretation, drilling results and metal prices, which could have a negative effect on the Company’s operations. The category of inferred mineral resource is often the least reliable mineral resource category and is subject to the most variability. Due to the uncertainty which may attach to inferred mineral resources, there is no assurance that inferred mineral resources will be upgraded to proven mineral reserves and probable mineral reserves as a result of continued exploration. The Company regularly evaluates its mineral resources and it often determines the merits of increasing the reliability of its overall mineral resources. Replacement of Depleted Mineral Reserves Given that mines have limited lives based on proven and probable mineral reserves, the Company must continually replace and expand its mineral resources and mineral reserves at its gold mines and discover, develop, or acquire mineral reserves for production. The Company’s ability to maintain or increase its annual production of gold will depend in significant part on its ability to bring new mines into production and to expand mineral reserves or extend the life of existing mines. Uncertainty Relating to Mineral Resources Mineral resources that are not mineral reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. Due to the uncertainty which may be attached to inferred mineral resources, there is no assurance that inferred mineral resources will be upgraded to measured or indicated mineral resources as a result of continued exploration. Production Estimates Kirkland Lake Gold has prepared estimates of future gold production for its existing and future mines. The Company cannot give any assurance that such estimates will be achieved. Failure to achieve production estimates could have an adverse impact on the Company’s future cash flows, profitability, results of operations and financial conditions. The realization of production estimates are dependent on, among other things, the accuracy of mineral reserve and resource estimates, the accuracy of assumptions regarding ore grades and recovery rates, ground conditions (including hydrology), the physical characteristics of ores, the presence or absence of particular metallurgical characteristics, and the accuracy of the estimated rates and costs of mining, ore haulage and processing. Actual production may vary from estimates for a variety of reasons, including the actual ore mined varying from estimates of grade or tonnage; dilution and metallurgical and other characteristics (whether based on representative samples of ore or not); short-term operating factors such as the need for sequential development of ore bodies and the processing of new or adjacent ore stopes from those planned; mine failures or slope failures; industrial accidents; natural phenomena such as inclement weather conditions, floods, droughts, rock slides and earthquakes; encountering unusual or unexpected geological conditions; changes in power costs and potential power shortages; shortages of principal supplies needed for mining operations, including explosives, fuels, chemical reagents, water, equipment parts and lubricants; plant and equipment failure; the inability to process certain types of ores; labour shortages or strikes; and restrictions or regulations imposed by government agencies or other changes in the regulatory environment. Such occurrences could also result in damage to mineral properties or mines, interruptions in production, injury or death to persons, damage to property of Kirkland 21 Lake Gold or others, monetary losses and legal liabilities in addition to adversely affecting mineral production. These factors may cause a mineral deposit that has been mined profitably in the past to become unprofitable, forcing Kirkland Lake Gold to cease production. Mineral resources and mineral reserves are reported as general indicators of mine life, however, this should not be interpreted as assurances of mine life or of the profitability of current or future operations. The Company is currently, and expects to continue to be, dependent on its producing mines for all of its commercial production. In particular, the Macassa Mine and the Fosterville Mine accounted for the majority of the Company’s annual production in 2018 and are expected to continue to account for the majority of its commercial production in the near term. Any adverse conditions affecting mining, processing conditions, expansion plans or ongoing permitting at either the Macassa Mine or the Fosterville Mine, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial performance and results of operations. Cost Estimates Capital and operating cost estimates made in respect of Kirkland Lake Gold’s mines and development projects may not prove accurate. Capital and operating cost estimates are based on the interpretation of geological data, feasibility studies, anticipated climatic conditions, market conditions for required products and services, and other factors and assumptions regarding foreign exchange currency rates. Any of the following events could affect the ultimate accuracy of such estimate: unanticipated changes in grade and tonnage of ore to be mined and processed; incorrect data on which engineering assumptions are made; delay in construction schedules, unanticipated transportation costs; the accuracy of major equipment and construction cost estimates; labour negotiations; changes in government regulation (including regulations regarding prices, cost of consumables, royalties, duties, taxes, permitting and restrictions on production quotas on exportation of minerals); and title claims. Changes in the Company’s production costs could have a major impact on its profitability. Its main production expenses are personnel and contractor costs, materials, and energy. Changes in costs of the Company’s mining and processing operations could occur as a result of unforeseen events, including international and local economic and political events, a change in commodity prices, increased costs (including oil, steel and diesel) and scarcity of labour, and could result in changes in profitability or mineral reserve estimates. Many of these factors may be beyond the Company’s control. The Company prepares estimates of future cash costs, operating costs and/or capital costs for each operation and project. There can be no assurance that such estimates will be achieved and that actual costs will not exceed such estimates. Failure to achieve cost estimates and/or any material increases in costs not anticipated by the Company could have an adverse impact on future cash flows, profitability, results of operations and the financial condition of the Company. Obligations as a Public Company The Company’s business is subject to evolving corporate governance and public disclosure regulations that may from time to time increase both the Company’s compliance costs and the risk of non-compliance, which could adversely impact the price of the Common Shares. The Company is subject to changing rules and regulations promulgated by a number of governmental and self-regulated organizations, including, but not limited to, the Canadian Securities Administrators, the TSX, and the International Accounting Standards Board, the Commission, NYSE and the ASX. These rules and regulations continue to evolve in scope and complexity creating many new requirements. For example, the Government of Canada proclaimed into force the Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act on June 1, 2015, which mandates the public disclosure of payments made by mining companies to all levels of domestic and foreign governments starting in 2017 for the year ended December 31, 2016. The Company’s efforts to continue to comply with such legislation could result in increased general and administration expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. 22 The Company is also subject to corporate governance standards that apply to it as a foreign private issuer listed on the NYSE and registered with the Commission in the United States. Although it substantially complies with NYSE’s corporate governance guidelines, it is exempt from certain NYSE requirements because it is subject to Canadian corporate governance requirements. It may from time to time seek other relief from corporate governance and exchange requirements and securities laws from the NYSE and other regulators. For the fiscal year ending December 31, 2018, the Company was required to document and test its internal control procedures to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“ SOX ”). SOX requires management to do an annual assessment of the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting and its external auditors to conduct an independent assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s controls. Future annual assessments may find that internal controls over financial reporting may not be adequate, or the Company may not be able to maintain them as required by SOX. The Company may not be able to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting on an ongoing basis, if standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time. If it does not satisfy the SOX requirements on an ongoing and timely basis, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of its financial statements, and this could harm its business and have a negative effect on the trading price or market value of securities of the Company. If the Company does not implement new or improved controls, or experiences difficulties in implementing them, it could harm its operating results, or it may not be able to meet its reporting obligations. There is no assurance that the Company will be able to remediate material weaknesses, if any are identified in future periods, or maintain all of the necessary controls to ensure continued compliance. There is also no assurance that the Company will be able to retain personnel who have the necessary finance and accounting skills because of the increased demand for qualified personnel among publicly traded companies. Acquisitions can pose challenges in implementing the required processes, procedures and controls in the new operations. Companies that it acquires may not have disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting that are as thorough or effective as those required by the securities laws that currently apply to the Company. If any of its staff fail to disclose material information that is otherwise required to be reported, no evaluation can provide complete assurance that its internal controls over financial reporting will detect this. The effectiveness of its controls and procedures may also be limited by simple errors or faulty judgments. Continually enhancing its internal controls is important, especially as the Company expands, and the challenges involved in implementing appropriate internal controls over financial reporting will increase. Although the Company intends to devote substantial time to ongoing compliance with this, including incurring the necessary costs associated with therewith, it cannot be certain that it will be successful in complying with section 404 of SOX. The Company has documented and tested its internal controls procedure which it believes to be appropriately designed as at December 31, 2018. Government Regulation The Company’s business, mining operations and exploration and development activities are subject to extensive federal, state, territorial and local laws and regulations governing exploration, development, production, exports, taxes, labour standards, waste disposal, protection of the environment, reclamation, historic and cultural resource preservation, mine safety and occupational health, control of toxic substances, reporting and other matters. Although the Company believes that its exploration activities are currently carried out in accordance with all applicable rules and regulations, new rules and regulations may be enacted, and existing rules and regulations may be applied in a manner that could limit or curtail production or development of the Company’s properties. Amendments to current laws and regulations governing the operations and activities of the Company or more stringent implementation thereof could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. See also “Risk Factors - Foreign Operations and Political Risk”. The Canadian Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act and the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and anti-bribery laws in jurisdictions in which the Company does business, prohibit companies from making improper payments for commercial advantage or other business purposes. The Company’s policies mandate compliance with these anti-bribery laws, which carry substantial penalties. While the Company does not operate in countries with experienced public and private sector corruption, violations of such laws, or allegations of such violation could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position and results of operations. 23 Acquisitions and Integration From time to time, the Company examines opportunities to acquire additional mining assets and businesses. Any acquisition that the Company may choose to complete may be of a significant size, may change the scale of the Company’s business and operations, and may expose the Company to new geographic, political, operating, financial and geological risks. The Company’s success in its acquisition activities depends on its ability to identify suitable acquisition candidates, negotiate acceptable terms for any such acquisition, and integrate the acquired operations successfully with those of the Company. Any acquisitions would be accompanied by risks. For example, there may be a significant change in commodity prices after the Company has committed to complete the transaction and established the purchase price or exchange ratio; a material ore body may prove to be below expectations; the Company may have difficulty integrating and assimilating the operations and personnel of any acquired companies, realizing anticipated synergies and maximizing the financial and strategic position of the combined enterprise, and maintaining uniform standards, policies and controls across the organization; the integration of the acquired business or assets may disrupt the Company’s ongoing business and its relationships with employees, customers, suppliers and contractors; and the acquired business or assets may have unknown liabilities which may be significant. In the event that the Company chooses to raise debt capital to finance any such acquisition, the Company’s leverage will be increased. If the Company chooses to use equity as consideration for such acquisition, existing shareholders may experience dilution. Alternatively, the Company may choose to finance any such acquisition with its existing resources. There can be no assurance that the Company would be successful in overcoming these risks or any other problems encountered in connection with such acquisitions. Australian Foreign Investment Law Pursuant to Australian law, a person acquiring control or direction, directly or indirectly, of 15% or more of the securities of the Company may be required to obtain prior approval from the Australian Foreign Investment Review Board. An investor who fails to obtain such approval may be subject to fines or may be forced to dispose of a portion of the investment. Investors should consult their own legal advisors prior to making any investment in securities of the Company. Additional Capital The exploration and development of the Company’s properties, including continuing exploration and development projects, and the construction of mining facilities and commencement of mining operations, may require substantial additional financing. Failure to obtain sufficient financing will result in a delay or indefinite postponement of exploration, development or production on any or all of the Company’s properties or even a loss of a property interest. Additional financing may not be available when needed or if available, the terms of such financing might not be favourable to the Company and might involve substantial dilution to existing shareholders. Failure to raise capital when needed would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Market Price of Securities The Common Shares are listed on the TSX, NYSE and the ASX. Securities markets have had a high level of price and volume volatility, and the market price of securities of many resource companies have experienced wide fluctuations in price that have not necessarily been related to the operating performance, underlying asset values or prospects of such companies. Factors unrelated to the financial performance or prospects of Kirkland Lake Gold include macroeconomic developments locally and globally and market perceptions of the attractiveness of particular industries. There can be no assurance that continued fluctuations in mineral prices will not occur. As a result of any of these factors, the market price of the securities of the Company at any given point in time may not accurately reflect the Company’s long-term value. In response to periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, shareholders may institute class action securities litigation. Such litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial cost and diversion of management attention and resources, which could significantly harm profitability and the reputation of Kirkland Lake Gold. 24 Liquidity Risk The Company has in the past and may in the future seek to acquire additional funding by the sale of Common Shares, the sale of assets or through the assumption of additional debt. Movements in the price of the Common Shares have been volatile in the past and may be volatile in the future. Furthermore, liquidity of the Company’s securities may be impacted by large shareholders. Community Relations The Company’s relationships with the communities in which it operates, and other stakeholders are critical to ensure the future success of its existing operations and the construction and development of its projects. There is an increasing level of public concern relating to the perceived effect of mining activities on the environment and on communities impacted by such activities. Publicity adverse to the Company, its operations or extractive industries generally, could have an adverse effect on the Company and may impact relationships with the communities in which Kirkland Lake Gold operates and other stakeholders. While the Company is committed to operating in a socially responsible manner, there can be no assurance that its efforts in this respect will mitigate this potential risk. Further, damage to the Company’s reputation can be the result of the perceived or actual occurrence of any number of events, and could include any negative publicity, whether true or not. The increased usage of social media and other web-based tools used to generate, publish and discuss user-generated content and to connect with other users has made it increasingly easier for individuals and groups to communicate and share opinions and views in regard to the Company and its activities, whether true or not. While the Company strives to uphold and maintain a positive image and reputation, the Company does not ultimately have control over how it is perceived by others. Reputation loss may lead to increased challenges in developing, maintaining community relations and advancing its projects and decreased investor confidence, all of which may have a material adverse impact on the financial performance and growth of the Company. First Nations and Aboriginal Heritage First Nations title claims, and Aboriginal heritage issues may affect the ability of the Company to pursue exploration, development and mining on its properties. The resolution of First Nations and Aboriginal heritage issues is an integral part of exploration and mining operations in Canada and Australia and the Company is committed to managing any issues that may arise effectively. However, in view of the inherent legal and factual uncertainties relating to such issues, no assurance can be given that material adverse consequences will not arise. Construction and Development of New Mines The success of construction projects and the development of new mines by the Company is subject to a number of factors including the availability and performance of engineering and construction contractors, mining contractors, suppliers and consultants, the receipt of required governmental approvals and permits in connection with the construction of mining facilities, the conduct of mining operations (including environmental permits), and the successful completion and operation of ore passes, among other operational elements. Any delay in the performance of any one or more of the contractors, suppliers, consultants or other persons on which the Company is dependent in connection with its construction activities, a delay in or failure to receive the required governmental approvals and permits in a timely manner or on reasonable terms, or a delay in or failure in connection with the completion and successful operation of the operational elements of new mines could delay or prevent the construction and start-up of new mines as planned. There can be no assurance that current or future construction and start-up plans implemented by the Company will be successful, that the Company will be able to obtain sufficient funds to finance construction and start-up activities, that personnel and equipment will be available in a timely manner or on reasonable terms to successfully complete construction projects, that the Company will be able to obtain all necessary governmental approvals and permits or that the construction, start-up and ongoing operating costs associated with the development of new mines will not be significantly higher than anticipated by the Company. Any of the foregoing factors could adversely impact the operations and financial condition of the Company. 25 Some of the Company’s projects have no operating history upon which to base estimates of future cash flow. The capital expenditures and time required to develop new mines or other projects are considerable and changes in costs or construction schedules can affect project economics. Thus, it is possible that actual costs may change significantly, and economic returns may differ materially from the Company’s estimates. Commercial viability of a new mine or development project is predicated on many factors. Mineral reserves and mineral resources projected by feasibility studies and technical assessments performed on the projects may not be realized, and the level of future metal prices needed to ensure commercial viability may not materialize. Consequently, there is a risk that start-up of new mine and development projects may be subject to write-down and/or closure as they may not be commercially viable. Availability and Costs of Infrastructure, Energy and Other Commodities Mining, processing, development and exploration activities depend, to one degree or another, on adequate infrastructure. Reliable roads, bridges, power sources and water supply are important determinants that affect capital and operating costs. Unusual or infrequent weather phenomena, sabotage, government or other interference in the maintenance or provision of such infrastructure could adversely affect Kirkland Lake Gold’s operations, financial condition and results of operations. The profitability of the Company’s operations will be dependent upon the cost and availability of commodities which are consumed or otherwise used in connection with the Company’s operations and projects, including, but not limited to, diesel, fuel, natural gas, electricity, steel and concrete. Commodity prices fluctuate widely and are affected by numerous factors beyond the control of the Company. If there is a significant and sustained increase in the cost of certain commodities, the Company may decide that it is not economically feasible to continue all of the Company’s commercial production and development activities and this could have an adverse effect on profitability. Higher worldwide demand for critical resources like input commodities, drilling equipment, mobile mining equipment, tires and skilled labour could affect the Company’s ability to acquire them and lead to delays in delivery and unanticipated cost increases, which could have an effect on the Company’s operating costs, capital expenditures and production schedules. Further, the Company relies on certain key third-party suppliers and contractors for services, equipment, raw materials used in, and the provision of services necessary for, the development, construction and continuing operation of its assets. As a result, the Company’s activities at its mine sites are subject to a number of risks, some of which are outside its control, including negotiating agreements with suppliers and contractors on acceptable terms, the inability to replace a supplier or a contractor and its equipment, raw materials or services in the event that either party terminates the agreement, interruption of operations or increased costs in the event that a supplier or contractor ceases its business due to insolvency or other unforeseen event and failure of a supplier or contractor to perform under its agreement with the Company. The occurrences of one or more of these events could have a material effect on the business, results of operations and financial condition of the Company. Nature and Climatic Conditions The Company and the mining industry are facing continued geotechnical challenges, which could adversely impact the Company’s production and profitability. Unanticipated adverse geotechnical and hydrological conditions, such as landslides, droughts, pit wall failures and rock fragility may occur in the future and such events may not be detected in advance. Geotechnical instabilities and adverse climatic conditions can be difficult to predict and are often affected by risks and hazards outside of the Company’s control, such as severe weather and considerable rainfall, which may lead to periodic floods, mudslides, wall instability and seismic activity, which may result in slippage of material. Geotechnical failures could result in limited or restricted access to mine sites, suspension of operations, government investigations, increased monitoring costs, remediation costs, loss of ore and other impacts, which could cause one or more of the Company’s projects to be less profitable than currently anticipated and could result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial position. At the Fosterville Mine, ore is processed by crushing 26 and grinding followed by flotation, bacterial oxidation and carbon in leach (CIL) circuits. Downtime at the Fosterville BIOX® plant impacts bacterial activity and gold recovery in the BIOX® circuit, which could have a negative effect on the financial condition and results of operation of the mine. Kirkland Lake Gold has properties located in the Northern Territory, Australia. Typically, the Northern Territory’s tropical wet season is from the end of November to the end of March. During the wet season, the properties may be subject to unpredictable weather conditions such as cyclones, heavy rains, strong winds and flash flooding. Kirkland Lake Gold has undertaken several steps to minimize the effects of the wet season on its operations including sealing roads, accommodating the build-up of mined inventory and planning exploration and mining activities around the wet season. Nonetheless, no assurance can be given that the unpredictable weather conditions will not adversely affect mining and exploration activities. In particular, mining, drilling and exploration activities may be suspended due to poor ground conditions, ore haulage activities may be slowed or delayed as roads may be temporarily flooded, and deposits where the host rock is clayish in nature may have to be mined or processed at slower than anticipated rates and/or mixed with lower grade stockpile ore. The Company’s mining and processing operations are, in some instances, energy intensive. While the Company has initiated numerous processes to reduce its overall carbon footprint, such as the use of electric battery powered mining equipment, the Company acknowledges climate change as an international and community concern. Legislation and regulations relating to emission levels and energy efficiency are becoming more rigorous and may result in increased costs at its Canadian and Australian operations. While the Company has taken measures to manage the use of energy, such regulatory requirements may have an adverse impact on the Company. Information Technology The Company is reliant on the continuous and uninterrupted operations of its information technology (“ IT ”) systems. User access and security of all IT systems are critical elements to the operations of the Company. The Company’s operations depend, in part, on how well the Company and its suppliers protect networks, equipment, IT systems and software against damage from a number of threats, including, but not limited to, cable cuts, damage to physical plants, natural disasters, terrorism, fire, power loss, hacking, computer viruses, vandalism and theft. The Company’s operations also depend on the timely maintenance, upgrade and replacement of networks, equipment, IT systems and software, as well as pre-emptive expenses to mitigate the risks of failures. Any IT failure pertaining to availability, access or system security could result in disruption for personnel and could adversely affect the reputation, operations or financial performance of the Company. The Company’s IT systems could be compromised by unauthorized parties attempting to extract business sensitive, confidential or personal information, corrupting information or disrupting business processes or by inadvertent or intentional actions by the Company’s employees or vendors. A cyber security incident resulting in a security breach or failure to identify a security threat, could disrupt business and could result in the loss of business sensitive, confidential or personal information or other assets, as well as litigation, regulatory enforcement, violation of privacy and security laws and regulations and remediation costs. Although to date the Company has not experienced any material losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches, there can be no assurance that it will not incur such losses in the future. The Company’s risk and exposure to these matters cannot be fully mitigated because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats. As a result, cyber security and the continued development and enhancement of controls, processes and practices designed to protect systems, computers, software, data and networks from attack, damage or unauthorized access remain a priority. As cyber threats continue to evolve, the Company may be required to expend additional resources to continue to modify or enhance protective measures or to investigate and remediate any security vulnerabilities. Social media and other web-based information sharing applications may result in negative publicity or have the effect of damaging the reputation of the Company, whether or not such publicity is in fact verified, truthful or correct. The Company places a great emphasis on ensuring the highest reputational standards, however, it may not have the ability to control how it is perceived by others. Reputational loss may result in challenges in developing and maintaining community and shareholder relations and decreased investor confidence. 27 Permitting The Company’s operations are subject to receiving and maintaining permits from appropriate governmental authorities. There is no assurance that delays will not occur in connection with obtaining all necessary renewals of permits for the Company’s existing operations, additional permits for any possible future changes to operations, or additional permits associated with new legislation. Prior to any development on any of its properties, the Company must receive permits from appropriate governmental authorities. There can be no assurance that the Company will continue to hold all permits necessary to develop or continue operating at any particular property. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial position. Insurance and Uninsured Risks Kirkland Lake Gold’s business is subject to a number of risks and hazards generally, including: adverse environmental conditions; industrial accidents; labour disputes; unusual or unexpected geological conditions; ground or slope failures; cave-ins; changes in the regulatory environment; and natural phenomena such as inclement weather conditions, floods and earthquakes. Such occurrences could result in damage to mineral properties or production facilities, personal injury or death, environmental damage to Kirkland Lake Gold’s properties or the properties of others, delays in mining, monetary losses and possible legal liability. The businesses and properties of Kirkland Lake Gold are insured against loss or damage, subject to a number of limitations and qualifications. Such insurance will not cover all the potential risks associated with a mining company’s operations. Kirkland Lake Gold may also be unable to maintain insurance to cover these risks at economically feasible premiums. Insurance coverage may not continue to be available or may not be adequate to cover any resulting liability. Moreover, insurance against risks such as environmental pollution or other hazards as a result of exploration and production is not generally available to Kirkland Lake Gold or to other companies in the mining industry on acceptable terms. The Company might also become subject to liability for pollution or other hazards that it may not be insured against or that Kirkland Lake Gold may elect not to insure against because of premium costs or other reasons. The Company may suffer a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations, cash flows and financial position if it incurs a material loss related to any significant event that is not covered, or adequately covered, by its insurance policies. Competition The mining industry is intensely competitive in all of its phases and Kirkland Lake Gold competes with many companies possessing greater financial and technical resources than itself. Competition in the precious metals mining industry is primarily for mineral rich properties that can be developed and produced economically; the technical expertise to find, develop, and operate such properties; the labour to operate the properties; and the capital for the purpose of funding such properties. Many competitors not only explore for and mine precious metals, but also conduct refining and marketing operations on a global basis. Such competition may result in Kirkland Lake Gold being unable to acquire desired properties, to recruit or retain qualified employees or to acquire the capital necessary to fund its operations and develop its properties. Existing or future competition in the mining industry could materially adversely affect Kirkland Lake Gold’s prospects for mineral exploration and success in the future. Currency Fluctuations Currency fluctuations may affect the Company’s capital costs and the costs that the Company incurs at its operations. Gold is sold throughout the world based principally on a United States dollar price, but most of the Company’s operating and capital expenses are incurred in Australian dollars and Canadian dollars. The appreciation of these currencies against the United States dollar would increase the costs of gold production at such mining operations, which could materially and adversely affect Kirkland Lake Gold’s profitability, results of operations and financial position. Tax Matters 28 The Company’s taxes are affected by several factors, some of which are outside of its control, including the application and interpretation of the relevant tax laws and treaties. If the Company’s filing position, application of tax incentives or similar “holidays” or benefits were to be challenged for any reason, this could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition. The Company is subject to routine tax audits by various tax authorities. Tax audits may result in additional tax, interest payments and penalties which would negatively affect the Company’s financial condition and operating results. New laws and regulations or changes in tax rules and regulations or the interpretation of tax laws by the courts or the tax authorities may also have a substantial negative impact on the Company’s business. There is no assurance that the Company’s current financial condition will not be materially adversely affected in the future due to such changes. Foreign Mining Tax Regimes Mining tax regimes in foreign jurisdictions are subject to differing interpretations and are subject to constant change. The Company’s interpretation of taxation law as applied to its transactions and activities may not coincide with that of the tax authorities. As a result, transactions may be challenged by tax authorities and the Company’s operations may be assessed, which could result in significant additional taxes, penalties and interest. In addition, proposed changes to mining tax regimes in foreign jurisdictions could result in significant additional taxes payable by the Company, which would have a negative impact on the financial results of Kirkland Lake Gold. Litigation All industries, including the mining industry, are subject to legal claims, with and without merit. Legal proceedings may arise from time to time in the course of the Company’s business. Such litigation may be brought in the future against Kirkland Lake Gold or one or more of its Subsidiaries or the Company or one or more of its Subsidiaries may be subject to another form of litigation. Defense and settlement costs of legal claims can be substantial, even with respect to claims that have no merit. As of the date hereof, no material claims have been brought against the Company, nor has the Company received an indication that any material claims are forthcoming. However, due to the inherent uncertainty of the litigation process, should a material claim be brought against the Company, the process of defending such claims could take away from the time and effort management of the Company would otherwise devote to its business operations and the resolution of any particular legal proceeding to which the Company or one or more of its Subsidiaries may become subject could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position and results of operations. Title to the Company’s Mining Claims and Leases The acquisition and maintenance of title to mineral properties is a very detailed and time-consuming process. While the Company has carried out reviews of title to its mining claims and leases, this should not be construed as a guarantee that title to such interests will not be challenged or impugned. Title insurance is generally not available for mineral properties and the Company’s ability to ensure that it has obtained secure mine tenure may be severely constrained. Third parties may have valid claims underlying portions of the Company’s interests, including prior unregistered liens, agreements, royalty transfers or claims, including native land claims, other encumbrances and title may be affected by, among other things, undetected defects. The Company has had difficulty in registering ownership of certain titles in its own name due to the demise of the original vendors of such titles when owned by the Company’s predecessors-in-title. If these challenges are successful, this could have an adverse effect on the development of the Company’s properties as well as its results of operations, cash flows and financial position. In addition, the Company may be unable to operate its properties as permitted or to enforce its rights with respect to its properties. Dependence on Outside Parties Kirkland Lake Gold has relied upon consultants, engineers, contractors and other parties and intends to rely on these parties for exploration, development, construction and operating expertise. Substantial expenditures are required to construct mines, to establish mineral reserves through drilling, to carry out environmental and social impact assessments, to develop metallurgical processes to extract metal from ore and, in the case of new properties, to develop the exploration 29 and plant infrastructure at any particular site. Deficient or negligent work or work not completed in a timely manner could have a material adverse effect on Kirkland Lake Gold. Dependence on Key Management Personnel The Company is dependent upon a number of key management personnel. The Company’s ability to manage its operating, development, exploration and financing activities will depend in large part on the efforts of these individuals. As the Company’s business grows, it will require additional key financial, administrative, mining, marketing and public relations personnel as well as additional staff for operations. The Company faces intense competition for qualified personnel, and there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to attract and retain such personnel. The loss of the services of one or more key employees or the failure to attract and retain new personnel could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s ability to manage and expand the Company’s business. Labour and Employment Matters Production at the Company’s mining operations is dependent upon the efforts of its employees and the Company’s operations would be adversely affected if it fails to maintain satisfactory labour relations. Factors such as work slowdowns or stoppages caused by the attempted unionization of operations and difficulties in recruiting qualified miners and hiring and training new miners could materially adversely affect the Company’s business. This would have a negative effect on the Company’s business and results of operations; which might result in the Company not meeting its business objectives. In addition, relations between the Company and its employees may be affected by changes in the scheme of labour relations that may be introduced by the relevant governmental authorities in whose jurisdictions the Company carries on business. Changes in such legislation or in the relationship between the Company and its employees may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition. There is a collective bargaining agreement in place at the Fosterville Mine which currently covers approximately 308 employees primarily in mining, processing and maintenance. The agreement was entered into in July 2018 and received approval from the Fair Work Commission in March 2019. Accordingly, the collective bargaining agreement at the Fosterville Mine became effective on March 20, 2019 and will expire on June 30, 2021. Since commencing operations at the Fosterville Mine in 2005, no threats of industrial action or work stoppage have been made, nor are they expected to be made in future. The Company has sufficient skilled miners to carry on operations. There are currently no material labour shortages with the Company operating near its budgeted manning levels. See “Employees”. Conflicts of Interest Certain of the directors and officers of the Company also serve as directors and/or officers of other companies involved in natural resource exploration and development and, consequently, there exists the possibility for such directors and officers to be in a position of conflict. The Company expects that any decision made by any of such directors and officers involving the Company will be made in accordance with their duties and obligations to deal fairly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the Company and its shareholders, but there can be no assurance in this regard. In addition, each of the Company’s directors is required to declare and refrain from voting on any matter in which such directors may have a conflict of interest or which are governed by the procedures set forth in the OBCA and any other applicable law. In the event that the Company’s directors and officers are subject to conflicts of interest, there may be a material adverse effect on its business. Set forth below under the heading “Material Properties” are the mineral resource and mineral reserve estimates for the Company’s material mineral properties as at December 31, 2018. Such estimates were based on the following reports: SUMMARY OF MINERAL RESERVE AND MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES 30 1. Report on the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves of the Fosterville Gold Mine, Victoria, Australia, dated April 1, 2019 and effective December 31, 2018, prepared by Troy Fuller, MAIG, and Ion Hann, FAusIMM, each of whom is a “qualified person” pursuant to NI 43-101 (the “ Fosterville Technical Report ”). 2. Macassa Property, Ontario, Canada, Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report, dated April 1, 2019 and effective December 31, 2018, prepared by Mariana Pinheiro Harvey, P. Eng., Robert Glover, P. Geo, William Tai, P. Eng., Ben Harwood, P. Geo., each of whom is a “qualified person” pursuant to NI 43-101 (the “ Macassa Technical Report ”). For the purposes of this Annual Information Form, Kirkland Lake Gold has identified its Fosterville Mine and Macassa Mine as material properties. The following is a description of Kirkland Lake Gold’s material properties. Mineral resource and mineral reserve estimates are prepared in accordance with CIM’s Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (2014), as amended. MATERIAL PROPERTIES The Fosterville Mine The below summary is a direct extract and reproduction of the summary contained in the Fosterville Technical Report, without material modification or revision and all defined terms used in the summary shall have the meanings ascribed to them in the Fosterville Technical Report. The below summary is subject to all the assumptions, qualifications and procedures set out in the Fosterville Technical Report. The Fosterville Technical Report was prepared in accordance with NI 43-101. For full technical details of the report, reference should be made to the complete text of the Fosterville Technical Report, which has been filed with the applicable regulatory authorities and is available under the Company’s SEDAR profile at www.sedar.com. The Fosterville Technical Report is incorporated by reference in this Annual Information Form and the summary set forth below is qualified in its entirety with reference to the full text of the Fosterville Technical Report. The authors of the Fosterville Technical Report have reviewed and approved the scientific and technical disclosure contained in this Annual Information Form related to the Fosterville Mine. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Fosterville Technical Report was prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (Kirkland Lake Gold), the beneficial owner of the Fosterville Mine. This summary provides the mineral resource and mineral reserve estimates for the Fosterville Gold Mine (Fosterville or FGM) as a result of ongoing exploration and resource definition drilling, and mine design and evaluation during the period December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Location The Fosterville Gold Mine is located approximately 20km east of the city of Bendigo and 130km north of the city of Melbourne in the State of Victoria, Australia. The mine and all associated infrastructure including the tailings dam and waste dumps are located on Mining License 5404, which is 100% owned by Kirkland Lake Gold. Kirkland Lake Gold also holds titles, through its wholly owned subsidiary; Fosterville Gold Mine Pty Ltd of seven surrounding Exploration Licenses totaling 1851.4km 2 . These Exploration Licenses encompass the entire strike extent of the Fosterville goldfield. History and Ownership 31 Gold was first discovered in the Fosterville area in 1894 with mining activity continuing until 1903 for a total of 28koz of production. Mining in this era was confined to the near-surface oxide material. Aside from a minor tailings retreatment in the 1930’s, activity resumed in 1988 with a further tailings retreatment program conducted by Bendigo Gold Associates, which ceased in 1989. Mining recommenced in 1991 when Brunswick Mining NL and then Perseverance Corporation Ltd. (from 1992) commenced heap-leaching operations from shallow oxide open pits. Between 1988, and the cessation of oxide mining in 2001, a total of 240koz of gold were produced (Roberts et al, 2003). A feasibility study into a sulfide mining operation was completed by Perseverance in 2003, and open pit mining commenced in early 2004. Commercial production began in April 2005 and in March 2006 underground development had commenced. By December 2006, FGM had produced 136,882oz gold. In October 2007, Perseverance announced that it had entered into an agreement with Northgate Minerals Corporation to acquire the company with full control passing to Northgate in February 2008. The 500,000th ounce of sulfide gold production was achieved in April 2011. In August 2011, Northgate entered into a merger agreement with AuRico Gold Inc. who assumed control of Northgate in October 2011. In March 2012, AuRico Gold Inc. and Crocodile Gold jointly announced that Crocodile Gold would acquire the Fosterville and Stawell gold mines. Crocodile Gold’s ownership of the Fosterville Mine was achieved on May 4, 2012. In July 2015, Newmarket Gold merged with Crocodile Gold to form Newmarket Gold Inc. In January 2016 a significant milestone in the Fosterville Mine’s history was reached when the one millionth ounce of gold was poured. On November 30, 2016, Kirkland Lake Gold Inc. combined with Newmarket to form a new mid-tier gold company which was renamed “Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd.”. Kirkland Lake Gold has since rapidly increased the output of the Fosterville Mine operation based on its exploration success, in particular, the development of the high grade Eagle and Swan mineralized zones. Gold production has grown year on year facilitated by increasing grade profiles at depth, with annual mine output expanding from 151,755oz at 7.55g/t Au in 2016 to 356,230oz at 24.93g/t Au in 2018. By early May 2018, the Fosterville Mine had produced its 1.5 millionth ounce and as of December 31st, 2018 it has achieved a total production of 1,772,670 ounces since the construction of the sulfide plant in April 2005. Geology and Mineralization The Fosterville goldfield is located within the Bendigo Zone of the Lachlan Orogen in south-eastern Australia. The deposit is hosted by an interbedded turbidite sequence of sandstones, siltstones and shales. This sequence has been weakly metamorphosed to sub-greenschist facies and folded into a set of upright, north-northwest trending and shallowly south plunging open to closed folds. The folding resulted in the formation of a series of bedding parallel laminated quartz (LQ) veins and bedding parallel thrust faults. Gold and associated sulfide mineralization at Fosterville is controlled by late brittle faulting and fracturing. These brittle faults are generally steeply west-dipping, reverse faults with a series of moderately west-dipping, reverse splay faults formed in the footwall of the main faults. There are also less abundant, moderately southeast and southwest-dipping faults which govern high grade visible gold mineralization along the Eagle and Swan zones. Two main styles of gold mineralization occur at Fosterville; a sediment- hosted sub-micron refractory style where gold is locked in disseminated arsenopyrite and pyrite crystals which form selvages to quartz-carbonate vein stockworks throughout the 9km long fault system, and a gold-in-vein mineralization style where visible gold is hosted in quartz-carbonate veins that show laminated and stylolitic vein textures as well as brecciation. Gold mineralization is structurally controlled with high-grade zones localized by the geometric relationship between bedding-parallel and oblique faults. Mineralized shoots are typically 4-15m thick and show down-dip and down-plunge dimensions of 50-150m and 300 -2,000m+ respectively. Antimony mineralization, mainly in the form of stibnite, occurs with quartz and varies from replacement and infill of earlier quartz-carbonate stockwork veins, to massive stibnite-only veins up to 0.5m in width. The late stibnite-quartz mineralization occurs in favorable structural locations, such as the Phoenix, Eagle and Swan vein and fault structures and therefore shows a spatial association with visible gold. The occurrence of visible gold has become increasingly significant at Fosterville and is observed more frequently at greater depth within the Lower Phoenix System. Throughout 32 2016 to 2018, visible gold (≤3mm in size) was also observed with notably increased frequency, in deeper parts of the Harrier System and also within the nearby Robbin’s Hill exploration target. Fosterville engaged Quantitative Geoscience (QG) in November 2014, in response to the noted increased frequency of visible gold occurrences at depth, to provide external advice and coarse-gold expertize regarding the implications to resource estimation and mine geology practices. Throughout 2015 and 2016 QG continued to assist FGM through review of current practices and provided technical theory and background to sampling, assaying and resource modeling in coarse (and nuggetty) gold environments. In May 2017, Fosterville engaged SRK Consulting (Australasia) Pty. Ltd. (SRK) to provide an external independent review of laboratory sampling, sample preparation, assay procedures and estimation methodology. Whilst no sub-sampling and assay bias were identified during the review, recommendations were made to test and/or improve the laboratory processes in order to minimize the potential for sub-sampling and assay bias. In regard to modeling methodology, SRK made recommendations related to sub- domaining, de-clustering, top cutting and validation which have been implemented in the December 2018 mineral resource estimate. Current Status Since the commencement of commercial gold production in April 2005, the sulfide plant at the Fosterville Mine has produced 1,772,670oz of gold to the end of December 2018. This production was initially sourced solely from open cut mining with underground mining starting to contribute from late 2006. The Harrier open cut was completed in December 2007 and since that time the underground mine has been the primary source of ore. Ore sourced from a series of pit expansions on the previously mined Harrier, John’s and O’Dwyer’s South pits between Q1 2011 and Q4 2012 has provided supplementary feed to underground ore sources. Since the beginning of 2013 underground operations has been the sole provider of mill feed at Fosterville. Current mining activities are focused on the Central, Phoenix and Harrier underground areas and current gold production guidance for 2019 is 550-610koz. Kirkland Lake Gold’s 2019 budget for FGM exploration and resource development activities is estimated at A$56.3 million. It includes 176km of exploration and resource definition diamond drilling, 28km of RC/RAB drilling, soil sampling, geophysical surveys and mining development of dedicated underground drill platforms (537m). Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves The mineral resources reported are contained within the mining license MIN5404 and exploration license EL3539. Mineral reserves reported are fully contained within the mining license MIN5404 . The mineral resource areas of Central, Southern, Harrier and Robbin’s Hill are historically defined resource areas, which were established at different times in the evolution of the project. The Central Area contains multiple mineral resource models, primarily for reasons of data handling. Details on mineral resource block model extents can be seen in Figure 14-1 of the Fosterville Technical Report. Mineral resources are reported exclusive of mineral reserves. (Table 1-1). All mineral reserves are contained within the Central and Harrier mineral resource areas. Mineral reserves contained within the Central mineral resource area have been subdivided into Central and Phoenix mineral reserves. CIL residue mineral reserves are distinguished from in situ mineral reserves in Table 1-2 on the basis of differing recovery assumptions. TABLE 1‑‑1 SUMMARIZED MINERAL RESOURCES (EXCLUSIVE OF MINERAL RESERVE) FOR FGM AS AT DECEMBER 31, 2018 33 Classification Measured Indicated Total (Measured and Indicated) Inferred Oxide and Sulfide Materials Tonnes (000's) 1,900 12,900 14,800 10,300 Gold Grade (g/t Au) 2.9 4.7 4.4 5.5 Insitu Gold Ounces (000's) 177 1,930 2,110 1,830 CIM definitions (2014) were followed in the estimation of mineral resources. For the mineral resource estimate, the Qualified Person is Troy Fuller. The mineral resources reported are exclusive of the mineral reserves. See notes provided for Table 14-1 in the Fosterville Technical Report for more detail on oxide and sulfide resources. Tonnes and Ounces reported to three significant figures. Grades reported to one decimal place. Minor discrepancies in summation may occur due to rounding. Notes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. mineral resources are not mineral reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability. The mineral resource estimate used a gold price of US$1,230 per ounce (A$1,710 per ounce). 7. 8. Cut-off grades applied are 0.7 g/t Au for oxide, 1.0 g/t Au for near-surface sulfide (above 5050mRL) and 3.0 g/t Au for underground sulfide mineralization (below 5050mRL). 9. Dry Bulk Density of mineralized material applied are 2.40t/m 3 for oxide, 2.56t/m 3 for transitional material, 2.64t/m 3 for fresh material between 5000 and 5050mRL, 2.72t/m 3 for fresh material between 4500 and 5000mRL, and 2.78t/m 3 for fresh material below 4500mRL. TABLE 1‑‑2 SUMMARIZED MINERAL RESERVES FOR FGM AS AT DECEMBER 31, 2018 Classification Proven Probable Total (Proven and Probable) Proven Tonnes (000's) 178 2,550 2,720 683 CIL Residues Gold Grade (g/t Au) 16.7 32.0 31.0 7.60 Insitu Gold Ounces (000's) 96 2,620 2,720 168 CIM definitions (2014) were followed in the estimation of mineral reserves. For the mineral reserves estimate, the Qualified Person is Ion Hann. The mineral reserve estimate used a gold price of US$1,230 per ounce (A$1,710 per ounce). The cut-off grades applied ranged from 2.0 to 5.4 g/t Au for underground sulfide ore depending upon width, mining method and ground conditions. Notes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Dilution ranging from 5 to 50% and mining recovery ranging from 50 to 95% were applied to stopes within the mineral reserves estimate. 6. 7. Tonnes and ounces reported to three significant figures. Grades reported to one decimal place. Minor discrepancies in summation may occur due to rounding. CIL residue is stated as contained ounces - 25% recovery is expected. Recoveries are based on operating performances. Conclusions and Recommendations The authors of the Fosterville Technical Report have made the following interpretations and conclusions: • The understanding of the fundamental geological controls on mineralization at Fosterville is high. Primary mineralization is structurally controlled with high-grade zones localized by the geometric relationship between bedding and faults. This predictive model has led to considerable exploration success in following the down-plunge extensions of high-grade mineralization. ◦ The Lower Phoenix (Benu) Fault is a major west-dipping structure in the active mine development area and is defined by reverse faulting on a shale package where anticline thrust displacement of ~80m occurs. The fault dips 35-55° to the west and mineralization can be traced along an approximate dip extent of 190m and strike extent of 1.9km. The dominant mineralization style surrounding this structure is gold-bearing disseminated sulfide; however, occurrences of visible gold in quartz veins at depth have become increasingly more common and concentrated where footwall structures intersect one another. The Lower 34 Phoenix System currently remains open to the north and south so maximum plunge extent has not yet been defined. • Throughout the period from 2016 to 2018, development mapping and continued drilling confirmed the existence of multiple mineralized structures, of various size and continuity in the footwall of the main west-dipping Lower Phoenix (Benu) Fault, which present significant resource growth. Improved geological understanding of the Lower Phoenix System has highlighted the significance of these favorable settings for mineralization, including: ◦ ◦ East-dipping mineralized structures, namely the Eagle Fault and East Dipping Faults, which commonly contain quartz-stibnite vein assemblages and substantial concentrations of visible gold which are typically enveloped by haloes of disseminated sulfide. The Eagle Fault is discordant to bedding and variably dips between 10 and 60° to the east and transforms further to the south to strike in an ENE direction, dipping ~45° to the SSE. Mineralization on the Eagle Zone extends over a ~1km strike extent and is untested and open at depth below the 3805mRL and south of 6125mN. East Dipping Faults are typically bedding parallel to sub parallel with dips of ~70° east to sub-vertical. East Dipping structures are expansive along the strike extent of the Lower Phoenix system with highest intensity mineralization observed proximal to anticlinal hinge zones; and Low-angled Lower Phoenix Footwall west-dipping structures typically consist of large laminated quartz veins with up to several meters width, indicating a series of multiple mineralizing events, including a later stage quartz-stibnite phase with visible gold. The faults are interpreted to only have a small amount of offset. Where these structures form linkages between the Lower Phoenix and East Dipping Faults, extremely high-gold grades occur. • • • • During 2016, drilling extending footwall to the Lower Phoenix (Benu) Fault discovered the southwest-dipping Swan (previously reported as Lower Phoenix Footwall) mineralization, which occupies a reverse fault structure exhibiting rotational displacement. The southwest-dipping Swan Fault exists as an oblique structure cross-cutting the eastern limb of the anticline and is bounded by the Eagle Fault down-dip and the Kestrel Syncline at its upper margin. The structure is characterized by a one to three meter thick quartz vein, which exhibits various textural features. Textures include, unique spotted stibnite and visible gold within quartz, zones of brecciation, country rock and stibnite laminations (particularly concentrated on vein margins), styolitic textures with concentrated trends of visible gold, vugs containing euhedral crystalline quartz, +/- sulfides and visible gold, sugary crypto crystalline quartz textures and massive quartz zones containing specs and slugs of visible gold. On its periphery there is a lower-grade wall-rock selvage of sulfide dominated gold mineralization which can be up to 2m in true width. The Swan structure has returned some of the highest grade intercepts on the Fosterville License. Subsequent drilling during 2017 and 2018 reaffirmed the high-grade continuity of mineralization and increased the known extent of the this highly mineralized structure, which has now been defined over approximately 600m in strike length and 400m in vertical extent. During 2018, level developments and production stoping commenced on the Swan, increasing confidence in the extraordinary high grade nature of the ore shoot. Swan is the highest grade mineralized zone defined at Fosterville to date and contributes 2,340,000oz at an average grade of 49.6g/t Au (1,470,000 tonnes) to the updated December 31, 2018 mineral reserve estimate making up 86% of the total in situ mineral reserves. Extremely high grades in Swan are coincident with the intersection of the Eagle and Swan Splay Faults. Continued drilling from the hangingwall drill platforms during 2019 will advance the understanding of the size and scale of this resource growth target. Continued drill definition of these structures over 2018, in combination with ore development and production exposure and reconciliation performance has reaffirmed the significance of footwall structures to the Lower Phoenix (Benu) Fault. The defined continuity, proximity to existing mineral resources and high-grade tenor of these structures enhances the December 2018 mineral resource and reserve position. Furthermore, mineralization on these structures is open down-plunge, providing encouraging future mineral resource and mineral reserve growth potential for the Fosterville operation. 35 • • • • • • • • • Drilling into the Harrier System over 2016 identified high-grade mineralization containing occurrences of visible gold at depth, primarily associated with the Harrier Base structure. Resource drilling throughout 2017 and 2018 continued to support 2016 results and resource confidence has further increased in this zone. In addition, step out drilling identified significant mineralization approximately 100m to the south of the June 2017 Harrier Base Mineral Resource and up dip on the Osprey structure beneath the Daley’s Hill Pit indicating the potential for resource growth in this zone. The Harrier Base structure exhibits reverse thrust movement of approximately 60m. Visible gold is hosted within a laminated quartz-carbonate vein assemblage, which may contain minor amounts of stibnite. In the strongest mineralized zones, a broad halo of sulfide mineralization surrounds quartz structures bearing visible gold. The high-grade visible gold mineralization was first recognized at approximately the 4480mRL, a comparable elevation to where visible gold occurrences in the Lower Phoenix System became more prominent. The Harrier Base mineralization is open down dip and down plunge to the south. The down dip target is considered particularly prospective where the Harrier Base Fault intersects and offsets an anticline hinge. There is an observed change in the nature of some of the Fosterville mineralization at depth with a number of high-grade, quartz-carbonate +/- stibnite vein hosted, visible gold drill intercepts recorded for the Swan, Eagle, Lower Phoenix, Lower Phoenix Footwall, East Dipping and Harrier Zones. In addition, visible gold occurrences have been observed at depth in the Robbin’s Hill system in the north-east of the mining lease on a separate line of mineralization. Disseminated sulfide mineralization continues to persist at all depths and is relatively uniform in character. It is currently inferred that the quartz-carbonate +/-stibnite-visible gold assemblages have formed at a later stage compared to disseminated sulfide mineralization. Extensive 3D modelling and geological interpretation has led to the development of a robust geological understanding, which underpins the resource model and the associated mineral resource, and mineral reserve estimates. The relationship between mineralization and the controlling structural/stratigraphic architecture means that quality geological interpretation is critical to producing quality resource/reserve estimates. FGM has completed industry standard resource definition programs to delineate mineralization to support the current mineral resource estimation. This work has been accompanied by industry best practice QA/QC programs. Regional exploration drilling programs have been successful in increasing the strike length of known mineralized systems from ~11km to ~15km (including Goornong, Mill’s, Fosterville, Robbin’s Hill and O’Dwyer’s). In addition, programs have, confirmed the presence of gold bearing sulfide mineralization at May Reef and Lyell and identified two previously undiscovered lines of mineralization to the east of Goornong and to the west of Russell’s Reef. Geotechnical assessments of the orebody geometry and ground conditions and operational experience has determined that long-hole open stoping is an appropriate mining method. Extraction sequencing allows optimization of ore recovery while maintaining ground stability with stopes planned to be back filled with cemented rock fill or paste fill. The stability of the design has been checked with stress strain models that confirm that stopes and developments are predicted to remain stable during active mining. The modifying factors used to convert the mineral resources to mineral reserves have been refined with the operating experience gained since underground production commenced in September 2006. In particular, the robustness of the mining recovery and dilution estimates has improved relative to the pre-mining assessments. Productivities were generated from first principles and operational experience. In 2018, a second Knelson concentrator was commissioned in the SAG recirculating load to increase capacity at the front end of the circuit to recover gravity gold. The first Knelson concentrator was commissioned in April 2016 recovering gold from the recirculating load of the re-grind mill. The SAG and regrind mill gravity concentrates are separately tabled, calcined and poured for accounting purposes. Project plans are in place for 2019 to upgrade the refinery to accommodate increased gold production. No other major works are required and the processing facility has sufficient capacity to accommodate expansion without modification. There is no planned change to the existing plant recovery method. The QP’s opinion is that all deleterious elements are effectively managed and there are no identified processing factors that have a significant impact on economic extraction. 36 • • • • Required site infrastructure to support exploitation of mineral reserves is within industry norms. Planned capital infrastructure projects include Mine Water Treatment Plant construction, Ventilation Upgrades, Paste Fill Plant construction, Refinery Upgrade, Transformer Upgrade, Thiocyanate Removal Plant, Surface Chiller Plant construction and Drill Drive Development. There is a significant amount of existing environmental baseline data available for the project. This data continues to be collected and reported to the regulators as part of operational controls. FGM will continue to work closely with all key stakeholders to ensure that permitting of the mine growth projects meets all regulatory requirements. The Fosterville Mine has a demonstrated solid production history over a 13 year plus period since the beginning of commercial sulfide gold production in April 2005, and it is the view of the authors of the Technical Report that the risk of not achieving projected economic outcomes is low given the operational experience gained over this time period. A foreseeable risk and uncertainty facing the operation is the changing character of mineralization at depth with an increase in the occurrence of visible gold. Reconciliation results in the past have provided confidence in the sample collection procedures, the quality of assays and the mineral resource estimation method, but these processes will need to be continually adapted / refined in consideration of the changing mineralization character at depth. Kirkland Lake Gold needs to continue research to better understand the potential implications on future geological, mining and metallurgical processes and will continue to seek external advice during 2019 in relation to sampling, assaying and mineral resource estimation of visible gold mineralization. Based on recommendations from previous external reviews, projects plans have been developed and implemented. • In the opinion of the authors of the Fosterville Technical Report, there are no reasonably foreseen impacts from risks and uncertainties identified in the Technical Report that could affect the projects continued economic viability. In the current gold environment the operation is expected to continue to generate significant cash flows that will benefit the Company’s shareholders. The following recommendations are made: • • • • Further growth exploration activities within the mine license should be pursued. Given the strong understanding of geological controls on mineralization, this has high potential to yield additional resources and reserves. Particular areas that are recommended to focus upon are the down-plunge extensions of the Lower Phoenix system (southwards down-plunge from 6100mN), down plunge and down dip extensions of the Harrier system and the Robbin’s Hill system which is positioned approximately 2.5km to the north-east of current mine workings. Exploration of the Lower Phoenix system southwards of 6100mN is technically challenging from surface due to target depths and as such, Kirkland Lake Gold has established a dedicated underground drill platform (Harrier Exploration Drill Drive) to undertake this drilling. At the end of 2018 this development had progressed in a northerly direction to the extent that unexplored extensions of the Phoenix and Lower Phoenix mineral resources can now be targeted from this platform. The Harrier Drill Drive development will continue over 2019 to form a connection with the Lower Phoenix capital infrastructure. The long-term benefits of this development link are substantial beyond just, providing a hangingwall drill platform to explore the Lower Phoenix and Phoenix extensions over a 1.5km strike extent, but also in supporting production, as it will provide an alternative ore haulage route. Drilling targeting extensions of the Lower Phoenix and Phoenix systems from this platform in 2019 is estimated to cost A$5.1M. Given the potential of near mine exploration targets within the Mining License, it is recommended that growth drill programs are implemented in pursuit of defining potential mineral resources independent from current mining centers. Growth drill programs planned to be undertaken within the mining lease during 2019 include the Cygnet Drilling program, which will explore for gold mineralization located in the footwall of the Swan Fault, Fosterville Trend Step-Out Surface Drilling which will explore for new mineral resources along the overall north-northwest striking Fosterville Line trend up to 1.4km north of current mineral resources, and Robbin’s Hill Programs which will continue to build an understanding of the underground mineral reserve potential beneath the Robbin’s Hill pits. A total cost of A$12M is budgeted in 2019 to execute these programs. 37 • • Subsequent to the effective date of this report, FGM have been granted mining licence extensions to the north and south of the MIN5404 licence. These extensions increase the total area of the mining licence to 28.5km2 and encompass potential resource extensions of the Harrier and Robbin’s Hill Gold systems. It is recommended to drill these potential resource extensions. In particular, the extent and scale of the Harrier system should be defined and resources developed in a timely manner. With an increasing grade profile identified at depth and the establishment of high-grade mineral reserves at lower levels, it is strongly recommended that both the down-plunge and down dip extensions of the Harrier system are further explored. Growth projects step out drilling in Harrier for 2019 is estimated to cost A$2.6M. Subsequent to the effective date of this report, EL3539 (which encloses the current mining licence MIN5404) expired on February 26, 2019. The tenement was unable to be renewed under current state legislation and has been placed in moratorium (currently exempt from licence application). It is recommended to submit an exploration licence application once the moratorium has been lifted. The tenement area holds substantial exploration potential along multiple identified lines of mineralization. Fosterville has proven exploration, mining and processing capabilities and is in a good position to maximize the potential of any mineral resources identified in the exploration licence area. With exemplar status in areas of environment and community engagement, Fosterville is well positioned to retain exploration rights to this prospective ground. • • With numerous prospective targets generated from exploration works undertaken to date within the surrounding exploration leases it is recommended to advance the pipeline of regional targets. The regional exploration project termed Large Ore Deposit Exploration (LODE) aims to integrate and interpret all available geoscientific data, rapidly cover the current exploration holdings with reconnaissance exploration techniques such as soil sampling, airborne electromagnetic, gravity and seismic surveys and advance development of prospective targets with various drilling techniques. A total of A$15.5M has been estimated to undertake Fosterville LODE work during 2019. • • Growth Expensed diamond drilling is proposed for targeting extensions of known mineralized trends outside of mineral resources. The proposed drilling will target the extensions of Inferred mineral resources in both the Lower Phoenix and Harrier systems with the aim to deliver additional and sustaining mineral resource inventory and provide definition along mineral resource boundaries. Total cost for this program is estimated at A$5.7M. Growth Capital diamond drilling for a total cost of approximately A$5.0M is proposed for the systematic expansion of indicated mineral resources in the Lower Phoenix mineralized system. The proposed drilling will target inferred mineral resources, with the objective to increase resource confidence to an indicated mineral resource classification to allow for mineral reserve evaluation. The drilling will not only provide increased confidence in mineral resources which could lead to expansion of mineral reserves, but additional geological and geotechnical information ahead of mining, essential for optimizing the placement of supporting infrastructure and the effective extraction of the resource. • With this additional drilling data and further ongoing operational experience, it is recommended that mining recovery and dilution factors are reviewed and refined on an ongoing basis. • FGM should continue to undertake test-work programs and seek external advice in relation to sampling, assaying and mineral resource estimation of visible gold mineralization. • Mine reconciliation processes should be continually refined in pursuit of improved model and operational forecast accuracy. A review of reconciliation processes, including material management and reporting systems, the integration of additional instrumentation / measure points and new technologies should be investigated and implemented. • The Company will embark on a co-ordinated research program to advance understanding the detailed geological circumstances required to form high-grade orogenic gold deposits, and apply knowledge gained to discovery and extraction both at Fosterville and further afield. In addition, the Company will continue to advance its investigation and assessment of numerical exploration technologies with the objective to improve the quality, timing or ease of 38 obtaining data, which will benefit the confidence, reliability or costs related to decisions Fosterville uses the geological data for. The Macassa Mine The Macassa Technical Report has been prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold, the beneficial owner of the Macassa Mine. The Macassa Technical Report provides the mineral resource and mineral reserve stimates for the Macassa Mine that have resulted from ongoing exploration and resource definition drilling and as a result of ongoing mine design and evaluation during the period of January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018. The Macassa Mine is located in the Municipality of Kirkland Lake, Teck Township, District of Timiskaming, Ontario, Canada, at about 48°10’ N Latitude and 80°02’ W Longitude, approximately 600km north of Toronto. The Macassa Mine has had numerous owners since operations started in 1933. Operations have been continuous except for a brief period, when they were suspended in 1999 due to the depressed gold price and the mine was allowed to flood in 2000. Underground mining restarted in 2002. Kirkland Lake Gold holds title to 258 mining claims in Teck and Lebel Townships that covers 3,724 hectares. There are 188 patented claims, 11 crown leases and 59 staked claims. Over the last 10 years, the Macassa Mine production has been predominately from two production areas: the South Mine Complex (SMC) and the Main Break (MB). Mining first started in the MB and ‘04 Break, and in reference to production areas, the terms 04’ Break and Main Break are currently used interchangeably at Macassa. The SMC, the most recent zone in terms of production history, located to the south of the MB and the ‘04 Break, reveals a different style of mineralization that includes wide sulphide systems instead of quartz vein mineralization as seen in the other zones. Tellurides appear to be more prevalent in the SMC (e.g. calaverite). Currently, the SMC accounts for approximately 80% of Macassa Mine’s annual gold production. The Kirkland Lake mining camp is located in the west portion of the Archean Abitibi greenstone belt of the Abitibi Sub-province that forms part of the Superior Province in the Precambrian Shield. The Macassa deposit is hosted within the Timiskaming Group of rocks, which is approximately 3.2km wide and stretches from Kenogami Lake (Ontario) to the Quebec border. Host rocks are predominantly conglomerates and sandstones, trachytic lava flows and pyroclastic tuffs trending N65°E and dipping steeply to the south in the Kirkland Lake area. Gold mineralization occurs preferentially in the syenites. The Kirkland Lake-Larder Lake Break, and its associated splay faults and fracture system, form a complex, major structural feature that can be traced from Matachewan (west of Kirkland Lake) to Louvicourt (Quebec). It passes through, or near, current and historical mining areas, such as: Larder Lake, Rouyn-Noranda, Cadillac, Malartic, Val d’Or and Louvicourt. The Macassa Mine is hosted within a fault system located north of the main Kirkland Lake-Larder Lake Break, as individual fracture filled quartz veins from several centimetres to a few metres in thickness. Historical workings at Macassa indicate that gold was often associated with 1% to 3% pyrite and, sometimes, molybdenite or tellurides. Silver is found amalgamated with the gold and in tellurides. Pyrite and silicification does not always guarantee the presence of gold, but higher grade ore is almost always accompanied by increased percentages of pyrite and silica. Macassa’s exploration program is directed at expanding the potential of the SMC zones along strike (to the eastern boundary of the property) and dip, and continue to explore the Amalgamated Break Trend. Underground exploration plans for 2019 entail the utilization of seven to eight diamond drills for both exploration and definition drilling. Three of these drills are planned for underground exploration and one drill is planned for surface exploration. Drillhole data is verified by professional geologists and consists of a wide variety of checks based upon the survey of drillhole collars and downhole surveys using north seeking gyro during the drilling of the holes. The drillhole trace is continually monitored by the geologists to ensure that the hole remains on track to intercept the target. Drillhole data is checked by the database analyst and the senior resource geologist prior to the generation of the mineral resource estimate. Errors or suspect data are checked and corrected, or else excluded from the resource estimate. A list of excluded holes is kept on file and includes reasons for exclusion and notes on whether specific mineralized zones or the entire hole should be excluded. 39 The updated mineral resource and mineral reserves, as of December 31, 2018, are presented in Summary Table 1‑1 and Summary Table 1‑2 below. Summary Table 1‑‑1: Macassa Resources (Exclusive Of Reserves), Effective As At December 31, 2018 Location Main/'04 Break South Mine Complex Grand Totals Tonnes (000's) 265 188 453 Measured Grade (g/t) 16.0 21.9 18.4 Gold Ozs (000's) 137 132 268 Tonnes (000's) 747 587 1,335 Indicated Grade (g/t) 16.6 16.7 16.6 Gold Ozs (000's) 399 315 714 Measured + Indicated Tonnes (000's) 1,013 775 1,787 Grade (g/t) 16.4 17.9 17.1 Gold Ozs (000's) 536 447 982 Tonnes (000's) 195 415 610 Inferred Grade (g/t) 15.3 17.4 16.7 Gold Ozs (000's) 96 232 328 Notes: 1. Mineral resource estimates were prepared under the supervision of Qualified Persons B. Harwood, P.Geo (Principal Resource Geologist, Canadian Operations) and R. Glover, P.Geo (Macassa Chief Geologist). 2. Mineral resource estimates were undertaken according to the Company’s Policy for mineral reserve and resources. 3. Mineral resources that are not Mineral reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. 4. Mineral resources were estimated at a block cut-off grade of 8.57 g/t. 5. Mineral resources are estimated using a long-term gold price of CAD$1,635/oz. 6. A minimum mining width of 2.13m (7ft) and minimum mining height of 2.74m (9ft) was applied. 7. A bulk density of 2.74 t/m 3 was used. 8. 9. 10. CIM definitions (2014) were followed in the calculation of mineral resources. Totals may not add exactly due to rounding. Polygonal estimates carried over from 2017 were removed for this resource update. Summary Table 1‑‑2: Mineral Reserves At Macassa Mine, Effective As At December 31, 2018 Zone SMC MBZ Total Total TOTALS Category Proven Probable Proven Probable Proven Probable Proven + Probable Tonnes (000's) Grade (g/t) Ounces (000's) 174 2,418 114 481 290 2,900 3,190 23.5 22.6 18.9 19.0 21.5 22.0 21.9 131 1,753 69 294 200 2,050 2,250 CIM definitions (2014) were followed in the estimation of mineral reserves. Notes: 1. 2. Mineral reserves estimates were prepared under the supervision of Qualified Person Mariana P. Harvey, P. Eng. 3. Mineral reserves estimates were undertaken according to the Company’s Policy for Mineral Reserve and Resources. 4. 5. Mineral reserves were estimated using a long-term gold price of US$1,230/oz and a currency exchange of US$1.00=CAD$1.33, with a resulting price gold of CAD$1,635.90/oz. 6. Totals may not add exactly due to rounding. Cut-off grades were calculated for each stope, including the costs of: mining, milling, general and administration, royalties, capital expenditures and other modifying factors (e.g. dilution, mining extraction, mill recovery). 40 There are inherent uncertainties the estimation of mineral reserves and resources. Assumptions that are valid at the time of estimation may change significantly when new information becomes available. Changes in the forecast prices of commodities, exchange rates, production costs, or recovery rates as well as new drilling results may change the economic status of reserves and resources and require a reassessment. There are currently three active mining areas in Macassa Mine: Main Break (MB), Lower North (LN) and New South (NS). The areas LN and NS are both part of the SMC. Access to the mining areas is through the #3 Shaft and connecting lateral development within the MB and SMC zones. The main mining methods include Underhand Cut and Fill (UCF), Long Hole (LH) stoping and Mechanized Overhand Cut and Fill (MCF). Paste fill is the main material used to backfill stopes, although unconsolidated rockfill is also used where possible. Material hoisted to surface via #3 Shaft, which has an average capacity of 2,200 tpd. Once the ore is hoisted to surface, it is then trucked to the crushing facilities. After crushing and grinding (95% passing, 45 microns), the ore is processed by conventional cyanide leaching with a carbon-in-pulp recovery system. The mill capacity is 2,000 tpd and average recovery is approximately 97%. In 2018, the Company announced plans for the development of a new shaft, #4 Shaft, at the Macassa complex. The project is planned to be completed in two phases, with the Phase 1 project cost estimated as US$240 million and the Phase 2 cost estimated as US$80 million. The new shaft is an essential component in achieving Macassa Mine’s Life of Mine (LOM) plan. #4 Shaft will be circular, concrete lined and 21.5ft in diameter. The shaft will have a main service cage, an auxiliary cage and two skips. The construction of a new tailings facility is currently underway. The design of the North Tailings Storage Facility (NTSF) incorporates the construction of one large and several smaller dams; the project schedule was laid out in two phases. Phase 1 was completed in 2018, in which two dams were constructed to an elevation of 328m. Phase 2 is scheduled to be finalized in 2019, and entails bringing both the 2018 dams and four others to an elevation of 332m. Existing plans after the commissioning of #4 Shaft include a material expansion of current production. The #4 Shaft Project will be funded internally, and the investment was chosen based on both objective financial analysis parameters as well as the subjectively derived operational needs focused on risk reduction. The primary reasoning for the #4 Shaft Project is as follows: • • • • • The new shaft is expected to support a higher level of production and lower unit costs. The Net Present Value (NPV) of the project is expected to increase due to both the lower LOM operating costs as well as higher revenues gained earlier on in the project life. The new shaft will de-risk the operation, which currently relies on #3 Shaft for the hoisting of material to surface. #3 Shaft was developed in an unfavourable orientation in regards to principle stresses and has previously been exposed to damaging seismicity primarily due to the stope mining sequence nearby. Though the risk is being effectively managed through sound ground control practices, the addition of a new shaft in a favourable location and orientation will eliminate the risk of lost production and mine access from the possibility of #3 Shaft being damaged from seismic activity. Current ventilation inflow underground is constrained by the area of the existing #3 Shaft. The commissioning of the new shaft will allow for substantially higher inflow of air underground, improving the ventilation and general working conditions in the mine. The new shaft will support more effective exploration towards the east of the South Mine Complex. The Life of Mine pre-tax cash flows total $2.3B (undiscounted) with a corresponding pre-tax NPV of $1.7B at a 5% discount rate. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the financial model presented, and results indicate that the price 41 of gold and grade have the greatest impact on NPV, with the operating costs and the capital costs having less fluctuation as the variation to the base is increased/decreased. All scenarios presented displayed a positive NPV despite variations, indicating a robust plan with a high pre-tax profit margin. The 2016 Arrangement between Old Kirkland Lake Gold and Old Newmarket provided additional opportunities to further develop the property, supported by an increase in capital expenditures. In the current gold price environment, the operation is expected to continue to generate significant free cash flows. Main opportunities at the Macassa Mine are as follows: • • • • • • • • • • SMC mineralization remains open to the east, west and at depth. Diamond drilling continues to return high grade mineralization. In order to support the drilling requirements, the exploration drifts and associated drill bays must remain high priority development headings at the mine. Exploration development towards 3000 Level, east of #2 Shaft, that is designed to explore the ‘04 Break and Main Break could create the opportunity to reintroduce some of the historical mineral resources back into the global resource estimate. #4 Shaft is scheduled to be completed in the second quarter of 2022 (Phase 1) with a designed production (hoisting) rate of 4,400 short tons per day. Re-evaluating the resource cut-off grade economics using lower operating costs after the commissioning of the new shaft will likely be favourable to increasing mineral resources. In 2017, the operation transitioned from modified polygonal mineral resource estimates to block modelling. This transition is expected to optimize grade interpolation, determination of high grade capping levels, and aid with mine/mill reconciliation process. These processes continue to evolve. Improvements to the material handling process are likely to result in favourable impact on the mine operating costs. Upgrade of the ventilation system through either increased airflow or temperature reduction will have a favourable impact on the work environment temperature. Ongoing paste filling operations involve the delivery of paste using boreholes from surface to underground, into which cement trucks dump the paste in batches. Current plans are in progress to replace this process with continuous pouring directly from the pastefill plant, eliminating the need for cement trucks and speeding up cycle times underground. Extension of the life of tailings facilities will be possible through the commission of the thickened tails plant. In 2018, Macassa has started to implement tele-remote mucking in selected areas, leading to a decrease in cycle times and added process efficiencies. Along with continuing to expand the tele-remote implementation, Macassa Mine is also exploring further improvement opportunities by combining equipment automation (trucks) with tele-remote. When successfully implemented this process will enable material handling and movement in between shifts. Main risks that could be present at the operation are as follows: • • Without the allocation of sufficient funding for exploration drilling and development, it would be difficult for future exploration programs to replenish depleted mineral resources and reserves. • Increased costs for skilled labour, power, fuel, reagents, trucking, etc. could lead to an increase in the cut-off grade and decrease the level of mineral resources and mineral reserves. 42 • Mechanical breakdown of critical equipment (hoist, conveyance, mill, etc.) or infrastructure could decrease or halt the production throughput at the mine. • • • Production throughput relies on completing development activities as per the mining plan schedule. Lower development productivity than planned would likely affect the production profile of the current mining plan. #3 Shaft is currently the sole production shaft capable of moving materials to surface. The shaft is located in a seismically active area due to the historical mining and the active muck pass system in the MBZ located nearby. Damage to the #3 Shaft would directly impact production until the #4 Shaft is commissioned. The advancement of Battery Electric Vehicle technology is still in its early stages. There are inherent risks as the technology continues to evolve. The following recommendations are provided: • • • • • • • • • • Continue exploration drilling will to test for the easterly and westerly strike extension of the South Mine Complex mineralization employing underground diamond drills on the 5300 Level. Complete technical studies to increase the airflow and reduce the work environment temperature and humidity. Technical work should be undertaken to assess infrastructure requirements for the continuous mining of the Macassa deposit. The application of Large Ore Deposit Exploration (LODE) program to assess camp scale opportunities. Related to the point above, interrogation of the newly created lithological model and the mine drillhole database as an exploration tool to assess future targeting opportunities. Sub-domaining of high grade areas, as well as refinement of caps to improve the model grade estimates as compared to production results. Continue to examine the Amalgamated Kirkland Break for mineralization potential. Numerous mineralized intercepts were intersected at variable depths which require follow-up. Assess mineral potential to the east and along the Main Break below the 5800 Level and to the east into Kirkland Minerals and Tech Hughes properties. Look at a refinery expansion and addition of certain components in the process plant to accommodate the planned increase in throughput. There is an opportunity to improve the turnaround times for the assaying of underground samples through the establishment of a centralized assay lab. In the opinion of the Qualified Persons, the mineral resource and mineral reserve estimates truly reflect the mineralization that is currently known and were completed in accordance with the requirements of NI 43-101. There are no restrictions on the ability of the Company to declare and pay dividends on the Common Shares. During the year ended December 31, 2017, Kirkland Lake Gold paid a total of $4,182,726 in dividends. During the year ended DIVIDENDS 43 December 31, 2018, Kirkland Lake Gold paid a total of $16,856,685 in dividends to its shareholders. Subsequent to the year ended December 31, 2018, Kirkland Lake Gold paid a total of $8,392,913 on January 15, 2019 to shareholders of record as of December 31, 2018. The declaration and payment of future dividends will be at the discretion of the Board and will be made based on the Company’s financial position and other factors relevant at the time. Authorized Capital DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE The Company is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Common Shares of which there were 210,253,129 Common Shares issued and outstanding as of March 29, 2019. The Company is also authorized to issue an unlimited number of preferred shares (“ Preferred Shares ”) of which there were none outstanding as of March 29, 2019. Common Shares Holders of Common Shares are entitled to receive notice of any meetings of shareholders of the Company, to attend and to cast one vote per common share at all such meetings, except meetings at which only holders of another class or series of shares are entitled to vote separately as such class or series. Holders of Common Shares are entitled to receive on a pro-rata basis such dividends, if any, as and when declared by the Board at its discretion from funds legally available therefor and upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company are entitled to receive on a pro-rata basis the net assets of the Company after payment of debts and other liabilities, in each case subject to the rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions attaching to any other series or class of shares ranking senior in priority to or on a pro-rata basis with the holders of Common Shares with respect to dividends or liquidation. The common shares do not carry any cumulative voting, pre-emptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights, nor do they contain any sinking or purchase fund provisions. Preferred Shares The Company may issue Preferred Shares at any time or from time to time in one or more series. Before any shares of a series are issued, the Board shall fix the number of shares that will form such series and shall, subject to the limitations set out in the Company’s articles, determine the designation, rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions to be attached to the Preferred Shares of such series. The Preferred Shares of each series shall rank on a parity with the Preferred Shares of every other series with respect to dividends and return of capital and shall be entitled to a preference over the Common Shares and over any other shares ranking junior to the Preferred Shares with respect to priority in payment of dividends and in the distribution of assets in the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, or any other distribution of the assets of the Company among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs. Except required by law or unless provision is made in the Company’s articles, the holders of the Preferred Shares as a class shall not be entitled to receive notice of, to attend or to vote at any meeting of the shareholders of the Company. The rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions attached to the Preferred Shares as a class may be added to, changed or removed but only with the approval of the holders of the Preferred Shares. Options to Purchase Common Shares The Company’s stock option plan permits the Board to grant to directors, officers, consultants and employees of Kirkland Lake Gold stock options to purchase from the Company a designated number of Common Shares up to, but not exceeding, 5.5% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares from time to time, less any Common Shares reserved for issuance under any other share-based compensation arrangements. As at March 29, 2019, there were 741,341 stock options outstanding pursuant to the stock option plans of Old Kirkland Lake Gold and St Andrew Goldfields. During the year ended December 31, 2018 the Company did not grant any stock options. Restricted Share Units and Performance Share Units 44 Kirkland Lake Gold’s long-term incentive plan permits the Board to grant to executive directors, officers, and consultants of the Company share units which can be satisfied through the issuance of Common Shares or cash or a combination of both, at the discretion of the Board, up to, but not exceeding, 2% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares from time to time, less any Common Shares reserved for issuance under any other share-based compensation arrangements. As at March 29, 2019 there were 557,721 restricted share units that could be satisfied through the issuance of Common Shares and 528,661 performance share units which could be satisfied through the issuance of Common Shares. Deferred Share Units Kirkland Lake Gold’s deferred share unit plan permits the Board to grant to its non-executive, independent directors deferred share units which can be satisfied through the issuance of Common Shares or cash or a combination of both, at the discretion of the Board, up to, but not exceeding, 2% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares from time to time, less any Common Shares reserved for issuance under any other share-based compensation arrangements. As at March 29, 2019, there were 190,501 deferred share units which could be satisfied through the issuance of Common Shares. Constraints There are no constraints imposed on the ownership of the Company’s securities to ensure that it meets a required level of Canadian ownership. Ratings None of the Company’s securities have received a rating from a rating organization. Trading Price and Volume MARKET FOR SECURITIES The Common Shares are listed and posted for trading on the TSX and NYSE under the symbol “KL” and on the ASX under the symbol “KLA”. The following tables set forth information relating to the monthly trading of the Common Shares on the TSX, NYSE and ASX, respectively, for the financial year ended December 31, 2018. TSX Month January 2018 February 2018 March 2018 April 2018 May 2018 June 2018 July 2018 August 2018 September 2018 October 2018 November 2018 December 2018 High (C$) 20.97 20.88 21.03 22.68 25.36 27.96 30.65 30.94 25.46 29.15 27.64 35.64 45 Low (C$) 18.08 16.54 19.05 19.01 22.06 23.63 27.71 23.99 22.42 24.01 23.98 28.03 Volume 15,802,641 18,456,116 18,357,693 14,009,219 12,424,578 13,314,821 13,093,189 17,795,626 22,157,611 18,367,867 12,420,344 21,370,611 NYSE ASX Month January 2018 February 2018 March 2018 April 2018 May 2018 June 2018 July 2018 August 2018 September 2018 October 2018 November 2018 December 2018 Month January 2018 February 2018 March 2018 April 2018 May 2018 June 2018 July 2018 August 2018 September 2018 October 2018 November 2018 December 2018 High (USD$) 16.89 16.31 16.33 17.74 19.83 21.27 23.33 23.86 19.67 22.34 20.79 26.47 High (A$) 23.50 22.00 21.50 23.90 26.10 28.11 32.00 32.50 28.60 31.90 32.50 37.72 Low (USD$) 14.65 13.09 14.56 14.86 17.16 18.26 20.74 18.47 17.26 18.23 18.12 21.29 Low (A$) 20.31 20.80 20.00 21.49 22.40 24.52 28.21 26.75 25.70 26.50 26.00 28.02 Volume 15,312,572 16,475,853 16,712,905 14,390,113 12,342,199 11,512,514 12,554,614 25,218,458 47,360,310 27,801,263 20,861,096 25,510,161 Volume 31,456 29,430 5,334 2,355 32,626 9,092 4,845 27,530 27,166 18,544 24,169 32,516 The following table sets forth information in respect of issuances of securities that are convertible or exchangeable into Common Shares during the financial year ended December 31, 2018. PRIOR SALES 46 Date Of Issuance Price Per Share or Exercise Price Per Option Number and Type of Securities January 1, 2018 January 1, 2018 January 1, 2018 March 2, 2018 March 2, 2018 March 28, 2018 June 29, 2018 August 13, 2018 August 13, 2018 October 15, 2018 November 20, 2018 November 20, 2018 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 154,420 RSUs (1) 154,420 PSUs (2) 34,406 DSUs (3) 5,113 PSUs (2) 5,113 RSUs (1) 2,070 DSUs (3) 1,532 DSUs (3) 5,859 RSUs (1) 5,859 PSUs (2) 1,513 DSUs (3) 8,554 RSUs (1) 8,554 PSUs (2) Notes: (1) See “ Description of Capital Structure - Restricted Share Units and Performance Share Units ” above. Awards granted on January 1, 2018 will vest and be payable based on the five-day volume weighted average price of the Common Shares on the TSX prior to December 31, 2020 and may be satisfied through the issuance of cash, Common Shares or any combination thereof in accordance with the terms of the Company’s long-term incentive plan. (2) See “ Description of Capital Structure - Restricted Share Units and Performance Share Units ” above. Performance is measured based on the Company’s total shareholder return compared to the S&P/TSX Global Gold Index with a payout factor ranging between Nil to 2.00 based on the Company’s percentile ranking for the performance period. (3) See “ Description of Capital Structure - Deferred Share Units ” above. DSUs are granted to non-executive directors on the date of separation from the Board based on the five-day volume weighted average share price of the Common Shares on the TSX prior to the date of separation and may be paid in cash, Common Shares or any combination thereof. To the Company’s knowledge, no securities of the Company are held in escrow or are subject to contractual restrictions on transfer. DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS ESCROWED SECURITIES & SECURITIES SUBJECT TO CONTRACTUAL RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSFER The following table sets forth the name, province or state and country of residence, the position held with the Company and period during which each director and the executive officer of the Company has served as a director and/or executive officer, the principal occupation, and the number and percentage of Common Shares beneficially owned by each director and executive officer of the Company as of the date hereof. The statement as to the Common Shares beneficially owned, controlled or directed, directly or indirectly, by the directors and executive officers hereinafter named is in each instance based upon information furnished by the person concerned and is as at the date hereof. All directors of the Company hold office until the next annual meeting of shareholders of the Company or until their successors are elected or appointed. On March 25, 2019 the Company announced that Mr. Sprott, the current Chairman of the Board will be retiring and not seeking re-election at the Company’s annual general meeting of shareholders. 47 Name and Residence Directors Eric Sprott Ontario, Canada Anthony Makuch (5)(6) Ontario, Canada Jonathan Gill (4)(5)(6) Ontario, Canada Arnold Klassen, (2)(3)(4) British Columbia, Canada Jeffrey Parr (2)(4)(6) Ontario, Canada Barry Olson (5)(6) Arizona, United States Pamela Klessig, (3)(5)(6) Nevada, United States Raymond Threlkeld (2)(3) Virginia, United States Principal Occupation Number and Percentage of Common Shares Beneficially Owned (1) Position with the Company and Period Served as a Director and/or Executive Officer Non-Executive Chairman and Director since November 30, 2016 Professional investor, Director and Founder of the Sprott Foundation. Former Chairman of the Board, Sprott Inc. Previously, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer, Sprott Inc. and Senior Portfolio Manager, Sprott Asset Management from 2008 to 2010; Senior Portfolio Manager of Sprott Asset Management LP until January 20, 2015; and Chairman of Old Kirkland Lake Gold from 2015 to 2016. 19,982,695 (9.50%) 56,400 (0.026%) President, Chief Executive Officer and Director since November 30, 2016 President and Chief Executive Officer and director of the Company since November 30, 2016. Previously, President, Chief Executive Officer and director of Old Kirkland Lake Gold from July 2016 to November 30, 2016 and President, Chief Executive Officer and director of Lake Shore Gold Corp. from 2008 to 2016. Director Director Director Director Director Director Retired Mining Executive and Professional Engineer; Director of Lake Shore Gold from 2008 to 2016. Nil (0.0%) Chartered Professional Accountant, Chartered Accountant and Certified Public Accountant. Currently, President of AKMJK Consulting Ltd. Previously, Director of Lake Shore Gold from 2008 to 2016. 20,000 (0.009%) Retired Mining Executive, Chartered Professional Accountant, Chartered Accountant. Previously, Chief Financial Officer of Centerra Gold Inc. from 2008 to 2016; Vice President, Finance of Centerra Gold from 2006 to 2008; director of Old Kirkland Lake Gold from 2014 to 2016. Retired Mining Executive. Previously, Senior Vice President of Project Development at Gold Corp Inc. from October 2008 to October 2013; director of Old Kirkland Lake Gold from 2014 to 2016. Professional Geologist; Retired Mining Executive. Previously, President and Chief Executive Officer of Concordia Resource Corp. from 2005 to 2011; director of Old Kirkland Lake Gold from 2011 to 2016. Corporate director and consultant on natural resource development; Director of New Gold Inc. since June 1, 2009. Previously, President and Chief Executive Officer of Rainy River Resources Ltd. from 2009 to 2013; director of Newmarket Gold from July 2015 to November 2016. 15,100 (0.007%) 5,000 (0.002%) 15,000 (0.007%) 3,750 (0.001%) 48 Name and Residence Position with the Company and Period Served as a Director and/or Executive Officer Principal Occupation Number and Percentage of Common Shares Beneficially Owned (1) Executive Officers David Soares Ontario, Canada Christina Ouellette Ontario, Canada Alasdair Federico Ontario, Canada Eric Kallio Ontario, Canada Duncan King Ontario, Canada Ian Holland Victoria, Australia Chief Financial Officer Chief Financial Officer of the Company since November 20, 2018. Previously the Chief Financial Officer of Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation from November 2017 to November 2018 and was previously the Chief Financial Officer of the Pueblo Viejo Mine held by Barrick from 2015 to 2017. Formerly the President and General Manager of Glencore’s Falcondo Mine from 2014 to 2015 and Director of Finance and Business Services of the Falcondo Mine from 2011 to 2014. Nil (0.0%) Executive Vice President, Human Resources Executive Vice President, Human Resources of the Company since February 26, 2017. Previously, Vice President, Human Resources of Lake Shore Gold Corp. from 2009 to 2016. 5,350 (0.002%) Executive Vice President, Corporate Affairs and CSR Executive Vice President, Corporate Affairs and CSR of the Company since November 30, 2016. Previously, Executive Vice President of Old Kirkland Lake Gold from September to November 30, 2016; Vice President, Legal Affairs of Lake Shore Gold Corp. from 2008 to 2016. Senior Vice President, Exploration Senior Vice President, Exploration of the Company. Formerly the Vice President Exploration (Timmins) for Tahoe Resources from April 2016 to 2018 and prior to that was the Vice President, Exploration for Lake Shore Gold Corp from 2008 to April 2016. Vice President, Mining, Kirkland Lake Vice President, Mining, Kirkland Lake. Previously the General Manager, Canadian Operations from 2017 to November 2018. Prior to working with the Company, was the Manager of the Bell Creek Mine for Lake Shore Gold Corp. from 2014 to 2016 and was the General Superintendent of the Lakeshore Gold Corp. Timmins West Mine from 2008 to 2014. Vice President, Australian Operations Vice President, Australian Operations of the Company since June 2017. Previously, General Manager of the Fosterville Mine from 2010 to 2017 and has worked at the Fosterville Mine in senior managerial roles since 2007. 49 Nil (0.0%) Nil (0.0%) Nil (0.0%) Nil (0.0%) Name and Residence John Landmark Queensland, Australia Mark Utting Ontario, Canada Jennifer Wagner Ontario, Canada Raymond Yip Darin Smith Ontario, Canada Brian Hagan Ontario, Canada Notes : Position with the Company and Period Served as a Director and/or Executive Officer Principal Occupation Number and Percentage of Common Shares Beneficially Owned (1) Vice President, Exploration, Australian Operations Currently Vice President, Human Resources of the Company. Formerly Vice President, Exploration, Australian Operations of the Company since December 2016. Previously, Vice President, Exploration of Newmarket Gold during 2016; Regional Head of Exploration for Anglo American plc from 2011 to 2016. Vice President, Investor Relations Vice President, Legal and Corporate Secretary Vice President, Investor Relations of the Company since November 30, 2016. Previously, Vice President, Investor Relations for Tahoe Resources Inc. from April 2016 to June 2017; Vice President, Investor Relations at Lake Shore Gold from May 2008 to April 2016. Vice President, Legal and Corporate Secretary of the Company since November 30, 2016. Previously, Corporate Legal Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Old Kirkland Lake Gold from July 2015 to November 30, 2016; in house counsel and corporate secretary to various TSX and TSXV listed mining companies from 2008 to 2015. Vice President, Business Intelligence Vice President, Business Intelligence of the Company since November 30, 2016. Previously Vice President, Business Intelligence of Old Kirkland Lake Gold from September 2016 to November 30, 2016; Director, Information Systems for Lake Shore Gold from 2011 to 2016; IT consultant to various mining companies including QuadraFNX, DMC Mining and Torex Gold. Vice President, Corporate Development Vice President, Corporate Development of the Company since May 2018 and former Director, Corporate Development of the Company from May 2017. Formerly involved in a Business Development role at Antofagasta Minerals from 2012 to 2017 and previously worked at BMO Capital Markets, as a Vice President in the Global Metals and Mining Group from 2008 to 2011. Nil (0.0%) Nil (0.00%) Nil (0.0%) Nil (0.00%) Nil (0.00%) Vice President, Health, Safety and Environment Vice President, Health, Safety and Environment of the Company since June 2017. Previously, Vice President, Health Safety and Environment of Lake Shore Gold Corp. from 2008 to 2011; Mine Manager of the McCreedy West Mine for FNX Mining Company from 2006 to 2008. 3,450 (0.001%) 50 (1) Based on 210,253,129 Common Shares outstanding as at March 29, 2019. (2) Member of the Audit Committee. (3) Member of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee. (4) Member of the Compensation Committee. (5) Member of the Health, Safety and Environment Committee. (6) Member of the Technical Committee. As at the date hereof, the current directors and executive officers of the Company, as a group, beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, or exercised control over, a total of 20,106,745 Common Shares, representing approximately 9.56% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares as at March 29, 2019. The principal occupations, businesses or employments of each of the Company’s directors and the senior executive officers within the past five years are disclosed in the brief biographies set out below. Eric Sprott - Chairman and Director. Mr. Sprott is a renowned and respected leader in the investment community and one of the world’s premiere gold and silver investors with over 40 years of experience in the investment industry. Mr. Sprott entered the investment industry as a research analyst at Merrill Lynch and Company Inc. In 1981, he founded Sprott Securities (a predecessor to Sprott Securities Inc., now Cormark Securities Inc.). After establishing Sprott Asset Management Inc. in December 2001 as a separate entity, he divested his entire stake in Sprott Securities Inc. to its employees. From 2008 until September 2010, Mr. Sprott served as the Chief Executive Officer of Sprott Inc., before stepping down to focus on his roles as Chairman of the Board of Sprott Inc., Chief Investment Officer of Sprott Inc. and Senior Portfolio Manager of Sprott Asset Management LP. On January 20, 2015, as part of his transition away from day-to-day fund management, Mr. Sprott stepped down from his management roles with Sprott Inc. and Sprott Asset Management LP and in 2017 Mr. Sprott stepped down as the Chairman of the Board of Sprott Inc. Over the course of his career, Mr. Sprott has received numerous industry awards and, in 2012, he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal by the Governor General. In 2013, he was appointed as a Member of the Order of Canada. Mr. Sprott graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce from Carleton University in 1965 and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Carleton University in 2003. He received his Chartered Accountant designation in 1968 and was awarded the FCA designation in 2011. He has been elected Fellow of the Chartered Professional Accountants of Ontario (FCPA, FCA), a designation reserved for those who demonstrate outstanding career achievements and service to the community and profession. Anthony Makuch - President, Chief Executive Officer and Director. Mr. Makuch is a Professional Engineer (Ontario) with over 25 years of management, operations and technical experience in the mining industry, having managed numerous projects in Canada and the United States from advanced exploration through production. He has been a frequent recipient of mine safety performance awards. Mr. Makuch holds a Bachelor of Science Degree (Honours Applied Earth Sciences) from the University of Waterloo, both a Master of Science Degree in Engineering and a Master of Business Administration from Queen’s University and has obtained the Institute of Corporate Directors ICD.D designation from the University of Toronto Rotman School of Business. Mr. Makuch was formerly the President and Chief Executive Officer of Old Kirkland Lake Gold from July to November 2016 and was previously the President and Chief Executive Officer of Lake Shore Gold Corp. (“ Lake Shore Gold ”) from 2008 to 2016. Jonathan Gill - Director. Mr. Gill is a Professional Engineer with more than 45 years of mining experience, much of it working in senior mine management roles for Inco Limited in its Ontario and Manitoba divisions and for PT Inco in Indonesia. Since retiring in 2003, Mr. Gill has worked on a number of project assignments for Inco, both in Canada and at the Goro project in New Caledonia; as well as for other companies involving reviews of such projects as FNX Mining Company´s Sudbury operations, the Ambatovy nickel project in Madagascar and the Onca Puma project in Brazil. Mr. Gill was a director of Lake Shore Gold Inc. from 2008 to 2016. Mr. Gill is a member of the Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario and is a former Employer Chair of Ontario´s Mining Legislative Review Committee. Mr. Gill has obtained the Institute of Corporate Directors ICD.D designation. Arnold Klassen - Director. Mr. Klassen is a Chartered Professional Accountant, Chartered Accountant and Certified Public Accountant and has more than 35 years experience in accounting, audit and tax with 30 years of experience in the Mining Industry. Mr. Klassen is currently President of AKMJK Consulting Ltd., a private consulting company, and 51 prior to that was the Vice President of Finance for Dynatec Corporation from 1988 to 2007. Dynatec Corporation was a publicly traded TSX listed company from 1997 to 2007. He held a similar position with the Tonto Group of Companies from 1984 to 1998. Mr. Klassen holds a degree in Commerce from the University of British Columbia and spent seven years with KPMG prior to becoming Vice President of Finance with the Tonto Group of Companies. Mr. Klassen has obtained the Institute of Corporate Directors designation. Pamela Klessig - Director. Ms. Klessig has over 30 years of experience in global mineral exploration, development and production. She was a founder and former President and Chief Executive Officer of Concordia Resource Corp. (formerly Western Uranium Corp.) As a complement to her technical expertise, Ms. Klessig was a stockbroker for four years with A.G. Edwards and Sons Inc., now Wells Fargo Investment Advisors. Ms. Klessig holds a Bachelor in geology from Western State College, is a Certified Professional Geologist and a qualified person as defined by NI 43-101. Barry Olson - Director. Mr. Olson has a Bachelor of Science degree in Metallurgical Engineering and Masters of Science degree in Mining Engineering from the University of Idaho. He most recently served as Senior Vice President of Project Development at Gold Corp Inc. and served as its Vice President of Project Development from October 2008 to October 2013. He has over 28 years of progressive mining experience in both South America and the United States and has extensive experience in design, construction, and managing mines in Mexico, Canada, US, Argentina, and Chile. Jeffrey Parr - Director. Mr. Parr is a Chartered Professional Accountant (CPA, CA 1984) and holds a Masters of Business Administration from McMaster University and a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from the University of Western Ontario. Mr. Parr has over 30 years of executive management experience in the mining and service provider industries. He joined Centerra Gold Inc. in 2006 and was appointed Chief Financial Officer in 2008, where he served until his retirement in 2016. From 1997 to 2006 he worked for Acres International as Chief Financial Officer and from 1988 to 1997 held progressively senior financial positions at WMC International (a subsidiary of Western Mining Corporation responsible for operations and exploration in the Americas), ultimately serving as the Company’s Executive Vice President. He is also a member of the Board and Chair of the Audit Committee of Discovery Metals Corp. Mr. Parr is a member of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants and has obtained the ICD.D designation from the Institute of Corporate Directors. Raymond Threlkeld - Director. Mr. Threlkeld has a proven track record in the gold sector in project development, construction and mine operations. Mr. Threlkeld is a seasoned mining professional with more than 33 years of experience in mineral exploration, mine operations and construction and executive management. Most recently, Mr. Threlkeld acted as CEO of New Gold Inc. and was formerly the interim Chief Operating Officer at New Gold Inc. Previously he was the President and Chief Executive Officer of Rainy River Resources that was developing the 4 million ounce Rainy River gold deposit in Ontario, prior to its purchase by New Gold Inc. for $310 million in 2013. From 2006 to 2009, he led a team along with Randall Oliphant that acquired, developed and put into operation the Mesquite gold mine in California with Western Goldfields, which was subsequently purchased by New Gold Inc. for $314 million in 2009. From 1996 to 2004, Mr. Threlkeld held a variety of senior executive positions with Barrick Gold Corporation, rising to the position of Vice President, Project Development. During his tenure at Barrick Gold, he was responsible for placing more than 30 million ounces of gold resources into production in Africa, South America and Australia. Mr. Threlkeld holds a B.Sc. in Geology from the University of Nevada. David Soares - Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Soares has over 15 years of finance and management experience reflecting progressively senior leadership roles with multinational mining companies, including Xstrata, Glencore and Barrick. Prior to joining Kirkland Lake Gold, Mr. Soares served as Chief Financial Officer of Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation, a joint venture between Arcelor Mittal and Nunavut Iron Ore. He has international governance experience having served as a director of national level organizations representing industry and the private sector. Mr. Soares holds a Chartered Professional Accountant designation (CPA, CA) from the Chartered Professional Accountants of Ontario, a Master of Business Administration from the Ivey Business School, and a Bachelor of Commerce from the University of Toronto. Christina Ouellette - Executive Vice President, Human Resources. Ms. Ouellette is a Certified Human Resource Professional with over 20 years of senior management experience. Ms. Ouellette has a strong background and considerable experience in labour relations, employee relations, recruitment, talent and succession planning, 52 compensation planning, and providing strategic human resources direction and guidance in support of business objectives. Ms. Ouellette was formerly the Vice President, Human Resources for Lake Shore Gold from 2009 to 2016, the Director Human Resources of Lake Shore Gold from 2008 to 2009; the Manager of Human Resources for FNX Mining from 2006 to 2009. Ms. Ouellette has obtained the Institute of Corporate Directors ICD.D designation. Alasdair Federico - Executive Vice President, Corporate Affairs and CSR. Mr. Federico is an experienced lawyer and business executive with over a decade of experience in matters of corporate strategy and governance, including managing negotiations and relationships with investors, business partners, and other stakeholders. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Federico was Vice-President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary at Lake Shore Gold from 2008 until its acquisition by Tahoe Resources on April 1, 2016. Prior to joining Lake Shore Gold, Mr. Federico worked for a prominent Canadian law firm in Toronto. Mr. Federico holds a holds a Bachelor of Commerce from the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto and a Bachelor of Law from the University of Western Ontario. Eric Kallio - Senior Vice President, Exploration. Mr. Kallio is a geologist registered with the Association of Professional Geoscientists of Ontario (“APGO”). He has over 30 years of experience working on exploration and underground and open-pit mine planning, scoping and feasibility studies in Canada and abroad. Most recently, Mr. Kallio was Vice President, Exploration (Timmins) for Tahoe Resources Inc. since April 2016 and, prior to that, was Vice President, Exploration for Lake Shore Gold Corp. Among other corporate assignments, Mr. Kallio served in a variety of senior exploration and mine geology roles with Placer Dome, Kinross Gold, Patricia Mining Corporation, Centerra Gold and Detour Gold. He has also worked on a consulting basis for a wide range of international mining companies and is a former director of Holmer Gold Mines Limited. Duncan King - Vice President, Mining, Kirkland Lake. Mr. King has been Vice President, Mining, Kirkland Lake since November 2018. Prior to this, he was the General Manager Kirkland Lake Operations from September 2018 to November 2018. Previously, Mr. King acted as the Manager of the Bell Creek underground mine and mill at Lakeshore Gold Corp. from 2014 to 2016. From 2008 to 2014, Mr. King was the General Superintendent of the Timmins West Mine held by Lakeshore Gold Corp. since its inception and was integral in the completion of the 720 meter level shaft with all accompanying infrastructure. Prior to this Mr. King worked for several different companies in varying progressively demanding positions, including at FNX Mining at the McCreedy West and Podolsky mines. Ian Holland - Vice President, Australian Operations. Ian Holland, FAusIMM, was previously the General Manager of the Fosterville Mine since 2010 and has worked at Fosterville Mine since 2007. He is a geologist by background with over 20 years of experience at a number of gold and base metal operations across Australia. Prior to joining Fosterville Mine, Ian filled a range of technical and management roles at the large-scale Mount Isa Mines complex in Queensland from 2001 to 2007. Previous operations include Mount Gordon Copper Mine in Queensland and the Renison Mine in Tasmania. He holds both a Bachelor of Science and Master of Minerals Geoscience from James Cook University, as well as a Graduate Diploma in Applied Finance and Investment from the Securities Institute. John Landmark - Vice President, Human Resources. Mr. Landmark’s international career spans a diverse range of executive leadership, technical and advisory roles in exploration, mining operations, human resources, and safety risk management. Mr. Landmark was previously the Vice President, Exploration, Australian Operations of the Company since 2017. In January 2019, he was appointed as the Vice President, Human Resources of the Company. Mr. Landmark brings over 30 years of international mineral exploration and mining industry experience. Mr. Landmark joined Newmarket Gold in 2016 and led the company’s exploration activities while being the Group functional head for Geology. Prior to joining Newmarket Gold, he was a Regional Head of Exploration for Anglo American plc, where he managed exploration programs for copper-gold, iron ore and coal in Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Mongolia. Prior to this role, he led Anglo American’s exploration activities in Brazil. His exploration and mining geology career started out in South Africa and Namibia, and he then moved on to Australia. Mr. Landmark holds a Master of Science in Exploration and Mining Geology from James Cook University in Australia and a Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Geology from Wits University in South Africa. Mark Utting - Vice President, Investor Relations. Mark Utting is a Chartered Financial Analyst with over 25 years of experience in investor relations and corporate communications, mainly in the mining and financial services industries. Most recently, Mr. Utting served as the Vice President, Investor Relations for Tahoe Resources Inc. from April 2016 53 to June 2017. Prior to joining Tahoe, Mr. Utting served as the Vice President, Investor Relations of Lake Shore Gold Corp. from 2008 to 2016 and was previously the Director, Investor Relations of Extendicare REIT; Director, Director of Communications and Investor Relations of Dynatec Corporation and Director, and Director of Investor Relations of Rio Algom Limited. Jennifer Wagner - Vice President, Legal and Corporate Secretary. Ms. Wagner is a corporate securities lawyer with over 13 years of experience in the mining sector. Ms. Wagner has extensive experience advising companies on a variety of corporate commercial transactions, governance and compliance matters. She started her career at a prominent Canadian law firm in Toronto. Ms. Wagner received a Bachelor of Arts from McGill University and an LL.B. from the University of Windsor. Ms. Wagner was formerly the Corporate Legal Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Old Kirkland Lake Gold from July 2015 to November 2016. Prior to joining Kirkland Lake Gold, Ms. Wagner was legal counsel and corporate secretary for various TSX and TSXV listed mining companies. Raymond Yip - Vice President, Business Intelligence . Raymond Yip is a computer engineer with over 15 years of experience in the IT industry, with 10 years in the mining sector. Most recently, he served as Director, Information Systems for Lake Shore Gold from 2011 to 2016. Prior to that, Mr. Yip provided IT consulting services to various mining companies including QuadraFNX, DMC Mining and Torex Gold. Having held progressively senior positions at a major Canadian telecommunications company, Mr. Yip has diverse IT experience across various industries including financial, healthcare and automotive. Mr. Yip holds a Bachelor of Applied Science degree from Queen’s University. Darin Smith - Vice President, Corporate Development. Mr. Smith is a mining finance professional with over fifteen years of experience in financial analysis and corporate strategy within the mining sector. Prior to joining Kirkland Lake in May 2017, he served in a business development role at Antofagasta Minerals. Darin began his career as an investment banker at BMO Capital Markets where he spent 10 years in the Global Metals and Mining Group in both their Toronto and London offices. He holds a Bachelor of Applied Science in Mining Engineering and a Master of Management Analytics, both from Queen’s University. Brian Hagan - Vice President, Health, Safety and Environment. Brian Hagan brings over 35 years of experience implementing health, safety and environmental management systems in the North American mining industry. Mr. Hagan previously served as the Vice President, Health Safety and Environment for Lake Shore Gold Corp. from 2008 to 2011. Prior to this role, Mr. Hagan was the Mine Manager of the McCreedy West Mine for FNX Mining Company. Prior to his role at FNX, Mr. Hagan spent 12 years as the Director of Health and Safety for Dynatec Corporation. Mr. Hagan is a former Chairman of the Ontario Mine Contractors Safety Association and has served on the Ontario Mining Legislative Review Committee. Corporate Cease Trade Orders, Bankruptcies, Penalties or Sanctions No director or executive officer of the Company, is, as at the date hereof, or has been, within the 10 years before the date hereof, a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer of any company (including Newmarket Gold) that: (a) was subject to a cease trade or similar order, or an order that denied the relevant company access to any exemption under securities legislation, that was in effect for a period of more than 30 consecutive days and that was issued while the director or executive officer was acting in the capacity as director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer; or (b) was subject to a cease trade or similar order, or an order that denied the relevant company access to any exemption under securities legislation, that was in effect for a period of more than 30 consecutive days, that was issued after the director or executive officer ceased to be a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer and which resulted from an event that occurred while that person was acting in the capacity as a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer. No director or executive officer of the Company, or a shareholder holding a sufficient number of securities of the Company to affect materially the control of the Company: 54 (a) is, as at the date hereof, or has been within the 10 years before the date hereof, a director or executive officer of any company (including Newmarket Gold) that, while that person was acting in that capacity, or within a year of that person ceasing to act in that capacity, became bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency or was subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or compromise with creditors or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold its assets; or (b) (b) has, within the 10 years before the date hereof, become bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency, or become subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or compromise with creditors, or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold the assets of the director, executive officer or shareholder. No director or executive officer of the Company, or a shareholder holding a sufficient number of securities of the Company to affect materially the control of the Company has been subject to: (a) any penalties or sanctions imposed by a court relating to securities legislation or by a securities regulatory authority or has entered into a settlement agreement with a securities regulatory authority; or (b) any other penalties or sanctions imposed by a court or regulatory body that would likely be considered important to a reasonable investor in making an investment decision. Conflicts of Interest To the best of the Company’s knowledge, and other than as disclosed herein, there are no known existing or potential conflicts of interest between the Company and any directors or officers of the Company, except that certain of the directors and officers serve as directors and officers of other public or private companies and therefore it is possible that a conflict may arise between their duties as a director or officer of the Company and their duties as a director or officer of such other companies. The directors and officers of the Company are required by law to act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the Company and to disclose any interests that they may have in any project or opportunity of the Company. If a conflict of interest arises at a meeting of the Board, any director in a conflict is required to disclose his interest and abstain from voting on such matter in accordance with the OBCA. AUDIT COMMITTEE In accordance with applicable Canadian securities legislation and, in particular, National Instrument 52-110 - Audit Committees (“ NI 52-110 ”), information with respect to the Company’s Audit Committee is contained below. The full text of the Audit Committee Charter, as passed by the Board, is attached hereto as Appendix “A”. Audit Committee Charter The Audit Committee has adopted a written charter setting out its purpose, which is to oversee all material aspects of the Company’s financial reporting, control and audit functions. The Audit Committee is responsible for, among other things, (a) monitoring the performance and independence of the Company’s external auditors, (b) reviewing certain public disclosure documents and (c) monitoring the Company’s systems and procedures for financial reporting and internal control. Composition of the Audit Committee During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Audit Committee was comprised of three directors, all of whom were independent directors. The current members of the Audit Committee are: Messrs. Jeffrey Parr (Chair), Arnold Klassen and Raymond Threlkeld. In addition to being independent directors as described above, each member of the Company’s Audit Committee is considered “independent” and “financially literate” pursuant to NI 52-110. Relevant Education and Experience See “Directors and Officers” above for a description of the education and experience of each Audit Committee member that is relevant to the performance of his responsibilities as an Audit Committee member. Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures The Audit Committee Charter sets out responsibilities regarding the provision of non-audit services by the Company’s external auditors and requires the Audit Committee to pre-approve all permitted non-audit services to be provided by the Company’s external auditors, in accordance with applicable law. External Auditor Service Fees The aggregate fees billed by the Company’s external auditor during the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are set out in the table below. Year Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2018 Notes : Audit Fees (1) C$1,320,000 C$2,595,000 Audit Related Fees (2) C$10,000 Nil 55 Tax Fees (3) Nil C$5,200 All Other Fees (4) Nil NIl (1) (2) (3) “Audit Fees” refers to the aggregate fees billed by the Company’s external auditor for audit services, including fees incurred in relation to quarterly reviews, review of securities filings, and statutory audits. “Audit-Related Fees” refers to the aggregate fees billed for assurance and related services by the Company’s external auditor that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of the Company’s financial statements and not reported under Audit Fees. These reported fees related to compliance of a royalty program. “Tax Fees” refers to the aggregate fees billed for the professional services rendered during the year ended December 31, 2018 by the Company’s external auditor for tax compliance. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND REGULATORY ACTIONS To the best of Kirkland Lake Gold’s knowledge, the Company is not and was not, during the year ended December 31, 2018, a party to any legal proceedings, nor is any of its property, nor was any of its property during the year ended December 31, 2018, the subject of any legal proceedings. As at the date hereof, no such legal proceedings are known to be contemplated. There have been no penalties or sanctions imposed against the Company by a court relating to securities legislation or by any securities regulatory authority during the year ended December 31, 2018, or any other penalties or sanctions imposed by a court or regulatory body against the Company that would likely be considered important to a reasonable investor making an investment decision, and the Company has not entered into any settlement agreements with a court relating to securities legislation or with a securities regulatory authority during the year ended December 31, 2018. Other than as disclosed herein, none of the directors or executive officers of the Company, nor any person or company that beneficially owns, controls, or directs, directly or indirectly, more than 10% of any class or series of outstanding voting securities of the Company, nor any associate or affiliate of the foregoing persons, has or has had any material interest, direct or indirect, in any transaction within the three most recently completed financial years or during the current financial year that has materially affected or is reasonably expected to materially affect the Company. INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN MATERIAL TRANSACTIONS The transfer agent and registrar for the Common Shares of the Company is TSX Trust, at its principal offices in Toronto, Ontario. The transfer agent and registrar for the Debentures of the Company is Computershare Trust Company of Canada at its principal office in Toronto, Ontario. TRANSFER AGENTS AND REGISTRARS There were no material contracts entered into during the year ended December 31, 2018 or prior thereto which remain in effect. MATERIAL CONTRACTS INTERESTS OF EXPERTS The following are the qualified persons involved in preparing the NI 43-101 technical reports or who certified a statement, report or valuation from which certain scientific and technical information relating to the Company’s material mineral projects contained in this Annual Information Form has been derived, and in some instances extracted from. • Mariana Pinheiro Harvey, P. Eng., Robert Glover, P. Geo, William Tai, P. Eng., and Ben Harwood, P. Geo. have acted as qualified persons in connection with the Macassa Technical Report and have reviewed and approved the information related to the • Macassa Mine contained in this Annual Information Form. Ms. Harvey is the Chief Engingeer, Mr. Glover is the Chief Mine Geologist, Mr. Tai is Mill Superintendent and Mr. Hardwood is the Principal Resource Geologist; and Troy Fuller, MAIG and Ion Hann, FAusIMM have acted as qualified persons in connection with the Fosterville Technical Report and have reviewed and approved the information related to the Fosterville Mine contained in this Annual Information Form. Troy Fuller is the Director, Exploration, Australia and Ion Hann is the General Manager of the Fosterville Mine. The aforementioned firms or persons held either less than one percent or no securities of the Company or of any associate or affiliate of the Company when they rendered services, prepared the reports or the mineral reserve estimates or the mineral resource estimates referred to, as applicable, or following the rendering of services or preparation of such reports or data, as applicable, and either did not receive any or received less than a one percent direct or indirect interest in any securities of the Company or of any associate or affiliate of the Company in connection with the rendering of such services or preparation of such reports or data. None of the aforementioned firms or persons, nor any directors, officers or employees of such firms, are currently, or are expected to be elected, appointed or employed as a director, officer or employee of the Company or of any associate or affiliate of the Company other than (i) Mariana Pinheiro Harvey, Chief Engineer, (ii) Robert Glover, Chief Mine Geologist, Macassa Mine, (iii) William Tai, Mill Superintendent, (iv) Ben Harwood, Principal Resource Geologist (v) Troy Fuller, Director, Exploration, Australia; and (vi) Ion Hann, General Manager, Fosterville Mine. Mr. Harwood holds 289 Common Shares of the Company and Mr. Hann holds 720 Common Shares of the Company. KPMG LLP, Chartered Professional Accountants, is the auditor of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. and has reported that they are independent of Kirkland Lake Gold within the meaning of the relevant rules and related interpretations prescribed by the relevant professional bodies in Canada and any applicable legislation or regulations and that they are independent accountants with respect to the Company under all relevant U.S. professional and regulatory standards. Additional information relating to the Company may be found under the Company’s SEDAR profile at www.sedar.com. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Additional information, including directors’ and officers’ remuneration and indebtedness, principal holders of the Company’s securities and securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans is contained in the management information circular dated April 2, 2018 and filed in connection with the annual and special meeting of 56 shareholders held on May 2, 2018. Such information for the year ended December 31, 2018 will be updated and contained in the Company’s management information circular required to be prepared and filed in connection with its annual meeting of shareholders, which is expected to be held on May 7, 2019. Additional financial information is provided in the Company’s annual financial statements and MD&A for the year ended December 31, 2018, each of which is available under the Company’s SEDAR profile at www.sedar.com. 57 SCHEDULE "A"- AUDIT COMMITTEE CHARTER AUDIT COMMITTEE CHARTER The Audit Committee (“ Committee ”) is appointed by the Board of Directors (the “ Board ”) of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (“ Kirkland Lake Gold ” or the “ Company ”) to assist the Board in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities with respect to accounting and financial reporting processes, the integrity of the financial statements of the Company, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, the overall adequacy and maintenance of the systems of internal controls that management has established and the overall responsibility for the Company’s external and internal audit processes including the external Auditor’s qualifications, independence and performance. This Charter is intended to comply with the requirements set out in the NYSE Listed Company Manual (the “ Manual ”) and Rule 10A-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“ Rule 10A-3 ”). Constitution & Authority The Committee shall consist of not less three directors appointed by the Board. Each member of the Committee must be “independent” and “financially literate” as required by National Instrument 52-110 - Audit Committees , applicable securities legislation and related requirements including Section 303A.02 of the Manual and Rule 10A-3, and at least one director must satisfy the definition of “financial expert” as set out in Item 407 of Regulation S-K. The authority, structure, operations, purpose, responsibilities and specific duties of the Committee are described below. The members of the Committee shall be elected by the Board at the annual organizational meeting of the Board and such Committee members shall serve until the following organizational meeting of the Board or until their successors are duly elected and qualified. The Board may remove a member of the Committee at any time in its sole discretion by resolution of the Board. The Chairperson of the Committee shall be designed by the Board from among the Committee members. The Committee shall have access to such officers and employees of the Company, its external auditor (the “ Auditor ”), internal auditor (“ Internal Auditor ”) and legal counsel, and to such information respecting the Company, and may engage separate independent counsel and advisers at the expense of the Company, all as it considers to be necessary or advisable in order to perform its duties and responsibilities. The Committee has the authority to communicate directly with and to meet with the Auditor and the Internal Auditor, without management involvement. The Auditor shall report directly to the Committee. The Committee shall be responsible to resolve disagreements, if any, between management and the Auditor regarding financial reporting. The Committee will be provided by the Company with appropriate funding, as determined by the Committee, for payment of: (i) compensation to any Auditor engaged for the purpose of preparing or issuing an audit report or performing other audit, review or attest services for the Company; (ii) compensation to any advisers employed by the Committee; and (iii) ordinary administrative expenses of the Committee that are necessary or appropriate in carrying out its duties. Mandate The Company’s management is responsible for preparing the Company’s financial statements and other financial information and for presenting the information contained in the financial statements fairly and in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“ IFRS ”). Management is also responsible for establishing internal controls and procedures and for maintaining the appropriate accounting and financial reporting principles and policies designed to assure compliance with accounting standards and all applicable laws and regulations. The Auditor’s responsibility is to audit the Company’s financial statements and provide its opinion, based on its audit conducted in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards, whether the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company in accordance with IFRS. The Internal Auditor’s responsibility is to evaluate the design and test the operating effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting to support the requirements set out in National Instrument 52-109 and under applicable rules of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. The Committee will provide the Board with such recommendations and reports with respect to the financial disclosures of the Company as it deems advisable. The role of the Committee is principally one of oversight. Accordingly, the Committee shall: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Be responsible for the appointment, retention, level of compensation and oversight of the work of the Company’s Auditor; approve, in advance, all non-audit services provided to the Company by the Auditor and the related compensation; evaluate the work of the Auditor and confirm its independence; provide independent and objective monitoring of the Company’s internal control systems and financial reporting processes; provide a means of communication between the Board, management and the Auditor on matters relating to financial reporting; provide the necessary oversight over: a) the integrity, adequacy and timeliness of the Company’s financial reporting and disclosure practices, including the preparation of financial statements; b) the processes for identifying the Company’s principal financial risks and the control systems to monitor those risks; c) the Company’s compliance with legal and regulatory requirements related to financial reporting; and d) perform any other activities consistent with its mandate, the Company’s constating documents and laws of general application as the Committee or Board deems necessary or desirable. Responsibilities In performing its oversight responsibilities, the Committee shall: 1. 2. review and assess, on an annual basis, the adequacy of its mandate and recommend any proposed changes to the Board for approval; review annually its own performance; 3. monitor, on a regular basis, the independence of the Auditor by reviewing all relationships between the Auditor and the Company and all non-audit work performed for the Company by the Auditor and the Committee or a member thereof shall pre- approve all non-audit services to be provided to the Company or a subsidiary by the Auditor; 4. monitor, on a regular basis, the independence of the Internal Auditor by reviewing all relationships between the Internal Auditor and the Company; 5. 6. 7. 8. review and approve the Company’s hiring policies regarding partners, employees and former partners and employees of the Auditor and any former Auditor; review with the Auditor and management the annual plan for the audit of the financial statements before commencement of the work; review with the Internal Auditor and management the annual internal audit work plan before commencement of the internal audit work and review and approve the Internal Audit Charter; review with the Auditor the results of the Auditor’s work and any problems or difficulties that were encountered, including any disagreements between the Company’s management and the Auditor regarding financial reporting, and assess management’s responses thereto; 9. review summaries of significant reports prepared by the Internal Auditor including management’s responses to such reports; 10. review with management and the Auditor the annual audited financial statements and ‘Management Discussion and Analysis’ reports, before filing or distribution, including matters requiring review pursuant to laws and regulations of general application; 11. review with management (or ensure that the Board does so) the quarterly unaudited financial statements and Management Discussion and Analysis reports, before filing or distribution, including matters required to be reviewed under laws and regulations of general application; 12. review with management the annual budget, and any required interim adjustments, including the assumptions (for reasonableness, accuracy and timeliness), for recommendation to the Board; 13. review with management, as appropriate, news releases and any other form of disclosure containing earnings and other material financial information; 14. satisfy itself that adequate procedures are in place for the review of the Company’s public disclosure of financial information extracted or derived from its financial statements, other than the public disclosure referred to in paragraphs 6 and 7, and must periodically assess the adequacy of those procedures; 15. review with management, the Auditor and the Internal Auditor, the adequacy and effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting including any significant or material deficiencies and the adequacy and timeliness of its financial reporting processes and the quality and acceptability of the Company’s accounting principles and estimates, including the clarity of financial disclosure and the degree of conservatism or aggressiveness of the accounting policies and estimates; 16. review with management and the Auditor the quality and appropriateness of the Company’s financial reporting and accounting standards and principles and significant changes to those standards or principles or in their application, including key accounting decisions affecting the financial statements, alternatives thereto and the rationale for decisions made; 17. annually, obtain and review a report by the Auditor describing: the firm’s internal quality-control procedures; any material issues raised by the most recent internal quality-control review, or peer review, of the firm, or by any inquiry or investigation by governmental or professional authorities, within the preceding five years, respecting one or more independent audits carried out by the firm, and any steps taken to deal with any such issues; 18. review with management and the Auditor the treatment and disclosure of significant related party transactions and potential conflicts of interest; 19. review with management the risk of frauds within the operations or financial reporting and consider the actions taken by management and the systems implemented to address these risks; 20. ensure that adequate procedures are in place for the receipt, retention and treatment of: a) complaints and expressions of concern regarding accounting, financial disclosure, internal controls, auditing or legal and regulatory matters; and b) confidential, anonymous submission by employees regarding questionable accounting, auditing and financial reporting and disclosure matters; 21. examine the process for identifying, categorizing, evaluating and mitigating the Company’s principal risks and the potential impact or consequences they might have, individually or compounded, on the sustainability of the Company, as well as measures available to ensure the latter, and report to the Board, members of which shall use their reasonable efforts to ensure the adequacy of the oversight of management and that management duly carries out its required functions; 22. review the appointment of the Company’s Chief Financial Officer and any other key financial executives involved in the financial reporting process; 23. review disclosures made to the Committee by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer during their certification process required under applicable Canadian and United States securities laws. Review any significant deficiencies in the design and operation of internal controls over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures and any fraud; and 24. conduct or authorize investigations into any matter that the Committee believes is within the scope of its responsibilities. Meetings The Committee will meet at least once per quarter or more frequently as circumstances require to perform the duties described above in a timely manner. Meetings may be held at any time deemed appropriate by the Committee. Quorum for the transaction of business at any meeting of the Committee shall be a majority of the number of members of the Committee. A Committee member who is unable to attend in person may attend a Committee meeting by telephone, video conference or other telecommunication device that permits all persons participating in the meeting to speak and hear each other. The Committee shall hold in camera sessions without the presence of management after each meeting. The Committee may request any officer or employee of the Company or the Company’s outside counsel or independent Auditors to attend a meeting of the Committee or to meet with any members of, or consultants to, the Committee. In addition, the Committee or, at a minimum, the Chairperson, may meet with the Company’s external legal counsel to discuss the Company’s policies and practices relevant to the scope of responsibilities of the Committee. Meetings of the Committee shall be held from time to time as the Committee or the Chairperson shall determine upon 48 hours notice to each of its members. The notice period may be waived by a quorum of the Committee. The Chairperson will appoint a secretary of each meeting of the Committee who need not be a member of the Committee and who will maintain the minutes of the meeting and circulate copies of the minutes to each Committee member on a timely basis. The minutes of the Committee meetings will be made available for review by the Board. Approval Approved by the Board of Directors on December 17, 2018. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2018 and 2017 1 Management’s Responsibility for Financial Reporting The accompanying consolidated financial statements of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. are the responsibility of management and have been approved by the Board of Directors. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared by management and are in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. A system of internal controls has been developed and is maintained by management to provide reasonable assurance that the Company’s assets are safeguarded, transactions are executed and recorded in accordance with management’s authorization, proper records are maintained and relevant and reliable financial information is produced. These controls include maintaining quality standards in hiring and training of employees, policies and procedures manuals, a corporate code of conduct and ensuring that there is proper accountability for performance within appropriate and well-defined areas of responsibility. The system of internal controls is further supported by a compliance function, which is designed to ensure that we and our employees comply with securities legislation and conflict of interest rules. The significant accounting policies used are described in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements. The financial statements include estimates based on the experience and judgment of management in order to ensure that the financial statements are presented fairly, in all material respects. The Board of Directors exercises its responsibilities for ensuring that management fulfills its responsibilities for financial reporting and internal control with the assistance of its Audit Committee. The Audit Committee is appointed by the Board of Directors and all of its members are directors who are not officers or employees of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. The Audit Committee meets periodically to review financial reports and to discuss internal controls over the financial reporting process, auditing matters and financial reporting issues. The Committee reviews the Company’s annual financial statements and recommends their approval to the Board of Directors. These financial statements have been audited by KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Oversight Board (United States) on behalf of the shareholders. KPMG LLP has full and free access to the Audit Committee and may meet with or without the presence of management. (Signed) "Anthony Makuch" Anthony Makuch President and Chief Executive Officer February 21, 2019 Toronto, Canada (Signed) "David Soares" David Soares Chief Financial Officer 2 Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting The management of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (“Kirkland Lake Gold”) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, and have designed such internal control over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Management has used the Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) to evaluate the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which is a recognized and suitable framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management has evaluated the design and operation of Kirkland Lake Gold's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 , and has concluded that such internal control over financial reporting is effective. The effectiveness of Kirkland Lake Gold’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has been audited by KPMG LLP, Chartered Professional Accountants, as stated in their report that appears therein. (Signed) "Anthony Makuch" Anthony Makuch President and Chief Executive Officer February 21, 2019 Toronto, Canada (Signed) "David Soares" David Soares Chief Financial Officer 3 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated statement of financial position of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (“the Company”) as of December 31, 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, cash flows and changes in equity for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018, and the financial performance and its cash flows for the year then ended, in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 21, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ KPMG LLP Chartered Professional Accountants, Licensed Public Accountants We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010. Toronto, Canada February 21, 2019 4 To the Shareholders of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd., which comprise the consolidated statement of financial position as at December 31, 2017, the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, cash flows and changes in equity for the year then ended, and notes, comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information. Management’s Responsibility for the Consolidated Financial Statements Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. Auditors’ Responsibility Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free from material misstatement. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. The procedures selected depend on our judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, we consider internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained in our audit is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion. Opinion In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. as at December 31, 2017, and its consolidated financial performance and its consolidated cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. /s/ KPMG LLP Chartered Professional Accountants, Licensed Public Accountants February 21, 2019 Toronto, Canada 5 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd.’s (“the Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statements of financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, cash flows and changes in equity for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 21, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying management’s report on internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ KPMG LLP Chartered Professional Accountants, Licensed Public Accountants Toronto, Canada February 21, 2019 6 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. Consolidated Statements of Financial Position (In thousands of United States Dollars) As at Assets Current assets Cash Accounts receivable Inventories Prepaid expenses Non-current assets Other long-term assets Restricted cash Mining interests and plant and equipment Deferred tax assets Liabilities Current liabilities Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Share based liabilities Finance leases Income tax payable Provisions Non-current liabilities Share based liabilities Finance leases Provisions Deferred tax liabilities Shareholders' equity Share capital Reserves Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Retained earnings Commitments and Contractual Obligations ( Note 28 ) Subsequent Events ( Note 30 ) APPROVED ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD: Signed "Jeff Parr" , DIRECTOR Signed "Anthony Makuch" , DIRECTOR The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements Note December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 12 13 14 15 16 11 17 19 18 21 19 18 21 11 $332,227 20,151 40,089 5,445 397,912 165,092 22,190 1,117,170 7,796 $1,710,160 $125,635 4,276 12,465 34,434 15,817 $192,627 — 9,759 40,878 203,790 $447,054 923,964 35,135 (87,911) 391,918 1,263,106 $1,710,160 $231,596 15,668 41,432 7,122 295,818 118,480 22,193 1,049,309 — $1,485,800 $84,746 1,898 16,358 8,337 19,133 $130,472 218 22,217 41,652 133,645 $328,204 951,184 33,122 36,078 137,212 1,157,596 $1,485,800 7 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income For the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (In thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts) Revenue Production costs Royalty expense Depletion and depreciation Earnings from mine operations Expenses General and administrative Transaction costs Exploration and evaluation Care and maintenance Earnings from operations Other income, net Finance items Finance income Finance costs Earnings before income taxes Current income tax expense Deferred tax (expense) recovery Earnings from continuing operations Loss from discontinued operations Net earnings Other comprehensive income Items that have been or may be subsequently reclassified to net earnings: Changes in fair value of investments in equity securities, net of $3,758 tax Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations Items that will not be subsequently reclassified to net earnings: Changes in fair value of investments in equity securities, net of $1,674 tax recovery Total other comprehensive income Comprehensive income Basic earnings per share from continuing operations Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations Basic loss per share from discontinued operations Diluted loss per share from discontinued operations Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share Weighted average number of common shares outstanding (in 000's) Basic Diluted The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements 6 16 7 8 9 10 10 11 11 29 22(b(iii)) 22(b(iii)) 22(b(iii)) 22(b(iii)) 22(b(iii)) 22(b(iii)) 22(b(iii)) 22(b(iii)) Note Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 $915,911 (267,432) (26,418) (133,718) 488,343 (31,565) — (66,614) (3,081) 387,083 5,130 5,714 (3,617) 394,310 (40,743) (79,624) 273,943 — $273,943 — (112,347) (11,642) (123,989) $149,954 $1.30 $1.29 $— $— $1.30 $1.29 210,692 212,623 $747,495 (288,315) (21,396) (148,655) 289,129 (25,646) (397) (48,411) (11,877) 202,798 3,376 2,111 (12,206) 196,079 (44,223) 5,474 157,330 (24,904) $132,426 26,764 80,898 — 107,662 $240,088 $0.76 $0.75 ($0.12) ($0.12) $0.64 $0.63 207,436 209,114 8 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (In thousands of United States Dollars) Operating activities Earnings from continuing operations Depletion and depreciation Share based payment expense Other income, net Finance items, net Income tax expense Income tax paid Cash reclamation expenditures Change in non-cash working capital Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations Net cash used in operating activities of discontinued operations Investing activities Additions to mining interests Additions to plant and equipment Additions to other long-term assets Investments in public and private entities Sale of investment in equity security Sale of Stawell Mine Proceeds on dispositions of assets Transfer to restricted cash, net Net cash used in investing activities of continuing operations Net cash used in investing activities of discontinued operations Financing activities Proceeds from exercise of stock options Interest received (paid) Payment of finance lease obligations Payment of dividends Share repurchases Redemption of convertible debentures Net cash used in financing activities of continuing operations Net cash used in financing activities of discontinued operations Impact of foreign exchange on cash balances of continuing operations Impact of foreign exchange on cash balances of discontinued operations Change in cash of continuing operations during the year Change in cash of discontinued operations during the year Change in cash Cash, beginning of year Cash, end of year Supplemental cash flow information – Note 23 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements Note Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 23 16 16 14 29 15 22(b(i)) 22(a) 22(a) 20 $273,943 133,718 5,459 (5,130) (2,097) 120,367 (9,943) (6,840) 33,599 543,076 — (162,673) (112,531) (18,386) (66,124) — — 2,480 (206) (357,440) — 2,709 4,218 (23,109) (16,329) (30,811) — (63,322) — (21,683) — 100,631 — 100,631 231,596 $332,227 $157,330 148,655 4,344 (3,376) 10,095 38,749 (40,132) (10,212) 8,159 313,612 (12,990) (85,643) (46,197) (3,800) (80,844) 4,608 6,250 1,621 (680) (204,685) (612) 17,002 (4,648) (16,179) (3,281) (60,143) (44,034) (111,283) (121) 12,548 229 10,192 (13,494) (3,302) 234,898 $231,596 9 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity For the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (In thousands of United States Dollars, except share information) Balance at December 31, 2016 Exercise of share options, including transfer from reserves Share issuance Redemption of convertible debentures Share based payments expense Foreign currency translation Reclassification of foreign currency translation reserve to net earnings Change in fair value of investments in equity securities, net of tax Realized gain of sale of JDS Silver, net of tax Dividends declared Share repurchases Net earnings Balance at December 31, 2017 Exercise of share options, including transfer from reserves Share based payments expense Foreign currency translation Change in fair value of investments in equity securities, net of tax Dividends declared Share repurchases Net earnings Balance at December 31, 2018 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. Share Capital Note Shares (000s) Amount Equity portion of convertible debentures 203,032 $900,389 $15,674 22(b(ii)) 29 22(a) 22(a) 22(b(ii)) 22(a) 22(a) 7,351 1,500 4,505 — — — — — — 42,562 10,686 57,690 — — — — — — (5,443) (60,143) — — 210,945 $951,184 518 — — — — (1,640) — 3,591 — — — — (30,811) — 209,823 $923,964 — — (15,674) — — — — — — — — $— — — — — — — — $— Reserves Share based payments and other reserves $49,996 (25,560) — 6,564 2,122 — — — — — — — $33,122 (882) 2,895 — — — — — Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Shareholders' equity Foreign currency translation Investment revaluation Retained earnings ($71,924) — — — — 86,866 (5,968) — — — — — 340 — — — — — — 27,557 (793) — — — $8,974 $27,104 — — (112,347) — — — — — — — (11,642) — — — $11,439 $905,914 — — — — — — — — (6,653) — 132,426 $137,212 — — — — (19,237) — 273,943 $391,918 17,002 10,686 48,580 2,122 86,866 (5,968) 27,557 (793) (6,653) (60,143) 132,426 $1,157,596 2,709 2,895 (112,347) (11,642) (19,237) (30,811) 273,943 $1,263,106 10 $35,135 ($103,373) $15,462 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND NATURE OF OPERATIONS Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (individually, or collectively with its subsidiaries, as applicable, the "Company"), is a publicly listed entity incorporated in the province of Ontario, Canada. The Company’s common shares are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”), and the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "KL" and the Australian Securities Exchange ("ASX") under the symbol “KLA”. The Company’s head office, principal address and records office are located at 200 Bay Street, Suite 3120, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5J 2J1. The Company is a growing gold producer with four wholly-owned operating mines, two wholly-owned mines currently on care and maintenance and several exploration properties in Canada and Australia. 2. BASIS OF PREPARATION Statement of Compliance The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB"). The accounting policies applied in the consolidated financial statements are presented in note 3 and have been applied consistently to all years presented, unless otherwise noted. The consolidated financial statements were approved by the Company’s Board of Directors on February 21, 2019 . The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis except for certain financial assets and liabilities which are measured at fair value. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in compliance with IFRS requires management to make certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise judgment in the process of applying the Company’s accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed in note 4 . 3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES The principal accounting policies are set out below: a) Basis of presentation and consolidation The consolidated financial statements incorporate the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. Subsidiaries are those entities controlled by the Company. Control exists when the Company is exposed to or has rights to the variable returns from the subsidiary and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the subsidiary. Power is defined as existing rights that give the Company the ability to direct the relevant activities of the subsidiary. The financial statements of the subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date that control is transferred to the Company to the date control ceases. All intercompany transactions, balances, income and expenses are eliminated in full upon consolidation. 11 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) The subsidiaries of the Company as at December 31, 2018 and their principal activities are described below: Name Kirkland Lake Gold Inc. St Andrew Goldfields Ltd. Crocodile Gold Inc. Newmarket Gold Victorian Holdings Pty Ltd. Fosterville Gold Mine Pty Ltd. Newmarket Gold NT Holdings Pty Ltd. NT Mining Operations Pty Ltd. Kirkland Lake Gold (Barbados) Corporation b) Foreign currency translation Country of Incorporation Proportion of Ownership Interest Canada Canada Canada Australia Australia Australia Australia Barbados 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Principal Activity Operating Operating Holding Company Holding Company Operating Holding Company Operating Holding Company The functional currency for each entity consolidated with the Company is determined by the currency of the primary economic environment in which it operates (the “functional currency”). The functional currency for the Company and its Canadian subsidiaries is the Canadian dollar; the functional currency for all Australian subsidiaries is the Australian dollar. The consolidated financial statements are presented in United States dollars which is the presentation currency for the Company. In preparing the financial statements of the individual entities, transactions in currencies other than the entity’s functional currency (foreign currencies) are recognized at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions. At the end of each reporting period, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the rates prevailing at that date. Non-monetary items carried at fair value that are measured at fair value in foreign currencies are translated at the rates prevailing at the date when the fair value was determined. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated at the rate on the date of transaction. Exchange differences are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise except for exchange differences on monetary items receivable from or payable to a foreign operation for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur (therefore forming part of the net investment in the foreign operation), which are recognized initially in other comprehensive income and reclassified from equity to profit or loss on disposal or partial disposal of the net investment. On the disposal of a foreign operation (i.e. a disposal of the Company’s entire interest in a foreign operation, or a disposal involving loss of control over a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation), all the accumulated exchange differences in respect of that operation attributable to the Company are reclassified to profit or loss. In the case of a partial disposal (i.e. no loss of control) of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, the proportionate share of accumulated exchange differences are re-attributed to non-controlling interests and are not recognized in profit or loss. c) Business Combinations A business combination is defined as an acquisition of assets and liabilities that constitute a business. A business is an integrated set of activities and assets that consist of inputs, including non-current assets, and processes, including operational processes, that when applied to those inputs have the ability to create outputs that provide a return to the Company and its shareholders. A business also includes those assets and liabilities that do not necessarily have all the inputs and processes required to produce outputs, but can be integrated with the inputs and processes of the Company to create outputs. When acquiring a set of activities or assets in the exploration and development stage, which may not have outputs, the Company considers other factors to determine whether the set of activities or assets is a business. 12 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method whereby identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including contingent liabilities, are recorded at their fair values at the acquisition date. The acquisition date is the date at which the Company obtains control over the acquiree, which is generally the date that consideration is transferred and the Company acquires the assets and assumes the liabilities of the acquiree. The Company considers all relevant facts and circumstances in determining the acquisition date. The consideration transferred in a business combination is measured at fair value, which is calculated as the sum of the fair values of the assets at the acquisition date transferred by the Company, the liabilities, including contingent consideration, incurred and payable by the Company to former owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the Company. The measurement date for equity interests issued by the Company is the acquisition date. Acquisition related costs are expensed as incurred. d) Revenue recognition Revenue includes sales of gold doré, which is generally physically delivered to customers in the period in which it is produced, with the sales price based on prevailing spot market gold prices. The Company recognizes revenue when it transfers control of the gold doré to a customer. Generally, transfer of control occurs when the goods have been delivered to the customer. Payment is received on the date of or within a few days of the transfer of control. e) Financial Instruments Financial instruments are measured on initial recognition at fair value, plus, in the case of financial instruments other than those classified as fair value through profit or loss ("FVPL"), directly attributable transaction costs. Financial instruments are recognized when the Company become party to the contracts that give rise to them and are classified as amortized cost, fair value through profit or loss or fair value through other comprehensive income, as appropriate. The Company considers whether a contract contains an embedded derivative when the entity first becomes a party to it. The embedded derivatives are separated from the host contract if the host contract is not measured at fair value through profit or loss and when the economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the host contract. Reassessment only occurs if there is a change in the terms of the contract that significantly modifies the cash flows that would otherwise be required. Financial assets at FVPL Financial assets at FVPL include financial assets held for trading and financial assets not designated upon initial recognition as amortized cost or fair value through other comprehensive income ("FVOCI"). A financial asset is classified in this category principally for the purpose of selling in the short term, or if so designated by management. Transaction costs are expensed as incurred. On initial recognition, a financial asset that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortized cost or FVOCI may be irrevocably designated as FVPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise. Financial assets measured at FVPL are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statements of operations. Warrant investments are classified as FVPL. 13 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Financial assets at FVOCI On initial recognition of an equity investment that is not held for trading, an irrevocable election is available to measure the investment at fair value upon initial recognition plus directly attributable transaction costs and at each period end, changes in fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income ("OCI") with no reclassification to the consolidated statements of earnings. The election is available on an investment-by-investment basis. Investments in equity securities, where the Company cannot exert significant influence, are designated as financial assets at FVOCI. Financial assets at amortized cost A financial asset is measured at amortized cost if it is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows and its contractual terms give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding, and is not designated as FVPL. Financial assets classified as amortized cost are measured subsequent to initial recognition at amortized cost using the effective interest method. Cash, restricted cash, trade receivables and certain other assets are classified as and measured at amortized cost. Financial liabilities Financial liabilities, including accounts payable and accrued liabilities and finance leases are recognized initially at fair value, net of transaction costs. After initial recognition, other financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. Gains and losses are recognized in net earnings when the liabilities are derecognized as well as through the amortization process. Borrowing liabilities are classified as current liabilities unless the Company has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the statement of financial position date. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities and finance leases are classified as and measured at amortized cost. Derivative instruments Derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives, are measured at fair value on initial recognition and at each subsequent reporting period. Any gains or losses arising from changes in fair value on derivatives are recorded in net earnings. Fair values The fair value of quoted investments is determined by reference to market prices at the close of business on the statement of financial position date. Where there is no active market, fair value is determined using valuation techniques. These include using recent arm’s length market transactions; reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially the same; discounted cash flow analysis; and, pricing models. Financial instruments that are measured at fair value subsequent to initial recognition are grouped into a hierarchy based on the degree to which the fair value is observable as follows: Level 1 fair value measurements are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2 fair value measurements are those derived from inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability either directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices); and 14 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Level 3 fair value measurements are those derived from valuation techniques that include inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs). Impairment of financial assets A loss allowance for expected credit losses in recognized in OCI for financial assets measured at amortized cost. At each balance sheet date, on a forward-looking basis, the Company assesses the expected credit losses associated with its financial assets carried at amortized cost and FVOCI. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk. The impairment model does not apply to investment in equity instruments. The expected credit losses are required to be measured through a loss allowance at an amount equal to the 12-month expected credit losses (expected credit losses that result from those default events on the financial instrument that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date) or full lifetime expected credit losses (expected credit losses that result from all possible default events over the life of the financial instrument). A loss allowance for full lifetime expected credit losses is required for a financial instrument if the credit risk of that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. Derecognition of financial assets and liabilities A financial asset is derecognised when either the rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired or the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party. If neither the rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired nor the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset, the Company will assess whether it has relinquished control of the asset or not. If the Company does not control the asset then derecognition is appropriate. A financial liability is derecognised when the associated obligation is discharged or canceled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in net earnings. f) Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents includes cash and short-term money market instruments with an original maturity of three months or less, or which are on demand. g) Inventories and stockpiled ore Inventories are valued at the lower of weighted average cost or net realizable value. Inventories include work-in-process inventory (stockpiled ore, gold in circuit and bullion inventories) as well as materials and supplies inventory. For work-in-process inventory, the costs of production include: (i) materials, equipment, labour and contractor expenses which are directly attributable to the extraction and processing of ore; (ii) depletion and depreciation of plant and equipment used in the extraction and processing of ore; and (iii) related production overheads (based on normal operating capacity). Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and costs of selling the final product. 15 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Supplies are valued at the lower of weighted average cost and net realizable value. h) Mining interest Mining interests represent capitalized expenditures related to the development of mining properties, related plant and equipment and expenditures arising from property acquisitions. Upon disposal or abandonment, the carrying amounts of mining interests are derecognized and any associated gains or losses are recognized in profit or loss. Mining properties Purchased mining properties are recognized as assets at their cost of acquisition or at fair value if purchased as part of a business combination. The Company expenses exploration and evaluation expenditures and near term ore development costs as incurred. Near term development costs occur in areas where the Company expects production to occur within the subsequent 12 months. Property acquisition costs, longer term development, and costs incurred to expand ore reserves are capitalized if the criteria for recognition as an asset are met. The carrying amounts of mining properties are depleted using the unit-of-production method over the estimated recoverable ounces, when the mine is capable of operating at levels intended by management. Under this method, depletable costs are multiplied by the number of ounces produced, and divided by the estimated recoverable ounces contained in proven and probable reserves and a portion of resources where it is considered highly probable that those resources will be economically extracted. A mine is capable of operating at levels intended by management when: (i) operational commissioning of major mine and plant components is complete; (ii) operating results are being achieved consistently for a period of time; (iii) there are indicators that these operating results will be continued; and (iv) other factors are present, including one or more of the following: – – – a significant portion of plant/mill capacity has been achieved; a significant portion of available funding is directed towards operating activities; a pre-determined, reasonable period of time has passed; or significant milestones for the development of the mining property have been achieved. Management reviews the estimated total recoverable ounces contained in depletable reserves and resources at each financial year end, and when events and circumstances indicate that such a review should be made. Changes to estimated total recoverable ounces contained in depletable reserves and resources are accounted for prospectively. Plant and equipment Plant and equipment is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses or at fair value if purchased as part of a business combination. The cost of plant and equipment comprises its purchase price, any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management, the estimated close down and restoration costs associated with the asset and borrowing costs incurred that are attributable to qualifying assets as noted in note 3(i) . Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line or unit of production basis, over the shorter of the useful life of the asset or the remaining life of the mine; the life of mine is based on estimated recoverable ounces contained in proven and probable reserves and a portion of resources where it is considered highly probable that those resources will be economically extracted. 16 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) The significant classes of depreciable plant and equipment and their estimated useful lives are as follows : Category Mill and related infrastructure Vehicles and mobile equipment Office equipment Computer equipment Rates Life of mine 3-5 years 5 years 3 years Assets under construction are depreciated when they are substantially complete and available for their intended use, over their estimated useful lives. Management reviews the estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation methods of the Company’s plant and equipment at the end of each financial year, and when events and circumstances indicate that such a review should be made. Changes to estimated useful lives, residual values or depreciation methods resulting from such review are accounted for prospectively. Leased assets Leases in which the Company assumes substantially all risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. Assets held under finance leases are recognized at the lower of the fair value and the present value of minimum lease payments at inception of the lease, less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Lease payments are accounted for as discussed in note 3(k) . Assets held under finance leases are depreciated over their expected useful lives on the same basis as owned assets. i) Borrowing costs Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset (i.e. an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale) are capitalized as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period they occur. j) Impairment of non-financial assets Assets that have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortization and are tested annually for impairment or whenever indicators of impairment exist. Assets that are subject to amortization, depletion or depreciation are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of assets is the greater of their fair value less costs to sell and value in use. Fair value is based on an estimate of the amount that the Company may obtain in a sale transaction on an arm’s-length basis. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. For an asset that does not generate cash inflows largely independent of those from other assets, the recoverable amount is determined for the cash generating unit to which the asset belongs. The Company’s cash generating units are the lowest level of identifiable groups of assets that generate cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. Where a reasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individual cash-generating units, otherwise they 17 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) are allocated to the smallest group of cash generating units for which a reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified. An impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depletion or depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized. k) Leases Assets held under finance leases are recognized as discussed in note 3(h) . The corresponding liability is recognized as a finance lease obligation at the present value of the minimum lease payments. Lease payments are apportioned between finance charges and reduction of the lease obligation to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining liability. Finance charges are recorded as a finance expense in net earnings, unless they are attributable to qualifying assets, in which case they are capitalized. Operating lease payments are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term, except where another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern in which economic benefits from the leased asset are realized. l) Share based payments The Company has the ability under certain share based compensation plans (notes 19 and 22(b(i)) to grant equity based awards to directors, senior officers and employees of, or consultants to, the Company or employees of a corporation providing management services to the Company. i) Stock Options The grant date fair value of the estimated number of stock options awarded to employees, officers and directors that will eventually vest, is recognized as share based compensation expense over the vesting period of the stock options with a corresponding increase to equity. The grant date fair value of each stock option granted is estimated on the date of the grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and is expensed over the vesting period, based on the Company’s estimate of equity instruments that will eventually vest. At the end of each reporting period, the Company revises its estimate of the number of equity instruments expected to vest and adjusts the amount of recorded compensation expense accordingly. The impact of the revision of the original estimates, if any, is recognized in net earnings or capitalized in mining properties such that the accumulated expense reflects the revised estimate, with a corresponding adjustment to the share based payment reserve. The share based payment cost is recognized in net earnings or capitalized in mining properties (for options granted to individuals involved on specific projects). For transactions with non-employees, the fair value of the equity settled awards is measured at the fair value of the goods or services received, at the date the goods or services are received by the Company. In cases where the fair value of goods or services received cannot be reliably estimated, the Company estimates the fair value of the awards at the date of grant. 18 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) ii) Long-term Incentive Plan The performance share units (“PSUs”) and restricted share units (“RSUs”) awarded to eligible executives are measured at fair value at grant date. The fair value of the estimated number of PSUs and RSUs awarded expected to vest is recognized as share based compensation expense over the vesting period of the PSUs and RSUs with a corresponding amount recorded in equity until the respective shares are issued in settlement of the PSUs and RSUs. iii) Deferred Share Units Deferred share units (“DSUs”) awarded to non-executive directors will be settled in cash, common shares, or a combination thereof on the date when a director ceases to be a director. The fair value of the DSUs awarded, representing the fair market value of the Company’s shares is recognized as share based compensation expense at grant date with a corresponding amount recorded as a share based liability. Until the DSU liability is settled, the fair value of the DSUs is re-measured at the end of each reporting period and at the date of settlement, with changes in fair value recognized as share based compensation expense in the period. iv) Phantom Share Units Phantom share units, which were assumed by the Company as a result of the 2016 business combination with Newmarket Gold Inc., were recorded at their fair market value on the date of acquisition based on the quoted market price of the Company’s shares and are revalued at each reporting date based on the difference between the quoted market price of the Company’s shares at the end of the period and the grant date strike price. The fair value is recognized as a share based payment expense in net earnings with a corresponding entry in share based liabilities. m) Pension plans The Company has a defined contribution pension plan for its Canadian employees whereby the Company contributes a fixed percentage of the employees’ salaries to the pension plan. The employees are able to direct the contributions into a variety of investment funds offered by the plans. In Australia, the Company contributes a fixed percentage of the employees’ salaries to a federally mandated preservation fund of the employee's choice. Pension costs associated with the Company’s required contributions under the plans are recognized as an expense when the employees have rendered service entitling them to the contribution and are charged to net earnings, or capitalized to mining interests for employees directly involved in the specific projects. n) Deferred income tax Taxes, comprising both income taxes and mining taxes, are recognized in net earnings, except when they relate to items recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case the related taxes are recognized in other comprehensive income, or directly in equity, respectively. Deferred income taxes are recognized in the consolidated financial statements using the balance sheet liability method of accounting, and are recognized for unused tax losses, unused tax credits and temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. As an exception, deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognized if the temporary differences arise from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction (other than in a business combination) that affects neither accounting profit nor taxable profit. 19 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled based on the tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the statement of financial position date. Deferred income tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which temporary differences can be utilized. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets against current tax liabilities and when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the Company intends to settle its current assets and liabilities on a net basis. o) Share capital Common shares issued by the Company are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new common shares are recognized in equity, net of tax, as a deduction from the share proceeds (share issue costs). p) Flow through shares Under Canadian income tax legislation, a company is permitted to issue flow through shares whereby the company agrees to incur qualifying expenditures and renounce the related income tax deductions to the investors. The Company allocates the proceeds from the issuance of these shares between the offering of shares and the sale of tax benefits. The allocation is made based on the difference between the quoted price of the shares and the amount the investor pays for the shares. A deferred flow through premium liability is recognized for the difference. The liability is reversed when the expenditures are made and is recorded in profit or loss. The spending also gives rise to a deferred tax temporary difference between the carrying value and tax value of the qualifying expenditure. q) Provisions Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. The amount recognized as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and, where appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost. Contingent liabilities are not recognized in the consolidated financial statements, if not estimable and probable, and are disclosed in notes to the consolidated financial statements unless their occurrence is remote. Contingent assets are not recognized in the consolidated financial statements, but are disclosed in the notes if their recovery is deemed probable. 20 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Environmental rehabilitation Provisions for environmental rehabilitation are made in respect of the estimated future costs of closure and restoration and for environmental rehabilitation costs (which include the dismantling and demolition of infrastructure, removal of residual materials and remediation of disturbed areas) in the accounting period when the related environmental disturbance occurs. The provision is discounted using a pre-tax rate, and the unwinding of the discount is included in finance costs. At the time of establishing the provision, a corresponding asset is capitalized and is depreciated over future production from the mining property to which it relates. The provision is reviewed on an annual basis for changes in cost estimates, changes in legislation, discount rates and operating lives. Changes to estimated future costs are recognized in the statement of financial position by adjusting the rehabilitation asset and liability. Increases in estimated costs related to mine production become part of ore inventory. For closed sites, changes to estimated costs are recognized immediately in the net earnings. r) Earnings (loss) per share Basic earnings or loss per share is computed by dividing the net earnings attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the relevant period. The Company follows the treasury stock method in the calculation of diluted earnings per share. The treasury method assumes that outstanding stock options, PSUs and RSUs with an average exercise price below the market price of the underlying shares are exercised and the assumed proceeds are used to repurchase common shares of the Company at the average market price of the common shares for the period. s) Discontinued operations A discontinued operation is a component of the Company that either has been disposed of or abandoned, or that is classified as held for sale, and: (a) represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations; (b) is part of a single plan to dispose of a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations; or (c) is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale. Assets, liabilities, comprehensive income, and cash flows relating to a discontinued operation are segregated and reported separately from the continuing operations in the year of reclassification, with restatement of comparative information prior to the reporting year in which the reclassification occurs. 4. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING JUDGMENTS AND KEY SOURCES OF ESTIMATION UNCERTAINTY In the application of the Company’s accounting policies, which are described in note 3 , management is required to make judgments, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amount and classification of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates. The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are generally recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised. The following are the significant judgments and areas involving estimates, that management have made in the process of applying the Company’s accounting policies and that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements. 21 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Significant Judgments in Applying Accounting Policies Determination of functional currency In accordance with International Accounting Standards (“IAS”) 21, The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates , management determined that the functional currency of the Company’s Canadian and Australian subsidiaries is, respectively, the Canadian and Australian dollar. Determination of functional currency involves judgments to determine the primary economic environment and the Company reconsiders the functional currency of its entities if there is a change in events and conditions which determined the primary economic environment. Deferred income taxes Deferred income taxes Judgment is required in determining whether deferred tax assets are recognized on the statement of financial position. Deferred tax assets, including those arising from unutilized tax losses require management to assess the likelihood that the Company and/or its subsidiaries will generate taxable earnings in future periods, in order to utilize recognized deferred tax assets. Business combinations Determination of whether a set of assets acquired and liabilities assumed constitute the acquisition of a business or asset may require the Company to make certain judgments as to whether or not the assets acquired and liabilities assumed include the inputs, processes and outputs necessary to constitute a business as defined in IFRS 3 – Business Combinations . Accounting Estimates and Assumptions Determination of reserves and resources Reserve and resource estimates are used in the unit of production calculation for depletion and depreciation expense, the determination of the timing of rehabilitation provision costs, business combination accounting and impairment analysis. There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating reserves and resources. Assumptions that are valid at the time of estimation may change significantly when new information becomes available. Changes in the forecast prices of commodities, exchange rates, production costs, or recovery rates as well as new drilling results may change the economic status of reserves and resources and may result in the reserves and resources being revised. Deferred income taxes Estimates of future taxable income are based on forecast cash flows from operations and the application of existing tax laws in each jurisdiction. To the extent that future cash flows and taxable income differ significantly from estimates, the ability of the Company and/or its subsidiaries to realize the net deferred tax assets recorded at the statement of financial position date could be impacted. 22 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Business combinations The allocation of the purchase price of acquisitions requires estimates as to the fair market value of acquired assets and liabilities. The information necessary to measure the fair values as at the acquisition date of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires management to make certain judgments and estimates about future events, including but not limited to estimates of mineral reserves and mineral resources and exploration potential of the assets acquired, future operating costs and capital expenditures, discount rates to determine fair value of assets acquired and future metal prices and long term foreign exchange rates. Changes to the preliminary measurements of assets and liabilities acquired may be retrospectively adjusted when new information is obtained until the final measurements are determined within one year of the acquisition date. Impairment of assets The carrying amounts of mining properties and plant and equipment are assessed for any impairment triggers such as events or changes in circumstances which indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If there are indicators of impairment, an exercise is undertaken to determine whether the carrying values are in excess of their recoverable amount. Such review is undertaken on an asset by asset basis, except where such assets do not generate cash flows independent of other assets, and then the review is undertaken at the cash generating unit level (“CGU”). The Company considers both external and internal sources of information in assessing whether there are any indications that mining interests are impaired. External sources of information the Company considers include changes in the market, economic and legal environment in which the Company operates that are not within its control and affect the recoverable amount of mining interests. Internal sources of information the Company considers include the manner in which mining properties and plant and equipment are being used or are expected to be used and indications of economic performance of the assets. Environmental rehabilitation Significant estimates and assumptions are made in determining the environmental rehabilitation costs as there are numerous factors that will affect the ultimate liability payable. These factors include estimates of the extent and costs of rehabilitation activities, technological changes, regulatory changes, cost increases, and changes in discount rates. Those uncertainties may result in actual expenditures in the future being different from the amounts currently provided. The provision represents management’s best estimate of the present value of the future rehabilitation costs required. 5. ADOPTION OF NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS Adoption of new accounting standards The Company has adopted the following amendments to accounting standards, effective January 1, 2018. These changes were made in accordance with the applicable transitional provisions. IFRS 2, Share based Payment IFRS 2 Share-based Payment clarifies the effects of vesting conditions on cash-settled share-based payment transactions, the classification of share-based payment transactions with net settlement features for withholding tax obligations and modification to the terms and conditions of a share-based payment that changes the transaction from cash-settled to equity settled. IFRS 2 did not have a significant impact on adoption. 23 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) IFRS 9, Financial Instruments The Company adopted IFRS 9 Financial Instruments ("IFRS 9"), which replaced IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement ("IAS 39"). The Company elected to use the exemption to not restate comparative information for prior periods. IFRS 9 provides a revised model for classification and measurement of financial assets, including a new expected credit loss ("ECL") impairment model. The revised model for classifying financial assets results in classification according to their contractual cash flow characteristics and the business models under which they are held. IFRS 9 introduces a reformed approach to hedge accounting. IFRS 9 also largely retains the existing requirements in IAS 39 for the classification of financial liabilities. The Company adopted IFRS 9 on January 1, 2018. As a result of the adoption of IFRS 9, the Company has changed its accounting policy with respect to financial instruments. Under IFRS 9, the Company’s financial assets are accounted for as follows when compared to the Company’s previous policy in accordance with IAS 39: Financial Asset Cash, Restricted cash Accounts receivable and other assets Classification and Measurement Under IAS 39 Fair value through profit or loss (“FVPL”) Loans and receivables - Amortized cost Classification and Measurement Under IFRS 9 Amortized cost Amortized cost Other long-term assets - investments in equity securities Available for sale - Fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”) FVPL or an election to FVOCI Other long-term assets - warrant investments FVPL FVPL Under IFRS 9, the Company has elected to designate and account for its existing investments and those acquired throughout the fiscal year in equity securities as financial assets at FVOCI. Fair value gains and losses on investments in these equity securities are recognized in other comprehensive income with no reclassification to the consolidated statements of earnings. Upon initial date of application of IFRS 9, there was no impact to the Company's consolidated financial statements. The changes in accounting policy did not result in re-measurement of the carrying amount for any financial instruments on the transition date. The adoption of IFRS 9 did not have a significant effect on the Company’s accounting policies related to financial liabilities. IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“IFRS 15”) replaces IAS 18 Revenue , IAS 11 Construction Contracts, and some revenue-related interpretations. The standard contains a single model that applies to contracts with customers and two approaches to recognizing revenue: at a point in time or over time. The model features a contract-based five-step analysis of transactions to determine whether, how much, and when revenue is recognized. The Company adopted IFRS 15 on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. Under the modified retrospective approach, the Company recognizes transition adjustments, if any, in retained earnings on the date of initial application, without restating the financial statements on a retrospective basis. The Company has reviewed its sales contracts with customers using the five-step analysis under IFRS 15 and determined there to be no impact on the amounts and timing of revenue recognized. Therefore, no adjustment to opening retained earnings was required on transition to IFRS 15. The Company manages and reviews its operations by geographical location and managerial structure. For detailed information about reportable segments and disaggregated revenue, see note 17. All segments principally generate revenue from metal sales. 24 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) The Company has updated its accounting policy for revenue recognition to be in accordance with IFRS 15 (see note 3(d) ). IFRIC 22 Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration In December 2016, the IASB issued IFRIC Interpretation 22 " Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration " ("IFRIC 22"). IFRIC 22 clarifies which date should be used for translation when a foreign currency transaction involves an advance payment or receipt. IFRIC 22 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018. The Company adopted IFRIC 22 on January 1, 2018. The Company completed its analysis of the impact of the adoption of IFRIC 22 on the Company's consolidated financial statements with no impact. Accounting standards issued but not yet adopted IFRS 16, Leases In January 2016, the IASB issued IFRS 16, Leases (“IFRS 16”) which replaced the existing lease accounting guidance. IFRS 16 requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases on its balance sheet, as well as corresponding depreciation and interest expense. The Company will adopt IFRS 16 for the annual period beginning January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective approach. Under the modified retrospective approach, the Company recognizes transition adjustments, if any, in retained earnings on the date of initial application, without restating the comparative period's financial statements on a retrospective basis. The Company has completed its review of existing leasing and respective agreements, and developed processes to meet the adoption requirements of IFRS 16. Under IFRS 16, the majority of leases become on-balance sheet liabilities with underlying right-of-use assets. The Company expects to recognize an increase to lease liabilities, with an offsetting increase to the right-of-use assets and net investments in sub-leases as of January 1, 2019, with the difference recorded as an adjustment to retained earnings as at January 1, 2019 (prior years comparative period will not be restated). Since the Company elected to recognized the right-of-use assets at the amount equal to the lease liabilities there will be little impact on retained earnings. The impact on retained earnings relates to the net investment in sub-leases which is office space leased by the Company that, in turn, has been sub-leased. With the recognition of additional assets and liabilities on its consolidated balance sheet, there will be a corresponding increase in depreciation expense for leased assets and interest expense for lease liabilities in the year ended December 31, 2019, replacing the operating expense that was previously recorded on payments made under these agreements. IFRS 16 will also result in an increase to cash flow from operating activities to increase as lease payments for most leases will be recorded as financing outflows in the consolidated statement of cash flows. IFRIC 23, Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments On June 7, 2017, the IASB issued IFRIC Interpretation 23, Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments . The Interpretation provides guidance on the accounting for current and deferred tax liabilities and assets in circumstances in which there is uncertainty over income tax treatments. The Interpretation is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019. Earlier application is permitted. The Company intends to adopt the interpretation in its financial statements for the annual period beginning on January 1, 2019. The Company completed its analysis of the impact of the adoption of IFRIC 23 on the Company's consolidated financial statements with no material impact noted. 25 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) 6. PRODUCTION COSTS Production costs for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 include the following: Operating costs Share based payment expense (note 22(b(ii))) Production costs 7. GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 include the following: General and administrative - other Severance payments Share based payment expense (note 22(b(ii))) General and administrative Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 $267,189 243 $267,432 $287,918 397 $288,315 Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 $26,349 — 5,216 $31,565 $20,238 1,461 3,947 $25,646 Severance payments represent termination and severance payments regarding certain executive changes as a result of restructuring undertaken by the Company in 2017. 8. CARE AND MAINTENANCE EXPENSES Care and maintenance include expenses incurred on the Company’s Cosmo Mine in the Northern Territory in Australia since June 30, 2017, the Holloway mine which was transitioned to care and maintenance at the beginning of 2017 and the Hislop mine, both in Canada. Care and maintenance for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 is as follows: Cosmo mine Holloway mine Hislop mine Care and maintenance 9. OTHER INCOME, NET Loss on disposal of non-core mining interests and plant and equipment Change in fair value of warrant investments (note 14) Realized gain on sale of JDS Silver Recognition of deferred premium on flow through shares Unrealized and realized foreign exchange gain (loss), net Other income Other income, net Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 $249 2,792 40 $3,081 $9,587 2,192 98 $11,877 Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 ($2,017) (10,892) — — 16,902 1,137 $5,130 ($992) 1,618 793 3,070 (2,209) 1,096 $3,376 26 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) 10. FINANCE ITEMS Finance income and expense for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 includes the following: Interest income on bank deposits Finance income Unwinding of discount on convertible debentures (note 20) Interest paid on convertible debentures Interest on finance leases and other loans Finance fees and bank charges Unwinding of discount on rehabilitation provision (note 21) Finance costs 11. INCOME TAXES a) Income tax expense Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 $5,714 $5,714 $— — 1,496 969 1,152 $3,617 $2,111 $2,111 $3,349 4,816 1,427 1,611 1,003 $12,206 A reconciliation of income tax expense for continuing operations and the product of earnings from continuing operations before income tax multiplied by the combined Canadian federal and provincial statutory income tax rate is as follows: Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 Earnings before income taxes Computed income tax expense at Canadian statutory rates (25%) Non-deductible expenses/ Non-taxable (income) Foreign tax rate differential Current and deferred Ontario Mining Tax Renouncement of flow through expenditures Revision in estimates Recognition of previously unrecognized deferred tax assets Withholding taxes Other Income tax expense Current income tax expense Deferred tax (recovery) expense $394,310 98,578 (4,751) 10,801 12,190 — 74 — 2,737 738 $120,367 40,743 $79,624 $196,079 49,020 6,683 5,484 9,814 2,990 (1,953) (40,471) 7,406 (224) $38,749 44,223 ($5,474) During the year ended December 31, 2018 , the effective tax rate is 30.5% (December 31, 2017 - 19.8% ). During the year ended December 31, 2017 , the Company recognized $40,471 of previously unrecognized deferred tax assets in the period that were acquired in a previous business combination. This deferred tax benefit was realized as a result of a change in expected future profits to be realized after a reorganization of the acquired corporate structure. 27 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) b) Deferred income tax balances The tax effect of temporary differences that give rise to deferred income tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows: As at Net deferred tax assets: Financing costs Employee provisions Loss carry forwards Mark to market adjustments Other As at Net deferred tax liabilities: Mining interests and plant and equipment Environmental rehabilitation provision Financing costs Ontario Mining Tax Loss carry forwards Inventory Mark to market adjustments Corporate minimum tax credits Deferred revenue Employee provisions Other Changes in net deferred tax liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows: Balance, beginning of year Recognized in net earnings from continuing operations Recognized in equity Recognized in discontinued operations Foreign currency translation in other comprehensive income Net deferred tax liabilities, end of year December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $206 2,148 6,117 (753) 78 $7,796 $— — — — — $— December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 ($201,389) ($197,172) 14,310 50 (23,635) 12,861 (4,666) (3,354) — (1,016) 3,483 (434) 15,561 325 (22,189) 73,134 (5,346) (4,076) 2,403 (1,583) 5,069 229 ($203,790) ($133,645) Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 ($133,645) (79,624) 1,674 — 15,601 ($195,994) ($132,079) 5,474 (3,758) 7,224 (10,506) ($133,645) At December 31, 2018 , no deferred tax liabilities have been recognized in respect of the aggregate amount of $274,747 ( December 31, 2017 - $102,737 ) of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries. The Company controls the timing and circumstances of the reversal of these differences, and the differences are not anticipated to reverse in the foreseeable future. 28 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) As at December 31, 2018 , deferred income tax assets have not been recognized in respect of the following because it is not probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the Company can use the benefits: As at Capital loss carryforwards Investment tax credits Mining interests Australian royalty tax December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $11,668 $11,999 $10,546 $299,029 $— $13,072 $11,489 $306,858 The temporary differences arising from investment tax credits have an expiry date of 2029 to 2030. The temporary differences arising from mineral properties, Australian royalty tax and capital losses carried forward have an indefinite expiry date. As at December 31, 2018 , the Company had the following Canadian and Australian income tax attributes to carry forward: Canada Non-capital losses Capital losses Tax basis of mining interest Tax basis of plant and equipment Financing costs Australia Non-capital losses Tax basis of mining interests Tax basis of plant and equipment 12. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE As at Trade receivables Sales tax and other statutory receivables Other receivables Year ended December 31, 2018 $22,777 $615 $164,591 $166,998 $206 $42,872 $7,911 $60,302 Expiry 2036-2038 N/A Indefinite Indefinite 2019-2022 Indefinite Indefinite Indefinite December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $8,129 11,357 665 $20,151 $4,246 10,379 1,043 $15,668 The fair value of receivables approximates their carrying value. None of the amounts included in receivables at December 31, 2018 are past due. Trade receivables represent the value of gold doré sold as at year end for which the funds are not yet received; gold sales are generally settled within 1-2 weeks after delivery to a refinery. There is no allowance for doubtful accounts or a recorded allowance for credit losses. In determining the recoverability of other receivables, the Company considers any change in the credit quality of the counterparty, with the concentration of the credit risk limited due to the nature of the counterparties involved. 29 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) 13. INVENTORIES As at Gold doré Gold in circuit Ore stockpiles Supplies and consumables December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $1,114 9,493 7,770 21,712 $40,089 $1,515 12,814 6,538 20,565 $41,432 The cost of gold doré, gold in circuit, ore stockpiles (“metal inventory”), and supplies and consumables recognized as an expense and included in operating costs in 2018 and 2017 is $267,189 and $287,918 , respectively (note 6 ). During the year ended December 31, 2018 , there were no write downs of inventory to net realizable value related to supplies inventory ( December 31, 2017 - $422 ). There were no reversals of write downs of inventory to net realizable value during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 . 14. OTHER LONG-TERM ASSETS As at Investments in equity securities Warrant investments NSR Royalty from Stawell Mine sale (note 29) Deposits and other 1 1 Deposits and other includes prepaid expenses for other long-term assets. Investments in equity securities Changes in the investments in equity securities for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows: Balance, beginning of year Acquisition of investments Disposition of investments Unrealized and realized gain (loss) Foreign currency translation Investments in equity securities, end of year December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $141,781 1,209 1,003 21,099 $165,092 $100,109 12,754 1,138 4,479 $118,480 Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 $100,109 66,124 (525) (13,316) (10,611) $141,781 $5,885 69,171 (5,772) 30,249 576 $100,109 The fair value of the investments and warrants held as at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are as follows: Investments in equity securities Shares Fair value as at December 31, 2017 Purchase/(sales) Transfers Unrealized and realized gain/(loss) Foreign currency translation Fair value as at December 31, 2018 Bonterra Resources Inc. Metanor Resources Inc. Osisko Mining Inc. Novo Resources Corp. Other Total 4,460,629 — 32,627,632 29,830,268 $8,274 6,863 — 76,141 8,831 $1,773 — 47,767 16,120 (61) $100,109 $65,599 $5,598 (5,598) — — — $— ($6,423) (1,073) 28,652 (31,752) (2,720) ($13,316) ($750) (192) (2,967) (6,260) (442) ($10,611) $8,472 — 73,452 54,249 5,608 $141,781 30 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Warrant investments Bonterra Resources Inc. Metanor Resources Inc. Novo Resources Corp. Other Total Warrants 613,607 — 14,000,000 — Valuation technique Fair value as at December 31, 2017 Transfers Unrealized and realized gain/(loss) Foreign currency translation Fair value as at December 31, 2018 Black Scholes — Barrier Option Pricing Black Scholes — 938 10,624 1,192 $12,754 194 (194) — — $— (171) (726) (9,023) (972) ($10,892) (4) (18) (574) (57) ($653) 19 — 1,027 163 $1,209 The inputs used to value the warrant investments as of December 31, 2018 are as follows: Input Closing share price (C$) Exercise price (C$) Remaining life of the warrants (years) Volatility Risk-free interest rate Barrier (C$) Rebate (C$) De Grey Mining Ltd. Bonterra Resources Inc. first tranche Bonterra Resources Inc. second tranche Novo Resources Corp. $0.12 $0.19 0.92 49.65% 1.86% — — $2.59 $5.61 0.30 69.08% 1.86% — — $2.59 $5.61 0.97 60.74% 1.86% — — $2.48 $6.00 1.69 50.04% 1.86% $12.00 $6.00 In September 2018, Bonterra Resources Inc. (“Bonterra”) completed a plan of arrangement with Metanor Resources Inc. (“Metanor”), pursuant to which Bonterra acquired all of the issued and outstanding common shares of Metanor (the “Bonterra Arrangement”) on the basis of 1.6039 Bonterra shares for each Metanor share held (the “Exchange Ratio”). Prior to the completion of the Bonterra Arrangement, the Company held common shares of Bonterra and common shares and share purchase warrants of Metanor. Following the completion of the Bonterra Arrangement, the Company held 37,540,290 common shares of Bonterra and 6,136,072 share purchase warrants to acquire an additional 9,841,646 common shares of Bonterra based on the Exchange Ratio of 1.6039 . In November 2018, Bonterra completed a share consolidation on a 10 :1 basis. Following the share consolidation, on November 8, 2018, the Company acquired an additional 706,600 common shares of Bonterra at a purchase price of C$3.30 totaling C$2,332 (US $1,773 ). As a result the Company now holds 4,460,629 shares of Bonterra. The investment in common shares of Bonterra has been classified as FVOCI in accordance with IFRS 9. On August 10, 2018, the Company acquired an 8.58% interest ( 17,921,750 common shares) in the shares of Osisko Mining Inc. ("Osisko") at a purchase price of C$2.08 per share for aggregate considerations including transactions costs, totaling C$37,456 (US $28,564 ). On September 17, 2018, the Company acquired an additional 5% interest ( 14,705,882 common shares) in the shares of Osisko at a purchase price of C$1.70 per share totaling C$25,000 (US $19,203 ). The investment has been classified as FVOCI in accordance with IFRS 9. On May 29, 2018, the Company acquired an additional 4,000,000 common shares of Novo Resources Corp. at a purchase price of C$5.00 per share and transaction costs totaling C$20,900 (US $16,120 ). The investment has been classified as FVOCI in accordance with IFRS 9. 15. RESTRICTED CASH As at Cash collateral relating to rehabilitation performance guarantees Other restricted cash December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $20,631 1,559 $22,190 $20,414 1,779 $22,193 31 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Cash collateral related to rehabilitation performance guarantees includes $20,631 (A $29,268 ) for performance guarantees provided by the Company to the State of Victoria and Northern Territory governments relating to the future reclamation and rehabilitation of the Company’s mine sites and exploration tenements in Australia. 16. MINING INTERESTS AND PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Year ended December 31, 2018 Cost At January 1, 2018 Additions, including transfer from construction in progress Construction in progress, net of transfers to plant and equipment additions Change in environmental closure assets (estimate and discount rate) Disposals Foreign currency translation Cost at December 31, 2018 Accumulated depreciation and depletion At January 1, 2018 Depreciation Depletion Disposals Foreign currency translation Accumulated depreciation and depletion at December 31, 2018 Carrying value at December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 Cost At January 1, 2017 Additions, including transfer from construction in progress Construction in progress, net of transfers to plant and equipment additions Fair value of shares issued for IBA, amortized over life of mine (note 22(a)) Change in environmental closure assets (estimate and discount rate) Disposals Foreign currency translation Cost at December 31, 2017 Accumulated depreciation and depletion At January 1, 2017 Depreciation Depletion Disposals Foreign currency translation Accumulated depreciation and depletion at December 31, 2017 Carrying value at December 31, 2017 Depletable Non depletable Total mining interest Plant and equipment Total $864,385 181,486 — 3,755 — (87,505) $962,121 $213,440 346 90,980 — (23,335) $281,431 $680,690 $116,285 324 — — — (10,661) $105,948 $— — — — (190) ($190) $106,138 $980,670 181,810 — 3,755 — (98,166) $1,068,069 $213,440 346 90,980 — (23,525) $281,241 $786,828 $375,571 88,406 38,923 — (17,873) (37,086) $447,941 $93,492 47,360 — (13,901) (9,352) $117,599 $330,342 $1,356,241 270,216 38,923 3,755 (17,873) (135,252) $1,516,010 $306,932 47,706 90,980 (13,901) (32,877) $398,840 $1,117,170 Depletable Non depletable Total mining interest Plant and equipment Total $692,430 95,643 — 10,686 8,109 (208) 57,725 $864,385 $95,410 140 108,403 (338) 9,825 $213,440 $650,945 $135,834 212 — — 30 (30,199) 10,408 $116,285 $— — — — — $— $116,285 $828,264 95,855 — 10,686 8,139 (30,407) 68,133 $980,670 $95,410 140 108,403 (338) 9,825 $213,440 $767,230 $298,925 69,755 1,405 — — (18,196) 23,682 $375,571 $55,735 42,201 — (9,861) 5,417 $93,492 $282,079 $1,127,189 165,610 1,405 10,686 8,139 (48,603) 91,815 $1,356,241 $151,145 42,341 108,403 (10,199) 15,242 $306,932 $1,049,309 32 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Mining Interests Non-depletable mining interests at December 31, 2018 of $106,138 ( December 31, 2017 - $116,285 ) includes $42,765 ( December 31, 2017 - $46,245 ) for the carrying value of previously acquired interest in exploration properties around the Company's Macassa Mine in Canada, with the change in value related primarily to the impact of foreign exchange, and $63,373 ( December 31, 2017 - $70,040 ) for the carrying value of various acquired exploration properties in Australia, with the remainder of the change from the date of acquisition due to foreign exchange impact. Plant and Equipment Plant and equipment at December 31, 2018 , includes $14,969 ( December 31, 2017 - $4,232 ) of construction in progress. Plant and equipment also includes costs of $44,978 ( December 31, 2017 - $72,307 ) and accumulated depreciation of $15,548 ( December 31, 2017 - $17,883 ) related to capital equipment and vehicles under finance leases (note 18 ). 17. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES As at Trade payable and accrued liabilities Payroll and government remittances December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $108,295 17,340 $125,635 $69,155 15,591 $84,746 Accounts payable are non-interest bearing and are generally due within 30 days or payable on demand. The fair value of accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their carrying amount. Trade payables relate mainly to the acquisition of materials, supplies and contractor services. 18. FINANCE LEASES Finance leases and other loans at December 31, 2018 and 2017 include the obligations of the Company under various equipment and vehicle finance leases; the finance leases expire between May 2, 2019 and May 15, 2022 and reflect interest between 2.74% and 4.95% . The Company has the option to purchase the equipment and vehicles leased at the end of the terms of the leases, for a nominal amount. The Company’s obligations under finance leases are secured by the lessor’s title to the leased assets. The following schedule outlines the total minimum payments due for the finance lease obligations over their remaining terms as at December 31, 2018 and 2017 : Not later than one year Later than one year and not later than five years Less: Future finance charges Present value of minimum lease payments Less: Current portion Non-current portion Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 $13,101 10,006 (883) $22,224 (12,465) $9,759 $17,570 23,031 (2,026) $38,575 (16,358) $22,217 33 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Lease facilities The Company has credit facilities for a maximum of $ 13,809 (C $18,831 ) which are comprised entirely of equipment lease facilities. The amounts financed under the lease facilities are secured with the equipment under the respective lease facilities. At December 31, 2018 , $ 2,139 was drawn under the (C$ 2,917 ) lease facilities ( December 31, 2017 - $36,829 ). Amounts drawn under the equipment lease facilities are subject to separate lease agreements with a maximum term of 48 months and interest rates which are variable depending on when the finance leases are entered into; all obligations under these agreements are included in the finance lease liability at December 31, 2018 and 2017 . 19. SHARE BASED PAYMENT LIABILITIES The Company has a deferred share unit plan ("DSU Plan") for non-executive directors of the Company, which provides a cash payment, common shares, or a combination thereof on the date when a director ceases to be a director. The Company assumed phantom share units that were previously granted to Australian employees of Newmarket Gold Inc. as a result of a business combination that closed on November 30, 2016. Each phantom share unit entitles the holder to a cash payment on exercise based on market value of the Company's shares on the date of exercise less the strike price of the phantom share unit. Changes in the number of DSUs and phantom share units outstanding during the years ending December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows: Balance at beginning of year Granted Redeemed Cancelled Balance, at end of year DSUs 131,006 39,522 — — 170,528 Year ended December 31, 2018 Phantom share units 95,000 — (35,625) (23,750) 35,625 DSUs 40,356 103,600 (12,950) — 131,006 Year ended December 31, 2017 Phantom share units 185,037 — (90,037) — 95,000 Changes in the share based payment liabilities during the years ending December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows: Opening liability Share based payment expense Redeemed DSUs and phantom share units (cash payments) Foreign currency translation Total share based payment liability Current portion of share based payment liability Long term share based payment liability Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 $2,116 2,564 (441) 37 $4,276 $4,276 $— $436 2,222 (605) 63 $2,116 $1,898 $218 34 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) 20. CONVERTIBLE DEBENTURES On June 30, 2017, the Company redeemed all debentures outstanding under the July 19, 2012 convertible debenture issuance for cash consideration of $43,779 (C $56,837 ). The debentures redeemed represented the outstanding debentures of a C$57,500 private placement of convertible unsecured subordinated debentures ( 6% debentures) completed on July 19, 2012. The debentures bore interest at 6% per annum, payable semi-annually. During the year ended December 31, 2017 , $1,313 ( C$1,705 ) of interest related to these debentures was paid. Subsequent to the redemption of the 6% debentures, the amount of $6,564 that was recorded in a component of shareholder's equity was reallocated to share capital. As at December 31, 2017, there were no debentures outstanding under the November 7, 2012 issuance. During December 2017, debenture holders elected to convert $48,559 ( C$61,724 ) at a conversion price of $13.70 per share, being a conversion rate of 72.9927 common shares for each $1,000 in principal held. As a result, the Company issued an aggregate of 4,505,393 common shares. In addition, the Company paid an aggregate amount of $255 ( C$324 ) in cash with respect to the outstanding debentures not converted. The debentures converted or redeemed represented the outstanding debentures of a C $69,000 private placement of convertible unsecured subordinated debentures (“ 7.5% debentures”) for net proceeds of C $65,800 . The debentures bore interest at 7.5% per annum, payable semi‑annually. During the year ended December 31, 2017 , $3,503 ( C$4,467 ) of interest related to these debentures was paid. Subsequent to the conversion of the 7.5% debentures, the amount of $9,110 recorded in a component of shareholder's equity was reallocated to share capital. Long-term debt $84,961 ($44,034) ($4,816) $4,816 ($48,559) $3,349 $4,283 $— Balance as at January 1, 2017 Repurchase of debentures Interest paid Interest expense Conversions Unwinding of discount Foreign currency translation Balance as at December 31, 2017 Changes from financing cash flows Other changes Year ended December 31, 2017 21. PROVISIONS As at Environmental rehabilitation provision Long service leave Total provisions Current provisions Long-term balance Environmental rehabilitation provision December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $50,603 6,092 $56,695 15,817 $40,878 $54,429 6,356 $60,785 19,133 $41,652 The Company provides for the estimated future cost of rehabilitating mine sites and related production facilities on a discounted basis as such activity that creates the rehabilitation obligation occurs. The rehabilitation provision represents the present value of estimated future rehabilitation costs. These provisions are based on the Company’s internal estimates, with consideration of closure plans and rehabilitation requirements established by relevant regulatory bodies. 35 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Changes in the environmental rehabilitation provision for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows: Balance, beginning of year Change in estimates Disposition of Stawell Site closure and reclamation costs paid Unwinding of discount on rehabilitation provision Foreign currency translation Balance, end of the year Current portion Long-term balance Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 $54,429 6,885 — (6,840) 1,152 (5,023) $50,603 10,488 $40,115 $55,971 8,927 (5,482) (10,212) 1,003 4,222 $54,429 13,946 $40,483 The majority of the expenditures are expected to occur between 2020 and 2038. The discount rates used in estimating the environmental provision for the year ended December 31, 2018 were between 1.83% and 2.32% (year ended December 31, 2017 - 1.59% and 2.61% ) and the inflation rates used were between 2% and 3% for both years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. As the life of the mine is extended, the timing of certain expenditures will be deferred. All estimates and assumptions are reviewed on an annual basis to take into account any material changes to underlying assumptions and inputs. However, actual rehabilitation costs will ultimately depend upon future market prices for the necessary decommissioning works required, which will reflect market conditions at the relevant time. Furthermore, the timing of rehabilitation is likely to depend on when the mines cease to produce at economically viable rates. This, in turn, will depend upon future gold prices and costs of production, which are inherently uncertain. Long service leave Long service leave is an Australian employee entitlement which accrues based on an employee’s length of service to a company. The provision is estimated based on the total current service of the Company’s employees and the probability of expected future service and earnings. As at December 31, 2018 , the total accrued long service leave was $6,092 , of which $5,329 is included in the current provision ( December 31, 2017 - $6,356 and $5,187 , respectively). 22. SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY The Company is authorized to issue an unlimited number of common shares without par value. (a) SHARE CAPITAL As at December 31, 2018 , the Company had 209,822,819 common shares outstanding ( December 31, 2017 - 210,944,884 ). Share capital issuances – During the year ended December 31, 2018 , the Company issued an aggregate of 517,935 common shares upon the exercise of 517,935 stock options for proceeds of $3,591 (year ended December 31, 2017 - the Company issued an aggregate of 7,351,060 common shares upon the exercise of 5,739,722 stock options 36 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) which includes former stock options of Newmarket Gold Inc., 1,608,982 performance share units of Newmarket Gold Inc. and 2,356 warrants for proceeds of $42,562 ). – On May 12, 2017, the Company issued 1,500,000 common shares to two First Nations as part of an IBA for $10,686 (note 16 ). Repurchases – The Company purchased 1,640,000 shares for $30,811 ( C$40,253 ) pursuant to the Normal Course Issuer Bid ("NCIB"), which was renewed on the TSX on May 22, 2018. All common shares repurchased were legally cancelled and the amount paid to repurchase is recorded as a reduction of share capital in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity. Dividends – On January 15, 2018, the Company paid a quarterly dividend of C$0.02 per common share in the amount of $3,351 ( C$4,219 ). – On April 13, 2018, the Company paid a quarterly dividend of C$0.02 per common share in the amount of $3,340 ( C$4,224 ). – On July 13, 2018 and October 12, 2018, the Company paid a quarterly dividend of C$0.03 per common share in the amounts of $4,811 ( C$6,337 ) and $4,827 ( C$6,290 ), respectively. – On December 11, 2018, the Company declared a quarterly dividend of C$0.04 per common share that was paid on January 11, 2019 to the shareholders of record as of the close of business of December 31, 2018 . – – On July 14, 2017 and October 16, 2017, the Company paid a quarterly dividend of C$0.01 per common share in the amounts of $1,623 ( C$2,107 ) and $1,658 ( C$2,076 ), respectively. – On December 15, 2017, the Company declared a quarterly dividend of C$0.02 per common share that was paid on January 15, 2018 to shareholders of record as of the close of business on December 29, 2017. – The Company accrued $3,372 ( C$4,219 ) as at December 31, 2017 related to the declared dividend with the corresponding reduction in retained earnings. The Company accrued $6,177 ( C$8,393 ) as at December 31, 2018 related to the declared dividend with the corresponding reduction in retained earnings. 37 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) (b) RESERVES (i) Share based payment compensation plans The Company has the following outstanding equity based awards: Stock options The Company has a stock option plan ("the Stock Option Plan") that provides for the issuance of stock to employees, directors, or officers of the Company and any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, consultants, and management employees. On May 4, 2017, shareholders of the Company approved certain amendments to the Stock Option Plan, including changing the Stock Option Plan to a “rolling plan”. Accordingly, the aggregate number of common shares to be reserved for issuance in satisfaction of stock options granted pursuant to the Stock Option Plan and all other security based compensation plans must not exceed 5.5% of the common shares issued and outstanding (on a non-diluted basis) at the time of granting any stock options. In accordance with the terms of the Stock Option Plan: (i) the exercise price of a stock option granted shall be determined by the Company's Board but in any event, shall not be less than the closing price of the common shares trading on the TSX on the date of grant; (ii) stock options shall have a maximum term of five years; and (iii) will generally be terminated ninety days after a participant ceases to be an officer, director, employee or consultant of the Company. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company did not grant any stock options. Changes in stock options during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows: Balance, beginning of year Exercised Expired Forfeited Stock options outstanding, end of year Stock options exercisable, end of year Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 Number of options 1,499,315 (517,935) (83,971) — 897,409 897,409 Weighted average exercise price (C$) $5.80 6.70 8.44 — $5.02 $5.02 Number of options 7,514,307 (5,739,722) (235,269) (40,001) 1,499,315 1,332,460 Weighted average exercise price (C$) $4.60 3.91 13.95 4.96 $5.80 $6.01 The weighted average share price at the date of exercise for stock options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2018 was C $23.28 per share ( December 31, 2017 - C $11.16 ). Options are valued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Where relevant, the expected life used in the model has been adjusted based on management’s best estimate of the effects of non-transferability, exercise restrictions and behavioral considerations. Expected volatility is based on the historical share price volatility the Company. 38 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Stock Options Exercised The following table outlines share options granted under the former stock option plans of Kirkland Lake Gold Inc. and St. Andrews Goldfields Ltd. that were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2018 : Grant price (C$) $2.85 - $15.11 $2.98 - $6.82 Number of options exercised Exercise dates Weighted average closing share price at exercise date (C$) $3.42 - $6.82 $3.42 - $6.82 266,499 82,049 4,630 164,757 517,935 January 1, 2018 - March 31, 2018 April 1, 2018 - June 30, 2018 July 1, 2018 - September 30, 2018 October 1, 2018 - December 31, 2018 $19.57 $22.64 $27.15 $29.49 $23.28 The following table outlines share options granted under the former stock option plans of Kirkland Lake Gold Inc., St. Andrews Goldfields Ltd. and Newmarket Gold Inc. that were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2017 : Grant price (C$) Number of options exercised Exercise dates Weighted average closing share price at exercise date (C$) $1.11 - $7.81 $0.86 - $7.81 $2.11 - $7.81 1,804,842 2,791,059 720,018 423,803 5,739,722 January 1, 2017 - March 31, 2017 April 1, 2017 - June 30, 2017 July 1, 2017 - September 30, 2017 October 1, 2017 - December 31, 2017 $9.87 $10.13 $14.72 $17.39 $11.16 $2.91 - $15.11 Other equity based instruments On January 1, 2017, the Board approved a long-term incentive plan (the “Long Term Incentive Plan” or “LTIP”) that provides for RSUs and PSUs (collectively, “Share Units”) that may be granted to employees, officers and eligible contractors of the Company and its affiliates. A director of the Company is not eligible to participate in the LTIP unless he or she is also an employee of the Company. On May 4, 2017, shareholders of the Company approved amendments to the LTIP to provide the Company with the ability, at the discretion of the Company's Board of Directors to issue common shares or cash or any combination thereof in satisfaction of the Company’s obligations under Share Units held by participants. As the Company does not intend to cash-settle awards in future periods under the LTIP plans, they are accounted for as equity awards. The maximum number of common shares made available for issuance under the LTIP shall not exceed: (i) such number of common shares as would, when combined with all other common shares subject to grants under DSUs, RSUs and PSUs of the Company, be equal to 2% of the common shares then outstanding; and (ii) such number of common shares as would, when combined with all other common shares of the Company, be equal to 5.5% of the common shares outstanding from time to time. The value of an RSU and PSU at the grant date is equal to the fair market value of a common share of the Company on that date. Unless otherwise determined by the Compensation Committee, no RSU or PSU shall vest later than three years after the date of grant. Upon vesting of the PSUs, the number of shares the holder can receive ranges between 0% and 200% of the number of the PSUs granted, to be determined at the end of the performance period based on the performance of the Company's underlying shares. 39 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Movements in the number of the PSUs and RSUs for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows: Balance, beginning of year Granted Cancelled Redeemed Balance, end of year (ii) Share based payment expense Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 PSUs 342,206 198,528 (38,697) — 502,037 RSUs 364,263 198,528 (38,697) — 524,094 PSUs 1,707,571 309,637 (61,041) (1,613,961) 342,206 RSUs 108,589 326,694 (66,041) (4,979) 364,263 The cost of share based payments is allocated to production costs (options granted to employees involved in the commercial operations at the mines and mill), general and administrative costs (options granted to directors and corporate employees). RSU and PSU share based payment expense RSU and PSU cash payments Stock options share based payment expense Equity based instruments share based payment expense Cash settled instruments share based payment expense (note 19) Total share based payment expense Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 $2,874 — 21 $2,895 2,564 $5,459 $1,969 65 88 $2,122 2,222 $4,344 The allocation of share based payment expense on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 is as follows: General and administrative Production costs Total share based payment expense (iii) Basic and diluted income per share Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 $5,216 243 $5,459 $3,947 397 $4,344 Basic and diluted income per share for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 is calculated as shown in the table below. The diluted income per share for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 includes the impact of certain outstanding options, PSUs and RSUs. 40 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Earnings from continuing operations Loss from discontinued operations (note 29) Net earnings Weighted average basic number of common shares outstanding (in '000s) Basic earnings per share from continuing operations Basic loss per share from discontinued operations Basic earnings per share Weighted average diluted number of common shares outstanding (in '000s) Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations Diluted loss per share from discontinued operations Diluted earnings per share Weighted average diluted number of common shares for years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 is calculated as follows: Weighted average basic number of common shares outstanding (in '000s) In the money shares - share options (in '000s) In the money shares - RSUs and PSUs (in '000s) Weighted average diluted number of common shares outstanding Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 $273,943 — 273,943 210,692 $1.30 $— $1.30 212,623 $1.29 $— $1.29 $157,330 (24,904) 132,426 207,436 $0.76 ($0.12) $0.64 209,114 $0.75 ($0.12) $0.63 Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 210,692 905 1,026 212,623 207,436 972 706 209,114 The following items were excluded from the computation of weighted average shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 as their effect would be anti-dilutive: Share options (in '000s) 23. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 — 527 As at December 31, 2018 , the Company’s cash balance of $332,227 ( December 31, 2017 – $231,596 ) was held in full at major Canadian and Australian banks in deposit accounts. 41 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Supplemental information to the statements of cash flows is as follows: Change in non-cash working capital Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable Decrease (increase) in inventory Decrease (increase) in prepaid expenses and current assets Decrease (increase) in accounts payable and accrued liabilities Investing and financing non-cash transactions Plant and equipment acquired through finance lease Accounts payable related to capital projects Accounts payable related to mining interests Accounts payable related to plant and equipment 24. OPERATING SEGMENTS Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 ($5,831) (4,937) 942 43,425 $33,599 $8,589 $12,297 $6,209 ($7,468) 6,291 60 9,276 $8,159 $24,963 $— $— The reportable operating segments are those operations for which operating results are reviewed by the President and Chief Executive Officer who is the chief operating decision maker regarding decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and to assess performance provided those operations pass certain quantitative thresholds. Operations with revenues, earnings or losses or assets that exceed 10% of the total consolidated revenue, earnings or losses or assets are reportable segments. Each of the Company's reportable operating segments generally consists of an individual mining property managed by a single general manager and operations management team. The Company’s operating segments reflect these multiple mining interests and are reported in a manner consistent with internal reporting used to assess the performance of each segment and make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segments. The information reported below as at and for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 is based on the information provided to the President and Chief Executive Officer. 42 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) As at and for the year ended December 31, 2018 Revenue Production costs Royalty expense Depletion and depreciation Earnings (loss) from mine operations Expenses General and administrative Exploration and evaluation Care and maintenance Earnings (loss) from operations Other income Finance items Finance income Finance costs Earnings before taxes from continuing operations Expenditures on: Mining interest Plant and equipment Total capital expenditures Total assets Total liabilities Macassa Mine Holt Complex Fosterville Northern Territory Corporate and other $307,807 (102,845) (9,074) (45,861) 150,027 — (4,090) — 145,937 $67,079 59,271 $126,350 $531,457 $204,160 $164,045 (88,844) (8,352) (25,500) 41,349 — (6,232) (2,832) 32,285 $26,001 16,508 $42,509 $196,176 $51,466 $444,059 (75,743) (8,992) (60,167) 299,157 — (26,481) — 272,676 $58,650 46,407 $105,057 $436,616 $122,324 $— — — (2,185) (2,185) — (29,811) (249) (32,245) $23,240 5,143 $28,383 $309,469 $31,121 $— — — (5) (5) (31,565) — — (31,570) $— — $— $236,442 $37,983 Total $915,911 (267,432) (26,418) (133,718) 488,343 (31,565) (66,614) (3,081) 387,083 5,130 5,714 (3,617) 394,310 $174,970 127,329 $302,299 $1,710,160 $447,054 43 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) As at and for the year ended December 31, 2017 Revenue Production costs Royalty expense Depletion and depreciation Earnings (loss) from mine operations Expenses General and administrative Transaction costs Exploration and evaluation Care and maintenance Earnings (loss) from operations Other income Finance items Finance income Finance costs Earnings before taxes from continuing operations Expenditures on: Mining interest Plant and equipment Total capital expenditures Total assets Total liabilities Macassa Mine Holt Complex Fosterville Northern Territory Corporate and other $247,104 (102,743) (5,377) (38,015) 100,969 — — (10,756) — 90,213 $28,079 25,265 $53,344 $562,752 $117,119 $145,892 (77,299) (9,586) (22,576) 36,431 — — (7,780) (2,290) 26,361 $17,226 16,122 $33,348 $92,168 $46,348 $327,055 (70,906) (6,433) (82,589) 167,127 — — (21,400) — 145,727 $34,641 27,944 $62,585 $433,385 $116,929 $27,444 (37,367) — (5,473) (15,396) — — (8,475) (9,587) (33,458) $5,697 1,829 $7,526 $140,036 $34,953 $— — — (2) (2) (25,646) (397) — (26,045) $— — $— $257,459 $12,855 Total $747,495 (288,315) (21,396) (148,655) 289,129 (25,646) (397) (48,411) (11,877) 202,798 3,376 2,111 (12,206) 196,079 $85,643 71,160 $156,803 $1,485,800 $328,204 44 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) The following table shows non-current assets by geographic region: Geographic information Australia Canada Total The following table summarizes sales to individual customers exceeding 10% of annual metal sales for the following periods: Customer 1 2 3 4 Total % of total sales Non-current assets As at December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $571,569 740,679 $1,312,248 $666,626 523,356 $1,189,982 Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 Metal sales $442,767 186,195 182,762 93,420 $905,144 99% $326,447 148,280 142,880 — $617,607 83% The Company is not economically dependent on a limited number of customers for the sale of its product because gold can be sold through numerous commodity market traders worldwide. The customers differ in the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 . 25. CAPITAL RISK MANAGEMENT The Company manages its capital structure and makes adjustments to it to effectively support the acquisition, operation, exploration and development of mineral properties. In the definition of capital, the Company includes, as disclosed on its consolidated statement of financial position: share capital, reserves, accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and retained earnings. The Company’s capital at December 31, 2018 and 2017 is as follows: As at Share capital Reserves Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Retained earnings December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $923,964 35,135 (87,911) 391,918 $1,263,106 $951,184 33,122 36,078 137,212 $1,157,596 The Company believes it has sufficient funds to finance its current operating, development and exploration expenditures. Longer term, the Company may pursue opportunities to raise additional capital through equity and/or debt markets as it progresses with its properties and projects. The Company will continue to assess new properties and seek to acquire an interest in additional properties if it feels there is sufficient geologic or economic potential and if it has adequate financial resources to do so. 45 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Management reviews its capital management approach on an ongoing basis and believes that its approach, given the relative size of the Company, is reasonable. Neither the Company nor its subsidiaries are subject to any other externally imposed capital requirements. 26. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS Carrying values of financial instruments The carrying values of the financial assets and liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows: As at Financial Assets At fair value through profit or loss Warrant investments Loans and receivables, measured at amortized cost Cash Restricted cash Accounts receivable (not including sales taxes) Investments in equity securities, measured at fair value through Other Comprehensive Income Investments in equity securities Financial Liabilities Other financial liabilities, measured at amortized cost Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Finance leases Fair values of financial instruments December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $1,209 $12,754 $332,227 22,190 8,794 $363,211 $231,596 22,193 5,289 $259,078 $141,781 $100,109 $125,635 22,224 $147,859 $84,746 38,575 $123,321 The fair values of cash, accounts receivable, restricted cash, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their carrying values due to the short term to maturity of these financial instruments. The fair value hierarchy of financial instruments measured at fair valued on the consolidated statement of financial position is as follows: As at Level 1 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Investments in equity securities - publicly traded (note 14) $141,781 $100,109 Level 2 Warrant investments $1,209 $12,754 46 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Financial instruments risks factors The Company is exposed to financial risks sensitive to changes in share prices, share price volatility, foreign exchange and interest rates. The Company’s Board of Directors has overall responsibility for the establishment and oversight of the risk management framework. Currently the Company has no outstanding options, forward or future contracts to manage its price-related exposures. The Company's risk exposures and the impact on the Company's financial instruments are summarized below: Credit risk The Company's credit risk is primarily attributable to trade and other amounts receivable, which consist primarily of goods and services tax due from the Federal Governments of Australia and Canada. Consequently, credit risk is considered low and no allowance for doubtful debts has been recorded at the date of the consolidated statements of financial position. At December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , there were no significant trade receivables and the Company has no significant concentration of credit risk arising from trade receivables. The Company’s cash and restricted cash are held with established Canadian and Australian financial institutions for which management believes the risk of loss to be remote. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. Liquidity risk The Company monitors the expected settlement of financial assets and liabilities on an ongoing basis; there are no significant payables or obligations that are outstanding past their due dates. As at December 31, 2018 , the Company had a net working capital of $205,285 ( December 31, 2017 - $ 165,346 ), including cash of $332,227 ( December 31, 2017 - $ 231,596 ). Future financing requirements, if any, will depend on a number of factors that are difficult to predict and are often beyond the control of the Company. The main factor is the realized price of gold received for gold produced from the Company’s operating mines and the operating and capital costs of those mines, and exploration and development costs associated with the Company’s growth projects. The contractual cash flow requirements of the Company as at December 31, 2018 are as follows: As at December 31, 2018 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Finance lease payments Office rent and other obligations Income taxes payable Total $125,635 23,107 8,442 34,434 $191,618 Less than a year $125,635 13,101 4,215 34,434 $177,385 1-3 years $— 10,006 3,938 — $13,944 4-5 years After 5 years $— — 289 — $289 $— — — — $— 47 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) Market risk (a) Foreign currency risk The Company is exposed to foreign currency risk as the development and operation of the Company’s mining assets will largely be funded with Canadian and Australian dollars while gold is priced on international markets in US dollars, the Company’s presentation currency. Closing US dollar exchange rate at December 31, 2018 Average US dollar exchange rate during the year ended December 31, 2018 Closing US dollar exchange rate at December 31, 2017 Average US dollar exchange rate during the year ended December 31, 2017 CAD $0.73 $0.77 $0.80 $0.77 AUD $0.70 $0.75 $0.78 $0.77 Currency risk only exists on account of financial instruments being denominated in a currency that is not the functional currency and being of a monetary nature. The following table indicates the impact of foreign currency exchange risk on net monetary financial assets, denominated in a currency other than the functional currency, as at December 31, 2018 . The table below also provides a sensitivity analysis of a 10 percent adverse movement of the US dollar against the Canadian dollar and Australian dollar as identified which would have decreased the Company’s net earnings by the amounts shown in the table below. A 10 percent weakening of the US dollar against the said foreign currencies would have had the equal but opposite effect as at December 31, 2018 . Total foreign currency net financial assets in US$ 1 Impact of a 10% variance of the US$ on net earnings (1) Includes financial assets and financial liabilities denominated in United States Dollars (b) Interest rate risk US$ $227,299 $16,002 The Company’s exposure to risks of changes in market interest rates relates primarily to interest earned on its cash balances. The Company reviews its interest rate exposure periodically, giving consideration to potential renewals of existing positions and alternative financial investments. The finance leases bear interest at fixed rates. The Company does not account for any fixed rate liabilities at fair value, consequently a change in the interest rates at the reporting date would not impact the carrying amount of financial liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. The impact on cash of a movement in interest rates by a plus or minus 1% change would not be material to the value of cash. (c) Equity securities price risk The Company is exposed to equity securities price risk of changes because of the investments in equity securities and warrant investments held by the Company. The Company's portfolio of investments is not part of its core operations, and accordingly, gains and losses from these investments are not representative of the Company's performance during the year. As at December 31, 2018 , the impact of a 10% increase or decrease in the share prices of the investments in equity securities would have resulted in an increase or decrease of $13,546 , respectively, that would have been included in other comprehensive income. A 10% increase and 10% decrease in the share prices of the investments in equity securities would have resulted in an increase of $588 and decrease of $366 in net earnings, respectively in relation to the warrant investments. 48 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) 27. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS The remuneration of directors and executive officers is determined by the compensation committee of the Board of Directors. The directors’ fees, consulting fees and other compensation of directors and executive officers were as follows: Officer salaries and short-term benefits Share based payment expense Directors fees Severance payments Year ended December 31, 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017 $8,230 4,478 512 — $13,220 $6,405 3,173 553 1,461 $11,592 The Company chartered an aircraft owned by a Company controlled by the Chairman of the Board during the year ended December 31, 2018 , in which the total expense was $177 (year ended December 31, 2017 - $7 ) Related party transactions are measured at the exchange amount which is the consideration agreed to between the parties. 28. COMMITMENTS AND CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS The Company has royalty obligations on its various mines sites as discussed below: – A 1.5% NSR royalty payable to Franco-Nevada Corporation (“FNV”) on production from the Company’s Macassa property. – For the Company’s mine properties in the State of Victoria, Australia, a 2% NSR royalty on the Fosterville Gold Mine. – A 1% and 2% NSR on production from the Taylor mine payable to FNV; a sliding scale NSR linked to gold price for the Holt and Holloway mines with the NSR paid for 2018 between 6% and 8% for Holloway and 3% , 9% and 10% for Holt. – A 0.5% NSR on production from the Macassa, Taylor, Holt and Holloway mines to the First Nations identified in the IBA. – A 1% ad valorem royalty on any future gold production above 250,000 ounces derived from the Maud Creek Gold Project (Australia); a 1% gross royalty and A$5 per ounce royalty are payable on any future gold production from certain tenements from the Maud Creek Gold Project that are located south of the main Maud Creek gold deposit. The Company also has a contingent contractual obligation of a payment of A$2 million that would be due upon a decision to proceed with development of the Maud Creek Gold Project. 49 KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 (stated in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts and number of shares, warrants, stock options, share based liability units and equity based instrument units) 29. DISPOSITION OF STAWELL MINE In December 2017 , the Company completed the sale of Stawell Gold Mines Pty Ltd which owned the Stawell Gold Mine ("Stawell Mine") located in the State of Victoria, Australia. The Stawell Mine was previously one of the Company's operating segments. The Company received $6,250 in cash consideration and retained a 2.5% net smelter return ("NSR") on the Stawell Mine. There is a performance bond held with an Australian bank of $4,133 that guarantees the rehabilitation obligation. If the bond is subsequently drawn, the purchaser will be obligated to reimburse the Company as a requirement under the sale agreement. The performance bond will remain in place for the earlier of three years or the start of production at the Stawell Mine. Losses and cash flows of the Stawell mine have been presented as a discontinued operation. The loss from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 is presented in the table below: Year ended December 31, 2017 Revenue Production costs Royalty expense Depletion and depreciation Loss from mine operations Expenses Exploration Care and maintenance Loss from operations Other income, net Loss on disposition of Stawell Mine Foreign translation reserve Loss from discontinued operations before taxes Income tax recovery Loss from discontinued operations Loss per share from discontinued operations - basic Loss per share from discontinued operations - diluted 30. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS On February 5, 2019, the Company and FNV entered into an amended and restated royalty agreement with respect to the Holloway mine and the parties reduced the royalty in the Holloway mine to a flat 3% NSR. $— — — — — (1,477) (8,884) (10,361) 363 (11,600) (5,968) (27,566) 2,662 ($24,904) ($0.12) ($0.12) 50 Management’s Discussion & Analysis For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS This Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) dated February 21, 2019 for Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Company” and as defined in the section entitled “Business Overview”) contains information that management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of the Company’s consolidated financial position and the results of its consolidated operations for the year ended December 31, 2018. The MD&A should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements for the years December 31, 2018 and 2017, which were prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB"). FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS This MD&A may contain forward-looking statements and should be read in conjunction with the risk factors described in the “Risk and Uncertainties” and “Forward Looking Statements” sections at the end of this MD&A and as described in the Company’s Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2017. Additional information including this MD&A, Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company’s Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2017, and press releases have been filed electronically through the System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval (“SEDAR”), the Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval system ("EDGAR") and ASX Online, and are available online under the Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. profile at www.sedar.com, www.sec.gov/edgar, www.asx.com.au and on the Company’s website (www.klgold.com). NON – IFRS MEASURES Certain non-IFRS measures are included in this MD&A, including free cash flow, operating cash costs and operating cash costs per ounce sold, sustaining and growth capital, all-in sustaining costs (“AISC”) and AISC per ounce sold, average realized gold price per ounce sold, adjusted net earnings and adjusted net earnings per share, earnings from continuing operations before interest, taxes and depreciation and amortization from continuing operations (“EBITDA”) and working capital. In the gold mining industry, these are common performance measures but may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other issuers. The Company believes that these measures, in addition to information prepared in accordance with IFRS, provides investors with useful information to assist in their evaluation of the Company’s performance and ability to generate cash flow from its operations. Accordingly, these measures are intended to provide additional information and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. For further information, refer to the “Non-IFRS Measures” section of this MD&A. The following additional abbreviations may be used throughout this MD&A: General and Administrative Expenses (“G&A”); Plant and Equipment (“PE”); Gold (“Au”); Troy Ounces (“oz”); Grams per Tonne (“g/t”); Million Tonnes (“Mt”); Tonnes (“t”); Square Kilometre (“km 2 ”); Metres (“m”); Tonnes per Day (“tpd”); Kilo Tonnes (“kt”); Estimated True Width (“ETW”); and Life of Mine (“LOM”). In addition, throughout this MD&A the reporting periods for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2018 are abbreviated as Q4 2018 and 2018, respectively, the periods for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2017 are abbreviated as Q4 2017 and 2017, and the period for the third quarter of 2018 and 2017 is abbreviated as Q3 2018 and Q3 2017. REPORTING CURRENCY All amounts are presented in U.S. dollars ("$") unless otherwise stated. References in this document to “C$” are to Canadian dollars and references to "A$" are to Australian dollars. Unless otherwise specified, all tabular amounts are expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share or per ounce amounts. 1 | Page Table of Contents BUSINESS OVERVIEW EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2018 PERFORMANCE AGAINST FULL-YEAR 2018 GUIDANCE FULL-YEAR 2019 GUIDANCE THREE-YEAR PRODUCTION GUIDANCE LONGER-TERM OUTLOOK EXTERNAL PERFORMANCE DRIVERS MINERAL RESERVE AND MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES REVIEW OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE REVIEW OF OPERATING MINES GROWTH AND EXPLORATION REVIEW OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND LIQUIDITY OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS OUTSTANDING SHARE AND CONVERTIBLE EQUITY INFORMATION SELECTED ANNUAL INFORMATION QUARTERLY INFORMATION COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND JUDGEMENTS ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION NON-IFRS MEASURES INTERNAL CONTROLS OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING AND DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS INFORMATION CONCERNING ESTIMATES OF MINERAL RESERVES AND MEASURED, INDICATED AND INFERRED RESOURCES TECHNICAL INFORMATION CORPORATE INFORMATION Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 3 4 7 10 13 14 14 15 18 24 30 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 37 38 41 48 49 60 61 62 63 2 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS BUSINESS OVERVIEW Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (individually, or collectively with its subsidiaries, as applicable, the “Company” or “Kirkland Lake Gold”) is a growing, Canadian, U.S. and Australian-listed, gold producer with four wholly owned underground operating mines in Canada and Australia. The Company’s production profile is anchored by two high-grade, low-cost operations: the Macassa mine (“Macassa”) located in northeastern Ontario, Canada and the Fosterville mine (“Fosterville”) located in the state of Victoria, Australia. Also contributing to the Company’s gold production are the wholly owned Taylor mine (“Taylor”) and Holt mine (“Holt”), both located in northeastern Ontario. In addition, the Company’s business portfolio also includes two wholly owned operations currently on care and maintenance. The Northern Territory operations, comprised of the Cosmo mine (“Cosmo”) and Union Reefs mill (“Union Reefs”) were placed on care and maintenance effective June 30, 2017, while the Holloway mine (“Holloway”) in Northeastern Ontario was placed on care and maintenance effective December 31, 2016. The Company is currently performing significant exploration drilling and development in the Northern Territory to determine the potential of resuming operations at Cosmo and Union Reefs. The Company also has a pipeline of growth projects and continues to conduct extensive exploration on its land holdings in Canada and Australia. The current exploration programs are focused on extending known zones of mineralization and testing for new discoveries in order to increase the level of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves in support of future organic growth. Kirkland Lake Gold is focused on delivering superior value for its shareholders and maintaining a position within the mining industry as a sustainable, growing low-cost gold producer. Over the last two years, the Company has achieved both significant production growth and improved unit costs, which has resulted in higher levels of profitability and cash flow. Through the advancement of development and exploration programs, the Company’s large base of Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources, the continued extension of mine life at existing deposits and the utilization of excess milling capacity at each of its operations, Kirkland Lake Gold is well positioned to achieve further growth in profitable, low-cost gold production in support of further increases in shareholder value. In addition to the Company’s portfolio of wholly owned assets, Kirkland Lake Gold makes strategic investments in the common shares of other public issuers in instances where the Company can gain exposure to prospective mineral properties that offer the potential for future profitable gold production. Should the exploration programs of public issuers in which the Company invests result in the establishment of a sufficiently attractive economic deposit, the Company may decide to acquire additional interests in such deposits. Of the Company's strategic investments, the largest is the Company’s investment in Novo Resources Corp. (“Novo”). In September 2017, the Company invested $61.0 (C$74.9) million investment by way of private purchase and a private placement financing, to acquire an aggregate 25.8 million common shares of Novo Resources Corp. (“Novo”). The investment in Novo represented a 16.98% ownership interest at the time of acquisition. As part of a private placement financing to acquire 14.0 million common shares of Novo, the Company also acquired 14.0 million common share purchase warrants, each entitling the Company to acquire a common share of Novo at a price of C$6.00 until September 6, 2020, subject to certain acceleration rights held by Novo. On May 29, 2018, the Company acquired an additional 4,000,000 common shares of Novo through a private purchase at a price of C$5.00 per share (C$20,000,000 in aggregate). With the completion of this acquisition, the Company owned a total of 29.8 million shares of Novo, representing 18.2% of issued and outstanding common shares as at December 31, 2018. Novo is a TSX Venture-listed junior exploration company that controls a 12,000 km 2 land package in the Pilbara Region of Western Australia. During Q3 2018, the Company used $47.8 (CAD$62.5) million to acquire 32.6 million common shares of Osisko Mining Inc., representing approximately 13.6% of currently issued and outstanding common shares. Osisko is a mineral exploration company with precious metal resource properties in Quebec and Ontario. Among Osisko’s properties is the wholly owned Windfall Lake gold deposit located between Val-d’Or and Chibougamau in Québec, a 100% undivided interest in a large area of claims in the surrounding Urban Barry area, as well as properties in the Larder Lake Mining Division in northeast Ontario. On December 21, 2017, the Company completed a transaction to sell to an affiliate of Arete Capital Partners Ltd. (“Arete”) all the issued and outstanding common shares of its indirectly held wholly owned subsidiary, Stawell Gold Mines Pty Ltd., which held the Stawell mine. Pursuant to the terms of the transaction, the Company received $6.25 million in cash consideration upon closing and retains a 2.5% net smelter return royalty related to Stawell. An after-tax loss of $24.9 million and $4.6 million were included in discontinued operations for the year and three months ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. 3 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The MD&A document provides a detailed review of information relevant to an assessment and understanding of the Company’s consolidated financial position and the results of its consolidated operations. This section is intended to assist readers interested in a condensed, summary review of the Company's performance for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2018. This section should be read in conjunction with the remainder of the MD&A, which lists among other things, risk factors impacting the Company. (in thousands of dollars, except per share amounts) Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 (1) Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Revenue Production costs Earnings before income taxes Loss from discontinued operations Net earnings Basic earnings per share from continuing operations Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share Cash flow from operating activities of continuing operations Cash investment on mine development and PE (1) To reflect the sale of Stawell in December 2017 as a discontinued operation. Tonnes milled Grade (g/t Au) Recovery (%) Gold produced (oz) Gold Sold (oz) Averaged realized price ($/oz sold) (2) Operating cash costs per ounce ($/oz sold) (2) AISC ($/oz sold) (2) Adjusted net earnings from continuing operations (2) Adjusted net earning per share from continuing operations (2) $280,320 64,604 149,336 — $106,535 $0.51 $0.51 $0.50 $204,144 $117,712 $212,364 68,283 46,088 17,154 $40,980 $0.28 $0.20 $0.20 $95,907 $44,746 $915,911 267,432 394,310 — $273,943 $1.30 $1.30 $1.29 $543,076 $293,590 $747,495 288,315 196,079 24,904 $132,426 $0.76 $0.64 $0.63 $313,612 $135,640 Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 (1) Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 412,260 17.8 97.8% 231,217 225,692 $1,237 $286 $567 $109,611 $0.52 454,897 11.8 96.3% 166,579 165,715 $1,278 $412 $816 $63,403 $0.31 1,671,401 13.9 96.9% 723,701 722,277 $1,263 $362 $685 $287,162 $1.36 1,974,093 9.8 95.7% 596,405 592,674 $1,261 $481 $812 $149,133 $0.72 To reflect the sale of Stawell in December 2017 as a discontinued operation. (1) (2) Non-IFRS - the definition and reconciliation of these Non-IFRS measures are included on pages 41-47 of this MD&A. 2018 Highlights Production growth of 21% : 2018 production totaled 723,701 ounces, a 21% increase from 596,405 ounces in 2017, with the increase reflecting production growth of 92,385 ounces or 35% at Fosterville, 45,889 ounces or 24% at Macassa, 7,869 ounces or 16% at Taylor and 1,093 ounces or 2% at Holt. The key driver of production growth in 2018 was higher average grades at Fosterville and Macassa, which resulted in an overall average grade for the Company of 13.9 g/t, 42% higher than 9.8 g/t in 2017. Operating cash costs per ounce sold improve 25% : Total production costs in 2018 were $267.4 million compared to $288.3 million the previous year, with the reduction mainly due to the contribution to the previous year’s production costs from the Northern Territory prior to being placed on care and maintenance effective June 30, 2017 . Operating cash costs per ounce sold 4 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS averaged $362 , a $119 per ounce or 25% improvement from 2017 mainly resulting from a 24% reduction in operating cash costs per ounce sold at Fosterville, to $200 per ounce sold, and a 19% improvement at Macassa, to $426 per ounce sold. Both mines benefited from improved grades during the year. AISC per ounce sold improve 16% : AISC per ounce sold averaged $685 , $127 per ounce or 16% better than the previous year, with the improvement mainly related to improved operating cash cost per ounce sold. AISC per ounce sold at Macassa in 2018 improved 16% from previous year, to $713 , while AISC per ounce sold at Fosterville was $442 or 10% better than in 2017. Operating cash flow increases 73% , free cash flow grows 40% : net cash from operating activities of continuing operations in 2018 totaled of $543.1 million, an increase of $229.5 million or 73% from $313.6 million in 2017 . Free cash flow in 2018 totaled $249.5 million, $71.5 million or 40% higher than $178.0 million in 2017. Revenue growth of 23% : Revenue in 2018 totaled $915.9 million, an increase of $168.4 million or 23% from 2017, with the increase almost entirely related higher sales volumes, with total gold sales increasing 23% to 722,277 ounces. The growth in gold sales increased revenue by $163.4 million. A $2.0 per ounce increase in the average realized gold price in 2018, $1,263 per ounce, increased revenue $1.4 million year over year. Net earnings more than double: Net earnings in 2018 totaled $273.9 million ( $1.30 per basic share), an increase of 107% from net earnings of $132.4 million ( $0.64 per basic share) in 2017. The increase in net earnings mainly reflected the impact of strong revenue growth and improved unit costs compared to the previous year. Also contributing to the increase were lower depletion and depreciation expense, reflecting a significantly higher level of Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources in 2018, lower finance costs, increased other income as well as the impact of a $24.9 million loss from discontinued operations in 2017 related to the sale of the Company’s Stawell mine on December 21, 2017. These favourable factors were only partially offset by higher exploration and evaluation expenditures, increased corporate G&A expense and a higher effective income tax rate in 2018 due largely to the one-time impact of a deferred income tax recovery in 2017 related to the reorganization of an acquired corporate structure. Adjusted net earnings grow 93% : Adjusted net earnings in 2018 totaled $287.2 million, representing growth of $138.1 million or 93% from $149.1 million in 2017. The difference between adjusted net earnings and net earnings in 2018 reflected the exclusion from adjusted net earnings of a mark-to-market loss on fair valuing warrants of public issuers held by the Company, as well as the reversal of purchase price allocation adjustments on inventory. The difference between adjusted net earnings and net earnings in 2017 largely resulted from the exclusion from adjusted net earnings of the $24.9 million after-tax loss from discontinued operations and a net deferred tax recovery of $10.0 million. Higher growth capital expenditures in support of future value creation: Growth capital expenditures for 2018 totaled $103.8 million, excluding capitalized exploration expenditures, which compared to $16.8 million in 2017. A number of key growth projects were undertaken in 2018 in support of achieving the Company’s growth objectives, including reaching between 945,000 and 1,005,000 ounces of gold production by 2021, as well as continued growth in the years that follow. Of total growth capital expenditures in 2018, $68.3 million was at Macassa, with $46.1 million related to the #4 shaft project and the remainder mainly to expenditures for a new tailings impoundment area and thickened tails project. Significant commitment to exploration: Exploration expenditures for 2018 totaled $97.9 million, including $66.6 million of expensed exploration expenditures and $31.3 million of capitalized exploration expenditures. The level of exploration spending in 2018 reflects the Company’s commitment to organic growth through effectively exploring multiple targets at its wholly owned assets, and the continued success that the Company has achieved with its ongoing exploration programs. During 2018, the Company announced significant exploration success at Fosterville, including encouraging results from Infill drilling at the Swan Zone and the identification of multiple new areas of gold mineralization in support of potential future Mineral Resource Growth. The Company also released encouraging drilling results in Northern Territory, in support of a possible restart of mining operations, and reported additional high-grade intersections outside of existing Mineral Resources at both Macassa and Taylor. Strong growth in Mineral Reserves: Mineral Reserves at December 31, 2018 totaled 5,750,000 ounces at an average grade of 15.8 g/t, an increase of 24% from 4,640,000 ounces at an average grade of 11.1 g/t at December 31, 2017 (total additions in 2018 of 1,860,000 ounces before depletion of 750,000 ounces). Mineral Reserves at Fosterville at December 31, 2018 increased 1,020,000 ounces or 60% to 2,720,000 ounces at an average grade of 31.0 g/t from 1,700,000 ounces at an average grade of 23.1 g/t at December 31, 2017 (total additions in 2018 of 1,386,000 ounces before depletion of 366,000 ounces). Mineral 5 | Page Reserves at Macassa increased 11%, to 2,250,000 ounces at an average grade of 21.9 g/t compared to 2,030,000 ounces at an average grade of 21.0 g/t at December 31, 2017 (total additions of 464,000 ounces before depletion of 244,000 ounces in 2018). Cash position increases 43% : Cash totaled $332.2 million at December 31, 2018, an increase of $100.6 million or 43% from $231.6 million at December 31, 2017. The increase in cash year over year mainly reflected $543.1 million of net cash from operating activities of continuing operations in 2018. Partially offsetting the impact of record operating cash flow was net cash used in investing activities of continuing operations of $357.4 million, mainly related to capital expenditures and strategic investments, and net cash used for financing activities of continuing operations of $63.3 million, largely for share repurchases, dividend payments, and payments related to finance lease and other obligations. There was also a $21.7 million negative impact on the year-end 2018 cash balance from foreign exchange changes. Focus on shareholder returns: In support of generating shareholder returns, the Company increased its quarterly dividend twice during 2018, with the Q4 2018 dividend payment of C$0.04 per share to be paid on January 11, 2019 to shareholders of record on December 31, 2018. Dividend payments in 2018 totaled $16.3 million (C$21.1 million). In addition, the Company repurchased 1.6 million common shares through its Normal Course Issuer Bid (“NCIB”) during 2018 at an average price of $18.79 (C$24.54) per share for a total cost of $30.8 (C$40.3) million. Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Q4 2018 Highlights Record quarterly production : Q4 2018 production was a record 231,217 ounces, an increase of 39% from 166,579 ounces in Q4 2017 and 28% higher than the previous quarterly production record of 180,155 ounces in Q3 2018. Q4 2018 production was significantly above target levels for the quarter and was driven by record quarterly production at Fosterville ( 124,307 ounces), Macassa ( 69,936 ounces) and Taylor ( 19,305 ounces) . Increased production levels at Fosterville and Macassa resulted from higher average grades compared to both prior periods, which more than offset the impact of reduced tonnes milled. Taylor benefited from both higher grades and higher tonnes milled versus both Q4 2017 and Q3 2018. Operating cash costs per ounce sold improved 31% from Q4 2017: Total production costs in Q4 2018 were $64.6 million, which compared to $68.3 million in Q4 2017 and $64.9 million the previous quarter. The reduction in production costs compared to Q4 2017 results from the impact of a stronger US dollar in Q4 2018 on converting Australian and Canadian dollar denominated costs. Operating cash costs per ounce sold averaged $286 per ounce in Q4 2018, a 31% improvement from $412 in Q4 2017 and 19% better than $351 in Q3 2018. Significantly higher average grades at Fosterville and Macassa were the main contributors to the strong improvement in operating cash costs per ounce sold compared to both prior periods. AISC per ounce sold improved 31% compared to Q4 2017 : AISC per ounce sold in Q4 2018 averaged $567 , a 31% improvement from $816 in Q4 2017 and 12% better than $645 the previous quarter. The improvement from both prior periods related to both lower operating cash costs per ounce sold and reduced sustaining capital expenditures on a per ounce sold basis. Fosterville, Macassa and Taylor all achieved significant improvement in AISC per ounce sold compared to both prior periods. Record quarterly operating cash flow: Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations in Q4 2018 was a record $204.1 million, an increase of $108.2 million or 113% from $95.9 million in Q4 2017, and $75.7 million or 59% higher than the previous record of $128.4 million in Q3 2018. Free cash flow in Q4 2018 was also a record, totalling $86.4 million, $35.2 million or 69% higher than $51.2 million for the same period in 2017, and an increase of $34.2 million or 66% from $52.2 million the previous quarter. The substantial increases in free cash flow compared to the prior periods was achieved at the same time that growth capital expenditures increased significantly as the Company ramped up investment at a number of key growth projects, largely at Macassa. Revenue grows 32% versus Q4 2017: Revenue in Q4 2018 totaled $280.3 million, an increase of $67.9 million or 32% from $212.4 million in Q4 2017 and $57.6 million or 26% higher than $222.7 million the previous quarter. The increase in revenue from Q4 2017 reflected a 36% increase in gold sales, to a quarterly record of 225,692 ounces, which had a $76.7 million favourable impact on revenue compared to Q4 2017. Strong volume growth more than offset the impact of a $41 per ounce or 3% reduction in the average realized gold price, which lowered revenue by $9.3 million versus the prior year’s fourth quarter. There was also a $0.6 million favourable impact from foreign exchange rate changes in Q4 2018 versus Q4 2017. The increase in revenue from the previous quarter mainly resulted from a 22% increase in gold sales from 184,517 ounces in Q3 2018, which had a $49.6 million favourable impact on revenue quarter over quarter. Also contributing to the increase in revenue was a $33 or 3% increase in the realized gold price, to $1,237 per ounce. The increase in the realized gold price increased revenue by $7.4 million versus Q3 2018. 6 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Net earnings increase 160% compared to Q4 2017: Net earnings in Q4 2018 totaled $106.5 million ( $0.51 per basic share), an increase of $65.5 million or 160% from $41.0 million ( $0.20 per basic share) in Q4 2017. The $65.5 million increase in net earnings from Q4 2017 largely reflected strong revenue growth and improved unit costs compared to Q4 2017. Also contributing to the increase in net earnings in Q4 2018 was other income of $1.2 million, which compared to other loss of $18.6 million in Q4 2017, with the other loss mainly relating to a mark-to-market loss on fair valuing the Company’s warrants. In addition, depletion and depreciation expense, care and maintenance expense and finance costs were lower in Q4 2018 versus the same period in 2017. Also, net earnings in Q4 2017 were reduced by a loss from discontinued operations of $17.2 million related to the sale of the Company’s Stawell mine on December 21, 2017. Partially offsetting these factors was an increase in corporate G&A expense and the impact of a higher effective tax rate in Q4 2018 versus Q4 2017, mainly reflecting the impact of a one-time deferred tax recovery in Q4 2017. Q4 2018 net earnings were $50.6 million or 91% higher than $55.9 million ($0.27 per basic share) in Q3 2018. Strong revenue growth, improved unit costs and lower exploration and evaluation expense were the key contributors to the increase in net earnings compared to the previous quarter. In addition, other income of $1.2 million in Q4 2018 compared to other loss of 5.8 million in Q3 2018, with the prior quarter’s other income mainly resulting from a mark-to-market loss on fair valuing the Company’s warrants. These favourable factors were only partially offset by higher depletion and depreciation expense and increased corporate G&A costs. Adjusted net earnings: The Company's adjusted net earnings in Q4 2018 totaled $109.6 million ( $0.52 per basic share) compared to $63.4 million ( $0.31 per basic share) in Q4 2017 and $61.4 million ( $0.29 per basic share) in Q3 2018. The difference between adjusted net earnings and net earnings in Q4 2018 related to the exclusion of a mark-to-market loss related to the fair valuing of the Company’s warrants. The difference between net earnings and adjusted net earnings from continuing operations in Q4 2017 mainly related to the exclusion from adjusted net earnings of the $17.2 million after-tax loss on discontinued operations, as well as the mark-to-market loss on the fair valuing the Company’s warrants and the impact of a net deferred tax recovery. The difference between adjusted net earnings and net earnings in Q3 2018 related to the exclusion from adjusted net earnings of a mark-to-market gain related to the fair valuing of the Company’s warrants. Growth projects ramp up in Q4 2018: Total growth capital expenditures in Q4 2018 totaled $54.9 million (excluding capitalized exploration expenditures), which compared to $5.4 million in Q4 2017 and $33.2 million in Q3 2018. Of growth capital expenditures in Q4 2018, Macassa accounted for $39.2 million, with $26.3 million related to the #4 shaft project. Significant commitment to exploration : Exploration expenditures for Q4 2018 totaled $28.4 million ( $13.8 million expensed and $14.6 million capitalized). At Fosterville, additional results from infill drilling at the Swan Zone were released in Q4 2018 that included intersections with exceptional grades, substantial widths and visible gold. The new results demonstrated the continuous nature of high-grade, visible-gold bearing quartz veins with substantial widths covering a down-dip extent of approximately 75 metres, approximately 100 metres down-plunge of the December 31, 2017 Mineral Reserves. In the Northern Territory, new drill results were released in November that included additional high-grade, visible-gold bearing intersections at the Lady Alice Deposit at Union Reefs and the discovery of high-grade mineralization at depth to the south of the existing Mineral Resources at Union Reefs. Cash position increases 29% during Q4 2018: Cash increased $75.0 million or 29% during Q4 2018, increasing to $332.2 million from $257.2 million at September 30, 2018. The increase in cash during Q4 2018 reflected $204.1 million of net cash from operating activities of continuing operations in 2018. Partially offsetting the impact of record operating cash flow was net cash used in investing activities of continuing operations of $112.6 million, mainly related to capital expenditures and net cash used for financing activities of continuing operations of $5.0 million. There was also an $11.5 million negative impact on the change in cash from September 30, 2018 resulting from functional currency versus reporting currency. 2018 PERFORMANCE AGAINST FULL-YEAR 2018 GUIDANCE On January 17, 2018, Kirkland Lake Gold announced its guidance for full-year 2018, which, compared to 2017, included increased production levels, improved unit costs and higher levels of capital and exploration expenditures. The increase in capital and exploration expenditures was planned in support of achieving the Company’s longer-term objective of growing annual gold production over the next five to seven years to approximately a million ounces. Based on the Company’s performance during the first six months of 2018, full-year 2018 guidance was improved for a number of key measures on August 1, 2018. Included in the improvements to guidance were the following: consolidated production guidance was 7 | Page increased to over 635,000 ounces from over 620,000 ounces; consolidated operating cash costs per ounce sold guidance was improved to $400 - $425 from $425 - $450; production and operating cash costs per ounce sold guidance for Fosterville was improved to 275,000 - 300,000 ounces from 260,000 - 300,000 and to $250 - $270 from $270 - $290, respectively; and production and operating cash costs per ounce sold guidance from Macassa was improved to 220,000 - 225,000 ounces from 215,000 - 225,000 ounces and to $460 - $480 from $475 - $500, respectively. On October 30, 2018, the Company announced a number of further changes to full-year 2018 guidance, based on year-to-date 2018 results as at September 30, 2018, as well as expectations for the remainder of the year. At the consolidated level, 2018 production guidance was improved to 655,000 - 670,000 ounces, guidance for consolidated operating cash costs per ounce sold was improved to $385 - $410 and AISC per ounce sold guidance was improved to $735 - $760. In addition, consolidated full-year 2018 guidance for growth capital expenditures was increased to $110 - $115 million from $85 - $95 million. The increase resulted from the anticipation of significant growth capital expenditures during Q4 2018 at Macassa, reflecting the accelerated delivery of the hoists, and other large components, for the #4 shaft project during the quarter, as well as capital expenditures for new projects, including investment in a new thickened tailings facility. Full-year 2018 guidance for exploration expenditures was revised to approximately $90 million from $75 - $90 million, while corporate G&A guidance was increased to approximately $25 million from $20 - $22 million. Also on October 30, 2018, full-year 2018 guidance for production at Fosterville was improved to 300,000 - 310,000 ounces, while the mine’s operating cash cost per ounce sold guidance was improved to $230 - $250. Macassa’s operating cash costs per ounce guidance was also improved, to $450 - $470. At Taylor, full-year 2018 production guidance was revised to 50,000 - 55,000 ounces, which compared to the January 17, 2018 guidance of 60,000 - 70,000 ounces, while operating cash cost per ounce sold guidance was revised to $750 - $775, from $625 - $650 previously. On November 30 ,2018, the Company announced a further improvement in Fosterville’s full-year 2018 production guidance to over 330,000 ounces from 300,000 - 310,000 ounces as at October 30, 2018. The improvement in guidance resulted from higher than expected grades during the first two months of Q4 2018, reflecting grade outperformance from development material around the Swan Zone and from stope production in both the Swan and Eagle zones. In addition, increased rates of operating development had allowed the Company to add two Swan Zone stopes to the mine plan for Q4 2018, which was also expected to contribute to increased levels of production. As a result of the improved production outlook for Fosterville, the Company also increased full-year 2018 consolidated production guidance, to over 670,000 ounces from 655,000 - 670,000 ounces as at October 30, 2018. Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 2018 Guidance (as at October 30, 2018) (1) ($ millions unless otherwise stated) Gold production (kozs) Operating cash costs/ounce sold ($/oz) (2) AISC/ounce sold ($/oz) (2) Operating cash costs (2) Royalty costs Sustaining and growth capital (2) Growth capital (2) Exploration and evaluation Corporate G&A (3) (1) Macassa 220 - 225 450 - 470 Taylor 50 - 55 750 - 775 Holt 65 - 75 625 - 650 Fosterville >330 230 - 250 Consolidated >670 $385 - $410 $735 - $760 $260 - $270 $22 - $27 $150 - $170 $100 - $115 $90 $25 Full-year 2018 guidance as at October 30, 2018, following revisions to consolidation production, AISC per ounce sold and corporate G&A guidance; revisions to operating cash costs per ounce sold guidance for each of the Company’s four operating mines; and revisions to full-year 2018 production guidance for the Taylor Mine. See “Non-IFRS Measures” set out starting on page 41 of the MD&A for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2018 for further details. The most comparable IFRS Measure for operating cash costs is production costs, as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income, and total additions and construction in progress for sustaining and growth capital. Operating cash costs per ounce and AISC per ounce sold are comparable to production costs on a unit basis. Operating cash costs, operating cash cost per ounce sold and AISC per ounce sold reflect an average US$ to C$ exchange rate of 1.29 and a US$ to A$ exchange rate of 1.34. Includes general and administrative costs and severance payments. Excludes non-cash share-based payment expense. (2) (3) 8 | Page Full-Year 2018 Results ($ millions unless otherwise stated) Gold production (kozs) Operating cash costs/ounce sold ($/oz) (1)(2) AISC/ounce sold ($/oz) (1)(2) Operating cash costs (2) Royalty costs Sustaining capital (2) Growth capital (excluding capitalized exploration) (2) Exploration (including capitalized exploration) Corporate G&A expense (3) Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Macassa 240,126 $426 Taylor 58,633 $709 Holt 67,770 $679 Fosterville 356,230 $200 Consolidated (1) 723,701 $362 $685 $261.8 $26.4 $174.0 $103.8 $97.9 $26.3 (1) (2) (3) Consolidated 2018 production includes 942 ounces processed from the Holloway Mine. See “Non-IFRS Measures” set out starting on page 41 of this MD&A for further details. The most comparable IFRS Measure for operating cash costs is production costs, as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income, and total additions and construction in progress for sustaining and growth capital. Operating cash costs per ounce and AISC per ounce sold are comparable to production costs on a unit basis. Operating cash costs, operating cash cost per ounce sold and AISC per ounce sold reflect an average US$ to C$ exchange rate of 1.2961 and a US$ to A$ exchange rate of 1.3385 . Includes general and administrative costs and severance payments. Excludes non-cash share-based payment expense. ▪ Gold production in 2018 was a record 723,701 ounces, an increase of 21% from 596,405 ounces in 2017. The Company exceeded the 670,000 ounce production target for full-year 2018 announced in December 2018 by 53,700 ounces or 8%. The significant outperformance compared to guidance was driven by record production at Fosterville of 356,230 ounces (guidance of over 330,000 ounces) as well as at Macassa of 240,126 ounces (guidance of 220,000 - 225,000 ounces). Both mines benefited from the outperformance of grades for the year and, in the case of Fosterville, the advancement of stopes from the high-grade Swan Zone into the 2018 mine plan. The Taylor mine also achieved record production totalling 58,633 ounces, which exceeded the revised October 30, 2018 guidance of 50,000 - 55,000 ounces. At the Holt Mine, production for 2018 was 67,770 ounces, in line with the full-year 2018 guidance of 65,000 - 75,000 ounces. ▪ Production costs for 2018 totaled $267.4 million. Operating cash costs for 2018 of $261.8 million were in line with the Company’s 2018 guidance range of $260 - $270 million. ▪ Operating cash costs per ounce sold for 2018 of $362 were better than the Company's guidance for improved full- year 2018 of $385 - $410. Operating cash costs per ounce sold at Fosterville for 2018 averaged $200 , better than the improved target range of $230 - $250, with the mine’s Q4 2018 operating cash cost per ounce sold of $139 driving the outperformance compared to the October 30, 2018 full-year 2018 guidance. Record operating cash cost per ounce sold at Fosterville in Q4 2018 resulted from significantly higher than planned grades, reflecting grade outperformance from both stope and development tonnes, as well as the advancement of two Swan Zone stopes into the Q4 2018 mine plan. Operating cash costs per ounce sold at Macassa were also better than full-year 2018 guidance, averaging $426 , with positive grade reconciliations from stopes around the 5700-foot level in Q4 2018 largely accounting for the outperformance against the improved operating cash costs per ounce sold guidance of $450 - $470. Operating cash costs per ounce sold at the Holt averaged $679 , which compared to full-year 2018 guidance of $625 - $650, while operating cash costs per ounce sold at Taylor mines averaged $709 , respectively, which compared to October 30, 2018 full-year 2018 guidance of $750 - $775. ▪ AISC per ounce sold of $685 for 2018 was better than the Company’s improved October 30, 2018 full-year 2018 guidance of $735 - $760. The significant outperformance compared to the full-year 2018 guidance was primarily volume driven, with both production and sales levels well above expected levels for the year. AISC per ounce sold at Fosterville for 2018 averaged $442 , while AISC per ounce sold at Macassa averaged $713 . ▪ ▪ Royalty costs totaled $26.4 million for 2018, in line with full-year 2018 guidance of $22 - $27 million. Sustaining capital expenditures for 2018 totaled $174.0 million, which compared to full-year 2018 guidance of $150 - $170 million. Fosterville accounted for the largest component of sustaining capital expenditures in 2018. Sustaining capital expenditures at Fosterville were in line with expected levels and reflected a number of planned investments 9 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS intended to support multiple years of production. Included in the investments was extensive underground development to access and commence production from the Swan Zone in the Lower Phoenix gold system and provide access to the Harrier South Zone in the Harrier gold system. Also included in sustaining capital expenditures at Fosterville were additions to the mine’s mobile equipment fleet and upgrades to the mill, including the construction of a second gravity circuit . The remaining sustaining capital expenditures for full-year 2018 included $59.9 million at Macassa, $21.7 million at Holt and $16.3 million at Taylor. ▪ Growth capital expenditures for 2018 totaled $103.8 million, excluding capitalized exploration expenditures, which compared to revised full-year 2018 guidance of $110 - $115 million. Growth capital expenditures at Macassa in 2018 totaled $68.3 million, of which $46.1 million related to the #4 shaft project, with most of the remainder relating construction of a new tailings impoundment area and thickened tails project. Growth capital expenditures at Fosterville totaled $23.3 million, with expenditures mainly focused on three main projects, a new ventilation system, paste fill plant and water treatment plan. The Northern Territory accounted for $8.3 million of growth capital expenditures, while Taylor accounting for most of the remainder of growth capital expenditures. ▪ Exploration expenditures totaled $97.9 million for 2018 compared to guidance of $90 million. Included in exploration expenditures were $66.6 million of expensed exploration expenditures and $31.3 million of capitalized exploration expenditures. Of exploration expenditures, $87.6 million, or 89% of the total, was incurred in Australia, with the remaining $10.3 million being incurred at the Macassa and Taylor mines in Canada. At Fosterville, exploration work focused on infill and extension drilling at a number of in-mine targets, as well as work to evaluate district targets in close proximity to the mine. Encouraging infill drilling results from the Swan Zone were reported in July, September and December, with the expectation being that the results supported a significant increase in the Swan Zone Mineral Reserves as part of the December 31, 2018 Mineral Reserve and Mineral Reserve estimates. In addition, development of an exploration drift at Harrier South at Fosterville commenced during Q2 2018 and was completed by the end of Q3 2018. Drilling from the new drift began in Q4 2018 in order to test the depth potential of the Harrier South system, where concentrations of quartz veining with high occurrences of visible gold have previously been intersected similar to those found at the Lower Phoenix system near the high-grade Swan Zone. In the Northern Territory, drilling and development was conducted at the Lantern Deposit at the Cosmo mine throughout the year. Development activities included driving three exploration drifts to facilitate future underground exploration drilling from the Cosmo mine infrastructure (ramp) into the Lantern Deposit, to support underground exploration activities. Also in the Northern Territory, encouraging drill results were reported from deep drilling below and down-plunge of the Prospect, Crosscourse and Lady Alice open pits at Union Reefs, as well as near the southern end of the Union Reefs land position. In Canada, underground drilling at Macassa continued to generate encouraging results in support of future growth in Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserves, while drilling at Taylor continued to target additional expansion of mineralization around the Shaft and West Porphyry deposits. ▪ Corporate G&A expense totaled $26.3 million for YTD 2018, which compared to revised full-year 2018 guidance of $25 million. FULL-YEAR 2019 GUIDANCE On December 11, 2018, Kirkland Lake Gold released full-year guidance for 2019 (see News Release dated December 11, 2018). Compared to the Company’s full-year 2018 results, the Company’s 2019 guidance included strong production growth, improved unit costs and a continued strong commitment to exploration and growth. On February 21, 2019, the Company increased its production guidance for 2019, on a consolidated basis, as well as for the Fosterville mine. Consolidated production guidance was increased to 920,000 - 1,000,000 ounces from 740,000 - 800,000 ounces, previously, while Fosterville’s production guidance was increased to 550,000 - 610,000 ounces from 390,000 - 400,000 ounces previously. The increase in production guidance at Fosterville resulted from revisions to the mine plan to provide access to high-grade stopes in the Swan Zone earlier than previously expected, as well as the impact of incorporating the December 31, 2018 Mineral Reserve into the life of mine. The December 31, 2018 Mineral Reserve estimate includes 2,720,000 ounces at an average grade of 31.0 grams per tonne, with the average grade being 34% higher than the previous Mineral Reserve grade for the mine. In addition, the Company announced a resumption of operations at the Holloway mine, which is expected to add approximately 20,000 ounces of production in 2019. A number of other components of the Company’s full-year 2019 guidance were revised as a result of the increase in target production. Operating cash costs per ounces sold in 2019 were improved to $300 -320 compared to $360 - $380 previously. 10 | Page Fosterville’s operating cash costs per ounce sold guidance were revised to $170 - $190 from $200 - $220 in the December 11, 2018 guidance. New full-year 2019 guidance for operating cash costs per ounce sold at Holloway was introduced at $760 - $780 as a result of the restart of operations at the mine. Full-year 2019 operating cash costs on a consolidated basis was revised to $290 - $300 from $270 - $280 to reflect the addition of close to $20 million of operating cash costs related to production at the Holloway mine. AISC per ounce sold guidance for full-year 2019 was also improved, to $520 - $560 compared to $630 - $680 in the initial guidance released on December 11, 2018. The significant improvement in AISC per ounce guidance mainly reflected the increase in target consolidated production at Fosterville. Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 2019 Guidance (as at February 21, 2019) (1) ($ millions unless otherwise stated) Gold production (kozs) Operating cash costs/ounce sold ($/oz) (2) AISC/ounce sold ($/oz) (2) Operating cash costs (2) Royalty costs Sustaining capital (2) Growth capital (2)(3) Exploration and evaluation Corporate G&A expense (4) Macassa 230 - 240 440 - 460 Taylor 50 - 55 690 - 710 Holt 70 - 75 620 - 640 Holloway 20 760 - 780 Fosterville 550 - 610 170 - 190 Consolidated (1) 920 - 1,000 $300 - $320 $520 - $560 $290 - $300 $25 - $30 $150 - $170 $155 - $165 $100 - $120 $26 - $28 (1) (2) Production and unit - cost guidance for 2019 does not include results for the Northern Territory. See “Non-IFRS Measures” set out starting on page 41 of this MD&A for further details. The most comparable IFRS Measure for operating cash costs is production costs, as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income, and total additions and construction in progress for sustaining and growth capital. Operating cash costs per ounce and AISC per ounce sold are comparable to production costs on a unit basis. Operating cash costs, operating cash cost per ounce sold and AISC per ounce sold reflect an average US$ to C$ exchange rate of 1.33 and a US$ to A$ exchange rate of 1.39. (3) Growth capital expenditure guidance includes planned expenditures for the Northern Territory and Holloway Mine during the first half of 2019, with additional expenditures for the second half of the year to be determined based on the results of current programs and other developments. Growth capital expenditures exclude $18.4 million of capital expenditures related to the Macassa #4 shaft project, which are expected to be recorded as capital expenditures in 2019, but were paid in cash on an advanced basis in 2018. Includes general and administrative costs and severance payments. Excludes non-cash share-based payment expense. (4) 2019 Guidance (as at December 11, 2018) (1) ($ millions unless otherwise stated) Gold production (kozs) Operating cash costs/ounce sold ($/oz) (2) AISC/ounce sold ($/oz) (2) Operating cash costs (2) Royalty costs Sustaining capital (2) Growth capital (2)(3) Exploration and evaluation Corporate G&A expense (4) Macassa 230 - 240 440 - 460 Taylor 50 - 55 690 - 710 Holt 70 - 75 620 - 640 Fosterville 390 - 430 200 - 220 Consolidated (1) 740 - 800 $360 - $380 $630 - $680 $270 - $280 $25 - $30 $150 - $170 $155 - $165 $100 - $120 $26 - $28 (1) (2) Production and unit - cost guidance for 2019 does not include results for the Northern Territory or Holloway Mine. See “Non-IFRS Measures” set out starting on page 41 of this MD&A for further details. The most comparable IFRS Measure for operating cash costs is production costs, as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income, and total additions and construction in progress for sustaining and growth capital. Operating cash costs per ounce and AISC per ounce sold are comparable to production costs on a unit basis. Operating cash costs, operating cash cost per ounce sold and AISC per ounce sold reflect an average US$ to C$ exchange rate of 1.33 and a US$ to A$ exchange rate of 1.39. (3) Growth capital expenditure guidance includes planned expenditures for the Northern Territory and Holloway Mine during the first half of 2019, with additional expenditures for the second half of the year to be determined based on the results of current programs and other developments. Growth capital expenditures exclude $18.4 million of capital expenditures related to the Macassa #4 shaft project, which are expected to be recorded as capital expenditures in 2019, but were paid in cash on an advanced basis in 2018. Includes general and administrative costs and severance payments. Excludes non-cash share-based payment expense. (4) 11 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS • Gold production in 2019 is now targeted at approximately 920,000 - 1,000,000 ounces, a substantial increase from initial full-year 2019 guidance (released on December 11, 2018) of 740,000 - 800,000 ounces and total production of 723,701 ounces in 2018. Production growth in 2019 will be driven by Fosterville, where 2019 production guidance was increased on February 21, 2019 reflecting revisions to the mine plan and a significant improvement to the average Mineral Reserve grade in the December 31, 2018 Mineral Reserve estimate, to 31.0 grams per tonne from 23.1 grams per tonne previously. Production at Macassa Holt and Taylor is expected to be similar to the comparable 2018 levels. Also announced on February 21, 2019 was the resumption of operations at the Holloway mine, with the mine now expected to contribute approximately 20,000 ounces of production in 2019. • Operating cash costs per ounce sold guidance was improved on February 21, 2019 and are now expected to average $300 - $320, which compares to initial full-year 2019 guidance of $360 - $380 and to full-year 2018 operating cash costs per ounce sold of $362. Strong operating cash costs per ounce sold in 2019 is expected to be driven by Fosterville, the Company’s lowest-cost mine, which will account for a higher proportion of consolidated production compared to 2018 and will benefit from a significant increase in the Mineral Reserve grade included in the December 31, 2018 Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates. The Company also announced initial operating cash cost per ounce sold guidance for full-year 2019 for the Holloway mine on February 21, 2019, with a target range of $760 - $780. Operating cash costs per ounce sold in 2019 at Macassa, Holt and Taylor are expected to be similar to 2018 levels. • AISC per ounce sold full-year 2019 guidance was improved on February 21, 2019 to $520 - $560 versus the initial full-year 2019 guidance of $630 - $680 and the full-year 2018 AISC per ounce sold of $685. The improvement in full-year 2019 guidance resulted from the significant increase in production expected from Fosterville based on the mine’s Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates as at December 31, 2018, as well as on a consolidated basis. • Operating cash costs for 2019 are estimated at $290 - $300 million, which reflects initial full-year 2019 guidance of $270 - $280 million, plus the addition of close to $20 million of operating cash costs related to the resumption of operations at Holloway, announced on February 21, 2019. Full-year 2019 guidance compares to full-year 2018 operating cash costs of $261.8 million. • Royalty costs in 2019 are estimated at $25 - $30 million, unchanged from the initial full-year 2019 guidance and compared to 2018 royalty expense of $26.4 million. • Sustaining capital expenditures in 2019 are targeted at $150 - $170 million, unchanged from initial full-year 2019 guidance and compared to 2018 sustaining capital expenditures of $174.0 million. Sustaining capital expenditures are expected to be less than 2018 levels as lower sustaining capital expenditures at Macassa, largely reflecting reduced capital development requirements, is only partially offset by an increase in sustaining capital expenditures at Fosterville. The expected increase in sustaining capital expenditures at Fosterville mainly relates to increased capital development and higher expenditures for mobile equipment procurement as the mine continues to ramp up production from the Swan Zone and other areas. • Growth capital expenditures are estimated at $155 - $165 million in 2019, excluding capitalized exploration expenditures, unchanged from initial full-year 2019 guidance and compared to 2018 growth capital expenditures of $103.8 million. 2019 is expected to be the peak year of growth capital expenditures based on the Company’s current growth plans. Of planned growth capital expenditures in 2019, Macassa is expected to account for approximately $80 million, with approximately $55 million relating to the #4 shaft project and the remainder largely funding a thickened tails project and the construction of a new tailings impoundment area. Capital expenditures for the #4 shaft project are expected to remain around $55 million for the next three years. Growth capital expenditures at Fosterville in 2019 are estimated at approximately $55 million, including approximately $35 million to complete the mine’s three key projects, including the new ventilation system, the paste fill plant and a new water treatment plant. The remaining growth capital expenditures at Fosterville relate to a number of smaller projects, including a new power transformer, new refinery and gold room and a thiocyanate destruction plant, all of which are scheduled for completion during 2019. Approximately $8 million of growth capital expenditures are included in the Company’s 2019 guidance related to Holloway, where the Company is resuming operations. In addition, approximately $15 million is included in the Company’s 2019 growth capital guidance for the Northern Territory, representing planned expenditures during the first half of 2019. 12 | Page • Exploration expenditures in 2019 are estimated at $100 - $120 million, including capital exploration expenditures, unchanged from initial full-year 2019 guidance and compared to $97.9 million in 2018. Of total exploration expenditures, approximately $85 - $100 million are targeted for the Company’s Australian operations, with $15 - $20 million of exploration expenditures estimated for the Company’s Canadian operations. Key areas of focus for exploration work in 2019 at Fosterville include the Lower Phoenix and Harrier systems, Robbin’s Hill, as well as a number of regional targets. In the Northern Territory, exploration expenditures will focus on Mineral Resource growth and definition at the Lantern Deposit and the continued evaluation of targets at Union Reefs. In Canada, exploration expenditures will be largely focused on the continued growth and conversion of Mineral Resources at Macassa and Taylor. • Corporate G&A expense in 2019 is targeted at $26 - $28 million, unchanged from initial full-year 2019 guidance and similar to the $26.3 million of corporate G&A expense in 2018. Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS THREE-YEAR PRODUCTION GUIDANCE December 11, 2018, the Company announced three-year production guidance, which included the Fosterville Mine achieving 600,000 ounces of production by 2021 and demonstrated the potential for consolidated production to reach one million ounces over the next three years, with further growth expected in that years that follow. On February 21, 2019, the Company announced revisions to its three-year production guidance. The increases reflected higher levels of target production at Fosterville due to a significant increase in the average grade in the mine’s December 31, 2019 Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates. In addition, the Company announced plans to restart operations at the Holloway mine, which expected to contribute an additional 20,000 ounces of production in 2019, 30,000 ounces in 2020 and 50,000 ounces in 2021. Improved Three-Year Production Guidance 1 Revised (Feb. 21/19) 2019 (kozs) 2020 (kozs) 2021 (kozs) (1) (2) Three-year production guidance does not include any production from the Northern Territory. Includes production from the Holt mine, Holloway mine and Taylor mine. Initial (Dec. 11/18) 2019 (kozs) 2020 (kozs) 2021 (kozs) (1) (2) Three-year production guidance does not include any production from the Northern Territory. Includes production from the Holt mine, Holloway mine and Taylor mine. Macassa 230 - 240 230 - 240 245 - 255 Macassa 230 - 240 230 - 240 245 - 255 Holt Complex 2 140 - 150 150 - 160 180 - 190 Holt Complex 2 120 - 130 120 - 130 130 - 140 Fosterville 550 - 610 550 - 610 570 - 610 Fosterville 390 - 430 500 - 540 570 - 610 Consolidated 920 - 1,000 930 - 1,010 995 - 1,055 Consolidated 740 - 800 850 - 910 970 - 1,005 • Macassa : Production at Macassa is expected to be similar to the 2018 production level of 240,126 ounces in both 2019 and 2020. Production in 2021 is targeted to increase to 245,000 - 255,000 ounces, with grades averaging approximately 20.0 grams per tonne and mill throughput reaching close to 1,100 tonnes per day. Production at Macassa is targeted to grow significantly starting in 2022 with the scheduled completion of Phase 1 of the #4 Shaft project. • Holt Complex : Production from the Holt mill (including mine production from the Holt and Taylor mines) is expected to increase from the 126,403 ounces produced from Holt mine and Taylor mine in 2018 mainly as a result of a decision to resume operations at Holloway in 2019. Holloway is expected to produce approximately 20,000 ounces in 2019, approximately 30,000 ounces in 2020 and approximately 50,000 ounces in 2021, with some growth in 2021 also expected at Taylor. • Fosterville : The Company announced revised three-year production guidance for Fosterville on February 21, 2019. The revised guidance includes production of 550,000 - 610,000 ounces in each 2019 and 2020 and 570,000 - 610,000 ounces in 2021. The increase in the mine’s three-year production guidance resulted from revisions to the mine plan to achieve greater access to high-grade Swan Zone stopes earlier than previously expected, as well as the impact of incorporating the mine’s Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates as at December 31, 2018 into Fosterville life of mine plan. The new Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates include an increase of 1,020,000 ounces in Mineral Reserves 13 | Page and a 34% improvement to the average Mineral Reserve grade. Mineral Reserves at Fosterville at December 31, 2018 total 2.7 million tonnes at an average grade of 31.0 grams per tonne for 2.7 million ounces • Northern Territory : During the first half of 2019, the Company is moving forward with advanced exploration work to evaluate the potential of resuming operations in the Northern Territory of Australia. A decision on resuming operations in the Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Northern Territory is expected during 2019. LONGER-TERM OUTLOOK Kirkland Lake Gold is committed to generating returns for shareholders by achieving high levels of operational excellence, effectively allocating capital and growing low-cost, high-margin production. The Company expects to achieve continued year- over-year production growth with the potential to reach a million ounces of annual production from existing mines as early as 2021, with additional growth expected in the years that follow. At Fosterville, the Company is targeting production of over 500,000 ounces per year by 2020 and could reach 600,000 ounces of annual production by 2021 as full production is achieved in the high-grade Swan Zone, and additional mining fronts are established. The Company has an extensive exploration program at Fosterville, to evaluate the potential of a number of additional in-mine and regional exploration targets, which could add to both production and mine life in the future. Also in Australia, the Company is conducting an advanced exploration program in the Northern Territory, which could lead to a resumption of operations sometime in 2019 and generate additional production that is not included in the Company’s three-year production guidance. In Canada, production at Macassa is expected to grow significantly, to over 400,000 ounces per year, with the ramp up of production to commence with the completion of Phase 1 of the #4 shaft project in early 2022. The Company is also working to increase production at Taylor and, subject to completing revised royalty arrangements, could resume operations at the Holloway mine, and see increased production at Holt. Kirkland Lake Gold’s significant cash balance and strong financial position provides financial flexibility to support the Company’s growth plans, including continued aggressive exploration of both near-term and longer-term opportunities on the Company’s district-scale land positions in Canada and Australia. EXTERNAL PERFORMANCE DRIVERS The Company’s results of operations, financial position, financial performance and cash flows are affected by various business conditions and trends. The variability of gold prices, fluctuating currency rates and increases and/or decreases in costs of materials and consumables associated with the Company’s mining activities are the primary economic factors that have impacted financial results during the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2018 . The Company’s key internal performance drivers are production volumes and costs which are discussed throughout this MD&A, specifically in sections, “Review of Operating Mines” and “Review of Financial and Operating Performance”. The key external performance drivers are the price of gold and foreign exchange rates. Gold Price The price of gold is a significant external factor affecting profitability and cash flow of the Company and therefore, the financial performance of the Company is expected to be closely linked to the price of gold. The price of gold is subject to volatile fluctuations over short periods of time and can be affected by numerous macroeconomic conditions, including supply and demand factors, value of the US dollar, interest rates, and global economic and political issues. At December 31, 2018 , the gold price closed at $1,282 per ounce (based on the closing price on the London Bullion Market Association (“LBMA”) pm fix), which is 8% higher than the closing gold price on September 30, 2018 of $1,187 per ounce and 1% lower than the closing gold price on December 31, 2017 of $1,297 per ounce. The Company’s average realized gold price for 2018 was $1,263 per ounce, consistent with the average gold price of $1,261 per ounce during the same period in 2017. As at December 31, 2018 , the Company did not have a precious metals hedging program and management believes the Company is well positioned to benefit from potential increases in the price of gold while continuing to focus on cost management, mine efficiencies and low-cost gold production from its existing mines in order to mitigate against gold price decreases. 14 | Page Foreign Exchange Rates The Company’s reporting currency is the US dollar; however, the operations are located in Canada and Australia, where its functional currencies are the Canadian and Australian dollars, respectively. Consequently, the Company’s operating results are influenced significantly by changes in the US dollar exchange rates against these currencies. Weakening or strengthening Canadian and Australian dollars respectively decrease or increase costs in US dollar terms at the Company’s Canadian and Australian operations, as a large portion of the operating and capital costs are denominated in Canadian and Australian dollars. As at December 31, 2018 , the Canadian dollar closed at $0.7333 (weakening by 8% during the year) and the Australian dollar closed at $0.7049 (weakening by 10% during the year) against the US dollar. The average rates for 2018 for the Canadian and Australian dollars were $0.7715 and $0.7471 , respectively, against the US dollar. The average rate for the Canadian and Australia dollars in 2017 were $0.7713 and $0.7668 , respectively. Consistent with gold prices, currency rates can be volatile and fluctuations can occur as a result of different events, including and not limited to, global economies, government intervention, interest rate changes and policies of the U.S., Canadian and Australian governments. As at December 31, 2018 , the Company did not have a foreign exchange hedging program in place. Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS MINERAL RESERVE AND MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES On February 21, 2019, the Company provided updated Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates as at December 31, 2018. Technical reports prepared in accordance with National Instrument 43-101 supporting the 2018 Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates will be filed under the Company’s SEDAR profile of on or before March 29, 2019. Highlights of the Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates for December 31, 2018 include: ▪ ▪ ▪ Consolidated Mineral Reserves increase 1.1 million ounces or 24% to 5,750,000 ounces at an average grade of 15.8 grams per tonne (“g/t”) at December 31, 2018 from 4,640,000 ounces at an average grade of 11.1 grams per tonne (total additions of 1,860,000 ounces before depletion of 750,000 ounces) Fosterville Mineral Reserves increase 1,020,000 ounces or 60% to 2,720,000 ounces at an average grade of 31.0 g/t at December 31, 2018 from 1,700,000 ounces at an average of 23.1 g/t at December 31, 2017 (total additions in 2018 of 1,386,000 ounces before depletion of 366,000 ounces). Growth in Mineral Reserves at December 31, 2017 reflected a 34% increase in average grade and 19% growth in total tonnes, to 2,720,000 tonnes from 2,290,000 tonnes at December 31, 2017. Measured and Indicated (“M&I”) Mineral Resources total 2,110,000 ounces at an average grade of 4.4 g/t, while Inferred Mineral Resources total 1,830,000 ounces at an average grade of 5.5 g/t. Fosterville Swan Zone Mineral Reserves double to 2,340,000 ounces at an average grade of 49.6 g/t from 1,160,000 ounces at an average grade of 61.2 g/t. M&I Mineral Resources total 20,000 ounces at an average grade of 18.3 g/t and Inferred Mineral Resources total 107,000 ounces at an average grade of 13.4 g/t. ▪ Mineral Reserves at Macassa increase 11% to 2,250,000 ounces at an average grade of 21.9 g/t from 2,030,000 ounces at an average grade of 21.0 g/t at December 31, 2017 (total additional of 464,000 ounces before depletion of 244,000 ounces); M&I Mineral Resources at December 31, 2018 total 982,000 ounces at an average grade of 17.1 g/t, with Inferred Mineral Resources totaling 328,000 ounces at an average grade of 16.7 g/t. In addition to the impact of depletion during 2018, the change in Mineral Resources compared to the prior year resulted from a determination that approximately 1.5 million ounces of M&I Mineral Resources and 0.1 million ounces of Inferred Mineral Resources should be removed from Mineral Resources. These ounces are largely located in historic mining areas, with some additional deletions relating to reinterpretations based on new drilling. ▪ Mineral Reserves at Holt increase to 491,000 ounces at an average grade of 4.3 g/t from 486,000 ounces at an average grade of 4.2 g/t at December 31, 2017; M&I Mineral Resources at December 31, 2018 increase to 895,000 ounces at an average grade of 4.0 g/t from 860,000 ounces at an average grade of 4.1 g/t, while Inferred Mineral Resources increase to 1,286,000 ounces at an average grade of 4.7 g/t from 1,220,000 ounces at an average grade of 4.8 g/t at December 31, 2017. 15 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS ▪ Mineral Reserves at Taylor at December 31, 2018 total 117,000 ounces at an average grade of 4.9 g/t, which compares to 167,000 ounces at an average grade of 4.8 g/t at December 31, 2017; M&I Mineral Resources total 133,000 ounces at an average grade of 5.0 g/t versus 370,000 ounces at an average grade of 6.2 g/t at December 31, 2017, while Inferred Mineral Resources total 337,000 ounces at an average grade of 5.3 g/t compared to 430,000 ounces at an average grade of 5.2 g/t. Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources as at December 31, 2018 were estimated using a long-term gold price of $1,230 per ounce (C$1,635 per ounce; A$1,710 per ounce). All Mineral Resource estimates are provided exclusive of Mineral Reserves. Comparisons to previous Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources in this news release are to estimates as at December 31, 2017. For more historical comparisons, Mineral Resource estimates for the Australian operations prior to the mid-year 2017 Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates for Fosterville, released in June 2017, were calculated inclusive of Mineral Reserves and, therefore, are not directly comparable to the December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 estimates. Detailed footnotes related to the December 31, 2018 Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates are provided near the end of this news release. CONSOLIDATED MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATE (EFFECTIVE DECEMBER 31, 2018) Macassa Taylor Holt Hislop (1) Holloway (1) Total CDN Operations Fosterville Northern Territory (1) Total AUS Operations Total December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Tonnes (000's) Grade (g/t) Gold Ozs (000’s) Depleted Oz 2017 (000’s) Tonnes (000's) Grade (g/t) Gold Ozs (000’s) 3,190 751 3,580 176 257 7,950 2,720 666 3,390 11,340 21.9 4.9 4.3 5.8 4.3 11.4 31.0 5.0 25.9 15.8 2,250 117 491 33 36 2,930 2,720 107 2,820 5,750 244 64 75 0 1 384 366 0 366 750 3,010 1,090 3,600 176 54 7,930 2,290 2,800 5,090 13,020 21.0 4.8 4.2 5.8 5.8 10.7 23.1 2.4 11.7 11.1 2,030 167 486 33 10 2,730 1,700 215 1,910 4,640 (1) The Hislop mine is a formerly producing open-pit mine acquired as part of the St Andrew Goldfields acquisition in January 2016. Hislop has not been operated by the Company since the acquisition. The Holloway mine was placed on care and maintenance effective December 31, 2016. The Cosmo mine and Union Reefs mill were placed on care and maintenance effective June 30, 2017. Footnotes related to Mineral Reserve Estimates (dated December 31, 2018) CIM definitions (2014) were followed in the calculation of Mineral Reserves. Cut-off grades for Canadian Assets were calculated for each stope, including the costs of: mining, milling, General and Administration, royalties and capital expenditures and other modifying factors (e.g. dilution, mining extraction, mill recovery. Cut-off grades for Australian Assets from 0.4 g/t Au to 3.0 g/t Au, depending upon width, mining method and ground conditions; dilution and mining recovery factors varied by property. (1) (2) Mineral Reserves were estimated using a long-term gold price of US$1,230/oz (C$1,635/oz; A$1,710/oz). (3) (4) (5) Mineral Reserves estimates for the Canadian Assets were prepared under the supervision of Pierre Rocque, P. Eng. (6) Mineral Reserves estimates for the Fosterville property were prepared under the supervision of Ion Hann, FAusIMM. (7) Mineral Reserves estimates for the Northern Territory property were prepared under the supervision of Pierre Rocque, P.Eng. (8) Mineral Reserves for Fosterville relate to Underground Mineral Reserves and do not include 649,000 tonnes at an average of 7.7 g/t for 160,000 ounces of Carbon-In-Leach Residues - 25% recovery is expected based on operating performances. (9) Totals may not add exactly due to rounding. 16 | Page CONSOLIDATED MEASURED & INDICATED MINERAL RESOURCES (EFFECTIVE DECEMBER 31, 2018) Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Measured & Indicated Tonnes (000's) Macassa Taylor Holt Aquarius Holloway Hislop Ludgate Canamax Total CDN Operations Fosterville Northern Territory Total AUS Operations 1,787 826 6,883 22,300 1,955 1,147 522 240 35,660 14,800 22,200 36,900 CONSOLIDATED INFERRED MINERAL RESOURCES (EFFECTIVE DECEMBER 31, 2018) Inferred Tonnes (000's) Macassa Taylor Holt Holloway Hislop Ludgate Card Canamax Runway Total CDN Operations Fosterville Northern Territory Total AUS Operations 610 1,988 8,523 5,309 797 1,396 238 170 213 19,240 10,300 18,100 28,400 December 31, 2018 Grade (g/t) 17.1 5.0 4.0 1.3 4.0 3.6 4.1 5.1 3.0 December 31, 2018 4.4 2.5 3.3 December 31, 2018 Grade (g/t) 16.7 5.3 4.7 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.3 4.3 3.7 4.8 5.5 2.6 3.6 Gold Ozs (000’s) Tonnes (000's) 982 133 895 926 251 132 68 39 3,426 2,110 1,750 3,860 3,800 1,830 6,510 22,300 1,370 1,150 520 240 37,720 13,900 24,100 38,000 Gold Ozs (000’s) Tonnes (000's) 328 337 1,286 706 95 162 25 23 25 2,987 1,830 1,490 3,320 1,920 2,570 8,000 2,710 800 1,400 240 170 210 18,020 8,280 16,300 24,580 December 31, 2017 Grade (g/t) 17.1 Gold Ozs (000’s) 2,090 6.2 4.1 1.3 5.3 3.6 4.1 5.1 3.9 December 31, 2017 4.8 2.3 3.2 December 31, 2017 Grade (g/t) 22.2 5.2 4.8 5.2 3.7 3.6 3.3 4.3 3.7 6.6 7.1 2.5 4.0 370 860 930 230 130 70 40 4,720 2,150 1,810 3,960 Gold Ozs (000’s) 1,370 430 1,220 460 100 160 30 20 20 3,810 1,900 1,280 3,180 Footnotes related to Mineral Resource Estimates for Canadian Assets (dated December 31, 2018) CIM definitions (2014) were followed in the calculation of Mineral Resource. (1) (2) Mineral Resources are reported Exclusive of Mineral Reserves. Mineral Resources were calculated according to KL Gold’s Mineral Resource Estimation guidelines. (3) Mineral Resource estimates were prepared under the supervision of Eric Kallio, P. Geo. Senior Vice President, Exploration. (4) Mineral Resources are estimated using a long-term gold price of US$1,230/oz (C$1,635/oz). (5) Mineral Resources were estimated using a 8.6 g/t cut-off grade for Macassa, a 2.9 g/t cut-off grade for Holt, and a 2.6 g/t cut-off grade for Taylor, a 3.9 g/t cut-off grade (Holloway), a 2.5 g/t cut-off grade for Canamax, Card, Runway and Ludgate, a 2.2 g/t cut-off grade for Hislop and 0 g/t cut-off grade for Aquarius. Totals may not add up due to rounding. (6) 17 | Page Footnotes related to Mineral Resource Estimates for Australian Assets (dated December 31, 2018) (1) CIM definitions (2014) were followed in the estimation of Mineral Resource. (2) Mineral Resources are estimated using a long-term gold price of US$1,230/oz (A$1,710/oz) (3) Mineral Resources for the Australian assets are reported exclusive of Mineral Reserves. (4) Mineral Resources at Fosterville were estimated using cut-off grades 0.7 g/t Au for oxide and 1.0 g/t Au for sulfide mineralization to potentially open-pitable depths of approximately 100m, below which a cut-off grade of 3.0 g/t Au was used. (5) Mineral Resources in the Northern Territory were estimated using a cut-off grade of 0.5 g/t Au for potentially open pit mineralization and cut-offs of 1.0 to 2.0g/t Au for underground mineralization. (6) Mineral Resource estimates for the Fosterville property were prepared under the supervision of Troy Fuller, MAIG. (7) Mineral Resource estimates for the Northern Territory properties were prepared under the supervision of Owen Greenberger, MAIG. (8) Totals may not add up due to rounding. REVIEW OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE The following discussion provides key summarized consolidated financial and operating information for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Results for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017 include production and costs related to the Northern Territory operations in Australia, which were placed on care and maintenance effective June 30, 2017. Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 18 | Page (in thousands except per share amounts) Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 (1) Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Revenue Production costs Royalty expense Depletion and depreciation Earnings from mine operations Expenses General and administrative (2) Transaction costs Exploration and evaluation Care and maintenance Earnings from operations Finance and other items Other income (loss), net Finance income Finance costs Earnings before taxes Current income tax (expense) recovery Deferred tax recovery (expense) Earnings from continuing operations Loss from discontinued operations Net earnings Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share $280,320 (64,604) (7,583) (37,318) 170,815 (9,316) — (13,807) (1,626) $146,066 1,235 3,139 (1,104) 149,336 (17,070) (25,731) 106,535 0 $106,535 $0.51 $0.50 $212,364 (68,283) (6,200) (45,621) 92,260 (6,839) 0 (12,042) (5,678) $67,701 (18,590) 515 (3,538) 46,088 (12,865) 24,911 58,134 (17,154) $40,980 $0.20 $0.20 $915,911 (267,432) (26,418) (133,718) 488,343 (31,565) 0 (66,614) (3,081) $387,083 5,130 5,714 (3,617) 394,310 (40,743) (79,624) 273,943 0 $273,943 $1.30 $1.29 $747,495 (288,315) (21,396) (148,655) 289,129 (25,646) (397) (48,411) (11,877) $202,798 3,376 2,111 (12,206) 196,079 (44,223) 5,474 157,330 (24,904) $132,426 $0.64 $0.63 These figures reflect the sale of Stawell in December 2017. (1) (2) General and administrative expense for 2018 and Q4 2018 (2017 and Q4 2017) include general and administrative expenses of $26.3 million and $8.0 ($20.2 million and $6.1 million in 2017), respectively, share based payment expense of $5.2million and $1.3 million ($3.9 million and $0.7 million in 2017), respectively, and severance payments totaled $1.5 million and nil in 2017 and Q4 2017, respectively . Revenue Revenue for 2018 totaled $915.9 million, an increase of $168.4 million or 23% from $747.5 million for the same period in 2017. The $168.4 million increase in revenue in 2018 was almost entirely related to a $163.4 million favourable impact from a 22% increase in gold sales, to 722,277 ounces from 592,674 ounces for the same period in 2017. In addition, a $2.0 per ounce or increase in the average realized gold price per ounce, to $1,263 in 2018 versus $1,261 in 2017, increased revenue by $1.4 million in 2018 versus 2017. The difference in revenue after changes in volume and average realized gold price resulted from functional versus reporting currency. The increase in gold sales in 2018 mainly resulted from strong sales growth at both Fosterville and Macassa. Gold sales at Fosterville totaled 352,094 ounces, a 36% increase from 258,315 ounces in 2017. At Macassa, 2018 gold sales totaled 241,278 ounces, 23% higher than 196,119 ounces in 2017. The increases in gold sales at both Fosterville and Macassa reflected strong production growth at both mines due to significantly higher average grades for 2018 versus 2017. 19 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Revenue in Q4 2018 totaled $280.3 million, an increase of $67.9 million or 32% from $212.4 million in Q4 2017. Compared to Q4 2017, higher gold sales in Q4 2018 increased revenue by $76.7 million, with a total of 225,692 ounces sold in Q4 2018 versus 165,715 ounces being sold in Q4 2017. The increase in gold sales was largely attributable to Fosterville, where ounces sold grew by 49%, to 118,955 ounces from 80,000 ounces in Q4 2017, driven by record quarterly production of 124,307 ounces in Q4 2018. Gold sales at Macassa increased 34%, to 71,087 ounces from 52,865 ounces in Q4 2017, while ounces sold at the Taylor increased 23%, to 17,777 ounces in Q4 2018. Gold sales at Holt of 17,212 ounces in Q4 2018 compared to 18,404 ounces for the same period in 2017. Partially offsetting the favourable impact of higher gold sales was a $41 per ounce or 3% decline in the average realized gold price per ounce, to $1,237 in Q4 2018 from $1,278 in Q4 2017, which reduced revenue by $9.3 million in Q4 2018 compared to Q4 2017. Q4 2018 revenue increased $57.6 million or 26% from $222.7 million in Q3 2018. A 22% increase in gold sales, from 184,517 ounces in Q3 2018 to 225,692 ounces in Q4 2018, had a $49.6 million favourable impact on revenue compared to the previous quarter. In addition, a 3% increase in the average realized gold price per ounce (to $1,237 from $1,204) had a $7.4 million favourable impact on Q4 2018 revenue compared to Q3 2018. Earnings from Mine Operations Earnings from mine operations in 2018 totaled $488.3 million, a $199.2 million or 69% increase from $289.1 million in 2017. The increase reflected revenue growth of 23%, as well as lower production costs and depletion and depreciation costs. Lower production costs in 2018 largely reflected the inclusion of $37.4 million of production costs related to the Northern Territory operations 2017. A $14.9 million reduction in depletion and depreciation expense resulted from the increase in Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources included in the December 31, 2017 Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates. Royalty costs for YTD 2018 totaled $26.4 million compared to $21.4 million in 2017, with the increase reflecting higher sales volumes in 2018. Earnings from mine operations in Q4 2018 totaled $170.8 million, an increase of $78.6 million or 85% from $92.3 million in Q4 2017 and $55.5 million or 48% higher than $115.3 million the previous quarter. The increase from the same period in 2017 mainly reflected the $67.9 million increase in revenue in Q4 2018 versus Q4 2017. Production costs in Q4 2018 totaled $64.6 million, compared to production costs of $68.3 million in Q4 2017. The year-over-year reduction mainly related to foreign exchange rate changes between the two periods, reflecting the impact of a stronger US dollar on converting Australian and Canadian dollar denominated costs. Depletion and depreciation costs in Q4 2018 totaled $37.3 million, which compared to $45.6 million in Q4 2017 as the impact of higher gold production was partially offset by a significant increase in the level of Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources at the Company’s operations following the release of the Company’s December 31, 2017 Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates on February 20, 2018. Royalty expense in Q4 2018 totaled $7.6 million versus $6.2 million in Q4 2017, with the increase mainly reflecting higher sales volumes. The growth in earnings from mine operations from the previous quarter was entirely related to the $57.6 million increase revenue on a quarter-over-quarter basis. Unit Cost Performance (See Non-IFRS measures) Operating cash costs per ounce sold averaged $362 , a $119 per ounce or 25% improvement from 2017 mainly resulting from a 24% reduction in operating cash costs per ounce sold at Fosterville, to $200 per ounce sold, and a 19% improvement at Macassa, to $426 per ounce sold. The improvement in operating cash costs per ounce at both Fosterville and Macassa are reflective of significantly higher grades in 2018. AISC per ounce sold averaged $685 , $127 per ounce or 16% better than the previous year, with the improvement resulting from a 16% reduction in AISC per ounce sold at Macassa, to $713 , as well as a 10% improvement at Fosterville, to $442 . Sustaining capital expenditures for 2018 totaled $174.0 million or $241 per ounce sold, which compared to $147.7 million or $249 per ounce sold in 2017. Higher sustaining capital expenditures were included in the Company’s 2018 budget and related mainly to planned investments at Fosterville intended to support multiple years of production, including extensive underground development to establish new sources of production and purchases of new mobile equipment. 20 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Operating cash costs per ounce sold averaged $286 in Q4 2018, a 31% improvement from $412 in Q4 2017 largely reflecting higher average grades at both Fosterville and Macassa. Operating cash costs per ounce sold at Fosterville in Q4 2018 were $139 per ounce, a 38% improvement from $226 per ounce in Q4 2017. The average grade at Fosterville in Q4 2018 improved 85% from Q4 2017, to 39.7 g/t. At Macassa, operating cash costs per ounce in Q4 2018 averaged $370 , a 32% improvement from $541 for the same period in 2017, with an 86% improvement in the average grade, to 25.9 g/t, largely accounting for the lower operating cash costs per ounce. Compared to the previous quarter, operating cash costs per ounce sold improved 19% from $351 in Q3 2018, with the quarter-over-quarter improvement mainly reflecting the impact of higher average grades at Fosterville and Macassa. AISC per ounce sold in Q4 2018 averaged $567 compared $816 in Q4 2017. In addition to the improvement in operating cash costs per ounce sold, also contributing to the improvement were reduced sustaining capital expenditures, which totaled $46.4 million or $206 per ounce sold in Q4 2018 compared to $51.6 million or $312 per ounce sold in Q4 2017. The reduction in sustaining capital expenditures in Q4 2018 compared to the same period the previous year was mainly related to the weighting of sustaining capital expenditures at Macassa and Taylor in 2017 to the final quarter of the year. Q4 2018 AISC per ounce sold improved 12% from $645 the previous quarter. In addition to the improvement in operating cash costs per ounce sold, the reduction in AISC per ounce sold related mainly to lower levels of sustaining capital expenditures on a per ounce sold basis, with Q3 2018 sustaining capital expenditures totaling $41.4 million or $224 per ounce sold. Additional Expenses Corporate G&A expense (excluding share-based payments expense and transaction costs) totaled $26.3 million in 2018 versus $20.2 million in 2017. The increase compared to 2017 largely reflected higher compensation expense, as well as increased audit and consulting fees. For Q4 2018, corporate G&A expense totaled $8.0 million compared to $6.1 million in Q4 2017 and $5.6 million in Q3 2018. The increase from the previous quarter was mainly due to increased audit and consulting fees. Share based payment expense in 2018 totaled $5.2 million versus $3.9 million in 2017. The increase was reflected increased incentive compensations costs on a year-over-year basis. Share based payment expense in Q4 2018 totaled $1.3 million compared to $0.7 million in Q4 2017 and $0.5 million the previous quarter. Exploration and evaluation expenditures (expensed) in 2018 were $66.6 million, 38% higher than $48.4 million in 2017. The year-over-year increase reflected the Company’s significant commitment to organic growth through continued exploration success. Exploration and evaluation expenditures for 2018 included $56.3 million in Australia, including $29.8 million in the Northern Territory and $26.5 million at Fosterville, and $10.3 million in Canada, divided between Taylor and Macassa. Exploration and evaluation expenditures in Q4 2018 totaled $13.8 million, which compared to $12.0 million in Q4 2017 and $20.3 million the previous quarter. Care and maintenance expense relate to the suspension of operations and placement on care and maintenance of the Stawell Mine (as of December 13, 2016), the Holloway Mine (as of December 31, 2016) and the Cosmo Mine and Union Reefs Mill (as of June 30, 2017). Care and maintenance expense in 2018 totaled $3.1 million, with $2.8 million relating to the Holloway mine. In 2017, care and maintenance expense totaled $11.9 million, of which $9.6 million related to placing the Cosmo mine and Union Reefs mill on care and maintenance effective June 30, 2017. Care and maintenance costs in Q4 2018 totaled $1.6 million, which compared to care and maintenance expense of $5.7 million in Q4 2017 and $0.4 million in Q3 2018. The increase compared to the previous quarter mainly related to increased activity at the Holloway mine and the Company prepared to commence advanced exploration work. Other income in 2018 totaled $5.1 million, which compared to other income of $3.4 million in 2017. Other income in 2018 mainly reflected an unrealized and realized foreign exchange gain of $16.9 million, which was only partially offset by a $10.9 million marked-to-market loss on fair valuing the Company’s common share purchase warrants. The unrealized and realized foreign exchange gain in 2018 resulted from the Australian and Canadian dollars weakening against the US dollar during the year. The main contributors to other income in 2017 were recognition of a deferred premium on flow-through shares totaling $3.1 million and a $1.6 million mark-to-market gain on the fair valuing of the Company’s warrants, partially offset by an unrealized and realized foreign exchange gain loss of $2.2 million. Other income in Q4 2018 totaled $1.2 million, which largely resulted from an unrealized and realized foreign exchange gain of $5.9 million, partially offset by a $3.5 million marked-to-market loss on fair valuing the Company’s warrants. The foreign exchange gain mainly reflected a weakening of the Australian dollar against the US dollar during the quarter as a result of balances held in US dollar. Other loss in Q4 2017 totaled $18.6 million, including a $17.6 million market-to-market loss on fair valuing the Company’s warrants. For the previous quarter, other loss totaled $5.8 million, with the main factor contributing to other loss being a $6.4 million mark-to-market loss on the fair valuing of the 21 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Company’s common share purchase warrants. A review of the Company’s warrants investments is provided in Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the year’s ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Finance costs in 2018 totaled $3.6 million, mainly reflecting interest expense on financial leases and other loans. Finance costs in 2017 totaled $12.2 million. Finance costs in 2017 largely related to two series of unsecured convertible debentures, which matured during the year. The Company’s C$62.1 million of 7.5% debentures (the “7.5% Debentures”), which traded on the TSX under the symbol KLG.DB.A, matured on December 31, 2017, with over 99% of the debentures being converted into the Company’s common shares, and the remainder being repaid in cash. The Company’s C$56.8 million of 6% debentures (the “6% Debentures”), which were traded under the symbol KLG.DB. The 6% Debentures, were repaid from existing cash resources on June 30, 2017, the maturity date for the issue. Finance costs in Q4 2018 totaled $1.1 million, which compared to $3.5 million in Q4 2017 and $0.7 million the previous quarter. Finance income totaled $5.7 million in 2018 versus $2.1 million in 2017. The year-over-year increase mainly reflected interest income on higher average cash balances in 2018 compared to 2017. Finance income in Q4 2018 totaled $3.1 million versus $0.5 million in Q4 2017 and $0.9 million the previous quarter. The Company’s cash position at December 31, 2018 totaled $332.2 million, an increase of $100.6 million or 43% from $231.6 million at December 31, 2017. The Company's current income tax expense totaled $40.7 million in 2018 along with deferred income tax expense of $79.6 million, for an effective tax rate of 30.5% . Deferred income tax expense in 2018 reflected the utilization of $53.3 million of deferred tax assets in respect of loss carryforwards to reduce current income tax expense. In 2017, current income tax expense totaled $44.2 million and deferred income tax recovery totaled $5.5 million, resulting in an effective tax rate of 19.8%. The deferred tax recovery in 2017 was primarily due to the recognition of $40.5 million of previously unrecognized deferred tax assets in the period that were acquired in a previous business combination. These deferred tax assets were recognized as a result of a change in expected future profits to be realized after a reorganization of the acquired corporate structure. In addition, in 2017 the Company recognized a deferred tax asset recovery of $12.1 million related to the offset of current year income taxes. Income tax expense in Q4 2018 included current income tax expense of $17.1 million and deferred income tax expense of $25.7 million. In Q4 2017, current income tax expense totaled $12.9 million, while there was a deferred income tax recovery of $24.9 million as a result of recognizing previously unrecognized deferred tax assets. Income tax expense in Q3 2018 included current income tax expense of $8.0 million and deferred income tax expense of $19.1 million. The deferred tax expense in Q3 2018 resulted from the utilization of $24.6 million of deferred tax assets in respect of loss carryforwards to reduce current income tax expense, which was offset by $4.5 million of tax recovery. Deferred income tax expense for 2018 reflected the utilization of $53.3 million of deferred tax assets in respect of loss carryforwards to reduce current income tax expense. Net Earnings in 2018 total $273.9 million or $1.30 per basic share Net earnings in 2018 totaled $273.9 million ( $1.30 per basic share), an increase of 107% from net earnings of $132.4 million ( $0.64 per basic share) in 2017. Net earnings in 2018 were entirely from continuing operations. Net earnings in 2017 included earnings from continuing operations of $157.3 million ( $0.76 per basic share) and loss from discontinued operations of $24.9 million ( $0.12 per basic share), related to the Company’s Stawell mine, which was placed on care and maintenance in December 2016 and sold on December 21, 2017. The increase in net earnings in 2018 compared to earnings from continuing operations in 2017 mainly reflected the impact of a 23% increase in revenue and improved unit costs compared to the previous year. Also contributing to the increase were lower depletion and depreciation expense (due to a significant increase in the level of Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources at the Company’s operations following the release of its December 31, 2017 Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates), lower finance costs, reduced care and maintenance expense and higher other income. These favourable factors were only partially offset by 38% increase in exploration and evaluation expenditures (excluding capitalized exploration expenditures), higher corporate G&A expense, as well as an increase in the effective income tax rate, to 30.5% in 2018 versus 19.8% in 2017. Net earnings in Q4 2018 totaled $106.5 million ( $0.51 per basic share), an increase of $65.5 million or 160% from $41.0 million ( $0.20 per basic share) in Q4 2017. The $65.5 million increase in net earnings from Q4 2017 largely reflected a 32% increase in revenue and improved unit costs compared to Q4 2017. Also contributing to the increase in net earnings in Q4 2018 was other income of $1.2 million, which compared to other loss of $18.6 million in Q4 2017, with the other loss mainly relating to a mark-to- market loss on fair valuing the Company’s warrants. In addition, depletion and depreciation expense, care and maintenance expense and finance costs were lower in Q4 2018 versus the same period in 2017. Also, net earnings in Q4 2017 were reduced by a loss from discontinued operations of $17.2 million related to the sale of the Company’s Stawell mine on December 21, 22 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 2017. Partially offsetting these factors was an increase in corporate G&A expense and the impact of a higher effective tax rate in Q4 2018 versus Q4 2017. In Q4 2017, earnings from continuing operations included a $24.9 million deferred tax recovery, mainly related to the recognition of previously unrecognized deferred tax assets that were acquired in a previous business combination. Q4 2018 net earnings were $50.6 million or 91% higher than $55.9 million ($0.27 per basic share) in Q3 2018. A 26% increase in revenue, improved unit costs and lower exploration and evaluation expense were the key contributors to the increase in net earnings compared to the previous quarter. In addition, other income of $1.2 million in Q4 2018 compared to other loss of $5.8 million in Q3 2018, with the prior quarter’s other income mainly resulting from a mark-to-market loss on fair valuing the Company’s warrants. These favourable factors were only partially offset by higher depletion and depreciation expense and increased corporate G&A costs. Adjusted net earnings (Non-IFRS) in 2018 total $287.2 million or $1.36 per basic share Adjusted net earnings in 2018 totaled $287.2 million, representing growth of $138.1 million or 93% from $149.1 million in 2017. The difference between adjusted net earnings and net earnings in 2018 reflected the exclusion from adjusted net earnings of a $10.9 million pre-tax mark-to-market loss ($9.4 million on an after-tax basis) related to fair valuing the Company’s warrants, as well as $5.4 million of pre-tax purchase price allocation adjustments on inventory ($3.8 million on an after-tax basis). The difference between adjusted net earnings and net earnings in 2017 largely resulted from the exclusion from adjusted net earnings of the $24.9 million after-tax loss from discontinued operations and a net deferred tax recovery of $10.0 million. Also excluded from 2017 adjusted net earnings were a $2.6 million pre-tax negative purchase price allocation adjustment ($1.8 million after tax) and a $1.6 million pre-tax mark-to-market loss ($1.4 million after tax) on fair valuing the Company’s warrants. The Company's adjusted net earnings in Q4 2018 totaled $109.6 million ( $0.52 per basic share) compared to $63.4 million ( $0.31 per basic share) in Q4 2017 and $61.4 million ( $0.29 per basic share) in Q3 2018. The difference between adjusted net earnings and net earnings in Q4 2018 related to the exclusion from adjusted net earnings of a $3.5 million mark-to-market gain ($3.1 million after tax) related to the fair valuing of the Company’s warrants. The difference between net earnings and adjusted net earnings in Q4 2017 mainly related to the exclusion from adjusted net earnings of the $17.2 million after-tax loss on discontinued operations, the $17.6 million pre-tax ($15.3 million after tax) mark-to-market loss on the fair valuing the Company’s warrants and net deferred tax recovery of $10.0 million. The difference between adjusted net earnings and net earnings in Q3 2018 related to the exclusion from adjusted net earnings of a $6.4 million mark-to-market loss ($5.5 million after tax) related to the fair valuing of the Company’s warrants. 2018 net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations of $543.1 million, free cash flow (Non-IFRS) totals $249.5 million Cash totaled $332.2 million at December 31, 2018, an increase of $100.6 million or 43% from $231.6 million at December 31, 2017. The increase in cash year over year mainly reflected the $543.1 million of net cash from operating activities of continuing operations in 2018, which was $229.5 million or 73% higher than net cash from operating activities of continuing operations of $313.6 million the previous year. Among the main uses of cash during 2018 a total of $357.4 million net cash used for investing activities of continuing operations, which included increased capital expenditures as well as the use of $47.8 (C$62.5) of cash to acquire 32.6 million common shares of Osisko and $16.1 (C$20.9) million to acquire an additional 4.0 million common share of Novo Resources. In addition, net cash used for financing activities of continuing operations totaled $63.3 million, including $30.8 (C$40.3) million to repurchase 1,640,000 common shares through the NCIB (for an average price of $18.79 or C$24.54), $16.3 (C$21.1) million for quarterly dividend payments (two increases to the quarterly dividend payment were announced during 2018) and $23.1 million used for payment of finance lease obligations. These uses of cash from financing activities of continuing operations were partially offset by cash received from net interest income and from the exercise of stock options. Free cash flow totaled $249.5 million, an increase of $71.5 million or 40% higher than $178.0 million in 2017. Growth in free cash flow mainly resulted from the 73% increase in net cash from operating activities of continuing operations in 2018, to $543.1 million. This increase was partially offset by significantly higher levels of investment, with cash used for mineral property additions increasing 90% , to $162.7 million, cash used for property, plant and equipment growing 144%, to $112.5 million and $18.4 million being used for additions to long-term assets versus $3.8 in 2017. The additions to long-term assets in 2018 mainly related to pre-payments made on large equipment purchases for the Macassa #4 shaft project. 23 | Page Cash at December 31, 2018 increased $75.0 million or 29% from $257.2 million at September 30, 2018. The increase resulted from net cash from operating activities of continuing operations of $204.1 million, representing increases of $108.2 million or 113% from $95.9 million in Q4 2017 and $75.7 million or 59% from $128.4 million the previous quarter. Among the main uses of cash during Q4 2018 was cash used for investing activities of continuing operations of $112.6 million, mainly related to capital expenditures during the quarter. Cash used for financing activities of continuing operations in Q4 2018 totaled $5.0 million, as dividend payments of $4.8 million and payment of finance lease obligations of $3.7 million were partially offset by $2.8 million on net interest received. Free cash flow in Q4 2018 totaled $86.4 million, an increase 35.2 million or 69% from $51.2 million in Q4 2017 and $34.2 million or 66% from $52.2 million the previous quarter. Growth in free cash flow compared to Q4 2017 mainly resulted from the 113% increase in net cash from operating activities of continuing operations in Q4 2018, to $204.1 million. Partially offsetting the impact significant growth in net cash from operating activities of continuing operations were $59.9 million of cash used for mineral property additions ( 229% higher than $18.2 million in Q4 2017), $52.6 million of cash used for additions to property, plant and equipment ( 132% increase from $22.7 million in Q4 2017), as well as $5.2 million of additions to long-term assets ( 37% increase from $3.8 million in Q4 2017). The growth in free cash flow from the previous quarter reflected the 59% increase in net cash from operating activities of continuing operations quarter over quarter ($128.4 million in Q3 2018), partially offset by a 53% increase in cash used for mineral property additions ($39.2 million in Q3 2018), 61% increase in cash used for additions to property, plant and equipment ($32.7 million in Q3 2018) and a 21% increase in cash used for additions to long-term assets ($4.3 million in Q3 2018). Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS REVIEW OF OPERATING MINES Canadian Mine Operations Macassa Mine Complex The Macassa Mine is located in the Municipality of Kirkland Lake, within Teck Township, District of Timiskaming, in the northeast of the province of Ontario, Canada which is approximately 600 km north of Toronto, Canada. Macassa is the Company’s flagship Canadian mining operation. Situated in one of Canada’s most historic and renowned gold mining districts, the Kirkland Lake Camp, Macassa had proven and probable reserves totaling 3.2 million tonnes grading an average of 21.9 g/t for 2.2 million ounces as at December 31, 2018. Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Operating results Total Ore Milled (t) Run of Mine (t) Low Grade (t) Average Grade (g/t) Run of Mine (g/t) Low Grade (g/t) Gold Contained (oz) Recovery (%) Gold Produced (oz) Gold Sold (oz) Development metres - operating Development metres - capital Production costs Operating cash costs per ounce sold (1) AISC per ounce sold (1) Total capital expenditures (in thousands) (1) Non-IFRS - the definition and reconciliation of these Non-IFRS measures are included on pages 41-47 of this MD&A. 85,523 85,523 — 25.9 25.9 — 71,350 98.0% 69,936 71,087 787 1,522 $26,325 $370 $650 $55,871 119,129 119,129 — 13.9 13.9 — 53,331 96.8% 51,608 52,865 1,351 908 $28,642 $541 $956 $21,919 354,469 354,469 — 21.6 21.6 — 245,819 97.7% 240,126 241,278 3,742 6,934 $102,845 $426 $713 $128,225 409,064 387,053 22,011 15.2 16.0 1.6 200,107 97.1% 194,237 196,119 3,983 5,326 $102,743 $523 $845 $61,279 24 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Production at Macassa in 2018 totaled 240,126 ounces, an increase of 24% from 194,237 ounces in 2017. Production in 2018 resulted from processing 354,469 tonnes at an average grade of 21.6 g/t and average recoveries of 97.7% . All tonnes processed in 2018 were from mine production. For 2017, a total of 409,064 tonnes were processed at an average grade of 15.2 g/t and average recoveries of 97.1% . Of tonnes processed in 2017, 387,053 tonnes related to mine production and averaged 16.0 g/t, with the remaining 22,011 tonnes being drawn from low-grade stockpiles and averaging 1.6 g/t. The 35% increase in the average grade from mine production in 2018 compared to the previous year resulted from mining higher-grade stopes deeper in the SMC during 2018, as well as the impact of favourable grade reconciliations and improved grade control practices. A significant proportion of 2018 production was from high-grade stopes around the 5700-foot level of the SMC, where production commenced near the end of 2017 and where a number of stopes outperformed on realized grades during the year. Production costs for 2018 totaled $102.8 million, similar to the $102.7 million of production costs for 2017. Operating cash costs per ounce sold averaged $426 , a 19% improvement from $523 for 2017, with higher average grade in 2018 accounting for the significant improvement compared to the previous year. AISC per ounce sold for 2018 averaged $713 , 16% better than $845 for YTD 2017. Sustaining capital expenditures for 2018 totaled $59.9 million or $248 per ounce sold, which compared to sustaining capital expenditures of $57.4 million or $293 per ounce sold for 2017. The improvement in AISC on a per ounce sold basis for 2018 reflected the favourable impact of a higher average grade on sales volumes, with the level of sustaining capital expenditures largely unchanged from the previous year. For Q4 2018, the Macassa Mine produced a record 69,936 ounces, based on processing 85,523 tonnes at an average grade of 25.9 g/t and average recoveries of 98.0% . Q4 2018 production was 36% higher than 51,608 ounces in Q4 2017, when 119,129 tonnes were processed at an average grade of 13.9 g/t and average recoveries of 96.8% . The increase in production from the same period in 2017 reflected an 87% increase in the average grade, resulting from mining higher-grade stopes deeper in the SMC, as well as the impact of grade outperformance, particularly in SMC stopes around the 5700-foot level. The significant increase in grade more than offset a reduction in tonnes processed. Lower tonnes processed in Q4 2018 largely reflected increased selectivity in processing development material for the purpose of maximizing average grades. Q4 2018 production increased 26% from 55,582 ounces in Q3 2018, when the mine processed 92,503 tonnes at an average grade of 19.2 g/t and average mill recoveries of 97.3%. The increase from the previous quarter resulted from higher average grades in Q4 2018, mainly reflecting more favourable grade reconciliations compared to Q3 2018. In Q4 2018, Macassa's production costs totaled $26.3 million, compared to $28.6 million in Q4 2017 and $23.8 million in Q3 2018. The reduction in production costs from Q4 2017 reflected increased use of long-hole stoping mining methods and reduced equipment maintenance expenditures, as well as the impact of a stronger US dollar when converted Canadian-dollar denominated costs. The mine’s operating cash costs per ounce sold for Q4 2018 was a record $370 , a 32% improvement from $541 in Q4 2017 and 16% better than $439 the previous quarter. The improvement from both prior periods largely reflected the favourable impact of significantly higher average grades on sales volumes in Q4 2018 compared to Q4 2017 and Q3 2018. AISC per ounce sold for Q4 2018 averaged $650 , 32% better than average AISC of $956 per ounce sold in Q4 2017. The improvement in AISC from the same period in 2017 reflected both lower operating cash costs per ounce sold as well as a reduction in sustaining capital expenditures per ounce sold. Sustaining capital expenditures totaled $16.7 million or $235 per ounce sold, which compared to sustaining capital expenditures of $20.4 million or $385 per ounce sold in Q4 2017. The reduction in sustaining capital expenditures compared to Q4 2017 resulted largely from the weighting of planned sustaining capital expenditures in 2017 to the final quarter of the year, mainly related to the procurement of mobile equipment and critical spares. Q4 2018 AISC per ounce sold compared to AISC of $722 per ounce sold in Q3 2018. The change from the prior quarter was largely a reflection of the higher average grade in Q4 2018, which resulted in greater production and sales volumes and lower operating cash costs and AISC on a per ounce sold basis. In Q3 2018, sustaining capital expenditures totaled $13.5 million or $250 per ounce sold. Reduced sustaining capital expenditures for ounce sold in Q4 2018 reflected higher sales volumes due to an increase in the average grade. Growth projects: Growth capital expenditures at Macassa for 2018 totaled $68.3 million. Of total growth expenditures, $46.1 million related to the #4 shaft project with the remainder primarily to work on a new tailings impoundment area and thickened tails projects. The Company announced the commencement of work on a new shaft (#4 shaft) in January 2018. Work on the #4 Shaft project during the year focused initially on permitting, procurement, engineering and surface preparation. During the second half of 2018, work included sinking the shaft collar, installation of the hoist foundations, construction of the 216-foot slip-formed concrete headframe and installation of the internal shaft steel. The Company expects to commence full-face shaft sinking during the summer of 2019 and continues to target phase one completion by the second quarter of 2022. 25 | Page Holt Mine Complex The 100% owned Holt Mine Complex consists of three mines: The Holt Mine and Mill and the Holloway Mine, which are both located east of Matheson, approximately 20 km west of the Quebec border, within the Timmins Mining District in northeastern Ontario; and the Taylor Mine located 53 km east of Timmins, Ontario (approximately 68 km by road west of the Holt Mill). The Holt-Holloway property package is comprised of 48 separate property elements totaling 559 claims for an aggregate area of 11,528 hectares ("ha"). The Taylor Mine consists of 77 claims for a total area covering 3,080 ha. In total, the three mines comprise total proven and probable reserves estimated at 644,000 ounces of gold as at December 31, 2018. Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Holt Mine Operating results Total Ore Milled (t) Average Grade (g/t) Gold Contained (oz) Recovery (%) Gold Produced (oz) Gold Sold (oz) Development metres - operating Development metres - capital Production costs Operating cash costs per ounce sold (1) AISC per ounce sold (1) Total capital expenditures (in thousands) Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 118,347 4.7 17,789 94.3% 16,774 17,212 447 346 $11,536 $670 $1,040 $5,354 127,494 5.0 20,297 94.9% 19,263 18,404 757 629 $11,508 $624 $1,031 $4,099 471,819 4.7 71,632 94.6% 67,770 69,167 2,679 3,322 $46,930 $679 $1,097 $22,131 462,987 4.7 70,363 94.8% 66,677 65,406 3,918 3,247 $44,820 $685 $1,043 $13,980 (1) Non-IFRS - the definition and reconciliation of these Non-IFRS measures are included on pages 41-47 of this MD&A. In 2018, the Holt Mine produced 67,770 ounces, a 2% increase from 66,677 ounces in 2017. Slightly higher production in 2018 resulted from a 2% increase in tonnes processed. Production in 2018 was based on 471,819 tonnes processed at an average grade of 4.7 g/t and average recoveries of 94.6% , which compared to 462,987 tonnes processed at the same average grade and average recoveries of 94.8% in 2017. Holt's production costs totaled $46.9 million in 2018, which compared to $44.8 million in 2017. The increase in production costs mainly reflected increased tonnes mined and milled compared to the previous year. Operating cash costs per ounce sold in 2018 averaged $679 , largely unchanged from $685 in 2017. AISC per ounce sold in 2018 averaged $1,097 compared to $1,043 in 2017. Sustaining capital expenditures totaled $21.7 million or $313 per ounce sold, which compared to $14.6 million or $224 per ounce sold in 2017. The increase in sustaining capital expenditures in 2018 mainly reflected a higher proportion of development costs being capitalized in 2018 compared to 2017, as well as costs related to replacing approximately 700 guides in the Holt shaft during the second quarter of the year. During Q4 2018, production at the Holt Mine totaled 16,774 ounces, based on processing 118,347 tonnes at an average grade of 4.7 g/t and average recoveries of 94.3% . Q4 2018 production compared to production of 19,263 ounces in Q4 2017, which resulted from processing 127,494 tonnes at an average grade of 5.0 g/t and average recoveries of 94.9% and record quarterly production of 20,609 ounces in Q3 2018, based on processing 135,849 tonnes at an average grade of 5.0 g/t and average recoveries of 95.0%. Lower average grades compared to both prior periods reflected mine sequencing, while a reduction in tonnes processed largely reflected some stockpiling of ore from Holt in favour of processing high-grade ore from the Taylor Mine during the quarter. Holt's production costs totaled $11.5 million, unchanged from Q4 2017 and 6% lower than $12.2 million in Q3 2018. Operating cash costs per ounce sold in Q4 2018 averaged $670 , which compared to $624 for Q4 2017 and $603 per ounce for the previous quarter, with the increase from both prior periods mainly relating to a lower average grade in Q4 2018. AISC per ounce sold in Q4 2018 averaged $1,040 , similar to the Q4 2017 level of $1,031 and 4% higher than $999 for the previous quarter. Sustaining capital expenditures totaled $5.3 million or $307 per ounces sold, which compared to $5.0 million or $271 per ounce sold in Q4 2017 and $5.8 million or $285 per ounce sold in Q3 2018. Royalty expense in Q4 2018 totaled $1.1 million or $63 per ounce 26 | Page sold versus $2.5 million or $136 per ounce sold for Q4 2017 and $2.2 million or $111 per ounce the previous quarter. The reduction reflected lower sales volumes compared to both prior periods, as well as the impact of a reduction in the royalty rate from ounces produced in Zone 7, which includes a lower, fixed net smelter return royalty than other areas of the mine at gold prices below $1,400 per ounce. Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Taylor Gold Mine Operating results Total Ore Milled (t) Average Grade (g/t) Gold Contained (oz) Recovery (%) Gold Produced (oz) Gold Sold (oz) Development metres - operating Development metres - capital Production costs Operating cash costs per ounce sold (1) AISC per ounce sold (1) Total capital expenditures (in thousands) Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 103,793 6.1 20,324 95.0% 19,305 17,777 916 130 $10,201 $574 $844 $6,827 89,297 6.0 17,194 96.2% 16,541 14,438 1,185 544 $8,289 $574 $1,187 $9,459 382,059 5.0 61,883 94.7% 58,633 59,043 4,327 1,412 $41,914 $709 $1,007 $19,726 292,003 5.6 52,787 96.2% 50,764 48,564 3,955 2,510 $29,646 $610 $972 $18,387 (1) Non-IFRS - the definition and reconciliation of these Non-IFRS measures are included on pages 41-47 of this MD&A. Gold production from the Taylor Mine in 2018 totaled 58,633 ounces, which resulted from processing 382,059 tonnes at an average grade of 5.0 g/t and average recoveries of 94.7% . Production in 2018 increased 16% from 50,764 ounces in 2017, when a total of 292,003 tonnes were processed at an average grade of 5.6 g/t and average recoveries of 96.2% . The year-over-year increase in production resulting from increased tonnes processed reflecting the continued development of the mine and a greater number of stopes available for mining in 2018. In 2018, Taylor's production costs totaled $41.9 million, compared to $29.6 million in 2017, with the increase from the previous year reflecting higher mining rates and mine production and increased operating development metres in 2018. Operating cash costs per ounce sold in 2018 was $709 compared to $610 in 2017, with the year-over-year change mainly resulting from the higher average grade in 2017. AISC per ounce sold averaged $1,007 in 2018 versus $972 in 2017. Sustaining capital expenditures in 2018 totaled $16.3 million or $276 per ounce sold, which compared to $16.6 million or $342 per ounce sold in 2017, with the per ounce sold level reflecting higher sales volumes in 2018. In Q4 2018, the Taylor mine achieved record production of 19,305 ounces, a 17% increase from 16,541 ounces in Q4 2017 and 45% higher than 13,333 ounces the previous quarter. Q4 2018 production resulted from processing 103,793 tonnes at an average grade of 6.1 g/t and average recoveries of 95.0% , which compared to 89,297 tonnes processed at an average grade of 6.0 g/t and average recoveries of 96.2% in Q4 2017 and 94,092 tonnes at an average grade of 4.7 g/t and average recoveries of 94.3% in Q3 2018. The increase from Q4 2017 was mainly related to a 16% increase in tonnes processed, while a 30% improvement in the average grade, reflecting both mine sequencing and grade outperformance in Q4 2018, was the key driver of the increase compared to the previous quarter. Production costs at Taylor in Q4 2018 totaled $10.2 million, which compared to $8.3 million in Q4 2017 and $10.7 million the previous quarter. The change in production costs compared to the same period in 2017 mainly resulted from higher production levels and a greater proportion of development metres being expensed rather than capitalized, which more than offset the impact of a stronger US dollar when converting Canadian-dollar denominated costs. Operating cash costs per ounce sold in Q4 2018 averaged $574 , unchanged from Q4 2017 and 26% better than $780 the previous quarter. The improvement from the previous quarter mainly reflected the 30% improvement in the average grade in Q4 2018, to 6.1 g/t. AISC per ounce sold in Q4 2018 averaged $844 compared to $1,187 for the same period in 2017 and $990 the previous quarter. Sustaining capital expenditures in Q4 2018 totaled $4.5 million or $252 per ounce sold, which compared to $8.6 million or $594 per ounce in Q4 2017 and $2.5 million or $186 per ounce the previous quarter. The reduction in total sustaining capital expenditures in Q4 2018 compared to Q4 2017 reflected the timing of sustaining capital expenditures in 2017, with just over half of total sustaining capital 27 | Page expenditures for full-year 2017 being invested during the fourth quarter. The increase in sustaining capital expenditures compared to Q3 2018 resulted mainly from higher equipment purchases and infrastructure costs in Q4 2018 versus the previous quarter. Holloway Mine In December 2016, Kirkland Lake Gold announced the transitioning of the Holloway Mine to a temporary suspension of operations. The mine will be maintained in a production ready state with the intent of restarting the operation in the future subject to the mine realizing enhanced economics through exploration success. For 2018, a total of 942 ounces were processed from the Holloway Mine (including 895 ounces in Q4 2017). Australian Mine Operations Results for the first six months of 2017 included production, sales and costs for both the Fosterville mine and operations in the Northern Territory (the Cosmo mine and Union Reefs mill). Operations in the Northern Territory were placed on care and maintenance effective June 30, 2017. Production, sales and costs related for the Northern Territory in Q4 2017 relate to the processing of stockpiled material following the operation’s placement on care and maintenance. Fosterville Mine The Fosterville Mine is located approximately 20 km northeast of the town of Bendigo and 130 km north of the city of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia. With a noteworthy history of gold mining in the region dating back to 1894, the current Fosterville Mine commenced commercial production in April 2005 with a sulphide plant that has produced approximately 1.8 million ounces to date. At December 31, 2018, the mine had total reserves of 2.7 million tonnes at an average grade of 30.1 g/t for a total of 2.7 million ounces. Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Operating results Total Ore Milled (t) Average Grade (g/t) Gold Contained (oz) Recovery (%) Gold Produced (oz) Gold Sold (oz) Development metres - operating Development metres - capital Production costs Operating cash costs per ounce sold (1) AISC per ounce sold (1) Total capital expenditures (in thousands) Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 98,797 39.7 126,043 98.6% 124,307 118,955 516 1,950 $16,542 $139 $332 $29,808 118,877 21.5 88,159 96.3% 79,157 80,000 610 1,866 $18,043 $226 $471 $22,955 456,909 24.9 366,219 97.3% 356,230 352,094 2,257 7,311 $75,743 $200 $442 $105,750 547,476 15.8 278,355 95.0% 263,845 258,315 2,627 5,193 $70,906 $264 $491 $64,054 (1) Non-IFRS - the definition and reconciliation of these Non-IFRS measures are included on pages 41-47 of this MD&A. Production at Fosterville in 2018 totaled 356,230 ounces, a 35% increase from 263,845 ounces in 2017. Record production in 2018 resulted from processing 456,909 tonnes at an average grade of 24.9 g/t and average recoveries of 97.3% , which compared to processing 547,476 tonnes at an average grade of 15.8 g/t and average recoveries of 95.0% in 2017. A 58% increase in the average grade compared to 2017 mainly resulted from the continued transition to mining deeper, higher-grade stopes in the Eagle Zone and, as of Q3 2018, the Swan Zone, which include quartz veins containing significant amounts of visible gold. The reduction in tonnes milled compared to the prior year reflected the mine’s focus on extracting high-grade stopes at depth. At current grades, the Fosterville Mill’s refining capacity is being fully utilized, with an expansion of the refinery and gold room planned for 2019. The Company is also working to establish additional mining fronts, which is expected to contribute to higher throughput by 2021. In 2018, Fosterville's production costs totalled $75.7 million compared to $70.9 million in 2017. Operating cash cost and AISC per ounce sold in 2018 averaged $200 and $442 , respectively, the lowest unit costs achieved by the mine since underground mining operations commenced in 2005. By comparison, operating cash costs per ounce sold and AISC per ounce sold averaged $264 and $491 in 2017. The significant improvement in the average grade at Fosterville during 2018 largely accounted for the year-over- year improvement in unit costs. Sustaining capital expenditures in 2018 totaled $76.0 million or $216 per ounces sold, 28 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS which compared to $52.1 million or $202 per ounces sold in 2017. Higher sustaining capital expenditures were in line with expected target levels and reflected a number of planned investments intended to support multiple years of production involving underground development, additions to the mine’s mobile equipment fleet and upgrades to the Fosterville mill. In Q4 2018, Fosterville produced a record 124,307 ounces, based on processing 98,797 tonnes at an average grade of 39.7 g/t and average recoveries of 98.6% . Q4 2018 production increased 57% from 79,157 ounces in Q4 2017, when the mine processed 118,877 tonnes at an average grade of 21.5 g/t and average recoveries of 96.30% . Production in Q4 2018 increased 37% from 90,618 ounces in Q3 2018, based on processing 113,101 tonnes at an average grade of 25.6 g/t and average mill recoveries of 97.5%. The average grade in Q4 2018 of 39.7 g/t was the highest ever quarterly average grade at Fosterville by a significant margin and far exceeded target levels for the quarter. The outperformance largely relates to increased operating development activity around the Swan Zone and higher than planned grades from development tonnes processed. In addition, stope production in Q4 2018 from both the Swan and Eagle zones achieved substantially higher than expected grades. Based on the completion of increased operating development metres, the Company added two Swan Zone stopes to the mine plan for Q4 2018, which also is contributed to higher levels of production. Approximately 70% of gold production in Q4 2018 was recovered from the gravity processing methods, reflecting increased amounts of visible gold and the completion of the second gravity circuit in August 2018. Fosterville's production costs totalled $16.5 million in Q4 2018, which compared to $18.0 million in Q4 2017 and $18.2 million in Q3 2018. The reduction in production costs from Q4 2017 primarily reflected the impact of a stronger US dollar in Q4 2018 when converting Australian-dollar denominated costs. The mine’s operating cash costs per ounce sold in Q4 2018 averaged $139 , the lowest quarterly average since the underground mine opened in 2005. Operating cash costs per ounce sold for the quarter compared to $226 per ounce sold in Q4 2017 and $189 the previous quarter. The strong operating cash cost per ounce sold performance in Q4 2018 largely reflected the average grade, which at 39.7 g/t, was 85% and 55% higher than in Q4 2017 and Q3 2018, respectively, as well as the impact of lower total production costs. AISC per ounce sold in Q4 2018 averaged $332 per ounce, a 30% improvement from $471 in Q4 2017 and 20% better than $416 the previous quarter. Sustaining capital expenditures in Q4 2018 totaled $19.9 million or $167 per ounce sold versus $17.5 million or $219 per ounce sold in Q4 2017 and $19.6 million or $203 per ounce sold in Q3 2018. Growth projects: Growth capital expenditures at Fosterville during 2018 totaled $23.3 million (excluding capitalized exploration). The expenditures were mainly related to three projects, a new ventilation system, involving driving two vent raises, construction of a paste fill plant and establishment of a new water treatment plant. In Q4 2018, growth capital expenditures, excluding capitalized exploration, totaled $9.0 million. During Q4 2018, work continued on ventilation raises related to the new ventilation system, drilling of the delivery holes for the paste fill plant advanced, with initial concrete work commencing. In addition, progress continued on the construction of the new water treatment plant. The ventilation, paste fill and water treatment plant project are all targeted for completion in 2019, as are a number of smaller projects, including construction of a new power transformer, new refinery and gold room and a thiocyanate destruction plant at the Fosterville mill. Northern Territory The Northern Territory is comprised of a group of mineral tenements, including the Cosmo mine, totaling over 20,000 km2 in the Northern Territory of Australia, which includes an inventory of historical gold discoveries, historical and modern gold mines, and current mineral resources and mineral reserves. The Northern Territory operation, which includes the Cosmo mine and Union Reefs mill, was placed on care and maintenance effective June 30, 2017. As at December 31, 2018 the Company's Mineral Reserves in the Northern Territory totaled 666,000 tonnes at an average grade of 5.0 grams per tonne for 107,000 ounces. 29 | Page Operating results Total Ore Milled (t) Average Grade (g/t) Gold Contained (oz) Recovery (%) Gold Produced (oz) Gold Sold (oz) Development metres - operating Development metres - capital Production costs Operating cash costs per ounce sold (1) AISC per ounce sold (1) Total capital expenditures (in thousands) Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS — — — — — — — — $— $— $— $17,968 — — — — — — — — $— $— $— $213 — — — — — — — — $— $— $— $33,181 259,729 2.6 21,671 95.0% 20,595 22,490 789 860 $37,367 $1,661 $1,996 $6,823 (1) Non-IFRS - the definition and reconciliation of these Non-IFRS measures are included on pages 41-47 of this MD&A. With the placement of the Cosmo mine and Union Reefs mill on care and maintenance effective June 30, 2017, there was no production from the operation in 2018. During 2017, a total of 20,595 ounces was produced during the first nine months of the year, which resulted from processing 259,729 tonnes at an average grade of 2.6 g/t at average recoveries of 95.0% . Total production costs for this period in 2017 were $37.4 million, with operating cash costs and AISC average $1,661 per ounce sold and $1,996 per ounce sold, respectively. Following the move to care and maintenance, the Cosmo mine and Union Reef Mill are being maintained in a state of readiness to resume operation in the event that new reserves are delineated which establish an economic deposit or deposits within the Northern Territory assets. During 2018, a total of $54.7 million of exploration expenditures were incurred in the Northern Territory, including $29.8 million of expensed exploration expenditures and $24.9 million of capital exploration expenditures, with an additional $8.3 million of growth capital expenditures being recorded. Work in the Northern Territory is being completed with the objective of establishing a minimum five-year mine plan which includes average annual production of at least 100,000 ounces of gold at operating cash costs below $650 per ounce and AISC per ounce below $950. GROWTH AND EXPLORATION Canada Exploration expenditures for the Canadian operations in 2018 totalled $10.3 million. At Macassa, underground drilling continued to focus on Mineral Resource replacement and expansion. Drilling at Taylor in 2018 targeted additional expansion of mineralization around the Shaft and West Porphyry deposits. Macassa Mine For 2018, the Company completed 56,793 metres of underground exploration drilling testing the SMC from the Macassa 5300 and 5700 levels. An additional 8,918 metres of underground exploration was completed from the Macassa 5300 Level, testing the Main Break at the former Kirkland Minerals property between the 6500 and 7000 levels, proximal to the location for #4 shaft. Underground drilling at Macassa in 2018 was primarily focused on Mineral Resource conversion and expansion following a 58% increase in Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources as of December 31, 2017, to 2.09 million ounces at an average grade of 17.1 g/t, and a 48% increase in inferred Mineral Resources to 1.32 million ounces at an average grade of 22.2 g/t. On December 31, 2018, the Company had three underground exploration drills operating at Macassa. One of the drills was testing the east SMC from the 5300 Level. A second drill was testing the Lower SMC from the 5700 Level, with a third drill being dedicated to supporting the completion of a resource conversion program. 30 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS After completing 288 metres of development drifting in 2017 in support of future underground exploration drilling to extend the 5300 Level exploration drift to the east, including excavating a new drill drift, an additional 379 metres of development drifting was completed in the east during 2018, which included the excavation of a new drill bay. This new drill bay, which will support future resource conversion and expansion drilling of the SMC, was completed in April 2018. Development to the west on the 5300 Level has advanced 370 metres as of the end of December 31, 2018, with the addition of one new drill bay to support the drilling of the Lower SMC West. On July 5, 2018, the Company announced new high-grade intersections from underground drilling at Macassa within the 259- metre extension on the east side of the SMC. All but two of the new intersections were outside existing Mineral Resources, highlighting the potential that exists to add to the already large resource base at Macassa. The new intersections are located within 560 metres of the location for the new #4 Shaft currently being developed, which compared to a 2.1 km distance from the existing production shaft (the #3 Shaft). Included in the results, was identification of a high-potential area within the eastern extension of the SMC, which includes high grades and true widths well in excess of those normally seen in the area. The intersections reported on July 5, 2018 resulted from a continuation of the 2018 infill drilling program, with previous results reported on April 27, 2018. The April 27, 2018 results included multiple high-grade intersections both within and outside existing Mineral Resources within the SMC in close proximity to the location of the new #4 shaft. In 2019, the Company is planning approximately 90,000 metres of underground drilling at Macassa, using three underground drills, mainly targeting extensions of the SMC to the east, the west and to depth. Taylor Mine For 2018, the Company completed 64,187 metres of surface and underground exploration drilling (60,667metres from surface and 3,520 metres from underground) at the Taylor Mine. Exploration drilling during the year continued to focus on four key prospective areas: along the hanging wall of the Porcupine-Destor Fault (“PDF”) east of the Shaft Deposit; at a prospective target area situated to the west of the Shaft Deposit and east of the West Porphyry Deposit; at depth below both the East Porphyry and West Porphyry deposits; and up dip of the 1004 Zone of the West Porphyry Deposit. On April 25, 2018, the Company released new drill results from Taylor. The results included high-grade gold intersections from below the West Porphyry Deposit, discovered late in 2017; extending high-grade mineralization in a high-potential area in a gap between the Shaft and West Porphyry deposits, close to existing infrastructure; and continuing to intersect high-grade mineralization along strike to the east of the Shaft Deposit, where high-grade, visible-gold bearing mineralization has been intersected up to 2.9 km to the east. In 2019, the Company is planning approximately 44,000 metres of surface and underground drilling (26,000 metres from surface and 18,000 metres from underground). Key targets of the 2019 drilling program will be areas below and to the East of the 1004 Zone of the West Porphyry Deposit. Regional Exploration In 2019, the Company is planning approximately 42,785m of exploration on a variety of targets at the Nighthawk, Golden Highway and Holloway West properties. Australia In 2018, an extensive program of exploration drilling and development is focused on supporting the continued growth of the Fosterville mine and the Company’s efforts to establish an economic deposit or deposits in the Northern Territory that would support a resumption of operations at the Cosmo mine and Union Reefs mill. Total exploration expenditures in Australia for the year totaled $87.6 million, including approximately $31.3 million of capitalized exploration expenditures. Fosterville Mine An aggressive program of exploration and definition drilling and development was completed in 2018. The program involved work to extend known mineralized zones in the Lower Phoenix System, including Swan, at Harrier and Robbin’s Hill, and also to test for new mineralized structures within the Company’s mining license. In addition, significant work was completed on the 31 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS LODE (“Large Ore Deposit Exploration”) program at Fosterville, including greenfield core and reverse circulation percussion drilling, soil sampling, and a helicopter electromagnetic (EM) survey. Land access agreements were progressed for a planned 3D seismic geophysical survey, and airborne gravity and EM surveys on newly-granted exploration licenses. Total exploration expenditures at Fosterville in 2018 totaled $32.9 million, including $6.4 million of capitalized exploration expenditures. During 2018, a total of 136,283 metres of drilling at Fosterville was completed from five surface drills and seven underground drills. Underground drilling during the year largely focused on continued resource definition drilling to test the Phoenix South mineralization system, and mostly focused on the Swan and Eagle structures; with close-spaced (12.5m x 12.5m) results continuing to confirm the continuity and higher-grade tenor of the lodes. During 2018, the Company issued four news releases announcing exploration results at the Fosterville Mine, three of which focused on drilling within the Lower Phoenix System, largely to further delineate and extend the Swan Zone. On July 31, 2018, results from 45 drill holes for 24,888 metres were announced, which included high-grade intercepts with visible gold down-plunge of the Swan Zone Mineral Reserves. In addition, the results also included the identification of a new, parallel mineralized structure, called Cygnet, approximately 125 metres footwall (east) to the Swan Zone. The Cygnet structure represents a significant opportunity for future Mineral Resource expansion. Also included in the July results was the identification of the Lower Phoenix Gold System approximately 750 metres down-plunge from the deepest current Mineral Resources. The July results highlighted the considerable potential that exists for future Mineral Resource growth at depth through additional exploration drilling. On September 19, 2018, the Company announced results from 19 new drill holes for 6,482 metres located outside of the December 31, 2017 Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources in the Swan Zone. The results returned intervals of exceptionally high grades with visible gold and demonstrated that high-grade, visible-gold bearing quartz veins extend at least 200 m down-plunge from current Swan Zone Mineral Reserves. The new intersections confirmed earlier drill results that demonstrated strong continuity of high-grade, visible-gold bearing Swan mineralization over 100 m down-plunge from existing Mineral Reserves. They also include the identification of high-grade Swan mineralization an additional 100 m down-plunge, creating a potential 200 m envelope of exceptionally high-grade mineralization over substantial widths, with visible gold, which will drive future Mineral Reserve growth. Following up on the July drill results, the new results continued to increase the Company’s confidence that the December 31, 2018 Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates would include an increase in Mineral Reserves in the Swan Zone and a higher overall average grade and increased Mineral Reserve base for the Fosterville Mine as a whole. On December 13, 2018, results from an additional 47 holes for 17,169 metres were released from infill drilling outside of existing Swan Zone Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources, which confirmed and followed up on the drilling results reported in September and July. The results included a number of intersections with exceptional grades, substantial widths and visible gold. The new results demonstrated the continuous nature of high-grade, visible-gold bearing quartz veins with substantial widths covering a down-dip extent of approximately 75 metres, approximately 100 m down-plunge of current Mineral Reserves. In addition, the new intercepts also confirmed earlier results that demonstrated the presence of high-grade, visible-gold bearing mineralization at least 200 m down-plunge from current Mineral Reserves. In addition to drilling focused on the Lower Phoenix System, a program of surface drilling targeting Robbin’s Hill, located approximately 3.8 kms from the Fosterville Mine, was also conducted throughout 2018. The drilling was focused on two main structures, the Curie Fault (formerly Farley’s Fault) and Rubin Fault (formerly Farley’s Footwall Fault), with results returning sulfide mineralized intercepts with massive quartz-stibnite. On May 1, 2018, the Company announced that surface drilling had identified high- grade, visible-gold bearing mineralization at Robbin’s Hill. The mineralization displayed similarities to the high-grade, visible-gold hosted quartz veins encountered in the Eagle, Swan and Harrier South zones at Fosterville with grades improving at depth. The drill results reported were between 300 metres and 550 metres from surface. An important component of Fosterville’s 2018 exploration activities was the regional, Large Ore Deposit Exploration or (“LODE”) program. Work completed as part of the LODE program during 2018 included: • • • • Drilling at the Hallanan’s/Russell’s Reef target, which tested for potential mineralization along-strike of the interpreted west-dipping Fletcher’s and Mill’s faults; Drilling at the Goornong South and Sharkey’s North along strike from mineralized trends; Investigative drilling at the Accott’s target testing for strike extensions of the Accott’s historical workings and interpreted regional Drummartin Fault; Investigative drilling at the Lyell to test for extensions of historical workings at depth and along strike; and, 32 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS • Investigative drilling at Backhaus and Meadow Valley to test for potential mineralization about district/regional scale faults. Reverse circulation percussion drilling commenced at the end Q2 2018 and continues to test soil/bedrock arsenic geochemical anomalies and electromagnetic conductive trends. During 2018 over 8,700 metres of reverse circulation percussion drilling was completed. In addition, the integration of datasets, including 2D seismic, airborne EM survey information (obtained in 2017) and progressive inclusion of soil results and drilling data, continued throughout the year to improve geological interpretations of the district for targeting gold mineralization under cover northwards of the known Fosterville gold trends. In Q1 2018, exploration licence (EL) 006504, located westwards of the township of Heathcote, was granted for a term of five years. In Q3 2018, two new ELs (006694 and 006695) to the west of Fosterville were also granted for five-year terms. These tenements ensure the Company has a cohesive (unbroken) EL package in the Fosterville district that covers over 1,850 km2. On October 30, 2018, the term of the existing Fosterville mining licence (MIN5404) was extended to August 24, 2035. Northern Territory Despite placing the Cosmo mine and Union Reefs mill on care and maintenance effective June 30, 2017, the Company has continued work on an extensive exploration program with a focus on drilling and underground exploration development activities in the Northern Territory as the Company works towards a decision of resumption of mining and milling operations. Exploration programs in the Northern Territory in 2018 involved underground development and drilling at the Cosmo mine to improve the understanding of the Lantern Deposit and support resource definition and expansion. In addition, drill programs were also completed at the formerly-producing Prospect open pit at Union Reefs, Pine Creek and other targets on the Northern Territory land position. A total of $54.7 million of exploration expenditures were incurred for 2018 (inclusive of capitalized exploration expenditures and costs related to care and maintenance activities). Work in 2018 followed up on the success of exploration drilling the previous year. In December 2017, the Company announced encouraging drill results from the Lantern Deposit at the Cosmo Mine, including the intersection of new high-grade, visible-gold bearing gold mineralization approximately 250 metres north of the Lantern Mineral Resource. The results significantly increased the size of the Lantern mineralized envelope to over 500 metres along strike and 1,200 metres down-plunge. A key component of the 2018 work program in the Northern Territory was the establishment of three exploration drifts from the existing Cosmo underground development (ramp) into the Lantern Deposit. Work on two drifts, from the 920 and 610 levels, commenced in April 2018, with a third drift, from the 730 Level, commencing in June. The three drifts were all completed during the year, with the 920 Level drift advancing approximately 1,804 metres, the 730 Level drift advancing 591 metres, and the 610 Level drift advancing 343 metres. Development of the 610 Level drift was discontinued during the third quarter due to poor ground conditions. The 920 and 730 level drifts were both completed during Q4 2018. In addition to the Lantern focused work program, a total of 168 metres of underground development was also completed in the Cosmo mine in several areas, including the Cosmo north decline (ramp), and access development into the Taipan, Keelback and Sliver Lodes. An extensive program of surface and underground exploration was completed in 2018 in the Northern Territory, involving approximately 114,700 metres of drilling using as many as four diamond underground rigs, two diamond surface rigs and one reverse circulation percussion rig. On April 30, 2018, the Company announced that high-grade, visible-gold bearing mineralization had been intersected 1,000 metres below surface down plunge of former producing open pits at Union Reefs, the location of the Company’s processing facility. The results highlighted the potential that exists to establish additional sources of gold production in the Northern Territory. During the third quarter of 2018, drilling from the 920 and 610 exploration drifts commenced into the Lantern Deposit. On November 5, 2018, the Company reported additional high-grade, visible-gold bearing mineralization at the Lady Alice Deposit at Union Reefs and also announced the discovery of high-grade mineralization at depth to the south of the existing Mineral Resources at Union Reefs. On December 11, 2018, the Company announced that work in the Northern Territory was moving to the advanced exploration phase, with a focus on a potential restart of mining and milling operations as early as the second half of 2019. 33 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS REVIEW OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND LIQUIDITY Kirkland Lake Gold is committed to managing liquidity by achieving positive cash flows from its mine operations to fund operating and capital requirements, including quarterly dividend payments, as well as development projects. The Company monitors the expected settlement of financial assets and liabilities on an ongoing basis; however, there are no significant accounts payable, capital lease obligations, or other payments that are outstanding past their due dates. As at December 31, 2018, Kirkland Lake Gold had a positive working capital balance of $205.3 million, including a cash balance of $332.2 million, which compares to a working capital of $165.3 million and cash of $231.6 million at December 31, 2017. The strong working capital reflects ongoing free cash flow generation from the Company’s mine operations and is aided by increased revenues from higher sales volumes, the positive impact of utilizing tax losses to reduce cash taxes paid and the timing of sustaining and growth capital outlays. Cash Flow Analysis The Company generated $543.1 million and $313.6 million, respectively, in net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations during 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations in 2018 compared to 2017 mainly reflected a 23% increase in gold sales and a $2.0 per ounce increase in the average realized gold price per ounce sold, to $1,263 in 2018 versus $1,261 in 2017, which more than offset the impact of higher exploration and evaluation expenditures compared to the same period in 2017. For 2018, net cash used in financing activities of continuing operations were $63.3 million, which are largely due to the buyback of shares, the payment of finance lease obligations as well as the payment of quarterly dividends. Net cash used in financing activities of continuing operations during 2017 totaled $111.3 million, which mainly reflected the redemption of the Company's 6% convertible debentures as at June 30, 2017, as well as the buyback of shares. For 2018, net cash used in investing activities of continuing operations were $357.4 million, which compared to $204.7 million for 2017. Mineral property expenditures were $162.7 million and $85.6 million for 2018 and 2017, respectively, and amounts of $112.5 million and $46.2 million were spent on plant and equipment during those same periods. In addition, other long-term asset expenditures increased to $18.4 million in 2018 from $3.8 to 2017. The increase in net cash used in investing activities in 2018 compared to 2017 mainly reflects increased growth capital expenditures as the Company has advanced key growth projects at Macassa and Fosterville as well as the purchase of 32.6 million common shares of Osisko Mining Inc for $47.8 million (CAD$62.5 million). During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company purchased 1,640,000 common shares for cancellation under the NCIB, for $30.8 million (C$40.3 million). All shares purchased pursuant to the NCIB have been tendered for cancellation. As at the date hereof, a balance of 14,885,961 common shares remain available for purchase under the NCIB. The Company’s cash balance supplemented by cash flow from operations are expected to be sufficient to fund operations and capital requirements for at least the next twelve months. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS. As at December 31, 2018 , the Company did not have any off-balance sheet items. 34 | Page OUTSTANDING SHARE AND CONVERTIBLE EQUITY INFORMATON Outstanding Share Information Authorized: Unlimited number of common shares Issued: Fully paid common shares Issued: Stock options Issued: Restricted share units Issued: Performance share units Terms of the Company’s equity incentive plans are outlined in the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 . Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS As at December 31, 2018 Weighted Average Exercise Price 209,822,819 897,409 524,094 502,037 — C$5.02 — — SELECTED ANNUAL INFORMATION (in thousands, except for per share figures) Financial Results Revenue Earnings from mine operations Loss from discontinued operations Net earnings Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share (in thousands) Financial Position Cash Working capital (See Non-IFRS measures) Mining interests and plant and equipment Total Assets Total non-current liabilities Cash dividends paid Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 $915,911 $488,343 $— $273,943 $1.30 $1.29 $747,495 $289,129 ($24,904) $132,426 $0.64 $0.63 As at and for the year ended December 31, 2018 As at and for the year ended December 31, 2017 $332,227 $205,285 $1,117,170 $1,710,160 $254,427 ($16,329) $231,596 $165,346 $1,049,309 $1,485,800 $197,732 ($3,281) The revenue and consequently the amount of net income and earnings per share is driven largely by the amount of gold produced and sold and is subject to fluctuations in the market price of gold in US dollars and the strength and weakening of the US dollar specifically against the Canadian and Australian dollars. The timing of gold pours, gold sales, gold price fluctuations, ore grade and gold inventory balances also affect quarterly results. Trends observed or averaged over a longer time period may be more representative of the true performance of the business. QUARTERLY INFORMATION The following selected financial data for the last eight fiscal quarters has been prepared in accordance with IFRS and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Interim Financial Statements for each of the periods considered below and the Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2018. 35 | Page (in thousands except per share amounts) Revenue Earnings before income taxes Net earnings Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share (in thousands except per share amounts) Revenue Earnings before income taxes Net earnings Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS December 2018 September 2018 June 2018 March 2018 2018 Three Months Ended $280,320 $149,336 $106,535 $0.51 $0.50 $222,701 $82,977 $55,885 $0.27 $0.26 2017 Three Months Ended $214,653 $90,109 $61,486 $0.29 $0.29 $198,237 $71,888 $50,037 $0.24 $0.24 December 2017 September 2017 June 2017 March 2017 $212,364 $46,088 $40,980 $0.20 $0.20 $176,709 $65,735 $43,742 $0.21 $0.20 $189,894 $56,103 $34,571 $0.17 $0.16 $168,528 $28,153 $13,133 $0.06 $0.06 The revenue and consequently the amount of net income and earnings per share is driven largely by the amount of gold produced and sold and is subject to fluctuations in the market price of gold in US dollars and the strength and weakening of the US dollar specifically against the Canadian and Australian dollars. The timing of gold pours, gold sales, gold price fluctuations, ore grade and gold inventory balances also affect quarterly results. Trends observed or averaged over a longer time period may be more representative of the true performance of the business. Revenue increased to $168.5 million in the first quarter of 2017, representing the first full quarter of production from the Company’s acquired Australian operations (Fosterville, Cosmo and Stawell Mines). Revenue for 2018 totaled $915.9 million, an increase of $168.4 million or 23% from 2017. Revenue for Q4 2018 totaled $280.3 million, an increase of $67.9 million or 32% from Q4 2017 and 57.6 or 26% from the previous quarter. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Contractual obligations of the Company as at December 31, 2018 are as follows (in thousands): As at December 31, 2018 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Finance lease payments Office rent and other obligations Income taxes payable RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS Total $125,635 23,107 8,442 34,434 $191,618 Less than a year $125,635 13,101 4,215 34,434 $177,385 1-3 years $— 10,006 3,938 — $13,944 4-5 years After 5 years $— — 289 — $289 $— — — — $— The remuneration of directors and executive officers is determined by the compensation committee of the Board of Directors. The directors’ fees and other compensation of directors and executive officers were as follows: Officer salaries and short-term benefits Share based payment expense Directors fees Severance payments Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 $8,230 4,478 512 — $13,220 $6,405 3,173 553 1,461 $11,592 36 | Page The Company chartered an aircraft owned by a Company controlled by the Chairman of the Board during the year ended December 31, 2018 , in which the total expense was $177 (year ended December 31, 2017 - $7 ) Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Related party transactions are measured at the exchange amount which is the consideration agreed to between the parties. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND JUDGMENTS The preparation of the financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reporting amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates and assumptions are continually evaluated and are based on management’s experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. However, actual outcomes may differ materially from these estimates. The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are generally recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised. The following are the significant judgments and areas involving estimates, that management have made in the process of applying the Company’s accounting policies and that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements. Significant Judgments in Applying Accounting Policies Determination of functional currency In accordance with International Accounting Standards (“IAS”) 21, The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, management determined that the functional currency of the Company’s Canadian and Australian subsidiaries is, respectively, the Canadian and Australian dollar. Determination of functional currency involves judgments to determine the primary economic environment and the Company reconsiders the functional currency of its entities if there is a change in events and conditions which determined the primary economic environment. Deferred income taxes Judgment is required in determining whether deferred tax assets are recognized on the statement of financial position. Deferred tax assets, including those arising from unutilized tax losses require management to assess the likelihood that the Company and/or its subsidiaries will generate taxable earnings in future periods, in order to utilize recognized deferred tax assets. Deferred income taxes Judgment is required in determining whether deferred tax assets are recognized on the statement of financial position. Deferred tax assets, including those arising from unutilized tax losses require management to assess the likelihood that the Company and/or its subsidiaries will generate taxable earnings in future periods, in order to utilize recognized deferred tax assets. Business combinations Determination of whether a set of assets acquired and liabilities assumed constitute the acquisition of a business or asset may require the Company to make certain judgments as to whether or not the assets acquired and liabilities assumed include the inputs, processes and outputs necessary to constitute a business as defined in IFRS 3 – Business Combinations . Accounting Estimates and Assumptions Determination of reserves and resources Reserve and resource estimates are used in the unit of production calculation for depletion and depreciation expense, the determination of the timing of rehabilitation provision costs, business combination accounting and impairment analysis. 37 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating reserves and resources. Assumptions that are valid at the time of estimation may change significantly when new information becomes available. Changes in the forecast prices of commodities, exchange rates, production costs, or recovery rates as well as new drilling results may change the economic status of reserves and resources and may result in the reserves and resources being revised. Deferred income taxes Estimates of future taxable income are based on forecast cash flows from operations and the application of existing tax laws in each jurisdiction. To the extent that future cash flows and taxable income differ significantly from estimates, the ability of the Company and/or its subsidiaries to realize the net deferred tax assets recorded at the statement of financial position date could be impacted. Business combinations The allocation of the purchase price of acquisitions requires estimates as to the fair market value of acquired assets and liabilities. The information necessary to measure the fair values as at the acquisition date of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires management to make certain judgments and estimates about future events, including but not limited to estimates of mineral reserves and mineral resources and exploration potential of the assets acquired, future operating costs and capital expenditures, discount rates to determine fair value of assets acquired and future metal prices and long term foreign exchange rates. Changes to the preliminary measurements of assets and liabilities acquired may be retrospectively adjusted when new information is obtained until the final measurements are determined within one year of the acquisition date. Impairment of assets The carrying amounts of mining properties and plant and equipment are assessed for any impairment triggers such as events or changes in circumstances which indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If there are indicators of impairment, an exercise is undertaken to determine whether the carrying values are in excess of their recoverable amount. Such review is undertaken on an asset by asset basis, except where such assets do not generate cash flows independent of other assets, and then the review is undertaken at the cash generating unit level (“CGU”). The Company considers both external and internal sources of information in assessing whether there are any indications that mining interests are impaired. External sources of information the Company considers include changes in the market, economic and legal environment in which the Company operates that are not within its control and affect the recoverable amount of mining interests. Internal sources of information the Company considers include the manner in which mining properties and plant and equipment are being used or are expected to be used and indications of economic performance of the assets. Environmental rehabilitation Significant estimates and assumptions are made in determining the environmental rehabilitation costs as there are numerous factors that will affect the ultimate liability payable. These factors include estimates of the extent and costs of rehabilitation activities, technological changes, regulatory changes, cost increases, and changes in discount rates. Those uncertainties may result in actual expenditures in the future being different from the amounts currently provided. The provision represents management’s best estimate of the present value of the future rehabilitation costs required. ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION The Company’s significant accounting policies and future changes in accounting policies are presented in the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018. The following outlines the new accounting policies adopted by the Company effective January 1, 2018 and those new standards and interpretations not yet adopted by the Company. 38 | Page Adoption of new accounting standards The Company has adopted the following amendments to accounting standards, effective January 1, 2018. These changes were made in accordance with the applicable transitional provisions. IFRS 2, Share based Payment IFRS 2 Share-based Payment clarifies the effects of vesting conditions on cash-settled share-based payment transactions, the classification of share-based payment transactions with net settlement features for withholding tax obligations and modification to the terms and conditions of a share-based payment that changes the transaction from cash-settled to equity settled. IFRS 2 did not have a significant impact on adoption. IFRS 9, Financial Instruments The Company adopted IFRS 9 Financial Instruments ("IFRS 9"), which replaced IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement ("IAS 39"). The Company elected to use the exemption to not restate comparative information for prior periods. IFRS 9 provides a revised model for classification and measurement of financial assets, including a new expected credit loss ("ECL") impairment model. The revised model for classifying financial assets results in classification according to their contractual cash flow characteristics and the business models under which they are held. IFRS 9 introduces a reformed approach to hedge accounting. IFRS 9 also largely retains the existing requirements in IAS 39 for the classification of financial liabilities. The Company adopted IFRS 9 on January 1, 2018. As a result of the adoption of IFRS 9, the Company has changed its accounting policy with respect to financial instruments. Under IFRS 9, the Company’s financial assets are accounted for as follows when compared to the Company’s previous policy in accordance with IAS 39: Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Financial Asset Cash, Restricted cash Accounts receivable and other assets Classification and Measurement Under IAS 39 Classification and Measurement Under IFRS 9 Fair value through profit or loss (“FVPL”) Loans and receivables - Amortized cost Amortized cost Amortized cost Other long-term assets - investments in equity securities Available for sale - Fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”) FVPL or an election to FVOCI Other long-term assets - warrant investments FVPL FVPL Under IFRS 9, the Company has elected to designate and account for its existing investments and those acquired throughout the fiscal year in equity securities as financial assets at FVOCI. Fair value gains and losses on investments in these equity securities are recognized in other comprehensive income with no reclassification to the consolidated statements of earnings. Upon initial date of application of IFRS 9, there was no impact to the Company's consolidated financial statements. The changes in accounting policy did not result in re-measurement of the carrying amount for any financial instruments on the transition date. The adoption of IFRS 9 did not have a significant effect on the Company’s accounting policies related to financial liabilities. IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“IFRS 15”) replaces IAS 18 Revenue, IAS 11 Construction Contracts, and some revenue-related interpretations. The standard contains a single model that applies to contracts with customers and two approaches to recognizing revenue: at a point in time or over time. The model features a contract-based five-step analysis of transactions to determine whether, how much, and when revenue is recognized. The Company adopted IFRS 15 on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. Under the modified retrospective approach, the Company recognizes transition adjustments, if any, in retained earnings on the date of initial application, without restating the financial statements on a retrospective basis. The Company has reviewed its sales contracts with customers using the five-step analysis under IFRS 15 and determined there to be no impact on the amounts and timing of revenue recognized. Therefore, no adjustment to opening retained earnings was required on transition to IFRS 15. The Company manages and reviews its operations by geographical location and managerial structure. For detailed information about reportable segments and disaggregated revenue, see note 17. All segments principally generate revenue from metal sales. 39 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS The Company has updated its accounting policy for revenue recognition to be in accordance with IFRS 15 (see note 3(d)). IFRIC 22 Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration In December 2016, the IASB issued IFRIC Interpretation 22 "Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration" ("IFRIC 22"). IFRIC 22 clarifies which date should be used for translation when a foreign currency transaction involves an advance payment or receipt. IFRIC 22 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018. The Company adopted IFRIC 22 on January 1, 2018. The Company completed its analysis of the impact of the adoption of IFRIC 22 on the Company's consolidated financial statements with no impact. Accounting Standards Issued But Not yet Adopted IFRS 16, Leases In January 2016, the IASB issued IFRS 16, Leases (“IFRS 16”) which replaced the existing lease accounting guidance. IFRS 16 requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases on its balance sheet, as well as corresponding depreciation and interest expense. The Company will adopt IFRS 16 for the annual period beginning January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective approach. Under the modified retrospective approach, the Company recognizes transition adjustments, if any, in retained earnings on the date of initial application, without restating the comparative period's financial statements on a retrospective basis. The Company has completed its review of existing leasing and respective agreements, and developed processes to meet the adoption requirements of IFRS 16. Under IFRS 16, the majority of leases become on-balance sheet liabilities with underlying right-of- use assets. The Company expects to recognize an increase to lease liabilities, with an offsetting increase to the right-of-use assets and net investments in sub-leases as of January 1, 2019, with the difference recorded as an adjustment to retained earnings as a January 1, 2019 (prior years comparative period will not be restated). Since the Company elected to recognized the right-of-use assets at the amount equal to the lease liabilities there will be little impact on retained earnings. The impact on retained earnings relates to the net investment in sub-leases which is office space leased by the Company that, in turn, has been sub-leased. With the recognition of additional assets and liabilities on its consolidated balance sheet, there will be a corresponding increase in depreciation expense for leased assets and interest expense for lease liabilities in the year ended December 31, 2019, replacing the operating expense that was previously recorded on payments made under these agreements. IFRS 16 will also result in an increase to cash flow from operating activities to increase as lease payments for most leases will be recorded as financing outflows in the consolidated statement of cash flows. IFRIC 23, Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments On June 7, 2017, the IASB issued IFRIC Interpretation 23, Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments. The Interpretation provides guidance on the accounting for current and deferred tax liabilities and assets in circumstances in which there is uncertainty over income tax treatments. The Interpretation is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019. Earlier application is permitted. The Company intends to adopt the interpretation in its financial statements for the annual period beginning on January 1, 2019. The Company completed its analysis of the impact of the adoption of IFRIC 23 on the Company's consolidated financial statements with no material impact noted. 40 | Page NON-IFRS MEASURES The Company has included certain non-IFRS measures in this document, as discussed below. The Company believes that these measures, in addition to conventional measures prepared in accordance with IFRS, provide investors an improved ability to evaluate the underlying performance of the Company. The non-IFRS measures are intended to provide additional information and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. These measures do not have any standardized meaning prescribed under IFRS, and therefore may not be comparable to other issuers. Free Cash Flow In the gold mining industry, free cash flow is a common performance measure with no standardized meaning. The Company calculates free cash flow by deducting cash capital spending (capital expenditures for the period, net of expenditures paid through finance leases) from net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations. The Company discloses free cash flow as it believes the measure provides valuable assistance to investors and analysts in evaluating the Company’s ability to generate cash flow after capital investments and build the cash resources of the Company The most directly comparable measure prepared in accordance with IFRS is net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations less net cash used in investing activities of continuing operations. Free cash flow is reconciled to the amounts included in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as follows: Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS (in thousands) Net cash provided by operating activities Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities of discontinued operations Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations Mineral property additions Plant and equipment (1) Additions to other long-term assets Free cash flow (1) Excludes finance lease additions Operating Cash Costs and Operating Cash Costs per Ounce Sold Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 $204,144 $— $204,144 (59,865) (52,639) (5,208) $86,432 $96,196 ($289) $95,907 (18,219) (22,727) (3,800) $51,161 $128,383 $— $128,383 (39,188) (32,728) (4,274) $52,193 $543,076 $— $543,076 (162,673) (112,531) (18,386) $249,486 $300,622 $12,990 $313,612 (85,643) (46,197) (3,800) $177,972 Operating cash costs and operating cash cost per tonne and per ounce sold are non-IFRS measures. In the gold mining industry, these metrics are common performance measures but do not have any standardized meaning under IFRS. Operating cash costs include mine site operating costs such as mining, processing and administration, but exclude royalty expenses, depreciation and depletion and share based payment expenses and reclamation costs. Operating cash cost per ounce sold is based on ounces sold and is calculated by dividing operating cash costs by volume of gold ounces sold. The Company discloses operating cash costs and operating cash cost per tonne and per ounce as it believes the measures provide valuable assistance to investors and analysts in evaluating the Company’s operational performance and ability to generate cash flow. The most directly comparable measure prepared in accordance with IFRS is total production expenses. Operating cash costs and operating cash cost per ounce of gold should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures prepared in accordance with IFRS. 41 | Page Sustaining and Growth Capital Sustaining capital and growth capital are Non-IFRS measures. Sustaining capital is defined as capital required to maintain current operations at existing levels. Growth capital is defined as capital expenditures for major growth projects or enhancement capital for significant infrastructure improvements at existing operations. Both measurements are used by management to assess the effectiveness of investment programs. Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS (in thousands) Sustaining capital Growth capital (1) Total capital expenditures (1) Growth capital for 2018 includes capitalized exploration. AISC and AISC per Ounce Sold Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 $46,436 69,518 $115,954 $51,644 5,446 $57,090 $41,387 38,537 $79,924 $173,991 135,148 $309,139 $147,706 16,817 $164,523 AISC and AISC per ounce are Non-IFRS measures. These measures are intended to assist readers in evaluating the total costs of producing gold from current operations. While there is no standardized meaning across the industry for this measure, the Company’s definition conforms to the definition of AISC as set out by the World Gold Council in its guidance note dated June 27, 2013. The Company defines AISC as the sum of operating costs (as defined and calculated above), royalty expenses, sustaining capital, corporate expenses and reclamation cost accretion related to current operations. Corporate expenses include general and administrative expenses, net of transaction related costs, severance expenses for management changes and interest income. AISC excludes growth capital, reclamation cost accretion not related to current operations, interest expense, debt repayment and taxes. Total cash costs and AISC Reconciliation The following tables reconciles these non-IFRS measures to the most directly comparable IFRS measures available for the three months and years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017: 42 | Page (in thousands, except per ounce amounts) Holt Mine Taylor Mine Complex (1) Macassa Mine Year ended December 31, 2018 Holt Mine Total Canadian Operations Fosterville Mine $46,930 $41,914 $88,844 $102,845 $191,689 $75,743 AISC per ounce sold $1,097 Holt Mine Complex includes Holloway Mine, which was transitioned into Care and Maintenance at the beginning of 2017. (1) (in thousands, except per ounce amounts) Holt Mine Taylor Mine Complex (1) Macassa Mine $11,536 $10,201 $21,737 $26,325 $48,062 $16,542 Production costs Share-based compensation Purchase price allocation Operating cash costs Royalty expense Share-based compensation Rehabilitation and remediation General and administrative expense Sustaining capital AISC Ounces of gold sold Operating cash cost per ounce sold Sustaining capital expenditures per ounce sold Production costs Share-based compensation Purchase price allocation Operating cash costs Royalty expense Share-based compensation Rehabilitation and remediation General and administrative expense Sustaining capital AISC Ounces of gold sold Operating cash cost per ounce sold Sustaining capital expenditures per ounce sold AISC per ounce sold $1,040 Holt Mine Complex includes Holloway Mine, which was transitioned into Care and Maintenance at the beginning of 2017. (1) — — 46,930 7,260 — — — 21,658 $75,848 69,167 $679 $313 — — 11,536 1,083 — — — 5,284 $17,903 17,212 $670 $307 (77) — 41,837 1,092 77 117 — 16,305 $59,428 59,043 $709 $276 $1,007 (77) — 88,767 8,352 77 117 — 38,089 $135,402 128,905 $689 $295 $1,050 (166) — 102,679 9,074 166 131 — 59,880 $171,930 241,278 $426 $248 $713 Three months ended December 31, 2018 Holt Mine (243) — 191,446 17,426 243 248 1,470 97,969 $308,802 370,183 $517 $265 $834 — (5,386) 70,357 8,992 — 168 — 76,022 $155,539 352,094 $200 $216 $442 Total Canadian Operations Fosterville Mine 4 — 10,205 323 (4) 11 — 4,472 $15,007 17,777 $574 $252 $844 4 — 21,741 1,406 (4) 11 — 9,882 $33,036 35,650 $610 $277 $927 (20) — 26,305 3,148 20 33 — 16,670 $46,176 71,087 $370 $235 $650 (16) — 48,046 4,554 16 44 553 26,552 $79,765 106,737 $450 $249 $747 — — 16,542 3,029 — 28 — 19,884 $39,483 118,955 $139 $167 $332 Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Cosmo Mine $— — — — — — 173 — — $173 — $— $— $— Cosmo Mine $— — — — — — 46 — — $46 — $— $— $— Total Australian Operations General and administrative Total Consolidated $75,743 — (5,386) 70,357 8,992 — 341 — 76,022 $155,712 352,094 $200 $216 $442 $— — — — — 5,216 — 24,879 — $30,095 — $— $— $— $267,432 (243) (5,386) 261,803 26,418 5,459 589 26,349 173,991 $494,609 722,277 $362 $241 $685 Total Australian Operations General and administrative Total Consolidated $16,542 — — 16,542 3,029 — 74 — 19,884 $39,529 118,955 $139 $167 $332 $— — — — — 1,294 — 7,469 — $8,763 — $— $— $— $64,604 (16) — 64,588 7,583 1,310 118 8,022 46,436 $128,057 225,692 $286 $206 $567 43 | Page (in thousands, except per ounce amounts) Holt Mine Holloway Mine Taylor Mine Holt Mine Complex Macassa Mine Total Canadian Operations Fosterville Mine Cosmo Mine Total Australian Operations General and administrative Total Consolidated Year ended December 31, 2017 Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Production costs Share-based compensation Purchase price allocation Operating cash costs Royalty expense Stock-based compensation Rehabilitation and remediation General and administrative expense Sustaining capital AISC Ounces of gold sold Operating cash cost per ounce sold Sustaining capital expenditures per ounce sold AISC per ounce sold (in thousands, except per ounce amounts) Production costs Share-based compensation Purchase price allocation Operating cash costs Royalty expense Stock-based compensation Rehabilitation and remediation General and administrative expense Sustaining capital AISC Ounces of gold sold Operating cash cost per ounce sold Sustaining capital expenditures per ounce sold AISC per ounce sold (1) Holt Mine Complex includes Holloway Mine, which was transitioned into Care and Maintenance at the beginning of 2017. $44,820 $2,833 $29,646 $77,299 $102,743 $180,042 $70,906 $37,367 (30) — 44,790 8,644 30 83 — 5,407 $68,192 65,406 $685 $224 $1,043 — — 2,833 32 — 3 — — $2,868 1,780 $1,592 $— $1,611 (13) — 29,633 911 21 18 — 5,290 $47,188 48,564 $610 $342 $972 (43) — 77,256 9,587 51 104 — (216) — 102,527 5,376 218 173 — 10,697 28,380 $118,248 $165,732 115,750 196,119 $667 $270 $1,022 $523 $293 $845 (259) — 179,783 14,963 269 277 — 39,077 $283,980 311,869 $576 $284 $911 (138) (2,630) 68,138 6,433 138 95 — — — 37,367 — — 634 — 15,641 1,201 $126,941 $44,882 258,315 $264 $202 $491 Three months ended December 31, 2017 Holt Mine Taylor Mine Holt Mine Complex (1) Macassa Mine Total Canadian Operations Fosterville Mine $11,508 $8,289 $21,597 $28,642 $50,239 $18,043 (16) — 11,492 2,502 16 (24) — 4,982 $18,968 18,404 $624 $271 $1,031 5 — 8,294 272 3 (9) — 8,576 $17,136 14,438 $574 $594 $1,187 (11) — 21,586 2,774 19 (33) — (33) — 28,609 1,374 35 173 — 13,558 20,367 $37,904 32,850 $657 $413 $1,154 $50,558 52,865 $541 $385 $956 (44) — 50,195 4,148 54 140 — 33,925 $88,462 85,715 $586 $396 $1,032 — — 18,043 2,052 — 52 — 17,506 $37,653 80,000 $226 $219 $471 $108,273 (138) (2,630) 105,505 6,433 138 729 — 16,842 $171,823 280,805 $376 $210 $612 $— — — — — 3,937 — 21,699 — $25,636 — $— $— $— $288,315 (397) (2,630) 285,288 21,396 4,344 1,006 21,699 55,919 $481,439 592,674 $481 $249 $812 Total Australian Operations General and administrative Total Consolidated $— — — — — 687 — 7,603 — $8,290 — $— $— $— $68,282 (44) — 68,238 6,200 741 818 7,603 51,644 $135,244 165,715 $412 $312 $816 $18,043 — — 18,043 2,052 — 678 — 17,719 $38,492 80,058 $225 $221 $481 44 | Page 22,490 $1,661 $306 $1,996 Cosmo Mine $— — — — — — 626 — 213 $839 — $— $— $— Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS (in thousands, except per ounce amounts) Production costs Share-based compensation Operating cash costs Royalty expense Stock-based compensation Rehabilitation and remediation General and administrative expense Sustaining capital AISC Ounces of gold sold Operating cash cost per ounce sold Sustaining capital expenditures per ounce sold AISC per ounce sold Three months ended September 30, 2018 Holt Mine Taylor Mine Holt Mine Complex (1) Macassa Mine Total Canadian Operations Fosterville Mine $12,190 $10,677 $22,867 $23,772 — 12,190 2,235 — — — (21) 10,656 268 21 34 — 5,757 2,545 $20,182 20,212 $13,524 13,655 $603 $285 $999 $780 $186 $990 (21) 22,846 2,503 21 34 — 8,302 $33,706 33,875 $674 $245 $995 (41) 23,731 1,743 41 32 — 13,517 $39,064 54,103 $439 $250 $722 $46,639 (62) 46,577 4,246 62 66 515 21,819 $73,285 87,978 $529 $248 $833 $18,212 — 18,212 2,354 — 44 — 19,568 $40,178 96,539 $189 $203 $416 Cosmo Mine $— — — — — 39 — — $39 — $— $— $— (1) Holt Mine Complex includes Holloway Mine, which was transitioned into Care and Maintenance at the beginning of 2017. Total Australian Operations General and administrative Total Consolidated $— — — — 462 — 5,044 — $5,506 — $— $— $— $64,851 (62) 64,789 6,600 524 149 5,559 41,387 $119,008 184,517 $351 $224 $645 $18,212 — 18,212 2,354 — 83 — 19,568 $40,217 96,539 $189 $203 $417 45 | Page Average Realized Price per Ounce Sold In the gold mining industry, average realized price per ounce sold is a common performance measure that does not have any standardized meaning. The most directly comparable measure prepared in accordance with IFRS is revenue from gold sales. Average realized price per ounces sold should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures prepared in accordance with IFRS. The measure is intended to assist readers in evaluating the total revenues realized in a period from current operations. Average realized price per ounce sold is reconciled for the periods presented as follows: Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS (in thousands, except per ounce amounts) Revenue Foreign exchange impact Realized Revenue Ounces sold Average realized price per ounce sold Adjusted Net Earnings and Adjusted Net Earnings per Share Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 $280,320 (1,087) $279,233 225,692 $1,237 $212,364 (551) $211,813 165,715 $1,278 $222,701 (460) $222,241 184,517 $1,204 $915,911 (3,669) $912,242 722,277 $1,263 $747,495 75 $747,570 592,674 $1,261 Adjusted net earnings and adjusted net earnings per share from continuing operations are used by management and investors to measure the underlying operating performance of the Company. Adjusted net earnings is defined as net earnings adjusted to exclude the after-tax impact of specific items that are significant, but not reflective of the underlying operations of the Company, including transaction costs and executive severance payments, purchase price adjustments reflected in inventory, the impact of discontinued operations and other non-recurring items. Adjusted net earnings per share is calculated using the weighted average number of shares outstanding for adjusted net earnings per share. Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 (in thousands, except per share amounts) Net earnings Loss (gain) on warrant investment Transaction costs PPA adjustment on inventory (1) Severance payments Income tax related to above adjustments Loss on discontinued operations Net deferred tax recovery (2) Adjusted net earnings Weighted average shares outstanding - basic ('000s) Adjusted net earnings per share $106,535 3,546 — — — (470) — — $109,611 209,755 $0.52 $40,980 17,601 — — — (2,332) 17,154 (10,000) $63,403 207,737 $0.31 $55,885 6,382 — — — (846) — — $61,421 210,786 $0.29 $273,943 10,892 — 5,386 — (3,059) — — $287,162 210,692 $1.36 (1) (2) For YTD 2018, purchase price allocation represents the allocation of non-cash depletion of mineral interests acquired with the business combinations. For YTD 2017, purchase price allocation represents the impact on production costs of the valuation of metal inventory acquired with the business combinations. One-time net deferred tax recovery of $52.6 million partially offset by one-time current and deferred tax expense of $42.6 million related to the tax impacts of Australian reorganizations and Canadian flow-through shares. $132,426 (1,618) 397 2,630 1,461 (1,067) 24,904 (10,000) $149,133 207,436 $0.72 46 | Page Earnings from Continuing Operations before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (“EBITDA from continuing operations”) EBITDA from continuing operations represents net earnings from continuing operations before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. EBITDA from continuing operations is an indicator of the Company’s ability to generate liquidity by producing operating cash flow to fund working capital needs, service debt obligations, and fund capital expenditures. The following is a reconciliation of EBITDA from continuing operations to the consolidated financial statements: Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS (in thousands) Net earnings Loss from discontinued operations Earnings from continuing operations Add back: Finance costs Depletion and depreciation Current income tax expense Deferred income tax (recovery) expense EBITDA from continuing operations Working Capital Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 $106,535 — 106,535 1,104 37,318 17,070 $25,731 $187,758 $40,980 17,154 58,134 3,538 45,621 12,865 ($24,911) $95,247 $55,885 — 55,885 682 35,968 8,001 $19,091 $119,627 $273,943 — 273,943 3,617 133,718 40,743 $79,624 $531,645 $132,426 24,904 157,330 12,206 148,655 44,223 ($5,474) $356,940 Working capital is a Non-IFRS measure. In the gold mining industry, working capital is a common measure of liquidity, but does not have any standardized meaning. The most directly comparable measure prepared in accordance with IFRS is current assets and current liabilities. Working capital is calculated by deducting current liabilities from current assets. Working capital should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute from measures prepared in accordance with IFRS. The measure is intended to assist readers in evaluating the Company’s liquidity. Working capital is reconciled to the amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as follows: (in thousands) Current assets Current liabilities Working capital As at December 31, 2018 As at December 31, 2017 $397,912 192,627 $205,285 $295,818 130,472 $165,346 47 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS INTERNAL CONTROLS OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING AND DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Disclosure Controls and Procedures Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that material information is gathered and reported to senior management, including the President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and the Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), as appropriate to permit timely decisions regarding public disclosure. Kirkland Lake Gold’s management, including the CEO and CFO, have as at December 31, 2018, designed Disclosure Controls and Procedures (as defined in National Instrument 52-109 of the Canadian Securities Administrators), or caused them to be designed under their supervision, to provide reasonable assurance that material information relating to the issuer is made known to them by others, particularly during the period in which the interim or annual filings are being prepared; and information required to be disclosed by the issuer in its annual filings, interim filings or other reports filed or submitted by it under securities legislation is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in securities legislation. Management is also responsible for the design and effectiveness of disclosure controls and procedures to provide reasonable assurance that material information related to the Company is made known to the Company's certifying officers. The Company's CEO and CFO have each evaluated the design and effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and have concluded they are operating effectively as at December 31, 2018. Internal Control over Financial Reporting Kirkland Lake Gold’s management, including the CEO and CFO, are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the CEO and CFO and effected by management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("2013 COSO Framework"). Based on a review of its internal control procedures at the end of the period covered by this MD&A, management believes its internal controls and procedures are appropriately designed and effective as at December 31, 2018. Kirkland Lake Gold’s management, including the CEO and CFO, believe that disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, they cannot provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been prevented or detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by unauthorized override of the controls. The design of any control system also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed. Due to its inherent limitations, internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Management will continue to monitor the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures and may make modifications from time to time as considered necessary. During the months ended December 31, 2018, the Company implemented new controls and improved existing controls in order to fulfill the reporting obligations set forth in the 2013 COSO Framework. 48 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES The exploration, development and mining of mineral deposits involves significant risks, which even a combination of careful evaluation, experience and knowledge may not eliminate. Kirkland Lake Gold is subject to several financial and operational risks that could have a significant impact on its cash flows and profitability. The most significant risks and uncertainties faced by the Company include: the price of gold; the uncertainty of production estimates, including the ability to extract anticipated tonnes and successfully realizing estimated grades; changes to operating and capital cost assumptions; the inherent risk associated with project development and permitting processes; the uncertainty of the mineral resources and their development into mineral reserves; the replacement of depleted reserves; foreign exchange risks; regulatory; tax as well as health, safety, and environmental risks. For more extensive discussion on risks and uncertainties refer to the “Risks and Uncertainties” section in the December 31, 2017 Annual Information Form filed on SEDAR. Price of Gold The Company’s profitability and long-term viability depend, in large part, upon the market price of gold. Market price fluctuations of gold could adversely affect the profitability of the Company’s operations and lead to impairments and write downs of mineral properties. Metal prices fluctuate widely and are affected by numerous factors beyond the Company’s control, including: global and regional supply and demand for industrial products containing metals generally; and global or regional political or economic conditions. There can be no assurance that metal prices will remain at current levels or that such prices will improve. A decrease in the market prices could adversely affect the profitability of the Company’s existing mines and projects as well as its ability to finance the exploration and development of additional properties, which would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, cash flows and financial position. A decline in metal prices may require the Company to write-down mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates, which could result in material impairments of investments in mining properties. Further, if revenue from metal sales declines, the Company may experience liquidity difficulties. Its cash flow from mining operations may be insufficient to meet its operating needs, and as a result the Company could be forced to discontinue production and could lose its interest in, or be forced to sell, some or all of its properties. In addition to adversely affecting mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates and the Company’s results of operations, cash flows and financial position, declining metal prices can impact operations by requiring a reassessment of the feasibility of a particular project and such reassessment may cause substantial delays or further interruptions which may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, cash flows and financial position. Exploration, Development and Operating Risks Mining operations are inherently dangerous and generally involve a high degree of risk. Kirkland Lake Gold’s operations are subject to all of the hazards and risks normally encountered in the exploration, development and production of precious and base metals, including, without limitation, unusual and unexpected geologic formations, seismic activity, rock bursts, cave-ins, flooding and other conditions involved in the drilling and removal of material, any of which could result in damage to, or destruction of, mines and other producing facilities, personal injury or loss of life and damage to tailings dams, property, and environmental damage, all of which may result in possible legal liability. Although the Company expects that adequate precautions to minimize risk will be taken, mining operations are subject to hazards such as fire, rock falls, geomechanical issues, equipment failure or failure of retaining dams around tailings disposal areas which may result in environmental pollution and consequent liability. The occurrence of any of these events could result in a prolonged interruption of the Company’s operations that would have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Further, the Company may be subject to liability or sustain losses in relation to certain risks and hazards against it cannot insure or for which it may elect not to insure. The occurrence of operational risks and/or a shortfall or lack of insurance coverage could have a material adverse impact on our future cash flows, earnings, results of operations and financial condition. The exploration for and development of mineral deposits involves significant risks, which even a combination of careful evaluation, experience and knowledge may not eliminate. While the discovery of an ore body may result in substantial rewards, few properties that are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines. Major expenses may be required to locate and establish mineral reserves, to develop metallurgical processes and to construct mining and processing facilities at a particular site. It is impossible to ensure that the exploration or development programs planned by Kirkland Lake Gold will result in a profitable commercial mining operation. Whether a mineral deposit will be commercially viable depends on a number of factors, some of which are: the particular attributes of the deposit, such as size, grade and proximity to infrastructure, metal prices that 49 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS are highly cyclical, and government regulations, including regulations relating to prices, taxes, royalties, land tenure, exploration licenses. mining licenses, land use, importing and exporting of minerals and environmental protection. The exact effect of these factors cannot be accurately predicted, but the combination of these factors may result in Kirkland Lake Gold not receiving an adequate return on invested capital. There is no certainty that the expenditures made towards the search and evaluation of mineral deposits will result in discoveries or development of commercial quantities of ore. Development projects have no operating history upon which to base estimates of future capital and operating costs. For development projects, resource estimates and estimates of operating costs are, to a large extent, based upon the interpretation of geologic data obtained from drill holes and other sampling techniques, and feasibility studies, which derive estimates of capital and operating costs based upon anticipated tonnage and grades of ore to be mined and processed, ground conditions, the configuration of the ore body, expected recovery rates of minerals from ore, estimated operating costs, and other factors. As a result, actual production, cash operating costs and economic returns could differ significantly from those estimated. New mining operations may experience problems during the start-up phase, and delays in the commencement of production can often occur. Mineral exploration is highly speculative in nature. There can be no assurance that exploration efforts will be successful. Even when mineralization is discovered, it may take several years until production is possible, during which time the economic feasibility of production may change. Substantial expenditures are required to establish proven and probable mineral reserves through drilling. Because of these uncertainties, no assurance can be given that exploration programs will result in the establishment or expansion of mineral resources or mineral reserves. The Company’s ability to meet development and production schedules and cost estimates for its development and expansion projects cannot be assured. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, Kirkland Lake Gold is in the process of undertaking permitting efforts with respect to the Macassa Shaft Project, permitting with respect to its new tailings facility at the Macassa Mine, rehabilitation of the current tailings facility at the Macassa Mine, the development and implementation of a paste fill plant for the Fosterville Mine, a water treatment plant refinery upgrade and granting of exploration licenses at the Fosterville Mine. Technical considerations, delays in obtaining government approvals and necessary permits, changes in scope and designs, the inability to obtain financing and/or the unanticipated costs associated with the development and construction of such projects could lead to further delays and delays in current mining operations in developing certain properties. Such delays could materially affect the financial performance of the Company. Health, Safety and Environmental Risks and Hazards Mining, like many other extractive natural resource industries, is subject to potential risks and liabilities due to accidents that could result in serious injury or death and/or material damage to the environment and Company assets. The impact of such accidents could affect the profitability of the operations, cause an interruption to operations, lead to a loss of licenses, affect the reputation of the Company and its ability to obtain further licenses, damage community relations and reduce the perceived appeal of the Company as an employer. Personnel involved in the Company’s operations are subject to many inherent risks, including but not limited to, rock bursts, cave-ins, flooding, fall of ground, electricity, slips and falls and moving equipment that could result in occupational illness, health issues and personal injuries. The Company strives to manage all such risks in compliance with local and international standards. The Company has implemented various health and safety measures designed to mitigate such risks, including the implementation of improved risk identification and reporting systems across the Company, effective management systems to identify and minimize health and safety risks, health and safety training and the promotion of enhanced employee commitment and accountability, including a fitness for work program which focuses on fatigue, stress, and alcohol and drug abuse. Such precautions, however, may not be sufficient to eliminate health and safety risks and employees, contractors and others may not adhere to the occupational health and safety programs that are in place. Any such occupational health and personal safety issues may adversely affect the business of the Company and its future operations. All phases of the Company’s operations are also subject to environmental and safety regulations in the jurisdictions in which it operates. These regulations mandate, among other things, water and air quality standards, noise, surface disturbance, the impact on flora and fauna and land reclamation, and regulate the generation, transportation, storage and disposal of hazardous waste. Environmental legislation is evolving in a manner that will require stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines and penalties for non-compliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects and a heightened degree of responsibility for companies and their officers, directors and employees. There is no assurance that the Company has been or will at all times be in full compliance with all environmental laws and regulations or hold, and be in full compliance with, all required environmental, health and safety permits. In addition, no assurances can be given that new rules and regulations will 50 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS not be enacted or that existing rules and regulations will not be applied in a manner which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial position and operations. The potential costs and delays associated with compliance with such laws, regulations and permits could prevent the Company from proceeding with the development of a project or the operation or further development of a project, and any non-compliance therewith may adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Environmental hazards may also exist on the properties on which the Company holds interests that are unknown to the Company at present and that have been caused by previous or existing owners or operators of the properties. Government environmental approvals and permits are currently, or may in the future be, required in connection with the Company’s operations. To the extent such approvals are required and not obtained, the Company may be curtailed or prohibited from proceeding with planned exploration or development of mineral properties. Failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and permitting requirements may result in enforcement actions, including orders issued by regulatory or judicial authorities causing operations to cease or be curtailed, and may include corrective measures requiring capital expenditures, installation of additional equipment, or remedial actions. The costs associated with such instances and liabilities could be significant. Amendments to current laws, regulations and permits governing operations and activities of mining companies, or more stringent implementation thereof, could have a material adverse impact on the Company and cause increases in capital expenditures or production costs or reduced levels of production at producing properties or require abandonment or delays in development of its mining properties. Parties engaged in mining operations, including the Company, may be required to compensate those suffering loss or damage by reason of the mining activities and may have civil or criminal fines or penalties imposed for violations of applicable laws or regulations. The Company may also be held financially responsible for remediation of contamination at current or former sites, or at third party sites. The Company could also be held responsible for exposure to hazardous substances. In the context of environmental permits, including the approval of reclamation plans, Kirkland Lake Gold must comply with standards, laws and regulations that may entail costs and delays depending on the nature of the activity to be permitted and how stringently the regulations are implemented by the regulatory authority. The reclamation liability on any of Kirkland Lake Gold’s properties will be calculated based on current laws and regulations and the expected future costs to be incurred in reclaiming, restoring and closing its exploration or operating mine sites. The Company may incur costs associated with reclamation activities, which may materially exceed the provisions established by the Company for the activities. In addition, possible additional future regulatory requirements may require additional reclamation requirements creating uncertainties related to future reclamation costs. Should the Company be unable to post required financial assurance related to an environmental remediation obligation, the Company might be prohibited from starting planned operations or required to suspend existing operations or enter into interim compliance measures pending completion of the required remedy, which could have a material adverse effect. Foreign Operations and Political Risk Kirkland Lake Gold conducts mining, development and exploration and other activities in Canada and Australia. Inherent risks with conducting foreign operations include, but are not limited to: renegotiation, cancellation or forced modification of existing contracts; expropriation or nationalization of property; changes in laws or policies or increasing legal and regulatory requirements of particular countries including those relating to taxation, royalties, imports, exports, duties, currency, or other claims by government entities, including retroactive claims and/or changes in the administration of laws, policies and practices; uncertain political and economic environments; war, terrorism, sabotage and civil disturbances; delays in obtaining or the inability to obtain or maintain necessary governmental permits or to operate in accordance with such permits or regulatory requirements; currency fluctuations; import and export regulations, including restrictions on the export of gold or other minerals; limitations on the repatriation of earnings; and increased financing costs. These risks may limit or disrupt operating mines or projects, restrict the movement of funds, cause the Company to have to expend more funds than previously expected or required, or result in the deprivation of contract rights or the taking of property by nationalization or expropriation without fair compensation, and may materially adversely affect the Company’s financial position or results of operations. 51 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Uncertainty in the Estimation of Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources To extend the lives of its mines and projects, ensure the continued operation of the business and realize its growth strategy, it is essential that the Company continues to realize its existing identified mineral reserves, convert mineral resources into mineral reserves, increase its mineral resource base by adding new mineral resources from areas of identified mineralized potential, and/or undertake successful exploration or acquire new mineral resources. The figures for mineral reserves and mineral resources contained in this MD&A are estimates only and no assurance can be given that the anticipated tonnages and grades will be achieved, that the indicated level of recovery will be realized or that mineral reserves will be mined or processed profitably. Actual mineral reserves may not conform to geological, metallurgical or other expectations, and the volume and grade of ore recovered may differ from estimated levels. There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating mineral reserves and mineral resources, including many factors beyond the Company’s control. Such estimation is a subjective process, and the accuracy of any mineral reserve or mineral resource estimate is a function of the quantity and quality of available data and of the assumptions made and judgments used in engineering and geological interpretations available at the time. Short-term operating factors relating to the mineral reserves, such as the need for orderly development of the ore bodies or the processing of new or different ore grades, may cause the mining operation to be unprofitable in any particular accounting period. In addition, there can be no assurance that gold recoveries in small scale laboratory tests will be duplicated in larger scale tests under on-site conditions or during production. Lower market prices, increased production costs, reduced recovery rates and other factors may result in a revision of its mineral reserve estimates from time to time or may render the Company’s mineral reserves uneconomic to exploit. Mineral reserve data is not indicative of future results of operations. If the Company’s actual mineral reserves and mineral resources are less than current estimates or if the Company fails to develop its mineral resource base through the realization of identified mineralized potential, its results of operations or financial condition may be materially and adversely affected. Evaluation of mineral reserves and mineral resources occurs from time to time and estimates may change depending on further geological interpretation, drilling results and metal prices, which could have a negative effect on the Company’s operations. The category of inferred mineral resource is often the least reliable mineral resource category and is subject to the most variability. Due to the uncertainty which may attach to inferred mineral resources, there is no assurance that inferred mineral resources will be upgraded to proven mineral reserves and probable mineral reserves as a result of continued exploration. The Company regularly evaluates its mineral resources and it often determines the merits of increasing the reliability of its overall mineral resources. Replacement of Depleted Mineral Reserves Given that mines have limited lives based on proven and probable mineral reserves, the Company must continually replace and expand its mineral resources and mineral reserves at its gold mines and discover, develop, or acquire mineral reserves for production. The Company’s ability to maintain or increase its annual production of gold will depend in significant part on its ability to bring new mines into production and to expand mineral reserves or extend the life of existing mines. Uncertainty Relating to Mineral Resources Mineral resources that are not mineral reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. Due to the uncertainty which may be attached to inferred mineral resources, there is no assurance that inferred mineral resources will be upgraded to measured or indicated mineral resources as a result of continued exploration. Production Estimates Kirkland Lake Gold has prepared estimates of future gold production for its existing and future mines. The Company cannot give any assurance that such estimates will be achieved. Failure to achieve production estimates could have an adverse impact on the Company’s future cash flows, profitability, results of operations and financial conditions. The realization of production estimates are dependent on, among other things, the accuracy of mineral reserve and resource estimates, the accuracy of assumptions regarding ore grades and recovery rates, ground conditions (including hydrology), the physical characteristics of ores, the presence or absence of particular metallurgical characteristics, and the accuracy of the estimated rates and costs of mining, ore haulage and processing. Actual production may vary from estimates for a variety of reasons, including the actual ore mined varying from estimates of grade or tonnage; dilution and metallurgical and other characteristics (whether based on representative samples of ore or not); short-term operating factors such as the need for sequential development of ore bodies and the processing of new or adjacent ore stopes from those planned; mine failures or slope failures; industrial accidents; natural phenomena such as inclement weather conditions, floods, droughts, rock slides and earthquakes; encountering unusual or 52 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS unexpected geological conditions; changes in power costs and potential power shortages; shortages of principal supplies needed for mining operations, including explosives, fuels, chemical reagents, water, equipment parts and lubricants; plant and equipment failure; the inability to process certain types of ores; labour shortages or strikes; and restrictions or regulations imposed by government agencies or other changes in the regulatory environment. Such occurrences could also result in damage to mineral properties or mines, interruptions in production, injury or death to persons, damage to property of Kirkland Lake Gold or others, monetary losses and legal liabilities in addition to adversely affecting mineral production. These factors may cause a mineral deposit that has been mined profitably in the past to become unprofitable, forcing Kirkland Lake Gold to cease production. Mineral resources and mineral reserves are reported as general indicators of mine life, however, this should not be interpreted as assurances of mine life or of the profitability of current or future operations. The Company is currently, and expects to continue to be, dependent on four mines for all of its commercial production. In particular, the Macassa Mine and the Fosterville Mine accounted for the majority of the Company’s annual production in 2018 and are expected to continue to account for all of its commercial production in the near term. Any adverse conditions affecting mining, processing conditions, expansion plans or ongoing permitting at either the Macassa Mine or the Fosterville Mine, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial performance and results of operations Cost Estimates Capital and operating cost estimates made in respect of Kirkland Lake Gold’s mines and development projects may not prove accurate. Capital and operating cost estimates are based on the interpretation of geological data, feasibility studies, anticipated climatic conditions, market conditions for required products and services, and other factors and assumptions regarding foreign exchange currency rates. Any of the following events could affect the ultimate accuracy of such estimate: unanticipated changes in grade and tonnage of ore to be mined and processed; incorrect data on which engineering assumptions are made; delay in construction schedules, unanticipated transportation costs; the accuracy of major equipment and construction cost estimates; labour negotiations; changes in government regulation (including regulations regarding prices, cost of consumables, royalties, duties, taxes, permitting and restrictions on production quotas on exportation of minerals); and title claims. Changes in the Company’s production costs could have a major impact on its profitability. Its main production expenses are personnel and contractor costs, materials, and energy. Changes in costs of the Company’s mining and processing operations could occur as a result of unforeseen events, including international and local economic and political events, a change in commodity prices, increased costs (including oil, steel and diesel) and scarcity of labour, and could result in changes in profitability or mineral reserve estimates. Many of these factors may be beyond the Company’s control. The Company prepares estimates of future cash costs, operating costs and/or capital costs for each operation and project. There can be no assurance that such estimates will be achieved and that actual costs will not exceed such estimates. Failure to achieve cost estimates and/or any material increases in costs not anticipated by the Company could have an adverse impact on future cash flows, profitability, results of operations and the financial condition of the Company. Obligations as a Public Company The Company’s business is subject to evolving corporate governance and public disclosure regulations that may from time to time increase both the Company’s compliance costs and the risk of non-compliance, which could adversely impact the price of the Common Shares. The Company is subject to changing rules and regulations promulgated by a number of governmental and self-regulated organizations, including, but not limited to, the Canadian Securities Administrators, the TSX, the SEC, NYSE, the Australian Securities and Investment Commission and the ASX. These rules and regulations continue to evolve in scope and complexity creating many new requirements. For example, the Government of Canada proclaimed into force the Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act on June 1, 2015, which mandates the public disclosure of payments made by mining companies to all levels of domestic and foreign governments starting in 2017 for the year ended December 31, 2016. The Company’s efforts to comply with such legislation could result in increased general and administration expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. 53 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Compliance Risk The Company has documented and tested, during its more recent financial year, its internal control procedures to satisfy the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”). Both SOX and Canadian legislation require an annual assessment by management of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting. The Company may fail to maintain the adequacy of its internal control over financial reporting as such standards become modified, supplemented or amended from time to time and the Company may not be able to conclude the effectiveness of its internal controls over financial reporting. The Company’s failure to satisfy SOX and the equivalent Canadian legislation on an ongoing, timely basis, could impact the reliability of the Company’s financial statements and may negatively impact the financial performance of the Company. In addition, failure to implement required new controls or improved controls, could impact the Company’s operating results or result in a failure to comply with certain reporting obligations. To date the Company has documented and tested its internal controls procedure which it believes to be appropriately designed as at December 31, 2018. The Canadian Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act and the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and anti-bribery laws in jurisdictions in which we do business, prohibit companies from making improper payments for commercial advantage or other business purposes. The Company’s policies mandate compliance with these anti-bribery laws, which carry substantial penalties. While the Company does not operate in sectors with experienced public and private sector corruption, violations of such laws, or allegations of such violation could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position and results of operations. Government Regulation The Company’s business, mining operations and exploration and development activities are subject to extensive federal, state, territorial and local laws and regulations governing exploration, development, production, exports, taxes, labour standards, waste disposal, protection of the environment, reclamation, historic and cultural resource preservation, mine safety and occupational health, control of toxic substances, reporting and other matters. Although the Company believes that its exploration activities are currently carried out in accordance with all applicable rules and regulations, new rules and regulations may be enacted and existing rules and regulations may be applied in a manner that could limit or curtail production or development of the Company’s properties. Amendments to current laws and regulations governing the operations and activities of the Company or more stringent implementation thereof could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. See also “Foreign Operations and Political Risk”. Acquisitions and Integration From time to time, the Company examines opportunities to acquire additional mining assets and businesses. Any acquisition that the Company may choose to complete may be of a significant size, may change the scale of the Company’s business and operations, and may expose the Company to new geographic, political, operating, financial and geological risks. The Company’s success in its acquisition activities depends on its ability to identify suitable acquisition candidates, negotiate acceptable terms for any such acquisition, and integrate the acquired operations successfully with those of the Company. Any acquisitions would be accompanied by risks. For example, there may be a significant change in commodity prices after the Company has committed to complete the transaction and established the purchase price or exchange ratio; a material ore body may prove to be below expectations; the Company may have difficulty integrating and assimilating the operations and personnel of any acquired companies, realizing anticipated synergies and maximizing the financial and strategic position of the combined enterprise, and maintaining uniform standards, policies and controls across the organization; the integration of the acquired business or assets may disrupt the Company’s ongoing business and its relationships with employees, customers, suppliers and contractors; and the acquired business or assets may have unknown liabilities which may be significant. In the event that the Company chooses to raise debt capital to finance any such acquisition, the Company’s leverage will be increased. If the Company chooses to use equity as consideration for such acquisition, existing shareholders may experience dilution. Alternatively, the Company may choose to finance any such acquisition with its existing resources. There can be no assurance that the Company would be successful in overcoming these risks or any other problems encountered in connection with such acquisitions. 54 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Australian Foreign Investment Law Pursuant to Australian law, a person acquiring control or direction, directly or indirectly, of 15% or more of the securities of the Company may be required to obtain prior approval from the Australian Foreign Investment Review Board. An investor who fails to obtain such approval may be subject to fines or may be forced to dispose of a portion of the investment. Investors should consult their own legal advisors prior to making any investment in securities of the Company. Additional Capital The exploration and development of the Company’s properties, including continuing exploration and development projects, and the construction of mining facilities and commencement of mining operations, may require substantial additional financing. Failure to obtain sufficient financing will result in a delay or indefinite postponement of exploration, development or production on any or all of the Company’s properties or even a loss of a property interest. Additional financing may not be available when needed or if available, the terms of such financing might not be favourable to the Company and the failure to raise capital when needed would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Market Price of Securities The Common Shares are listed on the TSX, NSYE and the ASX. Securities markets have had a high level of price and volume volatility, and the market price of securities of many resource companies have experienced wide fluctuations in price that have not necessarily been related to the operating performance, underlying asset values or prospects of such companies. Factors unrelated to the financial performance or prospects of Kirkland Lake Gold include macroeconomic developments locally and globally and market perceptions of the attractiveness of particular industries. There can be no assurance that continued fluctuations in mineral prices will not occur. As a result of any of these factors, the market price of the securities of the Company at any given point in time may not accurately reflect the Company’s long-term value. In response to periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, shareholders may institute class action securities litigation. Such litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial cost and diversion of management attention and resources, which could significantly harm profitability and the reputation of Kirkland Lake Gold. Liquidity Risk The Company has in the past and may in the future seek to acquire additional funding by the sale of Common Shares, the sale of assets or through the assumption of additional debt. Movements in the price of the Common Shares have been volatile in the past and may be volatile in the future. Furthermore, since approximately 10.4% of the Common Shares are held by Eric Sprott, the Chairman of the Board, the liquidity of the Company’s securities may be negatively impacted. Community Relations The Company’s relationships with the communities in which it operates and other stakeholders are critical to ensure the future success of its existing operations and the construction and development of its projects. There is an increasing level of public concern relating to the perceived effect of mining activities on the environment and on communities impacted by such activities. Publicity adverse to the Company, its operations or extractive industries generally, could have an adverse effect on the Company and may impact relationships with the communities in which Kirkland Lake Gold operates and other stakeholders. While the Company is committed to operating in a socially responsible manner, there can be no assurance that its efforts in this respect will mitigate this potential risk. Further, damage to the Company’s reputation can be the result of the perceived or actual occurrence of any number of events, and could include any negative publicity, whether true or not. The increased usage of social media and other web-based tools used to generate, publish and discuss user-generated content and to connect with other users has made it increasingly easier for individuals and groups to communicate and share opinions and views in regards to the Company and its activities, whether true or not. While the Company strives to uphold and maintain a positive image and reputation, the Company does not ultimately have control over how it is perceived by others. Reputation loss may lead to increased challenges in developing, maintaining community relations and advancing its projects and decreased investor confidence, all of which may have a material adverse impact on the financial performance and growth of the Company. 55 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS First Nations and Aboriginal Heritage First Nations title claims and Aboriginal heritage issues may affect the ability of the Company to pursue exploration, development and mining on its properties. The resolution of First Nations and Aboriginal heritage issues is an integral part of exploration and mining operations in Canada and Australia and the Company is committed to managing any issues that may arise effectively. However, in view of the inherent legal and factual uncertainties relating to such issues, no assurance can be given that material adverse consequences will not arise. Construction and Development of New Mines The success of construction projects and the development of new mines by the Company is subject to a number of factors including the availability and performance of engineering and construction contractors, mining contractors, suppliers and consultants, the receipt of required governmental approvals and permits in connection with the construction of mining facilities, the conduct of mining operations (including environmental permits), and the successful completion and operation of ore passes, among other operational elements. Any delay in the performance of any one or more of the contractors, suppliers, consultants or other persons on which the Company is dependent in connection with its construction activities, a delay in or failure to receive the required governmental approvals and permits in a timely manner or on reasonable terms, or a delay in or failure in connection with the completion and successful operation of the operational elements of new mines could delay or prevent the construction and start- up of new mines as planned. There can be no assurance that current or future construction and start-up plans implemented by the Company will be successful, that the Company will be able to obtain sufficient funds to finance construction and start-up activities, that the Company will be able to obtain all necessary governmental approvals and permits or that the construction, start-up and ongoing operating costs associated with the development of new mines will not be significantly higher than anticipated by the Company. Any of the foregoing factors could adversely impact the operations and financial condition of the Company. Commercial viability of a new mine or development project is predicated on many factors. Mineral reserves and mineral resources projected by feasibility studies and technical assessments performed on the projects may not be realized, and the level of future metal prices needed to ensure commercial viability may not materialize. Consequently, there is a risk that start-up of new mine and development projects may be subject to write-down and/or closure as they may not be commercially viable. Availability and Costs of Infrastructure, Energy and Other Commodities Mining, processing, development and exploration activities depend, to one degree or another, on adequate infrastructure. Reliable roads, bridges, power sources and water supply are important determinants that affect capital and operating costs. Unusual or infrequent weather phenomena, sabotage, government or other interference in the maintenance or provision of such infrastructure could adversely affect Kirkland Lake Gold’s operations, financial condition and results of operations. The profitability of the Company’s operations will be dependent upon the cost and availability of commodities which are consumed or otherwise used in connection with the Company’s operations and projects, including, but not limited to, diesel, fuel, natural gas, electricity, steel and concrete. Commodity prices fluctuate widely and are affected by numerous factors beyond the control of the Company. If there is a significant and sustained increase in the cost of certain commodities, the Company may decide that it is not economically feasible to continue all of the Company’s commercial production and development activities and this could have an adverse effect on profitability. Higher worldwide demand for critical resources like input commodities, drilling equipment, mobile mining equipment, tires and skilled labour could affect the Company’s ability to acquire them and lead to delays in delivery and unanticipated cost increases, which could have an effect on the Company’s operating costs, capital expenditures and production schedules. Further, the Company relies on certain key third-party suppliers and contractors for services, equipment, raw materials used in, and the provision of services necessary for, the development, construction and continuing operation of its assets. As a result, the Company’s activities at its mine sites are subject to a number of risks, some of which are outside its control, including negotiating agreements with suppliers and contractors on acceptable terms, the inability to replace a supplier or a contractor and its equipment, raw materials or services in the event that either party terminates the agreement, interruption of operations or increased costs in the event that a supplier or contractor ceases its business due to insolvency or other unforeseen event and failure of a supplier or contractor to perform under its agreement with the Company. The occurrences of one or more of these events could have a material effect on the business, results of operations and financial condition of the Company. 56 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Nature and Climatic Conditions The Company and the mining industry are facing continued geotechnical challenges, which could adversely impact the Company’s production and profitability. Unanticipated adverse geotechnical and hydrological conditions, such as landslides, droughts, pit wall failures and rock fragility may occur in the future and such events may not be detected in advance. Geotechnical instabilities and adverse climatic conditions can be difficult to predict and are often affected by risks and hazards outside of the Company’s control, such as severe weather and considerable rainfall, which may lead to periodic floods, mudslides, wall instability and seismic activity, which may result in slippage of material. Geotechnical failures could result in limited or restricted access to mine sites, suspension of operations, government investigations, increased monitoring costs, remediation costs, loss of ore and other impacts, which could cause one or more of the Company’s projects to be less profitable than currently anticipated and could result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial position. At the Fosterville Mine, ore is processed by crushing and grinding followed by flotation, bacterial oxidation and carbon in leach (CIL) circuits. Downtime at the Fosterville BIOX® plant impacts bacterial activity and gold recovery in the BIOX® circuit, which could have a negative effect on the financial condition and results of operation of the mine. Kirkland Lake Gold has properties located in the Northern Territory, Australia. Typically, the Northern Territory’s tropical wet season is from the end of November to the end of March. During the wet season, the properties may be subject to unpredictable weather conditions such as cyclones, heavy rains, strong winds and flash flooding. Kirkland Lake Gold has undertaken several steps to minimize the effects of the wet season on its operations including sealing roads, accommodating the build-up of mined inventory and planning exploration and mining activities around the wet season. Nonetheless, no assurance can be given that the unpredictable weather conditions will not adversely affect mining and exploration activities. In particular, mining, drilling and exploration activities may be suspended due to poor ground conditions, ore haulage activities may be slowed or delayed as roads may be temporarily flooded, and deposits where the host rock is clayish in nature may have to be mined or processed at slower than anticipated rates and/or mixed with lower grade stockpile ore. The Company’s mining and processing operations are, in some instances, energy intensive. While the Company has initiated numerous processes to reduce its overall carbon footprint, such as the use of electric battery powered mining equipment, the Company acknowledges climate change is an international and community concern. Legislation and regulations relating to emission levels and energy efficiency are becoming more rigorous and may result in increased costs at our Canadian and Australian operations. While the Company has taken measures to manage the use of energy, such regulatory requirements may have an adverse impact on the Company. Information Technology The Company is reliant on the continuous and uninterrupted operations of its information technology (“IT”) systems. User access and security of all IT systems are critical elements to the operations of the Company. The Company’s operations depend, in part, on how well the Company and its suppliers protect networks, equipment, IT systems and software against damage from a number of threats, including, but not limited to, cable cuts, damage to physical plants, natural disasters, terrorism, fire, power loss, hacking, computer viruses, vandalism and theft. The Company’s operations also depend on the timely maintenance, upgrade and replacement of networks, equipment, IT systems and software, as well as pre-emptive expenses to mitigate the risks of failures. Any IT failure pertaining to availability, access or system security could result in disruption for personnel and could adversely affect the reputation, operations or financial performance of the Company. The Company’s IT systems could be compromised by unauthorized parties attempting to extract business sensitive, confidential or personal information, corrupting information or disrupting business processes or by inadvertent or intentional actions by the Company’s employees or vendors. A cyber security incident resulting in a security breach or failure to identify a security threat, could disrupt business and could result in the loss of business sensitive, confidential or personal information or other assets, as well as litigation, regulatory enforcement, violation of privacy and security laws and regulations and remediation costs. Although to date the Company has not experienced any material losses relating to cyber-attacks or other information security breaches, there can be no assurance that it will not incur such losses in the future. The Company’s risk and exposure to these matters cannot be fully mitigated because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats. As a result, cyber security and the continued development and enhancement of controls, processes and practices designed to protect systems, computers, 57 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS software, data and networks from attack, damage or unauthorized access remain a priority. As cyber threats continue to evolve, the Company may be required to expend additional resources to continue to modify or enhance protective measures or to investigate and remediate any security vulnerabilities. Social media and other web-based information sharing applications may result in negative publicity or have the affect of damaging the reputation of the Company, whether or not such publicity is in fact verified, truthful or correct. The Company places a great emphasis on ensuring the highest reputational standards, however, it may not have the ability to control how it is perceived by others. Reputational loss may result in challenges in developing and maintaining community and shareholder relations and decreased investor confidence. Permitting The Company’s operations are subject to receiving and maintaining permits from appropriate governmental authorities. There is no assurance that delays will not occur in connection with obtaining all necessary renewals of permits for the Company’s existing operations, additional permits for any possible future changes to operations, or additional permits associated with new legislation. Prior to any development on any of its properties, the Company must receive permits from appropriate governmental authorities. There can be no assurance that the Company will continue to hold all permits necessary to develop or continue operating at any particular property. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial position. Insurance and Uninsured Risks Kirkland Lake Gold’s business is subject to a number of risks and hazards generally, including: adverse environmental conditions; industrial accidents; labour disputes; unusual or unexpected geological conditions; ground or slope failures; cave-ins; changes in the regulatory environment; and natural phenomena such as inclement weather conditions, floods and earthquakes. Such occurrences could result in damage to mineral properties or production facilities, personal injury or death, environmental damage to Kirkland Lake Gold’s properties or the properties of others, delays in mining, monetary losses and possible legal liability. The businesses and properties of Kirkland Lake Gold are insured against loss or damage, subject to a number of limitations and qualifications. Such insurance will not cover all the potential risks associated with a mining company’s operations. Kirkland Lake Gold may also be unable to maintain insurance to cover these risks at economically feasible premiums. Insurance coverage may not continue to be available or may not be adequate to cover any resulting liability. Moreover, insurance against risks such as environmental pollution or other hazards as a result of exploration and production is not generally available to Kirkland Lake Gold or to other companies in the mining industry on acceptable terms. The Company might also become subject to liability for pollution or other hazards that it may not be insured against or that Kirkland Lake Gold may elect not to insure against because of premium costs or other reasons. The Company may suffer a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations, cash flows and financial position if it incurs a material loss related to any significant event that is not covered, or adequately covered, by its insurance policies. Competition The mining industry is intensely competitive in all of its phases and Kirkland Lake Gold competes with many companies possessing greater financial and technical resources than itself. Competition in the precious metals mining industry is primarily for mineral rich properties that can be developed and produced economically; the technical expertise to find, develop, and operate such properties; the labour to operate the properties; and the capital for the purpose of funding such properties. Many competitors not only explore for and mine precious metals, but also conduct refining and marketing operations on a global basis. Such competition may result in Kirkland Lake Gold being unable to acquire desired properties, to recruit or retain qualified employees or to acquire the capital necessary to fund its operations and develop its properties. Existing or future competition in the mining industry could materially adversely affect Kirkland Lake Gold’s prospects for mineral exploration and success in the future. 58 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Currency Fluctuations Currency fluctuations may affect the Company’s capital costs and the costs that the Company incurs at its operations. Gold is sold throughout the world based principally on a United States dollar price, but most of the Company’s operating and capital expenses are incurred in Australian dollars and Canadian dollars. The appreciation of these currencies against the United States dollar would increase the costs of gold production at such mining operations, which could materially and adversely affect Kirkland Lake Gold’s profitability, results of operations and financial position. Tax Matters The Company’s taxes are affected by a number of factors, some of which are outside of its control, including the application and interpretation of the relevant tax laws and treaties. If the Company’s filing position, application of tax incentives or similar “holidays” or benefits were to be challenged for any reason, this could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition. The Company is subject to routine tax audits by various tax authorities. Tax audits may result in additional tax, interest payments and penalties which would negatively affect the Company’s financial condition and operating results. New laws and regulations or changes in tax rules and regulations or the interpretation of tax laws by the courts or the tax authorities may also have a substantial negative impact on the Company’s business. There is no assurance that the Company’s current financial condition will not be materially adversely affected in the future due to such changes. Foreign Mining Tax Regimes Mining tax regimes in foreign jurisdictions are subject to differing interpretations and are subject to constant change. The Company’s interpretation of taxation law as applied to its transactions and activities may not coincide with that of the tax authorities. As a result, transactions may be challenged by tax authorities and the Company’s operations may be assessed, which could result in significant additional taxes, penalties and interest. In addition, proposed changes to mining tax regimes in foreign jurisdictions could result in significant additional taxes payable by the Company, which would have a negative impact on the financial results of Kirkland Lake Gold. Litigation All industries, including the mining industry, are subject to legal claims, with and without merit. Legal proceedings may arise from time to time in the course of the Company’s business. Such litigation may be brought in the future against Kirkland Lake Gold or one or more of its Subsidiaries or the Company or one or more of its Subsidiaries may be subject to another form of litigation. Defense and settlement costs of legal claims can be substantial, even with respect to claims that have no merit. As of the date hereof, no material claims have been brought against the Company, nor has the Company received an indication that any material claims are forthcoming. However, due to the inherent uncertainty of the litigation process, should a material claim be brought against the Company, the process of defending such claims could take away from the time and effort management of the Company would otherwise devote to its business operations and the resolution of any particular legal proceeding to which the Company or one or more of its Subsidiaries may become subject could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position and results of operations. Title to the Company’s Mining Claims and Leases The acquisition and maintenance of title to mineral properties is a very detailed and time-consuming process. While the Company has carried out reviews of title to its mining claims and leases, this should not be construed as a guarantee that title to such interests will not be challenged or impugned. Title insurance is generally not available for mineral properties and the Company’s ability to ensure that it has obtained secure mine tenure may be severely constrained. Third parties may have valid claims underlying portions of the Company’s interests, including prior unregistered liens, agreements, royalty transfers or claims, including native land claims, other encumbrances and title may be affected by, among other things, undetected defects. The Company has had difficulty in registering ownership of certain titles in its own name due to the demise of the original vendors of such titles when owned by the Company’s predecessors-in-title. If these challenges are successful, this could have an adverse effect on the development of the Company’s properties as well as its results of operations, cash flows and financial position. In addition, the Company may be unable to operate its properties as permitted or to enforce its rights with respect to its properties. 59 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Dependence on Outside Parties Kirkland Lake Gold has relied upon consultants, engineers, contractors and other parties and intends to rely on these parties for exploration, development, construction and operating expertise. Substantial expenditures are required to construct mines, to establish mineral reserves through drilling, to carry out environmental and social impact assessments, to develop metallurgical processes to extract metal from ore and, in the case of new properties, to develop the exploration and plant infrastructure at any particular site. Deficient or negligent work or work not completed in a timely manner could have a material adverse effect on Kirkland Lake Gold. Dependence on Key Management Personnel The Company is dependent upon a number of key management personnel. The Company’s ability to manage its operating, development, exploration and financing activities will depend in large part on the efforts of these individuals. As the Company’s business grows, it will require additional key financial, administrative, mining, marketing and public relations personnel as well as additional staff for operations. The Company faces intense competition for qualified personnel, and there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to attract and retain such personnel. The loss of the services of one or more key employees or the failure to attract and retain new personnel could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s ability to manage and expand the Company’s business. Labour and Employment Matters Production at the Company’s mining operations is dependent upon the efforts of its employees and the Company’s operations would be adversely affected if it fails to maintain satisfactory labour relations. Factors such as work slowdowns or stoppages caused by the attempted unionization of operations and difficulties in recruiting qualified miners and hiring and training new miners could materially adversely affect the Company’s business. This would have a negative effect on the Company’s business and results of operations; which might result in the Company not meeting its business objectives. In addition, relations between the Company and its employees may be affected by changes in the scheme of labour relations that may be introduced by the relevant governmental authorities in whose jurisdictions the Company carries on business. Changes in such legislation or in the relationship between the Company and its employees may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition. There are currently no material labour shortages with the Company operating near its budgeted manning levels. Conflicts of Interest Certain of the directors and officers of the Company also serve as directors and/or officers of other companies involved in natural resource exploration and development and, consequently, there exists the possibility for such directors and officers to be in a position of conflict. The Company expects that any decision made by any of such directors and officers involving the Company will be made in accordance with their duties and obligations to deal fairly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the Company and its shareholders, but there can be no assurance in this regard. In addition, each of the Company’s directors is required to declare and refrain from voting on any matter in which such directors may have a conflict of interest or which are governed by the procedures set forth in the OBCA and any other applicable law. In the event that the Company’s directors and officers are subject to conflicts of interest, there may be a material adverse effect on its business. FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS Certain statements in this MD&A constitute ‘forward looking statements’, including statements regarding the plans, intentions, beliefs and current expectations of the Company with respect to the future business activities and operating performance of the Company. The words “may”, “would”, “could”, “will”, “intend”, “plan”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “estimate”, “expect” and similar expressions, as they relate to the Company, are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Investors are cautioned that forward-looking statements are based on the opinions, assumptions and estimates of management considered reasonable at the date the statements are made, and are inherently subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties and other known and unknown factors that could cause actual events or results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. These factors include, among others, the development of the Company’s properties and the anticipated timing thereof, expected production from, and the further potential of, the Company’s properties, the anticipated timing and 60 | Page Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS commencement of exploration programs on various targets within the Company’s land holdings, the ability to lower costs and gradually increase production, the ability of the Company to successfully achieve business objectives, the ability of the Company to achieve its longer-term outlook and the anticipated timing and results thereof, the performance of the Company’s equity investments and the ability of the Company to realize on its strategic goals with respect to such investments, the effects of unexpected costs, liabilities or delays, the potential benefits and synergies and expectations of other economic, business and or competitive factors, the Company's expectations in connection with the projects and exploration programs being met, the impact of general business and economic conditions, global liquidity and credit availability on the timing of cash flows and the values of assets and liabilities based on projected future conditions, fluctuating gold prices, currency exchange rates (such as the Canadian dollar versus the US dollar), mark-to-market derivative variances, possible variations in ore grade or recovery rates, changes in accounting policies, changes in the Company's corporate mineral resources, changes in project parameters as plans continue to be refined, changes in project development, construction, production and commissioning time frames, the possibility of project cost overruns or unanticipated costs and expenses, higher prices for fuel, power, labour and other consumables contributing to higher costs and general risks of the mining industry, failure of plant, equipment or processes to operate as anticipated, unexpected changes in mine life, seasonality and unanticipated weather changes, costs and timing of the development of new deposits, success of exploration activities, permitting time lines, the ability to obtain the necessary permits in connection with the rehabilitation of the Macassa tailings facility and the development of a new tailings facility and the anticipated results associated therewith, native and aboriginal heritage issues, risks relating to infrastructure, permitting and licenses, government regulation of the mining industry, risks relating to foreign operations, uncertainty in the estimation and realization of mineral resources and mineral reserves, quality and marketability of mineral product, environmental regulation and reclamation obligations, risks relating to the Northern Territory wet season, risks relating to litigation, risks relating to foreign mining tax regimes, competition, currency fluctuations, government regulation of mining operations, environmental risks, unanticipated reclamation expenses, title disputes or claims, and limitations on insurance, as well as those risk factors discussed or referred to in the AIF of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2017 filed with the securities regulatory authorities in certain provinces of Canada and available at www.sedar.com. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those described herein as intended, planned, anticipated, believed, estimated or expected. Although the Company has attempted to identify important risks, uncertainties and factors which could cause actual results to differ materially, there may be others that cause results not be as anticipated, estimated or intended. The Company does not intend, and does not assume any obligation, to update these forward-looking statements except as otherwise required by applicable law. Mineral resources are not mineral reserves, and do not have demonstrated economic viability, but do have reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction. Measured and indicated resources are sufficiently well defined to allow geological and grade continuity to be reasonably assumed and permit the application of technical and economic parameters in assessing the economic viability of the resource. Inferred resources are estimated on limited information not sufficient to verify geological and grade continuity or to allow technical and economic parameters to be applied. Inferred resources are too speculative geologically to have economic considerations applied to them to enable them to be categorized as mineral reserves. There is no certainty that Measured or Indicated mineral resources can be upgraded to mineral reserves through continued exploration and positive economic assessment. INFORMATION CONCERNING ESTIMATES OF MINERAL RESERVES AND MEASURED, INDICATED AND INFERRED RESOURCES This MD&A has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the securities laws in effect in Canada, which differ from the requirements of United States securities laws. The terms “mineral reserve”, “proven mineral reserve” and “probable mineral reserve” are Canadian mining terms as defined in accordance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101-Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”) and the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (the “CIM”)-CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, adopted by the CIM Council, as amended. These definitions differ from the definitions in SEC Industry Guide 7 under the United States Securities Act of 1993, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Under SEC Industry Guide 7 standards, a “final” or “bankable” feasibility study is required to report reserves, the three-year historical average price is used in any reserve or cash flow analysis to designate reserves and the primary environmental analysis or report must be filed with the appropriate governmental authority. In addition, the terms “mineral resource”, “measured mineral resource”, “indicated mineral resource” and “inferred mineral resource” are defined in and required to be disclosed by NI 43-101; however, these terms are not defined terms under SEC Industry Guide 7 and are normally not permitted to be used in reports and registration statements filed with the SEC. Investors 61 | Page are cautioned not to assume that any part or all of mineral deposits in these categories will ever be converted into reserves. “Inferred mineral resources” have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence, and great uncertainty as to their economic and legal feasibility. It cannot be assumed that all or any part of an inferred mineral resource will ever be upgraded to a higher category. Under Canadian rules, estimates of inferred mineral resources may not form the basis of feasibility or pre-feasibility studies, except in rare cases. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an inferred mineral resource exists or is economically or legally mineable. Disclosure of “contained ounces” in a resource is permitted disclosure under Canadian regulations; however, the SEC normally only permits issuers to report mineralization that does not constitute “reserves” by SEC Industry Guide 7 standards as in place tonnage and grade without reference to unit measures. Accordingly, information contained in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis contain descriptions of our mineral deposits that may not be comparable to similar information made public by U.S. companies subject to the reporting and disclosure requirements under the United States federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. This document uses the terms “Measured”, “Indicated” and “Inferred” Resources. US investors are advised that while such terms are recognized and required by Canadian regulations, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission does not recognize them. “Inferred Mineral Resources” have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence, and as to their economic and legal feasibility. It cannot be assumed that all or any part of an Inferred Mineral Resource will ever be upgraded to a higher category. Under Canadian rules, estimates of Inferred Mineral Resources may not form the basis of pre-feasibility, feasibility or other economic studies. U.S. investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of Measured or Indicated Mineral Resources will ever be converted into Mineral Reserves. U.S. investors are also cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an Inferred Mineral Resource exists, or is economically or legally mineable. Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS TECHNICAL INFORMATION The technical contents related to Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. mines and properties, have been reviewed and approved by Pierre Rocque, P.Eng., Vice President, Technical Services and Ian Holland, FAusIMM, Vice President, Australian Operations. Mr. Rocque and Mr. Holland are “qualified persons” as defined in National Instrument 43-101 and have reviewed and approved disclosure of the technical information and data in this news release. 62 | Page Directors Eric Sprott Anthony Makuch (3) (5) Jeffrey Parr (2) (3) (4) Barry P. Olson (3) (5) Pamela Klessig (1) (3) (5) Raymond Threlkeld (1) (2) Jonathan Gill (3) (4) (5) Arnold Klassen (1) (2) (4) Board Committees (1) Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee (2) Audit Committee (3) Technical Committee (4) Compensation Committee (5) HSE & Corporate Social Responsibility Committee Management Anthony Makuch David Soares Alasdair Federico Christina Ouellette Eric Kallio Pierre Rocque Ian Holland John Landmark Jennifer Wagner Raymond Yip Mark Utting Brian Hagan Darin Smith Duncan King Chairman of the Board President and Chief Executive Officer Independent Director Independent Director Independent Director Independent Director Independent Director Independent Director President and Chief Executive Officer Chief Financial Officer Executive VP, Corporate Affairs & CSR Executive VP, Human Resources SVP, Exploration VP, Technical Services VP, Australian Operations VP, Human Resources VP, Legal and Corporate Secretary VP, Business Intelligence VP, Investor Relations VP, Health Safety and Environment VP, Corporate Development VP, Mining (Kirkland Lake) Q4 2018 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS CORPORATE INFORMATION Company Information Corporate Head Office 200 Bay Street, Suite 3120 RBC Plaza – South Tower Toronto, Ontario M5J 2J1 Canada Mark Utting, Vice President, Investor Relations Investor Relations T: 416.840.7884 E: mutting@klgold.com Registrar and Transfer Agent TSX Trust Company 200 University Avenue, Suite 300 Toronto, Ontario M5H 4H1 Canada T: 416.607.7898 www.tsxtrust.com Auditors KPMG LLP 333 Bay Street #4600 Toronto, Ontario M5H 2S5 Canada T: 416.777.8500 www.kpmg.ca 63 | Page I, Anthony Makuch, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 40-F of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd.; CERTIFICATION 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the issuer as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The issuer’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the issuer and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the issuer, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the issuer’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The issuer’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the issuer’s auditors and the audit committee of the issuer’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the issuer’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: April 1, 2019 By: signed “Anthony Makuch” Anthony Makuch President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) I, David Soares, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 40-F of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd.; CERTIFICATION 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the issuer as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The issuer’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the issuer and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the issuer, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the issuer’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The issuer’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the issuer’s auditors and the audit committee of the issuer’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the issuer’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: April 1, 2019 By: signed “David Soares” David Soares Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. §1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Company”) on Form 40-F for the period ended December 31, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Anthony Makuch, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in this Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. April 1, 2019 signed “Anthony Makuch” Anthony Makuch President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. and will be retained by Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. §1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Company”) on Form 40-F for the period ended December 31, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, David Soares, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in this Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. April 1, 2019 signed “David Soares” David Soares Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. and will be retained by Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. KPMG LLP Chartered Accountants Bay Adelaide Centre Suite 4600 333 Bay Street Toronto ON M5H 2S5 Telephone (416) 777-8500 Fax (416) 777-8818 www.kpmg.ca CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM The Board of Directors Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. We consent to the use of our reports, each dated February 21, 2019, on ▪ ▪ ▪ the consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31, 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, cash flows, and changes in equity and for the year then ended, and the related notes , the consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31, 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, cash flows, and changes in equity and for the year then ended, and the related notes , and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as at December 31, 2018, included in the annual report on Form 40-F. Chartered Professional Accountants, Licensed Public Accountants April 1, 2019 Toronto, Canada KPMG LLP is a Canadian limited liability partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. KPMG Canada provides services to KPMG LLP. The undersigned hereby consents to: (i) the disclosure of the mineral resource estimates for the Canadian assets located in the country of Canada contained in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (the “MD&A”) of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Company”) being filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Form 40-F Annual Report for the period ended December 31, 2018, and any amendments thereto (the “40-F”); and (ii) the use of my name in the MD&A and the 40-F. CONSENT OF ERIC KALLIO Date: April 1, 2019 signed “Eric Kallio” Eric Kallio, P.Geo. -1- The undersigned hereby consents to: (i) the use of the written disclosure derived from the Report on the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves of the Fosterville gold mine located in the state of Victoria, Australia, dated April 1, 2019 and effective December 31, 2018 (the “Technical Report”) and of other information related to the Fosterville property, in the Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “AIF”) of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Company”) being filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Form 40-F Annual Report for the period ended December 31, 2018, and any amendments thereto (the “40-F”), being filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission; (ii) the disclosure of mineral reserves estimates for the Fosterville property contained in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (the “MD&A”) of the Company being filed as an exhibit to the 40-F; (iii) the filing of the Technical Report as an exhibit to the 40-F; and (iv) the use of my name in the AIF, the MD&A, and the 40-F. CONSENT OF TROY FULLER Signed “Troy Fuller” Troy Fuller, MAIG Date: April 1, 2019 -1- The undersigned hereby consents to: (i) the use of the written disclosure derived from the Report on the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves of the Fosterville gold mine located in the state of Victoria, Australia, dated April 1, 2019 and effective December 31, 2018 (the “Technical Report”) and of other information related to the Fosterville property, in the Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “AIF”) of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Company”) being filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Form 40-F Annual Report for the period ended December 31, 2018, and any amendments thereto (the “40-F”), being filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission; (ii) the disclosure of mineral reserves estimates for the Fosterville property contained in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (the “MD&A”) of the Company being filed as an exhibit to the 40-F; (iii) the filing of the Technical Report as an exhibit to the 40-F; and (iv) the use of my name in the AIF, the MD&A, and the 40-F. CONSENT OF ION HANN Signed “Ion Hann” Ion Hann, FAusIMM Date: April 1, 2019 -1- The undersigned hereby consents to: (i) the use of the written disclosure derived from the Report on the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves of the Fosterville gold mine located in the state of Victoria, Australia, dated April 1, 2019 and effective December 31, 2018 (the “Technical Report”) and of other information related to the Fosterville property, in the Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “AIF”) of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Company”) being filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Form 40-F Annual Report for the period ended December 31, 2018, and any amendments thereto (the “40-F”), being filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission; (ii) the technical contents related to the Company’s mines and properties contained in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (the “MD&A”) of the Company being filed as an exhibit to the 40-F; (iii) the filing of the Technical Report as an exhibit to the 40-F; and (iv) the use of my name in the AIF, the MD&A, and the 40-F. CONSENT OF IAN HOLLAND Signed “Ian Holland” Ian Holland, FAusIMM Date: April 1, 2019 -1- The undersigned hereby consents to: (i) the disclosure of mineral resource estimates for the Northern Territory properties located in the country of Australia contained in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (the “MD&A”) of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Company”) being filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Form 40-F Annual Report for the period ended December 31, 2018, and any amendments thereto (the “40-F”); and (ii) the use of my name in the MD&A and the 40-F. CONSENT OF OWEN GREENBERGER Signed “Owen Greenberger” Owen Greenberger, MAIG Date: April 1, 2019 -1- The undersigned hereby consents to: (i) the inclusion of the technical contents related to Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Company”) mines and properties contained in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (the “MD&A”) of the Company being filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Form 40-F Annual Report for the period ended December 31, 2018, and any amendments thereto (the “40-F”), being filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission; and (ii) the use of my name in the MD&A, and the 40-F. CONSENT OF PIERRE ROCQUE Date: April 1, 2019 Signed “Pierre Rocque” Pierre Rocque, P.Eng. -1- The undersigned hereby consents to: (i) the use of the written disclosure derived from the Report on the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves of the Macassa mine complex located in northeastern, Ontario, Canada dated April 1, 2019 and effective December 31, 2018 (the “Technical Report”) in the Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “AIF”) of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Company”) being filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Form 40-F Annual Report for the period ended December 31, 2018, and any amendments thereto (the “40-F”), being filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission; (ii) the filing of the Technical Report as an exhibit to the 40-F; and (iii) the use of my name in the AIF, and the 40-F. CONSENT OF MARIANA PINHEIRO HARVEY Signed “Mariana Pinheiro Harvey” Mariana Pinheiro Harvey, P.Eng. Date: April 1, 2019 The undersigned hereby consents to: (i) the use of the written disclosure derived from the Report on the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves of the Macassa mine complex located in northeastern, Ontario, Canada dated April 1, 2019 and effective December 31, 2018 (the “Technical Report”) in the Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “AIF”) of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Company”) being filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Form 40-F Annual Report for the period ended December 31, 2018, and any amendments thereto (the “40-F”), being filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission; (ii) the filing of the Technical Report as an exhibit to the 40-F; and (iii) the use of my name in the AIF, and the 40-F. CONSENT OF ROBERT GLOVER Signed “Robert Glover” Robert Glover, P.Geo. Date: April 1, 2019 The undersigned hereby consents to: (i) the use of the written disclosure derived from the Report on the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves of the Macassa mine complex located in northeastern, Ontario, Canada dated April 1, 2019 and effective December 31, 2018 (the “Technical Report”) in the Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “AIF”) of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Company”) being filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Form 40-F Annual Report for the period ended December 31, 2018, and any amendments thereto (the “40-F”), being filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission; (ii) the filing of the Technical Report as an exhibit to the 40-F; and (iii) the use of my name in the AIF, and the 40-F. CONSENT OF WILLIAM TAI Signed “William Tai” William Tai, P.Eng. Date: April 1, 2019 The undersigned hereby consents to: (i) the use of the written disclosure derived from the Report on the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves of the Macassa mine complex located in northeastern, Ontario, Canada dated April 1, 2019 and effective December 31, 2018 (the “Technical Report”) in the Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “AIF”) of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Company”) being filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Form 40-F Annual Report for the period ended December 31, 2018, and any amendments thereto (the “40-F”), being filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission; (ii) the filing of the Technical Report as an exhibit to the 40-F; and (iii) the use of my name in the AIF, and the 40-F. CONSENT OF BEN HARWOOD Signed “Ben Harwood” Ben Harwood, P.Geo Date: April 1, 2019 UPDATED NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT FOSTERVILLE GOLD MINE In the State of Victoria, Australia Prepared for KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD LTD. Effective Date: December 31, 2018 Issuing Date: April 01, 2019 Authors: Troy Fuller, MAIG Ion Hann, FAusIMM i Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine IMPORTANT NOTICE This Technical Report has been prepared as a National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report, as prescribed in Canadian Securities Administrators’ National Instrument 43-101, Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (NI 43-101) for Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (Kirkland Lake Gold). The data, information, estimates, conclusions and recommendations contained herein, as prepared and presented by the Authors, are consistent with: the information available at the time of preparation; the data supplied by outside sources, which has been verified by the authors as applicable; and the assumptions, conditions and qualifications set forth in this Technical Report. CAUTIONARY NOTE WITH RESPECT TO FORWARD LOOKING INFORMATION Certain information and statements contained in this Technical Report are “forward looking” in nature. All information and statements in this report, other than statements of historical fact, that address events, results, outcomes or developments that Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. and/or the Qualified Persons who authored this report expect to occur are “forward-looking statements”. Forward looking statements are statements that are not historical facts and are generally, but not always, identified by the use of forward- looking terminology such as “plans”, “expects”, “is expected”, “budget”, “scheduled”, “estimates”, “forecasts”, “intends”, “anticipates”, “projects”, “potential”, “believes” or variations of such words and phrases or statements that certain actions, events or results “may”, “could”, “would”, “should”, “might” or “will be taken”, “occur” or “be achieved” or the negative connotation of such terms. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any of its future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties and other factors include, but are not limited to, assumptions and parameters underlying the life of mine update not being realized, a decrease in the future gold price, discrepancies between actual and estimated production, the ability of the Company to secure the necessary exploration and mining licences, permitting and governmental approvals requires the ability to complete major capital projects on time and within budget, changes in costs (including labor, supplies, fuel and equipment), changes to tax rates; environmental compliance and changes in environmental legislation and regulation, exchange rate fluctuations, general economic conditions and other risks involved in the gold exploration and development industry, as well as those risk factors discussed in the Technical Report and the Company’s Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2018 filed with the securities regulators and available on SEDAR. Such forward-looking statements are also based on a number of assumptions which may prove to be incorrect, including, but not limited to, assumptions about the following: the availability of financing for exploration and development activities; operating and capital costs; the Company’s ability to attract and retain skilled staff; sensitivity to metal prices and other sensitivities; the supply and demand for, and the level and volatility of the price of, gold; the supply and availability of consumables and services; the exchange rates of the Canadian dollar to the US dollar; energy and fuel costs; the accuracy of reserve and resource estimates and the assumptions on which the reserve and resource estimates are based; market competition; ongoing relations with employees and impacted communities and general business and economic conditions. Accordingly, readers should not place undue ii Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine reliance on forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained herein are made as of the date hereof, or such other date or dates specified in such statements. All forward-looking statements in this Technical Report are necessarily based on opinions and estimates made as of the date such statements are made and are subject to important risk factors and uncertainties, many of which cannot be controlled or predicted. Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. and the Qualified Persons who authored this report undertake no obligation to update publicly or otherwise revise any forward-looking statements contained herein whether as a result of new information or future events or otherwise, except as may be required by law. Non-IFRS Financial Performance Measures Kirkland Lake Gold has included a non-IFRS measure “total site costs”, “total site costs per ounce” and various unit costs in this Technical Report. The Company believes that these measures, in addition to conventional measures prepared in accordance with IFRS, provide investors an improved ability to evaluate the underlying performance of the Company. The non-IFRS measures are intended to provide additional information and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. These measures do not have any standardized meaning prescribed under IFRS, and therefore may not be comparable to other issuers. Information Concerning Estimates of Mineral Reserves and Resources These estimates have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of Canadian securities laws, which differ from the requirements of United States’ securities laws. The terms “mineral reserve”, “proven mineral reserve” and “probable mineral reserve” are Canadian mining terms as defined in accordance with NI 43-101 and the CIM Definition Standards. The CIM Definition Standards differ from the definitions in the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) Guide 7 (“SEC Guide 7”) under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Under SEC Guide 7, a “final” or “bankable” feasibility study is required to report mineral reserves, the three-year historical average price is used in any mineral reserve or cash flow analysis to designate mineral reserves and the primary environmental analysis or report must be filed with the appropriate governmental authority. In addition, the terms “mineral resource”, “measured mineral resource”, “indicated mineral resource” and “inferred mineral resource” are defined in NI 43-101 and recognized by Canadian securities laws but are not defined terms under SEC Guide 7 or recognized under U.S. securities laws. U.S. Investors are cautioned not to assume that any part or all of mineral deposits in these categories will ever be upgraded to mineral reserves. “Inferred mineral resources” have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence and great uncertainty as to their economic and legal feasibility. It cannot be assumed that all or any part of an “inferred mineral resource” will ever be upgraded to a higher category. Under Canadian securities laws, estimates of “inferred mineral resources” may not form the basis of feasibility of pre-feasibility studies, except in rare cases. U.S. investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an inferred mineral resource exists or is economically or legally mineable. Disclosure of “contained ounces” in a resource is permitted disclosure under Canadian regulations; however, the SEC normally only permits issuers to report mineralization that does not constitute “reserves” by SEC Industry Guide 7 standards as in place tonnage and grade without reference to unit measures. Accordingly, these mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates and iii Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine related information may not be comparable to similar information made public by U.S. companies subject to the reporting and disclosure requirements under the United States federal laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, including SEC Guide 7. iv Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine CONTENTS PAGE NO. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 1 LOCATION ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 HISTORY AND OWNERSHIP .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 GEOLOGY AND MINERALIZATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 CURRENT STATUS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 MINERAL RESOURCES AND MINERAL RESERVES .................................................................................................................................. 3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 5 2 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................... 12 TERMS OF REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 FIELD INVOLVEMENT OF QUALIFIED PERSONS ................................................................................................................................. 12 DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 3 RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS ......................................................................................................... 17 4 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION .................................................................................... 18 5 ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................... 22 6 HISTORY................................................................................................................................................... 23 EXPLORATION HISTORY .............................................................................................................................................................................. 27 6.1.1 Pre-1992 Exploration............................................................................................................................................................................................ 27 6.1.2 1992-2001 Exploration ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 6.1.3 2001-2017 Exploration ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 DRILLING HISTORY ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 40 6.2.1 Pre-1992 Drilling ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40 6.2.2 1992-2001 Drilling ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 40 6.2.3 2001-2017 Drilling ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 41 7 GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND MINERALIZATION ........................................................................... 45 REGIONAL GEOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................................................... 45 LOCAL AND PROPERTY GEOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................................ 45 SCHEMATIC GEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION ...................................................................................................................................... 49 MINERALIZATION ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 52 CONTROLS ON GOLD MINERALIZATION........................................................................................................................................... 52 FOSTERVILLE FAULT ZONE ......................................................................................................................................................................... 53 7.6.1 Domains .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 55 ROBBIN’S HILL AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 59 7.7.1 Geological Overview ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 59 8 DEPOSIT TYPES ...................................................................................................................................... 62 9 EXPLORATION ....................................................................................................................................... 63 2018 EXPLORATION ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 63 10 DRILLING.................................................................................................................................................. 65 2018 DRILLING ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65 MINE GEOLOGY - OPERATING AND SUSTAINING CAPITAL DRILL PROGRAMS................................................................ 67 NEAR MINE EXPLORATION – GROWTH CAPITAL, GROWTH EXPENSED AND GROWTH PROJECTS DRILL PROGRAMS ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 68 REGIONAL EXPLORATION (LODE) – GROWTH CAPITAL DRILL PROGRAMS ..................................................................... 78 QAQC OF DRILL HOLE SURVEYS .............................................................................................................................................................. 81 PLANNED EXPLORATION ............................................................................................................................................................................ 81 v Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine REGIONAL EXPLORATION POTENTIAL ................................................................................................................................................ 83 10.7.1 Goornong South .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83 10.7.2 Hallanan's ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 85 10.7.3 Harrier UG Far South .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 85 10.7.4 May Reef.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 85 10.7.5 Myrtle Creek .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 86 10.7.6 Accott’s ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 87 10.7.7 Rasmussen .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 88 10.7.8 Russell's Reef .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 88 10.7.9 Sugarloaf Range ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 89 10.7.10 Windsor Rush ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 89 10.7.11 Lyell .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90 10.7.12 Backhaus .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 91 11 SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES AND SECURITY .................................................................... 92 SAMPLING METHOD AND APPROACH .................................................................................................................................................. 92 ELEMENTS ANALYZED ................................................................................................................................................................................... 94 DESCRIPTION OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES .................................................................................................................................. 95 QAQC .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 97 11.4.1 Standards ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 97 11.4.2 Laboratory Duplicate Samples .......................................................................................................................................................................... 100 11.4.3 Laboratory Repeat (replicate) Samples ........................................................................................................................................................... 102 11.4.4 Blanks ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 104 11.4.5 Field Duplicates .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 105 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE VERIFICATION ......................................................................................................................................... 106 11.5.1 Comparison of Analytical Techniques ............................................................................................................................................................. 106 11.5.2 Visible Gold Duplicate Sample Comparison .................................................................................................................................................. 109 11.5.3 Umpire Laboratory Checks ............................................................................................................................................................................... 111 11.5.4 Sample Segregation Testing ............................................................................................................................................................................... 113 SAMPLE AND DATA SECURITY ................................................................................................................................................................ 113 11.6.1 Sample Security .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 113 11.6.2 Data Security ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 113 ADEQUACY OF PROCEDURES ................................................................................................................................................................. 114 12 DATA VERIFICATION .......................................................................................................................... 115 DATABASE VALIDATION ............................................................................................................................................................................ 115 DATA VERIFICATION ................................................................................................................................................................................... 115 13 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING ......................................................... 116 14 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES .................................................................................................... 117 CENTRAL AREA ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 121 14.1.1 Geological Models ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 122 14.1.2 Drilling Data ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 123 14.1.3 Compositing ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 124 14.1.4 Variography .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 130 14.1.5 Top Cuts ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 136 14.1.6 Block Models ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 138 14.1.7 Bulk Density ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 138 14.1.8 Search Criteria ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 141 14.1.9 Model Validation .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 148 14.1.10 Mineral Resource Classification ........................................................................................................................................................................ 152 14.1.11 Results ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 154 14.1.12 Further Work ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 154 HARRIER AREA................................................................................................................................................................................................. 155 14.2.1 Geological Model ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 155 14.2.2 Drilling Data ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 155 14.2.3 Compositing ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 155 14.2.4 Variography .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 157 14.2.5 Top Cuts ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 157 14.2.6 Block Models ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 159 14.2.7 Bulk Density ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 159 vi Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 14.2.8 Search Criteria ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 159 14.2.9 Model Validation .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 162 14.2.10 Mineral Resource Classification ........................................................................................................................................................................ 163 14.2.11 Results ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 163 14.2.12 Further Work ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 164 FOSTERVILLE-HUNTS AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 164 14.3.1 Area Discussion and Results ............................................................................................................................................................................. 164 DALEY’S HILL AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 166 14.4.1 Geological Models ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 166 14.4.2 Drilling Data ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 166 14.4.3 Compositing ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 166 14.4.4 Variography .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 167 14.4.5 Block Models ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 167 14.4.6 Top Cuts ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 167 14.4.7 Bulk Density ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 167 14.4.8 Search Criteria ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 167 14.4.9 Mineral Resource Classification ........................................................................................................................................................................ 168 14.4.10 Results ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 168 ROBBIN’S HILL AREA ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 169 14.5.1 Geological Models ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 169 14.5.2 Drilling Data ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 169 14.5.3 Compositing ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 170 14.5.4 Variography .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 173 14.5.5 Top Cuts ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 173 14.5.6 Block Models ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 173 14.5.7 Bulk Density ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 177 14.5.8 Search Criteria ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 177 14.5.9 Model Validation .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 180 14.5.10 Mineral Resource Classification ........................................................................................................................................................................ 181 14.5.11 Results ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 181 15 MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES ........................................................................................................ 183 15.1 MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATE .................................................................................................................................................................... 184 15.1.1 Open Stope Design ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 185 15.1.2 Gold Cut-Off Grades ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 191 15.1.3 Depletion and Results ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 192 16 MINING METHODS ............................................................................................................................... 193 MINING FLEET .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 193 LOM PRODUCTION PLAN ......................................................................................................................................................................... 198 17 RECOVERY METHODS ......................................................................................................................... 199 CRUSHING AND MILLING .......................................................................................................................................................................... 201 FLOTATION ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 202 GRAVITY RECOVERABLE GOLD .............................................................................................................................................................. 202 OXIDATION - BIOX® .................................................................................................................................................................................... 203 MOZLEY CYCLONES ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 204 LEACHING ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 204 HEATED LEACH .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 204 ELUTION AND GOLD ELECTRO-WINNING ...................................................................................................................................... 204 18 PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................................................. 206 SURFACE INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................................................................... 206 18.1.1 Plant ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 206 18.1.2 Buildings ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 209 18.1.3 Power .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 209 18.1.4 Tailings ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 209 18.2 UNDERGROUND INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................................................................................................... 213 18.2.1 Power .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 213 18.2.2 Water .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 214 18.2.3 Ventilation ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 215 vii Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 18.2.4 Dumps ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 215 19 MARKET STUDIES AND CONTRACTS ............................................................................................. 216 19.1 MARKETS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 216 19.2 CONTRACTS .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 216 20 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, PERMITTING AND SOCIAL OR COMMUNITY IMPACT ........... 217 20.1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND RELATED ISSUES ........................................................................................................................ 217 20.1.1 Paste Plant ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 217 20.1.2 Water Treatment Plant ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 217 20.1.3 Environmental Noise Assessments and Mitigation ....................................................................................................................................... 218 20.1.4 Storm Water Management ................................................................................................................................................................................ 219 20.1.5 Biosolids Trial ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 219 20.1.6 Dust Monitoring and Controls ......................................................................................................................................................................... 219 WASTE AND TAILINGS DISPOSAL, SITE MONITORING AND WATER MANAGEMENT ................................................. 220 20.2.1 Requirements ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 220 20.2.2 Site Monitoring and Water Management ........................................................................................................................................................ 222 PROJECT PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................................................... 224 SOCIAL OR COMMUNITY RELATED REQUIREMENTS AND PLANS......................................................................................... 224 MINE CLOSURE (REMEDIATION AND RECLAMATION) REQUIREMENTS AND COSTS .................................................. 225 21 CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS ................................................................................................. 226 CAPITAL AND OPERATING ESTIMATES ............................................................................................................................................... 226 21.1.1 Capital Costs ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 226 21.1.2 Operating Costs .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 227 22 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................ 228 23 ADJACENT PROPERTIES ..................................................................................................................... 229 24 OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION ............................................................................ 230 25 INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................ 231 26 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 235 27 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 238 28 DATE AND SIGNATURE ...................................................................................................................... 242 DATE AND SIGNATURE .............................................................................................................................................................................. 242 CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFIED PERSON .................................................................................................................................................. 243 CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFIED PERSON .................................................................................................................................................. 244 viii Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURES PAGE NO. Figure 4-1 Fosterville Project Location Map............................................................................................................................................................................. 18 Figure 4-2 Fosterville Mining Lease Plan with Exploration Licenses and Royalty Areas .................................................................................................. 20 Figure 6-1 Plan of IP Survey Areas and Prospects surrounding Fosterville Gold Mine .................................................................................................... 35 Figure 6-2 Plan of RTP Magnetics Surrounding Fosterville Gold Mine ................................................................................................................................ 36 Figure 6-3 Plan of Total Count Radiometrics Surrounding the Fosterville Gold Mine .................................................................................................... 37 Figure 6-4 Regional Bouger Gravity ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Figure 6-5 EL3539 Soil Geochemistry Sample Location Data including 2018 Campaign Data ....................................................................................... 39 Figure 7-1 Map and Cross-Section of the Western Lachlan Fold Belt in Central Victoria ............................................................................................. 46 Figure 7-2 Regional Geology Plan of the Fosterville District, showing Fosterville Mining Licenses, Exploration Licenses, Open Pits and Hard Rock Gold Occurrences ................................................................................................................................................................................. 47 Figure 7-3 Fosterville Surface Geology Plan Showing Surface Mining Activity ................................................................................................................... 48 Figure 7-4 Fosterville Fault Zone Schematic Cross Section Looking North ...................................................................................................................... 51 Figure 7-5 Fosterville Fault Zone Longitudinal Projection showing Resources, Reserves, Mining and Target Areas ................................................ 54 Figure 7-6 Longitudinal Projection Of The Swan (Yellow) And Audax (Pink) MinerAlized Zones. Gray Are All Other Domains. ....................... 58 Figure 7-7 Longitudinal Projection Of The Harrier Base (Red) Mineralized Zones. Gray Are All Other Domains. ................................................. 59 Figure 7-8 Longitudinal Projection of the Curie (Blue) Mineralized Domain. Gray Are All Other Domains. ............................................................. 60 Figure 7-9 Robbin's Hill Schematic Cross Section Looking North ...................................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 10-1 2018 Underground Resource Definition and Near Mine Diamond Drilling - Central and Phoenix South .............................................. 70 Figure 10-2 2018 Underground Resource Definition and Near Mine Diamond Drilling - Harrier ................................................................................. 71 Figure 10-3 2018 Undergorund Resource Definition and Near Mine Diamond Drilling – Phoenix North ................................................................... 72 Figure 10-4 Longitudinal Projection of Swan Mineralization Displaying 2018 Resource Definition Drill Intercepts .................................................... 73 Figure 10-5 Plan View of Surface Geology and Drill Hole Locations Map 1 ........................................................................................................................ 74 Figure 10-6 Plan View of Surface Geology and Drill Hole Locations Map 2 ........................................................................................................................ 75 Figure 11-1 Underground Face Sample Duplicate Results ....................................................................................................................................................... 93 Figure 11-2 Example Standard Control Chart ........................................................................................................................................................................... 99 Figure 11-3 Sulfide Laboratory Duplicates (2017 – 2018) ..................................................................................................................................................... 101 Figure 11-4 Visible Gold Laboratory Duplicates (2017 – 2018) ........................................................................................................................................... 102 Figure 11-5 Laboratory Repeat Sulfide Samples (2017 – 2018) ............................................................................................................................................ 103 Figure 11-6 Laboratory Repeat Visible Gold Samples (2017 – 2018) .................................................................................................................................. 104 Figure 11-7 Field Duplicate Gold Data (2017 – 2018) ............................................................................................................................................................ 106 Figure 11-8 Inverse Cummulative Histogram Showing a Positive Conditional Grade Bias of FA25 Gold Data. (QG Consultant Report 2016) ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 107 Figure 11-9 2017 Fire Assay vs Leachwell ................................................................................................................................................................................. 108 Figure 11-10 Gold in Solids of High NCC Sample ..................................................................................................................................................................... 109 Figure 11-11 Correlation Plot of the Visible Gold Field Duplicate Data............................................................................................................................... 110 Figure 11-12 Correlation of OSLS and BVM Pulps .................................................................................................................................................................... 112 Figure 14-1 Plan Showing Mining Leases and the Area Covered by each of the Block Models...................................................................................... 120 Figure 14-2 6770mN Section showing Data for Creating Mineralization Domain Wireframes (Underground)......................................................... 123 Figure 14-3 Down-hole Compositing where Domain Boundaries are Honoured in the Composite File .................................................................... 124 Figure 14-4 Variogram of the Major Direction of the High Grade Sub-Domain of Domain=61 Swan Domain ......................................................... 131 Figure 14-5 Mean Au (g/t) and Co-Variance Plot of the Au of Domain=61 Swan ............................................................................................................ 137 Figure 14-6 Log Probability Plot for the AU of the Domain=61 Swan ................................................................................................................................ 137 Figure 14-7 Diamond Drill Core Bulk Density Values vs. Reduced Level for Data up to December 2018................................................................. 140 Figure 14-8 Drill Core Bulk Density Values (Intervals >1 g/t Au) vs. RL for data up to December 2018 ................................................................... 140 Figure 14-9 Bulk Density Values used in Resource Models Mineral Resource Classification ......................................................................................... 141 Figure 14-10 Longitudinal Projection showing Northern, Central and Harrier Model extents as of December 31, 2018 ......................................... 143 Figure 14-11 Search Ellipsoid for Domain=61 Swan (Purple) Reflecting the Plunge Intersection With the Benu ELQ fault (Green) ...................... 147 Figure 14-12 6500mN Cross-Section of the Southern Phoenix Model ................................................................................................................................. 148 Figure 14-13 Example Swath Plot by Northing Slices for the 25m drill spacing subdomain in Domain=61 Swan ........................................................ 151 Figure 14-14 Longitudinal Projection showing Mineral Resources Classification in The Northern, Central and Lower Phoenix Models .............. 153 Figure 14-15 Search Ellipsoid for Domain=36 Harrier Base .................................................................................................................................................... 161 Figure 14-16 Cross-Section 4700 mN of the 1810_HRM Harrier Model ............................................................................................................................ 161 Figure 14-17 Longitudinal Projection Showing Resource Classification for the Harrier Model ....................................................................................... 163 Figure 14-18 Geological Cross-Section 10,900mN through Hunt’s Pit ................................................................................................................................. 165 Figure 14-19 Longitudinal Section view of Mineral Resource in Robbin's Hill Area ........................................................................................................... 181 Figure 14-20 Robbin’s Hill Cross-Section 12575mN ................................................................................................................................................................ 182 Figure 15-1 Dilution & Recovery Factors for High Grade Orebodies ................................................................................................................................ 188 Figure 15-2 Dilution & Recovery Factors for Raptor Transverse Zone ............................................................................................................................. 190 Figure 16-1 Longitudinal Projection of Actual and Proposed Mining Layout as at December 31, 2018 ....................................................................... 195 Figure 16-2 Longitudinal Projection of Phoenix and Swan Actual and Proposed Mining Layout as at December 31, 2018 ..................................... 196 Figure 16-3 Longitudinal Projection of Harrier Actual and Proposed Mining Layout as at December 31, 2018 ........................................................ 197 Figure 17-1 Schematic Ore Treatment Flowchart................................................................................................................................................................... 201 Figure 18-1 Fosterville Gold Mine Site Services Plan .............................................................................................................................................................. 207 ix Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Figure 18-2 Fosterville Processing Plant Area Plan ................................................................................................................................................................. 208 Figure 18-3 Fosterville Flotation and Neutralization Residue Storage Area Plan .............................................................................................................. 211 Figure 18-4 Fosterville CIL Residue Storage Area plan .......................................................................................................................................................... 212 x Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLES PAGE NO. Table 1-1 Summarized Mineral Resources (Exclusive of Mineral Reserve) for FGM as at December 31, 2018 .......................................................... 4 Table 1-2 Summarized Mineral Reserves for FGM as at December 31, 2018 .................................................................................................................... 5 Table 2-1 Definition of Terms ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Table 4-1 License Details ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19 Table 4-2 Grid Conversion Reference Points ......................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Table 6-1 Mined Production Data for Fosterville for the Period 2004-2018 ................................................................................................................... 25 Table 6-2 Historic Resource of the Goornong South Prospect Perserverance (1999).................................................................................................. 26 Table 6-3 Historic Resource of the Hallanan’s Prospect Perserverance (1999) .............................................................................................................. 26 Table 6-4 2008 UTS Geophysical Surveys over Fosterville Gold Mine and Surrounding Areas ................................................................................... 31 Table 7-1 Model Domains, Codes and Assigned Mineralized Zones ................................................................................................................................. 55 Table 9-1 2018 Regional Exploration Activities Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 63 Table 9-2 2018 Holes Logged By Wireline .............................................................................................................................................................................. 63 Table 10-1 Mine Geology – Operating and Sustaining Capital Drill Programs ................................................................................................................... 67 Table 10-2 Near Mine Exploration - Growth Capital, Growth Expensed and Growth Projects Drill Programs ........................................................ 69 Table 10-3 Drill Hole Prefixes for all Drilling on the Fosterville Fault Corridor South of 10,000mN .......................................................................... 76 Table 10-4 Drill Hole Prefixes for all Drilling in the Robbin's Hill - O'Dwyer's Area ....................................................................................................... 77 Table 10-5 Regional Exploration Drilling programs 2018 ....................................................................................................................................................... 78 Table 10-6 2018 Regional Exploration Diamond Drilling Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 79 Table 10-7 LRC005 Comparison Between 2m and 1m Samples ........................................................................................................................................... 81 Table 11-1 Analysed Elements by Method and Time Period .................................................................................................................................................. 94 Table 11-2 Standard Performance 2018 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 99 Table 11-3 OSLS 2018 Laboratory Standards, g/t Au ............................................................................................................................................................ 100 Table 11-4 BVM 2018 Laboratory Standards, g/t Au ............................................................................................................................................................. 100 Table 11-5 Fire Assay weight study results – Q-Q results ................................................................................................................................................... 111 Table 11-6 Statistical comparison between AAS and gravimetric gold results ................................................................................................................. 111 Table 11-7 Umpire Sampling by Zone ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 112 Table 14-1 Mineral Resources (Exclusive of Mineral Reserve) for FGM as at December 31, 2018 ............................................................................. 118 Table 14-2 Central Area Mineralized Domains By Model Zone ......................................................................................................................................... 121 Table 14-3 Descriptive Statistics for the Northern Model ................................................................................................................................................... 125 Table 14-4 Composite Statistics by Composite Length in the Northern Model ............................................................................................................. 125 Table 14-5 Descriptive Statistics of Gold for the Southern Phoenix Model ..................................................................................................................... 126 Table 14-6 Descriptive Statistics of Gold for the Northern Phoenix Model .................................................................................................................... 128 Table 14-7 Descriptive Statistics of Gold for the Central Model........................................................................................................................................ 129 Table 14-8 Composite Statistics by Composite Length Clipped to the Model Extents for the Central Model (1809_CRM), Southern Phoenix (1812_SPRM) and Northern Phoenix Model (1805_NPRM) ........................................................................................................... 130 Table 14-9 Variogram Parameters Used for Northern Model Gold Estimation .............................................................................................................. 132 Table 14-10 Variogram Parameters Used for the Southern Phoenix Model (1812_SPRM) Gold Estimation .............................................................. 133 Table 14-11 Variogram Parameters Used for the Northern Phoenix Model (1805_NPRM) Gold Estimation ............................................................ 134 Table 14-12 Variogram Parameters Used for the Central Model (1809_CRM) Gold Estimation .................................................................................. 135 Table 14-13 Comparison Between Number of Composites Present above the Cut-Off Value from 2014 to December 2018 for the same Resource Area .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 136 Table 14-14 Central Area Block Model Dimensions ............................................................................................................................................................... 138 Table 14-15 Bulk Density Samples from Underground Production Locations ................................................................................................................... 139 Table 14-16 Search Parameters for the Southern Phoenix Resource Model (1812_SPRM)............................................................................................ 144 Table 14-17 Search Parameters for the Northern Phoenix Resource Model (1805_NPRM) ......................................................................................... 145 Table 14-18 Search Parameters for the Central Model (1809_CRM) .................................................................................................................................. 146 Table 14-19 Search Parameters for the Northern Model (1201_NRM) ............................................................................................................................. 147 Table 14-20 Mineralized Domain Mean Grade Comparison for 1812_SPRM .................................................................................................................... 149 Table 14-21 Mineralized Domain Mean Grade Comparison for 1805_NPRM ................................................................................................................... 150 Table 14-22 Mineralized Domain Mean Grade Comparison for 1809_CRM ..................................................................................................................... 150 Table 14-23 Descriptive Statistics for the Harrier Model (1810_HRM) .............................................................................................................................. 156 Table 14-24 Composite Statistics by Composite Length for the (1712_HRM) Harrier Model ...................................................................................... 157 Table 14-25 Variogram Parameters Used for the Harrier Resource Model (1810_HRM) Gold Estimation ................................................................ 158 Table 14-26 Harrier Block Model Extents and Cell Size ......................................................................................................................................................... 159 Table 14-27 Search Parameters for the Harrier Resource Model (1810_HRM) ............................................................................................................... 160 Table 14-28 Mineralized domain mean grade comparison for 1810_HRM ......................................................................................................................... 162 Table 14-29 Composite Statistics by Composite Length for the Robbin's Hill Model ...................................................................................................... 170 Table 14-30 Descriptive Statistics of Gold for the Robbin’s Hill North Model .................................................................................................................. 171 Table 14-31 Descriptive Statistics of Gold for the Robbin’s Hill South Model ................................................................................................................... 172 Table 14-32 Robbin’s Hill Block Model Extents ........................................................................................................................................................................ 174 Table 14-33 Variogram Parameters Used for the Robbin’s Hill North Resource Model Gold Estimation ................................................................... 175 Table 14-34 Variogram Parameters Used for the Robbin’s Hill South Resource Model Gold Estimation .................................................................... 176 Table 14-35 Search Parameters for the Robbin’s Hill North Resource Model (1810_RHRM North) .......................................................................... 178 xi Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Table 14-36 Search Parameters for the Robbin’s Hill South Resource Model (1810_RHRM South) ............................................................................ 179 Table 14-37 Mineralized Domain Mean Grade Comparison for 1810_RHRM_North ..................................................................................................... 180 Table 14-38 Mineralized Domain Mean Grade Comparison for 1701_RHRM_South ...................................................................................................... 180 Table 15-1 Mineral Reserves for FGM as at December 31, 2018 ....................................................................................................................................... 183 Table 15-2 Mineral Reserves (with Eagle / Swan Subdivisions) for FGM as at December 31, 2018 ............................................................................. 184 Table 15-3 Recovery and Dilution Factors for the Reserve Blocks as displayed in Figure 15-1 ................................................................................... 186 Table 15-4 Dilution and Recovery Factors used for the December 2018 Mineral Reserves ........................................................................................ 187 Table 15-5 Mineral Reserve Gold Cut-off Grades ................................................................................................................................................................. 191 Table 16-1 LOM Production Physicals ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 198 Table 17-1 Actual Plant Performances (2009 – 2018) ........................................................................................................................................................... 199 Table 20-1 Overburden Use At Fosterville Gold Mine ......................................................................................................................................................... 221 Table 21-1 LOM Capital Cost Estimates from the December 2018 LOM Plan ............................................................................................................... 226 Table 21-2 LOM Operating Cost Estimates from the December 2018 LOM PLan ........................................................................................................ 227 xii Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This technical report has been prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (Kirkland Lake Gold), the beneficial owner of the Fosterville Gold Mine. Kirkland Lake Gold is listed on the Toronto and New York Stock Exchanges under the ticker symbol “KL” and the Australian Securities Exchange under the ticker symbol “KLA”. On November 30, 2016, Newmarket Gold Inc. (“Newmarket”) merged with Kirkland Lake Gold Inc. and the company was renamed Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. This document provides the Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates for the Fosterville Gold Mine (Fosterville or FGM) as a result of ongoing exploration and resource definition drilling, and mine design and evaluation during the period December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. LOCATION The Fosterville Gold Mine is located approximately 20km east of the city of Bendigo and 130km north of the city of Melbourne in the State of Victoria, Australia. The mine and all associated infrastructure including the tailings dam and waste dumps are located on Mining License 5404, which is 100% owned by Kirkland Lake Gold. Kirkland Lake Gold also holds titles, through its wholly owned subsidiary; Fosterville Gold Mine Pty Ltd of seven surrounding Exploration Licenses totaling 1851.4km2. These Exploration Licenses encompass the entire strike extent of the Fosterville Goldfield. HISTORY AND OWNERSHIP Gold was first discovered in the Fosterville area in 1894 with mining activity continuing until 1903 for a total of 28koz of production. Mining in this era was confined to the near-surface oxide material. Aside from a minor tailings retreatment in the 1930’s, activity resumed in 1988 with a further tailings retreatment program conducted by Bendigo Gold Associates, which ceased in 1989. Mining recommenced in 1991 when Brunswick Mining NL and then Perseverance Corporation Ltd. (from 1992) commenced heap-leaching operations from shallow oxide open pits. Between 1988, and the cessation of oxide mining in 2001, a total of 240koz of gold were produced (Roberts et al, 2003). A feasibility study into a sulfide mining operation was completed by Perseverance in 2003, and open pit mining commenced in early 2004. Commercial production began in April 2005 and in March 2006 underground development had commenced. By December 2006, FGM had produced 136,882oz gold. In October 2007, Perseverance announced that it had entered into an agreement with Northgate Minerals Corporation to acquire the company with full control passing to Northgate in February 2008. The 500,000th ounce of sulfide gold production was achieved in April 2011. 1 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine In August 2011, Northgate entered into a merger agreement with AuRico Gold Inc. who assumed control of Northgate in October 2011. In March 2012, AuRico and Crocodile Gold Corporation jointly announced that Crocodile Gold would acquire the Fosterville and Stawell gold mines. Crocodile Gold’s ownership of Fosterville was achieved on May 4, 2012. In July 2015, Newmarket Gold merged with Crocodile Gold to form Newmarket Gold Inc. In January 2016 a significant milestone in Fosterville Gold Mine’s history was reached when the one millionth ounce of gold was poured. On November 30, 2016, Kirkland Lake Gold Inc. merged with Newmarket to form a new mid-tier gold company which was renamed Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. Kirkland Lake Gold has since rapidly increased the output of the Fosterville operation based on its exploration success, in particular, the development of the high grade Eagle and Swan mineralized zones. Gold production has grown year on year facilitated by increasing grade profiles at depth, with annual mine output expanding from 151,755oz at 7.55g/t Au in 2016 to 356,230oz at 24.93g/t Au in 2018. By early May 2018, Fosterville Gold Mine had produced its 1.5 millionth ounce and as of December 31st, 2018 it has achieved a total production of 1,772,670 ounces since the construction of the sulfide plant in April 2005. GEOLOGY AND MINERALIZATION The Fosterville Goldfield is located within the Bendigo Zone of the Lachlan Orogen in south-eastern Australia. The deposit is hosted by an interbedded turbidite sequence of sandstones, siltstones and shales. This sequence has been weakly metamorphosed to sub-greenschist facies and folded into a set of upright, north-northwest trending and shallowly south plunging open to closed folds. The folding resulted in the formation of a series of bedding parallel laminated quartz (LQ) veins and bedding parallel thrust faults. Gold and associated sulfide mineralization at Fosterville is controlled by late brittle faulting and fracturing. These brittle faults are generally steeply west-dipping, reverse faults with a series of moderately west- dipping, reverse splay faults formed in the footwall of the main faults. There are also less abundant, moderately southeast and southwest-dipping faults which govern high grade visible gold mineralization along the Eagle and Swan zones. Two main styles of gold mineralization occur at Fosterville; a sediment- hosted sub-micron refractory style where gold is locked in disseminated arsenopyrite and pyrite crystals which form selvages to quartz–carbonate vein stockworks throughout the 9km long fault system, and a gold-in-vein mineralization style where visible gold is hosted in quartz-carbonate veins that show laminated and stylolitic vein textures as well as brecciation. Gold mineralization is structurally controlled with high-grade zones localized by the geometric relationship between bedding-parallel and oblique faults. Mineralized shoots are typically 4-15m thick and show down-dip and down-plunge dimensions of 50-150m and 300 -2,000m+ respectively. Antimony mineralization, mainly in the form of stibnite, occurs with quartz and varies from replacement and infill of earlier quartz-carbonate stockwork veins, to massive stibnite-only veins up to 0.5m in width. The late stibnite-quartz mineralization occurs in favorable structural locations, such as the Phoenix, Eagle 2 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine and Swan vein and fault structures and therefore shows a spatial association with visible gold. The occurrence of visible gold has become increasingly significant at Fosterville and is observed more frequently at greater depth within the Lower Phoenix System. Throughout 2016 to 2018, visible gold (≤3mm in size) was also observed with notably increased frequency, in deeper parts of the Harrier System and also within the nearby Robbin’s Hill exploration target. Fosterville Gold Mine engaged Quantitative Geoscience (QG) in November 2014, in response to the noted increased frequency of visible gold occurrences at depth, to provide external advice and coarse-gold expertize regarding the implications to resource estimation and mine geology practices. Throughout 2015 and 2016 QG continued to assist FGM through review of current practices and provided technical theory and background to sampling, assaying and resource modeling in coarse (and nuggetty) gold environments. In May 2017, Fosterville Gold Mine engaged SRK Consulting (Australasia) Pty. Ltd. (SRK) to provide an external independent review of laboratory sampling, sample preparation, assay procedures and estimation methodology. Whilst no sub-sampling and assay bias were identified during the review, recommendations were made to test and/or improve the laboratory processes in order to minimize the potential for sub-sampling and assay bias. In regard to modeling methodology, SRK made recommendations related to sub-domaining, de-clustering, top cutting and validation which have been implemented in the December 2018 Mineral Resource estimate. CURRENT STATUS Since the commencement of commercial gold production in April 2005, the sulfide plant at Fosterville Gold Mine has produced 1,772,670oz of gold to the end of December 2018. This production was initially sourced solely from open cut mining with underground mining starting to contribute from late 2006. The Harrier open cut was completed in December 2007 and since that time the underground mine has been the primary source of ore. Ore sourced from a series of pit expansions on the previously mined Harrier, John’s and O’Dwyer's South pits between Q1 2011 and Q4 2012 has provided supplementary feed to underground ore sources. Since the beginning of 2013 underground operations has been the sole provider of mill feed at Fosterville. Current mining activities are focused on the Central, Phoenix and Harrier underground areas and current gold production guidance for 2019 is 550-610koz. Kirkland Lake Gold’s 2019 budget for FGM exploration and resource development activities is estimated at A$56.3m. It includes 176km of exploration and resource definition diamond drilling, 28km of RC/RAB drilling, soil sampling, geophysical surveys and mining development of dedicated underground drill platforms (537m). MINERAL RESOURCES AND MINERAL RESERVES The Mineral Resources reported are contained within the mining license MIN5404 and exploration license EL3539. Mineral Reserves reported are fully contained within the mining license MIN5404 (Section 4). The Mineral Resource Areas of Central, Southern, Harrier and Robbin’s Hill are historically defined resource areas, which were established at different times in the evolution of the project. The Central Area contains 3 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine multiple Mineral Resource models, primarily for reasons of data handling. Details on Mineral Resource block model extents can be seen in Figure 14-1. Mineral Resources are reported exclusive of Mineral Reserves (Table 1-1). All Mineral Reserves are contained within the Central and Harrier Mineral Resource Areas. Mineral Reserves contained within the Central Mineral Resource Area have been subdivided into Central and Phoenix Mineral Reserves Table 15-1. CIL Residue Mineral Reserves are distinguished from in situ Mineral Reserves in Table 1-2 on the basis of differing recovery assumptions. TABLE 1-1 SUMMARIZED MINERAL RESOURCES (EXCLUSIVE OF MINERAL RESERVE) FOR FGM AS AT DECEMBER 31, 2018 Summarized Mineral Resources (Exclusive of Mineral Reserve) for Fosterville as of December 31, 2018 Tonnes Gold Grade Insitu Gold Classification (000’s) (g/t Au) Ounces (000’s) Oxide and Sulfide Materials Measured 1,900 2.9 177 Indicated 12,900 4.7 1,930 Total (Measured and Indicated) 14,800 4.4 2,110 Inferred 10,300 5.5 1,830 Notes: 1. CIM definitions (2014) were followed in the estimation of Mineral Resources. 2. For the Mineral Resource estimate, the Qualified Person is Troy Fuller. 3. The Mineral Resources reported are exclusive of the Mineral Reserves. 4. See notes provided for Table 14-1 for more detail on oxide and sulfide resources. 5. Tonnes and Ounces reported to three significant figures. Grades reported to one decimal place. Minor discrepancies in summation may occur due to rounding. 6. Mineral Resources are not Mineral Reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability. 7. The Mineral Resource estimate used a gold price of US$1,230 per ounce (A$1,710 per ounce). 8. Cut-off grades applied are 0.7 g/t Au for oxide, 1.0 g/t Au for near-surface sulfide (above 5050mRL) and 3.0 g/t Au for underground sulfide mineralization (below 5050mRL). 9. Dry Bulk Density of mineralized material applied are 2.40t/m3 for oxide, 2.56t/m3 for transitional material, 2.64t/m3 for fresh material between 5000 and 5050mRL, 2.72t/m3 for fresh material between 4500 and 5000mRL, and 2.78t/m3 for fresh material below 4500mRL. 4 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 1-2 SUMMARIZED MINERAL RESERVES FOR FGM AS AT DECEMBER 31, 2018 Summarized Mineral Reserves for Fosterville as of December 31, 2018 Tonnes Gold Grade Insitu Gold Classification (000’s) (g/t Au) Ounces (000’s) Proven 178 16.7 96 Probable 2,550 32.0 2,620 Total (Proven and Probable) 2,720 31.0 2,720 CIL Residues Proven 683 7.6 168 Notes: 1. CIM definitions (2014) were followed in the estimation of Mineral Reserves. 2. For the Mineral Reserves estimate, the Qualified Person is Ion Hann. 3. The Mineral Reserve estimate used a gold price of US$1,230 per ounce (A$1,710 per ounce). 4. The cut-off grades applied ranged from 2.0 to 5.4 g/t Au for underground sulfide ore depending upon width, mining method and ground conditions. 5. Dilution ranging from 5 to 50% and mining recovery ranging from 50 to 95% were applied to stopes within the Mineral Reserves estimate. 6. Tonnes and Ounces reported to three significant figures. Grades reported to one decimal place. Minor discrepancies in summation may occur due to rounding. 7. CIL residue is stated as contained ounces – 25% recovery is expected. Recoveries are based on operating performances. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The Authors have made the following interpretations and conclusions: The understanding of the fundamental geological controls on mineralization at Fosterville is high. Primary mineralization is structurally controlled with high-grade zones localized by the geometric relationship between bedding and faults. This predictive model has led to considerable exploration success in following the down-plunge extensions of high-grade mineralization. The Lower Phoenix (Benu) Fault is a major west-dipping structure in the active mine development area and is defined by reverse faulting on a shale package where anticline thrust displacement of ~80m occurs. The fault dips 35-55° to the west and mineralization can be traced along an approximate dip extent of 190m and strike extent of 1.9km. The dominant mineralization style surrounding this structure is gold-bearing disseminated sulfide; however, occurrences of visible gold in quartz veins at depth have become increasingly more common and concentrated where footwall structures intersect one another. The Lower Phoenix System currently remains open to the north and south so maximum plunge extent has not yet been defined; Throughout the period from 2016 to 2018, development mapping and continued drilling confirmed the existence of multiple mineralized structures, of various size and continuity in the footwall of the 5 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine main west-dipping Lower Phoenix (Benu) Fault, which present significant resource growth. Improved geological understanding of the Lower Phoenix System has highlighted the significance of these favorable settings for mineralization, including; East-dipping mineralized structures, namely the Eagle Fault and East Dipping Faults, which commonly contain quartz–stibnite vein assemblages and substantial concentrations of visible gold which are typically enveloped by haloes of disseminated sulfide. The Eagle Fault is discordant to bedding and variably dips between 10 and 60° to the east and transforms further to the south to strike in an ENE direction, dipping ~45° to the SSE. Mineralization on the Eagle Zone extends over a ~1km strike extent and is untested and open at depth below the 3805mRL and south of 6125mN. East Dipping Faults are typically bedding parallel to sub parallel with dips of ~70° east to sub-vertical. East Dipping structures are expansive along the strike extent of the Lower Phoenix system with highest intensity mineralization observed proximal to anticlinal hinge zones; and Low-angled Lower Phoenix Footwall west-dipping structures typically consist of large laminated quartz veins with up to several meters width, indicating a series of multiple mineralizing events, including a later stage quartz-stibnite phase with visible gold. The faults are interpreted to only have a small amount of offset. Where these structures form linkages between the Lower Phoenix and East Dipping Faults, extremely high-gold grades occur. During 2016, drilling extending footwall to the Lower Phoenix (Benu) Fault discovered the southwest- dipping Swan (previously reported as Lower Phoenix Footwall) mineralization, which occupies a reverse fault structure exhibiting rotational displacement. The southwest-dipping Swan Fault exists as an oblique structure cross-cutting the eastern limb of the anticline and is bounded by the Eagle Fault down-dip and the Kestrel Syncline at its upper margin. The structure is characterized by a one to three meter thick quartz vein, which exhibits various textural features. Textures include, unique spotted stibnite and visible gold within quartz, zones of brecciation, country rock and stibnite laminations (particularly concentrated on vein margins), styolitic textures with concentrated trends of visible gold, vugs containing euhedral crystalline quartz, +/- sulfides and visible gold, sugary crypto crystalline quartz textures and massive quartz zones containing specs and slugs of visible gold. On its periphery there is a lower-grade wall-rock selvage of sulfide dominated gold mineralization which can be up to 2m in true width. The Swan structure has returned some of the highest grade intercepts on the Fosterville License. Subsequent drilling during 2017 and 2018 reaffirmed the high-grade continuity of mineralization and increased the known extent of the this highly mineralized structure, which has now been defined over approximately 600m in strike length and 400m in vertical extent. During 2018, level developments and production stoping commenced on the Swan, increasing confidence in the extraordinary high grade nature of the ore shoot. Swan is the highest grade mineralized zone defined at Fosterville to date and contributes 2,340,000oz at an average grade of 49.6g/t Au (1,470,000 tonnes) to the updated December 31, 2018 Mineral Reserve estimate making up 86% of the total in situ Mineral Reserves. Extremely high grades in Swan are coincident with the intersection of the Eagle and Swan Splay Faults. 6 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Continued drilling from the hangingwall drill platforms during 2019 will advance the understanding of the size and scale of this resource growth target. Continued drill definition of these structures over 2018, in combination with ore development and production exposure and reconciliation performance has reaffirmed the significance of footwall structures to the Lower Phoenix (Benu) Fault. The defined continuity, proximity to existing Mineral Resources and high-grade tenor of these structures enhances the December 2018 Mineral Resource and Reserve position. Furthermore, mineralization on these structures is open down-plunge, providing encouraging future Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve growth potential for the Fosterville operation; Drilling into the Harrier System over 2016 identified high-grade mineralization containing occurrences of visible gold at depth, primarily associated with the Harrier Base structure. Resource drilling throughout 2017 and 2018 continued to support 2016 results and resource confidence has further increased in this zone. In addition, step out drilling identified significant mineralization approximately 100m to the south of the June 2017 Harrier Base Mineral Resource and up dip on the Osprey structure beneath the Daley’s Hill Pit indicating the potential for resource growth in this zone. The Harrier Base structure exhibits reverse thrust movement of approximately 60m. Visible gold is hosted within a laminated quartz-carbonate vein assemblage, which may contain minor amounts of stibnite. In the strongest mineralized zones, a broad halo of sulfide mineralization surrounds quartz structures bearing visible gold. The high-grade visible gold mineralization was first recognized at approximately the 4480mRL, a comparable elevation to where visible gold occurrences in the Lower Phoenix System became more prominent. The Harrier Base mineralization is open down dip and down plunge to the south. The down dip target is considered particularly prospective where the Harrier Base Fault intersects and offsets an anticline hinge; There is an observed change in the nature of some of the Fosterville mineralization at depth with a number of high-grade, quartz-carbonate +/- stibnite vein hosted, visible gold drill intercepts recorded for the Swan, Eagle, Lower Phoenix, Lower Phoenix Footwall, East Dipping and Harrier Zones. In addition, visible gold occurrences have been observed at depth in the Robbin’s Hill system in the north-east of the mining lease on a separate line of mineralization. Disseminated sulfide mineralization continues to persist at all depths and is relatively uniform in character. It is currently inferred that the quartz-carbonate +/-stibnite-visible gold assemblages have formed at a later stage compared to disseminated sulfide mineralization; Extensive 3D modelling and geological interpretation has led to the development of a robust geological understanding, which underpins the resource model and the associated Mineral Resource, and Mineral Reserve estimates. The relationship between mineralization and the controlling structural/stratigraphic architecture means that quality geological interpretation is critical to producing quality resource/reserve estimates; FGM has completed industry standard resource definition programs to delineate mineralization to support the current Mineral Resource estimation. This work has been accompanied by industry best practice QA/QC programs; 7 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Regional exploration drilling programs have been successful in increasing the strike length of known mineralized systems from ~11km to ~15km (including Goornong, Mill’s, Fosterville, Robbin’s Hill and O’Dwyer’s). In addition, programs have, confirmed the presence of gold bearing sulfide mineralization at May Reef and Lyell and identified two previously undiscovered lines of mineralization to the east of Goornong and to the west of Russell’s Reef; Geotechnical assessments of the orebody geometry and ground conditions and operational experience has determined that long-hole open stoping is an appropriate mining method. Extraction sequencing allows optimization of ore recovery while maintaining ground stability with stopes planned to be back filled with cemented rock fill or paste fill. The stability of the design has been checked with stress strain models that confirm that stopes and developments are predicted to remain stable during active mining; The modifying factors used to convert the Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves have been refined with the operating experience gained since underground production commenced in September 2006. In particular, the robustness of the mining recovery and dilution estimates has improved relative to the pre-mining assessments. Productivities were generated from first principles and operational experience; In 2018, a second Knelson concentrator was commissioned in the SAG recirculating load to increase capacity at the front end of the circuit to recover gravity gold. The first Knelson concentrator was commissioned in April 2016 recovering gold from the recirculating load of the re-grind mill. The SAG and regrind mill gravity concentrates are separately tabled, calcined and poured for accounting purposes. Project plans are in place for 2019 to upgrade the refinery to accommodate increased gold production. No other major works are required and the processing facility has sufficient capacity to accommodate expansion without modification. There is no planned change to the existing plant recovery method. The QP’s opinion is that all deleterious elements are effectively managed and there are no identified processing factors that have a significant impact on economic extraction. Required site infrastructure to support exploitation of Mineral Reserves is within industry norms. Planned capital infrastructure projects include Mine Water Treatment Plant construction, Ventilation Upgrades, Paste Fill Plant construction, Refinery Upgrade, Transformer Upgrade, Thiocyanate Removal Plant, Surface Chiller Plant construction and Drill Drive Development. There is a significant amount of existing environmental baseline data available for the project. This data continues to be collected and reported to the regulators as part of operational controls. FGM will continue to work closely with all key stakeholders to ensure that permitting of the mine growth projects meets all regulatory requirements. Fosterville Gold Mine has a demonstrated solid production history over a 13 year plus period since the beginning of commercial sulfide gold production in April 2005, and it is the Authors’ view that the risk of not achieving projected economic outcomes is low given the operational experience gained over this time period. A foreseeable risk and uncertainty facing the operation is the changing character of mineralization at depth with an increase in the occurrence of visible gold. Reconciliation results in the past have provided confidence in the sample collection procedures, the quality of assays and the 8 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Mineral Resource estimation method, but these processes will need to be continually adapted / refined in consideration of the changing mineralization character at depth. Kirkland Lake Gold needs to continue research to better understand the potential implications on future geological, mining and metallurgical processes and will continue to seek external advice during 2019 in relation to sampling, assaying and Mineral Resource estimation of visible gold mineralization. Based on recommendations from previous external reviews, projects plans have been developed and implemented. In the QP’s opinion, there are no reasonably foreseen impacts from risks and uncertainties identified in the Technical Report that could affect the projects continued economic viability. In the current gold environment the operation is expected to continue to generate significant cash flows that will benefit the Company’s shareholders. The following recommendations are made: Further growth exploration activities within the mine license should be pursued. Given the strong understanding of geological controls on mineralization, this has high potential to yield additional resources and reserves. Particular areas that are recommended to focus upon are the down-plunge extensions of the Lower Phoenix system (southwards down-plunge from 6100mN), down plunge and down dip extensions of the Harrier system and the Robbin’s Hill system which is positioned approximately 2.5km to the north-east of current mine workings; Exploration of the Lower Phoenix system southwards of 6100mN is technically challenging from surface due to target depths and as such, Kirkland Lake Gold has established a dedicated underground drill platform (Harrier Exploration Drill Drive) to undertake this drilling. At the end of 2018 this development had progressed in a northerly direction to the extent that unexplored extensions of the Phoenix and Lower Phoenix Mineral Resources can now be targeted from this platform. The Harrier Drill Drive development will continue over 2019 to form a connection with the Lower Phoenix capital infrastructure. The long-term benefits of this development link are substantial beyond just, providing a hangingwall drill platform to explore the Lower Phoenix and Phoenix extensions over a 1.5km strike extent, but also in supporting production, as it will provide an alternative ore haulage route. Drilling targeting extensions of the Lower Phoenix and Phoenix systems from this platform in 2019 is estimated to cost A$5.1M; Given the potential of Near Mine exploration targets within the Mining License, it is recommended that growth drill programs are implemented in pursuit of defining potential Mineral Resources independent from current mining centers. Growth drill programs planned to be undertaken within the mining lease during 2019 include the Cygnet Drilling program, which will explore for gold mineralization located in the footwall of the Swan Fault, Fosterville Trend Step-Out Surface Drilling which will explore for new Mineral Resources along the overall north-northwest striking Fosterville Line trend up to 1.4km north of current Mineral Resources, and Robbin’s Hill Programs which will continue to build an understanding of the underground Mineral Reserve potential beneath the Robbin’s Hill pits. A total cost of A$12M is budgeted in 2019 to execute these programs; Subsequent to the effective date of this report, FGM have been granted mining licence extensions to the north and south of the MIN5404 licence. These extensions increase the total area of the mining 9 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine licence to 28.5km2 and encompass potential resource extensions of the Harrier and Robbin’s Hill Gold systems. It is recommended to drill these potential resource extensions. In particular, the extent and scale of the Harrier system should be defined and resources developed in a timely manner. With an increasing grade profile identified at depth and the establishment of high-grade Mineral Reserves at lower levels, it is strongly recommended that both the down-plunge and down dip extensions of the Harrier system are further explored. Growth projects step out drilling in Harrier for 2019 is estimated to cost A$2.6M; Subsequent to the effective date of this report, EL3539 (which encloses the current mining licence MIN5404) expired on February 26, 2019. The tenement was unable to be renewed under current state legislation and has been placed in moratorium (currently exempt from licence application). It is recommended to submit an exploration licence application once the moratorium has been lifted. The tenement area holds substantial exploration potential along multiple identified lines of mineralization. Fosterville has proven exploration, mining and processing capabilities and is in a good position to maximize the potential of any mineral resources identified in the exploration licence area. With exemplar status in areas of environment and community engagement, Fosterville is well positioned to retain exploration rights to this prospective ground. With numerous prospective targets generated from exploration works undertaken to date within the surrounding exploration leases it is recommended to advance the pipeline of regional targets. The regional exploration project termed Large Ore Deposit Exploration (LODE) aims to integrate and interpret all available geoscientific data, rapidly cover the current exploration holdings with reconnaissance exploration techniques such as soil sampling, airborne electromagnetic, gravity and seismic surveys and advance development of prospective targets with various drilling techniques. A total of A$15.5M has been estimated to undertake Fosterville LODE work during 2019; Growth Expensed diamond drilling is proposed for targeting extensions of known mineralized trends outside of Mineral Resources. The proposed drilling will target the extensions of Inferred Mineral Resources in both the Lower Phoenix and Harrier systems with the aim to deliver additional and sustaining Mineral Resource inventory and provide definition along Mineral Resource boundaries. Total cost for this program is estimated at A$5.7M; and Growth Capital diamond drilling for a total cost of approximately A$5.0M is proposed for the systematic expansion of Indicated Mineral Resources in the Lower Phoenix mineralized system. The proposed drilling will target Inferred Mineral Resources, with the objective to increase resource confidence to an Indicated Mineral Resource classification to allow for Mineral Reserve Evaluation. The drilling will not only provide increased confidence in Mineral Resources which could lead to expansion of Mineral Reserves, but additional geological and geotechnical information ahead of mining, essential for optimizing the placement of supporting infrastructure and the effective extraction of the resource; • With this additional drilling data and further ongoing operational experience, it is recommended that mining recovery and dilution factors are reviewed and refined on an ongoing basis; 10 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine • FGM should continue to undertake test-work programs and seek external advice in relation to sampling, assaying and Mineral Resource estimation of visible gold mineralization; • Mine reconciliation processes should be continually refined in pursuit of improved model and operational forecast accuracy. A review of reconciliation processes, including material management and reporting systems, the integration of additional instrumentation / measure points and new technologies should be investigated and implemented; and • The Company will embark on a co-ordinated research program to advance understanding the detailed geological circumstances required to form high-grade orogenic gold deposits, and apply knowledge gained to discovery and extraction both at Fosterville and further afield. In addition, the Company will continue to advance its investigation and assessment of numerical exploration technologies with the objective to improve the quality, timing or ease of obtaining data, which will benefit the confidence, reliability or costs related to decisions Fosterville uses the geological data for. 11 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 2 INTRODUCTION TERMS OF REFERENCE This technical report on Fosterville Gold Mine is to support public disclosure of Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates effective at Fosterville as at December 31, 2018. This report has been prepared in accordance with disclosure and reporting requirements set forth in the National Instrument 43-101 (NI 43-101) ‘Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects’ and Form 43-101F1, dated June 2011. This report has been prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold, the beneficial owner of Fosterville. Kirkland Lake Gold (KL) is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange, New York Stock Exchange and the Australian Securities Exchange. Kirkland Lake Gold is a Canadian-domiciled growing gold mining and exploration company with operating mines in Canada and Australia. The report provides an update of the Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve (MRMR) position as of December 31, 2018. The MRMR estimate for Fosterville is a summation of a number of individual estimates for various mineralized zones or various geographically constrained areas. All of these estimates are contained within the Mining License MIN5404 (Fosterville Mining License) and EL3539 (Fosterville Exploration License). Details of the locations and geographical constraints of the various mineralized zones as of December 31, 2018 are given in Section 14. The report includes an overview of Fosterville Gold Mine, which has been compiled from Company technical reports, published geological papers and internal Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve documents completed by members of the FGM mine geological and engineering teams. The overview includes a description of the geology, project history, exploration activities and results, methodology, quality assurance, interpretations, metallurgy, land issues and environmental information. It also provides recommendations on additional exploration drilling which has the potential to upgrade resource classifications and to augment the resource base. Mr. Troy Fuller of Fosterville is a Qualified Person as defined by NI 43-101 and accepts overall responsibility for the preparation of sections 1-14, 17, 18.1, 19 – 27, 28.1 and 28.3 of this report. Mr. Ion Hann of Fosterville is a Qualified Person as defined by NI 43-101 and accepts overall responsibility for the preparation of sections 15-16, 18.2, 28.1 and 28.2 of this report. FIELD INVOLVEMENT OF QUALIFIED PERSONS Ion Hann is the General Manager for FGM. He has over 27 years of experience in the mining industry. In this time, 14 years of relevant experience in gold mining operations has been gained at Fosterville. Troy Fuller is the Geology Manager for FGM. He has over 23 years mining experience and has 19 years of gold operations experience in the Northern Territory, Western Australia and Victoria. Troy Fuller has managed all aspects of the geological operations for Fosterville since May 2010. 12 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine All of the Qualified Persons are based at Fosterville and through routine personal inspection have a comprehensive understanding of the property conditions, geology and mineralization, work completed and works planned /recommended. DEFINITIONS TABLE 2-1 DEFINITION OF TERMS Term Description AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics AC Air core acQuire acQuire - Geoscientific Information Management System database software AEM Airborne Electromagnetic (survey) Ag Silver AHD Australian Height Datum (mean sea level) AHV Articulated Hydrostatic Vehicle ALS Australian Laboratory Services Aminya Aminya Laboratory Services AMDEL Amdel Analytical Laboratories AMPRD Absolute Mean Paired Relative Difference As Arsenic Au Gold A$ Australian Dollar AuRico AuRico Gold Corporation BAppSc Bachelor of Applied Science Bendigo Gold Bendigo Gold Associates Ltd., owner of the FGM prior to Brunswick Associates BBus Bachelor of Business BETS-SHTS Bendigo to Shepparton power line BHP Broken Hill Proprietary, now BHP Billiton Bi Bismuth Biomin Biomin South Africa Pty Limited BIOX® Proprietary bacterial oxidation technology licensed from Goldfields Ltd. BSc Bachelor of Science Brunswick Brunswick Mining N.L., owner of the FGM prior to Perseverance BVM Bureau Veritas Laboratory services C$ Canadian Dollar (CAD) BOM Australian Bureau of Meteorology Ca Calcium CCD Counter Current Decantation CIL Carbon in Leach CIL Residue Carbon in Leach Residue. The term is equivalent to CIL Tailings. CIM Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum cm Centimeter COG Cut-off Grade CPA Certified Practising Accountant Crocodile Gold Crocodile Gold Corporation CRF Cemented Rock Fill Cu Copper DEDJTR Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources DTM Digital Terrain Model E Easting, East 13 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Term Description EES Environmental Effects Statement EL Exploration License EMS Electronic Multi-shot Survey ELQ East-dipping Laminated Quartz Vein EPA Environment Protection Authority FA Fire Assay FAusIMM Fellow of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Fe Iron FGM Fosterville Gold Mine Pty Ltd or Fosterville Gold Mine Fosterville Fosterville Gold Mine Pty Ltd or Fosterville Gold Mine ft Foot (Imperial unit of measurement) FVTS Fosterville Terminal Station FW Footwall FX foreign exchange currency trading market GAL Gekko Assay Laboratory GDA94 Geocentric Datum of Australia, 1994 GC Grade Control GradDipEnvMan Graduate Diploma of Environmental Management GSV Geoscience Victoria (formerly the Geological Survey of Victoria) Gyro Gyroscopic downhole directional survey tool g/t Grams per (metric) tonne HCl Hydrogen Chloride HDPE High Density Polyethylene HF Hydrogen Fluoride HG High-grade HiSeis HiSeis Pty Ltd A qualified person has not done sufficient work to classify historical estimates as current Mineral Resources Historic Resource or Mineral Reserves described within the report. Kirkland Lake Gold is not treating any historical estimates as current Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves. HL Heated Leach HNO3 Nitric Acid HQ 63.5 mm diameter diamond drill core HRM Harrier Resource Model HVAS High Volume Air Sampler HW Hangingwall Hz Hertz ICP-AES Inductively Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectrometry Inc. Incorporated IP Induced Polarization – geophysical imaging technique ISO International Organization for Standardization K Potassium k Thousand Kirkland Lake Gold Kirkland Lake Gold Limited KL New York Stock Exchange ticker symbol for Kirkland Lake Gold Limited KLA Australian Securities Exchange ticker symbol for Kirkland Lake Gold Limited km Kilometer km2 Square kilometer (area) koz Kilo ounce kt Kilo tonne K/Th Potassium/Thorium ratio - relating to a 2008 airborne radiometric survey kV Kilovolt kVA Kilovolt-ampere kW Kilowatt 14 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Term Description lb Pound LG Low-grade LODE Large Ore Deposit Exploration LOM Life of Mine Ltd Limited LQ Laminated Quartz LW Leachwell accelerated cyanide leach assay method M Mega/Million (SI prefix; Factor 106) m Meter µ Micro (SI prefix; factor 10-6) Ma Million years MAI Managed Aquifer Injection MAIG Member of the Australian Institute of Geoscientists MAusIMM Member of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy MCC Motor Control Center mE Meters East mg/m3 Milligram per cubic meter (metric unit of concentration) MGA Map Grid of Australia MIN Mining License Mira Geoscience Mira Geoscience Ltd ML Megalitre ML Mining license Prefix (old system) mm Millimeter MMI Mobile metal ion Mn Manganese mN Meters North Mo Molybdenum MRMR Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves mRL Meters Reduced Level (Elevation) MRSD Act Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development) Act 1990 – Victoria, Australia Mtpa Mega-tonne (metric) per annum MVA Megavolt-ampere N Northing, North NATA National Association of Testing Authorities NCC Non-carbonate carbon (concentration of) New Holland New Holland Mining Ltd., now Nu Energy Capital Limited Newmarket Newmarket Gold Inc. NI43-101 National Instrument 43-101 NL No Liability NNE North North-East NNW North North-West NPRM Northern Phoenix Resource Model Northgate Northgate Minerals Corporation Ltd NRM Northern Resource Model NQ 47.6 mm diameter diamond drill core NQ2 50.6 mm diameter diamond drill core NW North West ODW O’Dwyer's (drill hole code) ONAF Oil Natural Air Forced – Transformer cooling without pumps and fans for air ONAN Oil Natural Air Natural - Transformer cooling without pumps and fans OSLS On Site Laboratory Services oz Troy Ounce (31.1034768 grams) P Phosphorous 15 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Term Description PAF Potentially Acid Forming Pb Lead PF Paste Fill ppb Parts per billion PQ 85.0 mm diameter diamond drill core PSV Perseverance Corporation Ltd., listed parent prior to Jan 18th 2008 Q1 / Q2 / Q3/ Q4 Quarter 1 / Quarter 2/ Quarter 3 / Quarter 4TSF QAQC Quality Assurance – Quality Control QG Quantitative Geoscience (Geostatistical Consultants, now Aranz Geo) QP Qualified Person R2 R squared – coefficient of determination RAB Rotary Air Blast (drill method) RC Reverse Circulation (drill method) RH Robbin’s Hill A device comprising tiers of ‘riffles’ for equi-probable splitting of dry particulate matter (e.g. drill chips), Riffle splitter each tier yields a 50:50 split. RL Reduced Level (elevation) RO Reverse Osmosis ROM Run of Mine RQD Rock Quality Designation S Sulfur S South SAG Semi-Autogenous Grinding Sb Antimony – present at Fosterville in the mineral stibnite SD (Statistical) Standard Deviation SkyTEM SkyTEM Australia Pty Ltd SMS Operations Swick Mining Services Operations Pty Ltd SMU Selective Mining Unit SP Ausnet SP Ausnet – Electricity Distributor Using a tube (‘spear’) to collect a sample for assay from a sample bag of RC or RAB drill chips (this method Spear Sampling is not equi-probable as it is susceptible to density segregation in the sample bag) SPRM Southern Phoenix Resource Model SQL Structured Query Language SRK SRK (Australasia) Consulting Pty Ltd t (Metric) tonne (2204.6 lb. or 1.1023 short tons) Tailings Ground rock and process effluents generated during processing of ore TGC Total Graphitic Carbon t/m3 Tonne per cubic meter (unit of density) TOEC Total Organic and Elemental Carbon tpa Tonnes Per Annum TSF Tailings Storage Facility UG Underground US$ United States dollar Vic Victoria VG Visible Gold W West WA Western Australia XRF X-ray fluorescence analytical technique YTD Year to Date 16 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 3 RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS The Qualified Persons have prepared this report from a range of sources including their personal work, contributions from other FGM personnel and reports from a range of external consultants. Where input has been received from these sources, the Qualified Persons have reviewed and verified the contained assumptions and conclusions. The Qualified Persons do not disclaim responsibility for this information. For some aspects of this Technical Report, the Qualified Persons relied on the following persons: Felicia Binks (Environmental Superintendent – Fosterville Gold Mine) BAppSc, GradDipEnvMan, MAusIMM has made contributions to Section 20 of this report. Craig Reid (Commercial Manager - Fosterville Gold Mine), BBus, CPA has made contributions to Sections 19 and 21 of this report. 17 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 4 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION The FGM is located about 20km east of Bendigo and 130km north of Melbourne in the State of Victoria, Australia (Figure 4-1). North FIGURE 4-1 FOSTERVILLE PROJECT LOCATION MAP The FGM and all associated infrastructure including the tailings dam and waste dumps are located on Mining License 5404 (MIN5404; Figure 4-2), which is 100% owned by Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. MIN5404 was initially granted as ML1868 on August 24, 1990. The license later merged with adjoining license MIN4877, resulting in MIN5404. In December 2012, another Mining License (MIN5565) was granted to FGM, and this license was also merged into MIN5404. The present MIN5404 has a total area of 17.16km2, and is granted until August 24, 2035. Table 4-1 summarizes all of the tenement licenses currently granted. 18 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 4-1 LICENSE DETAILS Annual Tenement Number Prospect Grant Date Expiry Date Area (km2) Rent (AUD) Commitment (AUD) EL3539 Goornong 3/06/1994 26/02/2019 579 $ 5,988 $ 188,700 EL4937 Yankee Creek 14/03/2007 13/03/2022 19 $ 206 $ 34,000 EL006502 FGM North 23/10/2017 22/10/2022 389 $ 4,026 $ 73,650 EL006503 FGM West 23/10/2017 22/10/2022 617 $ 6,401 $ 107,550 EL006504 Heathcote 19/03/2018 18/03/2023 509 $ 5,265 $ 91,350 EL006694 Drummartin 24/08/2018 23/08/2023 18 $ 219 $ 17,700 EL006695 Accotts North 27/08/2018 26/08/2023 1 $ 110 $ 15,150 MIN5404 Fosterville 24/08/1990 24/08/2035 17.157 $ 36,590 $ 1,544,148 MIN4456 Pumping Lease 26/02/1992 24/08/2020 0.088 $ 213 $ 20,000 MIN5404 is located at centroid coordinates 276,599.72mE and 5,935,134.9mN using Map Grid of Australia (MGA) Zone 55 (GDA94) coordinate projection. The FGM grid is an affine plane grid and can be referenced to MGA using the two reference points contained in Table 4-2 and -5000mRL (AHD). Fosterville Mine grid north is 13°20’ west from true north and 21° west from magnetic north. TABLE 4-2 GRID CONVERSION REFERENCE POINTS Point 1: MIN5404 Mining License peg SE of Daley's Hill Coordinate System North (m) East (m) GDA94 Zone 55 5,930,837.663 278,011.932 Fosterville Mine Grid 4,786.030 2,177.630 Point 2: MIN5404 Mining License peg at NE corner Coordinate System North (m) East (m) GDA94 Zone 55 5,939,047.136 278,407.302 Fosterville Mine Grid 12,713.150 4,343.140 Note that all Eastings, Northings, elevations (Reduced Levels (RL)) and azimuths in the text reference the local FGM mine grid. The boundaries of land covered by MIN5404 have been accurately surveyed in accordance with the Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development) (Mineral Industries) Regulations 2013. 19 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 4-2 FOSTERVILLE MINING LEASE PLAN WITH EXPLORATION LICENSES AND ROYALTY AREAS 20 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Within MIN5404, there is a 2.5% gold royalty payable to New Holland Mining Ltd, now Nu Energy Capital Limited for the area outlined by an historical mining lease MIN4877 in the northeastern portion of MIN5404. Further, the royalty agreement extends north and south of MIN5404 where previously existing tenements EL3211, EL3271 and EL3276 (New Holland Mining) overlap with a portion of EL3539 (Figure 4-2). In addition, a 2% net smelter royalty is held by AuRico Metals Australian Royalty Corporation (“AMRAC”). AMARC was originally a wholly-owned subsidiary of AuRico Metals Inc. (“AMI”). AMI was acquired by Centerra Gold Inc. in January 2018 and AMARC, which holds the royalty, was subsequently sold to Triple Flag Mining Finance Bermuda Ltd. There are no state government royalties on gold production in the State of Victoria, Australia. A rehabilitation bond is reviewed regularly with the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources Victoria. In December 2017 the rehabilitation bond was reviewed and increased to A$8.27M. Rehabilitation is undertaken progressively at FGM as per the mining license conditions and the bond may be reduced on establishment that the land has been rehabilitated in accordance with the MRSD Act. That is, the land is safe and stable, non-polluting and the revegetation cover is self-sustaining. FGM is located near areas of moderate environmental significance (Mt Sugarloaf Nature Conservation Reserve), established productive farmland and is adjacent to the locally significant Campaspe River. FGM is operating under a Risk Based Work Plan approved in October 2017 under the Mineral Resources Sustainable Development (MRSD) Act 1990. The newly approved Work Plan consolidated the previously approved 2004 Work Plan and all subsequent Work Plan Variations into one Risk Based Work Plan. The approval, concerning MIN5404 and MIN4456, was provided Statutory Endorsement by the Department Head of Earth Resources Regulation. Work Plan Variations are submitted when significant changes from the current Risk Based Work Plan are proposed. MIN5404 and MIN4456 were granted prior to enactment of the Commonwealth Native Title Act of 1993 and as such are not subject to any Native Title compensation claim, now or after any future renewals. MIN5404 was recently renewed and will expire in 2035. EL3539 is also not subject to any Native Title compensation claim. EL4937 is subject to an Indigenous Land Use Activity Agreement. 21 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 5 ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY The Fosterville area is relatively flat to gently undulating with a range of low rolling hills, located 2km to the west of the Campaspe River. On MIN5404, natural surface elevations range from 150m to 185m above sea level (5150mRL to 5185mRL mine grid). Vegetation in the area ranges from native forest to established grazing pasture. The FGM has ready access via two separate sealed roads and a variety of all-weather un-sealed roads linking to regional highways. The regional center of Bendigo (20km to the south-west) has a population of around 114,000 (ABS, 2018), and provides a source of skilled labor. The climate based on 30-year temperature and humidity data (1961–1990) show FGM is located in an area that is described as having a warm to mild summers, and cold winters (BOM, 2018). Köppen classification for the same 30-year period, based on predominant native vegetation type places FGM in a temperate climate with no dry season (BOM, 2018). Median annual rainfall data over a 100-year period (1900–1999) show the major seasonal rainfall is winter dominated (wet winter and low summer rainfall; BOM, 2018). The operation is not significantly affected by climate, which allows the operation to continue all year. Power is supplied to the site via a terminal station that was constructed by PSV in 2005. This station is connected to the 220kV transmission line that runs from Bendigo to Shepparton and traverses the southern end of MIN5404 approximately 2km south of the processing plant. There is a connection agreement in place with SP Ausnet who manages the transmission and distribution network. A pipeline was commissioned in April 2005 that has the capacity to supply approximately 2,000ML annually, which comfortably exceeds the current plant usage of approximately 1,000ML per annum. The current arrangement for the provision of water to site is secured through a ten-year contract between FGM and Coliban Water (catchment management authority). This allows for the supply of treated waste water from the Bendigo sewerage treatment facility. This agreement follows on from a previous ten-year agreement that expired in 2016. One further ten-year contract renewal is available on expiry upon written request. All other site infrastructure is in place and approved under a Risk Based Work Plan in October 2017 under the Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development MRSD) Act 1990. Details of tailings storage areas are covered in sections 18.1.4 and 20.2. The location and of the processing plant site is illustrated in Figure 18-1 and Figure 18-2. The layout of the comminution circuit allows for installation of a pebble crushing circuit, should it be required and a secondary ball mill to increase grinding circuit capacity. Space was left in the area layouts for additional tank farms and equipment to accommodate a nominal increase in plant capacity. Space exists to the east of the plant site to duplicate existing facilities to double plant throughput, if required. Mining waste material that cannot be placed underground is brought to the surface and held within the confines of the Ellesmere Pit (Figure 18-1; Section 18.2.4). Details on the storage of historically mined waste overburden is covered in Section 20.2 and tabulated in Table 20-1. 22 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 6 HISTORY Gold was first discovered in the Fosterville area in 1894 with mining activity continuing until 1903 for a total of 28koz of production. Mining in this era was confined to near-surface oxide material. Aside from a minor tailings retreatment in the 1930’s, the field lay dormant until 1988 when Bendigo Gold Associates recommenced gold production at Fosterville from the reprocessing of tailings. By 1989 this program had come to an end and exploration for oxide resources commenced. The leases were then acquired by Brunswick who continued exploration and in 1991 started heap leaching ore derived from shallow oxide open pits. After six months of production, Brunswick went into receivership as a result of the failure of another operation. Perseverance (PSV) bought the operation from the receivers and continued the oxide heap leach operations. PSV continued to produce between 25koz to 35koz per annum until the cessation of the oxide mining in 2001. Between 1988 and 2001, a total of 240koz of gold were poured (Roberts et al, 2003). In 2001, PSV underwent a significant recapitalization and the focus of the company changed to developing the sulfide resource. A feasibility study investigating a combined open pit and underground mining operation feeding 0.8Mtpa of sulfide ore to a BIOX® processing plant was completed in 2003. Work on the plant and open pit mining commenced in early 2004. Commercial sulfide hosted gold production commenced in April 2005 and up to the end of December 2006 a total of 136,882oz of gold had been produced. Underground development commenced in March 2006 with first production recorded in September 2006. Significant open pit production had ceased at the end of 2007, however, minor production from open pits contributed in 2011 and 2012. The 500,000th ounce milestone of ‘sulfide’ gold production was achieved in April 2011, the one millionth ounce produced in December 2015, and by the end of December 2018 'sulfide' gold production totaled 1,772,670oz. A breakdown of open cut and underground mined tonnes and grade since the start of 2004 is given in Table 6-1. On October 29, 2007, Perseverance announced that it had entered into an agreement with Northgate Minerals Corporation (Northgate) to acquire the company via a Scheme of Arrangement. This agreement was ratified by Perseverance’s shareholders and option holders on January 18, 2008 with full control passing to Northgate in February 2008. In August 2011 Northgate entered into a merger agreement with AuRico, who assumed control of the Northgate assets in October 2011. In March 2012 AuRico and Crocodile Gold jointly announced that Crocodile Gold would acquire FGM and Stawell Mines. Crocodile Gold’s ownership of FGM was achieved on May 4, 2012. In May 2015 Crocodile Gold and Newmarket Gold entered into a definitive arrangement agreement and completed a merger on July 10, 2015 to form Newmarket. On November 30, 2016, Kirkland Lake Gold Inc. merged with Newmarket to form a new mid-tier gold company Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. A detailed summary of exploration and development works on the property from previous operators can be found in Section 6.1 and Section 6.2 of this report. Two historical mineral resource estimates contained 23 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine within EL3539, Hallanan’s and Goornong South Prospects, were reported by Perseverance in their 1999 Annual Report as shown in Table 6-2 and Table 6-3. Kirkland Lake Gold is not treating these Historical Resources as current Mineral Resources as a QP has not done sufficient work to classify the Historic Resources, or comment on the reliability of the estimates. 24 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 6-1 MINED PRODUCTION DATA FOR FOSTERVILLE FOR THE PERIOD 2004-2018 Mining Area 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Tonnes 52 517 1,084 43 - - - 45 75 - - - - - - (kt) Open Cut Grade 3.6 5.6 3.4 2.3 - - - 2.8 2.6 - - - - - - (g/t Au) Tonnes - - 36 376 512 780 729 734 729 827 786 704 692 538 460 Under- (kt) ground Grade - - 4.8 4.2 4.5 4.8 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.6 4.6 6.1 7.9 16.1 24.8 (g/t Au) Tonnes 52 517 1,120 799 512 780 729 779 804 827 786 704 692 538 460 Total (kt) Grade 3.6 5.6 3.4 3.2 4.5 4.8 5.0 4.9 4.3 4.6 4.6 6.1 7.9 16.1 24.8 (g/t Au) 25 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 6-2 HISTORIC RESOURCE OF THE GOORNONG SOUTH PROSPECT PERSERVERANCE (1999) Historical Mineral Resource (PSV 1999) - Goornong South Prospect Measured Indicated Inferred Insitu Insitu Insitu Classification Tonnes Grade Tonnes Grade Tonnes Grade Gold Gold Gold (kt) (g/t Au) (kt) (g/t Au) (kt) (g/t Au) (Oz) (Oz) (Oz) Oxide 216 1.3 9,300 535 1.3 23,100 32 1.6 1,700 Sulfide (High-Grade) 7 1.7 400 46 1.6 2,400 373 1.5 18,200 Sulfide (Low-Grade) 3 0.7 100 11 0.7 300 140 0.8 3,700 Total Sulfide 10 1.4 500 57 1.4 2,700 513 1.3 21,800 Total Oxide & Sulfide 226 1.3 9,800 592 1.4 25,800 545 1.3 23,500 Notes: 1. Historical Resource as reported in Perseverance Annual Report 1999. 2. Kirkland Lake Gold is not treating the historical estimate as a current Mineral Resource as a QP has not done sufficient work to classify the historical estimate or comment the reliability of the estimate. 3. Reporting lower cut-off gold grades used are ≥0.5 g/t Au for oxide, 0.5-1.0 g/t Au for sulfide low-grade and >1.0 g/t Au for sulfide high-grade. 4. Bulk Density values set to 1.8t/m³ for clay, 2.4t/m³ for oxide and 2.8t/m³ for sulfide materials. 5. Resource block grades estimated by Ordinary Kriging of 50m spaced drill sections. 6. Mineral Resources have been rounded to 1,000t, 0.1 g/t Au and 100oz. Minor discrepancies in summation may occur due to rounding. 7. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. TABLE 6-3 HISTORIC RESOURCE OF THE HALLANAN’S PROSPECT PERSERVERANCE (1999) Historical Mineral Resource (PSV 1999) - Hallanan's Prospect Measured Indicated Inferred Insitu Insitu Insitu Classification Tonnes Grade Tonnes Grade Tonnes Grade Gold Gold Gold (kt) (g/t Au) (kt) (g/t Au) (kt) (g/t Au) (Oz) (Oz) (Oz) Oxide 281 1.4 12,900 169 1.4 7,600 41 1.2 1,600 Sulfide (High-Grade) 89 1.5 4,400 240 1.5 11,500 521 1.7 28,600 Sulfide (Low-Grade) 35 0.8 900 66 0.8 1,600 124 0.8 3,000 Total Sulfide 124 1.3 5,200 306 1.3 13,100 645 1.5 31,700 Total Oxide & Sulfide 405 1.4 18,100 475 1.4 20,700 686 1.5 33,300 Notes: 1. Historic Resource as reported in Perseverance Annual Report 1999. 2. Kirkland Lake Gold is not treating the historical estimate as a current Mineral Resource as a QP has not done sufficient work to classify the historical estimate or comment the reliability of the estimate. 3. Reporting Lower cut-off gold grades used are ≥0.5 g/t Au for oxide, 0.5-1.0 g/t Au for sulfide low-grade and >1.0 g/t Au for sulfide high-grade. 4. Bulk Density values of 1.8t/m³ for clay, 2.4t/m³ for oxide and 2.8t/m³ for sulfide materials. 5. Resource block grades estimated by Ordinary Kriging of 25m & 50m spaced drill sections. 6. Mineral Resources have been rounded to 1,000t, 0.1 g/t Au and 100oz. Minor discrepancies in summation may occur due to rounding. 7. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. 26 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine EXPLORATION HISTORY 6.1.1 PRE-1992 EXPLORATION Exploration prior to 1983 was undertaken by numerous companies including, Noranda Australia, Pennzoil, Newmont, Lone Star Exploration and Apollo International which obtained significant results, but concluded that target potential did not meet with their high tonnage exploration criteria. 6.1.1.1 1984 – 1987 – BENDIGO GOLD ASSOCIATES PTY LTD - EL1392 Relevant and available literature of the area was collected and researched and an extensive pilot study was undertaken in the Fosterville area, investigating the relationships between gold, arsenic, mercury in soils and mineralization believed to be typical for the area. Positive correlations were found between mineralization and all three elements in the soil C-Horizon. Arsenic, due to better contrast characteristics was selected for future exploration (Van Riel, 1985). A general survey of the EL was also conducted, locating and inspecting historic workings. A 730m long traverse of auger hole drilling soil program at 10m intervals was completed east of Mt Sugarloaf and west of the Fosterville Fault Zone with C-Horizons assayed for As. A 230ppm anomaly was returned which indicated potential mineralized lines parallel to the Fosterville Fault Zone. A reconnaissance stream sediment survey was also initiated with main streams on the EL bulk sampled. All anomalous results from the stream sediment survey were explained by nearby old workings (Van Riel, 1985). The old mining areas of Yankee Creek, The Sugarloaf Range and the New Windsor Rush area were mapped and investigated in detail. Both the Sugarloaf and New Windsor Rush workings were chip and channel sampled. In particular, the New Windsor Rush area showed encouraging gold values over a strike length of 250m. A semi regional geochemical sampling program was conducted over the Sugarloaf Range area. Four anomalous zones were identified from nine sample lines at 500m spacing and 25m sample intervals, the most significant aligning with a line of historic workings. Two auger lines over the 250m anomaly at New Windsor Rush did not reflect the anomaly and no further follow-up work was conducted. A total of 99 bedrock samples were taken at the Axedale Mine workings area on an 800 x 200m grid but gold values tended to be low and erratically dispersed (Swensson, 1986). During 1985 a pilot ground magnetic survey was conducted over selected areas of the Fosterville Goldfield. A Geometrix G-816 magnetometer was used with readings taken at 10m intervals along lines. In some instances, magnetic anomalies could be related to underlying reefs (Van Riel, 1985a). 27 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 6.1.1.2 1989 – 1990 – BHP GOLDMINES LTD - EL1881 In early December 1989 BHP Goldmines entered into a joint venture with Homestake Limited to explore for possible extensions to the Fosterville and O’Dwyer’s Faults north of the Fosterville goldfield into the north eastern parts of EL1881. Soil sampling was undertaken from 22 lines using a broad star pattern defined by 400 x 200m centers with five sub samples, each 1kg collected near each center. One is taken from the center sample site and four others are taken 50m grid east, west, north and south of the center generating a representative composite sample (Benn, 1989). From this sampling, a NNW trending Au anomaly between 500 and 800m in with and strike extent of 5km. By September 1989, a stream sediment sampling program for gold and base metals was completed. A total of 190 samples from 89 sites were taken. From each site, two samples were collected: a nominal 4kg to 5kg sample of <4mm active gravel/gravel trap sediment which was analyzed for gold using bulk cyanide leach method and an active silt sample sieved to -80 microns analyzed for Cu, Pb, Zn and As. The Au bulk cyanide leach results identified a number of moderate to strongly anomalous drainages (Cameron, 1988). In 1990 exploration activities within the project area comprised RAB drilling and rock chip sampling to evaluate the gold potential of the northern projection of the Fosterville and O’Dwyer’s Fault systems. Low gold and arsenic geochemistry across the inferred position of both structures suggested that the faults were not significantly mineralized along this section of the fault system (Rabone et al, 1990). The tenement was relinquished in September 1990 after perception of the gold potential area was downgraded. 6.1.1.3 OTHER The Russell’s Reef area, south of the current Fosterville Mining License, has been subjected to several lines of soil sampling, and several programs of shallow RC drilling (50 holes averaging 31m depth) undertaken over a protracted period from 1976 to 1989. Modern exploration in the Myrtle Creek area has occurred since 1974 by companies such as Noranda Australia (rock chip sampling, geological mapping, soil geochemistry (Au, Cu)), Ghana Gold (structural interpretation of aerial photography) and BHP (stream sediments and follow up soil surveys). In the early 1990’s Brunswick completed a 100m by 20m soil geochemistry grid across the Fosterville project area and as far west as the Sugarloaf Range. The soil geochemistry was very effective at defining gold mineralization except where alluvial cover exceeded about two meters. Two preliminary IP/resistivity lines were also completed with mixed results. 28 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 6.1.2 1992-2001 EXPLORATION A 25m by 25m gradient-array IP/resistivity survey was conducted in the Robbin’s Hill area by Perseverance in 1997. This survey did not conclusively define gold mineralization; however, it was successful in mapping carbonaceous shales and alluvial channels. In the 12-month period leading up to 25 February 1998 PSV conducted hand auger bedrock geochemistry samples from Accott’s Prospect, Lyell and Sedgwick South where mildly anomalous zones of mineralization were defined. Hand auger soil sampling was also run along road reserves in the Goornong North Area and in combination with RAB drilling resulted in the identification of two new prospects, May Reef and Rasmussen’s adjacent to small mine scratchings. An Au-As soil geochemical survey was undertaken in the Myrtle Creek area where encouraging results were obtained where gold mineralization appears to be associated with a small granite intrusion. Reconnaissance work and rock chip sampling was also undertaken during this period on the Fosterville East and Wild Duck Prospects (Van Riel, 1998). Throughout 1998 and 1999 PSV continued to actively undertake extensive hand auger soil sampling and rock chip sampling at multiple prospects including West of Axedale-Goornong Road, Cochrane’s Prospect, Rasmussen’s, Sharkey’s North, Lyell South, Sugarloaf East and Sugarloaf North. Most of these surveys returned indifferent results. A further soil geochemistry and rock chip sampling at Myrtle Creek delineated sandstone hosted and granite related mineralization. An orientation soil geochemical study was undertaken to establish the parameters for exploring Goornong South type deposits buried below deep soil and gravel cover (Van Riel, 1999). A geo-botanical survey was conducted within the Fosterville Mining Lease by Australian Geochemical Survey Ltd. It was found that an association of Au with As, Sb and also with Zn exists in this environment (i.e. tree bark was sampled). The survey results appear to point at three virtually untested anomalies: one west of Hunt’s and two at Daley’s Hill North (Van Riel, 1999). After 1999 PSV regional exploration activities were limited with the company focusing on resource drilling at two of its advanced projects, Goornong South and Mills. Resources were determined for both, and Environmental Effects Statement (EES)-feasibility studies instigated. 6.1.3 2001-2017 EXPLORATION After the EES studies for both the Goornong South and Hallanan’s projects were completed, the company suspended its plans and proposals to mine the surface expressions of the deposits to focus on the sulfide project at Fosterville. Two IP/resistivity surveys were completed by Perseverance in 2001 (Search Exploration Services) and 2005 (MIMDAS Geophysics). The 2001 survey consisted of four lines of 50m node spacing over the Central Area. This survey was designed to define gold mineralization at depths of between 50m to 250m. The data was inverted to make a model in real space. Anomalies were defined along the Fosterville Fault Zone, but the 50m node spacing meant that the survey resolution was unable to distinguish the carbonaceous shale in the hangingwall of the Fosterville Fault from mineralization in the footwall of the Fosterville Fault. In 2005 29 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine another four IP/resistivity lines were completed across the northern end of the Fosterville Goldfield, covering the Sugarloaf geochemical anomaly, the Fosterville Fault Zone and the Robbin’s Hill Area. This survey defined weak geophysical anomalies over the Sugarloaf geochemical anomaly and the strike projection of the Fosterville Fault Zone north of MIN5404. During the period June 2005 to June 2006, 1:10,000 scale color aerial photography was flown over the area surrounding the Fosterville Mining License by PSV. In addition, a Landsat image of the entire Exploration License was obtained to assist in regional interpretation (Norris, 2006). During the period June 2006 to June 2007 PSV conducted a detailed mapping, soil-and rock chip- sampling program at the Myrtle Creek prospect. Petrography of twenty samples concluded that (altered and mineralized) granite is much more extensive than originally mapped. It is concluded that the mineralization at Myrtle Creek is related to igneous (granitic) activity. This class of deposits is most unusual for Victoria, and never mined in the modern era, although examples are known elsewhere in the Lachlan Fold belt. A literature study was carried out which assisted in developing a suitable exploration model. A first-ever drilling program was designed for Myrtle Creek (Van Riel, 2007). Northgate explored the Myrtle Creek area between 2008 and 2009, undertaking additional surface sampling in the northern area of historical workings, but the results were disappointing with the overall tenor of gold-in-soil much lower than observed elsewhere on the prospect. UTS Geophysics, based in Perth WA, was commissioned in the latter half of 2008 to fly a detailed airborne magnetic, radiometric and digital terrain survey over Northgate’s Fosterville Group of tenements and EL3484 Greenstones. A total of 23,172 line km were flown between October 2 and November 26, 2008 of which approximately 22,000 line km were completed over the Fosterville Group. A table of all geophysical data grids produced during the interpretive work is presented in Table 6-4. Magnetics Reduced to Pole and Total Count Radiometric results are illustrated in Figure 6-2 and Figure 6-3 respectively. 30 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 6-4 2008 UTS GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS OVER FOSTERVILLE GOLD MINE AND SURROUNDING AREAS Dataset Grid name Magnetics Total Magnetic Intensity Reduced to Pole First Vertical Derivative RTP First Vertical Derivative Radiometrics Total Count Potassium Percentage Thorium Percentage Uranium Percentage Potassium vs Thorium Ternary Image Digital Terrain Data Digital Terrain Map Digital Terrain Contours Magnetic ZS Filters RTP Block RTP Edge Zone RTP Tilt RTP Plateau Over the period from 2009 to 2016, the Fosterville Gold Mine changed ownership multiple times with each company having different capacities and views on the development of the project. Investment in exploration was directed towards developing Near Mine resource targets around the Lower Phoenix, Lower Phoenix North, Harrier and Robbin’s Hill projects. The discovery of visible gold within the Lower Phoenix coincident with the merger between Newmarket Gold and Kirkland Lake Gold late 2016 saw a renewed interest and capacity for regional exploration within EL3539. This interest saw the creation of a regional exploration department dedicated to the task of exploring for large ore deposits external to the mining lease with preference towards future underground opportunities. A review of current datasets suggested there was an opportunity to acquire geophysical datasets that could increase the sectional geological understanding such as seismic and airborne electromagnetic surveys to support the existing IP data. Early 2017, Kirkland Lake Gold engaged the services of HiSeis Pty. Ltd. (a seismic geophysical services company) to conduct de-risking study to establish if the geospatial and petrophysical properties inherent within the turbidite sequence are conducive to be imaged by seismic surveys. The results of the study were positive enough to support a planned program of three lines of 2D seismic surveys across the northern, middle and southern sections of the Mining License with each line length designed at 8km. Data acquisition commenced in August 2017 with some logistical and cultural land use issues reducing the acquired line length of the northern line (Line 3) by 2.3km, and a reduced ability to collect any data on the southern line (Line 1) (see Figure 6-1). Basic seismic parameters for lines 2 and 3 included utilizing a vibe truck (60,000lb INOVA AHV) as the energy source along a geophone array with stations set at 5m spacing. Energy input was for 14 seconds sweeping through a frequency range of between 8 - 120Hz. 31 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine The geology teams from HiSeis and Fosterville Gold Mine conducted a review of the processed data and were able define some of the broader geological features such as alteration networks, general fold architecture and regional faults such as the Fosterville and Redesdale Faults. Fosterville Gold Mine engaged the services of SkyTEM during 2017 to fly an Airborne Electromagnetic (AEM) survey across EL3539. The survey design was developed to fly 250m line sections east – west along the length of the lease. The total survey distance aimed to cover 1,980 line kilometers however due to the inability to fly the survey over cultural infrastructure only 1,325 line kilometers were achieved (see Figure 6-1). The data was processed by SkyTEM and delivered to Mira Geoscience geophysical consultants for incorporation in a broader regional target generation project. This project would combine Fosterville’s geophysical datasets including gravity, magnetics, AEM and IP with physical geological data including surface mapping, mine structural 3D model surfaces and drill hole measurements to develop a picture of the regional geology. To assist with the regional geology interpretation, geophysical consultants were engaged to reprocess some of the historic geophysical data including magnetics, gravity and IP. The focus of the project was to utilize new technology, faster processing, and running new algorithms to help filter and vertically invert the data. The following datasets were updated: • Magnetics: Filter out the cultural features and minimize the signal of the tertiary basalt flow to attempt to image the finer magnetic signature of the turbidite sequence • Gravity: Filter out longer wavelengths to better image some of the shorter local wavelengths. Local increases in gravity signature could be due to increase of density either by alteration or by physical changes created by folding of ductile stratigraphy • IP: Several generations of IP have been conducted through the area. Raw data was reviewed for QAQC and re-inverted to bring consistency between the different generational IP datasets. To complement the collection and review of the geophysical datasets, Fosterville Gold Mine committed to a regional soil sample campaign throughout EL3539. Historic collection of the soil assay data demonstrates a high level of correlation between the presence of gold and arsenic anomalism. Arsenic, commonly weathered from arsenopyrite, is much more prevalent in the regolith than gold and provides a strong proxy for determining significant areas of interest when also combined with sub-surface structural analysis. The updated soils project targets roadside verges, crown land and strategic parcels of privately owned land in a comprehensive 10,000 sample campaign. The project was designed to target 400m line section spacing with samples collected on traverses east-west at 100m intervals. The program targets geochemical trends running north – south, however, due to sediment cover in the north, the program was split between aqua regia assaying to the south and mobile metal ion (MMI) assaying in the north. 32 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine MMI analysis is used to measure the concentration of any metal ions that bind to clays and soils in the near surface soils. The ions migrate by capillary transportation through the regolith by the rising and falling of meteoric ground water. Research into the technology suggests that arsenic is an element that would be mobile in such terrain conditions. The utilization of the technology was also supported by the Victorian Governments Target 2 Initiative supporting new investigative methods to find mineralization under Murray Basin recent sedimentary cover. The opportunity to review the geophysical and geochemical datasets to determine opportunities also allowed for the staged assessment of potential drill targets within EL3539. Between Kirkland Lake Geologists and consultants, some criteria were established to critically assess a number of regional prospects that could be developed into a mineral resource. Factors including previous work, location, community, environment and quality of data were all taken into account before the targets were ranked for initial or more drilling. Near Mine known targets such as the O’Donnell’s, Goornong, Russell’s Reef, Backhaus and O’Dwyer’s lines of mineralization (Figure 6-1) were all identified as having a level of work conducive to immediate diamond drilling campaigns. Areas such as Accott’s, Rasmussen, Sugarloaf, Lyell, Myrtle Creek, Sedgwick and May Reef all required further review in conjunction with the new acquired geophysical, geological and geochemical data to be elevated towards a targeted drill zone (see figures Figure 6-1 to Figure 6-5). It was also identified that the collection of the soils and AEM data may lead to the discovery of previously unidentified areas of mineralization, particularly to the north in areas covered by Murray Basin sediments. These areas will be investigated using other drill methods more suited to the unconsolidated cover, such as RC drilling or Aircore. Ongoing geological interpretation work has made significant inroads into supporting some historic findings as well as providing new insights into the fundamental geological system hosting the Fosterville Gold Mine. The reprocessed magnetic dataset was able to increase the contrast of magnetic signature between the sand and silt units by removing the stronger signals due to tertiary basalt flows. Some lithological units could be traced throughout the lease and breaks in continuity are generally proximal to regional structures such as the Fosterville and Drummartin Faults. In April/May 2010, Haines Surveys completed a ground-based grid and traverse gravity survey centered on the Fosterville Mining License and covering part of EL3539 and EL4572. A total of 34 survey lines and 723 stations were completed during the survey. Grid station spacing was nominally 200m in the central corridor of interest defined by the GSV Redesdale Fault model, increasing to 400m towards the edge of the grid. A number of roadside traverse lines were then completed in the southern portion of the Fosterville license group, designed to infill existing state data and potentially track the course of the Redesdale Fault towards the Harcourt Batholith. Early interpretation of a strong gravimetric contrast from high to low responses to the east of the Fosterville gold mine has been a compelling piece of evidence for the existence of the GSV’s Redesdale Fault. The existence of the Redesdale Fault was first proposed in late 2009 by the Geological Survey of Victoria and is supported by the 2006 State seismic transect (which passes north of EL3539), geological 33 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine mapping near Redesdale and interpretation of State and Northgate gravity data. The interpretation importantly defined a number of gravity highs within the Redesdale Fault corridor, corresponding with known areas of gold mineralization including the Fosterville and O’Dwyer's Fault Systems. Further geophysical processing has focused on verifying the correlation of anomalously high gravity responses associated with the known position of mineral resources with the exploration lease. Early theories for the relationship speculated that the density increases in the zones could be due to zones of increased fluid flow introducing denser minerals into the area. Revised data has not conclusively either supported or dismissed the theory however it has also been postulated that the highs could be due to the folding of shale sequences creating the increase in density. Anomalous increases in density, by either mechanism, has been viewed as important criteria when evaluating the prospectivity of regional drill sites in conjunction with previous soils, mapping, mining and drilling datasets. The positive correlation between these datasets and known areas of gold mineralization supported the drilling of the O’Donnell’s and Goornong lines of mineralization in 2017. Diamond drilling results in both areas returned discreet structural zones hosting anomalous gold mineralization that will require further interpretation to understand how these areas fit into the broader regional geological framework. 34 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 6-1 PLAN OF IP SURVEY AREAS AND PROSPECTS SURROUNDING FOSTERVILLE GOLD MINE 35 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 6-2 PLAN OF RTP MAGNETICS SURROUNDING FOSTERVILLE GOLD MINE 36 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 6-3 PLAN OF TOTAL COUNT RADIOMETRICS SURROUNDING THE FOSTERVILLE GOLD MINE 37 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 6-4 REGIONAL BOUGER GRAVITY 38 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 6-5 EL3539 SOIL GEOCHEMISTRY SAMPLE LOCATION DATA INCLUDING 2018 CAMPAIGN DATA 39 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine DRILLING HISTORY 6.2.1 PRE-1992 DRILLING Modern exploration commenced at Fosterville during the 1970’s. Apollo International Minerals NL drilled three HQ diamond holes in what is now the Hunts area. Noranda Inc. drilled three HQ diamond holes in the Daley’s Hill area. None of these holes have been included in the drilling database due to uncertainty in their collar locations. From 1987 to 1991 Bendigo Gold Associates and later Brunswick drilled 488 RC holes and six HQ diamond holes targeting oxide mineralization on the Fosterville Fault and the Robbin’s Hill area. This program resulted in the development of a heap leach operation, which commenced in 1991. 6.2.2 1992-2001 DRILLING On acquiring the Fosterville Mining License in 1992, Perseverance (through a drilling contractor) started RC drilling for further oxide resources and reserves using a combination of cross over and face sampling hammers. These holes used the CN, CEL, CEN, DH and HAR prefixes. In late 1994, while continuing to explore for oxide mineralization, Perseverance began to drill for sulfide mineralization on the Fosterville Fault potentially amenable to open cut mining. The 1997 Feasibility Study drilling was almost entirely RC with minor diamond drilling for metallurgical and geotechnical purposes and extended from 6000mN to 10700mN. Most of the drilling was completed by 1997 with minor infill drilling continuing to 1999. Holes from this program have the SP (sulfide project), CN, CEL (D), CEN (D), GT or HAR (D) prefixes, the ‘D’ denoting holes with a diamond tail Table 10-3 and Table 10-4. Section spacing was either 25m or 20m except in two small zones in the Falcon and Ellesmere Areas where 12.5m sections were drilled. This drilling program was generally restricted to within 100m of surface, extending to a vertical depth of 150m below surface in the Central North Area, reflecting the perceived limits of open cut mining. The data from this drilling program formed the basis of the 1997 Sulfide Project Feasibility Study, which was later updated in 2000 (Perseverance, 1997; 2000). Two deep diamond holes, SPD7 and SPD8 were also drilled. SPD7 was drilled beneath the Central Ellesmere pit and intersected 53.8m at 1.97 g/t Au (drill hole abandoned in mineralization) from 382m, while SPD8 was drilled to 450m below Central North intersecting only 2.0m at 0.58 g/t Au on a splay fault some 60m to the east of the Fosterville Fault. All the RC drill holes used face sample hammers. After 1996, if the sample was unable to be kept dry the hole was finished with an NQ2 diamond tail. Open hole down-hole surveys were completed on all drill holes at 30m intervals except for a small number of holes, which collapsed before a survey instrument could be lowered down the hole. The vast majority 40 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine of holes were drilled from the west towards the east, generally intersecting mineralization at 50o to 80o. Most sections include at least one hole drilled towards the west as a check on the geological interpretation. The Fosterville Mine Surveyor used a Total Station Instrument to run a complete digital survey of the topography for any areas where drilling and later resource evaluation was planned to take place. Spot heights were measured at suitable intervals where easting, northing and RL are noted. Closer spaced measurements were taken around noticeable highs and lows in the topography. These spot heights were then triangulated using Minsurv software to construct a Digital Terrain Model (DTM). This DTM was used in all resource/reserve estimates at Fosterville. The spot heights were measured to an accuracy of 1.0cm at spacing of approximately two meters. Hole collars were picked up using the Total Station Instrument. 6.2.3 2001-2017 DRILLING The current drilling program which commenced in July 2001 is focused largely on the Fosterville Fault Zone and is ongoing. The drilling programs at Fosterville have essentially been continuous from 2001 to present. Most of the surface drilling was conducted by Silver City Drilling Pty Ltd until November 2009 and thereafter by Macquarie Drilling (drilling contractor). Deepcore Pty Ltd and Swick Mining Services Ltd have provided underground diamond drilling services from 2009 with Deepcore also completing diamond holes from surface during this period. The majority of drilling carried out in this period has been diamond drilling with a limited amount of RC being undertaken, as well as a few AC holes. RC has been utilized to some extent for pre-collars (with diamond tails) this was predominantly undertaken for SPD holes up until 2008. The diamond tails commenced at least 20m before the Fosterville Fault so that all mineralization was intersected by the diamond tail. The RC pre-collars were generally 150m to 200m deep and the diamond drilling was double tube wireline drilling. In addition, navi or wedge drilling was undertaken from parent holes where holes depths are great, and since 2008 many of SPD prefixed holes were drilled using diamond drilling exclusively, HQ collars with NQ2 tails. Collar locations are surveyed using the same technique as prior to 2001 (see Section 6.2.2 above). The direction of the RC pre-collars was controlled to some degree by the use of a stabilizer rod, the relative size of the bit compared to the rods and by the weight on the hammer. Drill holes shallower than 70o tended to lift. Drill holes steeper than 75o tended to drop. With experience, deviation in the pre-collar was restricted to less than 1o in 10m. Navigational drilling was occasionally used to keep holes on target where the RC pre-collar deviated significantly. Down-hole surveys were carried out using a single shot Eastman camera (up until 2007) and then using ReflexTM or PathfinderTM cameras (from 2007 onwards) at 25m intervals in the pre-collars (every 50m inside the rods as the hole was drilled and the intervening 25m intervals open hole after the pre-collar was completed) and at 30m intervals in the diamond tails. As a check on the validity of the single shot surveys six holes were surveyed at 6m intervals using an EMS 41 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine (electronic multi-shot) tool. Between 2010 and 2016 holes greater than 130m have been surveyed at every 6m utilizing the EMS tool on hole completion. The drill hole traces were calculated using the ‘semi tangent’ de-surveying algorithm on 10m intervals in MinePlanTM software. This method is suitable for deeper RC holes, which have more than two down-hole surveys. The ‘fit-spine’ algorithm was previously used because it dealt well with RC holes that have only one or two surveys near the top of the hole and also because this algorithm was used historically at Fosterville. The NQ2 diamond core has generally been drilled using either six-meter core barrels for surface drill rigs or three-meter core barrels for underground drill rigs. A core orientation mark is attempted for each three meter run predominantly utilizing an electronic core orientation tool, such as the reflex orientation tool (spear and mechanical devices has also been utilized in the past). An Ace Core Tool is employed to take structural measurements, where the Ace Core Tool cannot be utilized, structural measurements are taken from an inferred reference plane (regional cleavage) or are un-oriented. Sieved chips from the RC pre-collars were logged in two meter intervals for lithology, weathering, alteration, percentage quartz, color and recovery. The logging information in the past has been recorded into the database via offline logging using hand held IPAQ computers and uploaded to the database. Since 2008 geological information has been entered into laptops running acQuireTM offline logging software, which supports increased validation options prior to uploading into the SQL Fosterville geology database. The diamond core is transported to the core shed where the core is washed, oriented, geologically logged, recovery and RQD measured, marked up for sampling, digitally photographed, sampled and dispatched. Geotechnical logging occurs on an as needs basis, but is completed for each resource definition drill hole. The remaining core is stored on site either in the core farm behind the core shed or at a storage facility at the backfilled portion of the Falcon pit. The geological logging involves direct digital recording of observations on sediment grain size, lithology, planar and linear structural observations (as alpha, beta and gamma measurements), mineralization, alteration and quartz veining and identification of sample locations. Logging is recorded in the database by utilizing online acQuireTM logging software with data validation, the usual automated error checking and a list of samples printed as a cutting sheet. True dip and dip direction values for each collected structural measurement is calculated using a stored procedure in acQuireTM software. Since 2008 logged data has been verified through viewing of the data using MinePlanTM 3D software. The strategy for underground diamond drilling is to infill the exploration drilling intercepts (100m sections) to a notional 25m x 25m grid spacing (or tighter if required) prior to the mining of underground development. Underground diamond drill core samples used in the Phoenix and Harrier resource estimations are predominately NQ2 in diameter. The change in drilling methods to largely oriented diamond core, intensive re-mapping of old oxide pits and a change in logging methods to collect detailed grain size data allowing sequence stratigraphic analysis allowed much more detailed and robust geological models. These geological models allowed a 42 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine better understanding of the controls on gold mineralization, which in turn resulted in the better targeting and more efficient use of drilling. The post-2001 exploration resulted in the discovery and definition of the Phoenix, Wirrawilla and Farley’s deep zones. In addition, the Falcon, Ellesmere and Harrier Zones were extended. Modest additions to resources were made at the Daley’s Hill, Sharkey’s and Hunts Deposits. The 2008 surface diamond drilling program tested the characteristics and extent of resources of the Wirrawilla (renamed as Harrier UG) and Phoenix resource areas. Thirty-six holes totaling 16,253m were completed with 86% completed in Harrier UG Area and 14% in the Phoenix Area. The program resulted in the discovery of extensions to three north striking, west-dipping areas of gold mineralization within the Harrier UG Area: The Osprey, Raptor, and Harrier Base Fault Zones. The zones are situated 1.5km south of the current Phoenix Mineralized Zone and are interpreted to be at a higher stratigraphic level, but down-plunge of the Harrier open-pit mineralized zone, which was mined in 2007. The 2009 exploration program consisted of an additional 12,179m of drilling that served as the basis for an underground resource estimate in the Harrier Area using a 3.0 g/t Au lower cut-off. Additional exploration drilling in 2009 consisted of 6,633m of drilling on Phoenix Extension, 1,051m on other targets in the Fosterville Mining License as well as 1,695m in ten holes on the Myrtle Creek Prospect (EL3539) located south of the FGM. The 2010 exploration program consisted of 49,980m of drilling; the majority of which was directed towards the Harrier (47%) and Phoenix (30%) Zones, to both extend zones and reduce drill spacing to upgrade the confidence in the resources prior to reserve studies. The balance of the exploration was directed to other targets on the Mining License and a small amount of drilling was undertaken on the exploration tenements surrounding the Mining License. The 2011 exploration program consisted of 17,032m of drilling directed towards thirteen different target areas on the Mining Lease, some of which are push backs on existing open pits and others are underground mining target areas. Between 2012 and 2016 exploration has predominantly focused on diamond drilling in close proximity to current mining, with programs based on extending known extents of gold mineralization. This period saw approximately 155,021m of exploration drilling occur in the Robbin’s Hill, Falcon North, Harrier, Phoenix, Lower Phoenix, Lower Phoenix Footwall, Fosterville Splays, Eagle and Kestrel areas. The nominal progression of drilling is from initial surface exploration, through 100m by 50m and then 50m by 50m. Near surface mineralization is then further in-filled to 25m by 25m to allow pit design. Open pit grade control drilling consists of RC holes drilled 5m apart on 10m-12.5m sections to a maximum depth of 30m. However, for the O’Dwyer’s South cutback, Harrier pit cutback and the deepening of John’s pit, two 2.5m riffle split samples of 5m deep blast holes were used for grade control purposes. The open pit drilling, sampling and logging methods are the same as exploration RC drilling. Underground mineralization is in-filled to 25m by 25m or tighter if required by underground diamond holes. 43 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Strike drives are face sampled each round (~3m) and sludge hole sampled on 6m Northings in a ring pattern with holes selected by geologists after review of current geological information. The selection criteria for sludge sampling are based on either the need for providing diamond drill data support or the need for additional sampling in data poor zones. No face sampling or sludge hole sampling is used in resource grade estimation, however, the information is considered for domain boundary placements. Based on drilling results, geological interpretations are made in three dimensional surfaces to form a geological model. The geological model is utilized to interpret the mineralized zones, with geological solids subsequently generated from these interpretations. Further detailed discussion on this process is contained in Section 14 under each of the modeled areas. During 2016, the Phoenix decline was re-directed to the hangingwall of the Fosterville Footwall Anticline and a new drill drive (P4190 DD) from a hangingwall location was completed. 2017 saw a second drill drive created (Harrier Exploration Drill Drive) for drilling primarily targeting the Swan and the Lower Phoenix (Benu) faults. The Audax (Eagle) was also drilled during this time from Central Decline stockpiles with secondary targeting into the Swan also occurring. The drill fleet was split between these main areas and the fleet was extended to handle the multiple east and west-dipping mineralized targets requiring drilling. During Q1 in 2017 underground drilling at Fosterville Gold Mine was transitioned from being carried out by Deepcore Pty Ltd to a new drilling contractor, Swick Mining Services Operations Ltd. By the end of 2017, 433 holes collared from underground locations were completed for a total of 104,083 meters. In addition, there were 52 growth exploration holes collared from surface with a total of 32,899m, including 12 in the Northern Phoenix, 5 in the O’Donnell’s line, 1 at O’Dwyer’s South, 3 at Goornong South and 31 in the Robbin’s Hill area. During 2017, growth exploration diamond drilling from surface and underground totaled 61,267m in 108 drill holes. Near Mine Exploration (a defined geological team) focused on targets to replace reserves by extending known ore shoots. These holes targeted areas within MIN5404 and EL3539 including the Eagle, north and south extensions of the Lower Phoenix and Lower Phoenix Footwall, Harrier Upper and Harrier South, O’Dwyer’s South, O’Donnell’s Line and the Robbin’s Hill Areas. Regional exploration outside the MIN5404 region was focused on the developing Goornong South prospect area southwards and following up on IP targets as well extensions of historic resource corridors. Resource definition drilling was focused on infill drilling of both the Phoenix and Harrier. Significant high-grade results were returned from this drilling with several intercepts containing visible gold in the Swan, Eagle, Lower Phoenix Footwall and Harrier Base structures. 44 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 7 GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND MINERALIZATION REGIONAL GEOLOGY The western sub-province of the Paleozoic Lachlan Orogen in Victoria has been divided into three major fault-bounded structural zones: the Stawell, Bendigo, and Melbourne Zones (Figure 7-1; Cayley et al, 2011). These structural zones are dominated by upright chevron-folded Cambro-Ordovician to Devonian turbidite sequences and were progressively intruded by Early Silurian granite plutons in the west, through to Late Devonian granite plutons in the East close to Fosterville (Bierlein & McKnight, 2005; Phillips et al, 2012). The Fosterville Goldfield is located within the eastern Bendigo Zone, which is bound by the Avoca Fault to the west and the Heathcote Fault Zone to the east (Figure 7-1). The Bendigo Zone contains Ordovician turbidite sequences of sub-greenschist to greenschist metamorphic grade. Gold mineralization is associated with to two main events across the western Lachlan Orogen at ~445Ma and ~380-370Ma, with a possibly another minor event at ~410-400Ma (Phillips et al, 2012). The ~445Ma event is thought to have involved crustal thickening and the circulation of metamorphic fluids through the crust (Vandenberg et al, 2000) and formed gold deposits at Bendigo, Castlemaine, Maldon and Daylesford. The ~380-370Ma event is restricted largely to the Melbourne and eastern Bendigo Zones and is believed to be responsible for some of the emplacement of late gold-in-veins at the Fosterville Gold Mine (Bierlein & Maher, 2001). LOCAL AND PROPERTY GEOLOGY The Fosterville Goldfield is hosted by Lower Ordovician Lancefieldian (486~488 Ma) turbidites within the Ordovician Castlemaine Group rocks (Figure 7-2 and Figure 7-3). The turbiditic sequence comprises interbedded sandstones, siltstones and shales. The sequence is metamorphosed to sub-greenschist facies. Illite crystallinity studies support this observation with results falling in the range of anchizone to lower epizone (Melling, 2008). Fluid inclusion work indicates that upper parts of the Fosterville Goldfield formed at ~270°C and at 2.6-5.7km crustal levels (Mernagh, 2001) with comparative studies for deeper vein hosted styles yet to be undertaken. The stratigraphic sequence was folded into a set of upright chevron, occasional open style folds, with fold wavelengths up to 350m. During folding, vertical axial planar (in finer sediments) and radial cleavages (sandstones) developed and are best observed in fold hinges. Within the Fosterville area the north-north-west trending Fosterville Fault is strike extensive and dips steeply west. A fold culmination (dome) exists in the Fosterville Mining License in the Falcon pit area (Figure 7-3), about which a fold plunge reversal occurs. South of the culmination, folds plunge approximately 4° to 8o southwards (Vollgger, 2018), and a large west-dipping fold limb, containing parasitic folds and faulting has been well drilled over a 4km length to as far south as Daley's Hill. Extensive drilling focused on south plunging gold mineralization associated with late brittle west-dipping reverse faulting that offsets syncline 45 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine and anticline fold closures. However, it is relatively unknown how extensive the northern fold plunge may be or whether it simply represents a local fold plunge reversal (Vollgger, 2018). FIGURE 7-1 MAP AND CROSS-SECTION OF THE WESTERN LACHLAN FOLD BELT IN CENTRAL VICTORIA (a) Distribution of major geologic units and major faults of the Bendigo and Stawell Zones and location of seismic lines. (b)Geological interpretation from seismic surveys. Adapted from Leader & Wilson, 2010. 46 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 7-2 REGIONAL GEOLOGY PLAN OF THE FOSTERVILLE DISTRICT, SHOWING FOSTERVILLE MINING LICENSES, EXPLORATION LICENSES, OPEN PITS AND HARD ROCK GOLD OCCURRENCES 47 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 7-3 FOSTERVILLE SURFACE GEOLOGY PLAN SHOWING SURFACE MINING ACTIVITY 48 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine In the northern portion of the Mining License, in the Robbin's Hill and O'Dwyer's areas, a number of west- dipping faults occur and parallel the Fosterville Fault. Late Silurian to early Devonian porphyry dykes (Arne et al, 1998) also occur in this area, are up to 10m in width, intrude the stratigraphic sequence, predominantly along anticlinal axial planes (King, 2005 & Reed, 2007a) and postdate all significant faulting. The porphyry dykes are sericite altered and have associated gold mineralization that was sufficient to support several oxide and minor sulfide (O'Dwyer's South) open pits. Lamprophyre dykes, typically less than 1m in width, intrude along the general Fosterville Fault trend and are unmineralized. These dykes were emplaced in the Middle Jurassic (157-153 Ma; Bierlein et al, 2001) and are of similar age to those that occur at Bendigo. Erosion of the area followed by Cainozoic Murray Basin sediment valley backfill and weathering has resulted in local clay conglomerate alluvial channels and complete oxidation to about 40m below surface. Immediately below the base of complete oxidation is a 10-15m thick zone of partial oxidation of sulfide minerals. Feldspar destruction and partial carbonate dissolution extends from the base of oxidation to about 150m depths. Approximately 2km to the east of Fosterville, Miocene aged basalt flows of the Newer Volcanic Group mask the Ordovician rocks and Murray Basin Sediments and can be found to have flowed north-south along a palaeochannel of the Campaspe River (Figure 7-2 & Figure 7-3 and evident in magnetic imagery of Figure 6-2). SCHEMATIC GEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION The present understanding of the faulting is shown on schematic cross sections in Figure 7-4. Pictured is the steep west-dipping Fosterville Fault, which has several en echelon arrays of footwall reverse faults that link across from a western anticline to a syncline in the east. Mineralization is predominantly hosted along faulting that causes discordant bedding-fault relationships. Most of the lower faults (Hawk through to Kestrel) are thought to exist as bedding parallel LQ veins at depth to the west of their respective footwall anticlines. However, eastwards between footwall and hangingwall anticlines the faults can have concordant (parallel)/discordant (oblique) bedding relationships, and to the east of hangingwall anticlines, the faults shallow in dip and have discordant contacts with adjacent bedding. When certain favorable rheology or stratigraphic units are encountered across the east-dipping limb, conjugate east-dipping structures form, creating zones of greater structural complexity. Further eastwards the single stranded west-dipping faults become an unmineralized zone of distributed faults for 50-100m, before merging into a single fault, approximately 50m west of footwall synclines. East of the footwall syncline the dip of these faults steepens, matching the dip of the footwall bedding. Between footwall and hangingwall synclines, faults have discordant/concordant bedding relationships and to the east of the hangingwall syncline the faults exist as bedding parallel LQ veins, commonly with clay pug on one margin. The schematic cross section portrays a number of fault segments where gold mineralization occurs and includes examples of areas of fault-bedding discordant relationships, changes in fault dip and localization of mineralization between hangingwall and footwall synclines, and between hangingwall and footwall 49 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine anticlines. In particular, the Phoenix Fault System is an important structure at Fosterville for gold mineralization. It has 120 to 150m of reverse offset and as underground mining has progressed to deeper levels, faulting has become more complex. Close to the surface the Phoenix Fault was a relatively narrow west-dipping reverse fault. However, down-plunge the faulting changes to also include mineralized hangingwall splay faulting and west-dipping footwall faults emanating from bedding parallel LQ veins. Other faults at structurally higher positions have comparable fault offset and are well mineralized. These include the Harrier and Osprey Faults (exposed at Harrier Pit) that are footwall splays of the Fosterville Fault. The faults have over 200m of combined reverse movement, and are mined at the southern end of the Mining License. Where wall rocks are faulted and brecciated, fractures are healed by quartz-carbonate veining and commonly have arsenopyrite and pyrite disseminated in the wall rock up to 50cm from the veins. The wall rock proximal to faults is also sericitized, sometimes with visually subtle alteration, and has similar spatial extents to the gross disseminated sulfide distribution. Bedded parallel faults exist as LQ veins and are thought to have formed during ductile deformation. As such they pre-date mineralizing events and are generally poorly mineralized. 50 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 7-4 FOSTERVILLE FAULT ZONE SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION LOOKING NORTH 51 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine MINERALIZATION Mineralization at FGM occurs mainly as gold atoms trapped within the crystal lattice of disseminated arsenopyrite and pyrite (sulfides). These sulfide minerals precipitate in the wall rock sediments as selvage alteration proximal to veins that penetrate the host rock. Arsenopyrite crystals occur as 0.05-6mm long acicular needles in random orientations. The disseminated pyrite associated with gold mineralization occurs as crystalline pyritohedrons 0.1-2mm in size. Arsenopyrite is most important for the sulfide hosted gold mineralization (Roberts et al, 2003). Sulfide mineralization up to several meters occurs as selvedge alteration proximal to quartz-carbonate veining, and can be pervasive for hundreds of meters. Visible gold has been observed in all areas of the underground workings at FGM and in some open cut pits within the MIN5404 lease. Visible gold is observed within quartz-carbonate veins, with a noticeable increase in recent years as underground mining and diamond drilling has advanced deeper. Visible gold particles are predominantly specks (up to 3mm), however more rarely they can be > 5mm. The width of quartz-carbonate veining that contain visible gold is variable, with widths ranging from a few millimeters to several meters (true thickness). The veins usually have incomplete infill with druse quartz within those voids. Visible gold can be found as specks in narrow linear trends as well as isolated specks without a clear trend. Alteration mineralogy associated with veins that host visible gold includes quartz - carbonate (ankerite), with minor occurrences of fibrous boulangerite (Pb5Sb4S11) as inclusions in euhedral quartz or as fibrous growths within void spaces. Clear to brown colored sphalerite (ZnS2) is also occasionally observed within veins. Selvage sulfide alteration can be present, proximal to veins hosting visible gold. The visible gold has a spatial association with stibnite (Sb2S3). However, the stibnite mineralization can occur without visible gold (Henderson, 2014). The rationale for the one-way correlation is likely due to the stibnite mineralization occurring in different events, but utilizing the same structurally favorable locations. Stibnite mineralization is observed in all areas of the underground workings at FGM and has historically/previously been observed in some open cut pits within MIN5404. CONTROLS ON GOLD MINERALIZATION At Fosterville sulfide gold mineralization is structurally controlled and localized by the discordant relationship between bedding and faulting (Figure 7-4). Gold mineralization is more continuous and of higher grades in fault zones where east-dipping beds occur adjacent to west-dipping footwall beds across faulting, such as along the Phoenix Fault (Boucher et al, 2008a), i.e.: discordant-concordant structural setting (locally termed oblique/parallel or parallel/oblique). Mineralized shoots are typically 4-15m thick, 50m-190m up/down-dip and 300-2,000m+ down-plunge (Figure 7-5). Sulfide gold grades are relatively smoothly distributed with both extremely high values and extremely low values being uncommon. There are four geometric bedding-fault relationships present at Fosterville, primarily created through the interaction of west-dipping faulting that links across fold closures, from an anticline in the west to a syncline 52 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine in the east. The four bedding relationships across a fault are locally referred to as parallel/parallel, parallel/oblique, oblique/oblique and oblique/parallel structural settings. The controls on visible gold mineralization are less well tested compared with sulfide-hosted gold, however, general observations suggest that visible gold is focused along reactivated faults where sulfide hosted gold mineralization is located. Visible gold is generally found in higher concentrations on faulting proximal to anticline hinges. The Eagle Zone has a fault (Audax Fault) with an orientation that is northeast striking, and moderately southeast dipping, which is significantly different to all other mineralized faults at FGM. It would appear that this orientation has a strong control on visible gold mineralization, however, this is yet to be tested in other areas within FGM. The Swan Fault also moderately dipping (45-60o) but to the southwest at an oblique angle to the well-known Fosterville Fault Zone faults such as Lower Phoenix (Benu) and Kestrel. These noticeably different fault orientations around the Swan Zone mineralization are likely to strongly influence the degree of observed visible gold. FOSTERVILLE FAULT ZONE The Fosterville Fault Area represents a near-linear trend of gold mineralization within MIN5404 extending from Daley's Hill in the south to Rehe's pit in the north (Figure 7-3). The accommodation of strain between the syncline and anticline caused by east-west transpression resulted in a complex fault network with predominant west dipping faults. East dipping faulting occurs and interacts with west dipping faulting. Most faults generally strike north-northwest, with some notable exceptions (e.g.: Audax and Swan). Fluids utilizing these pathways were not constrained to one pathway as seen in the Phoenix and Falcon Zones, but used a diverse network including fold-hinges, sedimentary units and contacts as well as east- and west- dipping faults. There also appears to be an element of fluid pressurization injecting up-plunge, seeking lower pressure environments. This fluid pressurization appears to be strongly coincident with the increase in quartz-stibnite-coarse gold veining at depth. These veins can be several meters thick, often show stylolitic vein textures, and can be brecciated due to an element of hydraulic fracturing, which acts as a trap. This occurs in the Eagle / Lower Phoenix interaction zone around the Fosterville Anticline. Along the mineralized trend at approximately 8800mN (Falcon Pit area), a fold culmination (dome) occurs. The culmination causes a plunge reversal to the folding where north of the culmination, the footwall syncline and mineralization shoots plunge gently to the north. Similarly, south of the culmination, the folds plunges ~10o towards the south. Mineralized ore shoots plunge steeper than folds plunging approximately 20° southwards controlled by the intersection lineation between steeply west dipping faults and oblique linkage faults. 53 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 7-5 FOSTERVILLE FAULT ZONE LONGITUDINAL PROJECTION SHOWING RESOURCES, RESERVES, MINING AND TARGET AREAS 54 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 7.6.1 DOMAINS Based on observed variations in geology, orientation, variography, geochemistry, statistics and spatial location within FGM mineralized zones are divided into 67 distinct domains (Table 7-1). Domains are created due to the identification of a unique set of parameters that are coincident with economic mineralization traced through a number of drilled sections. Unique parameters may include the presence of a defining structure (Fosterville Fault, Phoenix Fault, Benu Fault, etc.), consistent orientation along strike and dip, mineralization style (disseminated sulfide, massive stibnite or visible gold), spatial location or geological setting (hinge, oblique/oblique, parallel/parallel, parallel/oblique, oblique/parallel, etc.). Surrounding all the mineralized domains is a waste domain that was used to generate the waste gold grades in the immediate vicinity of the mineralization. TABLE 7-1 MODEL DOMAINS, CODES AND ASSIGNED MINERALIZED ZONES Domain Classification Total Undepleted Mineralization Domain Name Domain Code Reserve Zone (Ounces above 3g/t cut-off) Fosterville HG 01 No reserves 117,500 Fosterville LG 02 No reserves 122,600 Phoenix HG 03 No reserves 694,100 Phoenix LG 04 No reserves 22,900 Splay HG 05 No reserves 395,800 Splay LG 06 Robin 288,100 Kite 07 No reserves 83,300 Allwood 08 No reserves 67,100 Vertical 09 No reserves 170,700 Vulture 10 Central 227,600 Harrier OP 11 Central 27,400 Phoenix Base 12 No reserves 202,100 Benu 13 Phoenix 374,400 Benu FW 14 Lower Phoenix 45,300 Kestrel 15 Lower Phoenix/Phoenix 25,800 Bedded East 16 Kestrel 175,700 Shallow East Dippers 17 Kestrel 21,600 East Dippers 18 Phoenix 152,700 Phoenix Base S 19 Central 12,700 Eagle 20 Eagle 12,700 Allwood East 21 Phoenix 125,800 Audax FW 22 Eagle 9,700 Phoenix Base FW 23 Central 38,500 Audax Sulfide 24 Eagle 25,000 55 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Domain Classification Total Undepleted Mineralization Domain Name Domain Code Reserve Zone (Ounces above 3g/t cut-off) Swan Sulfide 25 Swan 238,400 Swan Upper 26 No reserve 3,000 West Dipping Splays 27 Eagle 178,600 Griffon 28 Phoenix 19,300 N Dipper 29 Swan 15,200 Osprey 30 Harrier 200,700 Osprey Base 31 No reserve 11,700 Osprey Link 32 No reserve 26,300 Wagon Wheel 33 No reserve 118,900 Harrier 34 No reserve 311,900 Osprey Splays 35 No reserve 21,900 Harrier Base 36 Harrier 150,100 Harrier Link 37 Harrier 25,200 Harrier HW 38 Harrier 85,000 Harrier Splay 39 Harrier 101,800 unnamed 40 No reserve 35,600 Rubin 41 No reserve 59,500 Dyke 42 No reserve 12,000 Syncline Fault 43 No reserve 26,900 Curie 44 No reserve 344,500 unnamed 45 No reserve 10,500 unnamed 46 No reserve 1,000 Curie HW 47 No reserve 13,200 Smith 48 No reserve 1,200 unnamed 49 No reserve 1,100 unnamed 50 No reserve 14,500 East Dipper HG 51 No reserve 7,200 Curie HW1 52 No reserve 10,300 unnamed 53 No reserve 4,600 unnamed 54 No reserve 5,700 unnamed 55 No reserve 18,200 Franklin 56 No reserve 38,100 Linker 57 No reserve 33,000 Harrier E Dipper 58 No reserve 1,600 Audax 59 Eagle 279,400 Benu W1 60 No reserve 41,700 56 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Domain Classification Total Undepleted Mineralization Domain Name Domain Code Reserve Zone (Ounces above 3g/t cut-off) Swan 61 Swan 2,677,400 Main Flt 62 No reserve N/A Syncline 63 No reserve N/A West Area 64 No reserve N/A Campaspe 65 No reserve N/A Sparrowhawk 66 No reserve 4,500 Shallow North Dippers 67 No reserve 2,700 Swan & Eagle (Audax) The Swan Mineralized Zone (Figure 7-6) is situated within the Lower Phoenix System below the 4300mRL and is genetically linked to the network of hydraulically fractured quartz veins in the Lower Phoenix. The southwest-dipping Swan Fault exists as an oblique structure cross-cutting the eastern limb of the anticline (Figure 7-4) and is bounded by the Eagle (Audax) Fault down-dip and the Kestrel Syncline at its upper margin. Unlike the significant west-dipping faults such as the Fosterville Fault that follow stratigraphic units the Swan Fault cross cuts stratigraphic units, striking approximately 150° (mine grid). This geometry sees the structure splay off the Lower Phoenix (Benu) and migrate from the Lower Phoenix Anticline in the north towards the Kestrel Syncline in the south. More significantly, the Swan Fault exhibits a possible rotational displacement which increases to the south. This suggests the Swan represents a potential short- lived late-stage accommodation structure within the Lower Phoenix System. The Swan Fault is characterized by a massive to brecciated 1-3m thick quartz-dominant vein with clearly defined laminated margins. There are various observed vein textures within the Swan structure including, unique spotted stibnite and visible gold within quartz, zones of brecciation, country rock/stibnite laminations and styolitic textures (particularly concentrated on vein margins) with concentrated trends of visible gold, vugs containing euhedral crystalline quartz (+/- sulfides and visible gold), sugary crypto crystalline quartz textures and massive quartz zones containing specs and slugs of visible gold. On its periphery there is a low-grade selvage of sulfide dominated gold mineralization, which can be up to 2m in width. The Swan offsets numerous bedded geological packages such as the Pelican East LQ and there appears to be a grade contrast on the Swan Fault as the units pass from the hangingwall to the footwall. This translates to the upper RL elevations of the Swan Fault being of a lower grade gold tenor than the currently defined lower elevations. The Swan represents the highest grade visible gold hosted structure discovered to date within the Fosterville goldfield and continues to exhibit consistent, very high-gold grades. 57 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 7-6 LONGITUDINAL PROJECTION OF THE SWAN (YELLOW) AND AUDAX (PINK) MINERALIZED ZONES. GRAY ARE ALL OTHER DOMAINS. Harrier Base The Harrier Base domain (Figure 7-7) is one of several domains that are located within the Harrier system. The Harrier System is interpreted to have developed as reverse thrust faulting progressed up the Fosterville Fault reaching the anticline, refracting and developing a complex system of splay faults that link across to the eastern syncline hinge. Fault propagation continues across east-dipping interbedded sandstone and shale beds before movement conformed into the large Harrier Shale package. Movement into the Eastern Syncline and Harrier Shale package develops several minor hinge offsets along early LQ veins that create localized zones of oblique/parallel mineralization. The Harrier Shale package proximal to the ore body has been is estimated to be ~70m in thickness with several LQ veins throughout the succession. Major LQs were correlated along strike and structurally wireframed to create the Harrier Base and Harrier Upper Faults. The total displacement over the Harrier suite of faults is about 120m. The system has an overall plunge of 25° and consists of five distinct domains including the Harrier, Harrier Base, Harrier Link, Harrier Splay and Osprey. Mineralization within the Harrier Zone consists of primary sulfides including arsenopyrite and pyrite with the area having only localized amounts of stibnite. The sulfides are disseminated into the host sandstone and shale packages around strongly faulted and fractured areas. Localized and uncommon stibnite mineralization occurs as vein infill. 58 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 7-7 LONGITUDINAL PROJECTION OF THE HARRIER BASE (RED) MINERALIZED ZONES. GRAY ARE ALL OTHER DOMAINS. ROBBIN’S HILL AREA The O’Dwyer’s Fault Zone passes through the Robbin’s Hill Area (Figure 7-3), and is a trend that runs parallel with, and 1.5 km to the east of the Fosterville Fault. 7.7.1 GEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW Robbin’s Hill structural architecture is similar to the Fosterville system, consisting of folded turbidite sequences and major NNW trending structures resulting from E-W transpression (Figure 7-9). A number of major NNW-trending structures have been identified at Robbins Hill, including the recently drilled Curie and Rubin faults. These reverse faults are post-folding and are interpreted to offset fold hinges at Robbin’s Hill creating ideal structural zones for gold precipitation. The extent of defined mineralization on the Curie Fault, which to date hosts the most significant mineralization at Robbins Hill is illustrated in Figure 7-8. Major sulfide mineralization is concentrated within regions exhibiting dilatational structures (veins and faults). Sulfide mineralization is dominated by pyrite and arsenopyrite but can include trace occurrences of stibnite, galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite. Visible gold occurs at depth with observations thus far hosted by quartz in the Curie Fault, including several specks <2mm in diameter. Veins in the Curie Fault containing visible gold are dominated by quartz with minor calcite, chlorite, albite, and epidote. Other minerals present that appear to be spatially associated with visible gold mineralization include stibnite and disseminated arsenopyrite-pyrite mineralization in the surrounding host rock. Visible gold is typically associated with laminated textures within the quartz vein. 59 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Low-grade sulfide mineralization (~2 g/t Au) is also homogenously distributed within a felsic dyke seen in the Robbin’s Hill pit, where mineralization is generally vertical and found close to the fold hinge(s). Hydrothermal alteration is abundant within mineralized zones including both sericitic and carbonaceous alteration. Northeast trending unconsolidated Murray Basin clays, sands and gravels overly the Ordovician basement in the northwest and southeast parts of the Robbin’s Hill Area. FIGURE 7-8 LONGITUDINAL PROJECTION OF THE CURIE (BLUE) MINERALIZED DOMAIN. GRAY ARE ALL OTHER DOMAINS. 60 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 7-9 ROBBIN'S HILL SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION LOOKING NORTH 61 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 8 DEPOSIT TYPES Sulfide gold mineralization at Fosterville is relatively homogenous with orogenic gold deposits, however with minor variations in the host rock type and structural setting. Deposits similar to Foserville form a sub- group of orogenic gold deposits that are typified by gold occurring in fine crystals of arsenopyrite and/or pyrite disseminated in country rocks as a selvage to faults or veins. These deposits and classic vein-hosted deposits are effectively end members with many orogenic gold deposits displaying features of both. Sulfide gold mineralization at Fosterville is controlled by brittle faulting. These brittle faults are stacked, generally steeply west-dipping with reverse movement varying from a few meters to over 150m. In the upper parts the fault system a series of moderately west-dipping reverse splay faults occur in the footwall of the Fosterville Fault. Sulfide gold mineralization occurs as disseminated arsenopyrite and pyrite forming as a selvage to veins in quartz – carbonate veinlet stockwork. The mineralization is structurally controlled with high-grade zones localized by the geometric relationship and interactions between bedding and faulting. Mineralized shoots are typically 4-15m thick, 50m-190m up/down-dip and 300-2,000m+ down- plunge. Within the oxide zone, there has typically been minor re-mobilization of gold into the immediately surrounding country rocks which has resulted in an approximately 50% increase in the width of mineralization and consequent reduction in gold grade. There is no evidence of a wide spread high-grade supergene zone immediately below the water table. There is no current focus on exploring for additional oxide resources. Until about 2015 the varied occurrences of primary visible gold had no clear control, with limited observations made mostly in oxide pits at the time they were mined. However, FGM now has many observations of visible gold mineralization in drill core and underground face/wall mapping. From this, FGM is of the view that visible gold mineralization is spatially associated with stibnite and quartz- carbonate veining. This stibnite-quartz-carbonate mineralization occurs as a late stage overprint/ replacement/reactivation of existing structures. The broader concept that was used to explain observations of sulfide gold mineralization at FGM is primarily based on the structural framework and laminated (crack-seal) vein textures which point towards an orogenic gold system. However, the increase in visible gold as well as stibnite mineralization and the overall crosscutting nature of controlling structures and overprinting relationships between sulfide hosted gold and visible gold suggest that FGM might have been influenced by relatively young (Devonian) igneous activity which is well documented and known throughout the Bendigo Zone (e.g. Bierlein & McKnight, 2005). 62 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 9 EXPLORATION 2018 EXPLORATION During the course of 2018, exploration activities outside of Mining License 5404 included regional soil sampling throughout EL3539, reprocessing of geophysical data and exploratory drilling utilizing diamond and reverse circulation. Details and metrics of non-drilling related exploration programs are tabulated in Table 9-1 below. TABLE 9-1 2018 REGIONAL EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES SUMMARY Activity Location License Involved Parties Metrics Regional soil EL3539 Region EL3539, KLG, Euro (Field 2,014 samples (Aqua geochemistry EL4937, collection), SGS Townsville Regia) MIN5404 Following initial downhole geophysical trials in diamond holes at Robbin’s Hill in 2017, initiative to investigate possible methods for increasing information density while reducing the impact on core logging, downhole wireline logging was tested on a number of RC and diamond holes in 2018. In total, 11 wireline geophysical surveys were collected on diamond holes at Robbins Hill, Russell’s Reef, Lyell and various RC locations. Due to hole conditions, only 3 of these surveys logged through the targeted fault zone at Robbin’s Hill. A complete suite of ‘tools’ were trialed including: Optical & Acoustic Televiewers, Full Waveform Sonic, Magnetic Susceptibility, Dual Induction, Induced Polarization, Spectral Gamma, Natural Gamma and Fluid-Temperature Conductivity probes. The collected data was processed and interpreted by the sub-contractor Geosensor Wireline Pty. Ltd. Further interactive onsite interpretation sessions involving Fosterville geologists vastly improved interpretations and outcomes from the program. TABLE 9-2 2018 HOLES LOGGED BY WIRELINE Project HOLE-ID EOH Logged Depth RC LRC010 300.0 300.0 RC LRC013 300.0 200.0 RC LRC014 300.0 50.0 Lyell LYD004 800.0 800.0 Robbin's Hill RHD295 701.5 519.5 Robbin's Hill RHD295A 941.5 700.0 Robbin's Hill RHD298 394.9 270.2 Robbin's Hill RHD299 383.0 381.7 Robbin's Hill RHD304 287.5 272.1 Russell's Reef RRD019A 1175.6 500.0 Russell's Reef RRD023 602.5 519.6 63 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Significant observations from interpretation of the wireline surveys are: Structures interpreted from Televiewer logging are far superior to those made on drill core and can be obtained through zones of significant core loss in diamond and RC drill holes. Lithology and alteration interpretations vastly improve the quality and productivity of visual diamond core or RC chip logging. The sulfide hosted mineralization styles at Robbins Hill and Russell’s Reef have distinct geophysical signatures that have been well defined and are significantly anomalous. Continuous, in-situ, high quality geotechnical data can be obtained from these data including: RQD, P&S Wave Velocities, Elastic Moduli and Present Day Stress Field Vectors. The utilization of wireline technology is expected to give benefit in tying data from regional geophysical surveys into the rock properties of interest. Another key campaign during 2018 included a regional soil sampling campaign throughout EL3539. 2,014 soil samples were collected around the Sugarloaf and Kimbolton reserves. The delay on completion from 2017 was due to land access needing to be authorized from the appropriate land managers. Samples were collected by Euro Exploration Services contractors under the supervision of FGM geologists. Soil sample locations were pre planned and given to the contractor via electronic media. The samples were located using GPS enabled tablets using MapptTM software with an accuracy down to 3m. Samples were collected from 10cm-20cm of depth and sieved on site to gain 300g of sub 2mm sample through a stainless steel mesh sieve. Locations were immediately rehabilitated and georeferenced photos were taken to ensure no future issues could be related back to the project. Once the samples were returned to site, samples were analyzed using an Olympus Vanta M portable XRF housed within a manufacturers supplied radiation shielded unit. The Vanta M gives 38 elements with limits of detection for gold, arsenic and antimony down to 5 ppm. Samples area analyzed through the commercially supplied plastic bag. The data is used for preliminary evaluations of areas of interest before samples are consigned to SGS laboratories. SGS performs an Aqua Regia digest on a 25g subsample of the soil consignment. Of the 60 elements tested for, 49 elements are analyzed using ICP-MS with 11 elements analyzed with ICP – Optical Emission Spectrometry (OES). Gold is analyzed down to 1 ppb levels. A significant project conducted in 2018 was to conduct a full suite of petrophysical analyses on wide range of rock types commonly found throughout the region. It was identified that there was a significant knowledge gap as to the physical properties of rocks found in and around the Fosterville deposit. Besides specific gravity measurements, which have been taken intermittently (four per hole, representative of shale and sandstone, both mineralized and unmineralized), there was insufficient rock property data to inform modelling of other geophysical datasets. It was proposed that the rock property data could be used to inform and constrain geophysical campaigns including Seismic, Gravity, Electromagnetics, Induced Polarization and magnetics. Results were returned late in 2018 with findings summarized in the May Reef, Fosterville, O’Dwyer’s South, Russell’s Reef, Lyell, Meadow Valley prospects – Technical report no. 18_023 (Bourne, 2018). 64 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 10 DRILLING 2018 DRILLING During 2018, a total of 153km of diamond drilling and 8,711m of reverse circulation drilling was completed on the Fosterville property. A fleet of 11 to 12 diamond drill rigs and one reverse circulation drill rig were utlized to undertake this drilling. Drilling was completed from both surface drill positions and underground platforms, with the scope of works vaying from close spaced underground grade control to surface regional exploratory drill programs. Drilling programs undertaken can be broken into 3 main categories Mine Geology – Operating and Sustaining Capital Drill Programs Near Mine Exploration - Growth Capital, Growth Expensed and Growth Projects Programs Regional Exploration (LODE) – Programs FGM contracts out all diamond drilling and reverse circulation drilling activities with specialised service providers generating drill samples that are transported to onsite processing facilities for logging and sampling by FGM personnel. A fleet of 7-8 diamond drill rigs were used for underground drilling programs during 2018 with resources servicing Mine Geology and Near Mine Exploration programs. Drill programs were primarlty focused on resource definition and exploration of down plunge extensions of the Lower Phoenix and Harrier mineralised systems. Other drill programs were more investigative in nature, exploring for mineralization potential below and adjacent to active mining areas. Up to 4 diamond drill rigs were used for surface drilling programs during 2018, with programs undertaken within the Mine License and the surrounding Exploration Licenses. Surface drilling is typically undertaken within enclosed acoustic sheds to minimise the risk of community disturbance. A reverse circulation drill rig was also employed to rapidally test geochemical and geophysical anomolies throughout the property. Drilling services contracts are managed to achieve optimum efficiency levels with minimum loss of core or sample and minimum hole deviation and in a manner consistent with safe drilling practices using modern drilling methods, equipment and skilled and experienced crews. Underground diamond drilling programs are undertaken from various locations including purpose built drilling platforms with dedicated drill cuddies positioned hangingwall to mineralized zones and from development drives that could be either footwall, hanging wall or within the targeted mineralized zone for infill definition programs. Surface drilling programs are undertaken within the Mine and Exploration Licenses on Crown Land, FGM owned land or private land. Both underground and surface programs have detailed pre-start and decommissioning checklist procedures which consider all safety and environment related matters. FGM rehabiliate all surface drill sites upon completion. Underground drilling hole lengths drilled vary depending on the classification of drilling with depths ranging from 20m up to 1,200m. Hole dip angles predominatley range from -30o to -90o from horizontal, 65 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine with some uphole (pump down) drilling required from time to time depending on the position of the drill target in relation to the available drill platform. Surface drill hole dip angles typically range from -45o to - 80o. Both hole dips and azimuths are designed to intesect targeted mineralized structures as close as possible to perpendicular to their interpreted trend, with tolerance limits set within the design processes. Underground holes are collared from a surveyed collar point marked up by survey and azimuth aligner tools are used to set the hole azimuth as detailed on instructions provided by the supervising geologist. Surface holes collar positions are set out by GPS and rigs are aligned using an azimuth aligner tool. Downhole RelfexTM single shot surveys are completed at intervals of 30m downhole as a drill hole progresses and geologists monitor the hole deviation to ensure it remains within acceptable tolerances. If holes are deviating from target, correctional actions are taken through changes in downhole configuations or navigational drilling. Once a drillhole is complete, a final downhole survey is completed at close space intervals of 3 to 6m with either a ReflexTM or DeviflexTM Gyro tool. Downhole survey instrumentation is tested / calibrated on a weekly basis. The diamond drilling provides whole core recovery generally in NQ2 diameter. For deep hole programs HQ diameter core may be used in the upper sections of the hole to navigate through weathered or faulted ground and / or to control hole deviation. BQ diameter core is ocassionally used in instances where NQ2 drill strings may be stuck and the hole is progressed to the target zone through the NQ diameter drill string or if a casing wedge is required to hit target. Deep exploration holes also typically employ directional drilling techniques, including navigational drilling and cutting and wedging of daughter holes from parent holes. Diamond core is generally drilled using three-meter core barrels for surface and underground drill rigs. A core orientation mark is attempted for each three meter run predominantly utilizing an electronic core orientation tool, such as the ReflexTM orientation tool. A core protractor or a Kenometer are employed to take structural measurements, where these tools cannot be utilized, structural measurements are taken from an inferred reference plane (regional cleavage) or are un-oriented. Diamond drilling contractors are advised through drill instructions from FGM Geologists of anticipated geological conditions down hole and estimated depths of faults and potential mineralization. Experienced drill crews use tailored mud mixing programs, varied head pressure and rotation rates, shorter runs or triple tube as required to maximize core recovery. Core recovery is accurately measured for each run and any core loss is reported to the FGM Geology team via a written report from the driller. The Geologist will review the interval of core loss and make an assessment on whether a hole re-drill or wedge is required. Any material core loss in mineralized zones is followed up with either, another hole from collar, or for deeper holes, a wedge daughter hole to obtain a representative sample of the mineralized zone. Once holes are completed their collar positions are picked up by survey and the holes are fully grouted. The diamond core is transported to the core shed where the core is washed, oriented, geologically logged, recovery and RQD measured, marked up for sampling, digitally photographed, sampled and dispatched. Geotechnical logging occurs on exploration and resource extension as well as on resource infill drill holes occurring on an as needs basis, but is completed for each drill hole. The remaining core is stored on site, either in the core farm behind the core shed or at a storage facility at the backfilled portion of the Falcon Pit. The geological logging involves direct digital recording of observations on sediment grain size, 66 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine lithology, planar and linear structural observations (as alpha, beta and gamma measurements), mineralization, alteration and quartz veining and identification of sample locations. Logging is recorded in the database by utilizing online acQuireTM logging software with data validation, the usual automated error checking and a list of samples printed as a cutting sheet. True dip and dip direction values for each collected structural measurement are calculated using a stored procedure in acQuireTM software. Logged data is been verified through viewing of the data using MinePlanTM 3D software. Procedures are in place for the design, implementation, operation, monitoring and decommissioning of drill programs. Procedures are also established for the transport, logging, sampling and dispatch of drill cores and chips. Procedural compliance is monitored to ensure the highest standards of sample collection and recovery are maintained to provide accurate and reliable data for resource estimation work. MINE GEOLOGY - OPERATING AND SUSTAINING CAPITAL DRILL PROGRAMS A total of 19,143m of Operating and 5,767m of Sustaining Capital drilling was undertaken from underground drill platforms during 2018. Operating drilling is defined as resource definition infill drilling into Mineral Reserves that fall within the 12 month production plan. The drilling is required to increase confidence in both the spatial positioning, geomety and grade estimation prior to mining. Sustaining Capital drilling is defined as drilling into Mineral Reserves or Measured and Indicated Resources that fall outside the 12 month production plan, considered necessary to assist medium to long term mine planning. Sustaining Captial drilling not only importantly provides increased confidence in Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, but additional geological and geotechnical information ahead of mining, essential for optimising the effective extraction of the resource. Details of Mine Geology programs are tabulated in Table 10-1. TABLE 10-1 MINE GEOLOGY – OPERATING AND SUSTAINING CAPITAL DRILL PROGRAMS Diamond Project Comments Drilling (m) Operating Drilling was primarily focused on increasing confidence within the Swan and Eagle Mineral Reserves. Drill spacing in these high grade zones Operating 19,143 was closed into ~12.5 x 12.5m prior to mining. Drilling was either undertaken from within the operating levels or from proximal hanging-wall drill drive positions. Sustaining Capital drilling was undertaken within the Lower Phoenix and Harrier Mineral Reserves and Measured and Indicated Mineral Resource Sustaining Capital 5,767 areas. Drilling targeted areas of resource / reserve risk, increasing confidence before establishment of operating levels. Drilling was primarily undertaken from hanging wall drill drive positions. Total 24,910 67 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine NEAR MINE EXPLORATION – GROWTH CAPITAL, GROWTH EXPENSED AND GROWTH PROJECTS DRILL PROGRAMS Near Mine Exploration programs focused on targeting Inferred Mineral Resources, open extensions of known Mineral Resources and areas of potential mineralization within and proximal to the Mine License. Growth Capital drilling is defined as drilling that targets Inferred Mineral Resources, with the objective to increase resource confidence to an Indicated Mineral Resource classification to allow for Mineral Reserve evaluation. Growth Expensed drilling is defined as drilling that targets the incremental growth extensions of Inferred Mineral Resources with the aim to deliver additional Mineral Resource inventory and provide definition along Mineral Resource boundaries. Growth Projects drilling is defined as drilling that targets step out extensions (> 100m) of known Mineral Resources or areas of resource potential within or proximal to the Mine License. The extent of Near Mine Exploration programs for 2018 is illustrated in Figure 10-1, Figure 10-2, Figure 10-3, Figure 10-5 and Figure 10-6. Details of Near Mine exploration programs are tabulated in Table 10-2. Executed Growth Capital programs in 2018 were pivotal in delivering a substantial increase in Mineral Reseves in December 2018, with drilling demonstrating continuity of high grade visible gold mineralization on the Swan structure down plunge of the December 2017 Mineral Reserves. Figure 10-4 illustrates the substantial widths and grades of some of the Growth Capital drill results returned in 2018 on the Swan structure. Drilling undertaken in 2018 adds to an expansive drill data set from historical drilling conducted within the property. A summary of drilling undertaken on the Fosterville Fault corridor and Robbin’s Hill Area are summarized in Table 10-3 and Table 10-4. 68 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 10-2 NEAR MINE EXPLORATION - GROWTH CAPITAL, GROWTH EXPENSED AND GROWTH PROJECTS DRILL PROGRAMS Diamond Project Comments Drilling (m) Drilling primarily focused on infill drilling the Swan and Eagle Inferred Mineral Resources from hanging wall drill platforms. Drill spacing closed into a nominal 25 x 25m spacing in these high-grade zones allowing resource conversion from Inferred to Indicated Mineral Resources. Drilling was successful in demonstrating down plunge continuity of Growth Capital 48,558 substantial width, high-grade, visible gold mineralization, which formed the basis for the December 2018 Mineral Reserve increase. Some drilling was undertaken in the Phoenix North, which returned intercepts of sulphide mineralization of marginally lower grade and width than the existing Inferred Mineral Resource. Growth Expensed drilling was undertaken in the Harrier, Phoenix South and Phoenix Growth Expensed 3,857 North during 2018. Designed to test for gold mineralization potential to the east of current mining operations on the O’Donnell’s Line. No significant zones of mineralization were Growth Projects 2,593 intersected, and data obtained from the hole was not used in resource model updates. Eastern Fan Geological data obtained is being reviewed, with the potential to follow up with programs targeting structures prospective for mineralization Targeting gold mineralization associated with the Lower Phoenix Footwall and Swan Growth Projects Z- mineralized systems, between 450m and 1,250m down-plunge from the December Program Swan, 2017 Inferred Mineral Resources. The 5900mN section drilling did not achieve depth 2,697 Audax 5100mN – due to difficult drilling conditions. The 5100mN program was successful in achieving 5900mN targeted depths, intersecting sulphide mineralization did the geological architecture to allow for targeted programs scheduled for 2020 and onward. Growth Projects Lower Phoenix programs were successful in defining Inferred Mineral Resources ahead Lower Phoenix of the current mining front to the south. These programs were drilled sequentially from 5500mN, 5650mN, 16,786 the south to the north as the drill platform as the Harrier Exploration was developed. 5750mN, 5850mN, Lower Phoenix South Inferred Mineral Resources were defined as part of the December 6000mN and 2018 Mineral Resource update. 6150mN Growth Projects Drilling targeted east dipping structures hosting gold mineralization between the Swan Lower Phoenix South 1,505 and Cygnet faults within the Lower Phoenix system. 6025mN – 6125mN Designed to test for gold mineralization at depth below the Lower Phoenix gold system. No significant zones of mineralization were intersected, and geological data obtained Growth Projects 1,329 from the hole was not used in resource model updates. Data obtained is being reviewed Fosterville Deeps with the potential to follow up with programs targeting structures which may contain mineralization. Growth Projects The program commenced in late 2018 and will continue into early 2019 and is designed Harrier 4550mN and 2,526 to define southern extensions of Harrier Base mineralization. No results from this 4450mN drilling were available for inclusion in the December 2018 Mineral Resource update. Growth Projects Targeted any repeats of east-west striking, steep north dipping mineralized faults within Southern East – 1,953 the Harrier system. West Splays Targeted the down dip projection of the intersection of the Harrier Base Fault and an Growth Projects 2,007 Anticlinal structure; analogous to the targeted drilling which located the Lower Phoenix Harrier Anticline system in 2015. Drilling focused on extending the Curie Fault and Rubin Fault (previously reported as Farley's Fault and Farley’s Footwall fault). The Curie Fault was extended to a strike Growth Projects length of 760m and dip extent of 360m, and the Rubin Fault to a strike length of 300m 17,393 Robbin’s Hill Area and dip extent of 500m. Both are prospective future targets and are open to the north and south and at depth. Visible gold occurrences have been intersected on the Curie Fault. Growth Projects Drilling tested the open mineralization on the Hunt’s system and develop geological 3,351 Fosterville Line understanding of any footwall structures. Results pending. Total 104,555 69 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 10-1 2018 UNDERGROUND RESOURCE DEFINITION AND NEAR MINE DIAMOND DRILLING - CENTRAL AND PHOENIX SOUTH 70 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 10-2 2018 UNDERGROUND RESOURCE DEFINITION AND NEAR MINE DIAMOND DRILLING - HARRIER 71 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 10-3 2018 UNDERGORUND RESOURCE DEFINITION AND NEAR MINE DIAMOND DRILLING – PHOENIX NORTH 72 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 10-4 LONGITUDINAL PROJECTION OF SWAN MINERALIZATION DISPLAYING 2018 RESOURCE DEFINITION DRILL INTERCEPTS 73 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 10-5 PLAN VIEW OF SURFACE GEOLOGY AND DRILL HOLE LOCATIONS MAP 1 74 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 10-6 PLAN VIEW OF SURFACE GEOLOGY AND DRILL HOLE LOCATIONS MAP 2 75 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 10-3 DRILL HOLE PREFIXES FOR ALL DRILLING ON THE FOSTERVILLE FAULT CORRIDOR SOUTH OF 10,000MN Hole Series No. of Holes Comments BGL001 BGL106 35 1990-2016 RC hydrological BKD001 BKD002 2 2018 Diamond LODE Backhaus CEL001 CEL124 96 1997 RC & AC open pit sulfide CELD020 CELD106 26 1997-2003 Diamond tails from RC wet drilling CELD051 CELD058 8 1996 Diamond metallurgical CEM100 CEM105 6 1994 RC metallurgical CEN001 CEN124 80 1997 RC for open pit sulfides CEND019 CEND103 22 1997-8 Diamond tails of RC CEND110 CEND112 2 1997 Diamond Exploration CEND038 CEND113 12 1996-7 Diamond metallurgical CN100 CN248 149 1994 RC exploration CNM001 - 1 1995 RC metallurgical DALD001 DALD020 21 2003-6 Daley's Hill diamond DDH3* DDH5* 3 1976 Daley's Hill diamond DH001 DH238 193 1995-9 Daley's Hill RC DHRB010 DHRB013 4 1997 Daley’s Hill RC ELRC0001 ELRC0949 912 2005-7 Ellesmere pit RC (7500mN–8425mN) FARC0001 FARC0825 825 2005 Falcon pit RC (8615mN–8800mN) FDD14A FDD33 7 1990 Diamond (Brunswick) FO002 FO379 235 1986-90 RC (Bendigo Gold Associates) FO400 FO487 56 1992-1994 RC (Perseverance) FOS056 FOS214 3 1998-2000 RC & AC exploration GT001 GT071W01 78 2004-2018 Diamond geotechnical H4805RAWPILOT - 1 2014 Pilot hole for Harrier 4805 RAW HAR003 HAR065 61 1997-9 Harrington’s Hill RC HARC001 HARC248 233 2006-11 RC (6350mN-7315mN) HARD1 - 1 1996 Diamond PQ metallurgical MB12 - 1 2009-12 RC hydrological monitoring RRD001 RRD009 10 2006 Diamond Exploration Russell’s Reef RRD010 RRD024 15 2018 Diamond LODE Russell’s Reef SH003 SH016 14 2012 – 2015 Underground Services SD001 SD039 43 2007-8 Diamond (7775mN-8675mN) SP001 SP372 299 1994-6 RC drilled down to 5100mRL SPD001 SPD009C 9 1995 Diamond exploration SPD010 SPD641 760 2001-18 RC and diamond exploration ST009 ST179 50 2003 RC & AC Sterilization SVH001 SVH009 9 2010 Underground Services UD001 UD995 934 2006–11 Underground diamond UDE001 UDE220 233 2010-18 Underground diamond exploration UDH0001 UDH2909 2465 2011–18 Underground diamond Total Holes 7,914 76 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 10-4 DRILL HOLE PREFIXES FOR ALL DRILLING IN THE ROBBIN'S HILL - O'DWYER'S AREA Hole Series No. of Holes Comments FAC001 FAC003 3 1993-2001 Farley's AC FAR001 FAR011 10 1997 Farley's RC (face) FARM001 - 1 1994 Farley's metallurgy RC (x-over) FDD019 FDD040 12 1989-90 Robbin's Hill diamond HQ FO303 FO309 6 1998 O'Dwyer's RC (face) 1993-96 Sharkey's RC (x-over) & GH100 GH354 254 diamond HQ (1) & NQ (1) & RAB (2) GHM001 GHM002 2 1994 Sharkey's metallurgy RC (x-over) MBOS01 MBOS07 7 2011 O'Dwyer's South RC hydrological monitoring ODW001-134, 150-158 & 167 128 1999, (2005 ODW167) O'Dwyer's RC (face) ODW135-149 & 159-166 23 1999 O'Dwyer's AC ODW168 ODW206 39 2007 O'Dwyer's South RC (face) ODW207 ODW228 22 2011 O'Dwyer's RC (17, face) & NQ2 (5) ODWD001 ODWD003 3 1997 O’Dwyer's diamond NQ PBOS01 PBOS05 5 2012 O'Dwyer's South RC hydrological production RD001 RD151 147 1994-98 Read's RC (83, face) and AC (64) RDD146 - 1 1998 Read's diamond NQ RH001 RH878 756 1987-96 Robbin's Hill and O'Dwyer's RC 1994, 2004-07 Robbin's Hill RC & RHD001 RHD207 204 diamond NQ2 (47) & HQ (15) 2009-18 Robbin's Hill & Farley's-Sharkey's RHD208 RHD306 109 diamond NQ2 (88), HQ (12), HQ3 (1), LTK48 (1) & RC (8) RHM001 RHM004 4 1993 Robbin's Hill metallurgy RC (x-over) ROB001 ROB012 11 1996 Robbin's Hill RAB ROB013 ROB066 51 1998-99 Robbin's Hill RC (face) & AC (3) SHA001 SHA033 25 1997 Sharkey's RC (face) ST001 ST008 8 1993 Sterilization RC (x-over) Total No. of Holes 1,831 No drill holes are excluded from the database. However, drill holes that are of questionable quality (due to suspect collar coordinates, down-hole surveys or sampling/analytical QAQC) are omitted from any resource calculation process. 77 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine REGIONAL EXPLORATION (LODE) – GROWTH CAPITAL DRILL PROGRAMS During the course of 2018, regional drilling exploration activities outside of Mining License 5404 targeted historic resource corridors and interpreted lines of mineralization identified by historic workings and /or geochemical / geophysical anomalies. Details and metrics of the programs can be seen in Table 10-5 below. TABLE 10-5 REGIONAL EXPLORATION DRILLING PROGRAMS 2018 Activity Location License Involved Parties Metrics Diamond Drilling Goornong South, EL3539, KLG, Deepcore (Diamond 39 holes Russell’s Reef, Accotts, MIN5404 Drilling) 23,737m Backhaus, May Reef, Lyell, O’Dwyers South, Sugarloaf, Meadow Valley Reverse Circulation O’Dwyer’s South, EL3539, KLG, Swick RC, Well 32 holes Drilling Fosterville North, MIN5404 Search, Geosensor 8,717m Robbin’s Hill North, (Wireline Geophysics) Sugarloaf, Rasmussen Diamond drilling focused on developing the Goornong and Russell’s Reef lines of mineralization, with 12% and 32% of the 2018 budget being focused on those areas respectively. Diamond drilling was conducted systematically throughout all zones due to the unknown quality of the rock mass by collaring with HQ sized core to 100m depth, before continuing to the end of hole with NQ size core. Hole direction is tracked by using single shot ReflexTM magnetic survey tools every 30m. Once the hole has been completed, an electronic multi shot tool is used to record orientation every six meters to improve survey validity. All holes are oriented using a ReflexTM orientation tool to ensure that structural measurements can be related back to real space. Due to the exploratory nature of regional programs, the definition of the target is less certain than resource extension programs. This uncertain nature has defined the strategic approach undertaken by drilling sweeping holes designed to lift and cross as much stratigraphy as possible. The average diamond hole length in 2018 was 592m with the longest being 1400m. Logging and sampling QAQC and consignment were conducted in line with Fosterville Gold Mine’s logging procedures. Sampling due to the exploratory nature of investigation, meant that all zones including quartz or quartz carbonate veining were tested for gold and included lead-in and lead-out samples. Once gold assays were returned, zones of interest along with one sample every 20m downhole were re-consigned for 4 acid digest and 59 element geochemical analysis. On average, diamond core sampling rates were 0.54 samples per meter of core drilled. Target corridors were selected using historic geological data and GSV surface mapping which may include mining (Accotts, Sugarloaf, Lyell), RC drilling (May Reef) or advanced extensions to Fosterville mineralization corridors (Russell’s Reef, Goornong, O’Dwyer’s South, Backhaus, Meadow Valley). It is estimated that over 2018, regional exploration drilling has increased the strike length of known systems from ~11km (including Goornong, Mill’s, Fosterville, Robbin’s Hill and O’Dwyer’s) to ~15km, confirmed 78 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine the presence of gold bearing sulfide mineralization at May Reef and Lyell and identified 2 previously undiscovered lines of mineralization to the east of Goornong and to the west of Russell’s Reef. A summary of regional exploration diamond drilling programs is detailed in Table 10-6. TABLE 10-6 2018 REGIONAL EXPLORATION DIAMOND DRILLING SUMMARY Number of Average Hole Prospect Hole ID Peak Result From Holes Length (m) Russell's Reef 15 511.5 RRD020 7.1 g/t Au over 4.0m 84.2m Goornong 7 438.6 GSDD090 4.98 g/t Au over 3.1m 147.3m O'Dwyer’s South 4 405 Pending Assays Lyell 3 1082 LYD004 1.67 g/t Au over 0.6m 95.05m Acotts 3 636 ACD001 0.36 g/t Au over 0.4m 191.1m May Reef 2 1137.9 MRD001 0.86 g/t Au over 0.45m 814.35m Backhaus 2 850 BKD001 0.33 g/t Au over 1.0m 367.7m Meadow Valley 2 498.2 NSI Sugarloaf 1 815 Pending Assays In the latter half of 2018, RC drilling was utilized to quickly test a number of anomalies that were corroborated by both geophysics and geochemistry. Fosterville Gold Mine engaged the services of Swick RC to assess the viability of the method for working in and around the community. RC drilling had a number of challenges that needed to be overcome to demonstrate on going suitability. The cost had to be less than diamond, noise thresholds had to be within FGM operational standards, there needed to be zero water discharge from site and dust needed to be suppressed. Swick worked with FGM geologists to engineer solutions including using a water reticulation device to control water, dust suppression on the cyclone and noise dampening shrouds on the booster truck. These measures were aided by the drill design process, ensuring that the collar was at least 400m from the nearest residence and modified weekend hours of operation to curb the noise. With all these processes in place, drilling was able to proceed and the choice was made to run a test program on site on the O’Dwyer’s line closer to the mine infrastructure. Although many of the above ground issues could be resolved, the challenge for the RC process was to be able to drill through tertiary sediment cover. Early drilling encountered significant perched water tables with unconsolidated sands and gravels that caused initial holes to be abandoned. After a number of trials, a system was devised to run a pilot hole down to establish where the sediment bedrock interface was. A steel pipe collar was inserted down to 20m and the rest of the pilot hole would be cased with PVC piping and pressure grouted to maintain hole integrity. This improved process allowed for RC to maintain dry sample returns beyond 400m. RC holes were designed as ‘fence posts’ (overlapping tail to collar) with holes drilled as close towards the east at a dip of 60o with collars spaced at 150m apart to a depth of 300m. The number of holes along a section could differ based on the size of the anomaly, however most programs were designed with 3 collars per section giving sectional coverage across strata of about 450m in total. The rationale was to gain a fence post section across an identified geochemical / geophysical anomaly ensuring that there was sufficient coverage to understand the cause of the anomaly. 79 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Samples were collected from the cyclone into 1m and 2m-composite samples. The samples are logged at the rig for moisture, weathering, color, grain size, texture, lithology, key sulfide mineralization intensity, other notable sulfides, quartz percentage, vein style and alteration type and intensity. Water samples are also collected when intersected to record salinity and acidity. All 2m samples are consigned for fire assay for gold only. Once results are returned and analyzed using an Olympus Vanta M portable XRF housed within a manufacturers supplied radiation shielded unit. The Vanta M gives 38 elements with limits of detection for gold, arsenic and antimony down to 5 ppm. Samples area analyzed through the commercially supplied paper pulp bag. The data is used for preliminary evaluations of areas of interest. Zones of interest along with one sample every 20m are selected for 59 element determination using 4 acid digest with an Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) – Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES) (16 elements) and ICP – Mass Spectrometry (MS) (43 elements). The 4 acid digestion work was selected for regional exploration work based on 2 acid / 4 acid comparison work conducted in 2018 after advice offered by geochemical experts. The research showed that there were a number of elements that were not being liberated that are important to identify the minerals present around alteration sequences. The elements of concern included Al, K, Na, Th, Ba and Ce. Fosterville gold mineralization has commonly been associated with sericite mineralization that includes muscovite. Muscovite has the chemical composition of KAl2(Si3AlO¬10)(OH)2, which shows both Al and K to be important elements of association. The spacing work of 1 sample every 20m was suggested based on work conducted by Dr Scott Halley of Mineral Mapping Pty. Ltd. (Halley, 2018) who also suggested 4-acid digest would be preferable to lesser acid digests if data was to be used for litho-geochemical analysis. His report indicated that hydrothermal pyrite exists in the same zones as ankerite. As the amount of pyrite increases, the levels of ankerite decrease and vice versa. Both ankerite and pyrite appear to replace chlorite from the background sediments around hydrothermal zones. The presence of mica appears also to change in this region with spectral analysis indicating that shorter wavelength mica species (2202 to 2206nm) are present coincident with ankerite and pyrite. RC targeting was strongly influenced by linear features seen within the 2017 Airborne Electromagnetic survey that aligned with known structural corridors and geochemical anomalies. One of the most pervasive linear features was along the Fosterville / O’Dwyer’s fault corridor. As such, RC target sites were planned along the 20km strike length to test the validity of the feature. Peak results from the RC program outside of the mining license boundaries included 0.98 g/t Au over 4m on LRC026. Within the mining license boundary, the peak results came from just south of the O’Dwyer’s open pit with 1.52 g/t Au over 8m on LRC005. Quality assurance and quality control measures included alternating between a field duplicate and a standard every 25 samples. As a test of sample homogenization and bias, 76 one-meter samples were re- consigned on LRC005. The mean of the two results for the zones tested were 0.48 g/t Au for the 2m intervals compared to 0.51 g/t Au for the re–consigned 1m samples. The comparison for the zones of interest can be seen in Table 10-7. 80 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 10-7 LRC005 COMPARISON BETWEEN 2M AND 1M SAMPLES Sample Type From (m) Gram-meters Length (m) Au Grade (g/t) 2m comp 80 12.2 8 1.5 1m interval 80 12.8 8 1.6 2m comp 142 8.5 6 1.4 1m interval 142 7.2 6 1.2 2m comp 162 8.0 4 2.0 1m interval 162 6.4 4 1.6 2m comp 270 8.1 6 1.4 1m interval 270 5.7 6 1.0 QAQC OF DRILL HOLE SURVEYS Allwood (2003) details the results of down-hole surveys repeated using both an Eastman camera and an Electronic Multi-Shot (EMS) tool. The EMS down-hole surveys agreed with the single shot surveys to within 0.1 in dip and 2 in azimuth resulting in a total average variation of 0.4m per 100m down-hole. The repeated Eastman surveys have an average variation of 0.6 in azimuth and 1.6 in dip, reflecting the precision of the Eastman camera survey tool. Comparing the drill hole traces plotted using the Eastman data with the EMS data shows that the variation in drill hole location due to survey method is considerably less than the variation in hole trace caused by the use of different drill hole de-surveying algorithms. However, in 2007 the use of EMS tools as a standard in preference to Eastman cameras was adopted across the various rigs operating at Fosterville, and in 2010 it became common practice to have survey data at six meter increments or less down each hole. The increased density of down-hole survey data has permitted ability to readily identify and remove suspect azimuth measurements. Accuracy of down-hole surveys are most effected by proximal ferrous mine infrastructure and/or proximal in-hole casing. Other factor affecting the accuracy of the position of drill hole survey data is the accuracy of the collar position. Drill holes can be affected when passing close to existing development due to steelwork (mesh, plates and cable bolts) associated with underground development; the effect is shown through elevated magnetic readings, which allow the removal affected surveys. Over time the survey instruments accuracy degrades through usage. Routine testing of all down-hole survey cameras on a test bench of known dips and azimuths checks tool accuracy degradation. Since October 2017 a REFLEX GYRO tool has been used in conjunction with a Minnovare Azimuth Aligner tool for holes with a positive dip or a length greater than 350m. These Azimuth Aligners and gyros are checked monthly at reference sites in the underground mine. Since August of 2018, a GYRO tool has been used in conjunction with a Minnovare Azimuth Aligner down hole for every hole drilled underground. PLANNED EXPLORATION The planned exploration drilling activities in 2019 are focused on Near-Mine targets within MIN5404 and on prospective regional targets throughout the expansive exploration license holdings. The intent of the 81 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine exploration is to replace and increase the mineralized resource at Fosterville by extending presently known ore shoots and to locate anomalous gold mineralization for further exploration investigation, then subsequent resource evaluation. Regional Exploration for 2019 includes 20,950m of planned diamond drilling for an estimated cost of A$4.9M, A$3.4M on 3D seismic surveys, A$680k on soil geochemical surveys, and 28,400m of Reverse circulation drilling with a total expenditure of A$4.2M. The 3D seismic survey will be the first of its kind within the state of Victoria. The aim of the project is to define the 3 dimensional geometry of the Robbin’s Hill resource with the aim to better understand some of the geological controls away from the mining corridor. If successful, the program may be a vital tool in vectoring in on prospective zone of mineralization to allow for more informed targeting with conventional drilling methods. Other regional exploration expenditure is planned for other activities including, ground and airborne gravity surveys, AEM processing, electrical geophysical surveys, and radiometric airborne surveys. Total estimated cost for 2019 regional exploration activities is A$15.5M. Near Mine Exploration for 2019 will utilize several geophysical techniques whilst reprocess historical data in order to improve drill hole planning and targeting. These geophysical techniques include gravity surveys throughout the southern area of MIN5404 and down hole wireline logging of Robbin’s Hill drill holes. Near mine exploration drilling activities planned for 2019 include: Phoenix Extension UG (5600mN to 6000mN) Drilling This program is designed to target southerly strike extension of the Phoenix mineral system within and proximal to the Fosterville Syncline. The budget estimate to complete this drilling is A$1.2M. Lower Phoenix Down-Dip UG (5350mN to 6050mN) Drilling This program is designed to target down dip extensions of the Swan and Audax fault intercepts on the sections drilled in late 2017 and through 2018, between 5450mN and 6050mN. The budget estimate to complete this drilling is A$2.1M. Lower Phoenix (6000mN) Drilling This program continues from 2018, targeting the southern extension of the Lower Phoenix System. The system is not constrained to the south, so the programs will test the southern continuation of the currently known gold mineralization. The 6000mN program meters proposed for the year are estimated to cost A$1.8M. Cygnet UG (6500mN to 6800mN) Drilling This program targets the northern extent of the Lower Phoenix Footwall system, specifically the Cygnet, which is footwall to the Swan. The system is not constrained to the north, so the programs will test the northern continuation of the currently known gold mineralization. This program has an estimated combined cost of A$1.5M. 82 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Harrier South (4550mN, 4450mN & 4350mN) Drilling This program continues from 2018, targeting mineralization associated with the Harrier and Osprey Faults south along strike of high-grade sulfide and visible gold mineralization on the 4750mN. The remaining program meters for the year are estimated to cost A$1.1M. Harrier South Extension UG (4250mN & 4150mN) This program targets mineralization associated with the Harrier and Osprey Faults 500m south along strike of high-grade sulfide and visible gold mineralization. This program is estimated to cost A$1.4M. Robbin’s Hill Extension Drilling This program is designed to test for potential economic gold mineralization observed in recent drilling completed below Robbin’s Hill Pit. This program is estimated to cost A$3.2M. Robbin’s Hill Infill Drilling This program is designed to infill a portion of the current Inferred Mineral Resource. This program is estimated to cost A$3.5M. Robbin’s Hill Deeps Drilling This program is designed to test for potential economic gold mineralization down dip from recent extension drilling completed below Robbin’s Hill Pit. The budget estimate to complete this drilling is A$1.3M. Robbin’s Hill Step-Out Drilling This program is designed to test for potential economic gold mineralization along strike to the south of current Inferred Mineral Resource. The budget estimate to complete this drilling is A$1.9M. Fosterville Trend Step-Out Surface Drilling This program is designed to follow up and test to the north, sulfide mineralization identified in 2018 associated with the Hunt’s system on the Fosterville Line. The program is estimated to cost A$0.6M. Other Near Mine exploration projects include the development of drill platforms in the H4490 and P4040 and investment into research initiatives. Total Near Mine exploration expenditure for 2019 is A$25.1M REGIONAL EXPLORATION POTENTIAL 10.7.1 GOORNONG SOUTH The Goornong South Prospect is located approximately 4km north of the Fosterville Mining License, where Fosterville style gold mineralization occurs beneath transported cover on privately owned land. The gold prospect was discovered by Perseverance during regional exploration in the mid 1990's. PSV identified a 1.3km long anomalous zone of gold mineralization and systematically drilled the anomaly between 1995 83 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine and 1999 for its open pit potential. The drilling was comprised of 71 RC holes (totaling 4,482m) and one diamond hole (69m) with a further eight Aircore holes (293m) drilled for ground water monitoring purposes. Perseverance subsequently reported a Historic Resource in their 1999 Annual Report as shown in Table 6-2. Kirkland Lake Gold is not treating the Historical Resource as a current Mineral Resource as a QP has not done sufficient work to classify the Historic Resource, or comment on the reliability of the estimate. In 2010 Northgate reviewed the Goornong South area for its potential to host gold mineralization amenable to underground mine extraction. The initial exploration saw completion of two lines of IP/resistivity survey (Figure 6-1) to the south of the prospect in order to identify chargeability anomalies along strike from the sulfide mineralization at Goornong South. IP chargeability anomalies were encountered on both lines and a five diamond drill hole program (totaling 1,532m) was completed. A 2010 diamond drilling program was undertaken from the roadside and spans about a 750m north-south trend. Of the five holes drilled, three returned assay intercepts averaging greater than 2.5 g/t Au and the strike length of the prospect had been extended southwards a further 300m. Mid 2017, the Goornong South prospect was identified as having an advanced status for potential conversion into a mineral resource corridor. To effect the classification, the continuity of the historic pit resource need to be interrogated as a potential underground project. This determined that a step out campaign would need to develop a mineralized system that could have lateral and depth extents. As such, two southward step out line utilizing roadside verges were selected at 500m and 1.3km south of Goornong to test the structural continuity. Due to location constraints, holes targeting the Goornong South line of mineralization were drilled (late 2017 to early 2018) from the east of the line with west dipping holes. The location also allowed further exploration to test if a parallel line of mineralization existed to the east of the historic resource. The campaign consisted of 6 diamond drill holes with a total length of 2204.9m being drilled. Significant intercepts included 4.98 g/t Au over 3.1m from 84.2m on GSDD090 and 5.45 g/t Au over 1.2m from 211.05m on GSDD090, roughly 1.6km south of the historic resource. Drilling also identified a parallel line of mineralization 340m east of the Goornong South line with peak results including 1.28 g/t Au over 24.5m from 437m on GSDD094 (including 3.68 g/t Au over 2.4m from 442 and 6.00 g/t over 1.4m from 460.1m) and 5.89g/t Au over 0.7m from 449.9 on GSDD088. The Goornong South line geology is interpreted to be within a steeply west dipping shear that cross cuts east dipping strata. The gold is associated with a quartz breccia and is interpreted to be hosted within the disseminated sulfides. The drilling also intersected low grade gold within a felsic porphyritic dyke that contains sulfides. The dyke exploits a regional syncline and appears similar in nature to the early gold bearing dykes found within the Robbin’s Hill and Harrier regions. 84 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 10.7.2 HALLANAN'S The Hallanan's Prospect area, located 1km south of the Fosterville Mining License, was explored for oxide gold by Perseverance between 1994 and 1998. During this period Perseverance completed 104 RC drill holes (totaling 6,245m with an average drill hole length of 60m), two diamond holes (109m) and 11 monitoring bore holes (354m). Gold mineralization was identified in drill intercepts over a 750m north- south trend and at the end of drilling a Historic Resource was estimated and reported by Perseverance in their 1999 Annual Report as shown in Table 6-3. However, Kirkland Lake Gold is not treating the Historic Resource as a current Mineral Resource as a QP has not done sufficient work to classify the Historic Resource, or comment the reliability of the estimate. Exploration activity was conducted on the Hallanan's Prospect prior to 1999. Activity consisted of mapping, soil sampling, RC down to 60m and one section of diamond drilling. The prospect was viewed by Kirkland Lake Gold as being under explored for underground gold targets and a subsequent diamond drill campaign was executed over area to understand and interrogate the possibility of deeper mineralized systems. A campaign of 14 diamond drill holes were drilled from 4 surface locations covering a strike length of 1.2 km. Over 2018, 7,401.6m were drilled targeting both the Mills / Hallanan’s line and the Russell’s Reef lines of mineralization. Peak results for the Mills / Hallanan’s line of mineralization included 2.04 g/t Au over 19.95m from 571.95m and 3.25 g/t Au over 2.8m from 598.2m on RRD020. Mineralization is interpreted to be hosted within west dipping shears that cross cut east dipping stratigraphy. The spatial relationship between the Mills / Hallanan’s line to the east and the Russell’s Reef line 235m to the west of the Mills / Hallanan’s is not clear. The area appears to differ from the Fosterville line which is footwall to a ~500m thick west dipping stratigraphic sequence by having an almost parasitic fold arrangement with anticline / syncline axis alternating every 100m or less. Fault propagation and subsequent gold mineralization appears to favor larger shears that cross from syncline to anticline in both systems. 10.7.3 HARRIER UG FAR SOUTH The Harrier mineralized system is located to the south of MIN5404. Gold grades are less consistent in the Harrier System and it has largely been dominated by sub-average to average sulfide mineralization. Resource definition drilling in 2016 intersected visible gold in several drill holes. The Harrier System is not constrained up-dip and to the south beyond 4750mN, drilling to the south on the 3800mN and 4200mN sections forms part of the 2019 proposed exploration target areas. 10.7.4 MAY REEF The May Reef Prospect is located in the northeastern portion of EL3539, some 15km north of the Fosterville Mining License. Several minor historic shafts (early 1900's) occur in the area including the May Reef shaft, which is the namesake of the prospect. Shallow RAB drilling with follow up RC (eight) drilling in the area through the unconsolidated gravel and clays to Ordovician turbidite bedrock identified gold 85 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine and arsenic anomalism 100m west of the historical workings. The RC drilling in 1998 returned only one significant intersection (MR4: 1.0 g/t Au over 10m from 42m incl. 3.7 g/t Au over 2m). The area has been viewed as prospective and will be drilled utilizing both RC and Diamond drilling methods. Geochemical surveys in the area show the strike continuity of arsenic anomalism extending both north and south of the historically drilled region. This, in conjunction with new insights given by AEM data suggests that historic RC drilling would have only superficially tested bedrock (10 – 20m of depth). Most of the holes would have been through unconsolidated sediment cover. The AEM data also gives increased resolution as to the location of potential faults and fold horizons beneath cover. May Reef resides in a geospatial environment akin to the Fosterville system to the south, with fault offsets off the more regionally dominant Redesdale Fault being similar. It is postulated that conducive mineralized corridors will fall within certain proximities to major regional faults. If this is true, May Reef would follow the trend of mineralized systems trending along the Redesdale Fault that include Fosterville, Robbin’s Hill and Goornong South. During 2018, regional geochemical anomalies and concepts generated from the AEM interpretation were tested with two east dipping diamond holes totaling 2,275.8m. The eastern most hole successfully encountered gold bearing sulfide mineralization with peak assays returning 0.86 g/t Au over 0.45m from 814.35m on MRD001. The hole had four distinct zones of above background mineralization associated with faults cross cutting east dipping stratigraphy. The area remains a zone of interest. 10.7.5 MYRTLE CREEK The Myrtle Creek prospect is located in the southern part of EL3539 on private land, 24km south of the Fosterville Mining License. The prospect is 4km northeast of, the 370Ma, Harcourt Batholith where rocks on the prospect comprise 440Ma Lower Ordovician Lancefieldian sediments, dominated by sandstone and quartzite, of the Castlemaine Supergroup. The sediments are tightly folded on an axis trending NNW, similar to that of other Bendigonian sediments east of the Whitelaw Fault. The sandstone-dominated sequence has been intruded by a granitic stock that measures 250m by 200m at surface, and by several quartz porphyry dykes up to 1.5m wide, both of which may be related to the Upper Devonian Harcourt Granodiorite. Gold was first discovered in the Myrtle Creek area in 1858 and sporadic mining for alluvial and quartz reef gold occurred up until the 1930's. Production from the goldfield is not well recorded, but James (2005) reported quartz reefs grading 1-2oz/ton Au. Modern exploration in the general Myrtle Creek area has occurred since 1974 by companies such as Noranda Australia (rock chip sampling, geological mapping, soil geochemistry (Au, Cu)), Ghana Gold (structural interpretation of aerial photography) and BHP (stream sediments and follow up soil surveys). Perseverance explored the area from the mid 1990's to 2006, completing regional stream sediment, rock chip and soil sampling, geological mapping and petrographic work on rock samples. Northgate explored the area between 2008 and 2009, undertaking additional surface sampling in the northern area of historical workings, but the results were disappointing with the overall tenor of gold-in-soil much lower than observed elsewhere on the prospect. 86 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine In 2009 Northgate drilled 10 diamond holes (totaling 1,695m) at Myrtle Creek to test a number of proposed mineralization settings including intrusion-related, fold-fault related, dyke-related and disseminated styles. Much of the drilling was centered about a 600m long by x 200m wide NW trending Au-Mo soil geochemical anomaly centered on the granite stock (Quartz Hill). The drilling, reported by Dean (2010), gained financial support of a drilling grant from the Rediscover Victoria Strategic Drilling Initiative. Two of the holes returned significant intersections of gold mineralization are reported and interpreted to be from the NE trending New Amelia Mine Shear; Down-hole widths of 2.0 g/t Au over 10.9m from 0.9m (incl. 3.1 g/t Au over 6.0m from 4.0m) in hole MCD004 and 1.9 g/t Au over 8.0m from 84.0m (incl. 5.2 g/t Au over 2.0m from 88.0m) in hole MCD006. Anomalous gold (7.61 g/t Au peak) and molybdenum (2,882 ppm) were encountered throughout much of the prospect, particularly in proximity to the granite. Visible gold was observed twice within sheeted quartz veins and there appears to be a strong intrusion-related Au-Mo-As correlation. A significant nugget- effect may be present given the presence of coarse gold and frequent highly anomalous As/Mo results without corresponding elevated gold. The drilling at Myrtle Creek indicates that gold occurs in structurally controlled shears and is not disseminated widely through the wall rock. This fact caused Northgate to suspend exploration on the prospect. However, the drill intercepts on the New Amelia Shear remain untested along strike and down- dip and this prospect is to be further reviewed by Kirkland Lake Gold in the future. 10.7.6 ACCOTT’S Accott’s is a historic mining area 10km south west of the Fosterville Gold Mine operations covered by surface working and shafts with some reportedly reaching down ~150m. The prospectivity of the area has been recognized with several geochemical surveys and RC drilling campaigns testing the area. 21 historic RC holes through 2 phases of drilling have yielded a peak result of 5.42 g/t Au over 3m from 25m (ACTC4), with many not returning significant gold grades. Kirkland Lake geologists conducted a field survey of the area selecting rocks to test for gold anomalism associated with massive quartz veins similar to those seen within Fosterville’s underground workings. The result returned 13.1 g/t Au, the highest reported grade of any sample recently recorded. This suggests that the Accott’s prospect has elements of both sulfide and visible gold anomalism. Recent geological studies into the Accott’s area suggests that historic mining focused on tensional vein arrays associated with a local anticline. This has been further verified by interpretive work conducted on the AEM data, which established an interpreted cross section of the area attempting to map out fold closures. The AEM data has also given insight as to the position of the Drummartin Fault, a fault that is interpreted to be a parallel line to the Fosterville Fault and a second generational fault of the regional Redesdale Fault. The mechanisms for gold emplacement are not well understood given the lack of structural drilling data in the area. It is possible that historically mined mineralization has migrated up the anticline’s axial plane suggesting that the Drummartin Fault may be an active corridor for auriferous fluids. 87 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Regional exploration drilling was conducted in the Accott’s area with 3 diamond drill holes drilled totaling 1908.4m over 2018. The results of the program found that the area was generally unfavourable for gold mineralization, with a peak result of 0.36 g/t Au over 0.4m from 191.1 on ACD001 being the best result. Due to the poor results, the area is unlikely to be revisited for future exploration projects. 10.7.7 RASMUSSEN The Rasmussen prospect is the northern strike extension of the Fosterville Fault corridor identified by gravity, electromagnetic and soils geochemistry surveys. The region is under Murray Basin sediment cover and has only minor historic workings. The target is seen as a priority owing to the strength of the electromagnetic signature and its clear relationship along strike of the multimillion-ounce Fosterville orebodies. A series of RC holes will be conducted across the section to help identify mineralization and alteration signature in the area. Given the blind nature of the zone, holes will be campaigned along strike, dipping towards the east to maximize exposure to the interpreted west-dipping structure. Several transect lines will also be designed along strike to ensure best exposure to potentially mineralized horizons. 10.7.8 RUSSELL'S REEF The Russell's Reef Prospect is located within EL3539, approximately 2.4km south of the Fosterville Mining License. See Figure 6-1. The prospect is based on shallow historical shafts and pits spread over about a 250m north-south extent. Recorded historical production in the area totals 417oz from the 1897-1900 period of mining. The area has been subjected to several lines of soil sampling, and several programs of shallow RC drilling (50 holes averaging 31m depth) undertaken over a protracted period from 1976 to 1989. Perseverance subsequently drilled nine diamond holes in 2006 to test for Fosterville style sulfide hosted gold mineralization. Three of the nine diamond holes returned drill intercepts averaging above 3.0 g/t Au with the peak result including 6.1 g/t Au over 4.0m from 48.0m (incl. 9.4 g/t Au over 2.0m from 49.0m) on RRD006. The Russell’s Reef area is seen to be prospective for exploration as it is interpreted to be the southern extension of the Fosterville workings. A campaign of 14 diamond drill holes were drilled from 4 surface locations covering a strike length of 1.2 km. Over 2018, 7,401.6m were drilled targeting both the Mills / Hallanan’s line and the Russell’s Reef lines of mineralization. Peak results from the drill program included 7.06 g/t Au over 4m from 147.3m on RRD020 and 3.47 g/t Au over 2.25m from 128.5m on RRD019A both on the Russell’s Reef line of mineralization. The proximity to the Hallanan’s prospect has meant that exploration has been treated as a district campaign with the geological findings reported in the Hallanan’s section. 88 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 10.7.9 SUGARLOAF RANGE The Sugarloaf Prospect area encompasses the entire length of the Sugarloaf Range, a ridge of steeply dipping sandstone and quartzite located immediately west and southwest of the Fosterville Mining License. The prospect area is mostly within the Sugarloaf Nature Conservation Reserve. A compilation and interpretation of available drilling and geochemical data in conjunction with interpretation of FGM’s airborne geophysical data (acquired in 2008) and consideration of Geoscience Victoria’s (GSV) Redesdale Fault Model indicates potential for Fosterville-style gold mineralization within the prospect area. Exploration data in the area includes surface geochemistry, RC drilling, airborne magnetics and radiometrics and ground IP. However, it should be noted that historical (1989-1991) drilling of 36 RC holes (totaling 1,164m) in the area averages only 32m in depth and diamond drilling is absent. Ground IP/resistivity data, collected in 2010, maps resistive chargeability anomalies beneath the Sugarloaf Range and between the range and the Fosterville Fault. In addition to this, an airborne radiometric K/Th ratio anomaly in the southern part of the prospect may represent a potassium alteration halo proximal to faulting. The K/Th ratio anomaly also has a coincidental and similar trend to the Sugarloaf Fault IP chargeability anomaly. The chargeability anomaly could be caused by the presence of subsurface black shale stratigraphy and/or sulfides. Regional exploration work was conducted in the area with 2 diamond drill holes being drilled in 2018 for a total of 1087.8m. Holes were designed both east and west dipping to help investigate the regions geological structure and establish if any gold bearing systems exist. Results are still pending for this area. 10.7.10 WINDSOR RUSH The Windsor Rush and New Windsor Rush lines of working are 1.2km west of the Fosterville line of working. Geochemical soil sampling of the area shows an arsenic anomaly that has a strike length of ~3km with 3 parallel lines spaced roughly 500m apart. The Windsor Rush line has been historically worked with a number of diggings and shallow shafts sunk through the area. Perseverance exploration historically drilled the area prior to 2005 using RAB holes down to 40m with a numerous intersections of anomalous gold encountered. The peak result included 2.48g/t over 5m from 18m on WR013. Quality control and quality assurance are uncertain for this result. The eastern most line of the area, historically referred to as the New Windsor Rush line, consists of a shorter, more discreet line of arsenic anomalism with a strike length of 600m. This line was never tested by RAB drilling. In 2018, as part of the regional exploration program, a west dipping hole was designed to test for a parallel line of mineralization to the west of Russell’s Reef. The hole successfully intersected sulfide mineralization 350m west of the Russell’s Reef line and returned 1.07g/t Au over 11.45m from 481.35 on RRD023. The intersection has been interpreted to be part of the New Windsor Rush line of mineralization and further testing of this corridor is planned for 2019. 89 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 10.7.11 LYELL The Lyell prospect lies 30km south-east of Bendigo and 20km south of the Fosterville Mine lease. The area is closely related with the Myrtle Creek working area which is 1.6km south of the main Lyell workings. The initial period of production was during the 1860’s within the prospect area, however, limited data is only available during operations in the early 1900’s. Two main lines of quartz reef were targeted that included the Linda Reef and Horseshoe Bend Reed. Linda Reef was recorded to a strike of 150m and consisted of a wide west dipping quartz system that recovered 1,349oz Au from down to 51m. The main reef worked at the Lyell prospect is to the east, Horseshoe Bend Reef, consisting of 1.5km strike length of workings made up of 1-3 mined sub-parallel reefs. The area is mostly undulating and forested with some clearing and surface disturbance around the prospect. There are several historic tailings piles, shafts, and prospecting ditches throughout the site. This anthropogenic disturbance may render soil anomalies potentially misleading due to cross contamination from tailings and mined float material. However, recent field reconnaissance activities identified several float samples surrounding the historic workings that contain visible gold in quartz, with the most significant results for samples returning 39.2 g/t Au in sample FRK00037 and 213.5 g/t Au in sample FRK00042. Previous exploration conducted by WMC in the mid 1980’s aimed to test for shallow gold mineralization in the form of leavings, extensions to known ore shoots, or new sub-parallel ore shoots. Perseverance’s exploration in the late 1990’s targeted extensions to the south of the prospect with a similar aim of shallow targets. Conclusions from the projects indicated sufficient shallow ore potential worth testing further to evaluate the reefs, with the potential of mineralization at depth remaining underexplored along the lines of reef. Three RC drilling programs were conducted throughout exploration activities in the Lyell area. These programs closely targeted the historical workings at Lyell with the aim of testing shallow gold mineralization localized to extensions of known ore shoots or new subparallel ore shoots. The RC programs can be divided into 3 main geological focuses; testing the line of workings at the Horseshoe Bend Reef, testing the line of workings at the Linda Reef, and extensions of the Horseshoe Bend Reef south along strike. RC drilling confirmed a short strike length of the reefs to shallow depths. The main potential of mineralization of the prospect is that occurring at depth. The drilling has shown the area to contain a favorable mineralized setting, a favorable rock package of interbedded turbidites, and quartz emplacements over a 300m strike length. However, assays show that gold grades fluctuate and based off only the shallow exploration activities conducted, is limited to the vicinity of the historic Lyell Mine workings. Peak historic assays included 12.9g/t Au over 1m from 40m on REDP 1 in the Central Horseshoes Bend area, 3.4 g/t Au over 1m from 28m on REDC 13 in the Northern Horseshoe Bend area and 4.5g/t Au over 2m from 1m on REDC 18 in the Linda Reef area. 90 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine The area was explored in 2018 using three diamond drill holes with a total length of 3,239m from two locations. The peak result from two drill holes (one hole pending assays) was 1.67g/t Au over 0.6m from 95.05m downhole on LYD004. Geologically, Lyell area is an even split between sandstone and shale stratigraphic package interspersed with occasional black shales. Fold wavelengths are in the 100 – 150m between syncline to anticline pairing. Faulting and quartz veining with variable levels of sericitic and chloritic alteration is common throughout the drill holes. Minor sulfidation occurs proximal to quartz breccia zones located on west-dipping faults. Sulfides intersected include pyrite and arsenopyrite disseminated within the host sedimentary packages. Anomalous gold was returned with assays taken from around the sulfide intervals. Sulfide also exists within felsic dyke that appears similar to the felsic dykes seen within the Fosterville area. 10.7.12 BACKHAUS The Backhaus location has had minor historical exploration activity within the area. Although the area has evidence of minor mining activity, not much is documented as to the nature and tenor of gold finds from the sunk shafts. Perseverance Group carried out six soil sampling traverses in 1997, for a total of 106 hand augured samples within a small outcrop of exposed bedrock beside the Tertiary Basalt flow. Testing for Au and As showed an anomalous trend of Au >100 ppb and As >100 ppm extending over approximately 200m in a north westerly direction Annual reports indicate that an RC drill program was conducted consisting of four holes (200m), drilled at 50o dip in both east and west directions across an interpreted fault based on the soils anomaly. Reports indicated that the holes were drilled down to 50m testing for gold associated with the interpreted Mills/Daley’s fault. The program failed to delineate any substantial gold mineralization proximal to the Backhaus prospect. An exploration program was conducted in the area to test the southern continuity of the Fosterville system 3.5km south of the mining operations. Due to site restrictions, the hole was designed to drill back towards the west and pushed to lift to cross cut stratigraphy. A parallel line of investigation for the hole was to test the validity of the interpreted Redesdale Fault system, the proposed first order structure that the Fosterville Fault is linked into. Two holes were planned from the site, one west and one east dipping to gain sectional information as to the structural corridors continuation. Due to some geotechnical issues with ground conditions, four holes were completed for 2,694.2m. Geologically, the area appeared to have experienced little fault activity with minor tensional veins and the very infrequent quartz vein with chlorite. Only one structure was intersected that contained anomalous gold results with 0.19g/t Au over 0.5m from 1,084m on BKD001. 91 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 11 SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES AND SECURITY SAMPLING METHOD AND APPROACH During 2018, RC drilling samples were collected from a trailer mounted cyclone providing an approximate 2kg two-meter composite sample and one meter sub-samples retained for QAQC checks. Where gold mineralization intervals were identified in assays, the corresponding one meter sub-samples were dispatched for multi-element analysis to improve the resolution around the areas of interest. All reject material was disposed of in an authorized location on MIN5404. All RC holes were completely sampled. As part of the 1997 Feasibility Study several of the FO prefixed holes (see Table 10-3) with long, high-grade intersections were twinned with RC holes drilled with a much bigger compressor and a face sample hammer resulting in dry samples. These twin holes demonstrated that there was significant down-hole contamination in the FO holes (Perseverance, 1997). As a result, the FO holes were only used for estimating oxide resources and reserves where it is assumed that dry samples were recovered and down- hole contamination was not an issue. In the diamond drill core, all visible sulfide mineralization, quartz vein stockwork and LQ veins plus at least three meters of apparent waste either side is sampled. Samples are cut to geological boundaries and within a length range of 0.05m to 1.3m, with a preferred length of one meter. Infill diamond holes (spaced at 25m or less) can be full-core sampled; the entire core sample is broken with a hammer in the tray and moved directly into the sample bag. All other core is halved using a diamond saw and the upper half of the core dispatched for analysis and the lower half returned to the core tray in its original orientation. PQ core was sampled by cutting a sliver equivalent in volume to half NQ2 core from the top of the core. Recovery of diamond drill core is acceptable where it is determined that over 90% recovery for a run has been achieved. If recovery is proven to be less due to core loss or because of poor ground, the samples may not be used for Mineral Resource estimation. In underground sampling, an attempt is made to sample every round (3 to 4m nominal advance) in the ore drives where safe to do so. Sample intervals are chosen based on structure, mineralization and lithology, and are a minimum of 0.1m and a maximum of 1.5m in length. Mapping data that was collected at the same time as the samples are used to validate the sample results. Figure 11-1 includes some 576 duplicate face sample pairs were collated including face sample duplicates taken on the Phoenix 4380mRL (2014) and the Phoenix 4280mRL (2015-2016). With outliers removed, the duplicates show a moderate correlation with an R2 of 0.6402. This study covered the underground face sampling method from late 2006 to the end of 2016. Face sampling data is used to refine resource domain boundaries. Sample grades from face sampling are not used in the resource estimation process. 92 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Face Sample Duplicates - Excluding Significant Outliers 70.00 60.00 50.00 y = 0.8443x R² = 0.6269 40.00 Origional 30.00 Linear (Series1) 20.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 Duplicate FIGURE 11-1 UNDERGROUND FACE SAMPLE DUPLICATE RESULTS Through time, sludge holes have been bored with 54mm diameter drill bits and sampled at two-meter composite intervals, or at 1.8m intervals corresponding to rod length. Occasionally 1m samples are taken on 76mm diameter production charge holes, for a similar sample volume, nominally weighing between 2kg to 5 kg per sample. Cuttings are collected by a custom designed apparatus to maximize the catchment area to improve sample quantity/quality. Samples are inspected for quartz percentage, non-carbonate carbon content, sulfides present and lithology. Due to the poor quality of the samples, sludge samples are not used directly in resource estimations but may aid in defining domain margins. All remaining diamond drill core is stored on site within the fenced and gated core handling facility or within the mine compound on the backfilled Falcon Pit storage area. Assay sample pulps are also returned from the laboratory and stored at the core handling facility. All exploration pulps are stored indefinably whereas resource infill drilling are kept for a period of two years. The RC samples collected during 2018 are stored at a FGM owned sample-handling facility. The samples stored include; 1m sample splits, chip trays with 2m composites and returned pulps. The 1m samples are within calico bags, these stored within poly-weave bags, which are then placed in a bulker bag on a pallet. The bulker bags are UV treated in order to protect from sun exposure. The chip trays and the pulps are stored undercover for long-term storage. 93 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine ELEMENTS ANALYZED TABLE 11-1 ANALYSED ELEMENTS BY METHOD AND TIME PERIOD Element/ Reason for Analysis Sample selection/Method/Timing Analysis All samples 25g Fire Assay, except: - fresh (non-oxide) rock until December 2004 (40g FA), - oxide samples until December 2004 (25g Aqua Regia digestion, AAS), and Au Primary Commodity - production drill core sent to GAL in 2012-2016 (30g FA). Some Robbin's Hill Exploration RC and drill core sent to ALS in 2007 (40g FA), pulps sent to Bureau Veritas in 2016 (40g FA). Drill core to Bureau Veritas since 2018 (40g FA). Chrysos PhotonAssay 2018- preliminary test phase. Analysed since August 1995. All Exploration drill samples 1995 – 2018. Metallurgical diamond drill samples in 1997. Blast hole sampling sulfide open pits 2004 – 2007. Underground face sampling 2008 – 2009. Stope sampling 2008 – 2009. As Toxic to BIOX® ICP-AES Select stope samples only 2016 – 2018. All by ICP-AES, except: - Aminya 2001 - 2006 (AR50), and - ALS Bendigo 1994 - 2002 (AAS). Production drill core samples on significant Au intercepts from late 2017. All Au values over 0.5 g/t August 1995 to May 2001. All Exploration drill samples by ICP-AES 2001 to 2018. Sulfide open pit GC and blast holes by ICP 2005 – 2006. All production drilling and underground sampling by LECO or equivalent (IR detection), 2006 - 2009. Production drill core samples on significant Au intercepts from 2009 - 2018. S Primary feed for BIOX® All open pit sulfide GC RC and blast holes, 2006 - 2007. Selected blast holes 2011. All underground face samples 2006 – 2009. Selected sludge holes 2007 – 2008. Selected stope samples 2007 – 2009. Selected open pit sulfide grab samples 2011. All open pit sulfide RC samples 2012. For all Au values over 0.5 g/t August 1995 to May 2001. From 2001, all Exploration core routinely. Production samples only where stibnite observed. ICP-AES except: Toxic to BIOX®, indicator for high- Sb AAS on RC drilling by ALS Bendigo 1999. grade Au 50g Aqua Regia digest with AAS finish 2002 - 2006. XRF by AMDEL 2006 – 2007. >0.6% ICP-AES derived Sb grade then OSLS modified triple acid digest with AAS finish 2013 – 2018. 94 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Element/ Reason for Analysis Sample selection/Method/Timing Analysis Production core submitted to GAL 2015/2016 with stibnite observed, Aqua Regia/AAS (<10%) and Acid Digest/Titration (>10%). Production core submitted to BVM since 2018 with stibnite observed, minimum 25g, Peroxide Fusion, ICP-MS. IR detection, LECO or equivalent carbon/sulfur analyser. All Au values over 0.5g/t August 1995 to May 2001. Organic carbon is preg-robbing and Since 2001 only where high carbon content is observed. competes with activated carbon in CIL Sulfide open pit GC and blast holes only selected samples 2006 – NCC/TOEC recovery. Historically an effective 2007. indicator for preg-robbing potential. Selected sludge samples 2006 – 2018. Selected stope samples 2007 - 2010. 2012 – 2018. Selected face samples 2007 - 2010. 2012 – 2018. Method developed by Fosterville Metallurgy and provided to OSLS to Preg-Robbing perform at scale, where NCC is not an Selected face samples 2014. Activity adequate proxy. Some ore is low NCC Selected stope samples 2014 – 2018. but high preg-robbing. Some ore is low preg-robbing despite high NCC. ICP suite: Near Mine and regional exploration Au, Ag, As, Bi, Cu, suite: elements selected can provide 2010 to present day. Fe, K, Mo, S, Sb, useful information for mineralization Ni, Pb, Te, & Zn – has been added to regional exploration suite NCC vectoring, and can be used for from Q4 2017. preliminary screening to identify +/- (Ni, Pb, Te, Zn) potential processing complications Utilising new technologies such as Multi element core Orexplore and Minalyze for Preliminary test phase for both technologies was undertaken in scanning metallurgical and multielemental 2018. technologies data. DESCRIPTION OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES All of the gold analyses used in the sulfide resource model in the 2000 Sulfide Feasibility Study were fire assays of a 40g charge carried out by ALS at Bendigo, a commercial laboratory (non-accredited). The other elements were analyzed by a variety of techniques at a variety of laboratories. A full program of repeats, standards and inter-laboratory check sampling was conducted on the gold analyses. For the 2001 – 2004 NQ2 SPD diamond drilling campaign, gold analyses were determined by fire assay of a 40g charge by AMDEL in Adelaide, a commercial laboratory (ISO 9001 accredited). A 30 element suite including As, S and Sb was analyzed by ICP-AES from a separate 5g charge following HNO3/HF digestion. From November 2002 to August 2003 TGC (total graphitic carbon) was analyzed on a selective basis. A full program of repeats, standards and inter-laboratory check sampling was conducted on the gold analyses. Since 2005, independent On Site Laboratory Services (OSLS), a commercial laboratory based in Bendigo, has been the primary provider of analytical services to the operation. The OSLS Bendigo laboratory gained 95 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine ISO 9001 accreditation in October 2008 with registration ISO9001:2008 (CERT-C33510). NATA accreditation is pending a final audit, due early 2019. OSLS use a combined crusher and mill to pulverize the entire sample to a nominal 90% passing 75µm. A 25g sub-sample is analyzed for gold by fire assay with an AAS finish. Au results greater than 80g/t are diluted to 1:10 and tested sing the AAS. A 0.5g sub-sample of the pulp is digested in a HNO3/HCl digest and then analyzed for Ag, As, Bi, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Sb and S by ICP-AES. A full program of repeats, standards and inter-laboratory check sampling was conducted on the gold analyses. An audit of the OSLS facility was completed for Perseverance by an external consultant during 2007 (Stewart, 2007). This Audit found that OSLS’s procedures were adequate and presented no major risk to the resource estimate. An audit of the OSLS facility was completed by SRK in August of 2017. The key recommendations of the report have been actioned and are in the process of being completed. These recommendations include but are not limited to drying oven temperature and moisture monitoring systems and developing specific scoops for more representative sampling when transferring the pulverized sample from the LM5 into the pulp packet and from the pulp packet into the 25g charge reciprocal. Work undertaken by employees of Fosterville is limited to core logging and the mark-up, cutting and bagging of samples. All other sample preparation and analysis was conducted off-site at the commercial laboratories. Gekko Analytical Laboratories (GAL) were contracted to provide analytical services for diamond core and underground face samples between April 2015 and April 2016. Analytical techniques include fire assay for gold, titration and atomic absorption spectrometry for Antimony, combustion analysis and Infrared detection for both sulfur and Non-organic Carbon. Gekko Analytical Laboratories gained National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia accreditation (NATA) in October 2015 with accreditation number, 19561. All samples are dried at approximately 105° C. GAL uses a Jaw crusher to crush the sample material to 8mm. The sample is then placed within a Boyd crusher and rotary splitter combination to enable further crushing to 3mm and optional splitting of the sample if it weighs in excess 3kg. Pulverization takes place with up to 3kg of sample to achieve 90% passing 75um. Sizing is reported with Au assays at 1:20 frequency. Approximately 120g of pulverized sample is scooped into a wire and cardboard pulp packet. Two pulp packets are created as a laboratory duplicate at a frequency of 1:10. A 25g scoop of sample is taken from the pulp packet and smelted with 180g flux. A 10g scoop from the pulp is re-fired for comparison if the initial grade was determined at >50g/t. Antimony is analyzed by using an aqua regia digestion with an AAS finish. If the result is over 1% Sb, the sample is then analyzed by an acid digestion and titration. Total sulfur is analyzed using combustion analysis followed by Infrared detection. Non-Carbonate carbon is analyzed by weak acid digest and combustion analysis followed by Infrared detection (LECO). During this time the laboratory was audited by FGM personnel to assess the preparation and sample handling processes. No major risks were observed. With increased sample loads in H2 of 2018 Bureau Veritas (BV), Adelaide provided analytical services of resource definition and exploration samples. Analytical techniques include fire assay for gold. This 96 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine laboratory is ISO 9001 accredited as well as National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia accreditation (NATA) with accreditation number, 1526. At BVM all samples as received, are dried at approximately 105° C. The sample is then crushed to 3mm in a jaw crusher (with optional splitting of the sample if it weighs in excess 3kg). Pulverization takes place with up to 3kg of sample to achieve 85% passing 75um. Approximately 200g of pulverized sample is scooped into a cardboard pulp packet. Two pulp packets (lab duplicates) are created as a laboratory duplicate at a frequency of 2:50 (or 2 per fire). A 40g sub-sample is analyzed for gold by fire assay with an AAS finish. Au results greater than 5g/t are diluted at a dilution ration of 1:10 and analyzed using the AAS. QAQC Fosterville uses independent assay laboratories, which provide assay data in digital form. On Site Laboratory Services (OSLS) is Fosterville’s main assay laboratory used to assay drill and grab samples, and has been since July 2007. GAL received a percentage of diamond core samples and all production face samples from April 2015 through June 2016. BVM was contracted as an overflow laboratory for drill core from September 2018. Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QAQC) are completed on samples after being imported into the database. Assays not passing the QAQC tolerances on blanks, standards, duplicates and repeats are retained in the database but are not available for viewing for resource work within MinePlanTM. Where it is determined the sample itself is compromised, rather than the analysis, then the sample is demoted and its assays are not reported in MinePlanTM or other applications. Any values falling beyond defined quality parameters are investigated according to laboratory and company procedures. Sufficient proof or suspicion of error requires re-assays on the affected portion of a job, where the original assays are rejected, and the results from the subsequent batch (provided these pass QAQC processes) are used instead. The QAQC review process has been improved and developed over the years. The system comprises four main strands with the reliance on standards (certified reference materials), duplicates, repeats and blanks samples. Each strand is summarized below. 11.4.1 STANDARDS Standards (also known as Certified Reference Materials) are submitted and analyzed with samples to monitor the analytical process and check accuracy of results. Statistical analysis is performed prior to release from the manufacture to quantify the content of the material of interest (e.g. Au) to within known limits of error (usually a 95% confidence interval). Drilling programs up to the end of 2007 included the use of four gold mineralized standards provided by Gannet Holdings Pty Ltd (ST148, ST109/0285, ST73/7192 and ST43/7194) and one standard prepared from approximately 500kg of Fosterville sulfide mineralization from previous RC drilling (AA). Over time the use of gold mineralized standards from Gannet Holdings Pty Ltd has diminished, with alternative suppliers being favored. 97 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Since 2008, a further 41 gold standards have been adopted for use at Fosterville, with 20 of these still available for use. Of these available standards, only a small selection is “active” (in use) at any one time, to ensure each provides a sufficiently large dataset month to month with which to effectively assess laboratory performance with respect to bias, variation, and any change in trend of these factors. Each standard remains in use for several consecutive months to gauge trends over the longer term, before gradually being replaced with a different standard with a similar mean. Active standards are rotated occasionally to prevent predictability of expected means and to demonstrate that standards are being accurately analyzed. FGM purchase “fit for purpose” standards from Geostats Pty Ltd as certified reference materials. Unlike laboratory standards these standards are submitted for analysis in particular order with a laboratory consignment so as to better test the laboratory’s accuracy at different grade ranges. FGM standards are inserted at a rate of about one in forty, and have a wide range of gold grades extending from less than 0.3 g/t Au to about seven times the average ore grade expected at Fosterville. Standards which fall outside of 3 Standard Deviations potentially indicate an issue with the job, such as contamination in fire assay, fusion issues, or AAS calibration. A fresh standard is submitted (from the same batch if possible) to be fired with repeats from the original pulp packets of the 10 surrounding samples. If the new standard performs and there is no significant bias between the original and repeat fires, it is assumed that only the standard was in error and that the primary samples were not compromised. As recommended by QG (Quantitative Group Pty Ltd), reported populations associated with a given laboratory/method are intermittently reviewed against certified ranges. Where populations are sufficiently large (usually greater than 400 assays) the mean and standard deviation of the reported population is calculated, and these may be used to assess the standards performance, in place of the certified values, for that laboratory/method. No recalculation was performed on standards used in 2017 or 2018. All standards presented in Table 11-2 are in reference to manufacturer certification. Populations less than 30 are not shown. The values of the expected mean column in Table 11-2 have been substituted with a broad, indicative range to keep anonymity of the approximate standard values. 98 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 11-2 STANDARD PERFORMANCE 2018 Relative Coefficient Expected Mean Range Number Z Score Difference of (g/t) Percent Variation 0 - 1 207 -0.34 -0.03 7.3 0 - 1 280 -0.04 0 4.2 1 - 3 327 -0.37 -0.01 3.5 1 - 3 284 -0.63 -0.02 3.6 1 - 3 92 0.48 0.04 3.7 1 - 3 240 -0.23 -0.01 3.3 4 - 6 291 -0.28 -0.01 2.7 4 - 6 366 0.38 0.01 2.3 5 - 7 39 -1.57 -0.05 2.4 9 - 11 193 0 0 2.8 10 - 12 89 -0.5 -0.02 3.9 48 - 50 184 0.22 0.01 1.9 48 - 50 251 -0.2 -0.01 1.9 Totals 2,843 -0.24 -0.01 3.4 Standard C: 5g/t Au g/t Au Time Expected Value 1SD 2SD 3SD OLS Regression Normal Warning Error Threshold FIGURE 11-2 EXAMPLE STANDARD CONTROL CHART Figure 11-2 is an example of a plot used to track the general trend of the lab performance over time. These reviews are completed on a monthly basis with any observed trends communicated to the laboratory. 99 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine In addition to client-supplied standards, assay laboratories will insert their own standards into assay batches to monitor accuracy and quality. OSLS have reported laboratory standards with assays since August 2012. All GAL and BVM jobs have been reported with laboratory standards. Table 11-3 and Table 11-4 document the laboratory standards reported by OSLS and BVM in 2018, along with the nominal ranges used to validate them. TABLE 11-3 OSLS 2018 LABORATORY STANDARDS, G/T AU Expected Mean Bias from expected STANDARD ID Mean – 3SD Mean + 3SD (g/t) (%) ST345 0.055 0.040 0.070 -0.91 ST588 1.60 1.45 1.75 -0.82 ST643 4.92 4.50 5.34 -1.41 ST484 7.49 6.74 8.24 -1.89 73988 14.4 13.2 15.6 1.45 34282 26.3 23.3 29.3 -0.99 ST620 46.27 40.30 52.24 -0.99 TABLE 11-4 BVM 2018 LABORATORY STANDARDS, G/T AU Expected Mean Bias from expected STANDARD ID Mean – 3SD Mean + 3SD (g/t) (%) ST603 0.38 0.32 0.44 -0.23 AMD2G 1.28 1.16 1.4 -0.66 AMDRD4 4.02 3.51 4.53 0.42 ST696 16.77 15.33 18.21 -0.01 11.4.2 LABORATORY DUPLICATE SAMPLES Laboratory pulp duplicates are provided as part of internal laboratory QC as an indication of preparation/pulverization homogeneity, but may also indicate random analytical errors. Laboratory duplicates are selected at random at a rate of approximately one in ten (one in twenty at BVM) and constitute a second ~200g subsample taken from the pulverizer. From this stage of laboratory preparation, the duplicate is treated as an additional sample and undergoes the same process at the same time as the original aliquot being used to represent the submitted sample. Fosterville only collects laboratory duplicate data on Au. Fosterville sulfide samples (samples without logged visible gold or potential for visible gold) have historically shown to be highly repeatable as seen in Figure 11-3. A review of OSLS laboratory Au duplicate data collected from 2012 to 2015 found a very strong correlation with an R2 of 0.98. GAL laboratory Au duplicate data collected during 2015 had an R2 correlation coefficient of 0.94. 100 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine In 2016, the combined dataset of OSLS and GAL 25g Fire Assay duplicates on primary sulfide Au samples totaled 915, excluding results less than 10x lower limit of detection. Bias was insignificant (-0.83%) with an R2 of 0.997. 85.79% were within 10% AMPRD and 96.5% were within 20%. Fire Assay laboratory duplicates on primary sulfide Au core samples in 2018 totaled 3,384, excluding results less than 10x lower detection. Bias was insignificant (0.66%) with an R2 of 0.998. 88.83% were within 10% AMPRD and 98.67% were within 20%. FIGURE 11-3 SULFIDE LABORATORY DUPLICATES (2017 – 2018) In 2016, the OSLS 25g Fire Assay repeats on primary samples dispatched as Visible Gold (VG) samples totaled 121, and included values up to 2,497 g/t Au. These VG samples are core samples with any component of visible gold observed and recorded while logging. Bias was insignificant (-0.96%) with an R2 of 0.966. A total of 72.73% were within 10% AMPRD and 84.30% within 20%. GAL did not analyze any ‘VG’ samples in 2016. Au Laboratory Duplicates on ‘VG samples’ in 2017-18 totaled 454 and included values up to 19,766g/t Au (Figure 11-4 with values >4000ppm, n = 3, not shown for reasons of scale). Bias was insignificant (4.85%) with an R2 of 0.996. 82.38% were within 10% AMPRD and 94.27% were within 20%. 101 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 11-4 VISIBLE GOLD LABORATORY DUPLICATES (2017 – 2018) 11.4.3 LABORATORY REPEAT (REPLICATE) SAMPLES Laboratory repeats are additional fires from the original pulp run in a subsequent fire. At OSLS, the laboratory repeats are specifically performed on a different day and by a different fire assay technician than those of the originals. At GAL, the fire was run on a different day, but there is no explicit requirement for a different technician to perform each fire. At BVM, the subsequent fire is done a different day with no requirement for a different technician. Repeats are required to be selected, run and reported by the laboratory before finalized results can be released to the FGM. Repeats may additionally be requested on specific samples at the client’s request and reported as an amendment, in support of the original values. Fosterville only collects laboratory repeat data on Au. In 2016, laboratory repeats, not flagged as Visible Gold or potential visible gold, showed insignificant bias (0.27%) and a strong correlation with an R2 of 0.963, from 2,501 pairs. Potential visible gold refers to samples with logged geological features which suggest the presence of visible gold. This represented both the GAL and OSLS datasets combined and excluded results less than 10x lower limit of detection. 93.56% of these were within 10% AMPRD, and 99.65% within 20%. This dataset included a small handful of notable outliers above 40g/t Au, with differences such as 44.1 g/t Au vs 105.9 g/t Au (82.4% AMPRD) and 126.4 vs 73.3 g/t Au (53.2% AMPRD). It is likely that these samples were not identified at the logging stage for their potential to host coarse gold. 102 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine From 2017 to 2018, laboratory repeats on primary sulfide Au core samples totaled 12,874, excluding results less than 10x lower detection (Figure 11-5). Thirteen samples have been excluded from this dataset, believed to contain unobserved coarse gold (52.6 to 349g/t). Bias was insignificant (0.18%) and excellent correlation was shown with an R2 of 0.993. 93.45% were within 10% AMPRD with a maximum of AMPRD of 132% (0.21 vs 1.02g/t). FIGURE 11-5 LABORATORY REPEAT SULFIDE SAMPLES (2017 – 2018) Laboratory Repeats from 2016, which were flagged for Visible Gold or potential show insignificant bias (0.21%) and correlate strongly, with an R2 of 0.981 from 425 pairs (threshold 10x detection). 95 of these pairs (or 22.34%) had an assay at 200 g/t Au or more. 61.64% of the 425 pairs were within 10% AMPRD, with 82.35% within 20%. Laboratory repeats on primary samples with observed or potential VG from 2017 to 2018 totaled 1,495, with values up to 17,400g/t Au (Figure 11-6) not shown for reasons of scale. Correlation was strong with an R2 of 0.972, and an insignificant bias of 2.09%. 70.77% of pairs were within 10% AMPRD and 88.63% were within 20%. 103 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 11-6 LABORATORY REPEAT VISIBLE GOLD SAMPLES (2017 – 2018) 11.4.4 BLANKS Field blanks were historically not used because there is a sharp visual grade contrast between mineralization and waste, which provides a natural blank. However, in 2009 the use of field blanks was adopted to assess quality control of the sample preparation; i.e. to test for contamination from one job to the next and also from sample to sample within the job. These were produced by half core sampling 1.2m intervals of barren material. Intervals showing less than 0.03ppm were then split into 0.3m lengths, with each constituting a ‘field blank’. From October 2012, this process was refined and original 1.2m samples were analyzed at ppb levels, for more precise determination of values below 0.03ppm/30ppb. A minimum of two field blank samples is inserted into each diamond drill hole sample batch. At least one field blank sample is inserted at the beginning of the job, with others inserted between mineralized samples. In the period June 2014 – February 2016 interstitial blanks were routinely inserted within zones containing potential or observed visible gold as an attempt to control and quantify contamination between samples. From February 2016 this process was improved by instead inserting quartz wash samples between samples of potential or observed coarse gold, with blanks occasionally following these to verify the effectiveness of the quartz wash. Since August 2012 laboratory blank samples have been imported and assessed as part of the FGM QAQC process for drill core. OSLS reports blanks in Au Fire Assay only, where barren flux is fired in a new pot. 104 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Elevated grades will usually either indicate drift in calibration, or contamination during fire assay. All elemental analytical methods requested by GAL and BVM have been reported with laboratory blanks. 11.4.5 FIELD DUPLICATES Half core samples (cut in half longitudinally by diamond tipped saw blade) are duplicated at a rate of about one in every 80 samples per drill hole. The second half of core, usually discarded after a time or retained indefinitely for reference, is submitted blindly to the laboratory and processed like any primary sample within the same job. These test the sample representivity of the Fosterville half core sampling process and aid in quantifying the nugget effect. Field duplicate data collected over the 2013 – 2015 period showed an R2 value of 0.96 with no apparent bias. Field duplicates from 2016 on sulfide samples represented 436 pairs, with insignificant bias (-0.97) and an R2 of 0.922. Excluding two extreme outliers, which are believed to contain unobserved coarse gold, the R2 becomes 0.980. There were a total of 1,592 Field Duplicate pairs on half core diamond samples 2017-2018 (Figure 11-7), not including results where both halves were reported below 10x lower detection limit. Excluding one sample with observed visible gold (1515 vs 1349g/t) and one sample identified while logging as potentially containing coarse gold (0.79 vs 0.67g/t), this dataset is believed to represent sulfide-hosted ore and has a bias of 0.21% and an R2 of 0.958. 105 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 11-7 FIELD DUPLICATE GOLD DATA (2017 – 2018) ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE VERIFICATION Various analytical testing had been conducted from 2016 to 2017 to ascertain the accuracy of using the FA25g analysis technique employed at FGM with respect to the suitability of it in high-grade visible gold resources and also to check the accuracy of the main service provider of analytical services to the mine. 11.5.1 COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES During May to July 2016 a series of stope samples were collected from three stoping panels on the P4240mRL. Each stope sample was collected as a truck dump grab from the ROM. The samples were approximately 3-5kg mass in a calico bag as per standard mine geology practice. In addition to each sample being tested using the FA25g technique, the pulp created for each sample was further tested for gold by fire assay with a 50g charge (FA50) and by Screen Fire Assay (SFA) techniques. The bulk of the same sample (sample mass minus pulp mass) was sub set to ~3kg (maximum) and 2kg of mass were then analyzed by Leach well with the tail residue being analyzed by FA25. The analysis type was selected in order of increasing sample analyzing mass (sample support) to detect any analytical bias introduced by FA25. Quantitative Group Pty Ltd consultants (2016) reviewed the stope sample data and commented regarding the limitations regarding stope sampling ROM material in that the bias represented between FA25 and 106 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Leachwell (for example) may be exacerbated. Notwithstanding this, the results do suggest that although the averages of each data set are very similar, there is a change in the nature of the correlation of the data, particularly between the FA25 and the LW data sets. There seems to be a positive conditional grade bias of the FA25 data over the other three methods with assays exceeding 20 g/t Au (Figure 11-8). FIGURE 11-8 INVERSE CUMMULATIVE HISTOGRAM SHOWING A POSITIVE CONDITIONAL GRADE BIAS OF FA25 GOLD DATA. (QG CONSULTANT REPORT 2016) In 2017, a large scale project was initiated to compare traditional 25g Fire Assay and ~2kg 36-hour Leachwell on drill core samples of observed or potential visible gold. Preliminary results are charted in Figure 11-9 . A clear population of samples up to 25g/t Au with low leachability and excellent correlation between the original fire assay and the fire assay on leachate (solids) are suggestive of samples containing only sulfide hosted gold. 107 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 11-9 2017 FIRE ASSAY VS LEACHWELL Some samples show gold in solids equal to or greater than the amount of gold in cyanide solution, which in many cases correlates with strong visual carbon content, i.e. preg-robbing. Some of these have been followed up by running Fire Assay to extinction on the leachate residue. In one case, having 63 individual 25g fires, high variability was seen in the leachate (Coefficient of Variation = 0.45) (Figure 11-10). 108 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 11-10 GOLD IN SOLIDS OF HIGH NCC SAMPLE The project ended in early 2018 with Screen Fire Assay deemed a better option due the complete capture of the coarse gold component. 11.5.2 VISIBLE GOLD DUPLICATE SAMPLE COMPARISON During 2016, some 81 remaining half core intervals were selected from diamond core tested quartz lode zones, many of them containing visible gold. A FA25 sample was analyzed from each half of the core, similar to the normal QAQC field duplicate protocol. This project was to augment the small population of field duplicates already taken in quartz lode zones so as to determine the homogeneity of the FA25 analyses from each half of the selected intervals. 109 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 11-11 CORRELATION PLOT OF THE VISIBLE GOLD FIELD DUPLICATE DATA Figure 11-11 shows a raw correlation of the VG field duplicate data set (excluding a handful of extreme outliers) where even without a regression model added, a change in the correlation of the data can be discerned over the 30-40 g/t Au grade level between the two field duplicate samples. Visible gold prepping procedures were identical for all of the samples as was the analysis method. Sample variability increases significantly above approximately 50g/t. However, studies to date have not shown any significant bias between FA25 and larger fusion masses (FA50 and screen fire assays). Data continues to be analyzed to ensure this does not change in the future. Some departure is apparent in extremely high grade samples but the number of samples falling into this category has made it difficult to draw firm conclusions as to any consistent bias between FA25 and FA50 test regimes. 110 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 11-5 FIRE ASSAY WEIGHT STUDY RESULTS – Q-Q RESULTS Grade Threshold Records Percentile FA25 FA50 SFA FA25 FA50 SFA 10% 2.61 2.51 2.93 224 224 224 20% 4.02 3.98 5.45 199 199 199 30% 6.75 7.01 7.58 174 174 174 40% 8.39 8.60 8.77 149 149 149 50% 10.20 9.75 10.47 125 125 125 60% 12.96 11.90 12.88 100 101 100 70% 15.20 14.20 15.99 77 76 75 80% 21.72 19.32 20.22 50 50 50 90% 39.12 34.28 38.53 25 25 25 93% 61.30 50.46 54.79 19 19 19 95% 105.72 81.90 91.71 13 13 13 98% 215.46 218.26 150.02 7 7 7 99% 366.51 536.37 370.07 3 3 3 100% 640.10 1,260.00 815.07 1 1 1 Other studies in 2017 compared Atomic Absorption Spectrometry results with Gravimetric detection methods. The results were inconclusive in establishing a clear departure point between the two detection methods. Additional test work will be required to refine this understanding further. TABLE 11-6 STATISTICAL COMPARISON BETWEEN AAS AND GRAVIMETRIC GOLD RESULTS Parameter AAS Grav. Mean 1,155 1,126 Median 1,014 968 Standard Deviation 639 590 Coefficient of Variation 55% 52% Min 307 278 Max 3,489 3,135 11.5.3 UMPIRE LABORATORY CHECKS Confidence in analytical accuracy is further assessed by re-submitting pulps from one laboratory to another and comparing differences in results. Such a program is usually done at least every few years. A program of inter-laboratory checks was undertaken in 2002 comparing the AMDEL results to two other commercial laboratories – Aminya Laboratories Pty Ltd (Aminya) and Genalysis Laboratory Services (Genalysis). The two batches (147 samples) sent to Aminya returned an average of 9% higher with an R2 correlation coefficient of 0.993. The Genalysis results were 2% lower with an R2 correlation coefficient of 0.996. The inter-laboratory check samples range in grade from below detection (<0.01 g/t Au) to 45 g/t Au. This inter-laboratory check data is presented in Allwood (2003). 111 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine During 2013, the OSLS 25g Au Fire Assay method was compared against GAL’s 50g Au Fire Assay method. All 245 samples showed an overall bias of only 2%, with an R2 correlation coefficient of 0.988. In 2016, 82 samples were selected from various domains and their pulps submitted for umpire test work at Bureau Veritas Minerals (Adelaide) (BVM). A summary of the ore sources is shown in Table 11-7. TABLE 11-7 UMPIRE SAMPLING BY ZONE Zone Sulfide Visible Gold Total Eagle 20 23 43 Harrier 15 5 20 Phoenix 13 7 20 Total 48 35 83 FIGURE 11-12 CORRELATION OF OSLS AND BVM PULPS A correlation of FA samples from Bureau Veritas (BVM) and On Site Laboratory Services (OSLS) laboratories comprises the OSLS 25g Fire Assay method and the BVM 40g Fire Assay method (Figure 11-12). Following transportation, the pulps (sourced from OSLS) were re-homogenized at BVM by mat roll so as to avoid smearing and contamination in the pulverizer. Small population size should be taken into consideration when reviewing the following statistics, however the ‘Sulfide’ subset (n = 48) shows insignificant bias (0.957%) and an R2 of 0.997. Apart from a few high-grade results showing significant variation, there is a very good correlation with the results, even considering the differences in charge weight and slight acid digest differences. 112 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine The umpire test work detailed within section 11.5.3 includes only 83 samples. FGM would aim for a yearly umpire comparison to be undertaken using up to 1000 samples. 11.5.4 SAMPLE SEGREGATION TESTING A preliminary study was conducted in mid-2017 to assess if there was risk of sample bias during sample preparation at OSLS. The methods of collection of subsampling lead to gaining some comparative data that could assess differences between an “ideal sample preparation” collection regime against the actual practices employed at the laboratory. Two stages were identified for testing, one being the subsampling of ~3kg of pulverized material into a ~200g pulp packet, the other being the subsampling of the ~200g pulp packet into a 25g charge for Fire Assay. Twenty x 3kg high-grade samples containing coarse gold were taken from underground for the purpose of the study. Results were largely inconclusive due to lack of sample size (number of tests). FGM intend to revisit this study on a larger scale. SAMPLE AND DATA SECURITY 11.6.1 SAMPLE SECURITY The methods of sample storage and transport have remained largely unchanged throughout the life of the project. In 2018, there have been a number of improvements to the process around sample security. Samples are bagged and numbered either on site at the drill rig or at the FGM core handling facility. Before samples are sent to laboratories outside they are placed in labeled plastic bags in lots of about five and transported using the laboratory’s pick up vehicles. On arrival at the laboratory, the list of samples sent is matched to the actual samples received and confirmation is sent by either fax or email using a sample consignment system. From late 2018 these plastic bags are now tied off with tamper tags before transport and chain of custody documentation is completed upon pickup by the Analytical laboratory contractor. Analytical laboratories have operated in Bendigo during the periods 1992 – 2000 and 2005 to present. During these periods individual samples from the drill rig or core shed have been placed in a designated area within the mine security gate and collected daily by laboratory staff. Again, on arrival at the laboratory, the list of samples sent is matched to the actual samples received. Work undertaken by employees at Fosterville is limited to core logging and the mark-up, cutting and bagging of samples. All other sample preparation and analysis is conducted off-site at commercial laboratories. 11.6.2 DATA SECURITY Data security is ensured through the use of an ‘acQuireTM/SQL Server’ database of all company exploration drilling information. This database includes all assays, geological and geotechnical information. As well as data interrogation, the database allows automated error checking as new data is entered. The database 113 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine is backed up in full daily, and incrementally eight times a day. Additionally, a full image of the Virtual Machine environment hosting SQL Server is backed up once daily. Access to the database is controlled by user login permissions (Windows NT Authentication). Write access is further restricted by requiring the acQuireTM database application and associated software licensing. All floating licenses are restricted to a License Reservation group of approved logins. For users access to the database through the application, access to database interface objects is determined largely by department (Exploration vs Production), reducing user exposure to scripts and reports which are not required to complete expected tasks. Additional folders of high level and administrative objects are only visible to individuals at the discretion of the Database Administrator. acQuireTM Data Tracking triggers are active to capture all data being updated or deleted, with a username and timestamp of modification. This system also provides a feature to ‘lock holes’, such that any attempts to insert/update/delete records linked to a locked hole are rejected. Holes are locked automatically as they are flagged ‘Resource Valid’. Holes not ‘Resource Valid’ are locked in bulk within two years of their drilling end date. ADEQUACY OF PROCEDURES It is the opinion of the Authors that the sample preparation, security and analytical procedures are adequate and have been appropriately applied over the life of the project to ensure that the data is representative and of high quality. 114 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 12 DATA VERIFICATION DATABASE VALIDATION The drilling carried out by previous owners at Fosterville routinely included quality assurance and quality control checks. The nature of these checks evolved through time and these are described below. In addition, sampling QAQC consultants SMP Consultants reviewed the sampling, analytical and data storage procedures used in drilling programs to May 2002 (Crase, 2002). Data system reviews of the exploration database were also undertaken by IO Digital Systems in 2004 and 2006 (Kelemen, 2004; McConville, 2006). The database includes numerous automated data validation methods. The database structure and the use of primary key fields prevent certain types of invalid data (e.g. overlapping sample intervals) from being stored in the database. Also, numerous checks are performed on the data when it is imported (e.g. assay QAQC performance gates, variation in down-hole surveys from previous survey). Prior to 2000, the geological data was entered directly into the database by hand from the original hardcopy geological log with a manual validation system. From 2001 until 2008, all geological data was uploaded directly from IPAQ hand held logging devices into the database with similar automatic checks as used for the assays. Immediately after the IPAQ was uploaded a hard copy of the geological log was printed to provide an extra back up of the data. Since 2008 geological information has been entered into laptops running acQuireTM offline logging software. This software supports an increased range of logging validation that prompts the user while logging and also prior to uploading of the logged data into the Fosterville Geological SQL database. The down-hole drilling survey data, between 2001 and 2010, was the only data hand entered into the Fosterville geology database. Allwood (2003) reports a program conducted in 2002 where approximately 10% of the SPD holes were randomly selected for checking the database against the original survey shots. This check found several errors so it was decided to check the entire down-hole survey database against the original surveys shots. All errors found were corrected. Diamond drill hole (underground holes are prefixed by UD and UDH) traces are visually checked in MinePlanTM software against the design trace, as soon as the down-hole surveys are entered into the database. DATA VERIFICATION In addition to the quality control and data verification procedures discussed in detail above, the Qualified Persons preparing the Mineral Resource estimates have further validated the data upon extraction from the database prior to resource interpolation. This verification used MinePlanTM drill views as the primary tool to identify data problems. This allowed the omission of holes if they were of questionable quality, for example due to low quality sample techniques or incomplete assaying. When coupled with the more mechanical check processes ensuring high quality data is entering the database in the first place, these checks were effective in allowing the Qualified Persons to be confident that the data was geologically coherent and of appropriate quality and adequate for use in resource estimations and reserve studies. 115 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 13 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING Details of previous metallurgical test work conducted on a range of Fosterville ores can be referenced in the Fosterville Technical Report December 2015. Metallurgical test work is ongoing with particular focus on maximizing gravity recoverable gold and also understand and prepare for any future ore that will challenge existing gold recovery methods. Several newly discovered geological structures at depth, such as Eagle, East Dipping and Swan Faults, have gold in the form of coarse visible gold that frequently occurs with low sulfide mineralization. In 2015, a series of plant trials and mineralogy surveys indicated that the visible gold is being recovered in the flotation concentrates (primarily Flash flotation concentrate) and is recoverable from this concentrate by gravity methods. A gravity gold circuit was commissioned in April 2016. The gravity circuit consists of a Knelson concentrator and Gemeni tables recovering gold from the recirculating load of the concentrate regrind mill. In August 2018, a second Knelson concentrator was commissioned in the SAG mill recirculating load. The SAG mill and regrind mill gravity concentrates are separately tabled, calcined and poured for accounting purposes. In the opinion of the authors, all deleterious elements are effectively managed and it is considered that their presence does not have a significant impact on economic extraction. No identified processing factors have a significant impact on economic extraction. 116 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 14 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES The Mineral Resources reported are broken down into areas contained within the Mining License MIN5404 and a minor component in Exploration License EL3539 (Section 4). Mineral Resource Areas of Central, Southern, Harrier and Robbin’s Hill (Table 14-1) are defined resource areas, which were established at different times in the project’s history. The Central Area contains multiple Mineral Resource models primarily for reasons of data handling. Details on Mineral Resource block model extents can be seen in Figure 14-1. The current Mineral Resource estimate for FGM is presented in Table 14-1. 117 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-1 MINERAL RESOURCES (EXCLUSIVE OF MINERAL RESERVE) FOR FGM AS AT DECEMBER 31, 2018 Mineral Resources (Exclusive of Mineral Reserves) - Fosterville as at December 31, 2018 Measured Indicated Inferred Insitu Insitu Insitu Classification Tonnes Grade Gold Tonnes Grade Gold Tonnes Grade Gold (000’s) (g/t Au) Ounces (000’s) (g/t Au) Ounces (000’s) (g/t Au) Ounces (000’s) (000’s) (000’s) Fosterville Fault Zone Sulfide Resources Upper 1,440 2.5 116 779 2.8 69 15 1.5 1 Central Area Lower 173 7.9 44 5,460 5.8 1,020 4,890 6.3 988 Southern Upper 22 3.3 2 463 2.4 36 537 2.3 40 Area Lower 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 66 3.5 7 Upper 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 Harrier Area Lower 11 6.7 2 2,820 6.0 544 1,240 7.2 286 Robbin's Hill Area Sulfide Resources Upper 0 0.0 0 1,440 2.3 108 663 2.2 48 Combined Lower 0 0.0 0 561 4.2 75 2,590 5.4 449 Sulfide Upper 1,460 2.5 118 2,680 2.5 213 1,220 2.3 88 Sulfide Lower 184 7.8 46 8,840 5.8 1,640 8,790 6.1 1,730 Total Sulfide 1,640 3.1 165 12 5.0 1,850 10,000 5.7 1,820 Total Oxide 257 1.5 12 1,350 1.9 81 316 1.6 16 Total Oxide & Sulfide 1,900 2.9 177 12,900 4.7 1,930 10,300 5.5 1,830 Notes: 1. CIM definitions (2014) were followed in the estimation of Mineral Resource. 2. For the Mineral Resource estimate, the Qualified Person is Troy Fuller. 3. The Mineral Resources reported are exclusive of the Mineral Reserves. 4. Mineral Resources are rounded to three significant figures for tonnes and ounces and one decimal place for grade. Minor discrepancies in summation may occur due to rounding. 5. Mineral Resources are not Mineral Reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability. 6. The Mineral Resource estimate used a gold price of US$1,230 per ounce (A$1,710 per ounce). 7. Cut-off grades applied are 0.7 g/t Au for oxide, 1.0 g/t Au for near-surface sulfide (above 5050mRL) and 3.0 g/t Au for underground sulfide mineralization (below 5050mRL). 8. Dry bulk density of mineralized material applied 2.40t/m3 for oxide, 2.56t/m3 for transitional material, 2.64t/m3 for fresh material between 5000mRL and 5050mRL, 2.72t/m3 for fresh material between 4500mRL and 5000mRL and 2.78t/m3 for fresh material below 4500mRL. The reported Mineral Resources are as at December 31st 2018 and reported by Kirkland Lake Gold in accordance with NI43-101. In all cases, the Qualified Person has complied with CIM standards as prescribed by NI43-101. 118 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine The Authors are not aware of any known environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing and political or other relevant factors that would materially affect the Mineral Resource estimate. The location and extents of the block models for each of these areas are displayed in Figure 14-1. Current underground mining activities are confined to the Central (Northern, North Phoenix, South Phoenix, Central Models) and Harrier (Harrier Model) Areas. Open pit mining activities were last undertaken in 2012 in the Robbin’s Hill Area (Robbin’s Hill Model). The Robbin’s Hill Resource was updated as at December 2018. 119 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 14-1 PLAN SHOWING MINING LEASES AND THE AREA COVERED BY EACH OF THE BLOCK MODELS 120 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine CENTRAL AREA The Central Area is divided into 33 separate mineralized domains, some of which extend through multiple model zones as detailed in Table 14-2. TABLE 14-2 CENTRAL AREA MINERALIZED DOMAINS BY MODEL ZONE Domain Code Domain Name 1809_CRM 1812_SPRM 1805_NPRM 1201_NRM D01 Fosterville HG D02 Fosterville LG D03 Phoenix HG D04 Phoenix LG D05 Splay HG D06 Splay LG D07 Kite D08 Allwood D09 Vertical D10 Vulture D11 Harrier OP D12 Phoenix Base D13 Benu D14 Benu FW D15 Kestrel D16 Bedded East D17 Shallow East Dippers D18 East Dippers D19 Phoenix Base S D20 Eagle D21 Allwood East D22 Audax FW D23 Phoenix Base FW D24 Audax Sulfide D25 Swan Sulfide D26 Swan Upper D27 West Dipping Splays D28 Griffon D59 Audax D60 Benu W1 D61 Swan D66 Sparrowhawk D67 Shallow North Dippers As at December 2018 the majority of drilling, mining, mapping, interpretation and subsequent Mineral Resource Modeling were undertaken within the extents of the Lower Central (Phoenix) and Harrier Areas, below the 5050mRL. 121 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 14.1.1 GEOLOGICAL MODELS In order to constrain the mineral resource models, a number of three-dimensional geological models were generated for each zone using MinePlanTM software. The models produced were of three types: • structural wireframe models; • mineralization wireframe models; and • waste wireframe models. Structural models contain three-dimensional wireframe surfaces of major faults and minor structures as interpreted from surveyed data points obtained from open pit and underground mapping and diamond drill core logs. The mineralization model defines the interpreted gold-bearing mineralized envelopes and is constrained either by structural, lithological or grade boundaries. The waste model is defined by a 10m to 15m envelope surrounding the mineralization model. Mineralization domain wireframes are constructed on screen using MinePlanTM where points are added to a wireframe mesh until the desired interpretation is achieved. This has resulted in interpretations completed on 6.25m sections in areas of open pit grade control drilling and on 12.5m to 25m in areas of underground grade control drilling and, 50m and 100m sections where there is only surface and underground exploration drilling. All drill hole interpreted intercepts are snapped to the wireframe to ensure the mineralization geometry is honored. Historical information derived from RC and more recently from diamond drill data (assays, structure, lithology, etc.) are used in the initial construction of the mineralized domains. Mineralized zones that become viable for mining are further constrained by the addition of geological mapping, surveyed structures, open pit blast hole samples, underground sludge hole and face samples (Figure 14-2). Mineralization used within the domain boundary is selected based on a current cut-off of four gram- meters (generally two meters at 2.0 g/t Au). Internal waste below the cut-off may be incorporated into the mineralization envelope where there is adjacent higher gold grade data directly adjacent or if the intercept lies central to other peripheral economic intercepts on the same interpreted structure. Sub- economic mineralization may also be included around the periphery of the domain to produce more representative estimates towards the margins of the mineralized envelope. Data points that satisfy particular economic or geological criteria for inclusion are directly clipped into the domain solid so that the assay interval is either entirely within or entirely excluded from the interpreted mineralized envelope. Separate mineralization envelopes are created to distinguish between geologically or economically distinct zones such as high-grade/low-grade envelopes or changes in structural orientations. In mid-2017, high-grade sub-domains were also utilized in the Southern Phoenix Resource model to better spatially separate the zones with a higher prevalence of high grade visible gold related mineralization. Due to the high contrast between quartz and sulfide mineralization, sub-domaining was expanded in the 1712_SPRM, with the separation of the high grade D01 Audax and D11 Swan domains into separate 122 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine laminated quartz domains nested within lower grade sulfide halo domains in an effort to improve the ordinary kriged estimate. FIGURE 14-2 6770MN SECTION SHOWING DATA FOR CREATING MINERALIZATION DOMAIN WIREFRAMES (UNDERGROUND) 14.1.2 DRILLING DATA Drill hole assay data used to produce the model was subjected to a number of data preparation processes: 1. Files containing all drill hole logging and assay data were imported from the acQuireTM production and exploration database into MinePlanTM using a MinePlanTM procedure. 2. The drill holes were then coded with the appropriate properties from the geological models, and a drill hole composite file coded with resource wireframe geology information. 123 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 3. The drill hole files were viewed in MinePlanTM in order to identify holes that contained obvious erroneous data missed during the validation process. Data that was considered erroneous was either corrected or deleted from the data set. Note: step 1 and 2 were also completed prior to the geological models being finalized to ensure the interpretations were completed on a validated drill hole file. 14.1.3 COMPOSITING The raw assays were composited to 2m intervals in Resource block models using the MinePlanTM compositing procedure. A 2m composite length was selected as it encompasses the vast amount of legacy data left over from open pit mining and RC drilling. Composite length was reviewed in December 2018 and deemed to still be appropriate given the average sample interval length and domain widths. The compositing process creates composites of the primary assay intervals in a down-hole direction honoring the coded geological domains. The MinePlanTM software down-hole compositing routine provides an option to accumulate short intervals (up to 50% of the composite length) into the preceding interval, with assay intervals above the minimum 50% primary sample length treated as a new composite interval. For example, an assay interval over 1.0m in length is left in the composite file as is, and an assay interval less than 1.0m is added into the preceding composite interval (Figure 14-3) This option has been used to honor the grade distribution of composites within the coded geological domains without exclusion or redistribution etc. FIGURE 14-3 DOWN-HOLE COMPOSITING WHERE DOMAIN BOUNDARIES ARE HONOURED IN THE COMPOSITE FILE 124 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine A listing of descriptive statistics for the mineralized domains is provided for the Northern Model (1201_NRM) in Table 14-3, with a listing of composite statistics provided in Table 14-4. TABLE 14-3 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR THE NORTHERN MODEL Model 1201_NRM Descriptive Statistics Date: Dec-2011 Number Data Minimum Maximum Mean Std Dev Variance Coeff of Variable of Type(s) (g/t Au) (g/t Au) (g/t Au) g/t g/t2 Var Samples Code 1 Fosterville HG Au 2.0m Composites TC 40 DD 1,701 0.01 49.60 4.61 5.45 29.70 1.18 Code 2 Fosterville LG Au 2.0m Composites DD 9,949 0.00 104.60 5.66 6.63 43.96 1.17 Code 3 Phoenix HG Au 2.0m Composites DD 4,021 0.00 60.44 5.50 6.95 48.30 1.26 Code 6 Splay LG Au 2.0m Composites DD 740 0.00 36.89 2.25 3.41 11.63 1.52 Code 7 Griffon Au 2.0m Composites DD 101 0.20 57.21 9.74 10.62 112.78 1.09 TABLE 14-4 COMPOSITE STATISTICS BY COMPOSITE LENGTH IN THE NORTHERN MODEL Mean Grade (g/t Composite Length Number % of Composites Mean Length (m) Au) ˂ 1.0m 41 0% 0.65 3.37 ≥ 1.0 and ˂ 2.0 8209 98% 1.97 5.39 ≥ 2.0m 129 2% 2.49 5.60 Total* 8,379 100% 1.97 5.38 *Some 70 composites had zero length and grade and were deleted from the data. A listing of descriptive statistics for the mineralized domains is provided in Table 14-5,Table 14-6 and Table 14-7 for the 1812_SPRM Southern Phoenix Model, 1805_NPRM Northern Phoenix and the 1809_CRM Central Models respectively. These statistics are provided as a context for the size and the average grade in each of the domains. The 1201_NRM model name encompasses the build date of the model and infers that the model includes the latest drilling and interpolation data in that respective area. Therefore, the Northern area has not had interpretational and/or drilling additions since January 2012. The Southern Phoenix model was updated in December 2018, The Northern Phoenix Model was updated in May 2018, and the Central Model was updated in September 2018 to encompass grid transform changes to diamond drilling data. The spatial distribution of the Central area models including the Harrier model is shown in Figure 14-8. 125 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-5 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF GOLD FOR THE SOUTHERN PHOENIX MODEL Model: 1812_SPRM Descriptive Statistics Date: Dec-18 Number Minimum Maximum Mean Coeff. Mineralized Domain DD Variable of Std. Dev. (g/t Au) (g/t Au) (g/t Au) of Var. Samples Au Assays (length weighted) 269 0.02 38.60 7.72 6.0 0.78 Code 3 Phoenix HG Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 122 0.52 25.03 7.67 4.6 0.59 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 122 0.52 25.03 7.14 4.4 0.62 Au Assays (length weighted) 720 0.03 62.30 6.09 6.0 0.99 Code 5 Splay HG Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 288 0.14 44.70 6.09 4.5 0.74 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 288 0.14 44.70 6.05 4.3 0.71 Au Assays (length weighted) 1,554 0.01 2,847.00 6.50 59.1 9.09 Code 6 Splay LG Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 486 0.01 659.13 8.38 34.2 4.08 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 486 0.01 75.00 5.81 5.5 0.95 Au Assays (length weighted) 260 0.02 25.50 4.81 4.0 0.83 Code 8 Allwood Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 114 0.19 17.40 4.82 3.0 0.63 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 114 0.19 17.40 4.53 2.7 0.60 Au Assays (length weighted) 639 0.01 7,368.00 48.70 349.1 7.17 Code 9 Vertical Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 239 0.30 1,541.03 48.51 181.2 3.74 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 239 0.30 1,541.03 31.08 133.6 4.30 Au Assays (length weighted) 735 0.01 1,694.70 11.86 72.6 6.12 Code 12 Phoenix Base Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 289 0.01 806.87 11.87 49.7 4.18 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 289 0.01 75.00 8.59 7.6 0.88 Au Assays (length weighted) 1,730 0.01 1,685.00 11.19 46.3 4.14 Code 13 Benu Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 723 0.03 1,685.00 11.21 37.2 3.32 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 723 0.03 1,685.00 11.78 71.9 6.11 Au Assays (length weighted) 529 0.01 186.80 8.55 10.3 1.21 Code 14 Benu FW Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 206 0.04 55.20 8.55 7.1 0.83 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 206 0.04 55.20 9.16 9.5 1.03 Au Assays (length weighted) 549 0.03 16.90 4.12 2.6 0.63 Code 15 Kestrel Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 210 0.55 10.58 4.12 1.9 0.46 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 210 0.55 10.58 3.97 1.7 0.43 Au Assays (length weighted) 2,492 0.01 104.00 5.47 6.1 1.11 Code 16 Bedding East Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 1,081 0.01 84.47 5.47 5.0 0.92 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 1,081 0.01 75.00 4.67 3.9 0.84 Au Assays (length weighted) 515 0.01 1,290.00 14.05 81.7 5.82 Code 17 Shallow East Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 233 0.12 1,290.00 14.05 74.8 5.32 Dippers Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 233 0.12 75.00 6.83 11.5 1.69 Au Assays (length weighted) 1,644 0.01 454.00 6.64 9.4 1.42 Code 18 East Dipper Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 694 0.04 52.58 6.64 5.6 0.85 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 694 0.04 52.58 5.78 4.9 0.85 Au Assays (length weighted) 151 0.09 29.20 5.79 4.9 0.85 Code 19 Px Base Sth Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 52 1.16 21.99 5.79 3.6 0.63 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 52 1.16 21.99 6.04 3.8 0.63 Au Assays (length weighted) 383 0.01 175.00 8.18 13.4 1.63 Code 20 Eagle Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 142 0.80 175.00 8.18 11.4 1.39 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 142 0.80 75.00 7.77 7.4 0.95 Au Assays (length weighted) 576 0.01 17,050.00 31.31 363.4 11.61 Code 21 Allwood East Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 190 0.36 1,667.77 31.31 146.2 4.67 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 190 0.36 1,667.77 22.82 111.5 4.89 126 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Model: 1812_SPRM Descriptive Statistics Date: Dec-18 Number of Minimum Maximum Mean Coeff. Mineralized Domain DD Variable Std. Dev. Samples (g/t Au) (g/t Au) (g/t Au) of Var. Au Assays (length weighted) 904 0.01 180.40 3.79 7.6 2.00 Code 22 Audax FW Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 312 0.01 65.25 3.79 4.9 1.30 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 312 0.01 65.25 3.96 4.8 1.21 Au Assays (length weighted) 327 0.02 47.70 6.25 5.5 0.88 Code 23 Phoenix Base Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 164 0.02 29.90 6.28 4.3 0.69 FW Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 164 0.02 29.90 6.06 4.8 0.80 Au Assays (length weighted) 525 0.01 55.76 5.23 6.5 1.24 Code 24 Audax Sulfide Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 274 0.01 36.10 5.23 5.4 1.02 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 274 0.01 36.10 3.83 4.3 1.13 Au Assays (length weighted) 1,668 0.01 1,230.00 7.58 32.4 4.27 Code 25 Swan Sulfide Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 737 0.01 589.70 7.58 21.4 2.82 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 737 0.01 589.70 6.07 22.9 3.77 Au Assays (length weighted) 53 1.15 195.00 12.83 26.8 2.09 Code 26 Swan Upper Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 23 2.57 75.93 12.83 16.9 1.31 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 23 2.57 75.93 8.98 11.0 1.23 Au Assays (length weighted) 61 0.12 40.20 6.12 6.1 1.00 Code 27 West Dipping Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 32 0.12 17.23 6.12 3.9 0.63 Splays Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 32 0.12 17.23 5.76 3.8 0.66 Au Assays (length weighted) 1,032 0.01 14,500.00 80.2 591.7 7.38 Code 59 Audax (global) Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 339 0.01 5,057.25 79.74 323.9 4.06 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 339 0.01 3,000.00 68.41 280.1 4.09 Au Assays (length weighted) 271 0.01 860.00 30.14 99.2 3.29 Code 60 Benu W1 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 87 0.02 698.36 30.14 80.8 2.68 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 87 0.02 100.00 21.13 25.4 1.20 Au Assays (length weighted) 1,728 0.01 21,490.00 153.76 806.7 5.25 Code 61 Swan (global) Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 556 0.01 7,492.54 154.73 432.3 2.79 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 556 0.01 3,000.00 101.22 298.9 2.95 Au Assays (length weighted) 305 0.02 23.10 4.42 3.3 0.75 Code 66 Sparrowhawk Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 117 0.06 16.02 4.42 2.5 0.57 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 117 0.06 16.02 3.63 2.6 0.72 Au Assays (length weighted) 71 0.01 24.50 5.01 4.8 0.97 Code 67 Shallow North Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 46 0.01 17.10 5.01 4.3 0.85 Dippers Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 46 0.01 17.10 4.64 4.1 0.89 127 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-6 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF GOLD FOR THE NORTHERN PHOENIX MODEL Model: 1805_NPRM Descriptive Statistics Date: May-18 Number Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Coeff. of Mineralized Domain DD Variable of (g/t Au) (g/t Au) (g/t Au) Dev. Var. Samples Au Assays (length weighted) 450 0.05 75.00 8.04 7.5 0.93 Code 3 Phoenix HG Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 209 0.62 47.98 8.03 6.0 0.75 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 208 0.71 47.98 7.55 5.2 0.69 Au Assays (length weighted) 85 0.26 19.20 5.57 3.8 0.69 Code 5 Splay HG Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 37 0.31 14.27 5.57 3.0 0.53 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 37 0.31 14.27 5.05 2.6 0.51 Au Assays (length weighted) 388 0.01 35.70 4.91 4.6 0.95 Code 6 Splay LG Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 192 0.01 23.40 4.91 3.8 0.77 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 192 0.01 23.40 4.91 3.9 0.80 Au Assays (length weighted) 256 0.02 33.30 6.47 5.9 0.90 Code 8 Allwood Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 112 0.04 21.76 6.47 4.2 0.65 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 112 0.04 21.76 6.62 3.9 0.59 Au Assays (length weighted) 27 0.47 13.00 4.19 2.8 0.68 Code 9 Vertical Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 14 0.80 13.00 4.19 2.2 0.53 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 14 0.80 13.00 4.48 3.0 0.66 Au Assays (length weighted) 71 0.02 23.60 6.41 5.7 0.89 Code 12 Phoenix Base Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 36 0.02 15.63 6.41 4.1 0.64 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 36 0.02 15.63 6.48 3.8 0.59 Au Assays (length weighted) 949 0.01 57.10 7.53 6.8 0.90 Code 13 Benu Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 433 0.01 37.17 7.53 5.3 0.70 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 433 0.01 37.17 5.79 4.3 0.73 Au Assays (length weighted) 350 0.03 58.95 8.56 8.0 0.93 Code 14 Benu FW Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 144 0.35 45.65 8.56 6.6 0.77 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 144 0.35 45.65 8.30 6.2 0.75 Au Assays (length weighted) 165 0.04 25.20 4.78 2.8 0.59 Code 15 Kestrel Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 79 0.76 10.89 4.78 2.0 0.41 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 79 0.76 10.89 4.67 2.0 0.43 Au Assays (length weighted) 557 0.01 104.00 5.91 8.6 1.46 Code 16 Bedding East Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 232 0.01 84.37 5.91 7.5 1.27 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 232 0.01 84.37 5.50 5.3 0.96 Au Assays (length weighted) 93 0.44 25.10 4.95 3.6 0.73 Code 17 Shallow East Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 42 1.11 16.80 4.95 2.6 0.53 Dippers Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 42 1.11 16.80 4.86 2.4 0.50 Au Assays (length weighted) 305 0.13 31.60 6.15 4.9 0.80 Code 18 East Dipper Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 151 0.19 20.49 6.15 3.7 0.60 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 151 0.19 20.49 5.54 3.2 0.57 Au Assays (length weighted) 119 0.04 44.30 6.59 6.9 1.04 Code 23 Phoenix Base Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 65 0.04 31.65 6.59 5.9 0.89 FW Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 65 0.04 31.65 6.78 5.9 0.86 128 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-7 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF GOLD FOR THE CENTRAL MODEL Model: 1809_CRM Descriptive Statistics Date: Sep-18 Number Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Coeff. of Mineralized Domain DD Variable of (g/t Au) (g/t Au) (g/t Au) Dev. Var. Samples Au Assays (length weighted) 572 0.02 72.00 7.62 5.9 0.77 Code 1 Fosterville HG Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 287 0.02 28.98 7.63 4.7 0.61 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 287 0.02 28.98 7.13 4.3 0.61 Au Assays (length weighted) 6,984 0.00 41.00 2.83 3.7 1.31 Code 2 Fosterville LG Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 6,509 0.01 41.00 2.85 3.7 1.29 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 6,509 0.01 41.00 2.47 2.9 1.19 Au Assays (length weighted) 2,692 0.01 104.80 8.03 8.0 1.00 Code 3 Phoenix HG Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 1,292 0.01 49.54 8.09 6.4 0.79 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 1,292 0.01 49.54 7.92 6.9 0.87 Au Assays (length weighted) 124 0.01 27.30 4.32 5.0 1.16 Code 4 Phoenix LG Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 75 0.01 17.57 4.33 4.2 0.98 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 75 0.01 17.57 3.36 3.7 1.09 Au Assays (length weighted) 873 0.01 57.60 6.08 6.7 1.10 Code 5 Splay HG Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 401 0.01 38.18 6.05 5.5 0.91 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 401 0.01 38.18 6.57 5.2 0.79 Au Assays (length weighted) 2,279 0.00 28.80 2.01 2.6 1.28 Code 6 Splay LG Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 1,902 0.01 24.60 2.08 2.5 1.22 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 1,902 0.01 24.60 2.71 2.8 1.01 Au Assays (length weighted) 298 0.42 28.60 8.03 5.9 0.73 Code 7 Kite Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 145 1.21 23.85 8.01 4.5 0.56 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 145 1.21 23.85 7.69 4.4 0.57 Au Assays (length weighted) 593 0.14 24.20 4.98 2.8 0.57 Code 10 Vulture Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 311 0.45 19.90 4.98 2.4 0.47 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 311 0.45 19.90 4.69 2.4 0.51 Au Assays (length weighted) 1,635 0.00 15.33 2.41 2.7 1.11 Code 11 Harrier OP Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 1,570 0.01 15.33 2.42 2.7 1.10 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 1,570 0.01 15.33 1.95 2.3 1.18 Au Assays (length weighted) 184 0.01 52.40 10.65 8.8 0.83 Code 12 Phoenix Base Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 93 0.01 32.40 10.18 7.0 0.69 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 93 0.01 32.40 9.17 6.1 0.66 Au Assays (length weighted) 245 0.06 59.40 7.43 5.7 0.77 Code 18 East Dipper Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 147 0.32 24.61 7.26 4.1 0.56 Au 2.0m Top-cut Declustered Composites 147 0.32 24.61 7.31 4.2 0.58 129 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine A listing of composite statistics is provided in Table 14-8 for the (1812_SPRM, 1805_NPRM and 1806_CRM) Phoenix and Central Models. TABLE 14-8 COMPOSITE STATISTICS BY COMPOSITE LENGTH CLIPPED TO THE MODEL EXTENTS FOR THE CENTRAL MODEL (1809_CRM), SOUTHERN PHOENIX (1812_SPRM) AND NORTHERN PHOENIX MODEL (1805_NPRM) Mean length Mean Grade Model Composite Length Number % of Comps (m) (g/t Au) ˂ 1.0m 1,531 21.4% 0.61 15 ≥ 1.0 and <2.0m 1,909 26.7% 1.39 28.08 1812_SPRM ≥ 2.0m 3,700 51.8% 2.12 24.74 Total 7140 100% 1.6 23.54 ˂ 1.0m 260 14.9% 0.69 5.34 ≥ 1.0 and <2.0m 446 25.6% 1.37 6.11 1805_NPRM ≥ 2.0m 1,039 59.5% 2.03 6.96 Total 1745 100% 1.66 6.50 ˂ 1.0m 168 1.3% 0.67 4.24 ≥ 1.0 and ˂2.0m 826 6.6% 1.31 5.94 1809_CRM ≥ 2.0m 11,581 92.1% 2.01 3.37 Total 12575 100% 1.95 3.55 14.1.4 VARIOGRAPHY Modeling of the spatial continuity (variography) of gold for the Harrier, Central and Lower Phoenix Models was carried out using SupervisorTM software (Figure 14-4), while the variography for the Northern Model was calculated using MinePlanTM 3D software. Sulfur is estimated in each domain as a variable using the domain geology shape, with a general sulfur variogram employed in the Northern and Central Models. Non-Carbonate Carbon (NCC) is estimated using two broad domain shapes, encompassing east and west geometries, as well as specific domains modelled to large black shale units, all utilizing a general variogram structure. Variography for the antimony estimate for the Lower Phoenix Models was carried out in SupervisorTM software. Gold grade continuity is the highest along structures contained within parallel/oblique sedimentary host rock bedding contrasts. Within the parallel/oblique bedding zones it is common to see variogram structure ranges of up to 80m. In oblique/oblique host sedimentary settings the spatial grade continuity is less consistent, giving rise to variogram structures with ranges of less than 40m. Therefore, high level mining decisions (reserve block and capital development) are made where drill spacing is at least 50m x 50m and a decision to mine a given level is only made on an indicated resource with a drill spacing of at least 25m x 25m (sulfide hosted gold resources only), or 12.5m x 12.5m (visible gold resources). A similar rationale currently exists for confidence around the development and extraction of the visible gold quartz hosted style mineralization. 130 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 14-4 VARIOGRAM OF THE MAJOR DIRECTION OF THE HIGH GRADE SUB-DOMAIN OF DOMAIN=61 SWAN DOMAIN Variogram parameters used for gold in the Northern Block Model (1201_NRM) estimation are listed in Table 14-9. Variogram parameters used for gold in the Southern Phoenix Block Model (1812_SPRM) estimation are listed in Table 14-10. Variogram parameters used for gold in the Northern Phoenix Block Model (1805_NPRM) estimation are listed in Table 14-11. Variogram parameters used for gold in the Central Block Model (1809_CRM) estimation are listed in Table 14-12. 131 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-9 VARIOGRAM PARAMETERS USED FOR NORTHERN MODEL GOLD ESTIMATION Fosterville GOLD VARIOGRAM PARAMETER TABLE 1201_NRM AREA Nugget Nugget ion Sill Spherical ion Range (z) Range (z) Range (z) Range (x) Range (x) Range (x) Range (y) Range (y) Range (y) Z Rotation Y Rotation X Rotation X Total Variance Total 1st Rotat 3rd Rotation Sill Spherical 3rd Rotation 2nd Rotation Spherical Sill Rotation 2nd meds rotation D01 Fosterville LG 0 20 70 3.7 5.7 7 5 5 1.6 20 20 10 3.2 48 55 15 14.20 26% D02 Fosterville HG 0 20 70 3.7 5.7 7 5 5 1.6 20 20 10 3.2 48 55 15 14.20 26% D03 Phoenix HG 355 20 50 20.0 10.0 10 15 5 21 45 25 10 51.00 39% D06 Splay LG 0 20 60 7.0 1.0 10 10 5 11.8 30 20 10 19.80 35% D07 Griffon 0 20 60 20.0 10.0 10 15 5 21 45 25 10 51.00 39% 132 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-10 VARIOGRAM PARAMETERS USED FOR THE SOUTHERN PHOENIX MODEL (1812_SPRM) GOLD ESTIMATION Fosterville GOLD VARIOGRAM PARAMETER TABLE 1812_SPRM (Southern Phoenix Model) AREA Nugget Nugget Range (z) Range (z) Range (x) Range (x) Range (y) Range (y) (Total Sill) (Total Z Rotation Y Rotation X Rotation X 1st Rotation 1st Rotation Spherical Sill Spherical Sill Spherical 2nd Rotation Rotation 2nd Total Variance Total meds rotation Au Waste 50 20 50 20.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 21.0 45.0 25.0 10.0 51 39% D03 Phoenix HG 12 28 -131 0.2 0.4 7.0 5.5 8.0 0.3 40.0 20.5 10.0 1 24% D05 Splay HG 4 9 -115 0.2 0.2 20.0 20.0 4.5 0.6 31.5 25.5 5.0 1 22% D06 Splays LG 13 24 -129 0.3 0.7 50.0 129.0 10.0 1 29% D08 Allwood 15 17 -122 0.2 0.2 6.0 8.5 5.0 0.7 51.0 22.0 10.0 1 18% D09 Vertical 3 20 -85 0.1 0.3 2.0 2.5 3.5 0.7 40.0 30.5 10.0 1 7% D09 Vertical High Grade Sub-domain -9 18 -64 0.3 0.4 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.3 56.5 27.5 10.0 1 32% D12 Phoenix Base 7 11 -147 0.5 0.3 5.0 3.5 5.0 0.3 85.5 60.5 10.0 1 45% D13 Benu 10 17 -122 0.5 0.4 15.0 5.5 5.5 0.1 93.0 41.0 10.0 1 53% D14 Benu FW 25 17 -149 0.3 0.1 8.0 4.5 5.0 0.7 181.5 86.5 10.0 1 25% D15 Kestrel -5 30 -90 0.4 0.1 6.5 3.0 5.0 0.5 56.5 40.0 10.0 1 39% D16 Bedded East -7 24 106 0.2 0.5 12.5 8.0 5.0 0.3 30.5 26.0 10.0 1 23% D17 Shallow East Dippers -175 0 165 0.4 0.6 32.5 10.0 6.0 1 36% D18 East Dippers -17 19 -47 0.3 0.3 50.0 20.5 5.0 0.4 78.0 39.0 10.0 1 28% D19 Phoenix Base South -14 8 -125 0.1 0.4 6.0 6.0 5.0 0.4 54.5 15.0 10.0 1 12% D20 Eagle -2 21 -41 0.6 0.4 73.0 15.0 5.0 1 59% D21 Allwood East 7 40 -57 0.1 0.4 6.0 6.0 5.0 0.4 54.5 15.0 10.0 1 12% D22 Audax FW 10 0 -20 0.6 0.1 3.0 33.0 5.0 0.3 33.5 33.5 10.0 1 58% D23 Phoenix Base FW -5 0 -120 0.4 0.1 5.0 4.5 5.0 0.6 45.5 30.5 10.0 1 36% D24 Audax Sulfide -6 44 -10 0.5 0.4 13.0 5.0 5.0 0.1 27.5 10.0 10.0 1 48% D25 Swan Sulfide -16 14 -137 0.1 0.5 15.5 29.0 5.0 0.4 62.5 46.5 10.0 1 14% D26 Swan Upper -35 9 3 0.4 0.3 38.5 11.5 5.0 0.3 84.0 19.5 10.0 1 44% D27 West Dipping Splays -11 0 -115 0.2 0.0 20.0 20.0 10.0 0.8 139.5 93.5 20.0 1 15% D59 Audax 15 37 -16 0.6 0.3 11.0 13.0 5.0 0.1 61.5 30.0 8.0 1 62% D59 Audax- Swan intersection Sub-domain 2 24 -51 0.7 0.1 28.5 20.0 5.0 0.2 51.5 40.0 10.0 1 73% D59 Audax- Benu intersection Sub-domain 28 29 -28 0.5 0.4 9.0 7.0 5.0 0.1 39.5 9.5 10.0 1 45% D60 Benu W1 16 13 -142 0.5 0.2 1.0 1.5 1.0 0.3 16.0 18.0 10.0 1 54% D61 Swan -15 23 -134 0.6 0.3 25.5 7.5 5.0 0.2 171.0 87.0 10.0 1 58% D61 Swan Upper Splay -7 29 -138 0.7 0.2 35.0 2.5 2.0 0.1 154.5 5.0 5.0 1 67% D61 Swan 12.5m drill spacing 2 36 -143 0.6 0.2 16.5 2.0 3.0 0.2 25.5 5.0 5.0 1 62% D66 Sparrowhawk 114 79 117 0.4 0.3 15.5 9.0 5.0 0.3 70.5 11.0 10.0 1 38% D67 Shallow North Dippers 10 10 -2 0.3 0.2 5.0 9.0 2.0 0.5 15.5 12.0 4.0 1 26% 133 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-11 VARIOGRAM PARAMETERS USED FOR THE NORTHERN PHOENIX MODEL (1805_NPRM) GOLD ESTIMATION Fosterville GOLD VARIOGRAM PARAMETER TABLE 1805_NPRM (Northern Phoenix Model) ll AREA Nugget Nugget Range (z) Range (z) Range (y) Range (x) Range (y) Range (x) Z Rotation Y Rotation X Rotation X Total Variance Total 1st Rotation Sill Spherical 1st Rotation 2nd Rotation Spherical Si Rotation 2nd meds rotation Au Waste 50 20 50 20.00 10 10 15 5 21 45 25 10 51 39% D03 Phoenix HG -20 -11 -131 0.26 0.39 61 8 9 0.36 67 21 10 1 26% D05 Splay HG 56 72 -147 0.11 0.41 9 13 10 0.48 79 65 14 1 11% D06 Splays LG -3 19 -111 0.21 0.58 26 22 14 0.22 109 30 20 1 21% D08 Allwood 176 12 -54 0.17 0.52 17 9 3 0.31 62 12 6 1 25% D09 Vertical -1 30 -79 0.81 0.05 47 35 10 0.14 142 45 20 1 81% D12 Phoenix Base 15 9 -120 0.25 0.26 7 6 3 0.49 22 6 8 1 25% D13 Benu -9 -18 -116 0.33 0.67 109 37 8 1 33% D14 Benu FW 40 22 -152 0.52 0.48 113 104 10 1 52% D15 Kestrel -17 38 -71 0.16 0.84 25 23 11 1 16% D16 Bedding East 4 -9 -65 0.26 0.74 94 61 17 1 26% D17 Shallow East Dippers 40 22 -152 0.36 0.64 33 10 6 1 36% D18 East Dipper -22 38 -51 0.40 0.24 33 14 12 0.37 80 41 32 1 40% D23 Phoenix Base FW -23 -24 -129 0.40 0.6 68 20 10 1 40% 134 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-12 VARIOGRAM PARAMETERS USED FOR THE CENTRAL MODEL (1809_CRM) GOLD ESTIMATION Fosterville GOLD VARIOGRAM PARAMETER TABLE 1809_CRM (Central Model) AREA Nugget Nugget Range (z) Range (z) Range (y) Range (x) Range (y) Range (x) Z Rotation Y Rotation X Rotation X Total Variance Total 1st Rotation Sill Spherical 1st Rotation 2nd Rotation Spherical Sill Rotation 2nd meds rotation Au Waste 50 20 50 20.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 21.0 45.0 25.0 10.0 51 39% Code 1 Fosterville HG 36 54 -126 0.1 0.1 9.5 11.5 6.0 0.7 25.0 13.0 8.0 1 13% Code 2 Fosterville LG 11 28 -113 0.2 0.4 61.0 43.5 10.0 0.5 121.5 53.5 20.0 1 19% Code 3 Phoenix HG 2 16 -127 0.1 0.7 6.5 3.5 4.8 0.2 29.5 29.5 8.5 1 14% Code 4 Phoenix LG 4 27 -118 0.1 0.7 81.5 20.0 5.0 0.2 94.0 28.0 10.0 1 12% Code 5 Splay HG -21 -13 -142 0.2 0.6 23.0 22.5 7.5 0.2 52.0 23.5 8.5 1 19% Code 6 Splay LG 13 24 -129 0.4 0.3 24.0 16.5 5.0 0.3 103.5 78.0 10.0 1 38% Code 7 Kite 30 45 -144 0.5 0.0 20.0 5.0 5.0 0.5 44.0 10.0 10.0 1 51% Code 10 Vulture 8 24 -129 0.5 0.2 57.0 34.5 5.0 0.3 86.0 71.0 10.0 1 53% Code 11 Harrier OP 75 70 180 0.1 0.4 4.0 17.0 2.5 0.6 25.0 20.0 7.5 1 7% Code 12 Phoenix Base 7 11 -147 0.5 0.3 5.0 3.5 5.0 0.3 85.5 60.5 10.0 1 45% Code 18 East Dipper 6 18 -64 0.2 0.8 52.0 4.0 1.0 1 22% 135 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 14.1.5 TOP CUTS Historically, gold grades which were predominantly associated with disseminated sulfides were top cut to 75 g/t Au in order to limit the influence of a low number of high-grade intercepts. Mineralogically, ~75 g/t is seen as the stoichiometric limit of sulfide mineralization, with grades exceeding this thought to be associated with coarse gold and quartz. This top cut approach has been applied to the Northern, Central and Northern Phoenix models, whereas an increasing frequency of high-grade composites associated with visible gold intersections evident in the Southern Phoenix model (Table 14-3) has driven ongoing review of top cut values and methodology. TABLE 14-13 COMPARISON BETWEEN NUMBER OF COMPOSITES PRESENT ABOVE THE CUT-OFF VALUE FROM 2014 TO DECEMBER 2018 FOR THE SAME RESOURCE AREA 2m Composite Grade Cut-off (g/t Au) Model Year 50 100 200 500 1,000 3,000 Number of Composites above Grade Cut-off 2014 20 10 5 1 - - 2015 75 46 23 8 3 - 2016 143 84 48 23 13 - 2017 235 154 97 48 20 2 2018 344 231 150 64 26 3 Top cut values are determined using analysis of the Au histograms, mean and variance plots (Figure 14-5) and log probability plots (Figure 14-6) in the geostatistical package SupervisorTM. In consultation with SRK the method of Au top cut application was reviewed mid-2017, resulting in the use of an outlier range restriction with an over-arching high Au grade top cut value. This outlier range restriction methodology limits the influence of the very high-grade values by allowing them to be utilized for the estimation for model blocks within a specified range, while blocks beyond the range utilize the specified outlier value as a top cut. The outlier threshold value is chosen using the same method used for top cut selection, with the distance for the range restriction guided by the range in the major direction of a Normal scores nested variogram structure as calculated for the chosen outlier grade threshold. An overarching top cut value of 3,000 g/t Au was also applied to limit the influence of extreme grades in the 1812_SPRM model, corresponding with inflection points noted in the log probability plots and mean and variance plots for the Swan mineralized domain (Figure 14-5 and Figure 14-6). This methodology combined sub domaining producing a more consistent Au grade distribution. This allows separate analysis and estimation of the sub domain and the remaining original domain, as well as the application of different outlier range restriction values for the spatially distinct populations. Composite top cuts and outlier range restrictions will be revised on an ongoing basis as data populations increase through additional drilling and mining in the visible gold environments of the Lower Phoenix Area. 136 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 14-5 MEAN AU (G/T) AND CO-VARIANCE PLOT OF THE AU OF DOMAIN=61 SWAN FIGURE 14-6 LOG PROBABILITY PLOT FOR THE AU OF THE DOMAIN=61 SWAN 137 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 14.1.6 BLOCK MODELS For reasons of data handling, the Central Area was divided into four separate block models – Northern, Central, Southern Phoenix and Northern Phoenix, with the following extents and block dimensions contained within (Table 14-14) (Figure 14-10). All models use Ordinary Kriging to interpolate grades. In 2018 the use of sub-block models was fully implemented, allowing for greater accuracy and flexibility in reporting. A sub-cell size of 0.2m x 1m x 0.5m was deemed to be optimal for the required resolution and model file size. The Northern Model is the only model in the Central area in which the final model is still a regularized percent model as it has not been updated since January 2012. TABLE 14-14 CENTRAL AREA BLOCK MODEL DIMENSIONS Northern Southern Parameter Northern Central Phoenix Phoenix Northing Min (m) 8,250 6,250 7,250 5,200 Northing Max (m) 10,250 8,250 8,700 7,250 Easting Min (m) 1,400 1,400 1,400 1,300 Easting Max (m) 2,100 2,100 1,850 1,850 RL Max (m) 5,200 5,200 4,600 4,600 RL Min (m) 4,800 4,600 4,150 3,400 X direction m (East) 2 2 2 2 Y direction m (North) 10 10 10 10 Z direction m (Vertical) 5 5 5 5 X direction sub-cell size m (East) - 0.2 0.2 0.2 Y direction sub-cell size m (North) - 1 1 1 Z direction sub-cell size m (Vertical) - 0.5 0.5 0.5 14.1.7 BULK DENSITY To supplement the ongoing program of diamond drill core bulk density measurements, additional analysis was undertaken during 2013 and again in 2017 of bulk density values using grab samples from known underground production locations. Bulk density measurements conducted on production samples via a water displacement method (Lipton, 1997) shows the average densities of mineralized material at 2.79t/m3, Stibnite material at 3.20t/m3 and waste material at 2.76t/m3 (Table 14-15). This data is reflective of the diamond drill core data seen in Figure 14-7, where a total of 2,157 samples of mineralized and un-mineralized samples were charted against their respective reduced level. Figure 14-8 shows the bulk density values for only the mineralized diamond drill core samples. Based on the observed trends the current model density values have been deemed appropriate. Bulk density within the oxide zone from surface to base of complete oxidation is determined from RC drilling, and test work assigns it a value of 2.40t/m3. Fresh rock is then divided into four zones determined by test work carried out on the diamond drill core. The three categories are based on reduced level with transitional material between the oxide zone and above 5050mRL assigned 2.56t/m3, fresh material between 5050mRL 138 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine and 5000mRL assigned 2.64t/m3, fresh material between 5000mRL and 4500mRL assigned 2.72t/m3 and fresh material below 4500mRL assigned 2.78t/m3 (Figure 14-9). TABLE 14-15 BULK DENSITY SAMPLES FROM UNDERGROUND PRODUCTION LOCATIONS Reduced Level Calculated Density Source Description (m) (t/m3) O4640 4640 Mineralized 2.77 O4640 4640 Mineralized 2.68 C4480 4480 Mineralized 2.75 C4480 4480 Mineralized 2.94 C4480 4480 Stibnite 3.52 C4460 4460 Mineralized 2.84 C4460 4460 Mineralized 2.75 C4460 4460 Stibnite 3.00 C4460 4460 Stibnite 3.07 C4460 4460 Waste 2.67 C4460 4460 Waste 2.77 C4480 4480 Waste 2.82 C4480 4480 Waste 2.79 O4640 4640 Waste 2.70 O4640 4640 Waste 2.79 139 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 14-7 DIAMOND DRILL CORE BULK DENSITY VALUES VS. REDUCED LEVEL FOR DATA UP TO DECEMBER 2018 FIGURE 14-8 DRILL CORE BULK DENSITY VALUES (INTERVALS >1 G/T AU) VS. RL FOR DATA UP TO DECEMBER 2018 140 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 14-9 BULK DENSITY VALUES USED IN RESOURCE MODELS MINERAL RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION 14.1.8 SEARCH CRITERIA Gold, Antimony, Sulfur and NCC grades are interpolated into blocks meeting the following criteria: Greater than 1% of the block volume is inside a domain envelope; Blocks within one of the domain solids; and 141 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Blocks whose search ellipsoid includes at least one composite, depending on the particular mineralized envelope. The search ellipsoid geometries were based on optimized variogram models, also taking into account the geology and drill spacing of the relevant zone so that a block could ‘see’ at least the nearest sections along strike and holes up or down-dip. Only composites meeting the following criteria are used to interpolate any one block, where: Composites (to a maximum of 35) within the search ellipsoid dimensions and search area limits; Where more than the maximum allowed composites lie within the search ellipsoid, the samples with the closest anisotropic distance are used, up to the maximum number specified; There was no quadrant search employed in the 1805_NPRM Model, 1812_SPRM Model or the 1809_CRM Model. A maximum of 10 composites per quadrant were estimated in a four sector quadrant search in the 1201_NRM Model (Table 14-19); Codes of both the composite and the block were matched by correlating the coded composite item with the coded block model item; and A maximum of up to ten composites can be taken from any single drill hole. In order to optimize the search ellipsoids used for interpolation, variogram fans were calculated and analyzed. The variogram structure with the lowest nugget and longest range that was concordant with known geological trends or interactions was utilized to dictate the search ellipsoid. A Kriged ‘de-bug’ search ellipsoid was also created in MinePlanTM for the variogram to be used allowing visual inspection of the composites and Kriging weights calculated for the block. Search range extents for the 1812_SPRM Model can be seen in Table 14-16, with the extents for the 1805_NPRM Model in Table 14-17, and the extents for the Central Model in Table 14-18. Search routines used to interpolate blocks in the model are a combination of a broad extensive search to populate the extents of the domain based on a low sample support estimate, combined with an overprint of a tighter estimation with a maximum search distance no greater than the range calculated in the variogram model. The majority of the domains in the 1812_SPM and 1805_NPRM model have a moderate southerly plunge, following the observed mineralized shoot geometry resulting from the intersection of the main fault structures with secondary splay faults as well as the southerly plunging fold hinges. An example of the search direction in the 1812_SPRM following the observed structural interactions can be seen in Figure 14-11, which shows the search ellipsoid for DOMAIN=61 Swan plunging on a similar orientation to the footwall intersection with the Benu ELQ Fault. The resultant block models are tightly constrained by wireframe envelopes derived from detailed geological interpretation and modeling of the mineralized zones. This provides the vital basic geological control over the computer-generated grade estimations. A section through the block model is included in Figure 14-12. 142 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 14-10 LONGITUDINAL PROJECTION SHOWING NORTHERN, CENTRAL AND HARRIER MODEL EXTENTS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018 143 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-16 SEARCH PARAMETERS FOR THE SOUTHERN PHOENIX RESOURCE MODEL (1812_SPRM) 1812_SPRM (Southern Phoenix model) SEARCH PARAMETER TABLE arch DOMAIN (Au g/t) (Au z axis (°) z axis x axis axis (°) x y axis (°) y axis max samples per samples hole max min samples 1st search samples min max samples 1st se samples max Outlier restriction range (m) range (m) restriction Outlier Outlier range restriction grade rangeOutlier restriction search distance sample number definition D03 Phoenix HG 40 25 30 1 35 10 D05 Splay HG first search 60 50 30 1 35 10 D05 Splay HG second search 35 20 30 1 35 10 D06 Splays LG first search 125 85 30 1 35 10 75 5 D06 Splays LG second search 40 20 20 1 35 10 75 5 D08 Allwood 55 35 10 1 35 10 D09 Vertical first search 40 30 30 1 35 6 40 5 D09 Vertical second search 30 10 20 1 35 6 40 5 D09 Vertical High Grade Sub-domain 20 15 20 2 35 6 D09 Vertical Low Grade Sub-domain 25 15 20 1 35 6 D12 Phoenix Base 45 25 30 1 35 10 75 5 D13 Benu first search 100 70 20 1 16 10 100 50 D13 Benu second search 50 30 10 4 16 10 D13 Benu Audax HW Sub-domain 90 40 10 2 20 10 D14 Benu FW 40 30 30 1 35 10 D15 Kestrel 50 30 30 1 35 6 D16 Bedded East first search 100 80 40 1 35 10 75 5 D16 Bedded East second search 40 20 20 1 35 10 75 5 D17 Shallow East Dippers first search 100 50 60 1 35 10 75 5 D17 Shallow East Dippers second search 30 10 30 1 35 10 75 5 D18 East Dippers first search 65 45 50 1 35 10 D18 East Dippers second search 40 20 30 1 35 10 D19 Phoenix Base South 35 25 30 1 35 10 D20 Eagle 35 20 30 1 35 10 75 5 D21 Allwood East 40 30 30 1 35 10 D22 Audax FW 30 20 30 1 35 10 D23 Phoenix Base FW 45 35 30 1 35 10 D26 Swan Upper 85 20 40 1 20 4 D27 West Dipping Splays 125 105 40 1 20 4 D59 Audax first search 120 120 30 1 16 10 130 30 D59 Audax second search 60 30 30 1 16 10 250 10 D59 Audax- Swan intersection Sub-domain 50 30 10 1 16 10 D59 Audax- Benu intersection Sub-domain 40 20 30 4 16 10 D59 Audax- Benu intersection Sub-domain 40 10 30 1 16 10 D60 Benu W1 20 20 30 1 35 10 100 5 D61 Swan first search 150 90 30 1 26 4 250 5 D61 Swan Lower Splay 80 50 30 5 26 4 D61 Swan Upper Splay First Search 80 60 30 1 26 4 250 5 D61 Swan Upper Splay Second Search 70 10 30 1 26 4 D61 Swan 12.5m drill spacing area 40 10 30 1 20 4 600 10 D61 Swan LG Benu ELQ HW sub-domain 60 30 30 4 26 10 100 5 D66 Sparrowhawk 70 10 30 1 35 10 D67 Shallow North Dippers 20 20 20 1 35 10 D24 Audax Sulfide first search 130 130 40 1 20 10 D24 Audax Sulfide second search 30 10 30 4 20 10 D25 Swan Sulfide 95 65 30 1 20 4 Au Waste 200 200 50 1 35 4 5 5 144 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-17 SEARCH PARAMETERS FOR THE NORTHERN PHOENIX RESOURCE MODEL (1805_NPRM) 1805_NPRM SEARCH PARAMETER TABLE (Northern Phoenix model) g/t) z axis (°) z axis x axis axis (°) x y axis (°) y axis DOMAIN min. samples samples min. max. samples samples max. max. samples per samples hole max. Outlier search distance (m) distance search Outlier Outlier range restriction grade (Au rangeOutlier restriction search distance sample number definition Au Waste 200 200 50 1 35 10 5 10 D03 Phoenix HG 60 40 20 2 35 10 30 40 D05 Splay HG first search 140 120 50 1 35 10 D05 Splay HG second search 60 50 20 1 35 10 D06 Splays LG 80 60 40 2 35 10 15 40 D08 Allwood first search 90 60 30 1 35 1 D08 Allwood second search 30 20 10 4 35 3 D09 Vertical first search 40 30 30 1 35 6 40 5 D09 Vertical second search 30 10 20 1 35 6 40 5 D12 Phoenix Base 50 30 25 1 35 10 D13 Benu first search 130 80 50 1 35 10 D13 Benu second search 40 20 20 2 35 5 D14 Benu FW 90 60 30 1 35 10 D15 Kestrel 50 25 15 1 35 10 D16 Bedded East 50 30 15 1 35 10 D17 Shallow East Dippers 100 50 60 1 35 10 75 5 D18 East Dippers first search 60 50 15 1 35 10 D18 East Dippers second search 40 30 10 5 35 10 D23 Phoenix Base FW 40 30 20 1 35 10 145 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-18 SEARCH PARAMETERS FOR THE CENTRAL MODEL (1809_CRM) 1809_CRM (Central model) SEARCH PARAMETER TABLE 0 0 0 (m) g/t) z axis z axis y axis y axis axis x DOMAIN min samples samples min max samples samples max Outlier grade cut (Au grade (Au Outlier cut max samples per samples hole max Outlier search distance distance search Outlier search distance sample number definition Au Waste 200 200 50 1 35 4 - - Code 1 Fosterville HG first search 60 30 20 1 25 4 - - Code 1 Fosterville HG second search 30 15 20 3 25 4 - - Code 1 Fosterville HG outlier search 7 7 7 1 35 4 - - Code 2 Fosterville LG 120 70 30 2 25 4 - - Code 3 Phoenix HG first search 60 60 30 2 35 2 - - Code 3 Phoenix HG second search 30 30 30 4 35 2 - - Code 4 Phoenix LG 100 30 40 1 35 4 - - Code 5 Splay HG 40 30 30 1 35 4 - - Code 6 Splay LG first search 100 80 40 2 25 4 - - Code 6 Splay LG second search 50 30 30 4 25 4 - - Code 7 Kite first search 80 50 40 1 35 4 - - Code 7 Kite second search 50 20 40 2 35 4 - - Code 10 Vulture first search 115 105 40 1 35 4 - - Code 10 Vulture second search 50 30 30 2 25 4 - - Code 10 Vulture outlier search 7 7 7 1 35 4 - - Code 11 Harrier OP 50 40 40 1 25 4 - - Code 12 Phoenix Base 85 60 40 1 25 2 - - Code 18 East Dipper first search 60 30 30 1 35 4 - - Code 18 East Dipper second search 50 15 20 3 35 4 - - 146 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-19 SEARCH PARAMETERS FOR THE NORTHERN MODEL (1201_NRM) 1201_NRM (Northern Model) SEARCH PARAMETER TABLE 0 0 0 DOMAIN hole search search z axis z axis x axis axis x y axis y axis selection min. samples 1st samples min. max. samples 1st samples max. Quadrant sample Quadrant max. samples per samples max. 1st/3rd search distance sample number definition D01 Fosterville HG first search 100 100 50 2 35 10 4 D01 Fosterville HG second search 40 40 20 5 35 10 4 D02 Fosterville LG first search 100 100 80 6 35 10 4 D02 Fosterville LG second search 80 80 50 8 35 10 4 D03 Phoenix HG first search 120 120 50 3 35 10 4 D03 Phoenix HG second search 60 50 30 8 35 10 4 D06 Splays LG first search 120 120 50 1 35 10 4 D06 Splays LG second search 100 100 50 8 35 10 4 D07 Griffon 80 80 50 8 35 10 4 FIGURE 14-11 SEARCH ELLIPSOID FOR DOMAIN=61 SWAN (PURPLE) REFLECTING THE PLUNGE INTERSECTION WITH THE BENU ELQ FAULT (GREEN) 147 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 14-12 6500MN CROSS-SECTION OF THE SOUTHERN PHOENIX MODEL The above Figure 14-12 shows DOMAIN=59 Audax, DOMAIN=61 SWAN, DOMAIN=13 Benu and DOMAIN=16 East Dippers mineralization envelopes. 14.1.9 MODEL VALIDATION There are a number of methods employed to validate the block model estimate, including the generation of swath plots for each mineralized domain, statistical comparisons of the mean of each domain model estimate against the top cut de-clustered composite mean, and the diluted stope tonnage, grade and metal comparison with mill reconciled production data where available. Kriging neighborhood analysis is undertaken within the Reserve areas of the deposit and estimates are optimized for sample support and variogram range. A grade tonnage curve is produced for most domains including a comparison between the estimate and the de clustered composite data. Visual comparison of the estimated block grades is also carried out by displaying the blocks colored by grade against the drill hole composite data as well as the sludge and face samples. The comparison of the model mean block grade of each mineralized domain against the composite mean grades for the 1812_SPRM, 1805_NPRM and 1809_CRM are shown in Table 14-20, Table 14-21 and Table 14-22 respectively. For most of the domains the correlation is deemed acceptable, with the under call evident in some of the minor domains due to the low data support in inferred areas of the resource. Other discrepancies observed around some of the subdomain estimations is due to the difficulty comparing the model estimate, which was estimated with a soft boundary, against the composites, which were reported with 148 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine a hard boundary over the same subdomain. In these cases, analysis of the swath plots was used to assess suitability of the estimate. An example swath plot for the 25m drill spacing subdomain in Domain=61 Swan is shown in Figure 14-13. TABLE 14-20 MINERALIZED DOMAIN MEAN GRADE COMPARISON FOR 1812_SPRM Length Top Cut Variance Model Block Weighted Declustered from Domain Name Mean Grade Composite Composite Declustered (g/t Au) Mean Grade Mean Grade mean % (g/t Au) (g/t Au) Code 3 Phoenix HG 6.07 7.49 7.14 -15% Code 5 Splay HG 5.88 6.15 6.05 -3% Code 6 Splay LG 5.76 6.67 5.81 -1% Code 8 Allwood 4.71 4.46 4.53 4% Code 9 Vertical 30.61 39.07 31.08 -2% Code 12 Phoenix Base 9.20 8.79 8.59 7% Code 13 Benu 9.80 11.79 11.78 -17% Code 14 Benu FW 8.37 8.54 9.16 -9% Code 15 Kestrel 4.13 4.18 3.97 4% Code 16 Bedding East 4.93 5.15 4.67 6% Code 17 Shallow East Dippers 4.90 9.13 6.83 -28% Code 18 East Dipper 5.89 6.10 5.78 2% Code 19 Px Base Sth 5.88 5.92 6.04 -3% Code 20 Eagle 8.27 7.96 7.77 6% Code 21 Allwood East 27.27 31.17 22.82 20% Code 22 Audax FW 3.67 3.80 3.96 -7% Code 23 Phoenix Base FW 6.51 6.09 6.06 7% Code 24 Audax Sulfide 3.58 4.49 3.83 -7% Code 25 Swan Sulfide 7.30 6.96 6.07 20% Code 26 Swan Upper 10.21 11.11 8.98 14% Code 27 West Dipping Splays 5.90 5.76 5.76 2% Code 59 Audax (HG hinge intersection subdomain)* 119.17 135.37 153.42 -22% Code 59 Audax (HG Benu intersection subdomain)* 248.58 305.36 305.36 -19% Code 59 Audax (are outside HG subdomains) 24.82 25.51 25.79 -4% Code 60 Benu W1 22.79 21.58 21.13 8% Code 61 Swan (12.5m drill spacing area)* 149.27 158.70 130.50 14% Code 61 Swan (25m drill spacing area, upper splay) 116.85 166.45 114.27 2% Code 61 Swan (LG Benu ELQ HW)* 14.40 12.43 10.96 31% Code 61 Swan (lower splay) 38.53 55.83 42.13 -9% Code 61 Swan (southern Swan) 6.92 7.54 7.54 -8% Code 66 Sparrowhawk 4.44 4.24 3.63 22% Code 67 Shallow North Dippers 4.88 4.73 4.64 5% *model estimated with a soft boundary, but composites reported with a hard boundary over the same sub-domain 149 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-21 MINERALIZED DOMAIN MEAN GRADE COMPARISON FOR 1805_NPRM Length Top Cut Variance Model Block Weighted Declustered from Domain Name Mean Grade Composite Composite declustered (g/t Au) Mean Grade Mean Grade mean % (g/t Au) (g/t Au) Code 3 Phoenix HG 7.90 8.03 7.55 5% Code 5 Splay HG 4.72 5.57 5.05 -7% Code 6 Splay LG 4.50 4.91 4.91 -8% Code 8 Allwood 6.49 6.47 6.62 -2% Code 9 Vertical 4.31 4.19 4.48 -4% Code 12 Phoenix Base 6.04 6.41 6.48 -7% Code 13 Benu 6.12 7.53 5.79 6% Code 14 Benu FW 8.36 8.56 8.30 1% Code 15 Kestrel 4.71 4.78 4.67 1% Code 16 Bedding East 5.90 5.91 5.50 7% Code 17 Shallow East Dippers 4.97 4.95 4.86 2% Code 18 East Dipper 5.24 6.15 5.54 -5% Code 23 Phoenix Base FW 6.83 6.59 6.78 1% TABLE 14-22 MINERALIZED DOMAIN MEAN GRADE COMPARISON FOR 1809_CRM Length Top Cut Variance Model Block Weighted Declustered from Domain Name Mean Grade Composite Composite Declustered (g/t Au) Mean Grade Mean Grade mean % (g/t Au) (g/t Au) Code 1 Fosterville HG 7.38 7.63 7.13 4% Code 2 Fosterville LG 2.45 2.85 2.47 -1% Code 3 Phoenix HG 7.85 8.09 7.92 -1% Code 4 Phoenix LG 3.35 4.33 3.36 0% Code 5 Splay HG 5.53 6.05 6.57 -16% Code 6 Splay LG 2.45 2.08 2.71 -10% Code 7 Kite 7.36 8.01 7.69 -4% Code 10 Vulture 4.79 4.98 4.69 2% Code 11 Harrier OP 2.24 2.42 1.95 15% Code 12 Phoenix Base 9.79 10.18 9.17 7% Code 18 East Dipper 7.10 7.26 7.31 -3% 150 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 14-13 EXAMPLE SWATH PLOT BY NORTHING SLICES FOR THE 25M DRILL SPACING SUBDOMAIN IN DOMAIN=61 SWAN 151 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 14.1.10 MINERAL RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION The Mineral Resource estimates were generally classified according to the following parameters: Areas that have proximal underground development including face sample data and face mapping completed (as a draw point to a stoping block) were classified as Measured Mineral Resources. This does not extend to the material in stoping blocks below the lowest developed level in the area. This also infers that diamond drilling has been completed to a maximum spacing of at least 25m x 25m in sulfide resources, or at least 12.5 x 12.5m in visible gold resources. In the sulfide zones, where diamond drilling has been completed to a density of at least 25m spacing, and development levels have been mined with face mapping and sampling complete, sludge drilling is required to be completed before the resource can attain a confidence of Measured. Otherwise, areas drilled from a spacing of 50 x 50m to a spacing of 25m x 25m were classified as Indicated Mineral Resources. Areas drilled to a spacing wider than 50m x 50m were classified as Inferred Mineral Resources. These parameters may vary subject to the level of geological confidence in specific areas. Other factors used in the verification of mineral resources at FGM are; grade stationarity, slope of regression, kriging variance, average distance of samples used in the estimate, number of samples used to estimate a block, and geological setting. Figure 14-4 depicts Mineral Resource classifications encompassing the Central and Phoenix Areas as at 31st December 2018. 152 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 14-14 LONGITUDINAL PROJECTION SHOWING MINERAL RESOURCES CLASSIFICATION IN THE NORTHERN, CENTRAL AND LOWER PHOENIX MODELS 153 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 14.1.11 RESULTS Results for the Mineral Resources contained in the Central Area (Central, Phoenix and Northern Model) are provided in Table 14-1. 14.1.12 FURTHER WORK Analysis of the results of the sub-domaining work in the Swan mineralized domain reveals there is still a strong bimodal population in the data set. Collation of multi-element data is still underway, with analysis required to determine whether the populations in the domain can be differentiated based on their elemental signature to improve grade stationarity. Based on this work, and depending on the spatial relationship of the different populations, alternative estimation methods such as probabilistic kriging will be investigated for its potential to refine the estimate. Preliminary work has also been undertaken to build a conditional simulation model of the Swan mineralized domain to assist with assessment of the estimation risk. This process needs refinement and the method will be reviewed for its suitability to be incorporated in the general modelling process and potential to cover a wider area of the model. 154 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine HARRIER AREA The Harrier UG Area sits within the bounds of the Southern Model Area and replaced the Wirrawilla region in 2009, and does not encompass the Daley’s Hill Open Pit region, which is reported in the Southern Model Area. Project definitions and model boundaries were altered to coincide with the transition of the Harrier UG project from Exploration to Mine Geology (Figure 14-1). In late 2009 a detailed review of the information gathered was undertaken to determine mining risk. Analogues derived from systems developed to understand Central Area geology were applied to the Harrier UG dataset. While fundamental Fosterville geological principles such as the larger faulting systems, stratigraphy and plunge were found to be sound; the inter-relationship between structure and grade required further investigation. Further discussion of the Harrier Base geological domain is covered in Section 7.6.1. 14.2.1 GEOLOGICAL MODEL The geological models for the Harrier are generated using the same methods employed in the Central models (detailed in section 14.1.1). In 2018, a similar sub-domaining approach to that is applied in the Southern Phoenix model was employed in the D36 Harrier Base domain in the Harrier model. The subdomains are defined by zones of spatially correlated high grade samples, generally associated with a specific structural intersection or interaction, which allows for more refined variography, top cut and range restriction analysis. 14.2.2 DRILLING DATA Drilling data is compiled using the same methods as the Central models (detailed in 14.1.2). 14.2.3 COMPOSITING The same compositing procedure was used for the Harrier model as employed in the Central models (detailed in section 14.1.3). Table 14-23 includes descriptive model statistics for the Harrier Model (1810_HRM) and Table 14-24 includes composite length statistics for the composite file. 155 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-23 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR THE HARRIER MODEL (1810_HRM) Model: 1810_HRM Descriptive Statistics Date: Oct-18 Number Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Coeff. of Mineralized Domain DD Variable of (g/t Au) (g/t Au) (g/t Au) Dev. Var. Samples Au Assays (length weighted) 289 0.01 27.10 3.87 3.9 1.01 Code 6 Splay LG Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 172 0.01 15.34 3.87 3.3 0.86 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 172 0.01 15.34 3.71 3.5 0.95 Au Assays (length weighted) 189 0.01 153.80 7.65 11.5 1.50 Code 29 N Dipper Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 98 0.01 88.20 7.65 9.0 1.17 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 98 0.01 88.20 7.32 9.0 1.22 Au Assays (length weighted) 1,055 0.01 29.80 6.36 5.0 0.79 Code 30 Osprey Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 587 0.01 27.32 6.36 4.3 0.68 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 587 0.01 27.32 5.57 4.1 0.73 Au Assays (length weighted) 67 0.02 45.70 7.66 7.1 0.93 Code 31 Osprey Base Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 34 0.60 27.62 7.66 5.6 0.73 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 34 0.60 27.62 6.63 4.7 0.71 Au Assays (length weighted) 306 0.07 28.00 5.82 4.0 0.69 Code 32 Osprey Link Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 174 0.15 20.22 5.82 3.2 0.55 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 174 0.15 20.22 5.69 3.1 0.54 Au Assays (length weighted) 35 0.11 315.70 16.17 51.3 3.17 Code 33 Wagon Wheel Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 13 2.45 86.81 16.17 24.4 1.51 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 13 2.45 75.00 14.06 22.7 1.61 Au Assays (length weighted) 1,060 0.01 45.30 7.06 6.0 0.85 Code 34 Harrier Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 515 0.01 28.96 7.06 4.7 0.67 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 515 0.01 28.96 6.22 4.4 0.70 Au Assays (length weighted) 358 0.02 24.00 5.16 3.9 0.75 Code 35 Osprey Splays Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 197 0.07 15.75 5.16 3.0 0.57 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 197 0.07 15.75 5.07 3.1 0.62 Au Assays (length weighted) 563 0.04 879.00 14.16 58.8 4.15 Code 36 Harrier Base Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 220 0.11 586.29 14.17 41.7 2.94 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 220 0.11 586.29 10.37 30.3 2.92 Au Assays (length weighted) 231 0.01 300.60 6.82 17.3 2.54 Code 37 Harrier Link Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 123 0.01 73.57 6.78 9.7 1.44 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 123 0.01 73.57 5.61 6.9 1.23 Au Assays (length weighted) 577 0.02 34.68 7.12 5.6 0.79 Code 38 Harrier HW Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 291 0.02 20.91 7.12 4.3 0.60 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 291 0.02 20.91 6.46 4.0 0.62 Au Assays (length weighted) 603 0.01 1,033.00 7.31 29.8 4.08 Code 39 Harrier Splay Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 299 0.07 272.32 7.28 15.6 2.14 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 299 0.07 75.00 6.60 5.9 0.90 Au Assays (length weighted) 30 1.02 26.90 7.05 4.4 0.63 Code 58 Harrier E Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 16 3.99 10.44 7.05 2.1 0.30 Dipper Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 16 3.99 10.44 7.06 1.8 0.26 156 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-24 COMPOSITE STATISTICS BY COMPOSITE LENGTH FOR THE (1712_HRM) HARRIER MODEL mean length mean grade Composite Length Number % of comps (m) (g/t Au) ˂ 1.0m 762 27.8% 0.60 5.22 ≥ 1.0m and ˂ 2.0m 906 33.1% 1.34 7.04 ≥ 2.0m 1071 39.1% 2.14 7.47 Total 2739 100% 1.45 6.70 14.2.4 VARIOGRAPHY The variography for each domain was analyzed and optimized using SupervisorTM, with variogram principal directions cross-referenced against geological interpretations. The variogram and search parameters for the gold variables in the Harrier (1810_HRM) Model domains are summarized in Table 14-25. 14.2.5 TOP CUTS No gold top cuts were imposed in the 1812_HRM Model. However, similar to the Southern Phoenix Model, outlier range restrictions were used to constrain high-grade data in the Harrier Base mineralized domain. The methodology for choosing the outlier range restriction parameters were the same as detailed in section 14.1.5. 157 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-25 VARIOGRAM PARAMETERS USED FOR THE HARRIER RESOURCE MODEL (1810_HRM) GOLD ESTIMATION Fosterville GOLD VARIOGRAM PARAMETER TABLE 1810_HRM (Harrier Model) AREA Nugget Nugget 1st Rotation 1st Rotation Spherical Sill Spherical Sill Spherical 2nd Rotation Rotation 2nd Range (z) (m) Range (z) (m) Range (z) Z Rotation (°) Z Rotation Y Rotation (°) Y Rotation (m) Range (y) (m) Range (x) (m) Range (y) (m) Range (x) X Rotation (°) Rotation X Total Variance Variance Total meds rotation Au Waste 355 20 50 2.5 2.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 2.9 28.0 30.0 13.0 7.5 34% Code 6 Splay LG 4 18 -116 0.2 0.8 61.0 43.5 5.0 1.0 17% Code 29 N Dipper 69 -19 24 0.6 0.2 28.5 20.0 20.0 0.2 64.0 65.0 52.0 1.0 57% Code 30 Osprey -50 -45 -144 0.2 0.4 16.0 17.5 10.0 0.4 60.5 25.5 20.0 1.0 20% Code 31 Osprey Base 40 45 -145 0.2 0.8 64.0 16.5 5.0 1.0 22% Code 32 Osprey Link 28 29 -138 0.7 0.2 7.5 16.0 10.0 0.1 19.0 16.5 20.0 1.0 65% Code 33 Wagon Wheel 360 20 70 5.0 4.3 32.9 10.6 6.8 0.7 87.3 23.7 12.4 10.0 50% Code 34 Harrier 5 23 -134 0.3 0.5 25.0 56.0 5.5 0.2 81.0 63.0 10.0 1.0 28% Code 35 Osprey Splays 26 27 -142 0.6 0.1 20.5 20.0 10.0 0.3 67.5 28.0 20.0 1.0 62% Code 36 Harrier Base -6 19 -144 0.7 0.2 47.0 22.0 0.5 0.1 61.5 24.5 2.0 1.0 72% Code 37 Harrier Link -9 -19 -144 0.6 0.4 61.0 54.0 3.0 1.0 58% Code 38 Harrier HW 20 23 -134 0.5 0.3 17.5 43.5 10.0 0.2 75.5 49.5 20.0 1.0 47% Code 39 Harrier Splay 14 19 -144 0.7 0.0 5.5 18.5 10.0 0.3 41.5 20.5 20.0 1.0 73% Code 58 Harrier E Dipper 8 12 -30 0.6 0.5 65.0 20.0 10.0 1.0 55% 158 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 14.2.6 BLOCK MODELS The Harrier Block Model was created to allow modeling of mineralization between 4600mN and 6250mN (Table 14-26). The XYZ block dimensions of 2m (East) by 10m (North) by 5m (RL) were used. The parent block size was chosen after consideration of: Drilling with the intent to mine was conducted at a nominal density of 25m x 25m spacing, although some areas of the Harrier Mineral Resource are drilled to 12.5m spacing; Typical mineralization width of 1m to 8m; and Likely underground mining methods (Selective Mining Unit). Similarly to the Central area models, the use of a sub-block model was implemented in 2018, with a chosen sub-cell size of 0.2m (East) by 1m (North) by 0.5m (RL). TABLE 14-26 HARRIER BLOCK MODEL EXTENTS AND CELL SIZE Dimension Dimension Model Extents Minimum Maximum Cell Sub-Cell (m) (m) Y Direction sub-cell Northing (m N) 4,600 6,250 Y Direction (North) 10 1 (North) X Direction sub-cell Easting (m E) 1,400 2,100 X Direction (East) 2 0.2 (East) Z Direction sub-cell Reduced Level (m RL) 4,200 5,200 Z Direction (Vertical) 5 0.5 (Vertical) The Harrier Block Model used Ordinary Kriging to interpolate grades. 14.2.7 BULK DENSITY Bulk density data obtained from exploration diamond core testing within the model area showed no material difference from density data obtained in the Central Area Models. Consequently, bulk density values were assigned to the Harrier Block Model according to material type using values from data collected in the Central Area (Figure 14-9). As mining continues below the 4500mRL, collecting of further density data will be required to compliment density measurement taken from similar levels within the Phoenix Area. 14.2.8 SEARCH CRITERIA Search Criteria methods and justification within the Harrier Block Model are the same as those used for the Central Area. Search ellipsoids, shown in Figure 14-15, depict the maximum range extents that composites can be used to estimate a block. Search parameters for the Harrier Block Model are provided in Table 14-27. Search ellipsoids for the 1810_HRM model were derived from variography for each domain. Variography was scrutinized against geological mapping, mining performance and interpretations made from diamond drilling. Figure 14-16 shows a cross section of the 1810_HRM Block Model with respect block size and Resource Domains. 159 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-27 SEARCH PARAMETERS FOR THE HARRIER RESOURCE MODEL (1810_HRM) 1810_HRM (Harrier model) SEARCH PARAMETER TABLE DOMAIN Outlier Outlier (g/t Au) (g/t z axis (°) z axis per hole y axis (°) y axis axis (°) x range (m) 1st search 1st search restriction restriction min samples samples min max samples samples max samples max Outlier gradeOutlier search distance sample number definition Au Waste 220 220 80 1 20 4 Code 6 Splay LG first search 150 100 50 1 20 6 Code 6 Splay LG second search 60 40 20 1 20 6 Code 29 N Dipper 50 40 15 1 20 6 50 20 Code 30 Osprey first search 100 75 30 1 16 6 Code 30 Osprey second search 60 30 30 2 16 6 Code 31 Osprey Base 50 50 30 1 20 6 Code 32 Osprey Link first search 80 60 40 1 20 6 Code 32 Osprey Link second search 30 20 30 1 20 6 Code 33 Wagon Wheel 90 70 80 1 20 6 75 20 Code 34 Harrier first search 80 55 30 1 16 6 Code 34 Harrier second search 40 30 30 3 16 6 Code 35 Osprey Splays 45 35 20 1 20 6 Code 36 Harrier Base first search 80 50 30 1 16 10 Code 36 Harrier Base second search 60 30 30 3 16 10 20 30 Code 36 Harrier Base HG subdomain 40 20 30 2 16 10 100 20 Code 37 Harrier Link 60 50 30 1 20 6 20 20 Code 38 Harrier HW 60 30 30 1 20 6 Code 39 Harrier Splay first search 100 50 30 1 20 10 75 10 Code 39 Harrier Splay second search 40 20 30 1 20 10 75 10 Code 58 Harrier E Dipper 50 45 30 1 20 3 160 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 14-15 SEARCH ELLIPSOID FOR DOMAIN=36 HARRIER BASE FIGURE 14-16 CROSS-SECTION 4700 MN OF THE 1810_HRM HARRIER MODEL 161 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Shown in Figure 14-16 are DOMAIN=36 Harrier Base, DOMAIN=29 N Dipper and DOMAIN=39 Harrier Splay Mineralization Domains. 14.2.9 MODEL VALIDATION The same model validation techniques and principles were applied to the Harrier models as used on the Central models (detailed in section 14.1.9). The comparison of the mean domain grades against the composite grades for the 1810_HRM is shown in Table 14-28. For most of the domains the variation is deemed adequate, with the under call evident in some of the minor domains due to the low data support in inferred areas of the resource. TABLE 14-28 MINERALIZED DOMAIN MEAN GRADE COMPARISON FOR 1810_HRM Length Top Cut Variance Model Block Weighted Declustered from Domain Name Mean Grade Composite Composite Declustered (g/t Au) Mean Grade Mean Grade Mean % (g/t Au) (g/t Au) Code 6 Splay LG 3.13 3.87 3.71 -16% Code 29 N Dipper 7.39 7.65 7.32 1% Code 30 Osprey 5.92 6.36 5.57 6% Code 31 Osprey Base 6.39 7.66 6.63 -4% Code 32 Osprey Link 5.67 5.82 5.69 0% Code 33 Wagon Wheel 12.58 16.17 14.06 -11% Code 34 Harrier 6.42 7.06 6.22 3% Code 35 Osprey Splays 5.22 5.16 5.07 3% Code 36 Harrier Base 10.55 14.17 10.37 2% Code 37 Harrier Link 6.13 6.78 5.61 9% Code 38 Harrier HW 6.62 7.12 6.46 2% Code 39 Harrier Splay 6.51 7.28 6.60 -1% Code 58 Harrier E Dipper 7.56 7.05 7.06 7% 162 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 14.2.10 MINERAL RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION The Mineral Resource classification for the Harrier Block Model uses the same techniques as within the Central Area (detailed in section 14.1.10). Figure 14-17 illustrates the Harrier Model Resource classification. FIGURE 14-17 LONGITUDINAL PROJECTION SHOWING RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION FOR THE HARRIER MODEL 14.2.11 RESULTS Results for the Mineral Resources contained in the Harrier Area are provided in Table 14-1. 163 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 14.2.12 FURTHER WORK Increasing levels of stibnite and carbonaceous shale observed in the mining of the Harrier Base mineralized domain has established the need to incorporate an antimony and NCC (non-carbonate carbon) estimate in the Harrier model. Collation of the additional assay information is currently underway. FOSTERVILLE-HUNTS AREA The Fosterville-Hunts Model is located to the north of the Central Area and is defined as the zone between 10,000mN and 11,500mN (Figure 14-1) and conveniently extends over Fosterville and Hunt’s oxide pits. 14.3.1 AREA DISCUSSION AND RESULTS The controlling structural features from west to east include: the moderately west dipping Hunt’s Fault, several footwall splays and the Fosterville Fault (Figure 14-18). The geology of the area was assessed by Fosterville staff, later reviewed by Stephen King (King, 2007) and Mineral Resource Modeling undertaken by Kerrin Allwood (2008). The gold mineralization in the Fosterville-Hunt's area was historically mined for oxide gold and in the 1990's mining for oxide heap leach material created the Fosterville and Hunt's oxide pits. However, since 2010, flotation in-pit tailings have and are, being placed into the Fosterville and Hunt's pits. This tailings placement has occurred due to an FGM assessment relating to there being only limited resources below the Fosterville and Hunt’s pits to sterilize. 164 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine December 2018 FIGURE 14-18 GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTION 10,900MN THROUGH HUNT’S PIT Shown are the relationships between the Hunt’s Fault, bedding and the set of splays that strike obliquely to the fault. 165 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine DALEY’S HILL AREA The Southern Model spans from the Harrier Pit area to Daley’s Hill Pit, close to the southern margin of the Fosterville Mine Lease (MIN5404) as shown in Figure 14-1. The Southern Model was in existence before the initial Harrier Mine Model became operational. Where there is overlap between the Harrier Model and Southern Model, the Harrier Model is used in preference for Mineral Resource reporting with the only exception being the Daley’s Hill Pit area (south of 5300mN and above 4800mRL), where Southern Model has been used. Only the Daley’s Hill area is discussed in detail in the following sections. 14.4.1 GEOLOGICAL MODELS Geological modeling undertaken is essentially identical to that used for the Fosterville-Hunt’s and Robbin's Hill Models. Several iterations of Mineral Resource modeling of the Southern Model were undertaken and reported in Hitchman (2006). A review of the 2006 resource work was undertaken by Scott Jackson from QG Consultants (Jackson, 2007). 14.4.2 DRILLING DATA The drilling quality is variable in the southern area and includes: RAB – Rotary air blast; Reverse circulation – Cross over hammer and face sampling hammer variants; and Diamond core – HQ and NQ2, often with RC pre-collars. During drill hole data extraction for resource interpolations, the omission of RAB holes and one diamond hole was required owing to low quality sample techniques and incomplete assaying respectively. MinePlanTM drill views were the primary tool used to identify data problems. Included as part of the drill data review process assay data were: Imported from the acQuireTM Exploration databases into MinePlanTM using customizable parameter screens; and Coded for mineralization using 3D gold wireframe solids. Within the oxide open pit areas, the historical 5m blast holes are vertical and generally had one sample collected over a 5m length. These holes were used to aid interpretation, but were not used during subsequent Kriging owing to sample quality and that the 5m sample lengths were in excess of the desired 2m composite lengths. 14.4.3 COMPOSITING Compositing and coding of drill holes was undertaken similar to the Central Area (detailed in section 14.1.3). 166 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 14.4.4 VARIOGRAPHY In the Daley’s Hill area where drill spacing is nominally on 10m to 20m, variography work demonstrates relative nugget effect values of 50% and most of the variance in the first ~30m. The variogram models closely follow the expected geological controls with 20° southerly plunging shoots in 70° west dipping faults. 14.4.5 BLOCK MODELS The Southern Block Model (Southern Model) was originally created to allow modeling of gold mineralization south of 7400mN to the southern end of the Fosterville Mine Lease. However, as mining advanced southwards, the use of the Southern Model has diminished, such that it is only being used for reporting Mineral Resources in the Daley’s Hill Area. The Southern Model XYZ block dimensions used were 4m (east) by 10m (north) by 5m (RL). This block size was chosen after consideration of the maximum drilling density (25m by 15m), mineralization geometry (typical mineralization width of 3m to 8m) and probable open pit mining methods. 14.4.6 TOP CUTS No top cuts were used in the Daley’s Hill estimation. 14.4.7 BULK DENSITY The bulk density profile (Figure 14-14) established for the Central Area was taken as being appropriate for the Southern Model given the similar rock types, levels of oxidation and identical mineralization and gangue mineralogy. Deep drilling in the Central Area and Harrier Area has supported the inclusion of a bulk density value of 2.78t/m3 for material below 4500mRL. However, as the mineralization at Daley's Hill is shallower than 4500mRL, reporting of Resources for this area from the Southern Model is unchanged. 14.4.8 SEARCH CRITERIA Gold grades were interpolated into blocks meeting the following block criteria: Greater than 1% of the block volume is inside one of the domain envelopes; Blocks whose search ellipsoid includes at least five composites; and Blocks whose material code is set to Fresh (1), Transitional (2) or Oxide (3). Similarly, only composites meeting the following criteria are used to interpolate any one block: All composites (to a maximum of 30 composites) within the search ellipsoid dimensions and search area limits outlined in the table below; Where more than 30 composites lie within the search ellipsoid the 30 closest composites in ellipsoid space are used; 167 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Maximum of six composites are used from any split quadrant of the search ellipsoid (a split- quadrant is 1/8th of the search ellipsoid dividend in the major, intermediate and minor ellipsoid axes); and The CODE1 and MATL values of both the composite and the block must match (i.e. only fresh composites are used to interpolate a fresh block and vice versa for oxide). The search ellipsoid orientations are in line with the directions of kriging. The search ellipsoid dimensions allow the block being interpolated to ‘see’ two sections along strike and two holes up or down-dip. 14.4.9 MINERAL RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION Three solids were created enclosing regions of geological confidence (Measured=1, Indicated=2 and Inferred=3) and these three regions were used to code the Mineral Resource category item in the block model. The solids generally enclose areas of approximately equally spaced drilling, but also allow areas where there is reduced confidence in the geological interpretation to be reported to a lower confidence category. In areas of the Southern Model at depth below and to the north of the Daley’s Hill Pit, the diamond drilling is on nominal 100m north spaced drill sections with 50m down-dip holes spacing, and for this drill density the mineralization is broadly classified as Inferred Mineral Resource. Beneath the open pits where the drill spacing is reduced to 10m to 20m north by 10m to 15m east, mineralization is classified as Measured Mineral Resource with a halo of Indicated Mineral Resource. The Daley’s Hill east-west structures are not well understood and as such this mineralization is classified as Inferred Mineral Resource. During 2017 drilling of some of this resource was completed on a nominal 50m section spacing and an Inferred Resource was targeted, known as the Wagon Wheel. The Wagon Wheel resource has been transferred to the Harrier resource model area given the juxtaposition of the resource to the upper Osprey Resource in the Harrier area. 14.4.10 RESULTS Results for the Mineral Resources contained in the Southern Model are provided in Table 14-1. Small oxide gold resources exist in the Daley’s Hill Area and are confined along strike from the previously mined open pit in the top 40m from surface. The bulk of the sulfide Mineral Resources reported from the Daley’s Hill Area within the Southern Model are based on 100m by 50m spaced diamond drilling supplemented by closer spaced, but lower quality face and cross over RC drilling. Infill drilling will be required to increase resource confidence from an Inferred Mineral Resource category. 168 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine ROBBIN’S HILL AREA The Robbin’s Hill Area lies northeast of the Central Area and contains the O’Dwyer’s, Robbin’s Hill, Farley’s, Sharkey’s, Woolshed and Read’s oxide pits as shown in Figure 14-1. The area can be defined as the zone east of 2,900mE, between 10,000mN and 14,000mN. The fault architecture of the Robbin’s Hill Area is much more complex than that observed in the Fosterville Fault Zone. The controlling structural features in the area include a variety of north-trending west-dipping faults and failed anticline axes intruded by dykes. The geology of the area was assessed by Fosterville staff during diamond drilling activities between 2004 and 2007, reported by Reed (2007a) and reviewed twice by Stephen King (2005 and 2007). The area was also the subject of a study conducted by Chris Davis (Davis, 2006). Robbin's Hill Model resource modeling conducted by Kerrin Allwood and Simon Hitchman is reported in Allwood (2006) and Hitchman (2007). A further review of modeling in the Farley’s-Sharkey’s area is also reported in Allwood (2007). Following on from an open pit optimization study in March 2011 (Dincer, 2011) 5,257m of combined RC and diamond drilling was undertaken in the Robbin’s Hill Project area to test beneath and along strike from existing open pits. This drilling was for both open pit and underground targets occurring in the Robbin's Hill Area until August 2012, during which resource modeling was undertaken. Since 2013 to 2015, limited diamond drilling has taken place at Robbin’s Hill. In 2016 diamond drilling resumed on the 12400 – 12600m N sections and has continued North until the time of writing of this report. Mineralization has been delineated along the Curie Fault (formerly the Farley’s Fault) and limited mineralization has been discovered along Farley’s footwall structures. A short-lived sulfide open pit mining operation was completed at the O'Dwyer's South Pit in 2012 and is now the site for flotation tailing storage. 14.5.1 GEOLOGICAL MODELS Geological modeling undertaken was essentially identical to that described for the Southern Models above. 14.5.2 DRILLING DATA The quality of the drilling is variable in the Robbin’s Hill Area. Drilling was conducted from 1989 to 2011, and up until 2001 drilling was focused on oxide heap leach targets and as such cheaper less precise drilling methods were used and dominate the dataset. After 2004, diamond holes were used to aid structural interpretation and often, RC pre-collars were diamond tailed. The model uses more than 1,110 holes of which about 95% are RC holes and 5% are NQ2 and HQ diamond core holes. Pre-2016 drill data was treated as per previous model procedures; with data omitted where there was uncertainty of coordinates, dubious down-hole surveys and grade or geological mismatch. 169 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine MinePlanTM drill views were the primary tool used to identify data grade and geological mismatches. Post- 2016 drill data was assessed and validated to the same standard as used in the Central and Harrier Models. Subsequent to the drill data review, process assay data were: Imported from the acQuireTM exploration databases into MinePlanTM using customizable parameter screens; and Coded for mineralization using 3D gold wireframe solids. 14.5.3 COMPOSITING Similar to the Central Area, the Robbin’s Hill Model area drill data was composited to 2m. (refer to Section 14.1.3). The 2m composite lengths were chosen to reflect the anticipated minimum mining width, to allow across strike variability to be maintained within the data, and because the vast majority of RC drilling samples are 2m in width. Table 14-29 below shows the Robbin’s Hill Model composite statistics, with Table 14-30 and Table 14-31 detailing the descriptive statistics by domain for the Robbin’s Hill North and South models respectively. In 2017 model export issues led to the project being split at the 12000m N section. The 1701_RHRM has current Resources reported in the area south of 12000m N. The 1810_RHRM_North model has its extents north of 12000m N being the actively drilled part of the Robbins Hill area. TABLE 14-29 COMPOSITE STATISTICS BY COMPOSITE LENGTH FOR THE ROBBIN'S HILL MODEL Mean length Mean Grade Model Composite Length Number % of Comps (m) (g/t Au) ˂ 1.0m 61 2.3% 0.72 4.49 ≥ 1.0 and <2.0m 359 13.4% 1.18 3.14 1810_RHRM (N) ≥ 2.0m 2,255 84.3% 2.00 2.55 Total 2675 100% 1.86 2.63 ˂ 1.0m 3 0.2% 0.60 2.03 ≥ 1.0 and <2.0m 28 2.0% 1.17 2.64 1701_RHRM (S) ≥ 2.0m 1,372 97.8% 2.00 1.73 Total 1403 100% 1.98 1.74 170 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-30 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF GOLD FOR THE ROBBIN’S HILL NORTH MODEL Model: 1810_RHRM (North) Descriptive Statistics Date: Oct-18 Number Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Coeff. of Mineralized Domain DD Variable of (g/t Au) (g/t Au) (g/t Au) Dev. Var. Samples Au Assays (length weighted) 431 0.08 162.00 3.45 7.8 2.25 Code 40 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 331 0.08 86.00 3.45 6.4 1.86 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 331 0.08 86.00 3.43 5.8 1.70 Au Assays (length weighted) 93 0.03 15.00 2.96 2.5 0.83 Code 41 Rubin Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 70 0.24 15.00 2.96 2.2 0.75 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 70 0.24 15.00 4.07 3.1 0.77 Au Assays (length weighted) 863 0.02 61.90 1.85 2.3 1.23 Code 42 Dyke Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 579 0.02 27.48 1.85 1.9 1.03 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 579 0.02 27.48 2.18 2.7 1.23 Au Assays (length weighted) 98 0.17 17.41 4.54 3.1 0.69 Code 43 Syncline Fault Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 52 1.72 14.30 4.54 2.5 0.56 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 52 1.72 14.30 4.39 2.2 0.49 Au Assays (length weighted) 283 0.07 35.30 5.06 4.0 0.78 Code 44 Curie Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 132 0.31 30.34 5.07 3.6 0.70 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 132 0.31 14.00 5.07 2.7 0.53 Au Assays (length weighted) 527 0.01 31.80 2.70 3.0 1.11 Code 45 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 326 0.03 16.73 2.70 2.5 0.91 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 326 0.03 16.73 2.26 2.1 0.94 Au Assays (length weighted) 41 0.09 6.96 2.69 1.8 0.66 Code 46 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 31 0.11 5.87 2.69 1.7 0.62 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 31 0.11 5.87 2.40 1.7 0.70 Au Assays (length weighted) 402 0.01 14.70 2.20 1.9 0.85 Code 47 Curie HW Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 323 0.01 11.43 2.20 1.8 0.82 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 323 0.01 11.43 1.87 1.7 0.91 Au Assays (length weighted) 148 0.05 12.00 2.17 1.4 0.64 Code 48 Smith Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 93 0.06 6.88 2.17 1.1 0.52 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 93 0.06 6.88 2.33 1.1 0.49 Au Assays (length weighted) 98 0.03 9.38 1.59 1.5 0.97 Code 49 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 82 0.03 7.02 1.59 1.4 0.89 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 82 0.03 7.02 1.63 1.5 0.93 Au Assays (length weighted) 164 0.10 32.80 3.40 3.6 1.06 Code 50 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 100 0.14 20.34 3.41 3.1 0.90 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 100 0.14 20.34 3.26 2.5 0.76 Au Assays (length weighted) 446 0.04 23.80 2.26 2.5 1.11 Code 51 East Dipper Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 363 0.05 23.80 2.26 2.4 1.08 HG Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 363 0.05 23.80 2.50 2.7 1.08 Au Assays (length weighted) 96 0.06 10.10 2.75 1.9 0.70 Code 52 Curie HW1 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 57 0.06 6.50 2.75 1.7 0.61 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 57 0.06 6.50 3.29 1.9 0.58 Au Assays (length weighted) 89 0.08 12.00 2.93 2.1 0.70 Code 53 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 79 0.08 8.76 2.93 2.0 0.67 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 79 0.08 8.76 3.00 1.9 0.64 171 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Model: 1810_RHRM (North) Descriptive Statistics Date: Oct-18 Number of Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Coeff. of Mineralized Domain DD Variable Samples (g/t Au) (g/t Au) (g/t Au) Dev. Var. Au Assays (length weighted) 8 0.61 9.60 4.70 3.5 0.74 Code 54 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 4 3.82 6.40 4.79 0.9 0.19 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 4 3.82 6.40 4.92 1.1 0.23 Au Assays (length weighted) 36 0.11 19.40 5.73 3.9 0.68 Code 55 Shallow East Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 13 1.81 9.80 5.72 2.7 0.46 Dipper Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 13 1.81 9.80 5.12 2.6 0.51 Au Assays (length weighted) 17 0.50 7.44 3.55 2.2 0.61 Code 56 Franklin Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 10 1.65 7.27 3.54 1.7 0.48 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 10 1.65 7.27 4.02 1.6 0.40 Au Assays (length weighted) 64 0.10 20.10 3.32 2.3 0.69 Code 57 Linker Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 28 0.66 7.60 3.31 1.7 0.51 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 28 0.66 7.60 3.60 1.8 0.49 TABLE 14-31 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF GOLD FOR THE ROBBIN’S HILL SOUTH MODEL Model: 1701_RHRM South Descriptive Statistics Date: Jan-17 Number of Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Coeff. of Mineralized Domain DD Variable Samples (g/t Au) (g/t Au) (g/t Au) Dev. Var. Au Assays (length weighted) 311 0.02 15.30 1.84 1.9 1.05 Code 40 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 303 0.02 15.30 1.84 1.9 1.04 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 303 0.02 15.30 1.88 2.0 1.05 Au Assays (length weighted) 87 0.02 7.03 1.65 1.6 0.98 Code 41 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 79 0.02 7.03 1.65 1.6 0.97 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 79 0.02 7.03 1.77 1.6 0.91 Au Assays (length weighted) 504 0.01 17.40 0.89 1.0 1.11 Code 42 Dyke Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 458 0.01 10.36 0.89 0.9 1.03 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 458 0.01 10.36 0.96 1.0 1.05 Au Assays (length weighted) 227 0.01 13.00 1.68 1.6 0.96 Code 44 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 213 0.01 8.92 1.68 1.6 0.93 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 213 0.01 8.92 1.91 1.7 0.91 Au Assays (length weighted) 15 0.03 2.67 1.02 0.8 0.81 Code 46 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 15 0.03 2.67 1.02 0.8 0.81 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 15 0.03 2.67 1.23 0.9 0.76 Au Assays (length weighted) 148 0.03 616.00 4.22 22.4 5.31 Code 49 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 132 0.05 92.82 4.22 11.5 2.73 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 132 0.05 20.00 2.57 3.3 1.26 Au Assays (length weighted) 22 0.01 5.36 0.98 1.2 1.23 Code 50 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 22 0.01 5.36 0.98 1.2 1.23 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 22 0.01 5.36 1.15 1.3 1.09 Au Assays (length weighted) 14 0.05 3.79 1.22 1.1 0.88 Code 51 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 13 0.05 3.79 1.22 1.0 0.85 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 13 0.05 3.79 1.23 0.9 0.76 Au Assays (length weighted) 175 0.07 8.32 2.28 1.7 0.73 Code 52 Au 2.0m Composites (length weighted) 168 0.07 8.32 2.28 1.7 0.72 Au 2.0m Top-cut declustered Composites 168 0.07 8.32 1.77 1.4 0.78 172 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 14.5.4 VARIOGRAPHY In all domains, the nugget effect (46% to 59%) is typical most gold mineralization at Fosterville. Typically, moderate nugget effects reflect the fine grained, disseminated nature of the sulfide minerals hosting the elements analyzed and are confirmed by the very low variability exhibited in assay QAQC data. The higher nugget effects modeled for these domains may reflect some mixing of populations, possibly owing to re- mobilization of gold by weathering resulting in erratically distributed extreme gold grades. The longer range structures in the RH-ODW Areas possibly reflect high-grade zones occurring where faults intersect the quartz porphyry dykes. The variogram models closely follow the expected geological controls with flat to shallowly south plunging shoots in steeply west dipping faults and sub vertical porphyry contact zones. The variogram parameters used in the Robbin’s Hill North and South model estimates are detailed in Table 14-33 and Table 14-34, respectively. 14.5.5 TOP CUTS No topcuts were employed in the Robbin’s Hill estimation, though outlier range restriction was used on select domains, determined using the same methods employed in the Central models (as detailed in section 14.1.5). 14.5.6 BLOCK MODELS The combined Robbin’s Hill Block Model was created in 2017 and has sufficient extents to contain all drilled mineralization beneath the open pits in the area, replicating model extent parameters setup in 2016. Previously, several smaller block models were used as inventory mineralization for the oxide pits in the area. These models had differing block dimensions and orientations from one another and so combining them into a single unified model was not possible. In 2017 the model was split into a northern and southern model to facilitate faster processing. The block model extents are detailed in Table 14-32. The Robbin’s Hill Model has XYZ block dimensions of 2m (East) by 10m (North) by 5m (mRL). The 2m width was chosen as it is approximates the minimum mining width for both open pit and underground mining. The 10m N–S block dimension is half the section spacing in the most densely drilled areas. The 5m vertical block dimension is the likely open pit mining bench height and allows sufficient resolution for future pit optimization. Similarly to the Central area and Harrier models, the use of a sub-block model was implemented for the 1810_RHRM North model, with sub-cell dimensions of 0.2m (East) by 1m (North) by 0.5m (mRL). The Robbin’s Hill South model is still in the regularized percent model format as it has not been updated since January 2017. No active mining has been conducted within the Robbin’s Hill resource model data extents since 2012. 173 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-32 ROBBIN’S HILL BLOCK MODEL EXTENTS Parameter Robbin’s Hill North Robbin’s Hill South Northing Min (m) 12,000 10,400 Northing Max (m) 13,500 12000 Easting Min (m) 2,900 2,800 Easting Max (m) 4,100 3600 RL Min (m) 4,100 4,800 RL Max (m) 5,200 5,200 X direction m (east) 2 2 Y direction m (north) 10 10 Z direction m (vertical) 5 5 X direction sub-cell m (east) 0.2 - Y direction sub-cell m (north) 1 - Z direction sub-cell m (vertical) 0.5 - 174 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-33 VARIOGRAM PARAMETERS USED FOR THE ROBBIN’S HILL NORTH RESOURCE MODEL GOLD ESTIMATION Fosterville GOLD VARIOGRAM PARAMETER TABLE 1810_RHRM (North) on (°) on AREA Nugget Nugget 1st Rotation 1st Rotation Spherical Sill Spherical Sill Spherical 2nd Rotation Rotation 2nd Range (z) (m) Range (z) (m) Range (z) Z Rotation (°) Z Rotation Y Rotation (°) Y Rotation (m) Range (y) (m) Range (x) (m) Range (y) (m) Range (x) X Rotati X Total Variance Variance Total meds rotation Au Waste 359 0 70 20.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 21.0 45.0 25.0 10.0 51.0 39% Code 40 352 2 62 0.1 0.1 135.0 80.0 40.0 0.2 61% Code 41 Rubin 4 2 54 2.1 1.7 40.0 25.0 12.0 3.9 55% Code 42 Dyke 1 0 90 0.8 0.8 80.0 50.0 25.0 1.6 50% Code 43 Syncline Fault 29 31 52 1.8 1.2 90.0 60.0 30.0 3.1 59% Code 44 Curie 8 24 -129 0.4 0.3 255.0 87.5 6.5 0.4 362.5 331.5 20.0 1.0 35% Code 45 182 31 71 2.8 4.5 70.0 40.0 20.0 7.3 38% Code 46 42 46 70 0.1 0.1 135.0 80.0 40.0 0.2 61% Code 47 Curie HW 332 1 68 0.5 0.4 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.1 80.0 50.0 25.0 1.0 48% Code 48 Smith 193 11 64 0.6 0.8 55.0 33.0 11.0 1.4 42% Code 49 16 21 -47 0.3 0.3 60.0 20.0 10.0 0.6 46% Code 50 4 1 70 0.6 0.6 80.0 48.0 24.0 1.2 50% Code 51 East Dipper HG 1 4 -20 0.8 0.4 40.0 24.0 12.0 1.1 68% Code 52 Curie HW1 358 2 54 0.3 0.2 40.0 24.0 12.0 0.1 90.0 54.0 27.0 0.6 54% Code 53 165 16 75 0.5 1.3 15.0 9.0 5.0 2.4 80.0 48.0 24.0 4.2 12% Code 54 176 2 90 0.4 0.8 120.0 60.0 30.0 0.8 66.0 44.0 33.0 2.0 22% Code 55 Shallow East Dipper 1 4 -20 0.8 0.4 40.0 24.0 12.0 1.1 68% Code 56 Franklin 4 1 70 0.6 0.6 80.0 48.0 24.0 1.2 50% Code 57 Linker 332 1 68 0.5 0.4 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.1 80.0 50.0 25.0 1.0 48% 175 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-34 VARIOGRAM PARAMETERS USED FOR THE ROBBIN’S HILL SOUTH RESOURCE MODEL GOLD ESTIMATION Fosterville GOLD VARIOGRAM PARAMETER TABLE 1701_RHRM (South) Sill AREA Nugget Nugget 1st Rotation 1st Rotation Spherical Spherical Sill Spherical 2nd Rotation Rotation 2nd Range (z) (m) Range (z) (m) Range (z) Z Rotation (°) Z Rotation Y Rotation (°) Y Rotation (m) Range (y) (m) Range (x) (m) Range (y) (m) Range (x) X Rotation (°) Rotation X Total Variance Variance Total meds rotation Au Waste 359 0 70 20.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 21.0 45.0 25.0 10.0 51.0 39% Code 40 352 2 62 0.1 0.1 135.0 80.0 40.0 0.2 61% Code 41 2 2 54 2.1 1.7 40.0 25.0 12.0 3.9 55% Code 42 Dyke 1 0 90 0.8 0.8 80.0 50.0 25.0 1.6 50% Code 44 338 2 61 1.1 0.5 80.0 50.0 25.0 1.6 66% Code 46 42 46 70 0.1 0.1 135.0 80.0 40.0 0.2 61% Code 49 16 21 -47 0.3 0.3 60.0 20.0 10.0 0.6 46% Code 50 4 1 70 0.6 0.6 80.0 48.0 24.0 1.2 50% Code 51 1 4 -20 0.8 0.4 40.0 24.0 12.0 1.1 68% Code 52 358 2 54 0.3 0.2 40.0 24.0 12.0 0.1 66.0 54.0 27.0 0.6 54% 176 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 14.5.7 BULK DENSITY The bulk density profile established for the Central Area was taken as being appropriate for the Robbin’s Hill Model area given the similar rock types, levels of oxidation and identical mineralization and gangue mineralogy. 14.5.8 SEARCH CRITERIA Gold and sulfur grades are only interpolated into blocks meeting the following criteria: Greater than 1% of the block volume is inside one of the domain envelopes; and Blocks whose search ellipsoid includes at least one composite. Similar to the Central Area models, only composites meeting the following criteria are used to interpolate any one block: All composites to a maximum of 35 composites within the search ellipsoid dimensions and search area limits; Where more than 35 composites lie within the search ellipsoid the 35 closest composites in ellipsoid space are used; and The mineralization code of both the composite and the block match by relating a block coding of the same numerical suffix as the composite code. The search ellipsoid orientations follow interpreted variogram structures (similar to the central models). The search ellipsoid within domains follows the dimensions of the ranges set in the variograms, and allow the block being interpolated to ‘see’ two sections along strike and two holes up or down-dip. To check the suitability of the search ellipsoids used, search ellipsoids were checked in MinePlanTM to allow visual inspection of the composites to be used and the suitability of the interpolation direction within the domain which closely matches the structural framework of the mineralized lens. The search parameters for Robbin’s Hill North and South models are detailed in Table 14-35 and Table 14-36, respectively. 177 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-35 SEARCH PARAMETERS FOR THE ROBBIN’S HILL NORTH RESOURCE MODEL (1810_RHRM NORTH) 1810_RHRM (North) SEARCH PARAMETER TABLE DOMAIN hole search search (Au g/t) y axis (°) axis y (°) z axis range (m) (°) axis x Outlier rangeOutlier Outlier restriction restriction Outlier min samples 1st 1st min samples max samples 1st 1st samples max restriction graderestriction max samples per samples max search distance sample number definition Au Waste 200 200 50 1 35 10 Code 40 first search 120 70 40 1 35 10 20 20 Code 40 second search 30 20 20 2 35 10 20 20 Code 41 Rubin first search 150 90 40 1 35 10 5 40 Code 41 Rubin second search 50 30 30 5 35 10 Code 42 Dyke first search 150 100 40 1 35 10 Code 42 Dyke second search 80 50 10 3 35 10 Code 43 Syncline Fault first search 90 80 50 1 35 10 Code 43 Syncline Fault second search 60 40 20 2 35 10 Code 44 Curie first search 200 180 50 1 35 10 Code 44 Curie second search 90 70 30 1 35 2 Code 45 75 40 20 1 35 10 Code 46 60 40 40 1 35 10 Code 47 Curie HW first search 80 60 20 1 35 10 Code 47 Curie HW second search 30 20 10 2 35 10 Code 48 Smith 80 50 20 1 35 10 7 50 Code 49 first search 70 50 30 1 35 10 20 20 Code 49 second search 40 30 10 3 35 10 20 20 Code 50 80 60 30 1 35 10 Code 51 East Dipper HG 90 60 20 1 35 10 Code 52 Curie HW1 first search 85 75 30 1 35 10 Code 52 Curie HW1 second search 30 20 10 2 35 6 Code 53 100 60 20 1 35 10 Code 54 120 60 30 1 35 10 Code 55 Shallow East Dipper 100 60 30 1 35 10 Code 56 Franklin 150 120 40 1 35 10 Code 57 Linker 150 100 60 1 35 10 178 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 14-36 SEARCH PARAMETERS FOR THE ROBBIN’S HILL SOUTH RESOURCE MODEL (1810_RHRM SOUTH) 1701_RHRM (South) SEARCH PARAMETER TABLE DOMAIN hole z axis y axis axis x grade search search distance min. samples 1st samples min. max. samples 1st samples max. max. samples per samples max. Outlier restriction restriction Outlier Outlier sample cut cut sample Outlier search distance sample number definition Au Waste 200 200 50 1 35 10 Code 40 first search 120 70 40 1 35 10 20 20 Code 40 second search 30 20 20 2 35 10 20 20 Code 41 first search 110 50 20 1 35 10 Code 41 second search 40 30 10 2 35 10 Code 42 Dyke first search 150 90 30 2 35 10 Code 42 Dyke second search 60 40 10 2 35 10 Code 44 first search 180 150 90 1 35 10 Code 44 second search 50 40 20 2 35 10 D46 60 40 40 1 35 10 Code 49 first search 70 50 30 1 35 10 20 20 Code 49 second search 40 30 10 3 35 10 20 20 D50 100 80 40 1 35 10 D51 90 60 20 1 35 10 Code 52 first search 85 75 30 1 35 10 Code 52 second search 30 20 10 2 35 6 179 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 14.5.9 MODEL VALIDATION The same model validation techniques and principles were applied to the Robbins Hill models as used on the Central models (detailed in section 14.1.9). The comparison of the mean domain grades against the composite grades for the 1810_RHRM (North) and 1701_RHRM (South) is shown in Table 14-37 and Table 14-38. For most of the domains the variation is deemed adequate, with the under call evident in several domains due to the low data support in inferred areas of the resource. TABLE 14-37 MINERALIZED DOMAIN MEAN GRADE COMPARISON FOR 1810_RHRM_NORTH Naïve Length Model Block Top Cut Declustered Variance from Weighted Domain Name Mean Grade Composite Mean declustered Composite Mean (g/t Au) Grade (g/t Au) mean % Grade (g/t Au) Code 40 3.32 3.45 3.43 -3% Code 41 Rubin 3.56 2.96 4.07 -14% Code 42 Dyke 1.86 1.85 2.18 -17% Code 43 Syncline Fault 4.45 4.54 4.39 1% Code 44 Curie 5.82 5.07 5.07 13% Code 45 2.51 2.70 2.26 10% Code 46 2.45 2.69 2.40 2% Code 47 Curie HW 2.06 2.20 1.87 9% Code 48 Smith 2.48 2.17 2.33 6% Code 49 1.63 1.59 1.63 0% Code 50 3.37 3.41 3.26 3% Code 51 East Dipper HG 2.29 2.26 2.50 -9% Code 52 Curie HW1 3.06 2.75 3.29 -8% Code 53 2.68 2.93 3.00 -12% Code 54 4.94 4.79 4.92 0% Code 55 Shallow East Dipper 5.47 5.72 5.12 6% Code 56 Franklin 3.48 3.54 4.02 -16% Code 57 Linker 3.16 3.31 3.60 -14% TABLE 14-38 MINERALIZED DOMAIN MEAN GRADE COMPARISON FOR 1701_RHRM_SOUTH Naïve Length Model Block Top Cut Declustered Variance from Weighted Domain Name Mean Grade Composite Mean declustered Composite Mean (g/t Au) Grade (g/t Au) mean % Grade (g/t Au) Code 40 1.93 1.84 1.88 3% Code 41 1.76 1.65 1.77 -1% Code 42 Dyke 0.86 0.89 0.96 -10% Code 44 1.60 1.68 1.91 -16% Code 46 1.08 1.02 1.23 -12% Code 49 2.92 4.22 2.57 14% Code 50 1.25 0.98 1.15 9% Code 51 1.19 1.22 1.23 -3% Code 52 1.91 2.28 1.77 8% 180 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 14.5.10 MINERAL RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION No Mineral Resources in the Robbin’s Hill Area have been categorized as Measured owing to drill hole data spacing and the absence of suitable spaced drilling proximal to mined pits. To date there is no underground mining related mapping, face sampling or sludge data to augment raising the Resource confidence to Measured. Two solids were created enclosing regions of geological confidence (Indicated or Inferred Mineral Resources) and these regions were in turn used to identify Inferred and Indicated Resource for reporting purposes. The solids generally enclose areas of approximately equally spaced drilling, but also allow areas where there is reduced confidence in the geological interpretation to be reported to a lower confidence category. The Indicated Mineral Resource solid is always surrounded by a halo of Inferred Resource. There is some modelled mineralization falling outside both the Indicated and Inferred solids. These areas were not reported as Mineral Resource and were flagged as non-resource zones (Figure 14-19). FIGURE 14-19 LONGITUDINAL SECTION VIEW OF MINERAL RESOURCE IN ROBBIN'S HILL AREA 14.5.11 RESULTS Oxide gold resources exist in the Robbin’s Hill Model area, notably east of Sharkey’s Pit where exploration drilling in 2007 discovered shallow oxide mineralization. Elsewhere, remnant low-grade oxide gold mineralization is found below and along strike from previously mined open pits. 181 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Resources in the Farley’s-Sharkey’s area are based on modern face sampling RC methods and substantial diamond drilling and as such the geological information is better than elsewhere in the modeled area. Inferred resources at Robbin’s Hill have increased significantly toward the end of 2018 with the extension of the moderate-high grade Curie fault domain (Figure 14-20). FIGURE 14-20 ROBBIN’S HILL CROSS-SECTION 12575MN 182 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 15 MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES The current Mineral Reserve estimate, from the available Mineral Resource estimates, is presented below in Table 15-1. Mineral Reserves are subdivided on the basis of accessing decline i.e. Central, Phoenix and Harrier. A further breakdown of the Phoenix Mineral Reserves is presented in Table 15-2, where reserves on the Eagle and Swan structures are separated. In the QP’s opinion, there are no known environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, political or other relevant factors that could materially affect the mineral reserve estimate. CIL Residue Mineral Reserves are distinguished from in situ Mineral Reserves in Table 15-1 and Table 15-2 on the basis of differing recovery assumptions. TABLE 15-1 MINERAL RESERVES FOR FGM AS AT DECEMBER 31, 2018 Proven Probable Total In situ In situ In situ Classification Tonnes Grade Gold Tonnes Grade Gold Tonnes Grade Gold (000’s) (g/t Au) Ounces (000’s) (g/t Au) Ounces (000’s) (g/t Au) Ounces (000’s) (000’s) (000’s) Underground Central 1 5.8 0 73 4.6 11 74 4.6 11 Phoenix 168 17.4 94 2,120 37.1 2,530 2,290 35.6 2,630 Harrier 8 4.7 1 350 6.9 77 358 6.8 79 Surface 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 Total 178 16.7 96 2,550 32.0 2,620 2,720 31.0 2,720 Residues CIL Residues 683 7.6 168 0 0.0 0 683 7.6 168 Total 683 7.6 168 0 0.0 0 683 7.6 168 Notes: 1. CIM definitions (2014) were followed in the estimation of Mineral Reserves. 2. For the Mineral Reserves estimate, the Qualified Person is Ion Hann. 3. The Mineral Reserve estimate used a gold price of US$1,230 per ounce (A$1,710 per ounce). 4. Cut-off grades applied ranged from 2.0 g/t Au to 5.4 g/t Au for underground sulfide ore depending upon width, mining method and ground conditions. 5. Dilution and mining recovery factors as per Table 15-3 were applied to stopes within the Mineral Reserves estimate. 6. Mineral Reserves are rounded to three significant figures for tonnes and ounces and one decimal place for grade. Minor discrepancies in summation may occur due to rounding. 7. CIL residues are stated as contained ounces – 25% recovery is expected. Recoveries are based on laboratory and processing plant test work and operating experience. 183 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 15-2 MINERAL RESERVES (WITH EAGLE / SWAN SUBDIVISIONS) FOR FGM AS AT DECEMBER 31, 2018 Proven Probable Total In situ In situ In situ Classification Tonnes Grade Gold Tonnes Grade Gold Tonnes Grade Gold (000’s) (g/t Au) Ounces (000’s) (g/t Au) Ounces (000’s) (g/t Au) Ounces (000’s) (000’s) (000’s) Underground Central 1 5.8 0 73 4.6 11 74 4.6 11 Phoenix 37 9.1 11 69 7.6 17 106 8.2 28 Kestrel 0 0.0 0 302 5.2 50 302 5.2 50 Eagle 69 12.7 28 253 17.6 143 322 16.5 171 Swan 62 27.6 55 1,410 50.6 2,290 1,470 49.6 2,340 Swan Splay 0 0.0 0 94 11.4 34 94 11.4 34 Harrier 8 4.7 1 350 6.9 77 358 6.8 79 Surface 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.00 Total 178 16.7 96 2,550 32.0 2,620 2,720 31.0 2,720 Residues CIL Residues 683 7.6 168 0 0.0 0 683 7.6 168 Total 683 7.6 168 0 0.0 0 683 7.6 168 Notes: 1. CIM definitions (2014) were followed in the estimation of Mineral Reserves. 2. For the Mineral Reserves estimate, the Qualified Person is Ion Hann. 3. The Mineral Reserve estimate used a gold price of US$1,230 per ounce (A$1,710 per ounce). 4. Cut-off grades applied ranged from 2.0 g/t Au to 5.4 g/t Au for underground sulfide ore depending upon width, mining method and ground conditions. 5. Dilution and mining recovery factors as per Table 15-3 were applied to stopes within the Mineral Reserves estimate. 6. Mineral Reserves are rounded to three significant figures for tonnes and grade and one decimal place for grade. Minor discrepancies in summation may occur due to rounding. 7. CIL residues are stated as contained ounces – 25% recovery is expected. Recoveries are based on laboratory and processing plant test work and operating experience. 15.1 MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATE The mining methods that were considered for the Mineral Reserve estimation process were sill driving, up-hole open stoping, up-hole stoping with fill, underhand open stoping with chain and rib pillars and transverse open stoping. These methods were selected based upon previous experience at the Fosterville mine or because they were considered suitable for the ore zone geometry and geotechnical conditions present and expected. 184 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 15.1.1 OPEN STOPE DESIGN Stope reserve shapes were created to cover all active and planned mining areas. These stope shapes do not necessarily reflect the final stope strike and/or crown pillar dimensions, however, they provide a reasonable representation of the effective exploitation of the resource. Stoping widths vary from a minimum of 2.7m out to 20m. The open stope reserve wireframe design parameters applied were: Strike length dictated by grade distribution in block model; Minimum true width of 2.7m; Maximum height of 20m vertical from backs to floor; and Internal waste incorporated within the stope block design. Mining recovery from open stopes at Fosterville is principally influenced by the following factors: Accuracy of the geological interpretation; Accuracy of the production hole drilling; Stope dimensions; Sill drive dimensions and position relative to bench stope; Presence or absence of adjacent filled voids and pillars; Mining induced stress; Open span time; and Geotechnical integrity of stope and sill drive walls. The above factors manifest themselves as ore loss in the following ways: The need for planned pillars due to accessing of ore blocks (i.e. top down mining sequence); Frozen rings due to ground movement or out of sequence firing; Bridged stopes; Failure of the stope to break back to a main structural plane of weakness; and Unplanned ore pillars left to improve ground support. Unplanned dilution in open stopes at Fosterville is a function of the following factors: Regional geotechnical conditions; Location of sill drives relative to the open stope; Width of sill drives relative to the open stope width; Production drilling accuracy; Quantity, quality and type of ground support in sill drive walls; Speed of ore extraction from active stopes; and Length of time sill drives have been open before stoping commences. Inclusive within the production mining cycle are systematic cavity monitoring surveys, data from which is fed back into the understanding and scaling of dilution factors by area. 185 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine In order to correctly apply recovery and dilution factors to all stopes in the Mineral Reserve, factors such as ore body dip, rock RQD and development and stope sequence were considered. Table 15-3 show the recovery and dilution factors that were applied to the reserve blocks: TABLE 15-3 RECOVERY AND DILUTION FACTORS FOR THE RESERVE BLOCKS AS DISPLAYED IN FIGURE 15-1 Recovery Factor Dilution Factor - Description Comments - Tonnes Tonnes Top down, crown and rib pillars, and/or CRF Stoping - Phoenix 86% 21% and/or paste, underhand open stoping with chain and rib pillars Top down, crown and rib pillars, and/or CRF Stoping – Harrier 71% 29% underhand open stoping with chain and rib pillars Strike Development 100% 15% to 18% Notes: 1. Dilution and Recovery factors are assigned based on sequence, angle of the hangingwall, strike length of panel and surrounding voids whether open, failed or filled, both laterally and vertically (and the likelihood of adjacent panels failed). 2. Primary stopes are in-situ with solid unfired material on all extremities excluding development. 3. Secondary panels are those adjacent to a single panel either laterally or vertically that may or may not be filled. 4. Tertiary panels are those adjacent to two or more panels either laterally or vertically that may or may not be filled. 5. Table 15-4, Figure 15-1 and Figure 15-2 provides guidelines for individual panel recovery and dilution for specific mining scenarios. 186 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine TABLE 15-4 DILUTION AND RECOVERY FACTORS USED FOR THE DECEMBER 2018 MINERAL RESERVES Dilution Recovery Development 1.15 1.00 Dilution Recovery Type Angle Strike Stope 1.10 0.90 Pillar / Initial Panel Steep <15m Stope 1.25 0.80 Tertiary StopeSteep against CRF/Caved <15m Stope 1.15 0.85 Pillar / Initial Panel Steep 15m to 25m Stope 1.30 0.75 Tertiary StopeSteep against CRF/Caved 15m to 25m Shrink 1.25 0.75 No Pillar / Shrink Steep >25m Stope 1.35 0.75 Tertiary StopeAverage against CRF/Caved <15m Stope 1.15 0.85 Pillar / Initial Panel Average <15m Stope 1.40 0.70 Tertiary StopeAverage against CRF/Caved 15m to 25m Stope 1.20 0.80 Pillar / Initial Panel Average 15m to 25m TERTIARY Stope 1.40 0.60 Tertiary StopeFlat/Narrow against CRF/Caved <15m PRIMARY Shrink 1.30 0.70 No Pillar / Shrink Average >25m Stope 1.50 0.60 Tertiary StopeFlat/Narrow against CRF/Caved 15m to 25m Stope 1.20 0.80 Pillar / Initial Panel Flat/Narrow <15m Stope 1.25 0.75 Pillar / Initial Panel Flat/Narrow 15m to 25m Stope 1.40 0.60 Tertiary StopeSteep against CRF/ below Caved <15m Shrink 1.40 0.55 No Pillar / Shrink Flat/Narrow >25m Stope 1.50 0.55 Tertiary StopeSteep against CRF/ below Caved 15m to 25m Stope 1.60 0.50 Tertiary StopeSteep against CRF/ below Caved >25m Stope 1.15 0.90 Secondary Stope against CRF Steep <15m Stope 1.35 0.65 Tertiary StopeAverage against CRF/ below Caved <15m Stope 1.20 0.90 Secondary Stope against CRF Steep 15m to 25m Stope 1.45 0.60 Tertiary StopeAverage against CRF/ below Caved 15m to 25m Stope 1.25 0.85 Secondary Stope against CRF Average <15m TERTIARY Stope 1.55 0.55 Tertiary StopeAverage against CRF/ below Caved >25m Stope 1.30 0.85 Secondary Stope against CRF Average 15m to 25m Stope 1.30 0.70 Tertiary StopeFlat/Narrow against CRF/ below Caved <15m SECONDARY Stope 1.30 0.75 Secondary Stope against CRF Flat/Narrow <15m Stope 1.40 0.65 Tertiary StopeFlat/Narrow against CRF/ below Caved 15m to 25m Stope 1.40 0.65 Secondary Stope against CRF Flat/Narrow 15m to 25m Stope 1.50 0.60 Tertiary StopeFlat/Narrow against CRF/ below Caved >25m Stope 1.30 0.75 Pillar / Initial Panel below caved Steep <15m Stope 1.50 0.55 Tertiary StopeSteep against Caved / below Caved <15m Stope 1.40 0.65 Pillar / Initial Panel below caved Steep 15m to 25m Stope 1.55 0.50 Tertiary StopeSteep against Caved / below Caved 15m to 25m Stope 1.50 0.50 Pillar / Initial Panel below caved Steep >25m Stope 1.60 0.45 Tertiary StopeSteep against Caved / below Caved >25m Stope 1.25 0.80 Pillar / Initial Panel below caved Average <15m Stope 1.45 0.60 Tertiary StopeAverage against Caved / below Caved <15m Stope 1.35 0.70 Pillar / Initial Panel below caved Average 15m to 25m Stope 1.50 0.55 Tertiary StopeAverage against Caved / below Caved 15m to 25m Stope 1.45 0.60 Pillar / Initial Panel below caved Average >25m TERTIARY Stope 1.55 0.50 Tertiary StopeAverage against Caved / below Caved >25m SECONDARY Stope 1.20 0.85 Pillar / Initial Panel below caved Flat/Narrow <15m Stope 1.40 0.65 Tertiary StopeFlat/Narrow against Caved / below Caved <15m Stope 1.30 0.75 Pillar / Initial Panel below caved Flat/Narrow 15m to 25m Stope 1.45 0.60 Tertiary StopeFlat/Narrow against Caved / below Caved 15m to 25m Stope 1.40 0.65 Pillar / Initial Panel below caved Flat/Narrow >25m Stope 1.50 0.55 Tertiary StopeFlat/Narrow against Caved / below Caved >25m Stope 1.20 0.85 Pillar / Initial Panel below CRF Steep <15m Stope 1.25 0.80 Pillar / Initial Panel below CRF Steep 15m to 25m Stope 1.30 0.75 Pillar / Initial Panel below CRF Steep >25m Stope 1.25 0.80 Pillar / Initial Panel below CRF Average <15m Stope 1.30 0.75 Pillar / Initial Panel below CRF Average 15m to 25m Stope 1.35 0.70 Pillar / Initial Panel below CRF Average >25m SECONDARY Stope 1.30 0.70 Pillar / Initial Panel below CRF Flat/Narrow <15m Stope 1.35 0.65 Pillar / Initial Panel below CRF Flat/Narrow 15m to 25m Stope 1.40 0.60 Pillar / Initial Panel below CRF Flat/Narrow >25m 187 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Dilution and Recovery Factors for High Grade Orebodies Higher grade stopes using CRF/Flowable fill or paste have the following dilution and recovery factors applied. FIGURE 15-1 DILUTION & RECOVERY FACTORS FOR HIGH GRADE OREBODIES 188 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 15-1 (CONT) DILUTION & RECOVERY FACTORS FOR HIGH GRADE OREBODIES 189 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 15-1 (CONT) DILUTION & RECOVERY FACTORS FOR HIGH GRADE OREBODIES Wider zones encountered within the Raptor (Kestrel subset) ore zone have the following dilution and recovery factors applied based on a sequence as defined. FIGURE 15-2 DILUTION & RECOVERY FACTORS FOR RAPTOR TRANSVERSE ZONE 190 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 15.1.2 GOLD CUT-OFF GRADES Table 15-5 shows the calculated cut-off grades used in the estimation of the Mineral Reserve. Cost assumptions are based on the 2019 Budget (inclusive of royalties) and 2018 performance. TABLE 15-5 MINERAL RESERVE GOLD CUT-OFF GRADES Description g/t Au Site - Stoping Full 4.87 Site - Stoping (filled) Marginal 2.70 Site - Stoping Full NO FILL 4.50 Site - Stoping (filled) Marginal NO FILL 2.33 Phoenix - Stoping Full 5.35 Phoenix - Stoping (filled) Marginal 2.84 Harrier - Stoping Full NO FILL 3.88 Harrier - Stoping Marginal NO FILL 2.37 Phoenix - Development Marginal 3.26 Harrier - Development Marginal 3.97 For other situations, a lower cut-off grade is applied. For development, which is justified for other reasons (i.e. access to a higher grade block or infrastructure considerations), the marginal cut-off grade is applied to reflect that the material only has to cover the non-mining costs to break even. This is only applied if the development material had to be trucked to surface anyway and that it is not displacing higher-grade ore from the mill. Likewise, for incremental stoping production where the development has already been mined (i.e. for access to a higher-grade block), the marginal cut-off grade is applied to reflect that the development cost has already been incurred. Stope and development shapes are limited in their extremity by the application of appropriate COGs (Table 15-5) and a full conceptual design is subsequently created around the resultant shapes. This design includes, but is not necessarily limited to; decline design, associated level infrastructure and vertical development. Physicals generated from the design are applied against budget unit rates and assumptions to provide an economic model by level and area. This model is capable of representing various cost structures and is utilized as the final economic hurdle point for determination of inclusion/exclusion of material into the mine plan and reserve statement. 191 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 15.1.3 DEPLETION AND RESULTS The Mineral Reserves reported above are the result of work based on data to December 31, 2018 and reported by Kirkland Lake Gold in accordance with NI43-101. The evaluation models have been depleted for material mined up to December 31, 2018. The process involved the generation of surveyed solid models for the mined development and stope areas and then running a depletion process in order that the depleted areas can be excluded from the Mineral Reserve. Results for the Mineral Reserves contained in the Fosterville operating areas are provided in Table 15-1. Infrastructure required for the exploitation of the stated reserves are either in place or have been planned to be developed within the LOM plan generated through the reserving process. All works fall within the granted mining lease boundaries and are covered within the existing approved work plan. It is unlikely that either infrastructure or permitting could materially affect the stated reserve position. There are no known political, legal, environmental or other risks that could materially affect the potential development of the Mineral Reserves. 192 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 16 MINING METHODS Since the completion of the Harrier Open Cut Mine in early December 2007, the sole source of ore had been the underground operations until Q2 2011 when ore feed became available from a series of open pit cut backs on the Harrier Pit, John’s Pit and O'Dwyer's South Pit. Following the completion of O'Dwyer's South cut back in Q4 2012, the sole source of ore has been from the underground operations. The current Life of Mine (LOM) plan contains ore sourced from underground operations only (Figure 16-1, Figure 16-2 and Figure 16-3). The underground mine commenced declining in March 2006 with production first recorded in September 2006. Development and stoping have been conducted in the Phoenix, Falcon, Ellesmere, Kink, Vulture, Raven, Robin and Harrier ore bodies since that time. As at January 1, 2019 works are planned to continue in the Phoenix (including Swan, Eagle, et al), Central and Harrier ore bodies. Access to the underground workings is via two portals, located in the Ellesmere and Falcon open pits, and connected declines that run at an average gradient of 1 in 7 down. Nominal decline dimensions are 5.5 meters wide by 5.8 meters high with other access development varying in size but can generally be considered at least 5.5 meters wide by 5.0 meters high. The Phoenix to 4240mRL, Harrier below 4500mRL, Central and Robin ore bodies are accessed from a footwall decline position while the Phoenix below 4240mRL and Harrier ore body above 4500mRL are accessed from the hangingwall. All areas are planned to be extracted using open stoping techniques, primarily in a top down sequence, with the application of Cemented Rock Fill (CRF) or Paste Fill (PF) where applicable and practical. Selection of the specific mining method and extraction sequence within the open stoping regime is based upon previous experience at the Fosterville Mine and expectations of ore zone geometry and geotechnical conditions. A standard level interval of 20 vertical meters can be applied across all mining areas however, this can be and is varied as is required to maximize the extraction of the economic material. MINING FLEET Underground mining is conducted using a conventional fleet of trackless diesel equipment including development jumbos, production drills, loaders, trucks and ancillary equipment. Current operations are undertaken predominately as owner miner, with mining activity undertaken on a continuous roster of 12 hour shifts, 7 days per week. The FGM mobile fleet comprises the following equipment: Two boom development jumbos – Sandvik DD421-60C (enclosed cab) x 3 and Axera DD420- 60 (open cab) x 2 Production drill rigs – Epiroc Simba E7-C x 1 and a Tamrock Solo 7-7v x 1 Haulage trucks – Sandvik TH663 dump tray x 6 and TH663 ejector tray x 2 Loaders – CAT R2900G x 6 193 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Shotcrete machines – Normet Spraymec SF050D x 1, Jacon Maxijet MX3 x 1 and Maxijet 0400SC x 1 Agitator trucks – Normet Ultimec LF700 x 3 Charge-up rigs – Normet Charmec 1610B x 2, Normet Charmec LC605 x 2 Graders – CAT 12M x 1 and CAT12H x 1 Integrated tool carriers – CAT IT28G (Workshop) x 1, CAT 930H x 5 and Volvo 120F x 1 Contractor mobile fleet comprises the following equipment: Cable bolting drill rigs – Epiroc Cabletec M x 1, Sandvik DS421-C x 2 Raisebore/Boxhole rigs – Redbore 30 and Redbore 40 194 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 16-1 LONGITUDINAL PROJECTION OF ACTUAL AND PROPOSED MINING LAYOUT AS AT DECEMBER 31, 2018 195 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 16-2 LONGITUDINAL PROJECTION OF PHOENIX AND SWAN ACTUAL AND PROPOSED MINING LAYOUT AS AT DECEMBER 31, 2018 196 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 16-3 LONGITUDINAL PROJECTION OF HARRIER ACTUAL AND PROPOSED MINING LAYOUT AS AT DECEMBER 31, 2018 197 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine LOM PRODUCTION PLAN The December 2018 LOM model, which is based solely on the December 2018 Mineral Reserves has an expected mine life of 6 years. Production rates within the Phoenix and Harrier orebodies are expected to increase over the coming years as ventilation upgrades take effect and both areas open up through previous development and sequencing. Peak production output within the plan is >600,000 tonnes and mined ounces per annum. The LOM production schedule assumes some rock and cemented rock fill (CRF) mainly performed within the high grade Phoenix orebody. The commencement of paste fill in late 2019 will become the predominant backfill medium and will be supplemented by rock and CRF thereafter. The current LOM plan does not include backfill in the Harrier orebody. TABLE 16-1 LOM PRODUCTION PHYSICALS LOM Tonnes (000''s) 2,720 Grade (g/t Au) 31.00 Ounces Mined (000's) 2,720 Mill Recovery 97% Ounces Recovered (000's) 2,640 Notes: 1. LOM based off December 2018 Mineral Reserves model. 2. Tonnes and Ounces rounded to three significant figures and grade to one decimal point. 198 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 17 RECOVERY METHODS Since the commissioning of the processing plant in 2004, all processing models for the mill have been based on actual plant performances. The processing budget takes into consideration the mining schedule (ore source location, tonnes to be mined and gold grade), and predicted sulfur grades to be processed. Recovery data for Fosterville is detailed in Table 17-1. TABLE 17-1 ACTUAL PLANT PERFORMANCES (2009 – 2018) Plant Parameter 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Tonnes Milled t 781,878 817,535 785,503 786,572 792,166 814,835 703,788 693,066 547,476 456,909 Sulfur Feed grade % 1.71 1.6 1.59 1.44 1.35 1.36 1.34 1.71 1.51 1.28 Feed Grade g/t Au 4.79 4.57 4.87 4.36 4.53 4.62 6.11 7.55 15.78 24.93 Flotation recovery % 96.2 96.2 96.7 95.0 95.9 95.7 96.6 97.0 98.6 99.2 Gravity gold recovery % 12.9 27.6 45.7 BIOX® recovery % 99.0 98.7 98.4 97.8 98.0 98.6 98.5 98.4 98.7 98.8 Sulfide Oxidation % 96.3 98.6 97.7 97.7 98.2 98.1 98.3 97.7 97.3 98.0 CIL recovery % 86.2 79.8 81.3 80.5 86.2 87.1 90.9 89.9 93.9 95.1 Heated leach recovery % 0.3 7.1 6.0 7.6 4.5 4.6 2.0 3.7 2.4 2.0 Overall Leach recovery % 86.6 86.9 87.3 88.1 90.7 91.6 92.9 93.6 96.2 97.1 Overall Plant recovery % 85.0 82.5 83.0 82.0 85.2 86.5 88.5 90.1 95.0 97.3 Mining Au recovered oz 102,336 99,032 102,048 90,358 98,354 104,518 122,362 151,585 263,845 356,230 Retreat: Leach tails: tonnes t 9,634 13,222 4,495 2,623 854 4,951 4,519 2,141 0 0 Retreat: Leach tails: grade g/t Au 10.25 10.37 8.27 6.98 7.05 10.48 10.75 7.90 0 0 Retreat: Leach tails: recovery % 32.5 30.3 12.2 12.1 35.2 49.0 46.3 30.8 0 0 Retreat: Leach tails: Au oz 1024 1,410 154 80 69 824 734 169 0 0 recovered Total gold recovered oz 103,360 100,442 102,201 90,439 98,423 105,342 123,096 151,755 263,845 356,230 The process plant incorporates the following unit operations: Single stage crushing with a primary jaw crusher; Open stockpile with reclaim tunnel; 20ft diameter by 20ft length Semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) mill; A gravity circuit to recover coarse gold from the grinding circuit recirculating load; Flotation circuit to produce a gold bearing sulfide mineral concentrate and a barren residue; 8ft diameter by 13ft length flotation concentrate regrind mill; A gravity circuit to recover coarse gold from the flotation concentrate with gravity circuit concentrate being direct smelted; 199 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine A Bio-oxidation circuit consisting of BIOX® reactors to oxidize the flotation concentrate, releasing gold from the sulfide mineral matrix; A three-stage CCD circuit to separate the gold bearing oxidized solid residue from the solubilized acid oxidation products; A liquor neutralization circuit to neutralize acid and precipitate arsenic as stable basic ferric arsenate and sulfate as calcium sulfate (gypsum) using both ground limestone and lime slurries; A limestone grinding facility comprising a single wet ball mill operated in closed circuit with a hydrocyclone to produce ground limestone slurry for pH control in the BIOX® tanks and neutralization of sulfuric and arsenic acids produced from oxidation of gold bearing sulfide minerals; Carbon-in-leach (CIL) circuit, with a pH adjustment tank at the head of the circuit, to leach gold from oxidized material and load the cyanide soluble gold onto activated carbon; Heated Leach (HL) circuit to combat preg-robbing capabilities of the non-carbonaceous carbon always present in the Fosterville orebody. Specialized in-house technology unique to Fosterville; and Pressure Zadra elution circuit to remove gold from carbon, followed by electro-winning recovery and smelting to doré. A schematic flow sheet detailing unit operations is presented in Figure 17-1. The plant was laid out on either side of a central rack in order to facilitate the distribution of reagents, services, and piping arrays. Individual plant areas are separated by bunding to isolate and contain spillage. Storm water and abnormal spillage events report to an existing drainage channel, which discharges to a separate containment dam. The layout of the comminution circuit allows for installation of a pebble crushing circuit should it be required, and a secondary ball mill to increase grinding circuit capacity. Space was left in the area layouts for additional tank farms and equipment to accommodate a nominal increase in plant capacity. Space exists to the east of the plant site to duplicate existing facilities to double plant throughput if required. Plant commissioning began in November 2004 with first gold production in April 2005. 200 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 17-1 SCHEMATIC ORE TREATMENT FLOWCHART CRUSHING AND MILLING The crushing circuit has the capacity to operate 24 hours per day, 7 days/week, at the design availability of 80%. Run of Mine (ROM) ore is reclaimed from stockpiles on the ROM pad and fed to a bin by front-end loader, blending the ore in the process. Ore is then fed to a 760mm x 1,372mm single toggle jaw crusher by a vibrating grizzly feeder and minus 90mm crushed ore is conveyed to a coarse ore open stockpile with reclaim tunnel providing feed to a SAG mill. Dust suppression measures are installed at the ROM bin. The crusher discharge and conveyor transfer points both being fitted with dust collectors. Crushed ore is fed at a controlled rate onto a conveyor feeding a 3,500kW SAG mill (~6.1m in diameter x 6.1m). The ore is ground to a P80 of 75µm in closed circuit with hydrocyclones to liberate sulfide minerals 201 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine containing gold from the barren gangue minerals. The milling circuit is designed to operate 24 hours per day with a throughput of up to 120 dry tph. FLOTATION Hydrocyclone overflow from the SAG mill gravitates to the flotation circuit where the gold containing sulfide minerals are concentrated into a flotation concentrate containing about 8 - 10% of the feed mass with a barren flotation residue, which is rejected from the process. The design basis for the flotation circuit is to maximize gold recovery to a concentrate grading approximately 20% S2. The flotation circuit consists of a rougher-scavenger cleaner circuit. Rougher concentrate passes directly to final concentrate, while scavenger concentrate passes to the cleaning circuit for upgrading. Cleaner tailing is recycled to the head of the rougher circuit. The following flotation reagents are added to the hydrocyclone overflow launder and flash flotation feed: Copper sulfate – as Activator; Potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) – as Collector; and Frother. Reagent selectivity is a key aspect of the flotation circuit management, based not just on performance, but also toxicity and preg-robbing aspects to the downstream Bacterial Oxidation Circuit and the Cyanide leach circuit respectively. Flotation residue gravitates to a tailings hopper where it is combined with the products from neutralization of the BIOX® liquor and the combined product is pumped to the flotation residue storage facility. Flotation concentrate is reground to 80% passing 20µm and is thickened in a high-rate thickener prior to feeding the BIOX® circuit. GRAVITY RECOVERABLE GOLD With recent changes in the ore body showing increased occurrences of visible gold, a gravity recoverable gold circuit was constructed in Q1 2016 and commissioned in April 2016. The gravity recoverable gold circuit is installed in the flotation concentrate regrind circuit and continuously processes 100% of the recirculating load. A Knelson concentrator is used as the primary concentrating device, with Knelson concentrate passing to a surge tank. On a day shift basis only, gravity concentrate is removed from the day surge tank and processed over a secondary concentrating Gemini GT1000 table. GT1000 concentrate is then tertiary processed over a GT250 Gemini table. All table tails are passed directly back to the regrind mill recirculating load where they pass back through the Knelson concentrator. 202 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine In August 2018 the gravity recoverable gold circuit was upgraded with an additional Knelson concentrator which processes a side stream of the SAG mill recirculating load. The SAG Knelson concentrate is processed daily over a Holman 8000 shaking table. Final shaking table concentrate are separately calcined in an oven with oven exhaust being wet scrubbed. Calcine concentrates are direct smelted to doré bars. OXIDATION - BIOX® Due to the different design availabilities between the milling/flotation circuits and BIOX® circuit, and the need for steady operation of the BIOX® circuit, a surge tank with a live capacity of about 48 hours acts as a buffer between the circuits. The BIOX® bacteria are sensitive to chloride levels in the water, and management of BIOX® feed dilution water quality to <1,000ppm Cl- is critical for the health of the BIOX® circuit. Likewise, cyanide and thiocyanate species are also toxic materials to the bacteria, hence the Flotation and Neutralization waters, plus CIL decant liquors are managed separately at the Fosterville operations to eliminate any processing risks. Nutrient solution is dosed to the feed splitter box to maintain the correct levels of nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and phosphorous (P) levels in the BIOX® reactors. The BIOX® culture is kept active in the reactors by controlling the slurry conditions within specific ranges. The oxidation reactions are exothermic and it is necessary to constantly cool the slurry. The reactors are equipped with cooling coil baffles through which cooling water is circulated to control the slurry temperature at about 43°C in each reactor. Oxygen requirements for sulfide oxidation are significant and medium pressure air is injected into each of the reactors. The slurry pH in each of the reactors is controlled between 1.0 and 1.6 by addition of ground limestone. Hence the corrosive nature of the BIOX® slurry and the potential risk for elevated chloride levels resulted in selection of SAF 2205 stainless steel for equipment in the BIOX®, CCD, and neutralization circuits. The oxidized product discharged from the final secondary BIOX® reactor gravitates to the first of three CCD thickeners. During bio-oxidation iron, sulfur and arsenic is solubilized and is washed from the solid oxidized gold containing residue in the series of three CCD thickeners. A three-stage CCD circuit with a wash ratio of 4.0 is used to ensure soluble arsenic and acid is reduced to levels acceptable in the oxidized concentrate prior to the CIL process. Process water is used as wash water in the CCD circuit and is added to the feed tank ahead of the third (last) CCD thickener. The underflow from the last CCD thickener (washed product) is pumped to an agitated pH adjustment tank at the head of the CIL circuit. 203 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine The acidic solution overflowing the first CCD thickener is pumped to the first of six agitated neutralization tanks in series and the solution flows from tank to tank via launders. By-pass launders allow tanks to be taken off line for cleaning and maintenance. In the neutralization circuit the majority of the sulfuric acid is neutralized and precipitated as calcium sulfate (gypsum) and the soluble arsenic and iron precipitated as stable basic ferric arsenate. The neutralized effluent gravitates to the flotation residue hopper and is pumped with the flotation residue to the residue storage facility. MOZLEY CYCLONES Ahead of the BIOX® surge tank, the Mozley de-sliming cyclones were installed in April 2008. The Mozley cyclones are used when the feed blend to the flotation circuit is more than 0.3% NCC. The rougher and cleaner concentrate from the flotation concentrate is run through the Mozley cyclones. The cyclone clusters come in two sets of 20 cyclones and have a typical spigot /vortex finder arrangement of 2.2/7.0mm. The cyclones are fed at a pressure of 250Kpa resulting in typical mass split of 60% to the underflow. Typical feed rate of 40-50m3/hr at 16% solids with 30-40m3/hr at 5-8% solids reporting to the overflow tailings. LEACHING Six adsorption tanks are identical in size at 190m3 with a total circuit residence time of about 48 hours at a 30% pulp density. Test-work indicates that the leaching of the oxidized residue plateaus at 36 to 48 hours. Underflow from the last CCD thickener is pumped to the pH adjustment tank and lime slurry is used to neutralize residual acid and raise the pH of the pulp to 11 prior to cyanide addition. Carbon concentrations (20-30g/L) are maintained in all tanks to ensure high gold adsorption efficiency and maintain a low solution tail. The last CIL tank can be used as tails retreat feed tank. HEATED LEACH CIL discharge is fed to heated leach circuit, which was commissioned in April 2009. The process utilizes heat from steam injection and caustic to facilitate gold release from native carbon. The heated leach circuit consists of six 75m3 tanks with a residence time of 8-12 hours. The first three tanks are heated while the last three tanks are cooled to avoid loss of gold in solution. The heated leach process is effective in destroying WAD cyanide to <50ppm and has replaced the former detoxification circuit. ELUTION AND GOLD ELECTRO-WINNING The following operations are carried out in the elution and gold room areas: 204 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Acid washing of carbon; Stripping of gold from loaded carbon using a pressure Zadra elution circuit; Electro-winning of gold from pregnant solution; and Smelting of electro-winning and gravity products. The elution and gold room areas operate seven days a week, with the loaded carbon recovery on nightshift and the majority of the elution occurring during dayshift. The 3.5t pressure Zadra elution circuit consists of separate rubber lined acid wash and stainless steel elution columns. Energy, water and major process reagents consumed by the processing plant are all readily available in Australia. FGM do not anticipate there to be any significant increases or decreases to the current consumption rates. In the QP’s opinion, there are no processing factors or deleterious elements that could have a significant effect on potential economic extraction at the Fosterville Mine. 205 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 18 PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE All project infrastructures are in place servicing mining and processing operations (Figure 18-1). SURFACE INFRASTRUCTURE 18.1.1 PLANT The process plant site was selected close to the western boundary of the Fosterville Mining License, as it: Offers easy access from the existing public road system; Minimizes haulage distances from mining operations, particularly, the underground portal location; and Minimizes the potential for noise impact on nearby residential areas to the east and south by allowing waste dumps and noise abatement bunds to be constructed to the east of the plant site. The process plant has a nominal capacity of 830,000tpa and incorporates the following unit process operations (Figure 18-2): Single stage crushing with a primary jaw crusher; Open stockpile with reclaim tunnel; Semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) mill; A gravity gold recovery circuit; Flotation circuit; Flotation concentrate regrind mill; A gravity gold recovery circuit; De-sliming hydrocyclones; Bio-oxidation circuit; A three stage CCD circuit; A liquor neutralization circuit; A limestone grinding facility comprising a single wet ball mill operated in closed circuit with hydrocyclones; Carbon-in-leach (CIL) circuit; A heated leach circuit; and Pressure Zadra elution circuit and electro-winning. The plant is laid out on either side of a central rack in order to facilitate the distribution of reagents, services and inter-area piping. Individual plant areas are separately bunded to isolate and contain spillage. Storm water and abnormal spillage events report to an existing drainage channel, to the west of the plant area, which discharges to an existing containment dam to the north. 206 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 18-1 FOSTERVILLE GOLD MINE SITE SERVICES PLAN 207 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 18-2 FOSTERVILLE PROCESSING PLANT AREA PLAN 208 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 18.1.2 BUILDINGS The site buildings comprise of administration, processing and mining office complexes, toilet/shower/change room facilities, store/warehouse, light vehicle and heavy vehicle workshops, a surface maintenance workshop and core shed facility. The site is serviced by security infrastructure, phone and internet services. 18.1.3 POWER Site power is supplied by the Fosterville Terminal Station (FVTS), which is a zone substation on the 220kV power line from Bendigo to Shepparton (BETS-SHTS). The terminal station is owned by FGM, operated by SP Ausnet and maintained by Powercor. The terminal station has a single 15/20MVA ONAN/ONAF 220/11kV transformer. An overhead 11kV power line runs from the FVTS to the processing plant. The power line is 2,800m long at consists of 19 poles. At pole 9 there is an 11kV switch room, which supplies the U/G operation. The processing plant has five 11kV/ 415V transformers and low voltage MCC’s to supply and control the processing plant. There is also an 11kV 3,500kW SAG Mill motor and three 11kV 750kW motors for the BIOX® Blowers. The processing plant also has a Power Factor Correction unit. Power consumption in the processing plant is approximately 7,000kW at a power factor of 0.98. There are also a couple of 22kV supplies into site, which supply remote areas for site water management as well as the main administration offices. The site also has a 2.5km long 11kV cable from the U/G settling dams to the in pit Tails MCC, which has a 750kVA 11kv/415V transformer. 18.1.4 TAILINGS There are two separate residue streams at Fosterville, a flotation/neutralization residue (Figure 18-3) and a cyanide bearing residue (Figure 18-4): The flotation / neutralization residue is a combination of flotation tails (95%) which is ground ore and neutralized liquor containing precipitated solids (5%) from the oxidation process. These tailings are either stored within an above ground paddock style Residue storage facility, or within an In-Pit facility. Fosterville operates Victoria’s first In-Pit facilities, whereby through extensive hydro-geological modeling, abandoned oxide ore pits were identified as preferred storage 209 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine options. In-Pit facilities offer significantly lower capital and operating costs compared to above ground facilities, and also contribute to the overall rehabilitation of the mine site. Water from these facilities is reused back through the milling, flotation and bacterial oxidation processes. The starter embankment for TSF#4 was constructed in 2015 and has the capacity to hold two years’ worth of flotation/neutralization tailings. Fosterville currently has at least four years of permitted (regulator approved) storage capacity. Therefore, Fosterville has a permitted flotation/neutralization storage plan until 2021. Planning of future flotation / neutralization storage is underway to provide adequate storage for LOM; and Cyanide bearing leach residue: The leaching circuit uses cyanide to extract the gold and subsequently the liquor possesses traces of cyanide species. As a consequence, the leach residue is deliberately stored separately to that of the flotation residue in a HDPE or clay lined storage facility and only utilized back within the leaching circuits. Tailings is excavated annually from one of the CIL TSF’s and placed onto one of the CIL hardstands. Fosterville has at least four years of storage capacity available on existing CIL Hardstands. In 2020, Fosterville will seek regulatory approval for further CIL Hardstand upgrades. 210 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 18-3 FOSTERVILLE FLOTATION AND NEUTRALIZATION RESIDUE STORAGE AREA PLAN 211 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine FIGURE 18-4 FOSTERVILLE CIL RESIDUE STORAGE AREA PLAN 212 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 18.2 UNDERGROUND INFRASTRUCTURE 18.2.1 POWER Power for the underground operations is drawn from the Fosterville Terminal Station (FVTS) Transformer located adjacent to Daley’s Hill. From here two 11kV overhead power lines (OHL) feed power to the site. OHL#1 – an 11kV overhead line consisting of 19 power poles with a distance of 2,900 meters that feeds the processing plant high voltage switch room and the mine high voltage switch room (pole 9). OHL#2 – an 11kV overhead power line consisting of 8 power poles with a distance of 810 meters that feeds power to the surface ventilation fan location and future power to the underground lower Phoenix zone. Four 11,000 volt feeds enter the underground workings at: UGFDR1 - Phoenix at the 5031m RL Sub Station, via a service hole; UGFDR2 - Harrier at the 4775m RL Sub Station, via the Harrier vent shaft; UGFDR3 - Harrier 4735mL RL via the new HV Cable hole; and UGFDR4 - Ellesmere at the 4968m RL Sub Station, via a service hole. Power from these four locations distributes power to the following areas of the mine: UGFDR1 - runs from Pole 9 and is buried direct up the eastern boundary of the lease and enters the underground workings via the vent rise in the Ellesmere pit and continues to lower depth via a series of service holes and cables installed in the decline. This feeder supplies power to the Central and upper Phoenix areas of the mine, UGFDR2 - runs from Pole 9 and is buried direct until it enters the underground workings via the Harrier vent rise and continues to lower depth via a series of service holes and cables installed in the decline. This feeder supplies power to the Harrier and lower Phoenix areas of the mine, UGFDR3 - OHL #2 ends at this location. The future connection will power the surface primary ventilation fans and the lower Phoenix areas of the mine, and UGFDR4 – runs from the processing high voltage switch room and is buried direct until it reaches RMU-030 located above the Ellesmere underground workings. From here two cables feed the upper areas of the Ellesmere and Harrier workings and the surface mine workshop area and underground Falcon power. From these locations low voltage (1000 volt) is reticulated to the working areas via cable and distribution boxes. Further 11,000 volt sub-stations are cascaded from the above named primary points as mine working load requires. 213 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Existing and planned future underground power reticulation has been sized to meet the designed LOM requirements. 18.2.2 WATER Underground mine process water requirements are provided by recycled mine water and is reticulated to the underground working areas from a tank farm on the surface. The tank farm comprises 4 x 45,000 liter tanks used for storage of mine water pumped from underground. From the surface tanks the water is distributed underground via 110mm diameter PN12 poly pipelines with water pressure reducers strategically placed along the declines to keep water pressure below the poly pipeline rating. Dewatering of the Fosterville underground workings is conducted utilizing two pumping stations. The Phoenix/Central pump station average flow rate is 26 litres/sec and the Harrier pump station average flow rate is 14 litres/sec. Each of these stations comprises of three by WT088 helical rotor pumps that are fed from purpose constructed feed dams. The Phoenix/Central Area is serviced by a station situated at the 4830m RL; this station pumps directly to the surface via a 150mm diameter steel rising main line that is run through service holes and mine workings and discharges into the Falcon Pit caving area for final settlement of mine solids so that the water can then be utilized within the mine water reticulation system. The water is pumped via 2 x WT104 helical rotor type pumps (capable of 40-50 litres/sec) out from underground to the mine surface dam where it is ultimately re-cycled as feed for the underground mine process water. The Harrier Area is serviced by a station situated at the 4775m RL; this station pumps directly to the surface via 150mm diameter steel rising main that is run through service holes, mine workings and the Harrier vent shaft and discharges to the Harrier pit. Mine water is managed through sumps that are, where possible, connected by drain holes, otherwise pumps are used to move water to collection points where it enters staged pumps that transport water from the working areas of the mine to the pump station feed dams. Pumps used for the staged transfer of water are of the WT103 helical rotor type. Currently there are 36 of these secondary pumps. Every location is separated vertically by between 90-110 meters and comprises 2 x WT103 pumps. Each set up discharges via 2 x 110mm diameter PN16 poly pipes (first length) and then PN12 poly pipes running in the decline to the next location. 214 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 18.2.3 VENTILATION Primary ventilation of the Fosterville underground workings is achieved utilizing three return air systems; fresh air is drawn into the mine workings via the Falcon, Ellesmere portals and also via a fresh air intake system that terminates at the 4305m RL, a total of 370m3/s is delivered to the underground workings. Central/Phoenix Uses a shared system that exhausts through the Harrier ventilation shaft. 1 x Howden 1500/2400 axial fan situated within the Harrier workings draws air through a series of rises and horizontal development that at present terminate at the Phoenix 4010m RL. 5 x 180kW Clemcorp fans are situated underground at the Phoenix 4080m RL and draw air through a series of rises and horizontal development that at present terminate at the 4010m RL. These fans work in series with the main Howden 1500/2400 axial primary fan. Falcon 1 x FlaktWoods TR-1400-GV-4P fan situated underground at the Phoenix 5071m RL draws air through a series of rises and horizontal development to maintain flow through the underground magazines and Falcon underground settlement dam. Exhaust is via a rise to the Falcon pit. Harrier 3 x 180kW Clemcorp fans are situated underground and draw air through a series of rises and horizontal development that at present terminate at the 4350m RL. Exhaust to the surface is via the Harrier ventilation shaft. Secondary ventilation of the mine working areas is achieved using electric fans and flexible ducting to redirect fresh air into areas where flow through ventilation does not exist, before it exhausts to the return air systems and exits the mine. Fans are sized according to air-flow requirements and range in size from 22-180 kW. An underground 2100kW refrigeration plant is located at the Phoenix 4200 RAW to service three 450kW(R) and three 300kW(R) air handler units (AHU). One x 450 kW(R) and one x 300 kW(R) AHU service the Phoenix Decline fans as the RAW location advances. The remainder of the AHU’s service the production and development areas from the Phoenix 4160m RL level down. 18.2.4 DUMPS Waste material that cannot be placed underground is brought to the surface and dumped within the confines of the Ellesmere pit. As the available volume for waste material within the Ellesmere pit moves towards exhaustion, waste material placement processes will be modified to exploit void available within alternative pit envelopes. 215 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 19 MARKET STUDIES AND CONTRACTS 19.1 MARKETS Fosterville produces gold doré bars at mine site, which during the period January1 to December 31, 2018 were transported to the ABC Refinery in Marrickville, NSW, Australia and refined to produce gold bullion. The gold bullion is sold over the counter through ABC Refinery directly. Gold is the principal commodity at Fosterville and is freely traded, at prices that are widely known, so that prospects of any production are virtually assured. Prices are quoted in US dollars per ounce. To determine the Australian denominated gold price to use in the Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve calculations, reference was made to publicly available price forecasts by industry analysts for both the gold price in US dollar terms and the A$/US$ foreign exchange rate. This exercise was completed in 2018, and yielded the following average gold forecast prices and corresponding average forecast A$/US$ FX rates; For Mineral Reserve purposes, a US$1,230 per ounce gold price was used and an FX rate of 1.39 for an approximate Australian dollar gold price of A$1,710 per ounce. 19.2 CONTRACTS Fosterville is subject to a license fee following a License agreement entered into with Biomin South Africa Pty Limited (Biomin) (formally known as Minsaco) in 2003. Biomin has a License from the proprietor to implement a process known as the BIOX® process in Australia whereby micro-organisms are used in the oxidation of certain gold bearing sulfidic minerals in order to facilitate gold recovery. Fosterville agreed to pay a license fee to Biomin. The license fee was payable from the date of commencement of operations and shall terminate when 1,500koz of gold in the aggregate has been produced from FGM treated at the BIOX® plant. License costs are integrated into the operating expenditure cost structure. At the end of 2018 there was only 27,664oz remaining on the royalty agreement. In 2017 Biomin South Africa Pty Ltd, changed its name to Outotec Biomin Pty Ltd. Fosterville is an owner/operator business with mining, processing, technical and administration functions undertaken by personnel employed by Kirkland Lake Gold. Supplementary support to the operation is sourced through various service contracts. The most significant service contracts include: E.B. Mawson & Sons Pty Ltd – providing services and supply of concrete products; Macmahon Underground Pty Ltd – providing underground drilling services; Hoare Bros. Pty Ltd – providing surface haulage services; and Swick Mining Services (SMS) Operations Pty Ltd – providing underground diamond drilling Deepcore Australia Pty Ltd – providing surface diamond drilling services. The terms and rates of these contracts are within industry norms. The Authors are not aware of any other agreements that are not within normal market parameters. 216 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 20 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, PERMITTING AND SOCIAL OR COMMUNITY IMPACT 20.1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND RELATED ISSUES Environmental studies conducted at FGM related to environmental issues are outlined below: 20.1.1 PASTE PLANT Paste Fill is the use of mine tailings or imported aggregate material to backfill excavated zones created by underground mining operations. The backfill material is prepared on the surface in a dedicated Paste Plant facility. Thickened mine tailings are mixed with a binder, usually cement, and then pumped underground via bores to fill voids and help support the underground workings. The current practice at Fosterville is to utilize cemented rock fill (CRF) to fill these mine voids. Cemented Rock Fill differs from Paste Fill through the use of waste rock mixed with a cement slurry delivered by concrete agitator trucks from a surface batch plant. This material is prepared in dedicated mix bays underground, and tipped directly into the stope. In preliminary feasibility studies (Outotec, 2017) Fosterville Gold Mine identified Paste Fill technology as the preferred option to environmentally and efficiently improve underground stope stability and mining practices. The identification of the project need centers on the mine sites continuous improvement practices. In summary: Paste Fill allows better confinement than the CRF; Improved safety is experienced through tighter and more rapid filling of voids; CRF is not suitable for flatter ore bodies, such as Lower Phoenix, and may present a barrier to future mining of similar ore body structures at Fosterville; and Paste Fill also minimizes the foot print of surface tailings facilities, and is considered a leading best practice within the mining industry. The paste plant project is currently going through the final approval stage with construction having started. It is anticipated that the plant will be fully approved and operating by late Q3 2019. 20.1.2 WATER TREATMENT PLANT Fosterville Gold Mine produces an excess of mine water from the dewatering of underground operations. Regulatory approval has been gained to treat excess mine water using a water treatment plant, which contains a Reverse Osmosis (RO) plant and a precipitation and ion exchange plant. Reverse Osmosis technology is a common solution for water treatment, readily available and understood. A by-product of the process is the generation of a concentrated saline solution called brine. The brine produced will be stored in a new evaporation pond, which will be able to withstand seasonal rainfalls without discharge. 217 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Construction of the mine water treatment plant commenced during 2018 and commissioning is scheduled for Q1 2019. Treated mine water will be used within the process circuit, reducing the amount of recycled water, which is delivered via pipeline from the Epsom Wastewater Treatment Plant. This will also assist in reducing the volume of water pumped into mine water storage, therefore improving the water management on site. 20.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE ASSESSMENTS AND MITIGATION Fosterville Gold Mine’s operations generate noise from a variety of sources that have the potential to impact off site receptors. Noise-generating activities include, but are not limited to, heavy vehicle movements, ore processing, operation of fixed plant and ancillary infrastructure, surface and underground blasting, and exploration activities. Noise levels at sensitive receptors vary depending on a range of factors, such as the location and elevation of the receptor, any intervening topography or noise attenuation barriers, climatic conditions, the presence of other non-mine extraneous noise sources and the effectiveness of any additional noise attenuation controls installed by FGM. During 2018 the following noise related projects have been investigated and/or implemented: A targeted mine noise investigation study was completed using continuous unattended noise loggers at two on site and four off site locations. This report built on previous mine noise investigations completed in 2017. The report found that mine-related noise from the processing plant was not likely to cause exceedances at sensitive receptors, however intermittent noise from the Ellesmere Pit saddle could pose a risk to compliance. Fosterville will continue to investigate additional noise mitigation measures. Shipping container noise attenuation walls have been used at various project drilling sites to the south of the MIN5404 mining lease area. Attended noise monitoring indicates these sound attenuation walls are extremely effective, and have reduced noise by up to 22dB at locations approximately 10m from the wall. Monitoring indicated that the ore stockpile fan was operating at an elevated noise level. In 2018, a silencer for these fans was installed which resulted in a decrease in noise emissions from the fan of up to 5dB. The primary crusher was assessed by an acoustic engineer/specialist for potential noise attenuation controls. A structure to support the installation of noise attenuation curtains was designed and installation commenced in Q1 2019. A hay bale noise attenuation wall was installed around a compressor to the south of site to help mitigate noise emissions. Noise monitoring confirmed this control was effective, with noise from the compressor reducing by approximately 40dB immediately behind the hay bales. New agitators for the BIOX cells in the processing plant have been procured and will be installed progressively throughout 2019. The newly designed agitators are expected to reduce noise levels and improve operational efficiency. Preliminary noise monitoring results indicate a potential noise reduce of up to 5dB at each agitator. 218 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 20.1.4 STORM WATER MANAGEMENT During 2018, FGM completed works on the northern diversion drain to improve flow and reduce erosion by straightening the channel, adding riprap to the corners and applying an erosion suppressant and hydro seed mix. Storm water dams have been maintained with the ability to contain mine affected runoff from a 1:100 year rainfall event with improved pumping capacity, dam size and diversion of upstream catchment. The operational management plan for storm water management of the catchment continues to be implemented. 20.1.5 BIOSOLIDS TRIAL During 2018, Fosterville Gold Mine in collaboration with Coliban Water progressed a field trial to assess the viability of using biosolids as a medium for improving soil structure and quality as part of the overall rehabilitation for the site. Biosolids are a solid product from the sewage treatment processes, which have been treated to make them safe for further use. The Biosolids fertilizer has previously been incorporated into a number of soil plots and planted with native species. The trial was located on a historical in-pit tailings storage facility (TSF2), which was capped with oxide material. The trial commenced in early 2018 with physical earthworks taking place to install surface water drainage infrastructure. Biosolids were delivered in May 2018, with spreading, incorporation and seeding taking place soon after. In accordance with the EPA approved Environmental Improvement Plan, the site is assessed on a quarterly basis to monitor groundcover, species diversity and health rating. Monitoring to-date confirms germination rates across the site have exceeded expectations, given the poor quality of the soil profile prior to sowing and the unfavorable climatic conditions. The incorporation of biosolids has increased species diversity and revegetation success. FGM will maintain quarterly monitoring during 2019 to assess the success of the biosolids trial. 20.1.6 DUST MONITORING AND CONTROLS During 2017, an additional High Volume Air Sampler was installed to the south of the mine site, to enable monitoring of ambient air quality upwind and downwind of site, depending on the wind direction. In October 2018, FGM installed a continuous ambient air quality monitoring station in proximity to the northern High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS1) to further investigate the PM10 and PM2.5 high volume data. This station is portable and therefore can be used in a variety of locations to provide real time information on air quality around site. Fosterville Gold Mine continued to implement and investigate improved dust mitigation measures for site. In addition to the use of water carts for dust suppression, a chemical dust suppressant (Vital Bon-Matt 219 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Stonewall) was applied to various areas on site, including the CIL tailings precinct. The binding agent provides a semi-permanent and rain resistant crust to mitigate dust generation from disturbed areas. A hydro-seeding and dust suppressant mix (VE Gro-Matt) was also applied to 8,200m2 of the RSF1 embankment wall, 20,000m2 of a topsoil stockpile and 3,000m2 of the northern diversion drain. The hydro- seeding mix contains a binding agent with the addition of mulch and seed to promote plant growth and further reduce dust generation. WASTE AND TAILINGS DISPOSAL, SITE MONITORING AND WATER MANAGEMENT 20.2.1 REQUIREMENTS Requirements for residue storage sites are provided in the following documents: Section 4.5 of the 2004 Work Plan; Work Plan Variation, Additional Portal Access Points (three in total), additional CIL storage facilities (including on the Fosterville Heap Leach Pad) and the construction of a reload facility (February 22, 2005); Work Plan Variation, CIL Tails Storage and Decant Water Management (July 1, 2008); Work Plan Variation CIL Residue Hardstand Area (October 23, 2009); Work Plan Variation, In-Pit Residue Disposal Facility (November 2009); Work Plan Variation, CIL Residue Hardstand #2 Area (March 2012); Work Plan Variation, In-Pit Residue Disposal Facility – TSF3 O’Dwyer’s South Pit (November 2012); Work Plan Variation, Raising of existing embankment of TSF1 (December 2013); Work Plan Variation, Additional Residue Storage Facility – TSF4 (September 2014); and Work Plan Variation, CIL Residue Hardstand #3 Area (April 2018). 20.2.1.1 FLOTATION AND NEUTRALIZATION TAILS Flotation and neutralization tails have been stored in the following facilities: TSF1; Hunts and Fosterville In-Pit Facilities; O’Dwyer’s South In-Pit Facility; and TSF4 During 2018, FGM has been depositing flotation and neutralization tails into TSF1, Hunts In-Pit Facility, O’Dwyer’s South In-Pit Facility and TSF4. The Fosterville In-Pit Facility has been filled and capped. Capping performance is being monitored by the amount of rainfall infiltration through the cap, and is measured by two lysimeters installed within the cover profile. 220 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 20.2.1.2 CIL TAILINGS All CIL tailings have been stored in plastic lined facilities within and adjacent to the old Fosterville Heap leach pads. The Fosterville CIL tailings precinct includes the following facilities: CIL TSF1, CILTSF2 and CILTSF3; CIL Hardstand 1 and 2 CIL Storm Pond 1 and 2 CIL Storm Dam 1 Construction of CIL Hardstand 3 commenced in 2018, following work plan approval. Operation of this facility is planned to commence in 2019. 20.2.1.3 OVERBURDEN WASTE The deposition/distribution of overburden waste throughout the Fosterville site is outlined in Table 20-1. 20.2.1.4 POTENTIALLY ACID FORMING MATERIALS Potentially acid forming (PAF) materials excavated from open pits have been stored in: McCormick’s Waste Dump; Johns Pit (taken from Johns Pit and Harrier Pit); and Flotation and Neutralization Tailings. A Waste Rock Management Plan was developed in 2014, which indicated that FGM’s waste rock was non- acid-forming and contained a significant inherent Acid Neutralizing Capacity that was available to offset any isolated acid formation. Kinetic column leach testing of the main waste rock lithologies is continuing to further understand the long term leaching characteristics of the main waste rock sources. Additional ongoing characterization has begun, with weekly waste rock samples being collected from the Ellesmere tip head for testing of chemical composition and acid-forming potential. TABLE 20-1 OVERBURDEN USE AT FOSTERVILLE GOLD MINE Overburden Source Use Construction of TSF1 (internal rock armouring of walls) Construction of the ROM pad Construction of haul roads Falcon Pit Backfill into Vanessa’s North Pit and at the southern end of Fosterville Pit (the remainder is flotation tailings) Construction of McCormick’s Waste Dump (majority) Sound bunds on the eastern side of Ellesmere (possibly Harrier sound bund as well) Ellesmere Pit McCormick’s Waste Dump Falcon Backfill 221 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Overburden Source Use Backfilling Harrington Hill South Open Pit1 Backfilling into Harrier Open Pit (western side) Johns Pit Use for repairing the CIL Storm Dam wall Abandonment bund walls for Johns Pit South end of Ellesmere To be used as backfill into the northern end of the Pit O'Dwyer's South Open Pit To be placed into the existing O'Dwyer's South Waste Dump Backfilling into Ellesmere Pit south to north Construction of internal ramps in Harrier Pit Harrier Sound walls to the east of Harrier Pit To be used for rock fill for CIL #3 TSF12 main embankment TSF4 embankments Hunts Fosterville In Pit Tailings capping material Building Hunts Pit Waste Dump Fosterville Hunts Waste Dump Backfilled into underground workings Underground Used as base in the Ellesmere Saddle Notes: 1. Sediment from Fosterville Storm Dam was also transferred into Harrington Hill South Pit. 2. TSF1 was also constructed using heap leach material from Robbin’s Hill. 20.2.2 SITE MONITORING AND WATER MANAGEMENT 20.2.2.1 WATER MANAGEMENT The Fosterville annual water monitoring plan is designed to monitor the impacts of mining activities on surface and groundwater quality and quantity in the regional and local aquifer systems. Water samples are collected on monthly, quarterly or an annual basis in accordance with the Consolidated Work Plan (2017) and the annual water monitoring schedule, which is reviewed annually. Groundwater levels in monitoring bores are also recorded on a monthly basis. 20.2.2.2 NOISE MONITORING Attended noise monitoring is undertaken in accordance with the Consolidated Work Plan (2017) and includes periodic day, evening and night measurements at nine representative locations surrounding the mine. Noise results are assessed against EPA criteria and any mine related exceedances are reported to the Regulators. 20.2.2.3 AIR QUALITY Dust deposition rates are monitored on a monthly basis at 11 locations around the FGM’s site. The quantity of material deposited is analyzed for total insoluble material (g/m2/month), which comprises 222 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine non-combustible material (ash) and combustible material. Ash content provides an indication of the mineral content of a sample. The mineral content may be attributable to mining, but may also be attributable to other sources such as agriculture, unsealed roads etc. The combustible material will not be attributable to mining as this is mostly organic matter. Two High Volume Air Samplers (HVAS) are installed to the north and south of the site, which measure the particulate matter in the air less than 10 and 2.5 microns (μg/m3). The two High Volume Air Samplers are positioned upwind and downwind of site, depending on the prevailing wind direction, in accordance with the recommendation of air quality specialist consultants. A portable continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station has been installed in proximity to the northern High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS1). This monitor provides continuous air quality data and allows a comparison of results with High Volume Air Samplers. The continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station provides real-time readings via telemetry of TSP (Total Suspended Particles) and particulate loading in the air less than 10, 2.5 and 1 microns (μg/m3). Fosterville Gold Mine’s primary ventilation exhaust point, the Harrier Vent Shaft, is monitored for emissions testing annually. Greenhouse gases and other emissions are also evaluated and reported under the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting and National Pollutant Inventory regulatory programs on an annual basis. 20.2.2.4 CIL AND MINE WATER EVAPORATION SPRAY MONITORING PROGRAMS Evaporation sprays have been established in the Robbins Hill, Falcon Pit, and Fosterville precincts to reduce excess mine-affected water that cannot be re-used in the Processing Plant. Environmental monitoring is conducted in the Robbin’s Hill and Fosterville CIL evaporation facilities as per the CIL Management Plan. Monitoring is conducted at the Falcon Pit mine water evaporation facility in accordance with the approved Work Plan Variation. Vegetation assessments, soil sampling and spray drift monitoring is carried out routinely to determine if the operation of the sprays is having any adverse impact on the surrounding environment. The Robbins Hill and Fosterville evaporation sprays are controlled by telemetry, with established triggers for wind speed, wind gusts and humidity, which control the operation of the sprays during specific environmental conditions. 20.2.2.5 REHABILITATION MONITORING As part of the Rehabilitation Management Plan, Fosterville undertakes progressive rehabilitation of areas affected by the operations, taking into consideration the future land use. Progressive rehabilitation includes stabilization earthworks, drainage enhancement and control works, re-vegetation, weed and pest animal control and continual monitoring. 223 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Bi-annual monitoring of the revegetation works associated with the McCormick’s Waste Dump site and the O’Dwyer’s South Pit remnant patch is conducted by an independent consultant. Landscape Function Analysis (LFA) monitoring is undertaken annually by the FGM Environment Department and an independent consultant. LFA uses visible indicators of plants, litter and soil surface condition to gauge how effectively a landscape is infiltrating water, cycling nutrients and keeping the soil stable, healthy and productive. 20.2.2.6 VIBRATION MONITORING Vibration from FGM’s underground blasting is monitored by continuous surface vibration monitors installed at four sensitive receptor locations outside the MIN5404 mining lease area. The monitor’s measure peak particle velocity in mm/s. Vibration results are delivered daily and compared against the blasting criteria stipulated in FGM’s MIN5404 license conditions. PROJECT PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS Fosterville currently operates under the Mining License MIN5404. The license was renewed in October 2018 and now has an expiry date in August 2035. A submission for a variation to extend the MIN5404 boundary occurred in October 2018. A mining lease application MIN006267, which is adjacent to the south-western border of MIN5404, was submitted for approval in 2016. The Company and the Dja Dja Wurrung Clans Corporation are currently in negotiation regarding the Native Title Agreement. A Work Plan was approved for the project in February 2, 2004. There have been a number of Work Plan Variations that have been prepared for the project which form addendums to the 2004 Work Plan. An amendment to the MRSD Act in 2015 introduced the requirement for holders of a mining license to lodge a risk based work plan prior to any further work plan variation approvals. FGM lodged a consolidated risk based work plan in April 2017 and approval was obtained in October 2017. Approval was granted in April 2018 for the ventilation upgrade, CIL Hardstand #3 and power upgrade works. Each project commenced construction in 2018. A work plan variation was submitted to the regulator for the construction of a paste plant in June 2018. The work plan variation is yet to be approved. There are a number of requirements relating to rehabilitation and closure both in the Mining License conditions and the Consolidated Work Plan (2017) Plan. All rehabilitation and closure requirements have been incorporated into the site Rehabilitation Management Plan. SOCIAL OR COMMUNITY RELATED REQUIREMENTS AND PLANS Community engagement and consultation on all aspects of the operation continues as an integral part of FGM’s business model. There are a range of forums and consultation methods undertaken, including quarterly Environmental Review Committee meetings, an annual Open Day, newsletters, information updates, letters and an active Facebook Page. Project and/or activity-specific public meetings are also held, where future activities and plans are communicated to community. FGM considers the feedback from these sessions during planning and execution of future projects. 224 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Fosterville Gold Mine has a Community Engagement Plan and prepares an annual Sustainability Report that is made available to all members of the community and is uploaded to the Kirkland Lake Gold website. Throughout 2018, FGM held five open town hall meetings in the towns of Axedale and Goornong, located north and south of the operation. The meetings provided the community with information on FGM’s operational activities within MIN5404 and the exploration programs occurring within FGM’s exploration leases. MINE CLOSURE (REMEDIATION AND RECLAMATION) REQUIREMENTS AND COSTS The Rehabilitation Bond Liability was assessed in November 2017 by the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources (DEDJTR) and is proposed to be increased from $7,835,000 to $8,274,000. Consultation with the community by the regulator was being conducted throughout December 2017 and January 2018 prior to final formal acceptance of the review. The final acceptance has not been received to date. All closure requirements are included in the FGM Rehabilitation Management Plan. Key operational domains for reclamation works include: • Northern Site Facilities; • Southern Site Facilities; • Sulfide Infrastructure; • Sulfide Open Pits; • Adits and Shafts; • Main Overburden Heap; • Tailings Storage Facility; • CIL Dams; • Heap Leach Pads; and • Oxide Open Pits. After an investigation into the potential realization estimates of the FGM assets, including the processing plant, ancillary equipment, non-fixed assets and the mining mobile fleet, the Company considers the current processing plant as a valuable asset that will be able to be successfully sold as an entire operation unit and removed down to the foundations on a cash positive basis. The demolition of the plant is therefore an integral cost within the Rehabilitation Bond Liability at this time. In addition to disposal of the plant, key closure activities for FGM include: • Decommissioning and rehabilitation of the heap leach facilities, associated dams and infrastructure; • Decommissioning and rehabilitation of the tailings facilities (including TSF1 and the in-pit storages); • Decommissioning and rehabilitation of the CIL tails facilities and associated dams; • Rehabilitation of old open pits; and • Revegetation of all remaining disturbed areas. 225 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 21 CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS CAPITAL AND OPERATING ESTIMATES The capital and operating costs for FGM are presented below in Table 21-1 and Table 21-2 . The estimates are based on the 2019 budget, first principle basis modelling, historical costs or budgetary quotations from suppliers in the industry. All costs shown are in Australian Dollars unless otherwise stated. 21.1.1 CAPITAL COSTS Sustaining Capital is defined as capital required to maintain current operations at existing levels and includes plant and equipment and some mine development including declines and level access. Growth Capital is defined as capital expenditures for major growth projects or enhancement capital for significant infrastructure improvements at existing operations and includes such things as water treatment plants, major electrical yard upgrades and paste plants. Sustaining Capital expenditure over the period 2020-2021 is maintained at levels similar to 2019 with the intention to maintain two main declines/production fronts (Lower Phoenix South and Harrier South). This reflects the development required (decline, level accesses, ventilation raises) to access the subsequent year of production, plant and equipment and required resource definition drilling. The quantities of development used to estimate this cost are derived from 3D computer modelling and design. The sustaining capital cost estimate declines in 2022 as Mineral Reserves are depleted. Growth Capital expenditure declines from 2019 – 2021 as major projects are completed. Growth Capital major projects include a Mine Water Treatment Plant - $2M, Ventilation Upgrade - $16M, Paste Fill Plant - $26M, Refinery Upgrade - $7M, Transformer Upgrade - $8M, Thiocyanate Removal Plant - $8M Surface Chiller Plant - $8M and Drill Drive Development - $6M. TABLE 21-1 LOM CAPITAL COST ESTIMATES FROM THE DECEMBER 2018 LOM PLAN Capital Costs (000's) LOM Sustaining $408,000 Growth $108,000 Total $516,000 226 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 21.1.2 OPERATING COSTS Mine operating expenditures include direct and indirect operating costs related to the Fosterville Mine. Allocated mining costs include mining operations, mine maintenance, mine technical and geology. General and administrative costs include OH&S, Administration, Environmental, Community and shared services. Royalties are calculated at 2% of total revenue from total gold produced throughout the LOM. Operating Mine costs and Mill costs are maintained at a consistent unit rate (per tonne) as per the 2019 FGM Budget throughout the LOM plan. These rates are not expected to vary greatly due to relatively stable production schedules, known/proven mining methods and incremental productivity improvements offsetting gradually increasing depth profiles. Administration cost estimates are consistent throughout the LOM plan. Annual LOM operating costs per tonne for Fosterville are estimated to range from A$264 per tonne to A$287 per tonne, averaging A$274 per tonne over the LOM. Annual LOM operating costs per ounce for Fosterville are estimated to range from A$221 per ounce to A$465 per ounce, averaging A$283 per ounce over the LOM. Using an US$ to A$ exchange rate of 1.39, operating costs per ounce range from US$159 to US$335 per ounce and average US$204 per ounce over the LOM. TABLE 21-2 LOM OPERATING COST ESTIMATES FROM THE DECEMBER 2018 LOM PLAN Operating Costs (000's) LOM Operating Expenditure $658,000 Mine $361,000 Mill $177,000 Administration $120,000 Royalties $89,100 227 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 22 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS As per Item 22: Economic Analysis, Instruction 1, item 22 has been excluded on the basis that the property is currently in production and there are no plans for material expansion of current production. 228 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 23 ADJACENT PROPERTIES As shown in Figure 4-2, the Fosterville Mining License (MIN5404) is completely enveloped by Exploration Licenses held by Kirkland Lake Gold (through Fosterville Gold Mine Pty Ltd). Within FGM held ELs sulfide- hosted gold mineralization has been identified in the Goornong area (5km to the north of MIN5404) and the Hallanan’s area (2km to the south), as discussed in Van Riel (1999). However, the exploration of these prospects is only at an early stage. No other sulfide hosted gold operations are in production in the Fosterville district. However, sulfide hosted gold mineralization does occur in the Lockington area (Boucher et al, 2008b; Arne et al, 2009), 50km north of Fosterville where eight mineralized trends have been mapped beneath thick cover using Aircore drilling. This information is not able to be verified by a Qualified Person (QP) and is not indicative of the mineralization that is the subject of this technical report. 229 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 24 OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION No other relevant information is required to make the technical report understandable and not misleading. 230 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 25 INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS The Authors have made the following interpretations and conclusions: The understanding of the fundamental geological controls on mineralization at Fosterville is high. Primary mineralization is structurally controlled with high-grade zones localized by the geometric relationship between bedding and faults. This predictive model has led to considerable exploration success in following the down-plunge extensions of high-grade mineralization. The Lower Phoenix (Benu) Fault is a major west-dipping structure in the active mine development area and is defined by reverse faulting on a shale package where anticline thrust displacement of ~80m occurs. The fault dips 35-55° to the west and mineralization can be traced along an approximate dip extent of 190m and strike extent of 1.9km. The dominant mineralization style on this structure is gold bearing disseminated sulfide; however, occurrences of visible gold in quartz veins at depth have become increasingly more common and concentrated where footwall structures intersect one another. The Lower Phoenix System currently remains open to the north and south so maximum plunge extent has not yet been defined; Throughout the period from 2016 to 2018, development mapping and continued drilling confirmed that there were multiple mineralized structures of various size and continuity footwall to the main west-dipping Lower Phoenix (Benu) Fault, which present significant resource growth potential. Improved geological understanding of the Phoenix and Lower Phoenix footwall environs has highlighted the significance of these favorable settings for mineralization, including; East-dipping mineralized structures, namely the Eagle Fault and East Dipping Faults, which commonly contain quartz–stibnite vein assemblages and substantial concentrations of visible gold which are typically enveloped by halos of disseminated sulfide. The Eagle Fault is discordant to bedding and variably dips between 10 and 60° to the east and transforms further to the south to strike in an ENE direction, dipping ~45° to the SSE. Mineralization on the Eagle Zone extends over a ~1km strike extent and is untested and open at depth below the 3805mRL and south of 6125mN. East Dipping Faults are typically bedding parallel to sub parallel with dips of ~70° east to sub-vertical. East Dipping structures are expansive along the strike extent of the Lower Phoenix system with highest intensity mineralization observed proximal to anticlinal hinge zones; and Low-angled Lower Phoenix Footwall west-dipping structures typically consist of large laminated quartz veins up to several meters width, indicating a series of multiple mineralizing events, including a later stage quartz-stibnite phase of mineralization with visible gold. The faults are interpreted to only have a small amount of offset. Where these structures form linkages between the Lower Phoenix (Benu) and East Dipping Faults, extremely high-gold grades occur. During 2016 drilling extending footwall to the Lower Phoenix (Benu) Fault discovered the southwest- dipping Swan (previously reported as Lower Phoenix Footwall) mineralization, which occupies a 231 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine reverse fault structure exhibiting rotational displacement. The southwest-dipping Swan Fault exists as an oblique structure cross-cutting the eastern limb of the anticline and is bounded by the Eagle Fault down-dip and the Kestrel Syncline at its upper margin. The structure is characterized by a one to three meter thick quartz vein, which exhibits various textural features. Textures include, unique spotted stibnite and visible gold within quartz, zones of brecciation, country rock and stibnite laminations (particularly concentrated on vein margins),styolitic textures with concentrated trends of visible gold, vugs containing euhedral crystalline quartz, +/- sulfides and visible gold, sugary crypto crystalline quartz textures and massive quartz zones containing specs and slugs of visible gold. On its periphery there is a lower-grade wall-rock selvage of sulfide dominated gold mineralization, which can be up to 2m in true width. The Swan structure has returned some of the highest grade intercepts on the Fosterville License. Subsequent drilling during 2017 and 2018 reaffirmed the high-grade continuity of mineralization and increased the known extent of this highly mineralized structure, which is now defined over approximately 600m in strike length and 400m in vertical extent. During 2018 level developments and production stoping commenced on the Swan increasing the confidence in the extraordinary high grade nature of the ore shoot. The Swan is the highest grade mineralized zone defined at Fosterville to date and contributes 2,340,000oz at an average grade of 49.6g/t Au (1,470,000 tonnes) to the updated December 31, 2018 Mineral Reserve estimate making up 86% of the total in situ Mineral Reserves. Extremely high grades in Swan are coincident with the intersection of the Eagle and Swan Splay Faults. Continued drilling from the hangingwall drill platforms during 2019 will advance the understanding of the size and scale of this resource growth target. Continued drill definition of these structures over 2018, in combination with ore development and production exposure and reconciliation performance has reaffirmed the significance of footwall structures to the Lower Phoenix (Benu) Fault. The defined continuity, proximity to existing Mineral Resources and high-grade tenor of these structures enhances the December 2018 Mineral Resource and Reserve position. Furthermore, mineralization on these structures is open down-plunge, providing encouraging future Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve growth potential for the Fosterville operation; Drilling into the Harrier System over 2016 identified high-grade mineralization containing occurrences of visible gold at depth, primarily associated with the Harrier Base structure. Resource drilling throughout 2017 and 2018 continued to support 2016 results and resource confidence has further increased in this zone. In addition, step out drilling identified significant mineralization approximately 100m to the south of the June 2017 Harrier Base Mineral Resource and up dip on the Osprey structure beneath the Daley’s Hill Pit indicating the potential for resource growth in this zone. The Harrier Base structure exhibits reverse thrust movement of approximately 60m. Visible gold is hosted within a laminated quartz-carbonate vein assemblage, which may contain minor amounts of stibnite. In the strongest mineralized zones, a broad halo of sulfide mineralization surrounds quartz structures bearing visible gold. The high-grade visible gold mineralization was first recognized at approximately the 4480mRL, a comparable elevation to where visible gold occurrences in the Lower Phoenix became more prominent. The Harrier Base mineralization is open down dip and down plunge to the south. 232 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine The down dip target is considered particularly prospective where the Harrier Base Fault intersects and offsets an anticline hinge; There is an observed change in the nature of some of the Fosterville mineralization at depth with a number of high-grade, quartz-carbonate +/- stibnite vein hosted, visible gold drill intercepts recorded for the Swan, Eagle, Lower Phoenix, Lower Phoenix Footwall, East Dipping and Harrier Zones. In addition, visible gold occurrences have been observed at depth in the Robbin’s Hill system in the north-east of the mining lease on a separate line of mineralization. Disseminated sulfide mineralization continues to persist at all depths and is relatively uniform in character. It is currently inferred that the quartz-carbonate +/-stibnite-visible gold assemblages have been emplaced at a later date to the disseminated sulfide providing an upgrade to the mineralization; Extensive 3D modelling and geological interpretation has led to the development of a robust geological understanding, which underpins the resource model and the associated Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates. The relationship between mineralization and the controlling structural/stratigraphic architecture means that quality geological interpretation is critical to producing quality resource/reserve estimates; FGM has completed industry standard resource definition programs to delineate mineralization to support the current Mineral Resource estimation. This work has been accompanied by industry best practice QA/QC programs; Regional exploration drilling programs have been successful in increasing the strike length of known mineralized systems from ~11km to ~15km (including Goornong, Mill’s, Fosterville, Robbin’s Hill and O’Dwyer’s). In addition, programs have, confirmed the presence of gold bearing sulfide mineralization at May Reef and Lyell and identified 2 previously undiscovered lines of mineralization to the east of Goornong and to the west of Russell’s Reef; Geotechnical assessments of the orebody geometry and ground conditions and operational experience has determined that long-hole open stoping is an appropriate mining method. Extraction sequencing allows optimization of ore recovery while maintaining ground stability with stopes planned to be back filled with cemented rock fill or paste fill. The stability of the design has been checked with stress-strain models that confirm that stopes and developments are predicted to remain stable during active mining. The modifying factors used to convert the Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves have been refined with the operating experience gained since underground production commenced in September 2006. In particular, the robustness of the mining recovery and dilution estimates has improved with experience relative to the pre-mining assessments. Productivities were generated from first principles and operational experience; In 2018, a second Knelson concentrator was commissioned in the SAG recirculating load to increase capacity at the front end of the circuit to recover gravity gold. The first Knelson concentrator was commissioned in April 2016 recovering gold from the recirculating load of the re-grind mill. The SAG and regrind mill gravity concentrates are separately tabled, calcined and poured for accounting purposes. Project plans are in place for 2019 to upgrade the refinery to accommodate increased gold production. No other major works are required and the processing facility has sufficient capacity to 233 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine accommodate expansion without modification. There is no planned change to the existing plant recovery method. The QP’s opinion is that all deleterious elements are effectively managed and there are no identified processing factors that have a significant impact on economic extraction. Required site infrastructure to support exploitation of Mineral Reserves is within industry norms. Planned capital infrastructure projects include Mine Water Treatment Plant construction, Ventilation Upgrades, Paste Fill Plant construction, Refinery Upgrade, Transformer Upgrade, Thiocyanate Removal Plant, Surface Chiller Plant construction and Drill Drive Development. There is a significant amount of existing environmental baseline data available for the project. This data continues to be collected and reported to the regulators as part of operational controls. FGM will continue to work closely with all key stakeholders to ensure that permitting of the mine growth projects meets all regulatory requirements. Fosterville Gold Mine has a demonstrated solid production history over a 13 year plus period since the beginning of commercial sulfide gold production in April 2005, and it is the Authors’ view that the risk of not achieving projected economic outcomes is low given the operational experience gained over this time period. A foreseeable risk and uncertainty facing the operation is the changing character of mineralization at depth with an increase in the occurrence of visible gold. Reconciliation results in the past have provided confidence in the sample collection procedures, the quality of assays and the resource estimation methodology, but these processes will need to be continually adapted / refined in consideration of the changing mineralization character at depth. Kirkland Lake Gold needs to continue research to better understand the potential implications on future geological, mining and metallurgical processes and will continue to seek external advice during 2019 in relation to sampling, assaying and Mineral Resource estimation of visible gold mineralization. Based on recommendations from previous external reviews, projects plans have been developed and implemented. In the QP’s opinion, there are no reasonably foreseen impacts from risks and uncertainties identified in the Technical Report that could affect the projects continued economic viability. In the current gold environment the operation is expected to continue to generate significant cash flows that will benefit the Company’s shareholders. 234 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 26 RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations are made: • Further growth exploration activities within the mine license should be pursued. Given the strong understanding of geological controls on mineralization, this could have the potential to yield additional resources and reserves. Particular areas that are recommended to focus upon are the down-plunge extensions of the Lower Phoenix system (southwards down-plunge from 6100mN), down plunge and down dip extensions of the Harrier system and the Robbin’s Hill system which is positioned approximately 2.5km to the north-east of current mine workings; • Exploration of the Lower Phoenix system southwards of 6100mN is technically challenging from surface due to target depths and as such, Kirkland Lake Gold has established a dedicated underground drill platform (Harrier Exploration Drill Drive) to undertake this drilling. At the end of 2018 this development had progressed in a northerly direction to the extent that unexplored extensions of the Phoenix and Lower Phoenix Mineral Resources can now be targeted from this platform. The Harrier Drill Drive development will continue to be developed over 2019 to form a connection with the Lower Phoenix capital infrastructure. The long term benefits of this development link are significant, not only providing a hangingwall drill platform to explore the Lower Phoenix and Phoenix extensions over a 1.5km strike extent, but also in supporting production, as it will provide an alternative ore haulage route. Drilling targeting extensions of the Lower Phoenix and Phoenix systems from this platform in 2019 is estimated to cost A$5.1M; • Given the potential of Near Mine exploration targets within the Mining License, it is recommended that growth drill programs are implemented in pursuit of defining potential Mineral Resources independent from current mining centers. Growth drill programs planned to be undertaken within the mining lease during 2019 include the Cygnet Drilling program, which will explore for gold mineralization footwall to the Swan Fault, Fosterville Trend Step-Out Surface Drilling which will explore for new Mineral Resources along the Fosterville Line trend up to 1.4km north of current Mineral Resources and Robbin’s Hill Programs, which will continue to build an understanding of the underground Mineral Reserve potential beneath the Robbin’s Hill pits. A total cost of A$12M is budgeted in 2019 to execute these programs; • Subsequent to the effective date of this report, FGM have been granted mining licence extensions to the north and south of the MIN5404 licence. These extensions increase the total area of the mining licence to 28.5km2 and encompass potential resource extensions of the Harrier and Robbin’s Hill Gold systems. It is recommended to drill these potential resource extensions. In particular, the extent and scale of the Harrier system should be defined and resources developed in a timely manner. With an increasing grade profile identified at depth and the establishment of high-grade Mineral Reserves at lower levels, it is strongly recommended that both the down-plunge and down dip extensions of the Harrier system are further explored. Growth projects step out drilling in Harrier for 2019 is estimated to cost A$2.6M; 235 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine • Subsequent to the effective date of this report, EL3539 (which encloses the current mining licence MIN5404) expired on February 26, 2019. The tenement was unable to be renewed under current state legislation and has been placed in moratorium (currently exempt from licence application). It is recommended to submit an exploration licence application once the moratorium has been lifted. The tenement area holds substantial exploration potential along multiple identified lines of mineralization. Fosterville has proven exploration, mining and processing capabilities and is in a good position to maximize the potential of any mineral resources identified in the exploration licence area. With exemplar status in areas of environment and community engagement, Fosterville is well positioned to retain exploration rights to this prospective ground. • With numerous prospective targets generated from exploration works undertaken to date within the surrounding exploration leases it is recommended to advance the pipeline of regional targets. The regional exploration project termed Large Ore Deposit Exploration (LODE) aims to integrate and interpret all available geoscientific data, rapidly cover the current exploration holdings with reconnaissance exploration techniques such as soil sampling, airborne electromagnetic, gravity and seismic surveys and advance development of prospective targets with various drilling techniques. A total of A$15.5M has been estimated to undertake Fosterville LODE work during 2019; • Growth Expensed diamond drilling is proposed for targeting extensions of known mineralized trends outside of Mineral Resources. The proposed drilling will target the extensions of Inferred Mineral Resources in both the Lower Phoenix and Harrier systems with the aim to deliver additional Mineral Resource inventory and provide definition along Mineral Resource boundaries. Total cost for this program is estimated at A$5.7M; • Growth Capital diamond drilling for a total cost of approximately A$5.0M is proposed for the systematic expansion of Indicated Mineral Resources in the Lower Phoenix mineralized system. The proposed drilling will target Inferred Mineral Resources, with the objective to increase resource confidence to an Indicated Mineral Resource classification to allow for Mineral Reserve Evaluation. The drilling will not only provide increased confidence in Mineral Resources which could lead to expansion of Mineral Reserves, but additional geological and geotechnical information ahead of mining, essential for optimizing the placement of supporting infrastructure and the effective extraction of the resource; • With this additional drilling data and further ongoing operational experience, it is recommended that mining recovery and dilution factors are reviewed and refined on an ongoing basis; • FGM should continue to undertake test-work programs and seek external advice in relation to sampling, assaying and Mineral Resource estimation of visible gold mineralization; • Mine reconciliation processes should be continually refined in pursuit of improved model and operational forecast accuracy. A review of reconciliation processes, including material management and reporting systems, the integration of additional instrumentation / measure points and new technologies should be investigated and implemented; and 236 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine • The Company will embark on a co-ordinated research program to advance understanding the detailed geological circumstances required to form high-grade orogenic gold deposits, and apply knowledge gained to discovery and extraction both at Fosterville and further afield. In addition, the Company will continue to advance its investigation and assessment of numerical exploration technologies with the objective to improve the quality, timing or ease of obtaining data, which will benefit the confidence, reliability or costs related to decisions Fosterville uses the geological data for. 237 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 27 REFERENCES Allwood, K, 2003. 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June 30 2006 Fosterville ML Resource Model Descriptions Section 2 - Southern Areas, July, 2006. Unpublished internal Perseverance Exploration report. Hitchman, SP, 2007. Farley’s Area Resource Work - May 2007. Unpublished internal Perseverance Exploration report. Henderson K, 2014. A structural and geochemical analysis of stibnite-visible gold mineralization at the Fosterville Gold Mine, central Victoria. Monash University Thesis (unpublished). Jackson, S, 2007. Review of Fosterville and Golden Gift 3 & 9 Resource Estimates. Unpublished report by QG Consulting. James, K, 2005. History of Myrtle Creek (Central Victoria). In limited print. Kelemen, T, 2004. Perseverance – Data Systems Review, March 2004. Unpublished report by IO Digital Systems. King, S, 2005. Structural Compilation of Drilling and Geological Mapping in the Robbin’s Hill – Sharkey's Area, Fosterville Gold Project, Victoria. Unpublished report by Solid Geology. King, S, 2007. Structural Interpretation of The Fosterville and Hunt’s Pit Area 9900N – 11400N Fosterville Gold Project, Victoria. Unpublished report by Solid Geology. Leader LD. & Wilson CJL, 2010. The control of regional-scale fault geometries on strain and fluid flow related to gold mineralization: Insights from FLAC3D models constrained by seismic survey interpretations. GeoScience Victoria 3D Victoria Report 11. Department of Primary Industries. 239 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Lipton IT, 1997. A Review of Density Determination Methods for Iron Ore Deposit Evaluation. National Conference on iron making resources and reserves estimation, Perth 25-26 September, 1997, Perth. WA. In Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy spectrum series No.5, 51-56. Melling WD, 2008. Alteration at the Fosterville Gold Deposit, Victoria, Australia. Unpublished University of Melbourne Bachelor of Science Honours Thesis. McConville, F, 2006. Perseverance - Data Systems Review, September 2006. Unpublished report by IO Digital Systems. Mernagh TP, 2001. A fluid inclusion study of the Fosterville Mine: a turbidite hosted gold field in the Western Lachlan Fold Belt, Victoria, Australia. Chemical Geology 173, 91-106. Norris ND, 2006, EL3539 Goornong Annual Report for the period ending July 30th, 2006. Unpublished report by Perseverance Exploration Pty Ltd. Outotec, 2017. Fosterville Mine Paste Fill Feasibility Study. Unpublished report for Fosterville Gold Mine Perseverance, 1997. Sulfide Open Pit Feasibility Study. Unpublished internal report. Perseverance, 2000. Sulfide Open Pit Feasibility Study. Unpublished internal report. Perseverance, 2003. Fosterville Bankable Feasibility Study. Unpublished internal report. Phillips D, Fu B, Wilson CJL, Kendrick MA, Fairmaid AM & Miller J MCL, 2012. Timing of gold mineralization in the western Lachlan Orogen, SE Australia: A critical overview. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. Volume 59, pp 495-525. Rabone G, Watt J, 1990, Report on Exploration License 1881 Fosterville North, Victoria for the Six Month Period ending September 1, 1990. Unpublished report by BHP Gold Mines Ltd. Reed C, 2007a. Farley’s Deposit Geological Summary, April 2007. Unpublished internal report. Roberts C, Jackson T, Allwood K, Shawcross M, Story J, Barbetti L, Tielen R, Boucher R and Norris N, 2003. Fosterville - Rise of the Phoenix, the emerging goldfield at Fosterville, in NewGenGold 2003 Conference Proceedings, (Louthean Media: Perth). Stewart, M, 2007. Notes on QAQC processes and On-Site Laboratory visit. Unpublished report by QG Consulting. Swensson C, 1986, Statutory Report for EL1392 for the Period ended July 1986 to November 1986. Unpublished report by Bendigo Gold Associates Pty Ltd. Van Riel B, 1985, Exploration License 1392, Fosterville - Progress Exploration Report for the Period ended April, 1985. Unpublished report by Bendigo Gold Associates Pty Ltd. Van Riel B, 1985a, Exploration License 1392, Fosterville - Progress Exploration Report for the Period ended November, 1985. Unpublished report by Bendigo Gold Associates Pty Ltd. 240 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine Van Riel B, 1998, EL3539 Goornong Annual Report for the period ending 25th February, 1998. Unpublished report by Perseverance Exploration Pty Ltd. Van Riel B, 1999, EL3539 Goornong Annual Report for the period ending 25th February, 1999. Unpublished report by Perseverance Exploration Pty Ltd. Van Riel B, 2007, EL3539 Goornong Annual Report for the period ending July 30th, 2007. Unpublished report by Perseverance Exploration Pty Ltd. Vandenberg AHM, Willman, CE, Maher, S, Simons, BA, Cayley, RA, Taylor, DH, Morland, VJ, Moore, DH, & Radojkovic, A, 2000. The Tasman Fold Belt in Victoria, in Geological Survey of Victoria Special Publication. Vollgger S, 2018, Fold orientation analysis. Unpublished report by GEODimensional. 241 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine 28 DATE AND SIGNATURE DATE AND SIGNATURE The undersigned prepared this Technical Report titled “Report on the Mineral Resources & Mineral Reserves of the Fosterville Gold Mine Victoria, Australia”. The effective date of this Technical Report is December 31, 2018 and the disclosure date is April 01, 2019. Signed, “signed and sealed” Ion Hann, FAusIMM April 01, 2019 Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. Fosterville Gold Mine McCormicks Road, Fosterville Victoria 3557, Australia “signed and sealed” Troy Fuller, MAIG April 01, 2019 Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. Fosterville Gold Mine McCormicks Road, Fosterville Victoria 3557, Australia 242 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFIED PERSON I, Ion Hann, FAusIMM, as an author of this report entitled “Report on the Mineral Resources & Mineral Reserves of the Fosterville Gold Mine Victoria, Australia” dated effective December 31, 2018 prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Issuer”) do hereby certify that: 1. I am General Manager, at Fosterville Gold Mine, located at McCormick’s Road, Fosterville, Victoria 3557, Australia. 2. This certificate applies to the technical report entitled “Report on the Mineral Resources & Mineral Reserves of the Fosterville Gold Mine Victoria, Australia”, dated effective December 31, 2018 (the “Technical Report”). 3. I graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mining from the Western Australian School of Mines, Kalgoorlie, in 1991. I have worked as an engineer since graduation from university in 1991. During that time, I have been employed in various operation and technical roles at several mining companies within Australia with exposure to gold, nickel and tantalum. I am a fellow in good standing of the Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy with Registration No. 302934. 4. I am familiar with National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”) and by reason of education, experience and professional registration I fulfill the requirements of a “qualified person” as defined in NI 43-101. 5. I am currently employed on a full time basis at the Fosterville Gold Mine, subject of the Technical Report, and have been since March 2005. 6. I am responsible for Sections 15-16, 18.2,28.1 and 28.2 of the Technical Report. 7. I am not independent of the Issuer as described in section 1.5 of NI 43-101 as I am an employee of the Issuer. 8. I have prior involvement with the property that is the subject of the Technical Report as I was a contributing author of the technical report on the Fosterville Gold Mine entitled “Report on the Mineral Resources & Mineral Reserves of the Fosterville Gold Mine Victoria, Australia” dated effective December 31, 2017. Since then, I have been frequently involved with the property by way of my role as General Manager. 9. I have read NI 43-101 and the parts of the Technical Report for which I am responsible have been prepared in compliance with NI 43-101. 10. At the effective date of the Technical Report, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, the parts of the Technical Report for which I am responsible contain all scientific and technical information that is required to be disclosed to make the Technical Report not misleading. Dated this the 1st day of April, 2019. Ion Hann, B.Eng (Mining), FAusIMM GENERAL MANAGER FOSTERVILLE GOLD MINE 243 Technical Report Kirkland Lake Gold December 2018 Fosterville Gold Mine CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFIED PERSON I, Troy Fuller, MAIG, as an author of this report entitled “Report on the Mineral Resources & Mineral Reserves of the Fosterville Gold Mine Victoria, Australia” dated effective December 31, 2018 prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Issuer”) do hereby certify that: 1. I am Geology Manager, at Fosterville Gold Mine, located at McCormick’s Road, Fosterville, Victoria 3557, Australia. 2. This certificate applies to the technical report entitled “Report on the Mineral Resources & Mineral Reserves of the Fosterville Gold Mine Victoria, Australia”, dated effective December 31, 2018 (the “Technical Report”). 3. I graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Geology (Hons) from University of Ballarat, in 1995. I have worked as a geologist since graduation from university in 1995. During that time, I have been employed as a Mine Geologist, Resource Geologist, Senior Mine Geologist, Mine Geology Superintendent and Geology Manager, at several mining companies. I have worked for more than 20 years in the mining industry, including more than 18 years in gold mining operations. I am familiar with and have worked on a variety of styles of mineral deposits in Australia, with a particular emphasis on gold mineralization. I am a member in full standing of the Australian Institute of Geoscientists with Registration No. 4570. 4. I am familiar with National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”) and by reason of education, experience and professional registration I fulfill the requirements of a “qualified person” as defined in NI 43-101. 5. I am currently employed on a full time basis at the Fosterville Gold Mine, subject of the Technical Report, and have been since May, 2010. 6. I am responsible for Sections 1-14, 17, 18.1, 19–27, 28.1 and 28.3 of the Technical Report. 7. I am not independent of the Issuer as described in section 1.5 of NI 43-101 as I am an employee of the Issuer. 8. I have prior involvement with the property that is the subject of the Technical Report as I was a contributing author of the technical report on the Fosterville Gold Mine entitled “Report on the Mineral Resources & Mineral Reserves of the Fosterville Gold Mine Victoria, Australia” dated effective December 31, 2017. Since then, I have been frequently involved with the property by way of my role as Geology Manager. 9. I have read NI 43-101 and the parts of the Technical Report for which I am responsible have been prepared in compliance with NI 43-101. 10. At the effective date of the Technical Report, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, the parts of the Technical Report for which I am responsible contain all scientific and technical information that is required to be disclosed to make the Technical Report not misleading. Dated this 1st day of April, 2019. Troy Fuller, BSc (Geology) Hons, MAIG GEOLOGY MANAGER FOSTERVILLE GOLD MINE 244 Macassa Property, Ontario, Canada Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report Effective date of the report: 31 December 2018 Issuing date of the report: 01 April 2019 Report Addressed to Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. Authors: Mariana Pinheiro Harvey, P. Eng. Robert Glover, P. Geo. William Tai, P. Eng. Ben Harwood, P. Geo. Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Important Notice This Technical Report has been prepared as a National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report, as prescribed in Canadian Securities Administrators’ National Instrument 43-101, Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (NI 43-101) for Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (“Kirkland Lake Gold” or the “Company”). The data, information, estimates, conclusions and recommendations contained herein, as prepared and presented by the Authors, are consistent with: the information available at the time of preparation; the data supplied by outside sources, which has been verified by the authors as applicable; and the assumptions, conditions and qualifications set forth in this Technical Report. Cautionary Note with Respect to Forward-Looking Information Certain information and statements contained in this Technical Report are “forward looking” in nature. All information and statements in this report, other than statements of historical fact, that address events, results, outcomes or developments that Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. and/or the Qualified Persons who authored this report expect to occur are “forward-looking statements”. Forward looking statements are statements that are not historical facts and are generally, but not always, identified by the use of forward- looking terminology such as “plans”, “expects”, “is expected”, “budget”, “scheduled”, “estimates”, “forecasts”, “intends”, “anticipates”, “projects”, “potential”, “believes” or variations of such words and phrases or statements that certain actions, events or results “may”, “could”, “would”, “should”, “might” or “will be taken”, “occur” or “be achieved” or the negative connotation of such terms. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any of its future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties and other factors include, but are not limited to, assumptions and parameters underlying the life of mine update not being realized, a decrease in the future gold price, discrepancies between actual and estimated production, changes in costs (including labour, supplies, fuel and equipment), changes to tax rates, environmental compliance and changes in environmental legislation and regulation, exchange rate fluctuations, general economic conditions and other risks involved in the gold exploration and development industry, as well as those risk factors discussed in the Technical Report. Such forward- looking statements are also based on a number of assumptions which may prove to be incorrect, including, but not limited to, assumptions about the following: the availability of financing for exploration and development activities; operating and capital costs; the Company’s ability to attract and retain skilled staff; sensitivity to metal prices and other sensitivities; the supply and demand for, and the level and volatility of the price of gold; the supply and availability of consumables and services; the exchange rates of the Canadian dollar to the U.S. dollar; energy and fuel costs; the accuracy of reserve and resource estimates and the assumptions on which the reserve and resource estimates are based; market competition; ongoing relations with employees and impacted communities and general business and economic conditions. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained herein are made as of the date hereof, or such other date or dates specified in such statements. All forward-looking statements in this Technical Report are necessarily based on opinions and estimates made as of the date such statements are made and are subject to important risk factors and uncertainties, many of which cannot be controlled or predicted. Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. and the Qualified Persons who Page | ii Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report authored this report undertake no obligation to update publicly or otherwise revise any forward-looking statements contained herein whether as a result of new information or future events or otherwise, except as may be required by law. Non-IFRS Financial Performance Measures Kirkland Lake Gold has included a non-IFRS measure “total site costs”, “total site costs per ounce” and various unit costs in this Technical Report. The Company believes that these measures, in addition to conventional measures prepared in accordance with IFRS, provide investors an improved ability to evaluate the underlying performance of the Company. The non-IFRS measures are intended to provide additional information and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. These measures do not have any standardized meaning prescribed under IFRS, and therefore may not be comparable to other issuers. Page | iii Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S 1.0 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 7 3.0 RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS ................................................................................................. 8 3.1 Reliance on Experts ............................................................................................................ 8 3.2 Qualified Persons Participating in Report Write-up ............................................................ 8 4.0 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION................................................................................ 9 4.1 Location ............................................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Mineral Tenure and Encumbrances .................................................................................... 9 4.3 Permit Status ..................................................................................................................... 12 4.4 Environmental Liability and Other Potential Risks ............................................................ 12 5.0 ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................... 13 5.1 Climate, Topography and Physiography ........................................................................... 13 5.2 Means of Access to the Property ...................................................................................... 13 5.3 Infrastructure and Local Resources .................................................................................. 13 6.0 HISTORY ....................................................................................................................................... 15 6.1 Property Prior Ownership .................................................................................................. 15 6.2 Historical Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves ........................................................ 16 6.3 Exploration and Development Work ................................................................................. 16 6.4 Historical Production from the Property ............................................................................ 16 7.0 GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS AND MINERALIZATION .................................................................... 18 7.1 Regional Geology.............................................................................................................. 18 7.2 Local and Property Geology ............................................................................................. 18 7.2.1 Local Geology ...................................................................................................... 18 7.2.2 Macassa Property Geology .................................................................................. 19 8.0 DEPOSIT TYPE ............................................................................................................................. 21 8.1 Mineralization .................................................................................................................... 21 8.2 Gold Zones ........................................................................................................................ 22 9.0 EXPLORATION .............................................................................................................................. 24 9.1 Macassa Surface Exploration ........................................................................................... 24 9.2 Macassa Underground Exploration ................................................................................... 25 9.2.1 South Mine Complex ............................................................................................ 25 9.2.2 ABM and Amalgamated Zones ............................................................................ 27 10.0 DRILLING ....................................................................................................................................... 28 11.0 SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES AND SECURITY ............................................................. 29 11.1 Sampling Methods ............................................................................................................ 29 11.2 Results .............................................................................................................................. 29 11.3 QA/QC Comparative Assay Laboratory Program ............................................................. 29 11.3.1 Check Assays for Swastika Laboratories ............................................................ 30 11.3.2 Check Assays for Macassa Lab ........................................................................... 32 11.3.3 Check Assays for Polymet Labs .......................................................................... 34 11.3.4 Check Assay Summary ........................................................................................ 36 11.4 Macassa Assay Method .................................................................................................... 36 11.5 Assay Laboratory Site Audits ............................................................................................ 37 11.6 Accuracy as Determined by Blank and Reference Materials ........................................... 38 11.7 Data Verification ................................................................................................................ 39 12.0 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING ...................................................... 40 Page | iv Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 13.0 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES ............................................................................................ 41 13.1 Database ........................................................................................................................... 41 13.2 Geological Interpretation and 3D Solid Modelling ............................................................. 42 13.3 Density Data ...................................................................................................................... 44 13.4 Capping of High Gold Grades ........................................................................................... 44 13.5 Compositing ...................................................................................................................... 47 13.6 Variography ....................................................................................................................... 48 13.7 Block Models ..................................................................................................................... 50 13.7.1 Domaining ............................................................................................................ 50 13.7.2 Block Model Parameters ...................................................................................... 50 13.7.3 Search Parameters .............................................................................................. 51 13.7.4 Estimation Parameters and Model Outputs ......................................................... 52 13.7.5 Model Validation................................................................................................... 52 13.8 Resource Classification .................................................................................................... 55 14.0 MINERAL RESERVES ESTIMATE ............................................................................................... 57 14.1.1 Mining Dilution and Recovery .............................................................................. 57 15.0 MINING METHODS ....................................................................................................................... 59 15.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 59 15.2 Design Criteria .................................................................................................................. 59 15.3 Mining Shapes .................................................................................................................. 60 15.4 Mining Methods ................................................................................................................. 60 15.4.1 Underhand Cut and Fill (UCF) ............................................................................. 60 15.4.2 Mechanized Overhand Cut and Fill (MCF) .......................................................... 61 15.4.3 Longhole Stoping (LH) ......................................................................................... 62 15.5 Geomechanical Considerations ........................................................................................ 63 15.6 Mine Access and Development ........................................................................................ 64 15.7 Life of Mine Plan ............................................................................................................... 65 15.8 Capital Development ......................................................................................................... 66 15.9 Operating Development .................................................................................................... 66 15.10 Equipment ......................................................................................................................... 67 16.0 RECOVERY METHODS ................................................................................................................ 69 17.0 PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................... 69 17.1 Process Plant .................................................................................................................... 69 17.2 Surface Buildings .............................................................................................................. 71 17.3 Ore Transportation ............................................................................................................ 71 17.4 Power ................................................................................................................................ 72 17.5 Underground Mine Dewatering and Fresh Water Requirements ..................................... 72 17.5.1 Fresh Water ......................................................................................................... 72 17.5.2 Dewatering ........................................................................................................... 72 17.6 Compressed Air ................................................................................................................ 72 17.7 Underground Mine Ventilation .......................................................................................... 73 17.8 Underground Material Handling ........................................................................................ 74 17.9 Communications, Controls and Monitoring ....................................................................... 75 18.0 FUTURE INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 76 18.1 #4 Shaft ............................................................................................................................. 76 18.1.1 Initial Shaft and Shaft Facilities Design ............................................................... 77 18.1.2 Project Schedule .................................................................................................. 78 18.1.3 Project Work Completed as of December 2018 .................................................. 79 18.2 North Tailings Storage Facility .......................................................................................... 79 18.3 Ventilation Raises ............................................................................................................. 79 18.4 Pastefill System ................................................................................................................. 80 19.0 MARKET STUDIES AND CONTRACTS ....................................................................................... 81 Page | v Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 19.1 Market for the Product....................................................................................................... 81 19.2 Material Contracts ............................................................................................................. 81 20.0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, PERMITTING, AND SOCIAL OR COMMUNITY IMPACT ........... 82 20.1 Environmental Studies ...................................................................................................... 82 20.2 Waste and Tailings Disposal, Site Monitoring and Water Management........................... 82 20.3 Permitting .......................................................................................................................... 83 20.4 Social and Community Impact .......................................................................................... 84 20.5 Mine Closure Requirements ............................................................................................. 84 21.0 CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS ............................................................................................ 86 21.1 Capital Costs ..................................................................................................................... 86 21.1.1 Basis of Estimate ................................................................................................. 86 21.1.2 Cost Estimate ....................................................................................................... 86 21.2 Operating Costs ................................................................................................................ 87 21.2.1 Basis for Estimate ................................................................................................ 87 21.2.2 Cost Estimate ....................................................................................................... 87 21.3 Development Cost Estimates ............................................................................................ 88 21.3.1 Lateral Development Costs .................................................................................. 88 21.3.2 Vertical Development Costs ................................................................................. 88 22.0 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 89 22.1 Mine Production Statistics ................................................................................................. 90 22.2 Milling Recovery ................................................................................................................ 90 22.3 Royalties ........................................................................................................................... 90 22.4 Taxes ................................................................................................................................ 90 22.5 Principal Assumptions ....................................................................................................... 91 22.6 Net Present Value and Cash Costs .................................................................................. 91 22.6.1 Sensitivity Analysis .............................................................................................. 93 22.7 Payback ............................................................................................................................ 94 23.0 ADJACENT PROPERTIES ............................................................................................................ 95 24.0 OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION ......................................................................... 96 25.0 INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................... 97 25.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 97 25.2 Opportunities ..................................................................................................................... 97 25.3 Risks ................................................................................................................................. 98 26.0 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................. 99 27.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 100 28.0 SIGNATURE PAGE AND DATE .................................................................................................. 101 Page | vi Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report L I S T O F T A B L E S Summary Table 1-1: Macassa Resources (exclusive of reserves), effective December 31, 2018. ............. 2 Summary Table 1-2: Mineral Reserves at Macassa Mine (as of Dec 31, 2018). ......................................... 3 Table 2-1: List of abbreviations. .................................................................................................................... 7 Table 4-1: Summary of Macassa Mine royalties. ........................................................................................ 12 Table 6-1: Historical production (1933 to 2018). ......................................................................................... 17 Table 11-1: Swastika check assay summary. ............................................................................................. 31 Table 11-2: Macassa lab check assay summary. ....................................................................................... 33 Table 11-3: Summary of Polymet Labs check assays. ............................................................................... 35 Table 11-4: Check assay summary for all labs. .......................................................................................... 36 Table 11-5: Summary of reference material by laboratory ......................................................................... 38 Table 11-6: Reference material results summary. ...................................................................................... 38 Table 11-7: Blank results summary. ........................................................................................................... 39 Table 13-1: Macassa Resources (exclusive of reserves), effective December 31, 2018. .......................... 41 Table 13-2: Summary of the number of zones with reported resources for the 5 SMC and 12 MB/04B domains. .................................................................................................................................. 44 Table 13-3: Example of raw Au (oz/st) assay statistics for SMC Domain 1, including details for the 5 largest zones in the SMC. ....................................................................................................... 46 Table 13-4: Example of capping parameters for 14 zones of Domain 101. ............................................... 46 Table 13-5: Ounce reconciliation for the 2018 updated block models vs. Macassa Mill head ounces. ..... 47 Table 13-6: Summary statistics for DDH and chip raw assays, uncapped composites and capped composites (oz/st) for all zones in SMC Domain 1.................................................................. 48 Table 13-7: Variogram parameters ............................................................................................................. 49 Table 13-8: Prototype dimensions for the SMC and MB/04B. .................................................................... 51 Table 13-9: Search parameters and estimation methods for all MB/04B domains. For all domains, the maximum number of samples per hole was 5. ........................................................................ 51 Table 13-10: Search parameters and estimation methods for all SMC domains. For all domains, the maximum number of samples per hole was 5. ........................................................................ 52 Table 14-1: Mineral Reserves for the Macassa Mine (as of Dec 31, 2018). .............................................. 57 Table 15-1: LOM Development requirements. ............................................................................................ 64 Table 15-2: LOM Production physicals with reserves and economic resources. ....................................... 65 Table 15-3: LOM production physicals with full resource conversion. ........................................................ 65 Table 15-4: Capital development (LOM inclusive of resource conversion). ............................................... 66 Table 15-5: Operating development (LOM inclusive of resource conversion). ........................................... 67 Table 15-6: Major mobile equipment as of February 2019. ........................................................................ 68 Table 17-1: Details of the crushing and grinding circuit. ............................................................................. 69 Table 17-2: List of Macassa Mine compressors. ........................................................................................ 73 Table 20-1: List of Macassa Mine environmental permits and approvals. .................................................. 84 Table 21-1: LOM capital cost estimates with yearly average (No capitalization in last two years). ........... 86 Table 21-2: LOM exploration spend estimates (yearly average shown). ................................................... 87 Table 21-3: LOM operating cost Estimates (yearly average shown). ......................................................... 87 Table 22-1: LOM production physicals (yearly average shown). ................................................................ 90 Table 22-2: LOM royalty summary (yearly average shown). ...................................................................... 90 Table 22-3: Macassa Mine LOM undiscounted pre-tax cashflow. .............................................................. 92 Table 22-4: Macassa pre-tax financial sensitivity analysis. ........................................................................ 93 Page | vii Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report L I S T O F F I G U R E S Figure 4-1: Macassa Property location map. ................................................................................................ 9 Figure 4-2: Claims Location Map. ............................................................................................................... 10 Figure 7-1: Regional geological setting – Macassa Mine Complex. ........................................................... 19 Figure 8-1 Alteration and Structural patterns at the Macassa Mine looking east (Rhys 2017). ................. 22 Figure 9-1: Exploration targets at the Macassa Mine (longitudinal view). .................................................. 24 Figure 9-2: Plan view of the Macassa Mine Complex. ................................................................................ 26 Figure 9-3: Longitudinal section of the Macassa Mine Complex. ............................................................... 26 Figure 9-4: Detailed plan view of underground drillhole intersections. ....................................................... 27 Figure 11-1: Logarithmic scatter plot for Swastika Lab check assays. ....................................................... 30 Figure 11-2: Linear scatter plot of Swastika Lab check assays. ................................................................. 31 Figure 11-3: Relative percent difference plot for Swastika check assays. ................................................. 31 Figure 11-4: Logarithmic scatter plots for Macassa Lab check assays. ..................................................... 32 Figure 11-5: Linear Scatter plots for Macassa Lab check assays. ............................................................. 33 Figure 11-6: Relative percent difference plot for Macassa Lab check assays. .......................................... 33 Figure 11-7: Logarithmic scatter plot for Polymet Labs check assays. ...................................................... 34 Figure 11-8: Linear scatter plot for Polymet Labs check assays. ............................................................... 35 Figure 11-9: Relative percent difference plot for Polymet Lab check assays. ............................................ 35 Figure 12-1: Grade vs. Recovery curve. ..................................................................................................... 40 Figure 13-1: 3D perspective of the Macassa domains. .............................................................................. 43 Figure 13-2: Sample Log-histogram and Log-Probability Plots for New South. ......................................... 45 Figure 13-3: Variograms for SMC Domain 1, showing the data and fit models. ......................................... 49 Figure 13-4: Cross section looking east (Mine Geology Grid, section -80E) of the New South Zone. ....... 53 Figure 13-5: Cross-strike SWATH plot for the New South Zone (1-0). ....................................................... 54 Figure 13-6: Log-histogram for the SMC New South Zone (1-0). ............................................................... 55 Figure 15-1: LOM mine design plan looking east. ...................................................................................... 59 Figure 15-2: UCF stoping diagram. ............................................................................................................. 61 Figure 15-3: MCF stoping diagram. ............................................................................................................ 62 Figure 15-4: LOM mine design year over year looking north. ..................................................................... 66 Figure 17-1: Process flow sheet. ................................................................................................................ 70 Figure 17-2: Macassa Property surface general arrangement. .................................................................. 71 Figure 17-3: Primary ventilation system. ..................................................................................................... 74 Figure 18-1: Plan view of Macassa property. .............................................................................................. 76 Figure 18-2: Detailed plan of #4 Shaft area. ............................................................................................... 77 Figure 18-3: Typical shaft cross section. .................................................................................................... 78 A P P E N D I C E S Appendix A: Macassa Claims List ............................................................................................................. 106 Page | viii Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 1.0 SUMMARY This National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report (Technical Report) was triggered by the disclosure from Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (“Company”) of its Annual Information Form (AIF) for the year 2018 (section 4.2 (1) (f) of the Instrument). This Technical Report has been prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold, the beneficial owner of the Macassa Mine. The Company is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol “KL”, the New York Exchange under the ticker symbol “KL” and the Australian Exchange under the ticker symbol “KLA”. This Technical Report provides the Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve (MRMR) estimates for the Macassa Mine that have resulted from ongoing exploration and resource definition drilling and as a result of ongoing mine design and evaluation during the period of January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018. The Macassa Mine is located in the Municipality of Kirkland Lake, Teck Township, District of Timiskaming, Ontario, Canada, at about 48°10’ N Latitude and 80°02’ W Longitude, approximately 600km north of Toronto. The Macassa Mine has had numerous owners since operations started in 1933. Operations have been continuous except for a brief period, when they were suspended in 1999 due to the depressed gold price and the mine was allowed to flood in 2000. Underground mining restarted in 2002. Kirkland Lake Gold holds title to 258 mining claims in Teck and Lebel Townships that covers 3,724 hectares. There are 188 patented claims, 11 crown leases and 59 staked claims. Over the last 10 years, the Macassa Mine production has been predominately from two production areas: the South Mine Complex (SMC) and the Main Break (MB). Mining first started in the MB and ‘04 Break, and in reference to production areas, the terms 04’ Break and Main Break are currently used interchangeably at Macassa. The SMC, the most recent zone in terms of production history, located to the south of the MB and the ‘04 Break, reveals a different style of mineralization that includes wide sulphide systems instead of quartz vein mineralization as seen in the other zones. Tellurides appear to be more prevalent in the SMC (e.g. calaverite). Currently, the SMC accounts for approximately 80% of Macassa Mine’s annual gold production. The Kirkland Lake mining camp is located in the west portion of the Archean Abitibi greenstone belt of the Abitibi Sub-province that forms part of the Superior Province in the Precambrian Shield. The Macassa deposit is hosted within the Timiskaming Group of rocks, which is approximately 3.2km wide and stretches from Kenogami Lake (Ontario) to the Quebec border. Host rocks are predominantly conglomerates and sandstones, trachytic lava flows and pyroclastic tuffs trending N65°E and dipping steeply to the south in the Kirkland Lake area. Gold mineralization occurs preferentially in the syenites. The Kirkland Lake-Larder Lake Break, and its associated splay faults and fracture system, form a complex, major structural feature that can be traced from Matachewan (west of Kirkland Lake) to Louvicourt (Quebec). It passes through, or near, current and historical mining areas, such as: Larder Lake, Rouyn-Noranda, Cadillac, Malartic, Val d’Or and Louvicourt. The Macassa Mine is hosted within a fault system located north of the main Kirkland Lake-Larder Lake Break, as individual fracture filled quartz veins from several centimetres to a few metres in thickness. Historical workings at Macassa indicate that gold was often associated with 1% to 3% pyrite and, sometimes, molybdenite or tellurides. Silver is found amalgamated with the gold and in tellurides. Pyrite and silicification does not always guarantee the presence of gold, but higher grade ore is almost always accompanied by increased percentages of pyrite and silica. Page | 1 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Macassa’s exploration program is directed at expanding the potential of the SMC zones along strike (to the eastern boundary of the property) and dip, and continue to explore the Amalgamated Break Trend. Underground exploration plans for 2019 entail the utilization of seven to eight diamond drills for both exploration and definition drilling. Three of these drills are planned for underground exploration and one drill is planned for surface exploration. Drillhole data is verified by Professional Geologists and consists of a wide variety of checks based upon the survey of drillhole collars and downhole surveys using north seeking gyro during the drilling of the holes. The drillhole trace is continually monitored by the geologists to ensure that the hole remains on track to intercept the target. Drillhole data is checked by the Database Analyst and the Senior Resource Geologist prior to the generation of the mineral resource estimate. Errors or suspect data are checked and corrected, or else excluded from the resource estimate. A list of excluded holes is kept on file and includes reasons for exclusion and notes on whether specific mineralized zones or the entire hole should be excluded. The updated MRMR, as of December 31, 2018, are presented in Summary Table 1-1 and Summary Table 1-2, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves respectively. Summary Table 1-1: Macassa Resources (exclusive of reserves), effective December 31, 2018. Measured Indicated Measured + Indicated Inferred Location Tonnes Grade Gold Ozs Tonnes Grade Gold Ozs Tonnes Grade Gold Ozs Tonnes Grade Gold Ozs (000's) (g/t) (000's) (000's) (g/t) (000's) (000's) (g/t) (000's) (000's) (g/t) (000's) Main/'04 Break 265 16.0 137 747 16.6 399 1,013 16.4 536 195 15.3 96 South Mine Complex 188 21.9 132 587 16.7 315 775 17.9 447 415 17.4 232 Grand Totals 453 18.4 268 1,335 16.6 714 1,787 17.1 982 610 16.7 328 Notes: 1. Mineral Resource estimates were prepared under the supervision of Qualified Persons B. Harwood, P.Geo (Principal Resource Geologist, Canadian Operations) and R. Glover, P.Geo (Macassa Chief Geologist). 2. Mineral Resource estimates were undertaken according to the Company’s Policy for Mineral Reserve and Resources 3. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability 4. Mineral Resources were estimated at a block cut-off grade of 8.57 g/t 5. Mineral Resources are estimated using a long-term gold price of CAD$1,635/oz 6. A minimum mining width of 2.13m (7ft) and minimum mining height of 2.74m (9ft) was applied 7. A bulk density of 2.74 t/m3 was used 8. Totals may not add exactly due to rounding 9. Polygonal estimates carried over from 2017 were removed for this resource update. 10. CIM definitions (2014) were followed in the calculation of Mineral Resources Page | 2 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Summary Table 1-2: Mineral Reserves at Macassa Mine (as of Dec 31, 2018). Zone Category Tonnes (000's) Grade (g/t) Ounces (000's) SMC Proven 174 23.5 131 Probable 2,420 22.6 1,750 MBZ Proven 114 18.9 69 Probable 481 19.0 294 Total Proven 290 21.5 200 Total Probable 2,900 22.0 2,050 TOTALS Proven + Probable 3,190 21.9 2,250 Notes: 1. CIM definitions (2014) were followed in the estimation of Mineral Reserves. 2. Mineral Reserves estimates were prepared under the supervision of Qualified Person Mariana P. Harvey, P. Eng. 3. Mineral Reserves estimates were undertaken according to the Company’s Policy for Mineral Reserve and Resources. 4. Cut-off grades were calculated for each stope, including the costs of: mining, milling, general and administration, royalties, capital expenditures and other modifying factors (e.g. dilution, mining extraction, mill recovery). 5. Mineral Reserves were estimated using a long-term gold price of US$1,230/oz and a currency exchange of US$1.00=CAD$1.33, with a resulting price gold of CAD$1,635.90/oz. 6. Totals may not add exactly due to rounding. There are inherent uncertainties the estimation of mineral reserves and resources. Assumptions that are valid at the time of estimation may change significantly when new information becomes available. Changes in the forecast prices of commodities, exchange rates, production costs, or recovery rates as well as new drilling results may change the economic status of reserves and resources and require a reassessment. There are currently three active mining areas in Macassa Mine: Main Break (MB), Lower North (LN) and New South (NS). The areas LN and NS are both part of the SMC. Access to the mining areas is through the #3 Shaft and connecting lateral development within the MB and SMC zones. The main mining methods include Underhand Cut and Fill (UCF), Long Hole (LH) stoping and Mechanized Overhand Cut and Fill (MCF). Paste fill is the main material used to backfill stopes, although unconsolidated rockfill is also used where possible. Material hoisted to surface via #3 Shaft, which has an average capacity of 2,200 tonnes per day. Once the ore is hoisted to surface, it is then trucked to the crushing facilities. After crushing and grinding (95% passing, 45 microns), the ore is processed by conventional cyanide leaching with a carbon-in-pulp recovery system. The mill capacity is 2,000 tpd and average recovery is approximately 97%. In 2018, the Company announced plans for the development of a new shaft, #4 Shaft, at the Macassa complex. The project is planned to be completed in two phases, with the Phase 1 project cost estimated as US$240M and the Phase 2 cost estimated as US$80M. The new shaft is an essential component in achieving Macassa Mine’s Life of Mine (LOM) plan. #4 Shaft will be circular, concrete lined and 21.5ft in diameter. The shaft will have a main service cage, an auxiliary cage and two skips The construction of a new tailings facility is currently underway. The design of the North Tailings Storage Facility (NTSF) incorporates the construction of one large and several smaller dam; the project schedule was laid out in two phases. Phase 1 was completed in 2018, in which two dams were constructed to an elevation of 328m. Phase 2 is scheduled to be finalized in 2019, and entails bringing both the 2018 dams and four others to an elevation of 332m. Page | 3 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Existing plans after the commissioning of #4 Shaft include a material expansion of current production. The #4 Shaft Project will be funded internally, and the investment was chosen based on both objective financial analysis parameters as well as the subjectively derived operational needs focused on risk reduction. The primary reasoning for the #4 Shaft Project is as follows: • The new shaft is expected to support higher level of production and lower unit costs. • The Net Present Value (NPV) of the project is expected to increase due to both the lower LOM operating costs as well as higher revenues gained earlier on in the project life. • The new shaft will de-risk the operation, which currently relies on #3 Shaft for the hoisting of material to surface. #3 Shaft was developed in an unfavourable orientation in regards to principle stresses and has previously been exposed to damaging seismicity primarily due to the stope mining sequence nearby. Though the risk is being effectively managed through sound ground control practices, the addition of a new shaft in a favourable location and orientation will eliminate the risk of lost production and mine access from the possibility of #3 Shaft being damaged from seismic activity. • Current ventilation inflow underground is constrained by the area of the existing #3 Shaft. The commissioning of the new shaft will allow for substantially higher inflow of air underground, improving the ventilation and general working conditions in the mine. • The new shaft will support for more effective exploration towards the east of the South Mine Complex. The Life of Mine pre-tax cash flows total $2.3B (undiscounted) with a corresponding pre-tax NPV of $1.7B at a 5% discount rate. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the financial model presented, and results indicate that the price of gold and grade have the greatest impact on NPV, with the operating costs and the capital costs having less fluctuation as the variation to the base is increased/decreased. All scenarios presented displayed a positive NPV despite variations, indicating a robust plan with a high pre-tax profit margin. The 2016 business transaction between Kirkland Lake Gold Inc. (since changed to Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd.) and Newmarket Inc. provided additional opportunities to further develop the property, supported by an increase in capital expenditures. In the current gold price environment, the operation is expected to continue to generate significant free cash flows. Main opportunities at the Macassa Mine are as follows: • SMC mineralization remains open to the east, west and at depth. Diamond drilling continues to return high grade mineralization. In order to support the drilling requirements, the exploration drifts and associated drill bays must remain high priority development headings at the mine. • Exploration development towards 3000 Level, east of #2 Shaft, that is designed to explore the ‘04 Break and Main Break could create the opportunity to reintroduce some of the historical mineral resources back into the global resource estimate. • #4 Shaft is scheduled to be completed in the second quarter of 2022 (Phase 1) with a designed production (hoisting) rate of 4,400 short tons per day. Re-evaluating the resource cut-off grade economics using lower operating costs after the commissioning of the new shaft will likely be favourable to increasing mineral resources. Page | 4 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report • In 2017, the operation transitioned from modified polygonal mineral resource estimates to block modelling. This transition is expected to optimize grade interpolation, determination of high grade capping levels, and aid with mine/mill reconciliation process. These processes continue to evolve. • Improvements to the material handling process are likely to result in favourable impact on the mine operating costs. • Upgrade of the ventilation system through either increased airflow or temperature reduction will have a favourable impact on the work environment temperature. • Ongoing paste filling operations involve the delivery of paste using boreholes from surface to underground, into which cement trucks dump the paste in batches. Current plans are in progress to replace this process with continuous pouring directly from the pastefill plant, eliminating the need for cement trucks and speeding up cycle times underground. • Extension of the life of tailings facilities will be possible through the commission of the thickened tails plant. • In 2018, Macassa has started to implement tele-remote mucking in selected areas, leading to a decrease in cycle times and added process efficiencies. Along with continuing to expand the tele- remote implementation, Macassa Mine is also exploring further improvement opportunities by combining equipment automation (trucks) with tele-remote. When successfully implemented this process will enable material handling and movement in between shifts. Main risks that could be present at the operation are as follows: • Without the allocation of sufficient funding for exploration drilling and development, it would be difficult for future exploration programs to replenish depleted Mineral Resources and Reserves. • Increased costs for skilled labour, power, fuel, reagents, trucking, etc. could lead to an increase in the cut-off grade and decrease the level of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. • Mechanical breakdown of critical equipment (hoist, conveyance, mill, etc.) or infrastructure could decrease or halt the production throughput at the mine. • Production throughput relies on completing development activities as per the mining plan schedule. Lower development productivity than planned would likely affect the production profile of the current mining plan. • #3 Shaft is currently the sole production shaft capable of moving materials to surface. The shaft is located in a seismically active area due to the historical mining and the active muck pass system in the MBZ located nearby. Damage to the #3 Shaft would directly impact production until the #4 Shaft is commissioned. • The advancement of Battery Electric Vehicle technology is still its in early stages. There are inherent risks as the technology continues to evolve. The following recommendations are provided: • Continue exploration drilling will to test for the easterly and westerly strike extension of the South Mine Complex mineralization employing underground diamond drills on the 5300 Level. • Complete technical studies to increase the airflow and reduce the work environment temperature and humidity. Page | 5 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report • Technical work should be undertaken to assess infrastructure requirements for the continuous mining of the Macassa deposit. • The application of Large Ore Deposit Exploration (LODE) program to assess camp scale opportunities. • Related to the point above, interrogation of the newly created lithological model and the mine drillhole database as an exploration tool to assess future targeting opportunities. • Sub-domaining of high grade areas, as well as refinement of caps to improve the model grade estimates as compared to production results. • Continue to examine the Amalgamated Kirkland Break for mineralization potential. Numerous mineralized intercepts were intersected at variable depths which require follow-up. • Assess mineral potential to the east and along the Main Break below the 5800 Level and to the east into Kirkland Minerals and Tech Hughes properties. • Look at a refinery expansion and addition of certain components in the process plant to accommodate the planned increase in throughput. • There is an opportunity to improve the turnaround times for the assaying of underground samples through the establishment of a centralized assay lab. In the opinion of the Qualified Persons (QPs), the MRMR estimates truly reflect the mineralization that is currently known and were completed in accordance with the requirements of National Instrument 43- 101. Page | 6 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 2.0 INTRODUCTION This Technical Report was triggered by the disclosure from Kirkland Lake Gold of its Annual Information Form (AIF) for the year 2018 (section 4.2 (1) (f) of the Instrument). The Technical Report was prepared by employees of the Company and under the supervision of Mariana Pinheiro Harvey, P. Eng., Robert Glover, P. Geo., Ben Harwood, P. Geo and William Tai, P. Eng. All four Qualified Persons (QPs) are not independent of Kirkland Lake Gold, as allowed under section 5.3 (3) of the Instrument. Information was obtained through operation and technical work related to the Macassa Mine over the past few years. All four QPs were employed for Kirkland Lake Gold throughout 2018, three of which work full time at Macassa Mine and Mill Complex. The units of measures used in this report conform to the metric system. Unless stated otherwise, the Canadian Dollar is the currency used in this Technical Report. A list of abbreviations is displayed in Table 2-1 below. Table 2-1: List of abbreviations. Abbreviation Unit or Term Abbreviation Unit or Term $ Dollar L Liters % Percent LOM Life of Mine < Less than m Meter > Greater than M Million ° Degree m3 Meters cubed °C Degree celsius m3/s Meters cubed per second 000's Thousands masl Meters above sea level 3D Three dimensional min Minute (time) Au Gold min, ' Minute (plan angle) AZ Azimuth mm Milimeter B Billion MWh Megawatt-hour CAD$ Canadian Dollars N North cfm Cubic feet per minute Na2O Sodium Oxide DCF Discounted cash flow NPI Net Profit Interest DDH Diamond Drill Hole NPV Net Present Value E East NSR Net Smelter Return ft Foot oz Troy ounces g Gram R2 Correlation coefficient gal Gallon S South gpm Gallons per minute s Second (time) gpt Grams per metric tonne sec, “ Second (plane angle) ha Hectares st Short Tons in Inch t Metric Tonnes k Kilo t/m3 Tons per meter cubed K2O Potassium oxide US$ United States Dollars km Kilometer V Volts kV Kilo Volts W West kW Kilowatt μm Micro meters Page | 7 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 3.0 RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS 3.1 Reliance on Experts This Report is based in part on internal company reports, maps, published government documents and public information, as listed in Section 27. Specialist input was sought from Kirkland Lake Gold employees towards environmental, legal, process, geology and financial matters to support the preparation of the Report. Information used to support this Report was also derived from previous technical reports on the Macassa Property. The QPs relied on the following persons for the information and data described: • Natasha Dombrowski, E.P., Environmental Superintendent, for Section 4.3, 4.4 and 20 in regards to updates on all available information on environmental, permitting, social or community factors related to the project. • Keith Gorman, C.P.A, C.G.A, Controller, for Section 20 statement in regards to the reasonability of contracts terms with refiners and brokers. 3.2 Qualified Persons Participating in Report Write-up The following persons participated in the write-up of this report: • Mariana Pinheiro Harvey, P. Eng., Chief Engineer, Sections 1 to 6, 14, 15 and 17 to 27. • William Tai, P. Eng., Mill Superintendent, Sections 1, 11, 12, 16, 25 and 26. • Robert Glover, P. Geo., Chief Mine Geologist, Sections 6 to 11, 13 and 23 to 27. • Ben Harwood, P. Geo., Principal Resource Geologist, Canadian Operations, Section 13. The QPs have reviewed the report, including the technical aspects, and have deemed the information to be a true representation of the current status at Macassa Mine. Page | 8 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 4.0 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION The following section was copied and updated from the previous Technical Report (Rocque and Cater, 2017). 4.1 Location The Macassa Mine is in the Municipality of Kirkland Lake within Teck Township, District of Timiskaming, in the eastern part of Northern Ontario, Canada. Macassa is at approximately 48°10’ N Latitude and 80°02’ W Longitude at an elevation of approximately 305m (Figure 4-1). Figure 4-1: Macassa Property location map. 4.2 Mineral Tenure and Encumbrances Kirkland Lake Gold holds title to 258 mining claims in Teck and Lebel Townships that covers 3,724 hectares. There are 188 patented claims, 11 crown leases and 59 staked claims. Macassa Mine is the only currently active operating mine within these property groups (Figure 4-2). Specifically, all the claims are located in eastern Teck Township and western Lebel Township. They cover the properties of Macassa Mine including the Tegren property at the west end of the mine strip. To the east of Macassa, the properties cover the past producing mines of Kirkland Minerals, Tech-Hughes, Lake Shore and Wright-Hargreaves. Of note, the Lebel claims are not contiguous with the main property. A list of all the claims is provided in Appendix A. While the Company has carried out reviews of title to its mining claims and leases, this should not be construed as a guarantee that title to such interests will not be challenged or impugned. The mining claims and leases may be subject to prior unregistered agreements or transfers or native land claims, and title may be affected by undetected defects. The Company has had difficulty in registering ownership of certain Page | 9 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report titles in its own name due to the demise of the original vendors of such titles when owned by the Company’s predecessors-in-title. Any material title defects would have a materially adverse effect on the Company, its business and results of operations. Figure 4-2: Claims Location Map. There are 102 patented claims covering 1,369 ha that include mineral rights and surface rights. There are 61 patented claims covering 923 ha that hold the mineral rights only. These claims are surveyed and do not require assessment work to be done each year. There are 11 Crown Leases covering 306 ha that hold the mining rights only. These leases are surveyed and do not require assessment work each year. Taxes have to be paid on both the patented claims and the crown leases. In addition, there are 25 patented claims that hold only the surface rights and taxes are paid on them. There are 59 staked claims. These claims are not surveyed and require a minimum assessment work to be completed each year. In the second and all subsequent years, a minimum of $400 of assessment work per 16 hectares claim unit per year is to be reported until a lease is applied for. The work does not have to be done on each claim, it can be spread over adjacent claims and excess work in a year can be used for later years. Some claims will require the assessment work between 2018 and 2020. There are enough excess work credits to keep the claims in good standing for approximately another 10 years. On March 28, 2012, Kirkland Lake Gold purchased the joint venture properties from Queenston Mining Inc. (now Canadian Malartic Corporation) and those properties are now owned 100% by the Company. Page | 10 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report There remains conditions regarding further payments: in the event that production from these claims exceeds a threshold of 1,300,000 troy ounces of gold, the Company will pay Canadian Malartic Corporation $15 per ounce for the first 1,000,000 ounces produced above the threshold and will pay $20 per ounce for any ounces above a 2,300,000 threshold. The claims that are affected include: Morgan, HM (Hurd McCauley), Trudel, North AK, Hudson, Kirkland West, Gracie West and Axcell claims (refer to Appendix A). Many of the claims have royalties due to the previous owners. These royalties are usually based on production or the Net Smelter Return (NSR) from the sale of the metal production. They apply to one or more claims and vary depending on the agreement reached when purchasing the claims. A plan showing the individual boundaries and notes related to the royalty agreements are displayed in Figure 4-1 and Table 4-1, respectively. On October 31, 2013 the Company and Franco-Nevada completed a royalty transaction. Franco-Nevada paid US$50 million for a 2.5% NSR on the production from all of Kirkland Lake Gold’s properties. This royalty is in addition to any existing royalties. Kirkland Lake Gold bought back 1% of the NSR at the end of 2016 for US$36 million. The obligation to Franco-Nevada currently stands at 1.5% NSR. Kirkland Lake Gold has also entered into a 0.5% NSR royalty agreement with certain First Nation communities that are part of the Impact Benefit Agreement (IBA). Page | 11 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Table 4-1: Summary of Macassa Mine royalties. Note Item 1 SIS: 1.5% NSR 2 Mallpacks Development: 1.5% NSR 3 Condie, 2% NSR 4 Sparks Gold Mines 1% Net Proceeds 5 KGI 1/4 share, A. H. Seguian to 2/4 share, Thomas Wood to 1/4 share 6 Thompson/Pollock (Millyard) 5% NPI 7 Boisvert $3000 annual, $0.25/ ton mille, 20% NPI to Franco-Nevada, minimum $10,000 annual 8 Robert Price, $8/t if Au price > US$1000 per ounce 9 KGI 450/500 share, WP St.Charles 25/500 share, JW McFadden 11/500 shar, J Cowan 7/500 share 10 Davis (Wilroy) Royalty, $1.50/t (Still to be transferred from Barrick. 11 Carl Gerber/Gord St.Jean $8/t if Au price > CDN$1000 per ounce 12 Gracie, $10000 when mining occurs, Franco-Nevada, 2% NPR, $10000 annual minimum, part of St. Joseph royalty 13 KGI 2/3 interest, John McIvor 1/3 interest, 14 Town of KL, 3% NSR 15 Dyment/Kidston, 1.5% NSR 16 Condie: $4/t milled 17 Franco-Nevada, 3% NSR if Au price > US$1000 18 Arthur Lillico, 47.5% interest, John McB, 5% interest 19 Franco-Nevada, 2% NSR, Forbes Estate, 4.75% NPR, Mike Leary, 3.75% NPR, J. Forbes, 1.5% NPR 20 Franco-Nevada, 2% NSR, Premier Exploration, 3.5% NPR, Ron Crichton, 0.8% NPR, Mike Leary, 2.2% NPR 21 Axcell, 2% NSR 22 100% Ownership, Trudel, 2% NSR, Buyback 50% for CDN$1,000,000 23 1.5%-3% NSR, Advance Royalty of $50,000 per year, commencing Feb/2011 24 100% Ownership, Sandstrom Gold, 2% NSR, Hurd/McCauley, 1% NSR 25 Alamos (previously Aurico Gold), 2% NSR 26 Daniel Belshaw, 2% 27 Franco-Nevada, 2% NSR, Michael Leary, 0.33% NSR, Ron Crichton, 0.12% NSR, James Forbes, 0.16% NSR. In the event 28 the claim execeeds $1.3M oz, Canadian Malarctic receives $15/oz, $20/oz above 2.3M oz. 29 Franco-Nevada, 1.5% NSR (previously 2.5%, buy back of 1% from FN in 2016) 30 Estate of Ernie Deloye, 5% Mine Value (~20% metals recovered), capped at CDN$250,000 31 Todd Morgan, $50,000 minimum annual royalty, sliding scale, 1.5% NSR to 3% NSR based on Au price 32 0.5% NSR for First Nations (in IBA) on all production 4.3 Permit Status All environmental permits and approvals are in good standing with the appropriate regulatory bodies. Amendments are performed in compliance with appropriate legislation. Further detail is available in Section 19. 4.4 Environmental Liability and Other Potential Risks In the QPs opinion, there are no significant factors or risks that may affect access, title or the right or ability of the Company to perform work on the Macassa Property. Page | 12 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 5.0 ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY The following section copied and updated from the previous Technical Report (Rocque and Cater, 2017). 5.1 Climate, Topography and Physiography Climatic conditions are typical for the central Canadian Shield, with short, mild summers and long, cold winters. Mean temperatures range from -15°C in January to 18°C in July. Mean annual precipitation throughout the region averages 764mm, including average snowfalls of 219 cm. The area is primarily covered by forest (spruce and poplar are the main essences), swamps and lakes, with relatively modest relief. Rock outcrops surrounded by glacial till are common, but the till is generally not very thick (up to 46m in some locations). The area around the mine sits at approximately 305m above sea level (masl). 5.2 Means of Access to the Property The Macassa Mine is at the west end of the community of Kirkland Lake. The Mine is adjacent to Highway 66 just east of Highway 11. Kirkland Lake is approximately 600km by road north of Toronto. The area is serviced by railway and bus. Although there is a small airport in Kirkland Lake there are no scheduled commercial flights from southern Ontario. Surface amenities are secured behind fenced and gated facilities. The security service is company-owned; all personnel and visitors are required to sign in and out of the facilities (or use an access card provided by the Company). Employee and visitor parking areas are provided outside the gated facilities. 5.3 Infrastructure and Local Resources Kirkland Lake (approximately 8,000 inhabitants) has been a mining community since the Tough-Oakes Burnside Mine (later called the Toburn) started in 1914. As a result, an experienced mining work force, as well as mining services, equipment and infrastructure are readily available. With the mining complex located on the edge of the Town of Kirkland Lake, it is a part of the community landscape, and operational and environmental considerations are of vital importance. The Company is committed to supporting the community, not just through its operational standards and performance, but also socially and culturally. Kirkland Lake Gold is an active member of the community and contributor to community events, and maintains an open dialogue with community leadership. Kirkland Lake Gold does not anticipate opposition from the local communities to continued operation of the Macassa Mine. The Company has an agreement with First Nations who have treaty and aboriginal rights which they assert within the operations area of the mine. The agreement provides a framework for strengthened collaboration in the development and operations of the mine and outlines tangible benefits for the First Nations, including skills training and employment, opportunities for business development and contracting, and a framework for issues resolution, regulatory permitting and the Company’s future financial contributions. Kirkland Lake Gold has a continual dialogue with First Nations. Page | 13 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report To the extent relevant to the mineral project, it is the opinion of the QPs that the surface rights, the availability and sources of power, water, mining personnel, potential tailings storage areas, potential waste disposal areas and processing plant site are sufficient to continue the operations of the Macassa Mine. Page | 14 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 6.0 HISTORY The following sections are copied (and updated) from the previous Technical Report (Rocque and Cater, 2017). 6.1 Property Prior Ownership The Kirkland Lake mining camp has been a prolific gold producer since mining started in 1914. The Macassa Mine and the four former producers that the Company now owns have produced approximately 23 million ounces of gold since 1917. The production from these five mines accounts for about 90% of the total camp production. The Macassa Mine started in 1933. The first shaft was sunk in the Main Break zone in the late 1920’s to a depth of 152m; however, sufficient gold was not located and operations were halted. In 1931, the Macassa Property was entered via underground access at the east end of the property from the adjacent Kirkland Minerals Mine from the 2475 Level. This entry was successful in finding gold and in October 1933 the first mill on the property began processing the ore at a rate of 181 stpd. The milling rate was increased to 386 stpd in 1949 and to 476 stpd in 1956. In August 1988, a new mill was built that could process up to 544 stpd of ore and 680 stpd of tailings (reclaimed). By 1996, modifications had increased mill capacity to 816 stpd of ore and 907 stpd of tailings. When mining was suspended in 1999, mill capacity was near 1,361 stpd of ore. In 1986, #3 Shaft was sunk from surface to a depth of 2,233m. At that time, this was the deepest single lift shaft in the western hemisphere and is currently the primary access into the mine. Previous to #3 Shaft, the operations were accessed by #1 Shaft, #2 Shaft and two winzes, #1 and #2 Winzes. #2 Shaft is currently used as a second egress for the operation. Starting in 1988 and until October 1999, the tailings from the Lake Shore Mine were processed at Macassa. These tailings were recovered by either dry mining or by dredging. Rock burst activity was quite common in the deeper sections of the mines in the Kirkland Lake camp. In April 1997 a rock burst damaged the #3 Shaft at the 5800 Level at Macassa Mine. This occurrence forced work stoppages; otherwise, the mine would have operated continuously since 1933. The rock burst on April 1997 limited mining to above the 5025 Level. The restriction was modified in October 1998, allowing mining down to the 5300 Level. Operations were suspended in 1999 due to the declining price of gold, with the workings allowed to flood in 2000. Macassa Mines Ltd. was incorporated in 1926 and evolved through a succession of mergers to become Lac Minerals Ltd. in 1982. The merger consolidated the properties of the Little Long Lac group into one entity and the Macassa Mine and the other Kirkland Lake properties were included. Lac Minerals was acquired by Barrick Gold Corporation in August 1994 and Barrick offered a number of Lac Minerals’ mineral properties for sale. After a short period of operation by Barrick the property was sold to Kinross Gold Corporation in May 1995. Foxpoint Resources purchased the Kirkland Lake properties from Kinross in December 2001 for $5 million and the assumption of $2 million in reclamation bond obligations related to the closure plan for the properties. Foxpoint changed its name to Kirkland Lake Gold Inc. in October 2002. Following the recent business transaction with Newmarket Gold Inc. in 2016, the new company is now called Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. Page | 15 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 6.2 Historical Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Historical Mineral Resources were calculated annually by the geological personnel at the mine, using a modified polygonal method. Mineral Resources and Reserves were audited annually by an external consultant. The methodology and parameters have remained consistent over the years. The mineral resource estimation process has since transitioned to a block modelling method for developing the 2017 year-end Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves onwards. 6.3 Exploration and Development Work Upon purchasing the assets in 2001, initial exploration efforts concentrated on surface drilling on the former Wright Hargreaves, Lakeshore, Teck Hughes and Kirkland Minerals properties. As the Macassa #3 Shaft was de-watered, underground exploration at Macassa was phased in, beginning in 2002. This culminated in the discovery of the SMC in 2005. From that point to 2010, all exploration drilling was underground at Macassa. In 2010, surface exploration programs were re-implemented in conjunction with underground exploration at Macassa and continued through 2017. Exploration drilling programs in 2018 were focused underground at Macassa while a camp-wide initiative to compile and interpret current and historical data was being carried out to aid in the generation of regional exploration targets. Underground development at Macassa to facilitate exploration includes drifting and drill bay excavations on various levels. The focus in 2018 was from 5300 Level to explore the eastward and westward extent of the SMC. 6.4 Historical Production from the Property From 1933 to 2018, Macassa produced approximately 5.2 million ounces of gold from 11.7 million short tons of ore at an average head grade of 0.45 opt (Table 6-1). Page | 16 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Table 6-1: Historical production (1933 to 2018). Decade of Production Tons (000s) Grade (oz/st) 1930's 564 0.49 1940's 1,087 0.45 1950's 1,440 0.40 1960's 1,290 0.48 1970's 943 0.56 1980's 1,314 0.49 1990's 1,294 0.46 2000's 859 0.36 2010's (to date) 2,902 0.42 Total 11,693 0.45 Period of Production Tons (000s) Grade (oz/st) 2010-2014 1,325 0.35 2015 370 0.43 2016 365 0.46 2017 451 0.44 2018 391 0.63 Total 2,902 0.45 Page | 17 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 7.0 GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS AND MINERALIZATION 7.1 Regional Geology The Kirkland Lake mining camp is located in the west portion of the Archean Abitibi greenstone belt of the Abitibi Subprovince that forms part of the Superior Province in the Precambrian Shield. In the Kirkland Lake area, the Abitibi Subprovince is composed of komatiitic, tholeiitic and calc-alkaline volcanic rocks, turbidite-dominated sedimentary lithologies, locally distributed alkaline metavolcanic rocks and associated fluvial sedimentary formations. These successions have been intruded by tonalite, trondhjemite and granodiorite batholiths. Large scale structures and tectonic fabrics are distributed in domains with rock foliations generally paralleling the regional faults, intrusive contacts and domain boundaries. The regional shear zones, folding and steep reverse faults post-date the batholith emplacement. Metamorphism of the Abitibi rocks is generally very low greenschist facies, however upper greenschist to hornblende facies may be attained in metamorphic aureoles surrounding intrusions. 7.2 Local and Property Geology 7.2.1 Local Geology The Timiskaming Group of rocks is the main feature in the area. This group forms part of a complex synclinorium that is flanked unconformably on the north and south by the mafic to felsic, massive to pillow volcanic rocks of the Kinojevis and Blake River groups. The Timiskaming Group is up to 3,200m thick and extends for about 64km from Kenogami Lake in the west to the Quebec border. In the Kirkland Lake area, the Timiskaming is predominantly conglomerates and sandstones, trachytic lava flows and pyroclastic tuffs. The Timiskaming trends N65°E and dips steeply south at Kirkland Lake. Immediately east of Kirkland Lake, the formations are warped to an east-southeast direction, then return to an east-northeast direction at Larder Lake, and continue this way to the Quebec border. The Timiskaming sediments are intruded by fractionated alkalic rocks, which include augite syenite, feldspathic syenite and syenite porphyry in the form of dykes and sills. Alkali stocks have intruded the Timiskaming Group and the supracrustal assemblage along the south margin of the synclinorium. Matachewan diabase dykes trending north-east cut all rocks in the area (Figure 7-1). Page | 18 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Figure 7-1: Regional geological setting – Macassa Mine Complex. The Kirkland Lake-Larder Lake Break and its associated splay faults and fracture system, form a complex, major structural feature, which transects and follows the trend of the Timiskaming Group at Kirkland Lake. This break can be traced for about 320km from Matachewan west of Kirkland Lake all the way to the Grenville Front east of Louvicourt, Quebec. In addition to Kirkland Lake, it passes through or near the important mining areas of Larder Lake, Rouyn-Noranda, Cadillac, Malartic, Val d’Or and Louvicourt. Numerous gold occurrences and gold mines are spatially related to this regional structure. The fault or break system that hosts the Kirkland Lake gold deposits is north of the main Kirkland Lake- Larder Lake Break. Polyphase deformation has affected the Timiskaming rocks at Kirkland Lake. The fold axis and structural plunges, including gold ore shoots. 7.2.2 Macassa Property Geology At the Macassa Mine, the Timiskaming tuffs, conglomerates and syenites are encountered. The felsic syenites are the preferential hosts of the gold mineralization in the #1 and #2 Shaft areas. The basic syenites are the preferential hosts for gold in the bottom half and the tuffs in the upper portion of #3 Shaft area. The Timiskaming age sediments are composed of pebble conglomerates, greywackes and finer inter- bedded wackes. Adjacent to and interlayered with these sediments are varied pyroclastic/lithic and volcanic ash tuffs. Both the sediments and volcanic rock are commonly found on the north and south flanks of the elongated intrusive composite stock. Augite or basic syenite is the oldest and most wide-spread of the intrusive types. Situated within this intrusive, there is a westerly plunging pipe-like mass of felsic syenite, which enters the east end of the Macassa Property at the 1300 foot sublevel elevation on the hanging wall side of the Main Break. Both Page | 19 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report the basic and felsic syenites are intruded by syenite porphyry. The porphyry unit exhibits sharply defined intrusive contacts while conforming closely to the strike and dip of the regional formations. This composite stock dips steeply to the south and widens with depth. The three main components of the syenitic stock and related dykes are: augite syenite, felsic syenite, and syenite porphyry. These intrusive rocks are host to an important part of the ore at the Macassa Mine Complex. North-south striking diabase dykes are known to intrude all sediments and intrusives as well as post-dating the ore forming structural breaks. The Kirkland Lake Gold Deposit occurs in, and peripheral to a composite, multi-phase syenite stock that intrudes east-northeast trending clastic sedimentary rocks and alkaline tuff of the Timiskaming assemblage. Gold mineralization is associated with the Kirkland Lake Fault System, a probable early syn- metamorphic, northeast-trending, and steeply southeast dipping reverse fault network that includes the ‘04, Main, North, and South breaks, and which is localized along the northeast-trending syenite complex hosting the deposit. Gold mineralization in the South Mine Complex area occurs in a complex interconnected network of narrow, east to northeast trending, moderate southeast to south dipping mineralized shear zones and auriferous alteration. (Rhys, 2006/2008). Page | 20 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 8.0 DEPOSIT TYPE 8.1 Mineralization The gold mineralization at Macassa is located along the breaks and subordinate splays as individual fracture fill quartz veins, from several centimetres to a few meters thick. Veins may be of single, sheeted, brecciated or stacked morphology. Several generations of quartz deposition are evident from colour and textural variability and quartz veins are generally fractured. Also found are sulphide rich (pyrite) zones. The presence of a fault splay is often a prerequisite for gold deposition. Broader zones of mineralized, brecciated and fragmented quartz are found in the footwall and hanging wall of major faults. Gold is usually accompanied by 1% to 3% pyrite and sometimes is associated with molybdenite and/or tellurides of lead, gold, gold-silver, silver, nickel and mercury (altaite, calaverite, petzite, hessite, melanite, coloradoite). Silver is present amalgamated with the gold and in the minerals petzite and hessite. The presence of pyrite and silicification does not guarantee gold; however, higher grade gold is generally accompanied by increased percentages of pyrite and silica. Hematization or bleaching with carbonatization and silicification are common alterations of the wall rocks. Sericitization is a more local feature. The alteration has enriched the rocks in K2O and depleted them in Na2O. The new discoveries in the South Mine Complex (SMC) generally are of a different style of mineralization with wide sulphide systems rather than the quartz vein mineralization that is found in the Main Break complex. Tellurides appear to be more prevalent in the SMC, compared to the historical mineralized systems, in particular the occurrence of the gold telluride mineral calaverite. These new, wide, hydrothermally altered zones could represent a new plumbing system for a southern mineralized part of the Camp parallel to the Main Break, fed by a deep porphyry body. The gold mineralization is found in carbonate altered conglomerate, tuff and porphyry, mineralized with up to 10% disseminated pyrite. Quartz veining and silicification when hosted within the porphyry may also characterize the SMC. Panterra Geoservices (Rhys 2017) has proposed a new conceptual mineralizing model for the ’04/Main Break and SMC zones. Figure 8-1 represents a schematic alteration cross section (looking east) showing different alteration styles along the shear zone/fault network that is host to ore in the Macassa Mine. Here the Amalgamated Break is interpreted as the main structure off which the ‘04 Break, SMC and AK zone splay and link between. Reduced, sericite-carbonate-chlorite alteration is developed extensively along the Amalgamated Break in association with largely barren, white quartz veins and may feed into the subsidiary faults. Fluids originally flowing along the Amalgamated Break may have fed into splaying structures such as the ‘04 Break and SMC. Most ore deposition has occurred in areas where carbonate-pyrite alteration is interspersed with more oxidized reddish-orange tinted alteration assemblages that occur more distally to the feeder structures, and regional magnetite-biotite-amphibole assemblages are altered to K-feldspar-hematite carbonate. The Amalgamated and ‘04 Break are interpreted to merge near the -9000 foot elevation (depth from surface) in the #3 Shaft area. Page | 21 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Figure 8-1 Alteration and Structural patterns at the Macassa Mine looking east (Rhys 2017). 8.2 Gold Zones The gold mineralization at Macassa is found along breaks or faults, in veins as quartz filled fractures, as breccias and as sulphide (pyrite) zones. There are several of these breaks currently identified, they are named: ‘04, ‘05, No.6, Kirkland Lake Main and the Kirkland Lake North and South branches. The breaks trend about N60°E and dip steeply, 70° to 80° to the south, keeping with the Timiskaming trend. At Macassa, the Main Break has been mined from 396m to the 1,706m and has been considered the most important zone in the eastern part of the mine. The ‘04 Break is in the western part of the property and was the main producing break at Macassa. It has been mined by ramp above the 3400 Level (1,036m) to about the 3000 Level elevation (945m) and extended up to the 884m elevation by diamond drilling. The ‘04 Break has been mined to the bottom of the mine at the 7000 Level (2,134m) and there is potential for the mineralization to continue deeper. The ‘04 Break is located about 185m north of the Main Break and connects to it by sigmoidal cross structures. The ‘04 Break is a thrust, or reverse, fault striking N65°E and dipping 80° to the south. Page | 22 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report The ‘05 Break is located approximately 425m north of the ‘04 Break. It splays into north and south branches to the east. The South Branch, about 365m north of the ‘04 Break, appears to correlate with the Narrows Break that extends to the east across the rest of the camp. The gold mineralization trend in the Kirkland Lake camp conforms to the 60° westerly plunge of the syenite intrusions. Locally, the plunge of the gold mineralization depends on the intersection of the host splay structures and can be quite different from the camp trend. In addition to the mineral trends that have been historically productive, the Company has located significant mineralization in a number of zones to the south of these breaks. The Upper D Zone strikes N28°E and dips 40° to the east. All the other zones are included in the area now called the SMC. The strike and dip of the zones in the SMC vary. The Lower D Zone strike varies from N05°E to N30°E and has a dip of 70-80°; the orientation has been confirmed through mining. It is possible that there is more than one mineralized structure/alteration halo giving the appearance of one steeply dipping structure. The Lower D North zones strike NE and dip 30-45° southeast. The other SMC zones strike N60°E, generally parallel to the main Kirkland Lake structures with varying dips from 20-60° south. The SMC, as defined to date, appears to merge with and be terminated by the ‘04 Break between the 4700 and 4900 Levels. The shallow dipping eastern portion of the SMC appears to be terminated in the down-dip component by the Amalgamated Break, close to the -5900 foot elevation. The relative position of these zones is shown in (Figure 8-1). Several strong north easterly trending cross-faults offset the mine host rocks and mineralized zones with displacement usually to the south (dextral) and up on the west side. Major cross faults are the Lakeshore Cross Fault near the east end, the Tegren in the centre and the Amikougami Creek at the west end of the mine. The major gold bearing zones have not been found west of the Amikougami Creek Fault. Page | 23 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 9.0 EXPLORATION Kirkland Lake Gold has carried out extensive surface and underground exploration programs throughout their holdings in the Kirkland Lake Area (Figure 9-1). Figure 9-1: Exploration targets at the Macassa Mine (longitudinal view). The current exploration programs are focused on extending known zones of mineralization and testing for new discoveries in order to increase the level of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves in support of future organic growth. Widely spaced surface drilling in 2017 east of the Macassa Property was carried out to test the extension of the SMC. The surface program produced a number of intercepts, for which follow up drilling was completed from underground in 2018. The drill holes in the underground program generally have shorter hole lengths as compared to surface, allowing higher precision required for resource definition. Development headings are actively driven to establish and optimize drill platform locations. Currently, the majority of underground exploration drilling is carried out from the 5305 Exploration Drift. The exploration program was successful finding the “D” Zone and the south zones that are now referred to as the South Mine Complex. These zones are now part of the mineral resource and mineral reserve estimates. The Company has also explored for near surface mineralized zones associated with the Amalgamated Break Trend. A lower grade resource has been identified within 300m below surface, for which near surface mining opportunities are currently being explored. Kirkland Lake Gold is committed to continual exploration on its land holdings. Recent successful drilling results are encouraging for further expansion of the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves by continuing exploration. 9.1 Macassa Surface Exploration There was no surface diamond drilling program in 2018 at the Macassa Property. The focus was shifted to complete a more regional compilation and interpretation of available historical data to generate potential outbound target areas and guide future exploration programs. Page | 24 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 9.2 Macassa Underground Exploration In 2018, the 5300 Level exploration drift was advanced 379m to the east with the excavation of one new diamond drill platform to facilitate testing the SMC to the east. The 5300 Level was also advanced 370m to the west with the excavation of one new diamond drill platform to facilitate testing the SMC to the west. The west diamond drill platform was completed in late December and drilling activities will be carried out in 2019. East and west advancement of the 5300 Level exploration drift will continue in 2019. In 2018, approximately 66km of underground exploration drilling were completed utilizing three drills. Of that total, 55km tested the SMC, including the Lower SMC and East SMC. 9km were completed to test the Main Break below the -6000 foot elevation near the Kirkland Minerals property boundary to the east. The remaining 2km were dedicated to exploring south of the Amalgamated Break. Previous surface drilling west of +5000 Geology Grid Easting (local to Macassa) has provided intersections, likely related to the SMC, to warrant the continued advancement of the 5300 Level exploration drift to the east. Using the 5300 Level exploration drift, the platform will be ideally suited to test both the SMC and mineralized systems related to the Main Break. Drill holes from the 5300 Level generally do not exceed 1km in length and average less than 500m in length. Since 2005, approximately 569km of underground exploration drilling have been completed at the Macassa Mine, exclusive of surface and definition drilling. The majority of this exploration has been focused on the SMC. 9.2.1 South Mine Complex The South Mine Complex has been the most significant new discovery for Macassa Mine, displaying different characteristics when compared to the historically mined main zones at Macassa. Some of the systems within the complex have larger widths and higher grades than the main zones. The strike of these is generally parallel to the main structures, while displaying a flatter dip ranging between 20° and 60°.The initial indication of these structures was highlighted in a press release on July 11, 2005. Kirkland Lake Gold reported an intersection of 90.4ft assaying 2.3 ounces of gold (uncut, width recognized as not a true width) from Drill Hole 50-627 on what is now recognized as the New South Zone. Exploration of these zones is ongoing, with further expansion anticipated. The location of the New South Zone relative to the other zones can be seen in plan view, Figure 9-2 and in Long Section, Figure 9-3. Page | 25 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Figure 9-2: Plan view of the Macassa Mine Complex. Figure 9-3: Longitudinal section of the Macassa Mine Complex. These new, wide, hydrothermally altered zones likely represent a new plumbing system for a southern mineralized part of the camp parallel to the Main Break, fed by a deep porphyry body. The location of some of the latest South Zone intersections can be seen in Figure 9-4. Page | 26 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Figure 9-4: Detailed plan view of underground drillhole intersections. The Company’s exploration program is directed at expanding the potential of these zones along strike and dip through diamond drilling. Underground development will be designed to optimize drill platform locations. 9.2.2 ABM and Amalgamated Zones The ABM and the Amalgamated Break Trend Zones (Amalgamated) have been recognised for some time. The ABM Zone is partially located under the Macassa’s tailings pond. The Amalgamated Zone is generally located on the South Claims that were part of the Queenston Joint Venture but are now 100% owned by Kirkland Lake Gold. The economic potential of these near surface zones becomes higher with increasing gold price, drilling has been carried out over the last few years to delineate resources from surface down to 300m in depth. Page | 27 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 10.0 DRILLING Kirkland Lake Gold contracts out all diamond drilling on surface and underground. The diamond drilling provides whole core recovery generally in NQ diameter for surface drilling and AQ or BQ diameter for underground drilling programs. AQ diameter core is utilized in definition drilling only. The core is boxed by the contractor and carried to the shaft by the drill contractor or Macassa personnel. The drill core is transported by personnel to the Macassa core shack for logging and sampling. In 2018, a total of eight diamond drills were used on the Macassa Property. Three drills were used for underground exploration, the remainder for underground definition. Underground drilling plans for 2019 entail the utilization of seven to eight diamond drills for both exploration and definition drilling. The 2019 underground exploration budget includes 90,000m of diamond drilling utilizing three drills. The programs are primarily designed to test the east and west extension of the SMC as well as the SMC at depth with additional targets on the ‘04/Main and Amalgamated Breaks. Surface exploration plans for 2019 include 4,000m of diamond drilling utilizing one drill to test regional target areas. The mineralization on the property follows the east-west strike of the Main Break, which also dips steeply to the south. The South Mine Complex follows the same strike but the various lenses may dip shallow or steeply. Drilling in the area best intersects the zone when drilling from the south towards the north. All underground drillhole collars and lines are digitally surveyed before and after to accurately locate the holes. Surveys are completed down the holes near the collar and at 30m increments to track any changes. There are minimal variations to the movement of the drillhole trace, but factors such as rock quality and fabric may affect the direction. Underground drillholes are planned with an expected target depth in mind. After the target is reached, the drillhole planner also adds an extra buffer zone to increase the confidence in intercepting the zone. When the end of the hole depth is reached, the drilling contractor ends the hole and moves on to the next usually without confirmation from the Geology department. On surface, drillholes are confirmed by the geologist before stopping to commence a new hole. Page | 28 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 11.0 SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES AND SECURITY 11.1 Sampling Methods Diamond drill core samples, chip samples and muck samples are all used at Macassa for grade control. Only the core samples and the chip samples are used for resource determination. Diamond drilling is used to explore the extensions of the zones, to find new zones from underground and to provide sample data between the mine levels for resource determinations. The recovered drill core is logged and sampled by a geologist employed by the Company in Macassa’s facility at the mine site. The core is oriented and marked for sampling by the geologist. Individual samples are between 0.3m to 1.0m in length. For all exploration core, the intervals selected for sampling are tagged and cut in half using a diamond saw, by a designated core splitter employed by the Company. One half of the split core is retained in the core box and stored in a designated area on site for further consideration. The other half is placed in properly marked sample bags with the identifying tag for shipment to an outside assaying facility. For all definition core, the intervals selected for sampling are whole bagged and sent to either the Macassa Laboratory or an outside assaying facility. The collars of all diamond drill holes are surveyed and the holes are downhole surveyed using by north-seeking gyros. The chip samples are obtained underground by a geologist or by a trained sampler. Each new exposure of the zones on the walls or face is sampled in all of the workings. Sample intervals are marked across the face and walls in channels recording the length, rock type and features of the sample. The sample intervals are set so that the individual veins and the waste sections within the veins are sampled separately. The wall rocks at the sides of the veins are sampled separately from the veins. The sample length for chips samples range between 0.3m and 1.0m in length. The samples are tagged and placed in appropriately marked bags and transported to the Macassa Laboratory. The samples are marked and located using the survey markers for control. After the ore is blasted, the mining crew and occasionally the mine geologists will obtain muck samples. It is practice at Macassa Mine to take one random grab sample from the muck for every 10 short tons of muck (ore or potential ore). Muck and chip sampling of both development and stope ore is carried out for mining control and reconciliation purposes. All chip and muck samples are tagged and placed in appropriately marked sample bags and then transported to the Macassa Laboratory. At the lab, they are reduced in size by riffling before being treated by the standard assay procedures. 11.2 Results Assay results are reported to the Database Analyst who verifies the data ensuring all quality control protocols are in compliance with expectations before entering the data into the database. 11.3 QA/QC Comparative Assay Laboratory Program Kirkland Lake Gold engages in industry standard practices to re-test mineralized pulps at a second commercial lab for a check on the quality of the primary assay results. Approximately 5% of the mineralized exploration samples that go directly to a commercial lab are sent to another commercial lab for verification. Samples were selected from the 2018 drilling campaign by considering pulps that grade above 6.86 g/t. Check assays were chosen from all laboratories used during the 2018 drill program and were sent to either Swastika Laboratories or Polymet Labs. Ideally, values returned by the umpire laboratory would be equivalent to the Page | 29 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report primary laboratory causing them to fall on an “X=Y” line, i.e. results from both labs are equal, when plotted on a primary laboratory versus umpire lab plot. 11.3.1 Check Assays for Swastika Laboratories A total of 207 check assays were chosen from Swastika Laboratories results and sent to Polymet Labs for analysis. Figure 11-1 shows a simple scatter plot of Swastika versus Polymet on a logarithmic scale. Figure 11-2 shows the same scatter plot on a linear scale with a comparison of the line of best fit for the data and the ideal model where X=Y. The data illustrates a good correlation with the X=Y line with a correlation coefficient “R2” of 0.97. The relative percent difference plot (Figure 11-3) shows an even distribution of values on either side of the X=Y line with no major outliers, suggesting that results are not biased high or low by either lab. Table 11-1 shows a summary of the relative percent difference values for the three grade ranges and multiple percentage envelopes. For samples greater than ten times the detection limit, Swastika showed acceptable accuracy with 83% of the sample pairs reporting within 25% of each other. Figure 11-1: Logarithmic scatter plot for Swastika Lab check assays. Page | 30 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Figure 11-2: Linear scatter plot of Swastika Lab check assays. Figure 11-3: Relative percent difference plot for Swastika check assays. Table 11-1: Swastika check assay summary. Page | 31 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 11.3.2 Check Assays for Macassa Lab A total of 487 check assays were chosen from Macassa Lab results and sent to Polymet Labs for analysis. Figure 11-4 shows a simple scatter plot of Macassa versus Polymet on a logarithmic scale. Figure 11-5 shows the same scatter plot on a linear scale with a comparison of the line of best fit for the data and the ideal model where X=Y. The data illustrates a good correlation with the X=Y line with a R2 of 0.98. The relative percent difference plot (Figure 11-6) shows a reasonable distribution of values on either side of the X=Y line with minor outliers, suggesting that results are not biased high or low by either lab. Table 11-2 shows a summary of the relative percent difference values for the three grade ranges and multiple percentage envelopes. Macassa has room for improvement for accuracy with 78% of the sample pairs reporting within 25% and is in the process of developing plan to improve the accuracy. Figure 11-4: Logarithmic scatter plots for Macassa Lab check assays. Page | 32 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Figure 11-5: Linear Scatter plots for Macassa Lab check assays. Figure 11-6: Relative percent difference plot for Macassa Lab check assays. Table 11-2: Macassa lab check assay summary. Page | 33 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 11.3.3 Check Assays for Polymet Labs A total of 128 check assays were chosen from Polymet Labs and sent to Swastika Laboratories for analysis. Figure 11-7 shows a simple scatter plot of Polymet versus Swastika on a logarithmic scale. Figure 11-8 shows the same scatter plot on a linear scale with a comparison of the line of best fit for the data and the ideal model where X=Y. The data illustrates a good correlation with the X=Y model with a R2 of 0.98. The relative percent difference plot (Figure 11-9) shows an even distribution of values on either side of the X=Y line with no major outliers suggesting that results are not biased high or low by either laboratory. Table 11-3 shows a summary of the relative percent difference values for the three grade ranges and multiple percentage envelopes. Polymet Labs showed good accuracy with 97% of the sample pairs reporting within 25%. Figure 11-7: Logarithmic scatter plot for Polymet Labs check assays. Page | 34 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Figure 11-8: Linear scatter plot for Polymet Labs check assays. Figure 11-9: Relative percent difference plot for Polymet Lab check assays. Table 11-3: Summary of Polymet Labs check assays. Page | 35 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 11.3.4 Check Assay Summary The check assay duplicates show adequate accuracy for the three major labs used in 2018, as seen in Table 11-4. For all samples used, Swastika had 83% of the pairs reporting within 25% of each other, Macassa had 78% of the pairs reporting within 25% of each other and Polymet had the best accuracy with 97% of the pairs reporting within 25% of each other. Table 11-4: Check assay summary for all labs. 11.4 Macassa Assay Method The Macassa Mine has an assay laboratory associated with the milling complex. This laboratory assays all of the mill samples, bullion and mine samples (which include chips, mucks and definition drill core). Due to a large amount of samples produced, a small portion of definition drill core was sent to Polymet Labs (Cobalt, ON). The exploration samples from the drilling programs are sent to the Swastika Laboratory (Swastika, ON) for analysis. At the Macassa Laboratory, the prepping procedure for samples is as follows: • Sample is crushed to 70-75% passing 10 mesh; • Riffle split to a 200-250g sample; • Pulverized with 85% passing 200 mesh screens. • The pulverizer and crusher are cleaned by compressed air after each sample. • Waste core is run through the crusher after every high grade sample. • Silica sand is pulverized after every high grade sample The Macassa Laboratory follows industry standard protocols for sample preparation and assaying. The lab inserts QA /QC standard samples, barren samples and a duplicate with each batch to test that proper procedure is being followed for quality control. QA/QC is tracked daily on a spreadsheet. Normal fire assay procedures are employed, using 1 assay ton for core or ½ assay ton for the other mine samples. There are procedures in place for repeating the fusion if the button is too small or too large. A random duplicate sample, blank sample and a certified reference material sample is added to each group. Polymet Labs is accredited to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9001:2015 by the Standards Council of Canada (SCC). Their prepping procedure for samples is as follows: • Sample is crushed with >80% passing 10 mesh (1680 μm). • Riffle split to a 200g sample. • Pulverized with >90% passing 150 mesh (105 μm) screens. Page | 36 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report • The pulverizer and crusher are cleaned by compressed air after each sample. • Waste core is run through the crusher after every high grade sample. • Silica sand is pulverized after every high grade sample. • All Au assays are analyzed by lead fusion fire assay with gravimetric finish performed on 29.16g sample. Swastika Laboratories is accredited to ISO/IEC 17025:2005 by Canadian Association for Laboratory Accreditation Inc (CALA). Their prepping procedure for samples is as follows: • Drying of samples is done at 80°C in a forced air circulation system. • Sample is dry crushed with >80% passing 10 mesh (1700 μm) using low chrome steel jaw plates. • Riffle split to a 300g sample. • Pulverized with >90% passing 150 mesh (107 μm) screens using low chrome steel bowl sets. • The pulverizer and crusher are cleaned by compressed air after each sample. • Waste core is run through the crusher after every high grade sample. • Silica sand is pulverized after every high grade sample. • Au is analyzed by lead fusion fire assay followed by Microwave Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer (MP-AES) finish on 29.17g sample. Au assays > 8.57 g/t are also analyzed by lead fusion fire assay with gravimetric finish performed on 29.17g sample. 11.5 Assay Laboratory Site Audits In December 2015, an assay laboratory audit was conducted by Analytical Solutions Ltd. of the Macassa Laboratory (Analytical Solutions Ltd., 2015). Recommendations from the audit concluded that the Macassa Laboratory is in a challenging location with limited space to operate, no digital data management and tight turnaround time requirements. Based on the available quality control data, the laboratory team produces good quality gold fire assays suitable for most mine applications. The gold is generally described as less than 25 microns (with particles up to 5mm possible) so that pulps are relatively homogeneous, and assays are repeatable. There are several improvements recently implemented and currently planned for the laboratory: • Purchase of 3 terminator crushers/built-in rotary splitters, installed in 2018. • Purchase of an Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and a new Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) instrument to replace 1 AAS slated for use at Effluent Treatment Plant planned, budgeted for 2019. • Implementation of a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) in 2018. Quarterly visits to the Macassa Assay Lab in 2018 were completed by the Chief Mine Geologist and Sr. Production Geologist to assess the lab’s internal quality control, monitor environmental practices and discuss turnaround time and logistics. In November 2018, the Database Analyst and the Chief Mine Geologist conducted a routine laboratory visit to Polymet Labs to assess the lab’s internal quality control, monitor environmental practices and discuss turnaround time and logistics. In January 2019, the Database Analyst and the Chief Exploration Geologist conducted a similar laboratory visit to Swastika Laboratories. No cause for Page | 37 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report concern was found at either of the labs. Macassa Geologists will be conducting routine visits to all labs to document any changes in key personnel, equipment or analytical methods. In the QP’s opinion, the procedures, policies and protocols for the sampling, sample preparation, analytical/assaying techniques and security systems are proper and adequate at the Macassa Mine. 11.6 Accuracy as Determined by Blank and Reference Materials Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) are inserted into the sample stream to measure the trueness or accuracy of the analytical method used by the laboratory. Control charts plotted by analysis date versus laboratory result are routinely produced to monitor any biases or drift in the data over time that may be due to issues in lab analysis or preparation practices. Gold reference materials were purchased from Analytical Solutions Ltd. (ASL) and prepared by Ore Research and Exploration (ORE). A summary of the number of reference materials submitted to each lab is presented in Table 11-5. Table 11-5: Summary of reference material by laboratory Swastika Laboratories performed well throughout the year with 100% of the measured values falling within the accepted three standard deviations of the expected value. There is a very slight tendency to underestimate, but not enough to raise concern. The control charts produced for Swastika are overall consistent and show no reason for concern. The data obtained from Macassa’s laboratory display values broadly, but evenly dispersed, with adequate accuracies of 90% of their measured values falling within three standard deviations of their true value. Polymet showed a tendency to slightly overestimate reference materials over the analysis period, but not enough to raise concern. Polymet showed adequate accuracies of 96% of their measured values falling within three standard deviations of their true value. Outliers are suspected errors in recording the correct reference material sample in the database. A summary of the reference material results from 2018 is shown on Table 11-6. Table 11-6: Reference material results summary. Assay Reference Number Expected Values Observed Values 2018 Laboratory Material Used Mean (oz/t) Std Dev (oz/t) Mean (oz/t) Outliers Excluded Within 1 SD Within 2 SD Within 3 SD Failed (Outside 3SD) OREAS 214 813 0.088 0.002 0.088 2 81% 99% 100% 0% Swastika OREAS 229 138 0.353 0.006 0.351 6 75% 100% 100% 0% OREAS 256 271 0.223 0.007 0.224 13 54% 79% 93% 7% Macassa OREAS 257 208 0.414 0.008 0.414 37 47% 73% 86% 14% OREAS 256 87 0.223 0.007 0.227 1 57% 91% 100% 0% Polymet OREAS 257 72 0.414 0.008 0.418 4 46% 74% 90% 10% Blank material is used to monitor contamination caused when sample preparation equipment is not cleaned properly after a mineralized sample. Macassa blanks consists of drill core of matching size composed of unmineralized basic syenite from previously drilled holes in the area. One blank material is inserted after a sample with the potential for moderate to high grade gold. Due to the high grade nature of the Macassa deposit, and only adding blanks after high grade samples, the Swastika and Polymet results showed minor Page | 38 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report contamination above 10 times the detection limit, but not enough to raise concern. Macassa Assay Lab showed adequate results of 97% within acceptable ranges due to their higher detection limit. Blank materials inserted into the sample stream did not suggest any contamination during sample preparation or analyses. A summary of the blank results from 2018 is shown on Table 11-7. Table 11-7: Blank results summary. Assay Number Expected Observed Values 2018 Laboratory Used Value (oz/t) Mean (oz/t) 10x Detection Limit Within Accepted Above Accepted Swastika 226 0.001 0.011 0.01 81% 19% Macassa 716 0.010 0.014 0.1 97% 3% Polymet 165 0.001 0.007 0.01 87% 13% 11.7 Data Verification Drillhole data is verified by Professional Geologists and consists of a wide variety of checks based upon the survey and pick-up of drillhole collars, downhole surveys using north seeking gyro tools during the drilling of the holes. The drillhole trace is continually monitored by the Geologists to insure that the hole remains on track to intercept the target. Drillhole data is checked by the Database Analyst and the Senior Resource Geologist prior to generating the mineral resource estimate. Errors or suspect date are checked and corrected, or else excluded from the resource estimate. A list of excluded holes is kept on file and includes reasons for exclusion and whether specific mineralized zones or the entire hole should be excluded. In the QP’s opinion, the procedures, policies and protocols for drilling verification are proper and appropriate at the Macassa Mine. The sampling, handling and assaying methods used at Macassa are consistent with good exploration and operational practices. Page | 39 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 12.0 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING It should be noted that the apparent increased telluride content that was observed in the SMC zones indicated that modifications to the processing may be required to keep the high gold recovery that has traditionally been experienced at Macassa; to that effect, cyanidation is taking place at the grinding stage. Assumptions used for mill recovery are based on a grade-recovery curve that has been developed over the years; this grade-recovery curve is updated yearly. The 2018 milling recovery data is shown in Figure 12-1. Grade vs. Recovery Curve 2018 100.00% 99.00% 98.00% 97.00% 96.00% 95.00% 94.00% Au Recovery (%) Recovery Au 93.00% 92.00% 91.00% 90.00% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Head grade (g/T) Figure 12-1: Grade vs. Recovery curve. In the QP’s opinion, there are no processing factors or deleterious elements that could have a significant effect on potential economic extraction. Page | 40 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 13.0 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES The Mineral Resources effective as of December 31, 2018 are summarized in Table 13-1. All Mineral Resources are exclusive of the Mineral Reserves. Note that values recorded in Table 13-1 are in metric tonnes and grams per tonne (g/t). All other units in Section 13 are imperial, the operating units of the Macassa Mine; grades are in ounces per short ton (oz/st) and distances are in feet. The block models used to determine the resources were developed in Datamine using criteria explained in sub-sections that follow. Table 13-1: Macassa Resources (exclusive of reserves), effective December 31, 2018. Measured Indicated Measured + Indicated Inferred Location Tonnes Grade Gold Ozs Tonnes Grade Gold Ozs Tonnes Grade Gold Ozs Tonnes Grade Gold Ozs (000's) (g/t) (000's) (000's) (g/t) (000's) (000's) (g/t) (000's) (000's) (g/t) (000's) Main/'04 Break 265 16.0 137 747 16.6 399 1,013 16.4 536 195 15.3 96 South Mine Complex 188 21.9 132 587 16.7 315 775 17.9 447 415 17.4 232 Grand Totals 453 18.4 268 1,335 16.6 714 1,787 17.1 982 610 16.7 328 Notes: 1. Mineral Resource estimates were prepared under the supervision of Qualified Persons B. Harwood, P.Geo (Principal Resource Geologist, Canadian Operations) and R. Glover, P.Geo (Macassa Chief Geologist). 2. Mineral Resource estimates were undertaken according to the Company’s Policy for Mineral Reserve and Resources 3. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability 4. Mineral Resources were estimated at a block cut-off grade of 8.57g/t 5. Mineral Resources are estimated using a long-term gold price of CAD$1,635/oz 6. A minimum mining width of 2.13m (7ft) and minimum mining height of 2.74m (9ft) was applied 7. A bulk density of 2.74 t/m3 was used 8. Totals may not add exactly due to rounding 9. Polygonal estimates carried over from 2017 were removed for this resource update. 10. CIM definitions (2014) were followed in the calculation of Mineral Resources 13.1 Database Macassa uses a SQL drillhole database managed through Datamine Fusion software with built in validation checks during data import/input. A number of other validation checks were performed during Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) of the drillhole database. Underground chip sample data is stored digitally in AutoCAD files. Chip samples taken since November 2014 have been imported into an access database through software provided by Promine. Earlier samples have been added to the database through the same software and more are added regularly. During 3D solid modelling, a number of diamond drillholes were flagged as unreliable and an exclusion list was generated for each zone. The reasons for exclusion varied, but the most common issues encountered were poor confidence in the collar location, downhole survey or sampling. The exclusion list contains a list of holes for exclusion by specific domains/zones and exclusion of entire drillholes. Notes were created stating the reasoning behind each exclusion. Holes were left in the drillhole database but excluded prior to generating domain raw sample and composite files. Some legacy problems were encountered in the drillhole database. In most cases these issues were resolved, but a few diamond drillholes were excluded where issues could not be fixed. Each sample file was examined to look for excessively short or long samples, Au grades less than 0 oz/st, unrealistically high grades, or large numbers of “single integer” grades. For example, several samples had grades of exactly 15 oz/st and 999 oz/st. Page | 41 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report The sources of these errors were identified and resolved, and if not, the holes were excluded from the estimate. In some historic mining areas a number of holes targeting distant mineralization were collared in close proximity to an existing zone, so that a large number of pierce points were located within a small area. In some cases only a selection of those drillholes were sampled. This resulted in drillholes that had trace grades assigned incorrectly; the area was mineralized but deliberately not sampled. Those samples were identified and excluded from the estimate for the unsampled zone. 13.2 Geological Interpretation and 3D Solid Modelling 3D domains were first modelled in 2016 using Datamine Software’s Studio EM/RM packages, for the purpose of transitioning towards block model resource estimates. 3D wireframes were created for the South Mine Complex and Main Break/04 Break (MB/04B) areas. The wireframes followed structurally controlled mineralized lenses. In the Main Break/04 Break the lenses are typically associated with quartz veins and breccias (see Section 7). In the SMC the structures are often associated with broader sulfide mineralization, quartz molybdenum fractures and breccias, quartz flooded stringers and multiple phases of telluride mineralization. In many cases the structures have been validated by underground exposure. In 2018 the wireframes were updated to incorporate new drilling and recently digitized underground production samples (chip samples). The 3D solids were organized into domains with common orientation and each wireframe was assigned a zone code. The 3D solids were initially created to follow broad low grade structures, and mineralization was not always consistent within the solids. For the 2018 MRMR update, areas of weak and narrow mineralization were removed from the solids. When the shapes were first created, production data was not always available, so the wireframes have been updated to correctly incorporate underground mapping and production sampling, where applicable. Table 13-2 shows the total number of domains and zones within each domain. A total of 239 wireframes were created in 5 SMC domains and 12 Main Break/04 Break domains. A 3D perspective view of the Macassa resource shapes is shown in Figure 13-1. During EDA multiple grade populations were identified within the domains. The domains and zones will be reviewed in 2019 to see if improvements can be made by sub-domaining consistently high grade areas. Page | 42 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Figure 13-1: 3D perspective of the Macassa domains. Notes: The wireframes were generated in the Macassa geology grid, displayed. The grid is oriented such that the MB/04B strikes approximately east-west. Distances are in feet, view is looking grid northeast. Page | 43 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Table 13-2: Summary of the number of zones with reported resources for the 5 SMC and 12 MB/04B domains. SMC Number MB/04B Number Domain of Zones Domain of Zones 1 37 101 41 2 23 102 13 3 22 102.1 14 4 7 103 8 5 10 103.1 6 104 8 104.1 3 105 6 106 3 107 9 108 3 109 9 Total 99 Total 123 Notes: Block models for a total of 239 zones were created; of those 222 had resources reported. Remnant resources for 6 MB/04B zones were removed because they were almost completely mined out. 11 others from both SMC and MB/04B were classified entirely as Mineral Inventory, usually due to low grades. 13.3 Density Data The density traditionally used in the camp was 2.67 t/m3. There have been a number of studies that suggest that the traditional density number was too low and consequently gave an understated tonnage. The difference in the tonnage estimate is approximately 2.5% between the density used in the past and the current density being used. In 2007, 95 samples were used to measure the density of the SMC zones. These samples confirmed that the density used for the Lower D Zone was realistic. The other SMC zones varied and it appears that the 2.74 t/m3 used overall at Macassa is reasonable. The tonnage difference between 2.74 t/m3 and 2.78 t/m3 is less than 2%. Additional density studies are planned for 2019. 13.4 Capping of High Gold Grades Macassa is well known as one of the highest grade gold mines in the world. As such, capping is a critical part of the resource estimation process. In previous modified polygonal estimates MB/04B composites were capped at 3.5 oz/st, with some of the higher grade SMC zones capped at up to 9.3 oz/st. For the 2018 MRMR estimate, the raw assay statistics of each of the 239 zones were reviewed and suitable caps were chosen for each of the zones. Capping values for the DDH and Chip samples were selected independently. A sample log- probability plot is shown for the New South Zone (SMC zone 1-0) in Figure 13-2. Summary statistics for the raw assays for SMC domain 1 and the 5 largest zones within the domain are included in Table 13-3. Page | 44 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Initial caps were selected based on a moderately conservative geostatistical analysis. Those capping parameters resulted in good correlation with the input sample data from model validation using the Snowden Supervisor software module. However, using those capping parameters a reconciliation test resulted in a moderate underestimation of ounces vs. production from Q1-Q3, 2018. The models were rerun using a higher set of caps for the final estimates. Table 13-4 shows an example of the caps used for 14 zones from the MB/04B Domain 101. The higher set of caps resulted in an underestimation of ounces of approximately 5% from January to November 2018 (Table 13-5). December 2018 production results were above the predicted grade estimate, this consequently resulted in an underestimation of ounces in the mill by 11.5% for the entire 2018 year. Sub-domaining of high grade areas, as well as refinement of caps is planned to improve the model grade estimates as compared to production results. Figure 13-2: Sample Log-histogram and Log-Probability Plots for New South. Notes: This is a sample for the 5141 DDH samples in Zone 1-0. Grades are in ounces per short ton. In this case final capping was applied at 30 oz/st. The initial cap of 20 oz/st reconciled low vs. 2018 production. Page | 45 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Table 13-3: Example of raw Au (oz/st) assay statistics for SMC Domain 1, including details for the 5 largest zones in the SMC. All Zones 0 1 13 27 31 Samples 9461 4286 937 2571 1110 557 Minimum 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maximum 256.3 256.3 45.4 119.3 220 27.3 Mean 1.15 1.37 0.79 1.13 0.91 0.59 Standard deviation 5.97 6.44 3.18 5.63 7.69 2.02 CV 5.21 4.71 4.01 5 8.42 3.42 Variance 35.64 41.5 10.13 31.7 59.1 4.09 Skewness 22.5 23.44 8.64 13 24.08 8.5 50% 0.15 0.18 0.1 0.12 0.15 0.14 60% 0.21 0.28 0.15 0.18 0.2 0.19 70% 0.35 0.49 0.21 0.26 0.31 0.26 80% 0.72 1.05 0.43 0.5 0.56 0.45 90% 2.02 2.79 1.26 1.67 1.25 1.18 95% 4.57 5.85 3.44 4.3 2.41 2.09 97.5% 8.79 10.55 5.66 9.52 4.59 4.04 99% 17.99 20.74 15.71 19.63 10.23 7.81 Table 13-4: Example of capping parameters for 14 zones of Domain 101. ZONE DDH Cap (oz/st) Chip Cap (oz/st) 1 7 2.5 1.1 3 - 3 12 20 3.1 10 8 4 21 8 7 4 2 8 1.5 - 10 4 2.9 16 2.5 - 22 4 1.5 24 3 1 26 2 2.5 28 1 1 29 6.5 7 30.4 1.5 1.5 Page | 46 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Table 13-5: Ounce reconciliation for the 2018 updated block models vs. Macassa Mill head ounces. Original Caps Revised Caps % Difference vs. % Difference vs. Mill 2018 Ounces 2018 Ounces Mill Head Ounces Head Ounces OK Estimate (Jan-Nov) 202,317 6.8% 207,095 4.6% ID3 Estimate (Jan-Nov) 200,147 7.8% 205,974 5.1% Mill Head Ounces (Jan-Nov) 217,138 217,138 OK Estimate (Full Year) Not Calculated 217,932 11.5% Mill Head Ounces (Full Year) 246,228 Notes: The top 3 rows are January - November, 2018, the 2 bottom rows are for the full year. The OK estimate using revised capping levels was the only test done for the full year, as final model decisions had been made when the mill data became available. 13.5 Compositing Raw samples were composited to a nominal length of two feet. Composite lengths were normalized through the zone to create equal length composites with no remnant on the downhole edge of the zone. Tolerances of half of the composite length were allowed. 2ft was chosen as the composite length because it is double the most commonly occurring sample length in the SMC and MB/04B datasets, and long enough to prevent splitting of most longer samples. Longer composites were also tested, but due to the extremely narrow nature of many of the Macassa Mineralized zones, a significant number of samples did not composite using longer lengths (e.g. 3ft). Poorly drilled areas are sometimes mined at Macassa. Consequently, previous resource estimates used chip samples in the resource estimates, allowing measured and indicated resources to be defined around mined areas where DDH data would not have permitted inclusion in those categories. To maintain consistency with previous estimates, face chip data was also used in the current resource estimate. However, to reduce the weight of face chips relative to diamond drillholes, they were composited to 3ft lengths, using the same length normalization as the drillhole samples. In some historic mining areas, the only face chip data available had already been composited across the face (typically between 6ft to 9ft lengths). These composites were split to conform to the 3ft nominal composite length. Missing samples were assigned a trace grade of 0.0001 oz/st. As mentioned in the database section, some areas were deliberately not sampled in areas where a large number of drillholes pierced a zone in a small area (targeting more distant mineralization). Those samples were excluded from the composites whenever they were identified. Capping was applied to the composited data, not to the raw assays. Sample summary statistics of the raw assays vs. capped composites are shown in Table 13-6 for SMC Domain 1. In the past, the resources at Macassa have been reported to a minimum mining width. In order to maintain consistency with past modified polygonal estimates the same reporting was used for this estimate. The minimum horizontal mining width (HMW) for steeply dipping zones is 7ft; this has been increased from 6ft in previously reported Macassa Resources. For shallowly dipping zones, a 9ft vertical mining height (VMH) was used. A set of dilution block models were created outside the main mineralized zone that brought the full thickness of the model to the appropriate minimum mining dimension. Composites were created to estimate grades into those cells by selecting and compositing DDH and chip samples within 4ft of the mineralized shape. Page | 47 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Anywhere one mineralized zone terminated or crossed another, the “zone” composites were removed from the dilution composite file. This prevented inclusion of high grades that were assigned to another zone/domain. Table 13-6: Summary statistics for DDH and chip raw assays, uncapped composites and capped composites (oz/st) for all zones in SMC Domain 1. Statistic Samples Min. Max. Mean St. Dev. CV Variance Skewness 50% 90% 95% 97.50% 99% Raw Assays 15362 0 220 0.89 4.96 5.56 24.61 20.53 0.098 1.36 3.36 7.00 14.78 Uncapped 14805 0 220 0.71 3.60 5.08 12.99 25.29 0.095 1.25 2.85 5.51 11.61 Composites Capped 14805 0 30 0.62 2.10 3.39 4.41 7.90 0.095 1.25 2.80 5.41 10 Composites 13.6 Variography Variograms were created for the capped composites, both with and without chip data included in the sample file. In most cases, the chip data increased the short range variability of the data, but had very little effect on the overall range. The final variograms were created using only DDH data as the combined datasets tended to create noisier variograms, but in each case the combined data was reviewed and the short range variability was taken into consideration when modelling the structures. Figure 13-3 shows a sample of the final variograms that were created for the SMC Domain 1. Models were fitted to the data to try and fit the short range structure and overall range as accurately as possible. Variogram parameters are listed in Table 13-7. Domains not listed in Table 13-7 had poorly defined variograms and estimates for those zones did not use Ordinary Kriging (OK). Where possible, omni-variograms were generated to help guide primary search range decisions. Page | 48 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Figure 13-3: Variograms for SMC Domain 1, showing the data and fit models. Table 13-7: Variogram parameters D1 D2 D3 ST1 D1 D2 D3 ST2 D1 D2 D3 ST3 Domain Z Rot1 Y Rot Z Rot2 Nugget Range Range Range Partial Range Range Range Partial Range Range Range Partial 1 140 10 -120 0.15 33 12 3 0.13 79 23 5 0.18 97 60 7 0.54 2 170 40 170 0.15 12 51 5 0.28 55 60 29 0.57 - - - - 3 170 55 -140 0.18 21 21 21 0.5 43 89 22 0.18 76 103 23 0.14 4 160 20 180 0.1 85 60 12 0.9 - - - - - - - - 5 150 55 90 0.23 104 67 10 0.77 - - - - - - - - 101 170 70 135 0.2 48 45 14 0.32 127 143 15 0.48 - - - - 102 170 50 90 0.12 46 32 14 0.05 145 57 15 0.83 - - - - 102.1 170 30 170 0.1 29 27 4 0.4 200 62 10 0.5 - - - - 103.1 150 30 180 0.16 13 71 15 0.19 115 72 16 0.65 - - - - Notes: SMC (Domains 1-5) and MB/04B (Domains 101-103.1) domains shown where variograms could be modelled. Ranges are in feet, rotation in angular degrees. Page | 49 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 13.7 Block Models 13.7.1 Domaining The Macassa block model estimates were created in two sets. The first set was for the 5 domains comprising the SMC. The second was the 12 domains comprising the MB/04B. The domains were created according to their orientation, with some subdivisions made based on grade populations or large geographic differences. Subdividing by orientation allowed for variography to be completed by domain, with the same search and estimation parameters used for all zones in the domain. The domain shapes were reviewed by the Macassa Senior Resource Geologist, the Macassa Chief Geologist and the Principal Resource Geologist (Canadian Operations). In the SMC, Domain 1 consisted of shallow dipping lenses, generally dipping between 0-30o southeast to south, using the mine geology grid. Domain 2 dipped moderately to the south (30-45o). Domain 3 dipped more steeply south (45-80o). Domain 4 dipped moderately to the southeast (30-45o). Domain 5 dipped steeply to the southeast (45-70o). In the MB/’04B, Domains 101, 102, 104, 105, 107 and 108 all dipped steeply south, typically approximately 70o. Domains 102.1, 103.1, 104.1 dipped shallowly to the south (approximately 30o). Domain 106 dipped moderately to the east (approximately 45o). Domain 109 dipped moderately to the southeast (approximately 45o). 13.7.2 Block Model Parameters The Macassa block models were created in Datamine Software’s Studio RM package. Baseline block size and other estimation parameters were selected based on the kriging neighbourhood analysis (KNA) functions in Snowden Supervisor. All of the zones in the SMC and MB/04B domains were modelled using prototypes local to the zone, with 9ft by 9ft by 9ft parent blocks. Each parent block was allowed to subcell down to 1ft by 1ft by 0.5ft. Estimation and classification were completed using the local prototypes, then the individual zones were merged into a single prototype for the SMC, and one of 3 prototypes for the MB/04B. Domains 105 and 106 were on their own prototype, domain 107 on another, all the remaining MB/04B domains were on the third. This was to account for the large spacing between some of the domains on the ‘04 Break structure. Parameters for the 4 main prototypes have been included in 13-8. Combination of the individual zone models allowed any overlapping cells to be correctly resolved, and simplified evaluation of final resource grades. As mentioned in the compositing section, past resources at Macassa were reported to a minimum mining width. A method was devised that created “dilution” model cells outside the in-situ mineralized zone, based on the appropriate minimum mining dimension of the zone. For shallow dipping zones, the minimum vertical mining dimension was 9ft, and for steeply dipping zones, the minimum horizontal mining dimension was 7ft. Cells were added to the outside of the shape to bring the total height or width up to the minimum mining dimension. The grades were estimated separately into the dilution models using hard boundaries, then combined with the in-situ models after estimation. Page | 50 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Table 13-8: Prototype dimensions for the SMC and MB/04B. Prototype X-Origin Y-Origin Z-Origin # Cells X # Cells Y # Cells Z SMC -2410 -3060 -7160 720 320 320 04 Main -5140 -2220 -7670 737 328 598 Dom 105-106 -2660 -3960 -1240 427 295 143 Dom 107 -3920 70 -7220 1067 162 811 13.7.3 Search Parameters Almost all of the Macassa domains were structurally controlled lenses that had some degree of change of orientation. The Studio RM “Dynamic Anisotropy” method was used to vary the search ellipsoid orientation to follow the average dip and dip direction of the wireframe. The search parameters for the MB/04B and SMC are included in Table 13-9 and Table 13-10, respectively. The searches were designed based on KNA and using variogram ranges, typically using a primary search where the variogram model range reached approximately 80% of the sill. Where variograms could not be generated, primary search ranges similar to the other domains were used. The estimates used three search passes to fill as many of the cells in the model as possible. Cells not meeting the distance or minimum sample requirements of the third search pass were assigned zero grade. Cells with estimated grades that were outside the nominal distances to samples were not classified as resources. However, the grades were retained in a “Mineral Inventory” category as a guide to future drilling. Several sets of search parameters were tested, and the set of parameters that most closely matched the drilling data was tested in a reconciliation study. Parameter selection was based on model validation in Snowden Supervisor and visually in Studio RM. Table 13-9: Search parameters and estimation methods for all MB/04B domains. For all domains, the maximum number of samples per hole was 5. Estimation Primary Search Secondary Search Tertiary Search Domain Method Dimension (ft) Min/Max Factor Min/Max Factor Min/Max 101 OK 50x60x8 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/20 102 OK 65x35x8 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/16 102.1 OK 70x35x20 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/16 103 ID2 45x45x8 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/16 103.1 ID2 60x40x8 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/16 104 ID2 45x45x8 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/16 104.1 ID2 45x45x8 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/16 105 ID2 45x45x8 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/16 106 ID2 45x45x8 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/16 107 ID2 70x60x8 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/16 108 ID2 45x45x8 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/16 109 ID2 45x45x8 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/16 Page | 51 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Table 13-10: Search parameters and estimation methods for all SMC domains. For all domains, the maximum number of samples per hole was 5. Estimation Primary Search Secondary Search Tertiary Search Domain Method Dimension (ft) Min/Max Factor Min/Max Factor Min/Max 1 OK 50x40x8 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/20 2 OK 30x35x8 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/20 3 OK 45x45x8 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/20 4 OK 50x35x8 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/16 5 OK 60x40x8 6/12 2 6/16 4 6/16 13.7.4 Estimation Parameters and Model Outputs All final estimates for all SMC and some MB/04B domains used Ordinary Kriging. The remaining zones used ID2 (Table 13-9 and Table 13-10). ID3 and Nearest Neighbor estimates were also completed for all domains and reviewed during model validation. In addition to the grade fields, several other parameters were output or calculated. The estimate variance, search pass number and the number of samples used to estimate each parent cell were output. The distance to the closest sample, the weighted average distance to samples (weighted by kriging weight) and number of boreholes per estimated cell were also calculated for each parent cell. 13.7.5 Model Validation Block models were checked first by loading them into Studio RM and reviewing them in 3D, cross-section and plan views (e.g.Figure 13-4). The model grades, interpolation distances, search orientations and calculated parameters were checked. The models were then loaded into Snowden Supervisor along with the composite file used to estimate the grades. Declustering weights were applied to all composite data for model validation. SWATH plots were created to examine the spatial distribution of sample grades vs. the model grade estimates. SWATH plots compared both naïve and declustered sample data to the block model. Figure 13-5 shows an example of the cross-strike SWATH plot of the New South Zone (1-0). Figure 13-6 is a log-histogram of sample grade vs. model grade for SMC zone 1-0, showing the OK and ID2 estimates. Both estimates reproduced the declustered mean within 1%. Once a good set of parameters had been validated using the input sample data, a reconciliation test was done using January-November production in 2018 (see Section 13.4). Surveyed voids were evaluated using the model, and compared to mill head ounces for the same time period. It was found that the model reconciled about 7% too low, so the capping parameters were increased for most zones, and some other minor search adjustments were made. The modified parameters brought the ounce reconciliation to approximately 4.5%, with the model still underestimating ounces. A late re-test including December production increased the gap to 11.5%, primarily from over-performance in December. Additional work is required to improve reconciliation. It is recommended that capping parameters and the possibility of high-grade sub-domaining be reviewed in 2019. Page | 52 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report In addition to internal model validation by Macassa staff, SGS Geostats Canada Inc. (SGS) completed an independent audit of the 2018 resources, up to the stage of creating classified block models. Model depletion and the final resources were not reviewed. The audit included a review of the raw and composited samples, capping, variography, search parameters, and a check-estimate of SMC Domain 1. On completion of their study, SGS encountered no major errors and inconsistencies, and several recommendations from the audit were incorporated into the final resource estimates. All final resource estimates for SMC and MB/04B domains used Ordinary Kriging (OK) or Inverse Distance Squared (ID2) and were validated using ID3 and Nearest Neighbour estimates. The OK and ID2 grade interpolation methods used are appropriate for this type of gold deposit with this density of data. Figure 13-4: Cross section looking east (Mine Geology Grid, section -80E) of the New South Zone. Notes: The in-situ model and composites for samples and chips are shown using the same grade legend, in ounces per short ton (oz/st). Page | 53 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Figure 13-5: Cross-strike SWATH plot for the New South Zone (1-0). Notes: Only declustered grades are shown (blue) to reduce graph clutter. The black line is the OK estimate, the gray line is the ID2 estimate. Slices are 35 feet. The grey bars represent the numbers of samples in each slice. Page | 54 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Figure 13-6: Log-histogram for the SMC New South Zone (1-0). Notes: Grades for naive and declustered samples and the OK and ID2 estimates are shown. The colour legend is the same as in the SWATH plots above. 13.8 Resource Classification The models were classified as measured, indicated or inferred as outlined by CIM Definition Standards (May 2014), based on a number of qualifying factors. The resoure classification is primarily based on the distance to development, diamond drilling or chip sampling. For previous modified polygonal resources, ranges for measured resources were 30ft from development, 50ft from the nearest drillhole (or development) for indicated, and 100ft from the nearest drillhole for inferred. The ranges were kept consistent for the present classification. However, rather than use the distance to the closest sample, the weighted average distance to all informing samples was used as the primary classification criteria. Weighting used the same weights as were used in the grade estimate (kriging weights or inverse distance squared). Measured resources were categorized by first drawing strings around areas within 30ft of development, then adjusted based on the average distance to samples and other criteria discussed below. Indicated resources were defined using an average distance of approximately 50ft to 70ft, as that distance typically corresponded well to the indicated boundary for the 2016 polygonal resource. Shapes were smoothed to allow incorporation Page | 55 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report of slightly longer ranges when other qualifying criteria added confidence to the estimate. Small, isolated blocks of indicated resources were avoided when they were in areas far from existing development. Inferred resources were classified as having an average distance between 70ft and 120ft to samples. A number of other qualifying criteria were examined prior to finalizing category perimeters. Blocks in all resource categories required at least 2 separate drillholes to generate estimated grades; however, 3 or more drillholes were usually required for measured and indicated resources. For measured and indicated resources, drill density usually allowed the maximum number of samples to be reached. The number of drillholes and samples used to estimate each cell were plotted in Studio RM and the perimeters were adjusted based on that data. The subcelled block models were classified with the in-situ and dilution cells together. Once classified, the grades were averaged through the appropriate mining height or width, to create a single grade. This allowed reporting of the final resources where grades exceeded the cutoff over the appropriate minimum mining dimension. The in-situ (undiluted) models were provided to engineering for stope planning and design, as the resolution in the high grade mineralized domains facilitated mine planning. However, dilution grades were included when evaluating tons and grade in stopes. Mined voids and reserves were depleted from the block model by coding model cells, then applying filters to the output results. In addition, exclusion perimeters were generated for mining remnants around voids. The remnants typically consisted of unmineable rinds of mineralization next to voids or mining pillars. These typically occur when there are small differences between the ore encountered underground and the modelled 3D shape. A second set of perimeters were generated that excluded reserve remnants and isolated grade blocks from the resource. The final resource was reported exclusive of mining, reserves, isolated grade blocks and sterilized remnants. In the QP’s opinion, there are no known environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, political or other relevant factors that could materially affect the mineral resource estimate. Page | 56 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 14.0 MINERAL RESERVES ESTIMATE The Mineral Reserves estimate is based on Macassa Mine’s measured and indicated Mineral Resources. For these, mining plans were developed, in which specific mining methods were applied and required development was planned as per practices outlined in Section 15.0. Areas of uncertainty that may impact the Mineral Reserve estimate includes the price of gold and exchange rate assumptions used, geological complexity and unforeseen geomechanical constraints. The Mineral Reserves effective as of December 31, 2018 are summarized in Table 14-1. Table 14-1: Mineral Reserves for the Macassa Mine (as of Dec 31, 2018). Zone Category Tonnes (000's) Grade (g/t) Ounces (000's) SMC Proven 174 23.5 131 Probable 2,420 22.6 1,750 MBZ Proven 114 18.9 69 Probable 481 19.0 294 Total Proven 290 21.5 200 Total Probable 2,900 22.0 2,050 TOTALS Proven + Probable 3,190 21.9 2,250 Notes 1. CIM definitions (2014) were followed in the estimation of Mineral Reserves. 2. Mineral Reserves estimates were prepared under the supervision of Qualified Person Mariana P. Harvey, P. Eng. 3. Mineral Reserves estimates were undertaken according to the Company’s Policy for Mineral Reserve and Resources. 4. Cut-off grades were calculated for each stope, including the costs of: mining, milling, general and administration, royalties, capital expenditures and other modifying factors (e.g. dilution, mining extraction, mill recovery). 5. Mineral Reserves were estimated using a long-term gold price of US$1,230/oz and a currency exchange of US$1.00=CAD$1.33, with a resulting price gold of CAD$1,635.90/oz. 6. Totals may not add exactly due to rounding. To develop the reserves, the economic feasibility of each stope was determined, inclusive of all mining, milling, general administration, royalties and sustaining capital expenditures. Appropriate modifying factors were applied, such as dilution and recovery (mining extraction), based on the mining method. Further details in regards to mining methods can be found in Section 15.0. The economic viability of the measured and indicated resources converted into reserves was determined by Macassa Mine’s engineering department. Note that in reference to production areas, the terms 04’ Break and Main Break are currently used interchangeably at Macassa. In the QP’s opinion, there are no known environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, political or other relevant factors that could affect materially the mineral reserves estimate. 14.1.1 Mining Dilution and Recovery Two sources of dilution have been considered in the Mineral Reserves estimate: internal (In-Situ) dilution and external dilution. Internal dilution includes low grade material and/or waste rock that will be mined along (not able to be segregated) with the ore. Internal dilution is included in the mining shapes created. External dilution Page | 57 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report includes material outside the designed mining shape that overbreaks or sloughs and is mucked and delivered to the mill. Cut and Fill stopes (MCF or UCF) are planned with 0% external dilution, and internal dilution varies depending on the geometry of the mineralized structure and mineable shape design. For Longhole (LH) Stopes, an external dilution of 0.6m is applied to the designed mining shape, and the internal dilution will also vary depending on the mineralized structure geometry within the Longhole Stope design. An extraction (mining) recovery factor is applied to all reserve shapes. This factor is applied to account for material that is planned to be mined, but not able to be recovered due to various causes. This factor is specific to each mining method, as recoverability in non-entry methods is generally lower. The extraction recovery applied to all Cut and Fill reserve shapes was set at 95%, and set at 90% for all Longhole Stopes. Page | 58 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 15.0 MINING METHODS 15.1 Overview There are currently three active mining areas in Macassa Mine: Main Break (MB), Lower North (LN) and New South (NS). The areas LN and NS are both part of the SMC. The mine design plan for the Life of Mine is shown in Figure 15-1, in which the three active mining areas are outlined, as well as the 05 Narrows, currently scheduled to be mined in the last year of the LOM. Figure 15-1: LOM mine design plan looking east. 15.2 Design Criteria Mine design is an ongoing, dynamic process due to the complex nature of the ore zones and geological structures. When a new mining area is to be developed, factors such as the lithologies and geological structures in that area are taken into consideration, as well as the effect of mining on local stresses and any potential for seismic activity. The mine design philosophy for all future stopes at Macassa includes control criteria to reduce the risk of elevated local stresses or damage caused by adversely oriented geological structures. Page | 59 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 15.3 Mining Shapes Mineral resources are modelled by geology as per the process described in Section 13.0. Once finalized, the block models and wireframes for structurally controlled mineralized lenses are provided to the engineering personnel, who use them to design feasible stope mining shapes. The predominant methods of mining at Macassa Mine are Underhand and Overhand Cut and Fill (UCF, MCF) and Longhole (LH) mining. The mining shapes created by the engineering department personnel take into account any geometric or practical design constraints applicable to the selected mining method, as well as mining practices specific to the area. The mining shapes are interrogated using a mine planning software in which the tonnage and grade of the material contained within the shapes are determined. Once interrogated, based on the mining method and general mine area, external mining dilution and a mining extraction (recovery) factor may be applied to estimate the stope production figures. The economic viability of each resulting stope area is assessed independently and only the ones that return a positive cash flow (and application of appropriate modifying factors) are included in the mineral reserves statement. 15.4 Mining Methods The selection of mining method depends on several factors including ore geometry, grade and the need for locations to deposit waste fill. There are also several geomechanical considerations, such as structure and stresses, which impact the mining method selection. Most new stopes in shallowly dipping zones are mined using overhand or underhand cut and fill, with mechanized or drift and fill techniques. Mining can proceed up dip or down dip from the sill cut. Longhole stopes are typically planned in areas with more steeply dipping ore structures (~ 45° or steeper), or in areas where higher seismicity is expected in order to minimize worker exposure (non-entry mining method). 15.4.1 Underhand Cut and Fill (UCF) When the ore extends below the sill cut with generally flatly dipping characteristics, a UCF method is considered. The term used for the access cross-cutting the initial UCF stope elevation is a sub-drift. Cuts below are typically accessed by an attack bench (ATB), the term given to development driven at a negative angle (benching down) on an existing sub-drift access. Figure 15-2 shows the general layout of a UCF stope, and illustrates the downwards progression of the mining sequence. Ore is drilled using a jumbo drill or longtom, and advance varies based on equipment and conditions. The muck is removed from the stope using a Load- Haul-Dump (LHD) via the ATB and dumped into a local ore pass system or is re-handled until it reaches the loading pocket and hoisted to surface. The LHD can also dump directly to an ore car for rail tramming to the ore pass system. The maximum cut width for a UCF stope is generally 7.6m (25ft). When a cut is completed, another may be mined adjacent to it at the same elevation, once it has been pastefilled and the appropriate curing time has been reached. Once all cuts and panels at a specific elevation have been completed and backfilled, the one below is mined by benching down in the ATB to reach the next planned floor elevation, or by developing a new access. Page | 60 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report UCF is considered more favourable in seismically active ground when compared to MCF, since it provides a back of engineered paste, and stresses concentrate in the direction of advance at the floor of the cut. Figure 15-2: UCF stoping diagram. 15.4.2 Mechanized Overhand Cut and Fill (MCF) When the ore extends above the sill cut with generally flatly dipping characteristics, a MCF method is considered. The term used for the access cross-cutting the initial MCF stope elevation is also a sub-drift. Cuts above would be generally accessed by an attack drift (ATK), the term given to development driven at a positive angle (taking the back down) on an existing sub-drift access. Figure 15-3 shows the general layout of a MCF stope, and illustrates the upwards progression of the mining sequence. In this development process, the material blasted from the back is left and used as a ramp to access the next cut. Ore is drilled using a jumbo drill or longtom, and advance varies based on equipment and conditions. The muck is removed from the stope using a LHD via the ATK and dumped into a local ore pass or is re-handled until it reaches a loading pocket and hoisted to surface. The LHD can also dump directly to an ore car for rail tramming to the ore pass system. The maximum cut width for a MCF stope is generally 7.6m (25ft). When a cut is completed, waste material can be used as backfill prior to pastefilling the stope. A fill wall is then built, and pastefill is poured. The next cut is mined above or alongside the current cut, depending on the ore configuration and the mining sequence. Page | 61 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report This method is considered less favourable in seismically active ground when compared to underhand cut and fill, since stresses tend to concentrate in the direction of advance in the footwall location at the back of the cut. Figure 15-3: MCF stoping diagram. 15.4.3 Longhole Stoping (LH) Longhole (LH) stoping is the primary mining method for steeply dipping structures and for the recovery of ore sill pillars. Mining of LH stopes involves the development of a drilling horizon, mucking horizon (for up-holes the mucking and drilling horizon are the same) and drawpoints depending on the geometry of ore or seismicity expected. LH stopes are taken with either up-holes or down-holes, depending on the available access, sequence and drilling limitations. Holes are drilled from the drilling horizon, currently with air drills. Stope geometries as well as blasting patterns vary based on the geology, stope dimensions and stresses, and are assessed on a case by case basis. Generally, a drop or inverse raise is drilled and blasted first in order to establish a void, and the remaining drilled rings of the LH stope blasted towards it. Blast sizes vary depending on structure, stresses, geology and location in order to ensure risks are minimized. Once blasted, the ore is mucked through designated access points, and brow markers are set up at a minimum of 4.5m (15ft) back from the actual stope brow to indicate the no-go zone. Design criteria for LH stopes include areas with ore dipping at 45˚ or greater and a consistent grade above cut- off. Page | 62 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 15.5 Geomechanical Considerations All newly opened ground is supported before personnel is permitted to enter the area. A one hole/one bolt policy is followed when installing initial primary ground support. This means that one hole is drilled and then the bolt is installed, there is no pre-drilling of holes. Standard support is installed up to the working face and within 1 meter of the sill. Ground control may approve installation to within 1.5 meters where conditions permit. All working faces are supported, and screen covers the face above 3 meters. The ground support standard policy as Macassa Mine is a dynamic document, updated and reviewed as required. The minimum support standards for backs in rock are based on the calculation of safety factors in a two-dimensional analysis where two joints dipping at 45⁰ in opposite directions form a wedge. It is recommended to have a minimum Factor of Safety (FOS) of 1.2 for short-term headings and 1.5 for long-term headings, although it may be planned higher. The Unwedge™ software package is used for three-dimensional analysis. There are 5 types of ground support classes at Macassa Mine. Generally as a rule-of-thumb, the length of the longest ground support will be at least one third of the back or wall span. The support classes are as follows: A – Overhand cut and fill drift and fill and short-term development headings. C - Long-term development headings. D - Both short-term and long-term rock-burst prone headings. U – Underhand Cut and Fill stopes or development headings under paste. R - Conventional raise development headings. Within each class (except Class U where mining occurs beneath engineered backfill), the support types and patterns vary depending on the span of the tunnel. These support classes require bolts to be installed on a 1.2m by 1.2m Dice Five Pattern. There is variation on the type of support elements used from class to class, and the length of support from span to span. The minimum ground support standards are actively reviewed by Engineering and Production departments and is printed on the back of mine plans and survey prints. Installation procedures for ground support are available in the internal database and filed with the both the Ground Control and Health and Safety departments. Highlights of the ground control program at Macassa Mine include: • Year-round 24/7 on-call coverage. • Seismicity monitored by both the ground control department and security personnel for 24-7 monitoring coverage. The ESG monitoring system also sends automated alerts to the on-call phone. • Post-blast seismicity reports every 12 hours highlighting locations of large events and areas with restricted entry. • Bi-weekly reports on mid to long-term seismic hazard using Mine Seismicity Risk Analysis Program – mXrap™. • Regular underground inspections and audits including timely follow-up and communication of ground occurrences. Page | 63 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report • Official communication of deficiencies in ground support and corrective actions required using ground control directives. • Numerical stress modelling conducted on a regular basis by ground control staff. • Annual ground control reviews by qualified consultants (Mercer, R. and Pakalnis, R., 2018) Geomechanical risk is mitigated strategically (e.g. mine design and methods) whenever possible. Examples of strategic risk mitigation at Macassa Mine include avoiding diminishing pillars, mining underhand cut-and-fill, and using non-entry mining methods (i.e. longhole) whenever possible. When additional risk mitigation is required, tactical measures such as enhanced ground support, seismic re-entry protocols, and mechanized equipment are used and communicated to the operations department. All driving layouts are reviewed by ground control personnel and the mine design team before being issued to ensure that all pertinent ground support instructions are included. A statement of known ground conditions such as historic seismicity and areas of adverse ground condition known from previous mining is often included. 15.6 Mine Access and Development The mine is currently accessed from surface through #3 Shaft. #2 Shaft provides egress access down to 4250 and 4500 Levels. #3 Shaft extends to a depth of 2,226m below surface, but is only accessible to approximately 15m below 5725 Level (approximately 1,745m depth). The main levels were driven from the shaft at intervals ranging from 38m to 131m. Levels are named for their approximate depth (in feet) below surface. The main operating levels for #3 Shaft are 3400, 3800, 4250 , 4500, 4750, 4900, 5025, 5150, 5300, and Loading Pockets on 5150 and 5725 levels. 5450 Level shaft station has been paste filled and there is no access to that level from #3 Shaft, although there is access to 5450 Level from the 5737 Bored Access Raise (BAR). The Main Break 5600 Level is not a currently active production level. #3 Shaft is not used below the 5725 Level loading pocket due internal damage caused by a rock burst in 1997, and that area of the mine remains flooded below 5725 Level for the time being. The South Mine Complex is accessed directly from 4900 Level and connects to the MBZ through two cross cuts extending approximately 457m south-east from the Main Break, one each on 5025 and 5300 Levels. The main haulage ramp extends from #3 Shaft at 4900 Level to below the SMC at the equivalent of 5725 Level, with an ore pass and waste pass just below 4900 Level. Current capital development plans for the main ramp that accesses the Lower North (LN) area (SMC footwall) is to extend it to the –6800 elevation. Over 122km in lateral and vertical development are currently scheduled in the LOM inclusive of resource conversion. Of the total number, approximately 44% is planned capital and 56% operating development. Development requirements for the resource conversion inclusive LOM are shown in Table 15-1. Table 15-1: LOM Development requirements. LOM Operating Development (m) 53,593 Capital Development (m) 68,698 Total (m) 122,291 Page | 64 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 15.7 Life of Mine Plan Two life of mine schedules were completed, one inclusive of full resource conversion, for which an economic analysis was also completed in Section 22.0. The LOM without resource conversion extends to the year 2025 based on mining the current stated 2018 reserves, as well as additional measured and indicated resources determined to be economic after the commissioning of #4 Shaft, and is shown in Table 15-2. These additional stopes were developed through the same methodology as described earlier in the Mining Methods section, but using the new unit costs improvements projected post #4 Shaft implementation for the economic analysis. This LOM plan was fully modelled (using 3D planning software) and is presented in Figure 15-4. Table 15-2: LOM Production physicals with reserves and economic resources. 2019 LOM (no resource) Total Average Tonnes (000's) 3,377 482 Grade (g/t) 21.3 21.3 Ounces Mined (000's) 2,314 331 Mill Recovery 97.7% 97.7% Ounces Recovered (000's) 2,260 323 The LOM inclusive of resource conversion extends to 2027, and is presented in Table 15-3. The resources were converted using conversion factors of 75% for measured and indicated, and 50% for inferred resources, along with recovery estimates for cut and fill and longhole stoping as presented in Section 14.1.1. Over the next three years, the mine is planned to average 366,000 tonnes per year at a head grade of 21.5 g/t. #4 Shaft is planned to be completed in 2022, after which the production rates will double to an average of 722,000 tonnes per year. The last year is planned be at a lower production level to mine out the remaining material. A diagram of the mine plan is presented in Figure 15-4. Note that the diagram shows Phase 1 of the #4 Shaft. Table 15-3: LOM production physicals with full resource conversion. 2019 LOM- Resource Total Average Tonnes (000's) 5,022 558 Grade (g/t) 19.0 19.0 Ounces Mined (000's) 3,072 341 Mill Recovery 97.6% 97.6% Ounces Recovered (000's) 2,998 333 Page | 65 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Figure 15-4: LOM mine design year over year looking north. 15.8 Capital Development Capital development planned in the Life of Mine includes both lateral and vertical development required as infrastructure and access to the planned stoping areas. Development rates were used as per currently budgeted performance. Development quantities for the life of mine have been based on the 3D LOM mine design up until the resource conversion, after which annual averages were used. Drift sizes vary depending on the mining area and purpose of development. All development from the last two years of production has been allocated as operating in the LOM. Details of total capital development for the LOM are listed in Table 15-4. Table 15-4: Capital development (LOM inclusive of resource conversion). Capital Development LOM Lateral (m) 62,390 Vertical (m) 6,308 Total (m) 68,698 15.9 Operating Development Operating development for the LOM has been based on the 3D mine design, up until the resource conversion, after which annual averages were used. This includes the short-term development generally used to reach a stoping area that will not have any long-term infrastructure or require long-term access. Drift sizes vary Page | 66 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report depending in the mining area and purpose of development. All development from the last two years of production have been allocated as operating in the LOM, but are not shown in the table breakdown below. Details of the LOM operating development are listed in Table 15-5. Table 15-5: Operating development (LOM inclusive of resource conversion). Operating Development LOM Lateral (m) 53,593 Vertical (m) - Total (m) 53,593 15.10 Equipment The list of major mobile equipment is shown in Table 15-6 (updated as of February 2019). The various sizes of LHDs, single/double boom jumbos and longtoms are the primary development and production units at the Macassa Mine. Battery and diesel trucks and locomotives with four tonne rail cars are used for muck movement to the shaft. Macassa Mine has been on the forefront in the use of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and was the first mine in Ontario to implement BEVs as the standard for the LHD and truck fleet. Kirkland Lake Gold has partnerships with battery equipment manufacturers to develop and design BEVs, as opposed to retrofitting diesel powered equipment. Macassa Mine will continue to replace its fleet of underground diesel equipment with BEVs as required. Additional equipment includes ventilation fans, pumps, rock-breakers and bolters. The LOM schedule includes equipment changes to support the plan. Capital has been budgeted for equipment additions, replacements and rebuilds. The Company will be proposing a Second Life Battery Program that may provide the benefits of reducing the dependency of energy on the grid and find a use for the spent batteries from the current operations and avoid disposal. Reduction of energy demand from the grid has benefits in lowering the peak on the grid and reduce environmental impact by re-using batteries that can be served in a secondary application when no longer serviceable in the primary applications in the equipment on site. Page | 67 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Table 15-6: Major mobile equipment as of February 2019. Equipment # Equipment Description Engine Type Equipment # Equipment Description Engine Type LHD 135 EJC 61D RES 1 1/4 YRD.68 HP DIESEL P631 MAN CARRIERE RTV X900 DIESEL LHD 137 LH 203 SANDVIK 2/YRD 80 HP DIESEL P635 MAN CARRIERE RTV X900 DIESEL LHD 138 LH 203 SANDVIK 2/YRD 80 HP DIESEL P636 MAN CARRIERE RTV X900 DIESEL LHR 139 LH 203 SANDVIK 2/YRD 80 HP DIESEL P637 MAN CARRIERE RTV X900 DIESEL LHD 141 LH 202 SANDVIK 1.5/YRD. 68HP DIESEL P638 MAN CARRIERE RTV X900 DIESEL LHD 143 LH 202 SANDVIK 1.5/YRD. 68HP DIESEL P639 MAN CARRIERE RTV X900 DIESEL LHD 146 LH 202B SANDVIK 1.5/YRD. ELEC. P640 MAN CARRIERE RTV X900 DIESEL LHD 150 EB 300 BATTERY 3 YRD. RDH BATT.OP P641 MAN CARRIERE RTV X900 DIESEL LHD 152 EB 300 BATTERY 3 YRD. RDH BATT.OP P642 MAN CARRIERE RTV X1140 DIESEL LHD 155 EJC 61D RDH 1 1/4 YRD.68HP DIESEL P643 MAN CARRIERE RTV X1140 DIESEL LHD 161 LH203D SANDVIK 2/YRD 80 HP DIESEL P644 MAN CARRIERE RTV X1140 DIESEL LHD 162 LH203D SANDVIK 2/YRD 80 HP DIESEL P645 MAN CARRIERE RTV X1140 DIESEL LHD 163 LH203D SANDVIK 2/YRD 80 HP DIESEL P646 MAN CARRIERE RTV X1140 DIESEL LHD 164 LH203D SANDVIK 2/YRD 80 HP DIESEL P647 MAN CARRIERE RTV X1140 DIESEL LHD 165 EB 300 BATTERY 3 YRD. RDH BATT.OP P648 MAN CARRIERE RTV X900 DIESEL LHD 166 EB 300 BATTERY 3 YRD. RDH BATT.OP P649 MAN CARRIERE RTV X900 DIESEL LHD 167 EB 300 BATTERY 3 YRD. RDH BATT.OP P701 MAN CARRIERE RTV X1140 DIESEL LHD 168 EB 300 BATTERY 3 YRD. RDH BATT.OP P702 MAN CARRIERE RTV X1140 DIESEL LHD 169 EB 300 BATTERY 3 YRD. RDH BATT.OP DD-03 KUBOTA EXCAV. KX41H DIESEL LHD 170 EB 300 BATTERY 3 YRD. RDH BATT.OP DD-05 KUBOTA EXCAV. K008 3 DIESEL LHD 171 EB 300 BATTERY 3 YRD. RDH BATT.OP DD-06 KUBOTA EXCAV. K008 3 DIESEL LHD 172 EB 300 BATTERY 3 YRD. RDH BATT.OP DD-07 KUBOTA EXCAV. K008 3 DIESEL LHD 173 ST2G BATTERY 2 YRD A/C BATT.OP DD-08 KUBOTA EXCAV. K008 3 DIESEL LHD 174 ST2G BATTERY 2 YRD A/C BATT.OP DD-09 KUBOTA EXCAV. K008 3 DIESEL LHD 175 ST7 BATTERY 3.5 YRD. A/C BATT.OP DD-10 KUBOTA EXCAV. K008 3 DIESEL LHD 176 ST2G BATTERY 2 YRD A/C BATT.OP DD-11 KUBOTA EXCAV. K008 3 DIESEL LHD 177 ST2G BATTERY 2 YRD A/C BATT.OP RB-01 KUBOTA KX612 ON R/B DIESEL LHD 178 LH 202 SANDVIK 1.5/YRD. 71HP DIESEL FOR410 MLT 625 MANITOU 4900 STATION DIESEL LHD 179 LH 202 SANDVIK 1.5/YRD. 71HP DIESEL FOR413 MLT 625 MANITOU CONSTRUCTION DIESEL LHD 180 LH 202 SANDVIK 1.5/YRD. 71HP DIESEL BTV1 CASSETTEMASTER 500R DIESEL LHD 181 LH 202 SANDVIK 1.5/YRD. 71HP DIESEL MB-01 MACLEAN BOLTER DIESEL LHD 182 LH 202 SANDVIK 1.5/YRD. 71HP DIESEL G200 CAT 120G GRADER DIESEL LHD 184 LH 202 SANDVIK 1.5/YRD. 71HP DIESEL FMC-001 3-MAN PERSONNEL CARRIER NV100A DIESEL LHD 185 LH 202 SANDVIK 1.5/YRD. 71HP DIESEL FMC-002 10-MAN PERSONNEL CARRIER MC100F DIESEL LHD 186 LH 202 SANDVIK 1.5/YRD. 71HP DIESEL FMC-002 10-MAN PERSONNEL CARRIER MC100F DIESEL LHD 187 LH 202 SANDVIK 1.5/YRD. 71HP DIESEL FMC-003 10-MAN PERSONNEL CARRIER MC100F DIESEL LHD 188 LHD 153 ARTISAN 1.5/YRD BATT.OP FMC-003 10-MAN PERSONNEL CARRIER MC100F DIESEL LHD 189 LHD 153 ARTISAN 1.5/YRD BATT.OP FMC-004 3 MAN & MAT. TRANSPORT / P/C MC 100 w/HIAB BOOM DIESEL LHD 190 ST7 BATTERY 3.5 YRD. A/C BATT.OP FMC-004 3 MAN & MAT. TRANSPORT / P/C MC 100 w/HIAB BOOM DIESEL LHD 191 EST1030 6YD A/C ELEC. FMC-005 9 MAN & MAT. TRANSPORT / P/C MC 100 DIESEL LHD 192 ST2G 2 YRD A/C DIESEL FMC-005 9 MAN & MAT. TRANSPORT / P/C MC 100 DIESEL LHD 193 LHD A4 ARTISAN 1.5/YRD BATT.OP FMC-006 3 MAN & MAT. TRANSPORT / MILLER TRIPLE-4ce DIESEL LHD 194 LHD A4 ARTISAN 1.5/YRD BATT.OP DW-01 BOBCAT 2000 WELDER 18 HP DIESEL LHD 197 ST7 BATTERY 3.5 YRD. A/C BATT.OP DW-02 BOBCAT 250 WELDER 16 HP DIESEL LHD 198 ST7 BATTERY 3.5 YRD. A/C BATT.OP DW-03 BOBCAT 250 WELDER 16 HP DIESEL LHD 199 ST7 BATTERY 3.5 YRD. A/C BATT.OP DW-04 BOBCAT 250 WELDER 16 HP DIESEL JUM 002 ATLAS COPCO BT1D BOOMER DIESEL/ELECT. DW-05 BOBCAT 250 WELDER 16 HP DIESEL JUM 003 ATLAS COPCO T1D BOOMER DIESEL/ELECT. DW-06 BOBCAT 250 WELDER 16 HP DIESEL JUM 004 ATLAS COPCO 282 BOOMER 2 boom DIESEL/ELECT. DW-07 BIG BLUE 300 PRO WELDER16 HP DIESEL JUM 005 ATLAS COPCO T1D BOOMER DIESEL/ELECT. DW-08 BIG BLUE 300 PRO WELDER 16 HP DIESEL JUM 006 ATLAS COPCO T1D BOOMER DIESEL/ELECT. DW-09 BIG BLUE 300 PRO WELDER 16 HP DIESEL JUM 007 SANDVIK DD321 DIESEL/ELECT. TRK-206 BEMT-2010 BATTERY TRUCK. A/C BATT.OP JUM 008 ATLAS COPCO T1D BOOMER DIESEL/ELECT. TRK-207 BEMT-2010 BATTERY TRUCK. A/C BATT.OP BH-01 MCLEAN BLOCKHOLER 147 HP DIESEL TRK-208 BEMT-2010 BATTERY TRUCK. A/C BATT.OP SL03 SCISSOR LIFT (LIFTMASTER) RDH TRK-210 BEMT-2010 BATTERY TRUCK. A/C BATT.OP SL04 SCISSOR LIFT (LIFTMASTER) RDH TRK-211 BEMT-2010 BATTERY TRUCK. A/C BATT.OP SL05 SCISSOR LIFT (SLX4100) WALDEN TRK-212 Z40 ARTISAN BATT.OP P611 MAN CARRIERE UPC DIESEL TRK-213 MT436LP DIESEL TRUCK. A/C DIESEL P623 MAN CARRIERE RTV X900 DIESEL TRK-214 Z40 ARTISAN BATT.OP TRK-215 Z40 ARTISAN BATT.OP Page | 68 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 16.0 RECOVERY METHODS 17.0 PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE 17.1 Process Plant Currently, ore is delivered to the plant using dump trucks. The ore is crushed down to 11mm at a maximum throughput rate of 80 tph and then ground to 40-45 microns; cyanide is added at the grinding stage. It is then delivered to two pre-oxidation tanks before being pumped to the thickener. The overflow reports to the carbon columns (where over 75% of the gold is recovered) and the underflow to the leach circuit. Leaching takes place in seven tanks with a retention time of 100 hours. The ore is crushed down to 11mm at a maximum throughput rate of 80 tph and then ground to 40-45 microns; cyanide is added at the grinding stage. It is then delivered to two pre-oxidation tanks before being pumped to the thickener. The overflow reports to the carbon columns (where over 75% of the gold is recovered) and the underflow to the leach circuit. Leaching takes place in seven tanks during a retention time of 100 hours. The carbon-in-pulp circuit (CIP) consists of six tanks. Following electrowinning, the concentrate is melted in an induction furnace to produce doré grading 85% to 88% gold and 8% to 10% silver. The capacity of the plant is 2,000 tpd. A schematic of the flow chart is presented in Figure 17-1. The company’s mill was built in 1986 at a capacity of 725 tpd. Modifications over the years increased the throughput capacity to 2,000 tpd in 2013. Details of the crushing and grinding circuit are displayed in Table 17-1. Table 17-1: Details of the crushing and grinding circuit. Manufacturer Size hp kW Jaw Crusher Birdsboro 36" x 28" 150 112 Secondary Cone Crusher Symons 4.25' dia. 150 112 Tertiary Cone Crusher Metso HP 4 4.0' dia. 400 298 Primary Ball Mill Sanland 15' x 20' 3000 2237 Secondary Ball Mill Allis Chalmers 12' x 16' 1600 1193 Tertiary Ball Mill #1 Allis Chalmers 10.5' x 13' 800 597 Tertiary Ball Mill #2 Allis Chalmers 10.5' x 13' 800 597 In the QP’s opinion, there are no processing factors or deleterious elements that could have a significant effect on potential economic extraction at the Macassa Mine. Page | 69 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Figure 17-1: Process flow sheet. Page | 70 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 17.2 Surface Buildings Macassa has two shafts from surface that provide access to the mine, #2 and #3 Shafts. A third shaft, #1 Shaft, has been decommissioned, but is still used to exhaust air from the mine. A fourth shaft (Elliott Shaft) has been sealed, as per the filed closure plan. The office and dry complex, surface maintenance facilities and warehousing are located by #3 Shaft. The mill, refinery and assay lab are located in close proximity to #1 Shaft. The general surface layout is shown in Figure 17-2. Figure 17-2: Macassa Property surface general arrangement. 17.3 Ore Transportation The ore is transported approximately 1.3km from #3 Shaft to the Mill in triaxle dump trucks, rated at approximately 27 tonnes. Page | 71 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 17.4 Power Power to the site is supplied by HydroOne via the K4 115kV and G3K 44 kV transmission lines. The power is stepped down on site to 5kV for distribution via three 10 MVA transformers (one located at the mill complex and two located at the #3 Shaft mine complex). Power is distributed underground via three 500 MCM 5kV feeder cables going down #3 Shaft, one 4/0 15kV feeder cable going down #3 Shaft and one 500 MCM 5kV feeder cable going down #2 Shaft. In the event of power loss, a 2 MVA diesel powered generator onsite provides power to operate the #3 Shaft service hoist and power to the surface compressors to provide limited compressed air underground. Distribution of the power underground is provided by a combination of 4,160V and 13,800V feeders which power underground substations located throughout the mine that step the power down to 600V to power loads such as fans, pumps, loaders, etc. 17.5 Underground Mine Dewatering and Fresh Water Requirements 17.5.1 Fresh Water Process water for mining activity comes primarily from the abandoned eastern workings of the historic mines, controlled via a bulkhead located on 4250 Level. The water is pumped from the bulkhead to a pumping station at 4250 Level at #3 Shaft station. Water for the underground operational needs is supplied by a series of water boxes which control the water pressure and distribute the water underground from pump stations at 4250 Level #3 Shaft and 3000 Level #3 Shaft. The current system and equipment is adequate for the mine’s requirements. 17.5.2 Dewatering Dewatering the mine is accomplished by a series of pumping lift stations located at: 1275, 3000, and 4250 Levels. Each pump station consists of two multistage Carver pumps capable of pumping a combined maximum of 4.5 m3/min. The water reports to the 4250 pumping station from the bulkhead at the east of 4250 Level and the #3 Shaft bottom pump which is pumped up the shaft from a lift station at 5725 Level. Total mine discharge averages between 2,000 m3/day and 8,000 m3/day depending on the time of year. 17.6 Compressed Air The underground operation is fed by two surface compressed air plants. The main plant located at 3 shaft is capable of delivering 16,000 cfm to the underground workings via a 10 inch airline in the shaft. The auxiliary plant located at #2 shaft is capable of delivering 3,500 cfm to the underground workings via a 6 inch airline in the shaft. The combined plant capacity of 19,500 cfm is delivered by the following compressors (quantity and power rating) listed in Table 17-2 below. Page | 72 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Table 17-2: List of Macassa Mine compressors. Location Quantity Power Rating (hp) #2 Shaft 1 400 1 300 2 200 #3 Shaft 2 800 2 700 2 300 2 200 The total installed electrical load for the compressors is 5,100hp. The compressed air plant capacity is sufficient to meet operational demands, however on occasion, during peak flows in lower regions of the SMC zone ramps, the pressure drop resulting from friction losses in the distribution network can result in operational challenges. To address this issue work is ongoing to increase the distribution capacity (via a secondary path) to ensure stable pressure independent of flow rates during peak demand periods. Compressed air is required underground to power pneumatic equipment and activities including: • Jacklegs and stopers. • Pneumatic explosive loaders. • Pneumatic longhole drills. • Refuge station ventilation (pressurization). • Pneumatic cylinders for door controls. • Pneumatic dewatering pumps. • Pneumatic tools. 17.7 Underground Mine Ventilation The Macassa Mine site uses a predominately pull system to ventilate the underground workings. There are seven vent-boosting sites on five different levels in the mine positioned near the exhaust system. These fans combined pull a total of approximately 150 m3/s. These fans pull air down #3 Shaft, across the levels and ramps and then pushes the air to surface through Macassa #2 Shaft, Macassa #1 Shaft, and old mine workings (Macassa, Kirkland Lake Minerals, Teck Hughes and Lakeshore workings) representing 28%, 14% and 58% of the total air volume respectively. The primary ventilation system is shown in Figure 17-3. During the winter months the air is heated with two 4.1 MWh propane heaters located at the entrance of #3 Shaft Ramp Portal on the west side of the shaft. There are two 2.1m diameter, 259 kW fans on Variable Frequency Drives (VFD), capable of pushing up to 200 m3/s into the portal. The portal ramp meets the shaft at the 125 Level. These two fans only provide heated air to the shaft and into the #3 headframe as required/needed. A redundant fan and heater system attached to the headframe has been refurbished and made operational for use when required. Page | 73 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report To improve the overall ventilation system efficiency and to provide increased ventilation to new mining areas, new ventilation raises will be driven in 2019. A connection will also be made between ramps in the SMC. The mine has completed the second phase of engineering for the mine ventilation cooling system design. With the lower SMC mining horizon getting deeper, the need to cool air to improve the general working conditions is being anticipated. Planning for a refrigeration plant is ongoing. The mine is now designing and developing new intake and new exhaust routes, which will limit the need to exhaust air through the old workings. The design will incorporate new exhaust raises that will connect the lower mining zones directly to surface. This is part of the plan to increase production at the Macassa Mine. Development work to access raise locations in the upper regions of the mine will be completed in 2019. Figure 17-3: Primary ventilation system. 17.8 Underground Material Handling The ore and waste material generated in the MBZ is drawn from chutes or loaded directly by LHD vehicles into railcars and trammed on the main levels to the ore and waste passes located near #3 Shaft. The ore and waste material generated in the SMC zone below 5300 Level is drawn from chutes or loaded directly by LHDs into haul trucks and trucked up the main ramp to the ore and waste passes located at the top of the 5056 ramp near #3 Shaft. All the ore from both the MBZ and SMC report to the 5150 Level loading pocket. The waste generated from 5025 Level and above reports to the 5725 Level loading pocket while all the waste mined below 5025 Level currently reports to the 5150 Level loading pocket. Page | 74 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 17.9 Communications, Controls and Monitoring There is an 11-channel leaky feeder communication system for underground services throughout the mine and three channels on surface operating over two licensed frequencies for a total of 14 channels. One dedicated channel services the #3 Shaft conveyances for slack rope control. The dial phone system consists of four call gateways underground, 46 Voice over Internet Protocol phones (VoIP), and 34 analog phones. Each battery charge bay, as well as most of the refuge stations, are equipped with a computer that can be used for communications such as Skype and e-mail. Each shaft station and refuge station are equipped with sound power phones for communication to the shifters’ wicket, deck house and hoistroom. Each truck operating in the main haulage ramp is configured with a remote telemetry system that allows tracking of the fleet and the ability to download critical information as to the equipment status (e.g. battery charge level, payload, cycles etc.). In 2019 this system is expanding to allow for tracking of the Jumbos (e.g. rounds drills, vehicle health, etc.). There are carbon monoxide monitoring instruments installed at key locations along the air exhaust pathway which communicates via single-mode fiber optics to surface allowing for monitoring of the gas levels underground. There are also Methane monitoring instruments installed at each loading pocket which is monitored from surface. Each boosting fan underground responsible for ventilation airflow is monitored and communicates to surface via the fiber optic backbone. This includes the status of the fan (on/off), current, frequency, etc. Each dewatering pump underground is monitored via a programmable logic controller (PLC) and communicate to surface via the fiber optic backbone. This includes the status of the pump (on/off), vibration, flow, etc. The mine will be implementing a control room in 2019 to monitor all underground systems from one central location (carbon monoxide, vehicle telemetry, dewatering, ventilation etc.). Also scheduled for 2019 is the implementation of an autonomous truck that will operate between shifts on the main haulage ramp. Page | 75 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 18.0 FUTURE INFRASTRUCTURE There are several new projects underway at the Macassa Property, the main of which include the development of #4 Shaft, along with all the shaft support facilities/services and a new tailings facility. Figure 18-1 shows the location of these projects with respect to the existing Macassa Property surface infrastructure. Figure 18-1: Plan view of Macassa property. 18.1 #4 Shaft In 2018, the Company announced plans to develop a new shaft, #4 Shaft, at the Macassa complex. The project is projected to be completed in two phases, with the Phase 1 project cost estimated as US$240M and the Phase 2 cost estimated as US$80M. The new shaft is an essential component in achieving Macassa Mine’s LOM plan. The location is in close proximity to the existing Macassa Mill. The new shaft allows mine operations to be streamlined and upgraded, including better personnel and material/supply movement and an increase in ventilation airflows. Figure 18-2 shows the #4 Shaft area plans. Page | 76 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report ELECTRICAL SUB #4 SHAFT HOIST HOUSE COLLAR HOUSE #4 VENT SHAFT Figure 18-2: Detailed plan of #4 Shaft area. 18.1.1 Initial Shaft and Shaft Facilities Design The key design components are highlighted as follows: • The shaft is located approximately 2,000ft south-east of the Macassa Mill and located adjacent to Highway 66. Refer to Figure 18-1. • #4 Shaft is circular, concrete-lined and 21.5ft in diameter. The shaft will have a main service cage, an auxiliary cage and two skips. Refer to Figure 18-3, which shows the shaft compartments and pipe, electrical and communication services locations. • #4 Shaft Phase 2 includes development to an ultimate depth of 7,000ft below collar. • A designed production (hoisting) rate of 4,400 short tons per day. • Surface plant to include a hoist house, headframe and dry facility. • There will be three hoists. A double drum Blair hoist for the service cage, a double drum production hoist and a single drum auxiliary hoist. There will be two, 750 short tons bins on surface for the ore/waste loadout. Page | 77 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report • A ventilation shaft will be excavated in close proximity to #4 Shaft. It will be circular and 18ft in diameter. The shaft walls will be supported and shotcreted. • A drift will connect the shaft with the vent shaft at the 160ft Level. This drift will house two ventilation fans (in parallel), which will eliminate fan related noise on surface. A heater house will be located on the surface collar. The new vent shaft, in combination with the other planned ventilation changes, will eliminate the ventilation system as a bottleneck to any production increase during the LOM. • The shaft will be positioned between the Main Break and the SMC Zones. SKIP SERVICE CAGE AUX CAGE SKIP Figure 18-3: Typical shaft cross section. 18.1.2 Project Schedule The shaft will be developed in phases, with the work having started in the second quarter of 2018. Phase 1 involves sinking to the 5700 Level, with development of a loading pocket at 5450 Level. The new shaft is expected to be operational by the end of the second quarter of 2022. Phase 2 is planned to start after the completion of Phase 1, and will include the sinking of an additional 1,300ft and installation of a loading pocket on 6900 Level. Phase 2 completion is estimated at the end of 2023. Page | 78 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Phase 1 will include: • Construction of surface plant including hoist buildings, compressor house, headframe, vent raise and collar house. • Sinking to 160ft below the collar, installing sinking equipment. • Sinking to a depth of 5700ft below the collar and excavation of 5 shaft stations. • Setup and installation of the Loading Pocket at 5450 Level including two 1000 short tons bins, rock breaker, grizzly, truck dump, loadout and conveyor. 18.1.3 Project Work Completed as of December 2018 By the end of 2018, the following project work was completed: • The key project team personnel were hired. • The site was leveled to grade, including the shaft and shaft support facilities. • #4 Shaft was collared to a depth of 160ft below surface. • The #4 ventilation shaft was sunk to its final depth, approximately 160ft below surface. • The connection drift/airway between #4 Shaft and the #4 ventilation shaft was started. • The headframe structure was installed (slip-formed concrete). • The sinking and shaft equipping staging were lowered into the shaft. • The foundation work for the hoist house and hoists were completed. • The project support facilities were established at site and offsite. • Long lead-time and critical items were procured. 18.2 North Tailings Storage Facility The design of the North Tailings Storage Facility (NTSF) incorporates the construction of one large and several smaller dams; the NTSF project schedule was laid out in two phases. Phase 1 was completed in 2018, in which two dams were constructed to an elevation of 328m. Phase 2 is scheduled to be finalized in 2019, and entails bringing both the 2018 dams and four others to an elevation of 332m. The new facility is located northwest of the existing process plant (as shown in Figure 18-1) and will have a footpring of 65ha, with a total volume capacity of approximately 1.8M cubic metres. Work is ongoing to ensure sufficient tailings capacity for the LOM. Construction of a thickened tails plant is underway beside the new NTSF with expected completion in Q4 2019. This would extend the working life of the new facility. 18.3 Ventilation Raises Twin ventilation raises are planned to surface and will connect from 5450 Level in the SMC. They will be in the range of 3.0m to 3.7m in diameter and driven by raise bore. These raises are currently planned to be used to exhaust air from Macassa, in order to accommodate higher airflow through the mine, necessary for increased production. Combined, they will be able to move up to 250 m3/s of air. The raises will be driven in two stages, using 3400 Level as an intermediate level. Development to the location of the raises on 3400 Level is ongoing Page | 79 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report and will continue through 2019. They are planned for completion in conjunction with the implementation of #4 Shaft in 2022. 18.4 Pastefill System Work is being carried out to determine future requirements for the pastefill system, which may include increasing the current plant capacity to match increased production levels and additional surface pastefill holes for delivery underground. Page | 80 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 19.0 MARKET STUDIES AND CONTRACTS 19.1 Market for the Product The QP has reviewed Kirkland Lake Gold contracts with refiners, or brokers and is satisfied that the contracts reflect industry norms and reasonable market terms for selling Macassa’s gold production. 19.2 Material Contracts The material contracts at Macassa are: • Underground diamond drilling (Boart Longyear) • Explosive supplier (Dyno Nobel) • Propane supplier (Superior Propane) • Contract Development miners (Redpath) • Ground Support (DSI) • Diesel (Canada Clean Fuels) • Electrical Power (HydroOne, IESO) • Gold delivery to the refiners (Brinks) • Cyanide (Cyanco) • Mill Liners (Metso) The QP has reviewed the Company contracts and is satisfied that the contracts reflect industry norms. Page | 81 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 20.0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, PERMITTING, AND SOCIAL OR COMMUNITY IMPACT 20.1 Environmental Studies In 2017, the process of permitting a new North Tailings Storage Facility (NTSF) began, with a number of environmental related studies being completed to support this endeavour. In 2018 the critical path included submission of the related permit and approval applications to support the construction of the facility. A new quarry was also permitted and commissioned in 2018 to supply the construction material for the facility. A new Permit to Take Water was approved in order to supply water for both construction activities on the site, as well as dust control. A discussion around the status of permit and approval related to the NTSF can be found below. In addition to the NTSF, construction has begun to support the new shaft project. The majority of the activity to date has been to prepare the site for construction/sinking, which required a number of low-risk operational permits (primarily through the municipality) to support these types of activities. In addition, the shaft project will be commissioning a concrete batch plant to support ongoing concrete work. This source was modelled and included in the site-wide quantification for air emissions and noise, and has been approved through the Limited Operational Flexibility (LOF) function of the ECA Air. A Permit to Take Water was also received for the shaft project to provide additional water for construction activities and dust control. 2019 will see the submission of amended operational permits and approvals which include both the NTSF and new shaft projects. Outside of these initiatives, ongoing environmental studies at the operations level include the Progressive Rehabilitation program (will be discussed in greater detail below), other regulatory-driven projects as required. 20.2 Waste and Tailings Disposal, Site Monitoring and Water Management Construction began in 2018 for the NTSF, which will ultimately replace the Macassa Tailings Storage Facility (TSF). Construction will be completed in two phases, and the facility will be ready to receive tailings by the end of 2019. The Macassa TSF is currently the only active tailings storage facility at the Macassa Mine, and has been in operation for approximately the past 70 years. To begin the decommissioning process, the Macassa TSF is undergoing a buttressing program that will not only improve the factor of safety for the dams, but also will achieve the appropriate closure sloping. The buttressing program is also being completed in a staged approach, and will be complete by the end of 2019. Currently, the slurry material that leaves the mill is deposited into the Macassa TSF, which is approximately 53 hectares and consists of an Upper and Lower Basin. As part of the water management strategy at the Macassa Mine, the solids settle into the TSF, and the supernatant decants into a Conditioning Pond, where it is held. Conditioning Pond effluent has two main destinations: it is either reclaimed and pumped to the Mill and used for processing, or it is treated through an effluent treatment plant where it is discharged into a series of four settling ponds and ultimately is released through the Final Discharge location into the receiving water body, Amikougami Creek. Page | 82 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report The NTSF supernatant will be reporting to the present water management system; supernatant will be pumped from the new location to the current Conditioning Pond, where it will follow the same circuit. In addition, the NTSF will received thickened tailings instead of conventional slurry material. There are various monitoring and inspection programs that occur both on and off-site to support and improve the tailings and water management strategies. Compliance monitoring includes surface and ground water characterization monitoring, air quality monitoring (metals and fugitive dust), storm water drainage monitoring, freeboard inspections, as well as visual inspections of the TSF done by multiple departments. A third party Dam Safety Inspection (DSI) is completed annually at the Macassa TSF, as well as at the Kirkland Minerals TSF, which is an inactive facility which the Company is responsible for maintaining. Dam Safety Reviews (DSR) are completed on the Macassa TSF, as it is the only active facility at Macassa Mine. An appropriate DSI and DSR inspection schedule will be implemented for the NTSF when it is operational. Upon closure, the Macassa TSF will be in its final closure configuration as per the filed Closure Plan Amendment. An amended Closure Plan has recently been submitted, however the final closure concept has not changed. The facility will be in active closure, therefore inspections and monitoring will still be ongoing. Water quality monitoring and treatment is expected to occur for the first two to three years post-closure while steady state conditions are being reached. The ongoing buttressing program will largely bring the dams to their closure slopes, therefore re-sloping will likely not be as complex as originally anticipated. Breaching of some dams will be required, at which point re-vegetation will occur. 20.3 Permitting In terms of project permitting requirements, the significant permit applications and amendments have been submitted to support the NTSF project. For the new shaft project, the main focus for permitting has been to acquire any required permits for construction only. The focus will shift to the longer-lead operational permits in 2019 to support full-scale operations. As discussed above, a Closure Plan Amendment was submitted in 2018 to support both the NTSF as well as the shaft project, and to include smaller material changes at the operations level. Review of said amendment continued with the ENDM. Outside of the CPA, the Macassa Mine has all of its required permits and applications for operations. Additional permit submissions and applications are mostly dependent on changes and/or projects occurring at the site level, therefore these are initiated as required. At this stage, there are no known requirements to post performance or reclamation bonds for the Macassa Mine. See Table 20-1 below, for a list of permits and approvals. Page | 83 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Table 20-1: List of Macassa Mine environmental permits and approvals. Permit Type Number Status Issue Date Expiry Closure Plan Amendment N/A Submitted - 3/28/2013 N/A Review ongoing Environmental Compliance Approval - Industrial Sewage 6702-B64JKA Active 11/02/2018 N/A Environmental Compliance Approval - Air 9758-A5BPZV Active 07/08/2016 N/A Environmental Compliance Approval - Municipal Sewage 2736-AP6Q8X Active 7/21/2017 N/A Permit To Take Water - #3 shaft Dewatering 6674-8UZQUC Active 06/07/2012 06/07/2022 Permit To Take Water - Lakeshore Pond Dewatering 3085-842GTX PTTW application 3/31/2010 11/02/2019 submission underway Permit To Take Water - Amikougami 1 & Amikougami 2 2646-B5TMVA Active 11/01/2018 10/31/2019 Permit To Take Water - TW1 & TW2 8001-B4WLT3 Active 12/03/2018 10/31/2019 20.4 Social and Community Impact Kirkland Lake Gold strives to establish and maintain positive relationships with Aboriginal communities through ongoing engagement and communication, and has entered into an agreement with certain communities that have asserted treaty and aboriginal rights within the operations area of the mine. The agreement provides a framework for strengthened collaboration in the development and operations of the mine, issue resolution and regulatory permitting, and outlines tangible benefits for the Aboriginal communities, including direct financial support, skills training and employment, and opportunities for business development and contracting. In addition, Kirkland Lake Gold engages with Aboriginal communities in connection with permitting applications and ongoing projects. The Company also maintains an open and transparent relationship with the local community and members of the public. Some examples of which include regularly hosting Community Open Houses and distributing information flyers to neighbouring residents to communicate project updates and share relevant information. 20.5 Mine Closure Requirements A Closure Plan Amendment for the Macassa Mine and its three contiguous historical properties (Kirkland Minerals, Teck Hughes and Lakeshore) was submitted to the Ministry of Energy, Northern Development and Mines (ENDM) in January 2018. The amendment was required to capture the NTSF, new shaft as well as additional infrastructure on site. The CPA is amended at least every five years, to reflect any significant site changes as well as associated changes to the Financial Assurance estimates. It is important to note that one additional historical property, Wright-Hargreaves, is not included within the Closure Plan boundary. As such, this property and its legacy concerns (shafts, adits, stopes, etc.) are remediated annually as part of the Progressive Rehabilitation requirements defined in O.Reg 240/00. Because of this, there is no Financial Assurance posted to remediate any hazards within the Wright Hargreaves property. The Company completes rehabilitation measures of legacy mine hazards annually both within the Closure Plan boundary and on the Wright-Hargreaves property. Each mine hazard has been included in a register, which has formed the basis of the schedule for remediation. Also, a request for credit will be sent to the ENDM at Page | 84 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report the same 5-year frequency described above to accurately reflect any credit required to be reflected on the Financial Assurance package as mine hazards are rehabilitated. The Financial Assurance held with the ENDM is in the form of surety bonds and it has been increased in the most recent Closure Plan Amendment to the amount of $12M. This amount includes the NTSF and new shaft. Page | 85 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 21.0 CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS 21.1 Capital Costs 21.1.1 Basis of Estimate Capital cost estimates are based on historical costs at the Macassa Mine, costs included in the 2018 and 2019 Budget or budgetary quotations from suppliers in the industry. All costs shown are in Canadian Dollars. The production physicals used for the analyses performed in this section are from the life of mine schedule inclusive of resource conversion, as discussed in Section 15.7. 21.1.2 Cost Estimate Over the LOM, annual capital expenditures for Macassa Mine are estimated to average $68M per year, excluding #4 Shaft costs. The sustaining capital portion averages $54M per year, while the growth capital averages $14M per year, excluding #4 Shaft costs. The estimated capital costs are summarized in Table 21-1, and do not include exploration spending. Averages shown on the table below for sustaining and growth capital costs do not include the final two project year, for which all capital has been allocated into operating costs. #4 Shaft average annual costs shown on Table 21-1 represent the average from 2019 to 2022. Table 21-1: LOM capital cost estimates with yearly average (No capitalization in last two years). Capital Spending (Millions) Total Average Sustaining $ 379 $ 54 Growth $ 97 $ 14 Growth - #4 Shaft $ 341 $ 68 Sustaining capital is defined as capital required to maintain current operations at existing levels. Growth capital is defined as capital expenditures for major growth projects or enhancement capital for significant infrastructure improvements at existing operations. LOM sustaining capital costs total $379M and include costs for development, infrastructure, pastefill, construction, equipment purchases/rebuilds and allocation of indirect costs required to support ongoing mining. Sustaining capital costs include $168M for development and $18M for twin ventilation raises to surface. LOM growth capital costs total $438M and include $14M for a thickened tails facility, $18M for a new crushing facility, $21M for a new pastefill plant, $27M for the expansion and reinforcement of the tailings dams and additional lifts, and $341M #4 Shaft costs between the years 2019 to 2023 for Phases 1 and 2. Exploration spend was estimated using the 2019 budget numbers. These are presented on Table 21-2. A total of $154M has been allocated for growth exploration costs over the LOM; the average shown on the table below do not include the final two LOM years, as those do not contain an allocation for exploration costs. Page | 86 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Table 21-2: LOM exploration spend estimates (yearly average shown). Exploration Spend (Millions) Total Average Surface $ 9 $ 1 Underground $ 77 $ 11 Development $ 68 $ 8 Total $ 154 $ 21 21.2 Operating Costs 21.2.1 Basis for Estimate The operating costs were developed based on the yearly budget and previous historical operating costs at Macassa. For the LOM period from 2019 to 2021, before the commissioning of #4 Shaft, costs remain relatively constant. Once commissioned, #4 Shaft will contribute to lowering the unit costs, while production is anticipated to double over the same period. The increase in production ore tonnage will not translate to a significant increase in manpower or equipment as the new shaft location will allow for reduced haulage, increased mechanization and operational efficiencies. The operating cost reduction estimate is based on site experience and a comprehensive review by Macassa Mine management. The production physicals used for the analyses performed in this section are from the life of mine schedule inclusive of resource conversion, as discussed in Section 15.7. 21.2.2 Cost Estimate Annual LOM operating costs for the Macassa Mine are estimated to average $388/t before the completion of #4 Shaft, and is estimated to range between $242/t to $312/t after #4 Shaft is commissioned. The Mine unit costs before #4 Shaft commissioning average $302/t, and range between $183/t to $207/t after commissioning, with the Mill unit costs ranging from $35/t to $52/t over the life of mine. Calculated unit costs are shown in the Economic Analysis section, on Table 22-3, along with the pre-tax LOM cashflow. Operating costs are shown on Table 21-3 for the LOM. Table 21-3: LOM operating cost Estimates (yearly average shown). Operating Costs (Millions) Total Average Operating Expenditures $ 1,489 $ 165 Mine $ 1,110 $ 123 Mill $ 196 $ 22 Site Administration $ 130 $ 14 Royalties $ 187 $ 21 Mine operating expenditures include direct and indirect operating costs related to Macassa Mine. Allocated mining costs include mining, engineering, and geology. General and administrative costs include surface/plant, administration, environmental, and shared services. Mine operating costs also include the allocation of closure costs over the LOM. Page | 87 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 21.3 Development Cost Estimates 21.3.1 Lateral Development Costs Development quantities for the life of mine economics have been based on the 3D LOM mine design, up until the resource conversion, after which annual averages were used. The estimated unit cost for ramp and lateral development has been developed from both budgeted numbers as well as post #4 Shaft estimated unit cost efficiencies. Unit costs efficiencies expected for development were driven primarily from estimates made through detailed assessments required manpower, supervision and productivities post #4 Shaft. 21.3.2 Vertical Development Costs Development quantities for the life of mine economics have been based on the 3D LOM mine design, as well as yearly average estimates. The raisebore costs have been added to the budget as per vendor estimate. These estimated costs were developed based on historical and budgeted estimates. Vertical raise development includes all vertical development to support the mine design (ventilation raises, muck passes and egresses). Longer raises are expected to be completed by mining contractors using either Alimak or Raise Boring methods. No efficiencies were assumed for raising post #4 Shaft implementation. Page | 88 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 22.0 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS The results of the economic analysis represent forward-looking information that is subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those presented here. Net Present Value (NPV) was chosen as the primary parameter for financial evaluation and comparison, as opposed to the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). This is because the NPV allows for comparison of cashflow between project options, versus the IRR. The IRR would not allow for a direct project comparison, since the calculated return on investment in the base case scenario is magnified by the exclusion of the initial capital investment in the calculations. Macassa Mine is currently in production, but existing plans include a material expansion of current production after the commissioning of #4 Shaft in 2022. The #4 Shaft project is ongoing, as per plans described in Section 18.1. This project will be funded internally, and the investment was chosen based on both objective financial analysis parameters as well as the subjectively derived operational needs focused on risk reduction. The primary reasoning for the #4 Shaft Project is as follows: • The new shaft will support a higher level of production and lower unit costs. • The NPV of the project is expected to increase due to both the lower LOM operating costs as well as higher revenues gained earlier on in the project life. • The new shaft will de-risk the operation, which currently relies on #3 Shaft. #3 Shaft was developed in an unfavourable orientation in regards to principle stresses and has previously been exposed to damaging seismicity primarily due to the mining sequence nearby. Though the risk is being effectively managed through sound ground control practices, the addition of a new shaft in a favourable location and orientation will eliminate it. • Current ventilation inflow underground is constrained by the cross-section area of the existing #3 Shaft. The commissioning of the new shaft will allow for substantially higher inflow of air underground, improving the ventilation and general working conditions in the mine. • The new shaft will also allow for more effective exploration to the east of the South Mine Complex. The economic analysis was completed as follows: • Using the Mineral Reserves as stated in the 2018 MRMR (as of December 31, 2018) as well as re- evaluated measured and indicated resources that were determined to be economic with the estimates for improved unit costs post #4 Shaft completion. The converted mineral resources (as per Section 15.7) were also included. • Using operating costs based on the Macassa Mine Budget, which is based on actual costs as tracked throughout the working year, and historical costs. • Using capital costs based on the Macassa Mine Budget, which were based on historical costs and budgetary quotations from suppliers in the industry. Each production area was evaluated to confirm that the gross revenue generated will support the operating and direct capital costs required. Annual cashflow projections were estimated over the life of mine based on the estimated capital and operating expenditures and gold sales revenue. Page | 89 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 22.1 Mine Production Statistics Production physicals were determined from the life of mine schedule inclusive of resource conversion, as described in Section 15.7 are summarized in Table 22-1 below. Table 22-1: LOM production physicals (yearly average shown). 2019 LOM- Resource Total Average Tonnes (000's) 5,022 558 Grade (g/t) 19.0 19.0 Ounces Mined (000's) 3,072 341 Mill Recovery 97.6% 97.6% Ounces Recovered (000's) 2,998 333 Over the LOM, gold production will range from 245,000 ounces per year to 508,000 ounces per year, averaging 333,000 ounces per year. After completion of #4 Shaft, the production is expected to increase to over 400,000 ounces per year. 22.2 Milling Recovery The milling recovery used to generate the revenue streams in the LOM schedule is based on the grade versus recovery curve generated from 2018 milling recovery data, as shown in Section 12.0. The average milling recovery over the Life of Mine is 97.6%. 22.3 Royalties Macassa Mine has a royalty obligation to Franco-Nevada of 1.5% NSR as well as a royalty agreement of 0.5% NSR with certain First Nation communities from the sale of the metal production. There are also various other royalties associated with the different mining claims due to previous owners, broken down in Table 4-1: Summary of Macassa Mine royalties. These were taken into account in the LOM, and associated royalty payments were determined on a yearly basis. The summary of the LOM royalties is shown below in Table 22-2. Table 22-2: LOM royalty summary (yearly average shown). Royalties (Millions) Total Average Franco-Nevada $ 89 $ 10 First Nations $ 25 $ 3 Mining Claims $ 73 $ 8 Total $ 187 $ 21 22.4 Taxes Applicable taxes include a combined tax rate of Federal and Provincial Taxes of 25% as well as the Ontario Mining Tax of 10%. The financial models were analysed on a pre-tax scenario. Page | 90 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 22.5 Principal Assumptions The economic assumptions used for the 2019 year are as per the 2019 budget, as follows: • Price of gold of US$1,218.75 • Currency exchange rate of US$1.00=CAD$1.33 • Production tonnes based on the 2019 budget, with an average #3 Shaft hoisting capacity 2,000 tonnes per day. The economic assumptions for the remaining years of the LOM are as follows: • Price of gold of US$1,230 • Currency exchange rate of US$1.00=CAD$1.33 • Average #3 Shaft hoisting capacity 2,000 tonnes per day and average #4 Shaft hoisting capacity of 4,000 tonnes per day. • No escalation of consumable unit costs was considered. As listed previously, the resource conversion factors used were 75% for measured and indicated, and 50% for inferred. These converted resource estimates are used in the physicals from years 2025 to 2027 in the LOM inclusive of resource conversion. The Company’s profitability and long-term viability depend, in large part, upon the market price of gold. Market price fluctuations of gold could adversely affect the profitability of the Company’s operations and lead to impairments and write downs of mineral properties. Metal prices fluctuate widely and are affected by numerous factors beyond the Company’s control, including: global and regional supply and demand for industrial products containing metals generally; and global or regional political or economic conditions 22.6 Net Present Value and Cash Costs The LOM pre-tax cash flows total $2.3B (undiscounted) with a corresponding pre-tax NPV of $1.7B at a 5% discount rate. The following table, Table 22-3, highlights the LOM undiscounted pre-tax cashflow. The Cash Costs per ounce sold (ounces mined are assumed to be the ounces sold) range from $345/oz to $700/oz (US$260/oz to US$525/oz) over the LOM, averaging $525/oz (US$390). Over the 9-year LOM, the All- In Sustaining Costs (AISC) ranges from $500/oz to $900/oz (US$375/oz to US$675/oz), averaging $715/oz (US$540/oz). Page | 91 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report Table 22-3: Macassa Mine LOM undiscounted pre-tax cashflow. Kirkland Lake Gold Macassa Mine 2019 Life of Mine OPERATIONS SUMMARY Total Annual Average Tonnes 5,021,870 557,986 Grade (g/t) 19.0 31.1 Ounces Mined 3,071,912 557,986 Mill Recovery 97.6% 59.7% Ounces Poured 2,997,896 333,100 Operating days per year 365 Average Daily Mining Rate (tpd) 1,528 Gold Price 1,635 REVENUE (000s) $ 4,901,659 $ 544,629 Operating Costs (incl. inventory change) $ 1,486,862 $ 165,207 Operating Expenditures $ 1,489,427 $ 165,492 Mine 1,110,082 123,342 Mill 195,874 21,764 Allocation of Capital (last 2 years) 53,274 5,919 Site Administration 130,197 14,466 Royalties 186,559 20,729 Operating Margin $ 3,228,239 $ 358,693 Capital Spending $ 835,964 $ 92,885 Sustaining 378,889 54,127 Growth 97,402 13,915 Growth - #4 Shaft 359,673 51,382 Total Operations Spending $ 2,511,951 $ 279,106 Advances Against Capital $ (18,932) $ (2,104) Cash Flow From Operations $ 2,408,641 $ 267,627 Exploration Spending $ 154,425 $ 17,158 Surface 9,323 1,332 Underground 76,652 10,950 Allocation to Growth Capital 68,450 9,779 Care and maintenance - - Tails Rehabilitation $ 2,532 $ 362 Cash Flow Generated (Used) $ 2,251,685 $ 250,187 UNIT COSTS Per tonne ($/tonne) Mine (per tonne drawn) $ 235 Mill (per tonne milled) $ 41 Site Admin (avg mine and milled tonne) $ 28 Operating Cost (avg mine and milled tonne) $ 313 Per Ounce (CAD $/ounce sold) Cash Cost (per ounce sold) $ 522 AISC $ 714 Per Ounce (US $/ounce sold) Cash Cost (per ounce sold) $ 392 AISC $ 537 Page | 92 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 22.6.1 Sensitivity Analysis A sensitivity analysis was performed on the financial model presented. The pre-tax NPV was determined at discount rates of 0%, 5% and 10% against variations of +/-20% applied to the price of gold, grade, operating expenses and capital expenses. Results showing the variation in pre-tax net cashflow are presented in Table 22-4. Results indicate that of the four variables assessed, the price of gold and grade have the greatest impact, with the operating costs and the capital costs having less fluctuation as the variation to the base is increased/decreased. All scenarios presented had a positive NPV despite variations, indicating a robust plan with a high pre-tax profit margin. Table 22-4: Macassa pre-tax financial sensitivity analysis. NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% Sensitivity (Millions) (Millions) (Millions) Change in POG +20% $3,232 $2,458 $1,912 +10% $2,742 $2,076 $1,607 Base Case $2,252 $1,694 $1,302 -10% $1,762 $1,311 $997 -20% $1,271 $929 $692 Change in OPEX +20% $1,954 $1,461 $1,116 +10% $2,103 $1,577 $1,209 Base Case $2,252 $1,694 $1,302 -10% $2,401 $1,810 $1,395 -20% $2,550 $1,926 $1,488 Change in CAPEX +20% $2,088 $1,554 $1,181 +10% $2,170 $1,624 $1,242 Base Case $2,252 $1,694 $1,302 -10% $2,333 $1,763 $1,362 -20% $2,415 $1,833 $1,423 Change in Grade +20% $3,232 $2,458 $1,912 +10% $2,742 $2,076 $1,607 Base Case $2,252 $1,694 $1,302 -10% $1,762 $1,311 $997 -20% $1,271 $929 $692 Page | 93 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 22.7 Payback The payback period was calculated including #4 Shaft capital expenses for both project phases. All calculations were evaluated on a pre-tax basis, and the payback was calculated undiscounted. A simple base case was developed, using current 2019 production rates, corresponding unit costs, and depletion of 2018 Reserves and converted Resources. The difference in cashflow between the LOM and the base case was tabulated annually in order to develop the cumulative cashflow. Payback calculations were completed from 2018 onwards. The analysis indicates that full project payback is expected early 2024. Page | 94 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 23.0 ADJACENT PROPERTIES There are no adjacent properties that influence the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves at Macassa. There are no adjacent properties that Macassa relies upon for the operation of the mine and mill complex. Page | 95 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 24.0 OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION There is no additional data or information on the Macassa Property, beyond the #4 Shaft disclosure above, known to the QPs at the effective date of the report that, if undisclosed, would make this NI 43-101 Technical Report misleading or more understandable. Page | 96 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 25.0 INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS 25.1 General Production activities at the Macassa Mine started in 1933. After a brief shut down due to low gold prices in the early 2000’s, the mine re-opened and continues to produce gold from high grade ore. The recent business transaction (2016) between Kirkland Lake Gold Inc. and Newmarket Inc. provided additional opportunities to further develop the Property supported by an increase in capital expenditures. In the current gold price environment, the operation is expected to continue to generate significant free cash flows that will benefit the Company’s shareholders. 25.2 Opportunities Opportunities at the Macassa Mine are as follows: • SMC mineralization remains open to the east, west and at depth. Diamond drilling continues to return high grade mineralization. In order to support the drilling requirements, the exploration drifts and associated drill bays must remain high priority development headings at the mine. • Exploration development towards 3000 Level, east of #2 Shaft, that is designed to explore the ‘04 Break and Main Break could create the opportunity to reintroduce some of the historical mineral resources back into the global resource estimate. • #4 Shaft is scheduled to be completed in the second quarter of 2022 (Phase 1) with a designed production (hoisting) rate of 4,400 short tons per day. Re-evaluating the resource cut-off grade economics using lower operating costs after the commissioning of the new shaft will likely be favourable to increasing mineral resources. • In 2017, the operation transitioned from modified polygonal mineral resource estimates to block modelling. This transition is expected to optimize grade interpolation, determination of high grade capping levels, and aid with mine/mill reconciliation process. These processes continue to evolve. • Improvements to the material handling process are likely to result in favourable impact on the mine operating costs. • Upgrade of the ventilation system through either increased airflow or temperature reduction will have a favourable impact on the work environment temperature. • Ongoing paste filling operations involve the delivery of paste using boreholes from surface to underground, into which cement trucks dump the paste in batches. Current plans are in progress to replace this process with continuous pouring directly from the pastefill plant, eliminating the need for cement trucks and speeding up cycle times underground. • Extension of the life of tailings facilities will be possible through the commission of the thickened tails plant. • In 2018, Macassa has started to implement tele-remote mucking in selected areas, leading to a decrease in cycle times and added process efficiencies. Along with continuing to expand the tele- remote implementation, Macassa Mine is also exploring further improvement opportunities by combining equipment automation (trucks) with tele-remote. When successfully implemented this process will enable material handling and movement in between shifts. Page | 97 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 25.3 Risks Risks that could be present at the operation are summarized as follows: • Without the allocation of sufficient funding for exploration drilling and development, it would be difficult for future exploration programs to replenish depleted Mineral Resources and Reserves. • Increased costs for skilled labour, power, fuel, reagents, trucking, etc. could lead to an increase in the cut-off grade and decrease the level of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. • Mechanical breakdown of critical equipment (hoist, conveyance, mill, etc.) or infrastructure could decrease or halt the production throughput at the mine. • Production throughput relies on completing development activities as per the mining plan schedule. Lower development productivity than planned would likely affect the production profile of the current mining plan. • #3 Shaft is currently the sole production shaft capable of moving materials to surface. The shaft is located in a seismically active area due to the historical mining and the active muck pass system in the MBZ located nearby. Damage to the #3 Shaft would directly impact production until the #4 Shaft is commissioned. • The advancement of Battery Electric Vehicle technology is still in its early stages. There are inherent risks as the technology continues to evolve. In the QPs opinion, there are no reasonably foreseen inputs from risks and uncertainties identified in the technical report that could affect the project’s continued economic viability. Page | 98 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 26.0 RECOMMENDATIONS A number of recommendations arising from the Technical Report are found below: • Continue exploration drilling will to test for the easterly and westerly strike extension of the South Mine Complex mineralization employing underground diamond drills on the 5300 Level. • Complete technical studies to increase the airflow and reduce the work environment temperature and humidity. • Technical work should be undertaken to assess infrastructure requirements for the continuous mining of the Macassa deposit. • The application of Large Ore Deposit Exploration (LODE) program to assess camp scale opportunities. • Related to the point above, interrogation of the newly created lithological model and the mine drillhole database as an exploration tool to assess future targeting opportunities. • Sub-domaining of high grade areas, as well as refinement of caps to improve the model grade estimates as compared to production results. • Continue to examine the Amalgamated Kirkland Break for mineralization potential. Numerous mineralized intercepts were intersected at variable depths which require follow-up. • Assess mineral potential to the east and along the Main Break below the 5800 Level and to the east into Kirkland Minerals and Tech Hughes properties. • Look at a refinery expansion and addition of certain components in the process plant to accommodate the planned increase in throughput. • There is an opportunity to improve the turnaround times for the assaying of underground samples through the establishment of a centralized assay lab. Page | 99 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 27.0 REFERENCES Analytical Solutions Ltd., 2015: A Review of the Macassa Mine Laboratory Operations. Prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold, dated December 19, 2015. Ayer, J.A., Amelin, Y., Kamo, S.L., Ketchum, J.W.F., Kwok, K. and Trowell, N. 2002: Evolution of the southern Abitibi greenstone belt based on U-Pb chronology: autochthonous volcanic construction followed by plutonism, regional deformation and sedimentation; Precambrian Research, v. 115, pp. 63-95. Dupéré, Maxime and Leroux, D., (SGS Geostats) 2017: Macassa SMC Gold Deposit Mineral Resource Verification. Internal report prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold June 2017. Mercer, R. and Pakalnis, R., 2018: Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. Ground Control Review. Internal report prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold, dated Aug 2018. Rhys, D., (Panterra Geoservices Inc.) 2006: Summary of June-July, 2006 structural work at the Macassa Mine. Internal report prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold, dated August 19, 2006. Rhys, D., (Panterra Geoservices Inc.) 2008: Geological observations from the October, 2008 site visit to South Mine Complex of the Macassa Mine. Internal report prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold, dated December 29, 2008. Rhys, D., (Panterra Geoservices Inc.) 2017: Comments regarding drillhole observations of deep and lateral structural targets, Macassa Mine and region. Internal report prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold, dated January 15, 2017. Rocque, P., Carter, D., 2017: NI 43-101 Technical Report “Macassa Property, Ontario, Canada, Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report”, dated March 28, 2017. SGS Geostats, 2018: SMC and Main/04 Break Gold Zones, Macassa Deposit, Cursory Validation of the Updated Deposit Mineral Resource Estimate. Internal report prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold, dated March 3, 2018. Page | 100 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report 28.0 SIGNATURE PAGE AND DATE The undersigned prepared this Technical Report titled “Macassa Property, Ontario, Canada, Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report”. The effective date of this Technical Report is December 31, 2018 and the disclosure date is April 1st, 2019. Signed, “signed and sealed” Mariana Pinheiro Harvey, P. Eng. April 1st, 2019 Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. Macassa Mine Complex 1350 Government Road West 200 Bay Street, Suite 3120 Kirkland Lake, Ontario, Canada P2N 3J1 “signed and sealed” Robert Glover, P. Geo. April 1st, 2019 Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. Macassa Mine Complex 1350 Government Road West 200 Bay Street, Suite 3120 Kirkland Lake, Ontario, Canada P2N 3J1 “signed and sealed” William Tai, P. Eng. April 1st, 2019 Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. Macassa Mine Complex 1350 Government Road West 200 Bay Street, Suite 3120 Kirkland Lake, Ontario, Canada P2N 3J1 “signed and sealed” Ben Harwood, P. Eng. April 1st, 2019 Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. Exploration Office 489 Macdougall Street, Box 209 Matheson, Ontario, P0K 1N0 Canada Page | 101 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFIED PERSON I, Mariana Pinheiro Harvey, P. Eng.; as an author of this report entitled “Macassa Property, Ontario, Canada, Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report” dated effective December 31, 2018 prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Issuer”) do hereby certify that: 1. I am the Chief Engineer, Macassa Mine Complex of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd., located at 1350 Government Road West, Kirkland Lake, Ontario, P2N 3J1, Canada. 2. This certificate applies to the Technical Report entitled “Macassa Property, Ontario, Canada, Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report”, dated effective December 31, 2018 (the “Technical Report”). 3. I graduated with a Bachelor of Applied Science degree (Hons) in Mineral Engineering in 2012 from the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. 4. I have practiced my profession continuously since 2012 and have worked in the mining industry for different companies with increasing levels of responsibilities. I have direct experience in engineering and operations in underground mining environments. 5. I am a member of Professional Engineers Ontario (Membership No. 100188887). 6. I am directly accountable for the Mineral Reserve estimate for the Macassa Mine. I have provided constant feedback and oversight throughout the development of the Mineral Reserve Estimate and have reviewed all supporting documentation. 7. I am familiar with National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43- 101”) and by reason of education, experience and professional registration I fulfill the requirements of a “qualified person” as defined in NI 43-101. 8. I am responsible for the preparation of Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 27 of the Technical Report. 9. I am not independent of the Issuer as described in Section 1.5 of NI 43-101, as I am an employee of the Issuer. Independence is not required under Section 5.3 (3) of NI 43-101. 10. I have read NI 43‐101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects, Form 43‐101F1 Technical Reports, and Companion Policy 43‐101CP and this Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with these instruments and forms. 11. At the effective date of the Technical Report, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, the parts of the Technical Report for which I am responsible contain all scientific and technical information that is required to be disclosed to make the Technical Report not misleading. Dated in Kirkland Lake, Ontario this 1st day of April, 2019. “Signed and Sealed” Mariana Pinheiro Harvey, P.Eng. Chief Engineer, Macassa Mine Page | 102 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFIED PERSON I, Robert Glover, P.Geo, as an author of this report entitled “Macassa Property, Ontario, Canada, Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report” dated effective December 31, 2018 prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Issuer”) do hereby certify that: 1. I am the Chief Mine Geologist, Macassa Mine Complex of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd., located at 1350 Government Road West, Kirkland Lake, Ontario, P2N 3J1, Canada. 2. This certificate applies to the Technical Report entitled “Macassa Property, Ontario, Canada, Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report”, dated effective December 31, 2018 (the “Technical Report”). 3. I graduated in Geological Engineering Technology in 1999 with a Diploma from Fleming College, Lindsay, Ontario. 4. I have held senior positions at Macassa Mine for 14 years directly involved with exploration and production geology. I have been responsible for the collection and management of geological data to generating a resource estimate. 5. I have practiced my profession continuously since 2003. 6. I am a member of the Association of Professional Geoscientists of Ontario (Membership No. 2803). 7. I am directly accountable for the Mineral Resource Estimate for the Macassa Mine. I have provided constant feedback and oversight throughout the development of the Mineral Resource Estimate and have reviewed all supporting documentation. 8. I am familiar with National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43- 101”) and by reason of education, experience and professional registration I fulfill the requirements of a “qualified person” as defined in NI 43-101. 9. I am responsible for the preparation of Sections 1, 6 to 11, 13, and 23 to 27 of the Technical Report. 10. I am not independent of the Issuer as described in Section 1.5 of NI 43-101, as I am an employee of the Issuer. Independence is not required under Section 5.3 (3) of NI 43-101. 11. I have read NI 43‐101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects, Form 43‐101F1 Technical Reports, and Companion Policy 43‐101CP and this Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with these instruments and forms. 12. At the effective date of the Technical Report, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, the parts of the Technical Report for which I am responsible contain all scientific and technical information that is required to be disclosed to make the Technical Report not misleading. Dated in Kirkland Lake, Ontario this 1st day of April, 2019. “Signed and Sealed” Robert Glover, P. Geo. Chief Geologist, Macassa Mine Page | 103 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFIED PERSON I, William Tai, P. Eng., as an author of this report entitled “Macassa Property, Ontario, Canada, Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report” dated effective December 31, 2018 prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Issuer”) do hereby certify that: 1. I am the Mill Superintendent, Macassa Mine Complex of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd., located at 1350 Government Road West, Kirkland Lake, Ontario, P2N 3J1, Canada. 2. This certificate applies to the Technical Report entitled “Macassa Property, Ontario, Canada, Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report”, dated effective December 31, 2018 (the “Technical Report”). 3. I graduated with a Bachelor of Applied Science degree in Mineral Engineering (B.A.Sc.) in 2000 from the Lassonde Mineral Engineering Program at the University of Toronto. 4. I have been directly involved in mill, assay and surface design/operations of base metal & gold mines. I have been accountable/responsible for the metallurgical, mill, assay and/or surface departments at four plants. 5. I have practiced my profession continuously since 2000. 6. I am a member of Professional Engineers Ontario (Membership No. 100075730). 7. I am directly accountable for the Metallurgical, Assay and Surface performance of the Macassa Mill. 8. I am familiar with National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43- 101”) and by reason of education, experience and professional registration I fulfill the requirements of a “qualified person” as defined in NI 43-101. 9. I am responsible for the preparation of Sections 1, 11, 12, 16, 25 and 26 of the Technical Report. 10. I am not independent of the Issuer as described in Section 1.5 of NI 43-101, as I am an employee of the Issuer. Independence is not required under Section 5.3 (3) of NI 43-101. 11. I have read NI 43‐101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects, Form 43‐101F1 Technical Reports, and Companion Policy 43‐101CP and this Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with these instruments and forms. 12. At the effective date of the Technical Report, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, the parts of the Technical Report for which I am responsible contain all scientific and technical information that is required to be disclosed to make the Technical Report not misleading. Dated in Kirkland Lake, Ontario this 1st day of April, 2019. “Signed and Sealed” William Tai, P.Eng. Mill Superintendent, Macassa Mill Page | 104 Macassa Property NI 43-101 Technical Report CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFIED PERSON I, Ben Harwood, P.Geo, as an author of this report entitled “Macassa Property, Ontario, Canada, Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report” dated effective December 31, 2018 prepared for Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd. (the “Issuer”) do hereby certify that: 1. I am the Principal Resource Geologist, Canadian Operations, of Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd., located at 1350 Government Road West, Kirkland Lake, Ontario, P2N 3J1, Canada. 2. This certificate applies to the Technical Report entitled “Macassa Property, Ontario, Canada, Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report”, dated effective December 31, 2018 (the “Technical Report”). 3. I graduated with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Geology (B.Sc. Geology) in 2005 from The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario. I went on to graduate with a Master of Science Degree in Geology (M.Sc. Geology) in 2010 from the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario. 4. I have been directly involved in resource estimation of gold deposits for seven years. I have overseen the resource estimates of five active gold mines. 5. I have practiced my profession continuously since 2010. 6. I am a member of the Association of Professional Geoscientists of Ontario (Membership No. 2334). 7. I am directly accountable for the Mineral Resource Estimate for the Macassa Mine. I have provided constant feedback and oversight throughout the development of the Mineral Resource Estimate and have reviewed all supporting documentation. 8. I am familiar with National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43- 101”) and by reason of education, experience and professional registration I fulfill the requirements of a “qualified person” as defined in NI 43-101. 9. I am responsible for the preparation of the Summary and Section 13 of the Technical Report. 10. I am not independent of the Issuer as described in Section 1.5 of NI 43-101, as I am an employee of the Issuer. Independence is not required under Section 5.3 (3) of NI 43-101. 11. I have read NI 43‐101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects, Form 43‐101F1 Technical Reports, and Companion Policy 43‐101CP and this Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with these instruments and forms. 12. At the effective date of the Technical Report, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, the parts of the Technical Report for which I am responsible contain all scientific and technical information that is required to be disclosed to make the Technical Report not misleading. Dated in Kirkland Lake, Ontario this 1st day of April, 2019. “Signed and Sealed” Ben Harwood, P. Geo. Principal Resource Geologist (Canadian Operations) Page | 105 Macassa Property Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report Appendix A: Macassa Claims List Kirkland Lake Gold holds title to 258 mining claims in Teck and Lebel Townships that covers 3,724 hectares. There are 187 patented claims, 11 crown leases and 59 staked claims. Macassa Mine is the only currently active operating mine within these property groups. Specifically, all the claims are located in eastern Teck Township and western Lebel Township. They cover the properties of Macassa Mine including the Tegren property at the west end of the mine strip. To the east of Macassa, the properties cover the past producing mines of Kirkland Minerals, Tech-Hughes, Lake Shore and Wright-Hargreaves. Of note, the Lebel claims are not contiguous with the main property. A list of all the claims is provided in Table A1. Page | 106 Macassa Property Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report Table A1: List of Macassa Claims Claim Lease Claim Alternate Property Type Number Number Number Comments Lebel Twp. Patent L-2257 MR & SR Property Patent L-2430 MR & SR Patent L-2447 MR & SR Patent L-2448 MR & SR Patent L-2450 MR & SR Patent L-2452 MR & Part SR Patent L-2459 MR & SR Patent L-2469 MR & SR Patent L-2676 MR Patent L-2677 MR & part SR Patent L-2790 MR & part SR (SRO pending severance & transfer to McCombe) Patent L-2791 MR & part SR (SRO pending severance & transfer to McCombe) Patent L-2807 MR & Part SR (SRO pending severance & transfer to McCombe) Patent L-2808 MR & SR Patent L-2886 MR & SR Patent L-2900 MR & SR Patent L-2901 MR & SR Patent L-2988 MR & SR Patent L-3009 MR & SR Patent L-3010 MR & SR Patent L-3011 MR & SR Patent L-5940 MR & Part SR Patent L-7798 MR & SR Patent L-7799 MR & SR Patent L-8819 MR & SR Patent L-8820 MR & SR Patent L-8821 MR & SR Patent L-8822 MR & SR Page | 107 Macassa Property Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report Table A1: List of Macassa Claims Claim Lease Claim Alternate Property Type Number Number Number Comments Patent L-8823 MR & SR Patent L-8824 MR & SR Patent L-16514 MR & SR Patent L-16515 MR & SR Patent L-20176 MR & SR Patent L-2851 MR Mining rights only as part of a property swap with The Land Store Staked Claim L-893443 MR - STAKED Staked Claim L-1014631 MR - STAKED Staked Claim L-1014632 MR - STAKED Staked Claim L-1014633 MR - STAKED Staked Claim L-1014634 MR - STAKED Staked Claim L-1014644 MR - STAKED Staked Claim L-1014645 MR - STAKED Staked Claim L-1221678 MR - STAKED Staked Claim L-1221680 MR - STAKED Staked Claim L-1221778 MR - STAKED Staked Claim L-1221779 MR - STAKED Wright Patent T.C. 708 L-1830 MRO Hargreaves T.C. 708 L-1830 SR T.C. 708 L-1830 SR Patent T.C. 709 L-1829 MRO T.C. 709 L-1829 PT. SRO (L-1829) Patent T.C. 710 L-2103 MRO. Part SR T.C. 710 L-2103 PT SR Patent T.C. 711 L-1831 MRO (RECORDED AS L-1831) T.C. 711 L-1831 PT. SRO Teck Hughes Patent L-1824 MR 1824 SRO Page | 108 Macassa Property Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report Table A1: List of Macassa Claims Claim Lease Claim Alternate Property Type Number Number Number Comments Patent L-1825 MR 1825 PT SR Patent L-2242 PT. SRO L-2242 SRO L-2242 PT SR L-2242 PT SR L-2242 PT SR Patent L-16625 MR 16625 PT SR Patent L-16626 MR 16626 PT SR 16626 PT SR Patent L-16624 MR 16624 SRO Kirkland Patent L-2643 MR Minerals Patent L-1236 MR 1236 PT SR Patent L-1238 MR 1238 PT SR Patent L-1239 MR 1239 SR Patent L-1240 MR 1240 PT SR Patent L-1643 MRO Patent L-1850 MR/SR? 1850 SR Lake Shore Patent 1223 PT. SRO Property Patent 1340 PT. SRO Page | 109 Macassa Property Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report Table A1: List of Macassa Claims Claim Lease Claim Alternate Property Type Number Number Number Comments Patent 1342 PT. SRO Patent 1343 PT. SRO Patent 1432 SRO Patent L-1557 MRO Patent L-1557 PT SR Patent L-1557 PT SR Patent L-1557 PT SR Patent 1748 SRO Patent 1754 PT. SRO, Guarantee Trust Patent L-2243 MR & PT. SR Patent L-2605 MR & PT. SR Patent L-2606 MRO L-2606 PT. SRO L-2606 PT. SRO L-2606 PT SR L-2606 PT SR Patent L-2645 MR & PT. SR L-2645 PT SR L-2645 PT SR Patent 2967 SRO Patent 3018 L-5040 SRO Patent 3019 L-5041 SRO Patent 3034 SRO Patent L-3601 MRO L-3601 PT SR L-3601 PT SR Patent 6013 SRO Patent 6804 SRO Patent 6805 SRO Page | 110 Macassa Property Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report Table A1: List of Macassa Claims Claim Lease Claim Alternate Property Type Number Number Number Comments Patent 7811 SRO Patent 8128 SRO, PT. OF Patent 8880 SRO Patent 9107 SRO Patent 9467 PT. SRO Patent 9468 PT. SRO Patent 9821 SRO Patent 9822 SRO Patent 11384 SRO Patent L-16633 MRO Patent L-16634 MRO Patent L-16635 MRO 16635 PT SR 16635 PR SR Patent L-16726 MR & SR Newfield Patent L-2604 MRO transfer Patent L-2644 MR Patent L-2755 MR Patent L-2771 MR Patent L-2788 MR Patent L-2823 Patent L-7408 L-2823 License of Ocupation # 897, mining rights covered by L-2823 Patent L-2848 MR Spark Gold Crown Lease 107737 L342832 MR L342833 L342834 L342855 L342856 Page | 111 Macassa Property Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report Table A1: List of Macassa Claims Claim Lease Claim Alternate Property Type Number Number Number Comments L342857 Macassa Mine Patent HR 546 L-2930 MR, SR 1/4 INT MR& SR to Township of Teck Patent HR 547 L-2931 MR, SR 1/4 INT MR& SR to Township of Teck Patent HR 548 L-2929 MR, SR 1/4 INT MR& SR to Township of Teck Patent HR 732 L-3907 MRO (RECORDED AS L-3907, SR Town of Kirkland Lake) Patent HS 1166 L-6219 MR & SR (6219) - Registered to Barrick Gold Patent HS 1171 L-5343 MRO Patent L-1224 PT. SRO, Claim To Be Transferred From Barrick 1224 PT SR Patent L-1225 MR+SRO Patent HR1426 PT. SRO-MR, Claim To Be Transferred From Barrick HR1426 PT SR Patent L-1525 MR SR Patent L-1616 MR & SR Patent L-1617 MR & PT. SR Patent L-2634 MR, PRT SR Patent L-2635 MRO, SR Betty Blaauw, S1/2) Chad and Linda Wallace(N 1/2) Patent L-2636 HR 759 MR , SR Town of Kirkland Lake Patent L-2637 HR 373 MR , SR Town of Kirkland Lake Patent L-2638 MR , SR Town of Kirkland Lake Patent L-2639 MR Patent L-2640 HR 770 MR & PT. SR Patent L-2641 HR 769 MRO, Claim Transferred From Barrick in 2007 Patent L-2642 HR 768 MR & SR Patent L-2762 MR Patent L-2763 MR Patent L-2764 MR Patent L-2830 MR & PT. SR Patent L-2831 MR & PT. SR, 450/500 INT to Township of Teck Page | 112 Macassa Property Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report Table A1: List of Macassa Claims Claim Lease Claim Alternate Property Type Number Number Number Comments Patent L-2837 MR & SR Patent L-2838 MR & SR Patent L-2947 MRO Patent L-2948 MRO Patent L-3044 MR & PT. SR Patent L-3468 MRO Patent L-4185 MR & SR Patent L-4186 MR & SR Patent L-4755 MRO - F.J. Davis, J.F. Davis, Estate of Edwin Davis Patent L-5045 MR Patent L-5049 MR Patent L-5362 MR Patent 5362 SR Patent L-5688 MRO Patent L-5689 PT MR Patent L-5692 MRO 5692 SRO Patent L-5693 MRO 5693 MRO Patent L-5926 MRO Patent L-5927 MRO Patent L-5928 MRO Patent L-5929 MRO Patent L-5967 MR SR 2/3 INT to Township of Teck Patent L-5980 MR SR 2/3 INT to Township of Teck Patent L-6432 MR& SRO, Claim To Be Transferred From Barrick Patent L-8628 MRO 8628 MRO Patent L-8629 MRO Page | 113 Macassa Property Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report Table A1: List of Macassa Claims Claim Lease Claim Alternate Property Type Number Number Number Comments Patent 8629 SR Patent HR 781 MRO (RECORDED AS L-12612), SR Town of Kirkland Lake Patent L-16478 MRO Patent 26123 SRO Patent 26125 SRO Crown Lease 108855 L-545717 HR 597 MRO (SRO Town of Kirkland Lake) Crown Lease 107749 L-620179 HR 1167 Amalgamated Claim Crown Lease 108854 L-856962 HR 734 MRO, (SR Town of Kirkland Lake) Crown Lease 108856 L-859820 HR 733 MR Crown Lease 107006 L-842970 HR 598 MR SR Town of Kirkland Lake) Kirkland West Lease 108499 L-496561 100% ownership in 2012 Lease 108499 L-496562 Lease 108499 L-496563 Patent L-1385 Patent L-16480 Patent L-16477 Patent L-7711 Patent L-6822 HS 1154 Patent L-16513 HR 1422 Patent L-16514 HR 1423 Patent L-16515 HR 1424 Patent L-16543 HR 1421 Patent L-16546 HR 1428 Patent L-16507 HR 1156 Patent L-16509 HR 1427 Patent L-16510 HR 1425 Patent L-16511 HR 1164 Patent L-16512 HR 1165 Gracie West Patent L-16680 PRT MR Page | 114 Macassa Property Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report Table A1: List of Macassa Claims Claim Lease Claim Alternate Property Type Number Number Number Comments Patent L-4230 MRO Patent L-4869 MRO Patent L-6842 MRO Patent L-6843 MRO Patent L-6863 MRO Patent L-9809 MRO Patent L-9810 MR, 190/400 interest. Patent L-9811 MRO Patent L-9812 MRO Patent L-9813 MRO Patent L-9814 MRO Patent L-16614 PRT MR Lease 108637 L-476845 SR&MR Lease 108636 L-476846 MRO L-476847 MRO Staked L-892088 STAKED, MRO, transferred all interest to KGI Sept. 2012 Staked L-927914 STAKED, MRO, transferred all interest to KGI Sept. 2012 Staked L-927927 STAKED, MRO, transferred all interest to KGI Sept. 2012 Staked L-927921 STAKED, MRO, transferred all interest to KGI Sept. 2012 Staked L-892085 STAKED, MRO, transferred all interest to KGI Sept. 2012 Staked Claim L-4240384 STAKED, MRO, transferred all interest to KGI Sept. 2012 Gracie West Patent L-5873 MRO (Axcell) Trudel Patent L-5433 MRO Morgan Patent L-5686 MRO, MTO To Transfer Mining Rights Under Highway Patent L-5687 NW Fraction of claim Patent L-6687 MRO, MTO To Transfer Mining Rights Under Highway Patent L-6768 MRO, MTO To Transfer Mining Rights Under Highway Hurd/Mistango/ Lease 107773 L-225112 MRO (10.182 Ha) McCauley Page | 115 Macassa Property Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report Table A1: List of Macassa Claims Claim Lease Claim Alternate Property Type Number Number Number Comments Hudson Patent L-2672 MRO Patent L-2757 MRO RSC RSC270 MRO RSC RSC271 MRO Patent L-1404 MRO Patent L-2566 MRO Patent L-2553 MRO Patent L-1403 MRO North Part of Lease 109285 Lease Amalgamated CLM 328 491182 491650 491662 500057 571358 524843 Macassa Staked Claim L-859695 MR Exploration Staked Claim L-983045 MR Staked Claim L-1045619 MR Staked Claim L-1045623 MR Staked Claim L-1049049 MR Staked Claim L-4210208 MR Staked Claim L-1213913 MR Staked Claim L-1213914 MR Staked Claim L-1214100 MR, Staked Claim L-1214365 MR Staked Claim L-1214366 MR Staked Claim L-1214367 MR Staked Claim L-1214368 MR Page | 116 Macassa Property Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report Table A1: List of Macassa Claims Claim Lease Claim Alternate Property Type Number Number Number Comments Staked Claim L-1214369 MR Staked Claim L-1214370 MR Staked Claim L-1214371 MR Staked Claim L-1214372 MR Staked Claim L-1214373 MR Staked Claim L-1214374 MR Staked Claim L-1217446 MR Staked Claim L-1217447 MR Staked Claim L-1217448 MR Staked Claim L-1217450 MR Staked Claim L-1217451 MR Staked Claim L-1217452 MR Staked Claim L-1217455 MR Staked Claim L-1217479 MR Staked Claim L-1217759 MR Staked Claim L-1219980 MR Staked Claim L-1219981 MR Staked Claim L-3011230 MR Staked Claim L-1221710 MR, SR Crown/Town of Kirkland Lake, USA-Teck Gold Mines Staked Claim L-1222104 MR Staked Claim L-1222105 MR Staked Claim L-4245807 MRO Staked Claim L-4252740 MRO Staked Claim L-4252741 MRO Staked Claim L-4277249 MRO, staked in 2014 Staked Claim L-4277250 MRO, staked in 2014 Staked Claim L-4270898 MRO, staked in 2016 Staked Claim L-4285814 MRO, staked in 2017 Staked Claim L-4285006 MRO, staked in 2017 Page | 117 Macassa Property Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report This page was left intentionally blank. 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