2024 ANNUAL REPORT Note: Financial results for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 include the unfavorable impact on Income Before Income Taxes of $14.9 million in restructuring and impairment charges (pre-tax). Financial results for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023 include the unfavorable impact on Income Before Income Taxes of $25.0 million in impairment charges (pre-tax). Please refer to the Company’s Form 10-K filing for additional details. Net Sales $ 1,871,759 $ 1,822,527 Gross Profit $ 432,302 $ 388,568 Income Before Income Taxes $ 205,515 $ 143,297 Taxes Based on Income $ 46,902 $ 32,011 Net Income $ 158,613 $ 111,286 Per Common Share: Net Income – Diluted $ 5.76 $ 4.04 Cash Dividends $ 3.55 $ 3.35 Shareholders’ Equity $ 33.63 $ 31.32 Total Assets $ 1,206,931 $ 1,112,994 Shareholders’ Equity $ 925,772 $ 862,267 Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding – Diluted 27,461 27,482 (In Thousands, Except Per Share Figures) Years Ended June 30 2024 2023 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS The theme of this year’s annual report, Committed to Quality Growth, has a dual meaning for our company and our shareholders. Investors identify a quality company as one that performs well in good times and bad. A quality investment can withstand market volatility. In this period of economic uncertainty, we believe we have positioned ourselves as a quality company and are committed to adding value for our shareholders. Additionally, as a food manufacturing company, safety and quality are essential to our business. Our customers and consumers expect that the products they buy from us are safe and of the highest quality, and we know we cannot grow our business if we do not deliver on those expectations. We believe our strong commitment to quality will help power our continued growth. Fiscal 2024 Review For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, consolidated net sales increased 3% to a record high of $1.9 billion driven by volume gains, with both our Retail and Foodservice segments reporting higher net sales. Retail net sales reached a record $988.4 million, up 2% from fiscal 2023, on the strength of our licensing program led by Chick-fil-A® dressings and sauces, Olive Garden® dressings, and Buffalo Wild Wings® sauces, along with the continued growth of our New York BRAND® Bakery frozen garlic bread products. Foodservice net sales rose 3% to a record $883.3 million, thanks to increased demand from several national chain restaurant customers and volume growth for our branded Foodservice products, partially offset by deflationary pricing. Consolidated gross profit increased 11% to $432.3 million, compared to $388.6 million in fiscal 2023. The increase in gross profit was driven by favorability in pricing net of commodity costs, our cost savings programs, and the higher sales volumes. Operating income increased 41% to $199.4 million, due primarily to the increase in gross profit, reduced expenditures for Project Ascent (our ERP initiative which is now complete), and lower restructuring and impairment charges. Consistent with our ongoing commitment to quality growth, our team continued to perform well in the important areas of employee safety, food safety, and food quality. Many sincere thanks to the entire Lancaster Colony team for their exceptional efforts and countless contributions to deliver on these imperatives. Fiscal 2025 Outlook As we look ahead, Lancaster Colony will continue to leverage the combined strength of our team, operating strategy, and balance sheet in support of the three pillars of our growth plan to: 1) accelerate core business growth; 2) simplify our supply chain to reduce costs and grow margins; and 3) expand our core with focused M&A and strategic licensing. In fiscal 2025, we anticipate Retail sales will continue to benefit from volume growth led by our licensing program, including increased sales from new products, flavors, and sizes introduced in fiscal 2024. In addition, we anticipate continued sales momentum for New York Bakery frozen garlic bread products and volume gains for Marzetti® refrigerated dressings. Future growth potential for the New York Bakery frozen garlic bread lineup includes delicious new gluten-free garlic bread that launched in early fall 2024. Additionally, we are excited about our partnership with Texas Roadhouse which now includes steak sauces and the chain’s popular rolls with honey cinnamon glaze. In the Foodservice segment, we expect sales volume to be led by growth from select quick-service restaurant customers in our mix of national accounts. Our culinary team continues to support our partners with innovation initiatives and craveable flavors to help them drive menu excitement and traffic growth. Like our shareholders, we continue to carefully monitor external factors, including U.S. economic performance and consumers’ financial health. While there are a wide range of factors that could influence demand in our Retail and Foodservice segments during fiscal 2025, our team is prepared to respond to a range of scenarios. We do not foresee significant impact from commodity cost inflation or deflation in the coming year. We expect our cost savings programs to be the primary driver behind margin improvement opportunities, with cost savings momentum building throughout the year. I would once again like to thank the entire Lancaster Colony team for their resilience, hard work, and ongoing commitment to our business in fiscal 2024. I look forward to working together in the coming year as we demonstrate our Commitment to Quality Growth and continue our journey to be The Better Food Company. Sincerely yours, David A. Ciesinski President & Chief Executive Officer September 23, 2024 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K (Mark One) ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 or ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission file number 000-04065 Lancaster Colony Corporation (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Ohio 13-1955943 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 380 Polaris Parkway Suite 400 Westerville Ohio 43082 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) (614) 224-7141 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, without par value LANC NASDAQ Global Select Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ The aggregate market value of Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant computed by reference to the price at which such Common Stock was last sold as of December 31, 2023 was $3,216.5 million. As of August 1, 2024, there were approximately 27,527,000 shares of Common Stock, without par value, outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed for its November 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part II and Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Item 1. Business 3 Item 1A. Risk Factors 7 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 17 Item 1C. Cybersecurity 17 Item 2. Properties 18 Item 3. Legal Proceedings 19 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 19 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 20 Item 6. [Reserved] 21 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 22 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 30 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 30 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 60 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures 60 Item 9B. Other Information 62 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections 62 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 62 Item 11. Executive Compensation 62 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 62 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 62 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 62 PART IV Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules 63 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary 64 Signatures 65 2 This page intentionally left blank. Company Overview Lancaster Colony Corporation, an Ohio corporation, is a manufacturer and marketer of specialty food products for the retail and foodservice channels. Our principal executive offices are located at 380 Polaris Parkway, Suite 400, Westerville, Ohio 43082 and our telephone number is 614-224-7141. Our vision is to be The Better Food Company – the industry leader in creating great tasting food and cultivating deep and lasting relationships with customers and consumers – while fulfilling our corporate purpose To Nourish Growth With All That We Do. Our company goals are to bring delicious food to the table and to deliver top quartile financial performance and top quartile product quality, safety and customer satisfaction while attracting, retaining and rewarding top quartile people. To achieve these goals, we are focused on the three pillars of our strategic growth plan: 1. Accelerate our base business growth; 2. Simplify our supply chain to reduce our costs and grow our margins; and 3. Expand our core business with our Retail licensing program and complementary mergers and acquisitions. As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and except as the context otherwise may require, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “registrant,” or “the Company” mean Lancaster Colony Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, except where it is clear that the term only means the parent company. Unless otherwise noted, references to “year” pertain to our fiscal year which ends on June 30; for example, 2024 refers to fiscal 2024, which is the period from July 1, 2023 to June 30, 2024. Available Information Our Internet website address is https://www.lancastercolony.com. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The information contained on our website or connected to it is not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The SEC also maintains a website, https://www.sec.gov, that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. DESCRIPTION OF AND FINANCIAL INFORMATION ABOUT BUSINESS SEGMENTS Our financial results are presented as two reportable segments: Retail and Foodservice. Costs that are directly attributable to either Retail or Foodservice are charged directly to the appropriate segment. Costs that are deemed to be indirect, excluding corporate expenses and other unusual significant transactions, are allocated to the two reportable segments using a reasonable methodology that is consistently applied. The financial information relating to our business segments for the three years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 is included in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements, and located in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Further description of each business segment within which we operate is provided below. Retail Segment The following table presents the primary Retail products we manufacture and sell under our brand names: Products Brand Names Frozen Breads Frozen garlic breads New York BRAND Bakery Frozen Parkerhouse style yeast rolls and dinner rolls Sister Schubert’s Refrigerated Dressings and Dips Salad dressings Marzetti, Marzetti Simply Vegetable dips and fruit dips Marzetti Shelf-Stable Dressings and Croutons Salad dressings Marzetti, Cardini’s, Girard’s Croutons and salad toppings New York BRAND Bakery, Chatham Village, Marzetti PART I Item 1. Business GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS 3 Foodservice Segment The majority of our Foodservice sales are products sold under private label to national chain restaurant accounts. We also manufacture and sell various branded Foodservice products to distributors. The following table presents the primary Foodservice products we manufacture and sell under our brand names: Products Brand Names Dressings and Sauces Salad dressings Marzetti Frozen Breads and Other Frozen garlic breads New York BRAND Bakery Frozen Parkerhouse style yeast rolls and dinner rolls Sister Schubert’s Frozen pasta Marzetti Frozen Pasta The vast majority of the products we sell in the Foodservice segment are sold through sales personnel, food brokers and distributors in the United States. Most of the products we sell in the Foodservice segment are custom-formulated sauces, salad dressings, frozen breads and yeast rolls. Our top five Foodservice direct customers accounted for 53%, 58% and 58% of this segment’s total net sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Within our Foodservice segment, typically our largest direct customers are distributors that distribute our products primarily to foodservice national chain restaurant accounts. In the Foodservice segment, sales growth results from general volume gains or geographic expansion of our established customer base, and we also grow our business with existing and new customers by leveraging our culinary skills and experience to support the development of new products and menu offerings. Strategic acquisitions may also contribute to the future growth of the Foodservice segment, with a focus on fit and value. The operations of this segment are not affected to any material extent by seasonal fluctuations. We own and operate under innumerable intellectual property rights, including patents, copyrights, formulas, proprietary trade secrets, technologies, know-how processes and other unregistered rights. We consider our owned intellectual property rights to be essential to our Foodservice business. We also manufacture and sell other products pursuant to brand license agreements, including Chick-fil-A® sauces and dressings, Olive Garden® dressings and Buffalo Wild Wings® sauces. Additionally, a small portion of our Retail sales are products sold under private label to retailers. The vast majority of the products we sell in the Retail segment are sold through sales personnel, food brokers and distributors in the United States. We have products typically marketed in the shelf-stable section of the grocery store, which include licensed sauces and dressings, along with our own branded salad dressings and croutons. Within the frozen food section of the grocery store, we sell yeast rolls and garlic breads. We also have placement of products in grocery produce departments through our refrigerated salad dressings, licensed dressings, vegetable dips and fruit dips. Our top five Retail customers accounted for 59%, 59% and 57% of this segment’s total net sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We continue to rely upon our strong retail brands, innovation expertise, geographic and channel expansion and customer relationships for future growth. Our category-leading retail brands and commitment to new product development help drive increased consumer demand in our Retail segment. We have also expanded Retail segment growth by leveraging our strong Foodservice customer relationships to establish exclusive licensing agreements for the retail channel. Strategic acquisitions are also part of our future growth plans, with a focus on fit and value. Our quarterly Retail sales are affected by seasonal fluctuations, primarily in the fiscal second quarter and the Easter holiday season when sales of certain frozen retail products tend to be most pronounced. Our quarterly Retail sales can also be affected by the timing of seasonal shipments of certain fruit dips between the first and second quarters. The resulting impacts on working capital are not significant. In addition to the owned and licensed trademarked brands discussed above, we also own and operate under innumerable other intellectual property rights, including patents, copyrights, formulas, proprietary trade secrets, technologies, know-how processes and other unregistered rights. We consider our owned and licensed intellectual property rights to be essential to our Retail business. 4 2024 2023 2022 Retail Segment: Shelf-stable dressings, sauces and croutons 23% 23% 22% Frozen breads 19% 19% 20% Refrigerated dressings, dips and other 11% 11% 13% Foodservice Segment: Dressings and sauces 35% 35% 34% Frozen breads and other 12% 12% 11% MANUFACTURING As of June 30, 2024, the majority of our products were manufactured and packaged at our 13 food plants located throughout the United States. Most of these plants produce products for both the Retail and Foodservice segments. Efficient and cost-effective production remains a key focus as evidenced by our cost savings initiatives. Certain items are also manufactured and packaged by third parties located in the United States, Canada and Europe. COMPETITION All of the markets in which we sell food products are highly competitive in the areas of price, quality and customer service. We face competition from a number of manufacturers of various sizes and capabilities. Our ability to compete depends upon a variety of factors, including the position of our branded goods within various categories, product quality, product innovation, promotional and marketing activity, pricing and our ability to service customers. GOVERNMENT REGULATION Our business operations are subject to regulation by various federal, state and local government entities and agencies. As a producer of food products for human consumption, our operations are subject to stringent production, packaging, quality, labeling and distribution standards, including regulations promulgated under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the Food Safety Modernization Act. We are also subject to various federal, state and local environmental protection laws. Based upon available information, compliance with these laws and regulations did not have a material effect upon the level of capital expenditures, earnings or our competitive position in 2024 and is not expected to have a material impact in 2025. HUMAN CAPITAL As of June 30, 2024, we had 3,400 employees. Of those employees, 22% are represented under various collective bargaining contracts and 8% are represented under a collective bargaining contract that will expire within one year. NET SALES ATTRIBUTED TO SIGNIFICANT CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPS Net sales attributed to Walmart Inc. (“Walmart”) totaled 18% of consolidated net sales for 2024, 2023 and 2022. Net sales attributed to McLane Company, Inc. (“McLane”), a wholesale distribution subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, Inc., totaled 8%, 11% and 11% of consolidated net sales for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. McLane is a large, national distributor that sells and distributes our products to several of our foodservice national chain restaurant accounts, principally in the quick service, fast casual and casual dining channels. In general, these national chain restaurants have direct relationships with us for culinary research and development, menu development and production needs, but choose to buy our products through McLane, who acts as their distributor. McLane orders our products on behalf of these national chain restaurants, and we invoice McLane for these sales. The 2024 decline in sales to McLane primarily reflects certain national chain restaurant accounts shifting their purchases from McLane to other distributors or to direct purchases. Our relationship with Chick-fil-A, Inc. (“Chick-fil-A”), one of our national chain restaurant accounts, also represents a significant portion of our consolidated net sales. In Foodservice, we primarily supply Chick-fil-A indirectly through distributors, including McLane. A portion of our Foodservice sales represent direct sales to Chick-fil-A. Chick-fil-A is also a significant contributor to our Retail sales as we sell their sauce and dressing products into the retail channel through an exclusive license agreement. Total net sales attributed to Chick-fil-A, including the Retail sales resulting from the exclusive license agreement and the Foodservice sales, totaled 28%, 26% and 24% of consolidated net sales for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. NET SALES BY CLASS OF PRODUCTS The following table sets forth business segment information with respect to the percentage of net sales contributed by our primary classes of similar products: 5 Health and Safety The health and well-being of our employees is paramount to the success of our business, and we are proud to be leaders in our industry with respect to our safety record and safety initiatives. Our approach to occupational health and safety centers around three elements: training, response, and tracking. We maintain a rigorous safety training program that ensures employees throughout the organization are regularly trained in every aspect of workplace safety. Management personnel with direct responsibility for safety oversight also receive comprehensive professional training and the opportunity for certification. Talent Acquisition We strive to attract and retain talented people by providing a great place to work. We have built a collaborative and purpose-driven culture that attracts people who share our vision to be The Better Food Company. In addition, we are committed to nourishing the growth of our employees by providing training and development opportunities to pursue their career paths and to ensure compliance with our policies. Total Rewards We offer our employees competitive fixed and/or variable pay along with a Total Rewards package which typically includes medical, prescription, dental, vision and life insurance benefits, paid parental leave, adoption assistance, disability coverage, a 401(k) plan, and various employee assistance programs. We have undertaken external benchmarking to ensure our compensation and benefits offerings remain competitive. We continue to work to expand our Total Rewards program to strengthen our focus on work/life effectiveness and holistic well-being, which includes physical, financial, emotional, and social well-being. We genuinely want to help our people to thrive both personally and professionally and have cultivated a high-performing workplace built on trust, accountability and growth. Employee Engagement To keep our employees engaged and fulfilled in their roles, we have sought to establish a continuous feedback loop between our employees and company leadership. We communicate consistently with our people via a range of channels, including town hall meetings, regular updates, and key announcements. Each year, we invite our employees to respond to our annual employee engagement survey and share their views on a range of workplace questions. Based on feedback from the survey, management develops and implements plans to address the primary areas of opportunity that have been identified by employees. Diversity and Inclusion We foster a collaborative working environment where all our employees can thrive and feel they belong. We believe our commitment to diversity, inclusion and belonging enhances our ability to attract and retain a high-performing and diverse team. We monitor the diversity of our organization to identify areas of improvement and measure the effectiveness of our efforts. Our goal is to establish a continuous improvement trend. In 2024, our workforce was 36% female and 44% of our employees represented minority races or ethnicities. In 2020, we adopted our Diversity Hiring Statement, which sets out our pledge to include women and minorities in the pool of candidates for new leadership positions. We have already seen a positive impact with the percentage of women at levels of Vice President and above doubling from January 2020 to January 2024 and the percentages of non-white representation for positions of director and above nearly doubling in the same period. We encourage employee-led initiatives to promote diversity within the organization. Several employee resource groups (“ERGs”) have been established in the last few years. These affinity-based groups provide a support network for colleagues from diverse backgrounds. Each of our ERGs is sponsored by a member of our leadership team to ensure top-down accountability for the associated initiatives. Our people are essential to our vision to be The Better Food Company — the industry leader in creating great tasting food and cultivating deep and lasting relationships with customers and consumers. The honesty, integrity and sound judgment of our people in following our Code of Business Ethics are what enable us to be successful and fulfill our company’s purpose To Nourish Growth With All That We Do. Consistent with this purpose, our human capital management strategy emphasizes six key areas of focus: Health and Safety; Talent Acquisition; Total Rewards; Employee Engagement; Diversity and Inclusion; and Community Engagement. Our Board of Directors oversees this strategy and dedicates one Board meeting each year to a full review of talent. 6 Community Engagement Our volunteering and philanthropic efforts align with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, with a particular focus on reducing poverty and food insecurity while promoting good health and quality education for all. In 2024, our teams mobilized to support Pelotonia, Toys for Tots, and the United Way. We regularly donate funds and volunteer time to a range of other community organizations and foundations as well, including the Children’s Hunger Alliance, National Veterans Memorial and Museum, Jobs for America’s Graduates, and local food banks. RAW MATERIALS During 2024, we obtained adequate supplies of raw materials and packaging. We rely on a variety of raw materials and packaging for the day-to-day production of our products, including soybean oil, various sweeteners, eggs, dairy-related products, flour, various films and plastic and paper packaging materials. We purchase the majority of these materials on the open market to meet current requirements, but we also have some fixed-price contracts with terms generally one year or less. See further discussion in the “Risk Factors” section below and the “Financial Condition” section of our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”). Although the availability and price of certain of these materials are influenced by weather, disease and the level of global demand, we anticipate that future sources of supply for 2025 will generally be available and adequate for our needs. Item 1A. Risk Factors An investment in our common stock is subject to certain risks inherent in our business. Before making an investment decision, investors should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information included or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. If any of the following risks occur, our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected. These described risks are not the only risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not known to us or that we deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. If any of these risks were to materialize, the value of our common stock could decline significantly. RISKS RELATED TO HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY We may be subject to business disruptions, product recalls or other claims for real or perceived safety issues regarding our food products. We have been, and in the future may be, impacted by both real and unfounded claims regarding the safety of our operations, or concerns regarding mislabeled, adulterated, contaminated or spoiled food products. Any of these circumstances could necessitate a voluntary or mandatory recall due to a substantial product hazard, a need to change a product’s labeling or other consumer safety concerns. A pervasive product recall may result in significant loss due to the costs of a recall, related legal claims, including claims arising from bodily injury or illness caused by our products, the destruction of product inventory, or lost sales due to product unavailability. A highly publicized product recall, whether involving us or any related products made by third parties, also could result in a loss of customers or an unfavorable change in consumer sentiment regarding our products or any category in which we operate. In addition, an allegation of noncompliance with federal or state food laws and regulations could force us to cease production, delay the delivery or stop the sale of our products or create significant adverse publicity that could harm our credibility and decrease market acceptance of our products. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Any potential claim under our insurance policies may exceed our insurance coverage, may be subject to certain exceptions or may not be honored fully, in a timely manner, or at all. We may be subject to a loss of sales or increased costs due to adverse publicity or consumer concern regarding the safety, quality or healthfulness of food products, whether with our products, competing products or other related food products. We are highly dependent upon consumers’ perception of the safety, quality and possible dietary attributes of our products. As a result, substantial negative publicity concerning one or more of our products, or other foods similar to or in the same food group as our products, could lead to lower demand for our products, reduced prices and lost sales. Substantial negative publicity, even when false or unfounded, could also hurt the image of our brands or cause consumers to choose other products or avoid categories in which we operate. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Certain negative publicity regarding the food industry or our products could also increase our cost of operations. The food industry has been subject to negative publicity concerning the health implications of genetically modified organisms, added sugars, trans fat, salt, artificial growth hormones, ingredients sourced from foreign suppliers and other supply chain concerns. 7 Production of the agricultural commodities used in our business may also be adversely affected by drought, water scarcity, temperature extremes, scarcity of suitable agricultural land, worldwide demand, changes in international trade arrangements, livestock disease (for example, avian influenza), crop disease and/or crop pests. We purchase a majority of our key raw materials on the open market. Our ability to avoid the adverse effects of a pronounced, sustained price increase in our raw materials is limited. We have observed increased volatility in the costs of many of these raw materials in recent years. During fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022, we faced industry-wide inflation for various inputs, including commodities, ingredients, packaging materials, transportation and labor. Similarly, fluctuating petroleum prices and transportation capacity have, from time to time, impacted our costs of resin-based packaging and our costs of inbound freight on all purchased materials. We try to limit our exposure to price fluctuations for raw materials by periodically entering into longer-term, fixed-price contracts for certain raw materials, but we cannot ensure success in limiting our exposure. During fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022, the overall global economy experienced significant inflation in packaging materials, fuel, energy, and commodities. Inflation has and may continue to adversely affect us by increasing our costs of raw materials, packaging and freight, as well as wage and benefit costs. Any substantial change in the prices or availability of raw materials may have an adverse impact on our profitability. For example, in recent periods we have seen significant commodity inflation in soybean oil, which has impacted both of our segments because of the significant number of our products that include soybean oil. Furthermore, consumer spending patterns, which may be difficult to predict in an inflationary environment, may adversely affect demand for our products. During challenging economic times, consumers may be less willing or able to pay a price premium for our branded products and may shift purchases to lower-priced offerings, making it more difficult for us to maintain prices and/or effectively implement price increases. In addition, our retail partners and retail distributors may pressure us to rescind price increases we have announced or already implemented, whether through a change in list price or increased trade and promotional activity. We may experience further increases in the costs of raw materials and our ability to maintain prices or effectively implement price increases, including our price increases effective in fiscal 2023, may be affected by several factors, including competition, effectiveness of our marketing programs, the continuing strength of our brands, market demand and general economic conditions, including broader inflationary pressures. If we cannot maintain or increase prices for our products or must increase trade and promotional activity, our margins may be adversely affected. Furthermore, price increases generally result in volume losses, as consumers tend to purchase fewer units at higher price points. If such losses are greater than expected or if we lose distribution due to price increases, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Geopolitical instability could lead to unavailability, shortages or higher costs of raw materials due to supply chain disruptions, delays in delivery, or the imposition of sanctions or increased tariffs. While we do not expect our operations to be directly impacted by the conflicts in Ukraine or the Middle East at this time, changes in global grain and commodity flows could impact the markets in which we operate, which may in turn negatively impact our business, results of operations, supply chain and financial condition. A disruption of production at certain manufacturing facilities could result in an inability to meet customer demand for certain of our products, which could also negatively impact our ability to maintain adequate levels of product placement with our customers on a long-term basis. Because we source certain products from single manufacturing sites and use third-party manufacturers for portions of our production needs for certain products, it is possible that we could experience a production disruption that results in a reduction or elimination of the availability of some of our products. If we are not able to obtain alternate production capability in a timely Consumers may increasingly require that our products and processes meet stricter standards than are required by applicable governmental agencies, thereby increasing the cost of manufacturing our products. If we fail to adequately respond to any such consumer concerns, we could suffer lost sales and damage our brand image or our reputation. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. RISKS RELATED TO OUR OPERATIONS Increases in the costs, or limitations in the availability, of raw materials, packaging and freight used to produce, package and deliver our products due to inflation, geopolitical events or otherwise could adversely affect our business by increasing our costs to produce goods. Our principal raw materials include soybean oil, packaging materials, flour, various sweeteners, dairy-related products and eggs. Our ability to manufacture and/or sell our products may be impaired by damage or disruption to our manufacturing or distribution capabilities, or to the capabilities of our suppliers or contract manufacturers, due to factors that are hard to predict or beyond our control, such as adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, fire, terrorism, pandemics or similar public health emergencies, strikes, geopolitical events, such as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, or other events. 8 Increases in energy-related costs could negatively affect our business by increasing our costs to produce goods. We are subject to volatility in energy-related costs that affect the cost of producing and distributing our products, including our petroleum-derived packaging materials. Furthermore, any sudden and dramatic increases in electricity or natural gas costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We limit our exposure to price fluctuations in energy-related costs by periodically entering into longer-term, fixed-price contracts for natural gas and electricity supply for some of our manufacturing facilities. However, due to the inherent variability of contractual terms and end dates, in addition to the extent to which the energy markets in which we operate have been deregulated to allow for contracted supply, we will retain some level of exposure to future price fluctuations for our energy- related costs. Epidemics, pandemics or similar widespread public health emergencies and disease outbreaks, such as COVID-19, have disrupted and may cause future disruptions to consumption, supply chains, management, operations and production processes, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Epidemics, pandemics or similar widespread public health emergencies and disease outbreaks, such as COVID-19, as well as related government mandates, including the avoidance of gatherings, self-quarantine and the closure of a variety of businesses and restaurants, have negatively affected and may in the future negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. For example, the negative impacts of COVID-19 on our Company included higher hourly wage rates paid to our front-line employees, increased costs for personal protective equipment, higher expenditures attributed to incremental co-manufacturing volumes, increased complexity and uncertainty in production planning and forecasting, and overall lower levels of efficiency in our production and distribution network. In addition, the impacts of a widespread public manner, or on favorable terms, it could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, including the potential for long-term loss of product placement with various customers. We are also subject to risks of other business disruptions associated with our dependence on production facilities, distribution systems and third-party staffing agencies. For example, we rely on third-party temporary staffing agencies to support certain of our production operations. If, for any reason, we are unable to source sufficient resources from these staffing agencies to support our production expectations, it could result in an inability to meet consumer demand for certain of our products and have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, pandemics and similar public health emergencies, natural disasters, terrorist activity, cyber attacks, geopolitical events or other unforeseen events could interrupt production or distribution and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, including the potential for long-term loss of product placement with our customers. Labor shortages, increased labor costs, and increased labor turnover could adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We have experienced labor shortages, increased labor costs and increased employee turnover, which were due in part to the COVID-19 pandemic and the related policies and mandates and exacerbated by inflationary costs. In this increasingly tight and competitive labor market, a sustained labor shortage or increased turnover rates within our workforce, or the workforce of any of our significant vendors, suppliers and other parties with which we do business, could lead to production or shipping delays and increased costs, including increased wages to attract and retain employees and increased overtime to meet demand. In addition, our ability to recruit and retain a highly skilled and diverse workforce at our corporate offices, manufacturing facilities and other work locations could be adversely impacted if we fail to respond adequately to rapidly changing employee expectations regarding fair compensation, an inclusive and diverse workplace, flexible working arrangements or other matters. These factors could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. The availability and cost of transportation for our products is vital to our success, and the loss of availability or increase in the cost of transportation could have an unfavorable impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Our ability to obtain adequate and reasonably priced methods of transportation to distribute our products, including refrigerated trailers for many of our products, is a key factor to our success. Delays in transportation, including weather-related delays and disruptions due to a pandemic or similar public health emergency, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Further, higher fuel costs and increased line haul costs due to industry capacity constraints, customer delivery requirements and a more restrictive regulatory environment could negatively impact our financial results. We are often required to pay fuel surcharges that fluctuate with the price of diesel fuel to third-party transporters of our products, and, during periods of fast-rising fuel prices, such surcharges can be substantial. If we were unable to pass higher freight costs to our customers in the form of price increases, those higher costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. 9 health emergency may include, but are not limited to, a shift in demand between our Retail and Foodservice segments or a significant reduction in overall demand resulting from forced or temporary curtailment of business operations; a disruption or shutdown of one or more of our manufacturing, warehousing or distribution facilities; failure of third parties on which we rely to meet their obligations to us; disruption to or loss of essential manufacturing and supply elements; and incurrence of additional labor, operating, and administrative costs, including insurance costs. Despite our efforts to manage and remedy these impacts, their ultimate significance depends on factors beyond our knowledge or control, including the duration and severity of any such outbreak as well as third-party actions taken to contain the spread and mitigate public health effects. As a result, such public health emergencies could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Our inability to successfully renegotiate collective bargaining contracts and any prolonged work stoppages could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We believe that our labor relations with employees under collective bargaining contracts are satisfactory, but our inability to negotiate the renewal of any collective bargaining agreements, including the agreement at one of our Columbus, Ohio facilities, which is currently scheduled to expire in March 2025, or any prolonged work stoppages or other types of labor unrest could in some cases impair our ability to supply our products to customers, which could result in reduced sales and may distract our management from focusing on other aspects of our business and strategic priorities. Any of these activities could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. The loss of the services of one or more members of our senior management team could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Our operations and prospects depend in large part on the performance of our senior management team, several of which are long-serving employees with significant knowledge of our business model and operations. Should we not be able to find qualified replacements or successors for any of these individuals if their services were no longer available due to retirement, resignation or otherwise, our ability to manage our operations or successfully execute our business strategy may be materially and adversely affected. Manufacturing capacity constraints may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Our current manufacturing resources may be inadequate to meet significantly increased demand for some of our food products. Our ability to increase our manufacturing capacity to satisfy demand depends on many factors, including the availability of capital, construction lead-times and delays, equipment availability and delivery lead-times, successful installation and start up, the availability of adequate skilled and unskilled labor, regulatory permitting and other regulatory requirements. Increasing capacity through the use of third-party manufacturers depends on our ability to develop and maintain such relationships and the ability of such third parties to devote additional capacity to fill our orders. A lack of sufficient manufacturing capacity to meet demand could cause our customer service levels to decrease, which may negatively affect customer demand for our products and customer relations generally, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. In addition, operating facilities at or near capacity may also increase production and distribution costs and negatively affect relations with our employees or contractors, which could result in disruptions in our operations. We may require significant capital expenditures to maintain, improve or replace aging infrastructure and facilities, which could adversely affect our cash flows. Some of our infrastructure and facilities have been in service for many years, which may result in a higher level of future maintenance costs and unscheduled repairs. Further, a portion of our infrastructure and facilities may need to be improved or replaced to maintain or increase operational efficiency, sustain production capacity, or meet changing regulatory requirements. A significant increase in maintenance costs and capital expenditures could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, a failure to operate our facilities optimally could result in declining customer service capabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We may not be able to successfully consummate proposed acquisitions or divestitures, and integrating acquired businesses may present financial, managerial and operational challenges. We look for and evaluate potential opportunities to acquire other businesses or assets that would strategically fit within our operations. We may be unable to identify businesses that complement our strategy for growth. If we do succeed in 10 • a failure to agree on the terms of the acquisition or investment; • incompatibility between us and the management of the company that we wish to acquire or invest; • competition from other potential acquirers; • a lack of capital to make the acquisition or investment; or • the unwillingness of the company to partner with us. If we are unable to consummate, successfully integrate and grow these acquisitions or realize contemplated revenue growth, synergies and cost savings, our financial results could be adversely affected. In addition, we may, from time to time, divest or seek to divest businesses, product lines or other operations that are less of a strategic fit within our portfolio or do not meet our growth or profitability targets, particularly as customer demands evolve in the face of inflationary and other broader market factors. We may not be able to consummate any such divestitures on favorable terms or at all, in which case we may determine to exit the business, product line or other operations. As a result, our profitability may be adversely affected by losses on the sales of divested assets or lost operating income or cash flows from those businesses. We may also incur asset impairment or restructuring charges related to acquired or divested assets, which may reduce our profitability and cash flows. These potential acquisitions or divestitures present financial, managerial and operational challenges, including diversion of management attention from ongoing businesses, difficulty with integrating or separating personnel and financial and other systems, increased expenses, assumption of unknown liabilities, indemnities and potential disputes with the buyers or sellers. Climate change, including drought, and increasingly stringent legal and market measures to address climate change may present challenges to our business and adversely affect our business, reputation, operations and supply chain. The effects of climate change expose us to physical, financial and operational risks, both directly and indirectly. Climate change may have a negative effect on agricultural productivity and subject us to decreased availability or less favorable pricing for certain raw materials that are necessary for our products, including, but not limited to, soybean oil, corn and corn syrup, sugar, and wheat (including durum wheat). In addition, we may be subject to decreased availability or less favorable pricing of soybean oil as a result of increased demand for soybean oil in the production of alternative fuels, such as biodiesel. Increases in the frequency and severity of extreme weather and natural disasters, such as drought, have in the past and may in the future result in material damage and disruptions to our manufacturing operations and distribution channels or our third-party manufacturers’ operations, particularly where a product is primarily sourced from a single location impacted by a climate event. This may require us to make additional unplanned capital expenditures, increase the prices of our raw materials due to sourcing from other locations, increase our cost of transporting and storing raw materials, or disrupt our production schedules. Also, drought or other climate events may cause unpredictable water availability or exacerbate water scarcity. Water is critical to our business, including the operations of the suppliers on whom we depend, and the lack of available water of acceptable quality may lead to, among other things, adverse effects on our operations. The increasing concern over climate change and related environmental sustainability matters also has and is likely to continue to result in more federal, state, and local legal and regulatory requirements, including requirements affecting key energy inputs in the manufacturing and distribution of our products, such as natural gas, diesel fuel, and electricity. These laws and regulations may include requirements to conserve water or mitigate the effects of greenhouse gas emissions. Depending on the nature of such legal requirements, we may experience significant increases in our compliance costs, production costs, capital expenditures, and other financial obligations to adapt our business and operations to meet new laws and regulations, which could materially affect our profitability. Further, our businesses could be adversely affected if we are unable to effectively address concerns from the media, shareholders, customers, and other stakeholders specific to our business regarding climate change and related environmental sustainability and governance matters. RISKS RELATED TO THE BRANDS WE SELL AND CUSTOMER DEMAND FOR OUR PRODUCTS We rely on the value of our reputation and the value of the brands we sell, and the failure to maintain and enhance these brands, including as a result of negative publicity (whether or not warranted), could adversely affect our business. We rely on the success of our well-recognized brand names. Maintaining and enhancing our brand image and recognition is essential to our long-term success. The failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We seek to maintain and enhance our brands through a variety of efforts, including the delivery of quality products, extending our brands into new markets and new products and investing in marketing and advertising. The costs of maintaining and enhancing our brands, including maintaining our rights to brands under license identifying a company with such a business, we may not be able to acquire the company or an interest in the company on terms that are favorable to us for many reasons, including: 11 agreements, may increase. These increased costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Negative publicity about our company, our brands or our products, even if inaccurate or untrue, could adversely affect our reputation and the confidence in our products, which could harm our business and operating results. For example, public allegations were recently made against several food companies, including us, regarding unlawful child labor practices. Allegations, even if untrue, that we, our suppliers, third-party staffing agencies or other business partners are not complying with applicable workplace and labor laws, including child labor laws, or regarding the actual or perceived abuse or misuse of migrant workers, could negatively affect our overall reputation and brand image, which in turn could have a negative impact on our relationships with customers, consumers and our brand license partners, as well as subject us to increased regulatory and political scrutiny. Moreover, failure or perceived failure to comply with legal or regulatory requirements applicable to our business could expose us to litigation, governmental inquiries and substantial fines and penalties, as well as costs and distractions, that could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Our reputation could also be adversely impacted by a perception that we do not maintain high ethical, social or environmental standards for all of our operations and activities. Any such negative perceptions, or any negative publicity regarding our environmental, social and governance practices, could impact our reputation with customers, consumers and other constituents, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. If we fail to respect our employees’ and our supply chain employees’ human rights, or inadvertently discriminate against any group of employees or hiring prospects, our ability to hire and retain the best talent will be diminished, which could have a material adverse effect on our overall business. In addition, we increasingly rely on electronic marketing, such as social media platforms and the use of online marketing strategies, to support and enhance our brands. This “e-commerce” marketplace is growing and evolving quickly and allows for the rapid dissemination of information regarding our brands by us and consumers. We may not be able to successfully adapt our marketing efforts to this rapidly changing marketplace, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, negative opinions or commentary posted online regarding our brands, regardless of their underlying merits or accuracy, could diminish the value of our brands and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We manufacture and sell numerous products pursuant to license agreements and failure to maintain or renew these agreements could adversely affect our business. We manufacture and sell numerous products pursuant to brand license agreements, including Chick-fil-A® sauces and dressings, Olive Garden® dressings and Buffalo Wild Wings® sauces. Maintaining license agreements under which we market and sell certain brands is important to our business. Our brand license agreements are typically for a fixed term with no automatic renewal options or provisions. We cannot ensure that we will maintain good relationships with our brand licensors or that we will be able to renew any of our license agreements upon expiration. Our key brand license agreements can be terminated or not renewed at the option of the licensor upon short notice to us. The termination of our brand license agreements, the failure to renew any of our significant brand license agreements or failure to renew them under terms that are similar and not materially less favorable to us, including as a result of negative publicity (whether or not warranted), adverse changes in the economic health or reputation of our brand licensors, or the impairment of our relationships with our brand licensors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Competitive conditions within our Retail and Foodservice markets could impact our sales volumes and operating profits. Competition within all of our markets is expected to remain intense. Numerous competitors exist, many of which are larger than us in size and are engaged in the development of food ingredients and packaged food products and frequently introduce new products into the market. These competitive conditions could lead to significant downward pressure on the prices of our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our sales and profitability. Competitive considerations in the various product categories in which we sell are numerous and include price, product innovation, product quality, reputation, brand recognition and loyalty, effectiveness of marketing, promotional activity and the ability to remain relevant to consumer preferences and trends. If our competitors introduce products that are more appealing to the tastes and dietary habits of consumers or considered to be of higher quality or value than our products, our sales and market share could decline, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Consumer preferences and trends may change based on a number of factors, including product taste and nutrition, food allergies, sustainability values, and animal welfare concerns. For example, consumers have increasingly focused on well-being, including reducing sodium and added sugar consumption or using weight-loss drugs to reduce consumption overall or change consumption patterns, as well as the source and authenticity of ingredients in the foods they consume. Our failure to anticipate and respond to changing consumer preferences on a timely basis or in line with our competitors could result in reduced demand and price decreases for our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. 12 In order to maintain our existing market share or capture increased market share among our retail and foodservice channels, we may decide to increase our spending on marketing and promotional costs, advertising and new product innovation. The success of marketing, advertising and new product innovation is subject to risks, including uncertainties about trade and consumer acceptance. As a result, any such increased expenditures may not maintain or enhance our market share and could result in lower profitability. Walmart is our largest Retail customer. The loss of, or a significant reduction in, Walmart’s business, or an adverse change in the financial condition of Walmart, could result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Our net sales to Walmart represented 18% of consolidated net sales for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. Our accounts receivable balance from Walmart as of June 30, 2024 was $26.7 million. We may not be able to maintain our relationship with Walmart, and Walmart is not contractually obligated to purchase from us. In addition, changes in Walmart’s general business model, such as reducing the shelf space devoted to the branded products we market, or devoting more shelf space to competing products, could adversely affect the profitability of our business with Walmart, even if we maintain a good relationship. The loss of, or a significant reduction in, this business could have a material adverse effect on our sales and profitability. Unfavorable changes in Walmart’s financial condition or other disruptions to Walmart’s business, such as decreased consumer demand or stronger competition, could also have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Chick-fil-A represents a significant portion of our Foodservice segment sales. The loss of, or a significant reduction in, this national chain restaurant’s business, or an adverse change in Chick-fil-A’s financial condition, could result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Sales to Chick-fil-A in our Foodservice segment, which are primarily made indirectly through several foodservice distributors including McLane, represented 21% and 20% of consolidated net sales for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We cannot ensure that we will be able to maintain good relationships with key national chain restaurant accounts in the future. We do not have any long-term purchase commitments, and we may be unable to continue to sell our products in the same quantities or on the same terms as in the past. The loss of, or a significant reduction in, this business could have a material adverse effect on our sales and profitability. Further, unfavorable changes in Chick-fil-A’s financial condition or other disruptions to its business, such as decreased consumer demand or stronger competition, could also have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. McLane is our largest Foodservice customer. An adverse change in the financial condition of McLane could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Our net sales to McLane represented 8% and 11% of consolidated net sales for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our accounts receivable balance from McLane as of June 30, 2024 was $3.6 million. McLane is a large, national distributor that sells and distributes our products to several of our foodservice national chain restaurant accounts, principally in the quick service, fast casual and casual dining channels. In general, these national chain restaurants have direct relationships with us for culinary research and development, menu development and production needs, but choose to buy our products through McLane, who acts as their distributor. McLane orders our products on behalf of these national chain restaurants, and we invoice McLane for these sales. Thus, unfavorable changes in the financial condition of McLane could increase our credit risk and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. In addition, the loss of, or a significant reduction in, our business with the underlying national chain restaurants, or other disruptions, such as decreased consumer demand or stronger competition, could also have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We cannot ensure that we will be able to maintain good relationships with McLane and the underlying national chain restaurants. McLane and the underlying national chain restaurants are not typically committed to long-term contractual obligations with us, and they may switch to other suppliers that offer lower prices, differentiated products or customer service that McLane and/or the underlying national chain restaurants perceive to be more favorable. In addition, changes in the general business model of McLane, or the underlying national chain restaurants, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We rely on the performance of major retailers, mass merchants, wholesalers, food brokers, distributors and foodservice customers for the success of our business and, should they perform poorly or give higher priority to other brands or products, our business could be adversely affected. Within our Retail and Foodservice segments, we sell our products principally to retail and foodservice channels, including traditional supermarkets, mass merchants, warehouse clubs, specialty food distributors, foodservice distributors and national chain restaurants. Poor performance by our customers, or our inability to collect accounts receivable from our customers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. 13 In addition, our future growth and profitability may be unfavorably impacted by recent changes in the competitive landscape for our Retail segment customers. As consolidation in the retail grocery industry continues and our retail customers also grow larger and become more sophisticated, they may demand improved efficiency, lower pricing, increased promotional programs, or specifically tailored products. If we are unable to respond to these demands, our profitability or volume growth could be negatively impacted. Consolidation also increases the risk that adverse changes in our customers’ business operations or financial performance will have a corresponding material adverse effect on us. For example, if our customers cannot access sufficient funds or financing, then they may delay, decrease, or cancel purchases of our products, or delay or fail to pay us for previous purchases. Further, these customers may increase their emphasis on private label products and other products holding top market positions. If we fail to use our sales and marketing expertise to maintain our category leadership positions to respond to such events, or if we lower our prices or increase promotional support of our products and are unable to increase the volume of our products sold, our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be adversely affected. Furthermore, within our Retail segment, many of our customers offer competitor branded products and their own store branded products that compete directly with our products for shelf space and consumer purchases. Unattractive placement or pricing, including as a result of our recent price increases due to inflation, may put our products at a disadvantage compared to those of our competitors, including private label products. Even if we obtain shelf space or preferable shelf placement, our new and existing products may fail to achieve the sales expectations set by our retailers, potentially causing these retailers to discontinue selling our products. Additionally, an increase in the quantity and quality of private label products in the product categories in which we compete could create more pressure for shelf space and placement for branded products within each such category, which could materially and adversely affect our sales. Accordingly, there is a risk that these customers give higher priority or promotional support to their store branded products or to our competitors’ products or discontinue selling our products in favor of their store branded products or other competing products. Likewise, our foodservice distributors often offer their own branded products that compete directly with our products. Failure to maintain our retail shelf space or priority with these customers and foodservice distributors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Emerging channels, such as online retailers and home meal kit delivery services, also continue to evolve and impact both the retail and foodservice industries. Our ultimate success in these channels and the resulting impacts to our financial results are uncertain. RISKS RELATED TO CYBERSECURITY AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Cyber attacks, data breaches or other breaches of our information security systems have had, and in the future could have, an adverse effect on our business strategy, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Cyber attacks, data breaches or other breaches of our information security systems, as well as those of our third-party service providers, including cloud service providers, and other third parties with which we do business, may cause equipment failures, disruptions to our operations and access to or exfiltration of supplier, customer, employee or other confidential and personal information. Our inability to operate our networks and information security systems as a result of such events, even for a limited period of time, may result in significant expenses. Cyber attacks on businesses, which include the use of malware, ransomware, computer viruses and other means for disruption or unauthorized access, have increased in frequency, scope and potential harm in recent years and may remain undetected for an extended period. Additionally, as a result of state-sponsored cyber threats, including those stemming from the Russia-Ukraine war, we may face increased risks as companies based in the United States and its allied countries have become targets of malicious cyber activity. Hardware, software or applications we utilize on our networks and work-issued devices may contain defects in design or manufacture or other problems that could unexpectedly compromise information security, potentially resulting in the unauthorized disclosure and misappropriation of sensitive data, including intellectual property, proprietary business information, and personal data. Furthermore, our increased use of mobile and cloud technologies, including as a result of our transition to our current enterprise resource planning system, has heightened these cybersecurity and privacy risks. In addition, techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to information or to sabotage information technology systems change frequently. The rapid ongoing evolution and increased adoption of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, may make it more difficult to avoid unauthorized disclosure and misappropriation of proprietary information and to anticipate and implement protective measures to recognize, detect, and prevent the occurrence of any of the cyber attacks. Like most businesses, we have seen, and will likely continue to see, vulnerabilities which could affect our systems or those of our third-party service providers or other third parties with which we do business. While we have been subject to cyber attacks, none of these events has been material to our operations or financial condition. Our efforts to protect the security of our information relative to our perceived risks may be insufficient to defend against a significant cyber attack in the future. The costs associated with a significant cyber attack could include increased expenditures on cybersecurity measures, lost revenues from business interruption, litigation, regulatory fines and penalties and 14 Technology failures could disrupt our operations and negatively impact our business. We increasingly rely on information technology systems to conduct and manage our business operations, including the processing, transmitting, and storing of electronic information. For example, our sales group and our production and distribution facilities utilize information technology to increase efficiencies and limit costs. Furthermore, a significant portion of the communications between our personnel, customers, and suppliers depends on information technology and an uninterrupted and functioning infrastructure, including telecommunications. Our information technology systems may be vulnerable to a variety of interruptions due to events beyond our control, including, but not limited to, natural disasters and other severe weather events, terrorist attacks, telecommunications failures, cyber attacks and other security issues. Furthermore, the rapid evolution and increased adoption of artificial intelligence technologies may intensify our cybersecurity risks. Our information technology systems could also be adversely affected by changes relating to remote work arrangements for our employees. If we are unable to adequately protect against these vulnerabilities, our operations could be disrupted, or we may suffer financial damage or loss because of lost or misappropriated information. Failure to comply with current or future federal, state and foreign laws and regulations and industry standards relating to privacy and data protection could adversely affect our business and results of operations. We are subject to various privacy, information security, and data protection laws, rules and regulations that present an ever-evolving regulatory landscape across multiple jurisdictions and industry sections. Federal, state, and foreign legislators and regulators are increasingly adopting or revising privacy, information security, and data protection laws, rules and regulations that could have a significant impact on our current and planned privacy, data protection, and information security-related practices, including our collection, use, storing, sharing, retention, safeguarding and other processing of certain types of consumer or employee information, which could further increase our costs of compliance and business operations and could reduce income from certain business initiatives. For example, we are subject to the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”). The CCPA was amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), which went into effect on January 1, 2023. The CCPA, as amended, has required us to modify our data processing practices and policies and incur compliance-related costs and expenses. The effects of the CCPA, the CPRA, and laws, rules or regulations of other jurisdictions relating to privacy, data protection and information security that apply now or in the future, particularly any new or modified laws or regulations that require enhanced protection of certain types of data or new obligations with regard to data retention, transfer or disclosure, are significant, may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies, and could increase our costs, require significant changes to our operations, prevent us from providing certain offerings or cause us to incur potential liability in an effort to comply with such legislation. The rapidly evolving nature of state and federal privacy laws, including potential inconsistencies between such laws and uncertainty as to their application, adds additional complexity and compliance costs and increases our risk of non-compliance. While we strive to comply with such laws, we may not be in compliance at all times in all respects. Further, due to the uncertainty surrounding the interpretation and application of many privacy and data protection requirements, laws, regulations, and contractually imposed industry standards, it is possible that these requirements may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices or business activities. If so, in addition to the possibility of substantial fines, lawsuits and other claims and penalties, we could be required to make fundamental changes to our data management practices and business activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Failure to adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable privacy and data security laws, rules, regulations and policies could result in additional cost and liability to us, administrative actions, damage our reputation, inhibit growth, and otherwise adversely affect our business. substantial damage to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business strategy, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. The cost and efforts expended in our attempts to prevent cyber attacks and data breaches may continue to be significant, and our efforts to prevent these attacks may not be successful. New data security laws and regulations are being implemented rapidly, are evolving, and may not be compatible with our current processes. Changing our processes could be time consuming and expensive. Further, we may not be able to timely implement required changes, and failure to do so could subject us to liability for non-compliance. If we fail to prevent the theft of valuable information such as financial data, sensitive information about our Company and intellectual property, or if we fail to protect the privacy of customers’, consumers’ or employees’ confidential data against breaches of network or information technology security, it could result in substantial damage to our reputation and an impairment of business partner confidences and brand image, which could adversely impact our employee, customer and investor relations. Further, any potential claim under our insurance policies relating to cyber events may be subject to certain exceptions or may not be honored fully, in a timely manner, or at all. We may not have purchased sufficient insurance to cover all material costs and losses, and in the future, we may not be able to obtain adequate liability insurance on commercially desirable or reasonable terms or at all. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse effect on our business strategy, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. 15 We may incur liabilities related to a multiemployer pension plan which could adversely affect our financial results. We make periodic contributions to a multiemployer pension plan related to our facility in Milpitas, California under a collective bargaining contract. The multiemployer pension plan provides pension benefits to employees and retired employees participating in the plan. Our required contributions to this plan could increase; however, any increase would be dependent upon a number of factors, including our ability to renegotiate the collective bargaining contract successfully, current and future regulatory requirements, the performance of the pension plan’s investments, the number of participants who are entitled to receive benefits from the plan, the contribution base as a result of the insolvency or withdrawal of other companies that currently contribute to this plan, the inability or failure of withdrawing companies to pay their withdrawal liability, low interest rates and other funding deficiencies. We may also be required to pay a withdrawal liability if we exit from this plan. While we cannot determine whether and to what extent our contributions may increase or what our withdrawal liability may be, payments related to this plan could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. RISKS RELATED TO INVESTMENTS IN OUR COMMON STOCK Mr. Gerlach, a member of our Board of Directors, has a significant ownership interest in our Company. As of June 30, 2024, Mr. Gerlach and the Gerlach family trusts owned or controlled approximately 28% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Accordingly, Mr. Gerlach has significant influence on all matters submitted to a vote of the holders of our common stock, including the election of directors. Mr. Gerlach’s voting power may also have the effect of discouraging transactions involving an actual or a potential change of control of our Company, regardless of whether a premium is offered over then-current market prices. RISKS RELATED TO REGULATORY AND LEGAL MATTERS We are subject to federal, state and local government regulations that could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Our business operations are subject to regulation by various federal, state and local government entities and agencies. As a producer of food products for human consumption, our operations are subject to stringent production, packaging, quality, labeling and distribution standards, including regulations promulgated under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the Food Safety Modernization Act. The imposition or proposed imposition of additional product labeling or warning requirements could reduce overall consumption of our products, lead to negative publicity (whether based in scientific fact or not) or leave consumers with the perception (whether or not valid) that our products do not meet their health and wellness needs. We cannot predict whether future regulation by various federal, state and local government entities and agencies would adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. In recent years, our industry has been subject to increased regulatory scrutiny, including by the Federal Trade Commission and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. We anticipate that regulators will continue to scrutinize our industry closely and that additional regulation by governmental authorities may increase compliance costs, exposure to litigation and other adverse effects to our operations. Further, now that the Supreme Court of the United States has overturned the Chevron doctrine of deference to regulatory agencies in litigation against those agencies, more companies may bring lawsuits against regulatory agencies to challenge longstanding decisions and policies, which could undermine the agency’s authority, and disrupt its normal operations, lead to uncertainty in the industry, and delay the review or implementation of our marketing plans. It is difficult to predict how current and future legislation, executive actions, and litigation, including the executive orders, will be implemented, and the extent to which they will impact our business and regulatory agencies’ ability to exercise their authority. To the extent any legislative or executive actions impose constraints on a regulatory agency’s ability to engage in oversight and implementation activities in the normal course, our business may be negatively impacted. In addition, our business operations and the past and present ownership and operation of our properties, including idle properties, are subject to extensive and changing federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations pertaining to the discharge of materials into the environment, the handling and disposition of wastes (including solid and hazardous wastes) or otherwise relating to protection of the environment. Although most of our properties have been subjected to periodic environmental assessments, these assessments may be limited in scope and may not include or identify all potential environmental liabilities or risks associated with any particular property. We cannot be certain that our environmental assessments have identified all potential environmental liabilities or that we will not incur material environmental liabilities in the future. We cannot be certain that environmental issues relating to presently known matters or identified sites, or to other unknown matters or sites, will not require additional, currently unanticipated investigation, assessment or expenditures. If we do incur or discover any material environmental liabilities or potential environmental liabilities in the future, we may face significant remediation costs and find it difficult to sell or lease any affected properties. 16 Anti-takeover provisions could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire our Company. Certain provisions of our charter documents, including provisions limiting the ability of shareholders to raise matters at a meeting of shareholders without giving advance notice and provisions classifying our Board of Directors, may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire our Company or influence our Board of Directors. This may have the effect of delaying or preventing changes of control or management, which could have an adverse effect on the market price of our stock. Additionally, Ohio corporate law contains certain provisions that could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control. The Ohio Control Share Acquisition Act found in Chapter 1701 of the Ohio Revised Code (“ORC”) provides that certain notice and informational filings and a special shareholder meeting and voting procedures must be followed prior to consummation of a proposed “control share acquisition,” as defined in the ORC. Assuming compliance with the prescribed notice and information filings, a proposed control share acquisition may be accomplished only if, at a special meeting of shareholders, the acquisition is approved by both a majority of the voting power represented at the meeting and a majority of the voting power remaining after excluding the combined voting power of the “interested shares,” as defined in the ORC. The Interested Shareholder Transactions Act found in Chapter 1704 of the ORC generally prohibits certain transactions, including mergers, majority share acquisitions and certain other control transactions, with an “interested shareholder,” as defined in the ORC, for a three-year period after becoming an interested shareholder, unless our Board of Directors approved the initial acquisition. After the three-year waiting period, such a transaction may require additional approvals under the Interested Shareholder Transactions Act, including approval by two-thirds of our voting shares and a majority of our voting shares not owned by the interested shareholder. The application of these provisions of the ORC, or any similar anti-takeover law adopted in Ohio, could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control, which could have an adverse effect on the market price of our stock. Also, our Board of Directors has the authority to issue up to 1,150,000 shares of Class B Voting Preferred Stock and 1,150,000 shares of Class C Nonvoting Preferred Stock and to determine the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of those shares without any further vote or action by the shareholders. The rights of the holders of our common stock may be subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of any Class B Voting Preferred Stock and Class C Nonvoting Preferred Stock that may be issued in the future. Our Company could use these rights to put in place a shareholder rights plan, or “poison pill,” that could be used in connection with a bid or proposal of acquisition for an inadequate price. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 1C. Cybersecurity RISK MANAGEMENT AND STRATEGY We have processes to identify, assess, monitor, and manage material risks related to information technology, including cybersecurity threats, vulnerability management, incident management, data protection and retention, and fraud prevention. Our Enterprise Risk Management process evaluates and mitigates cybersecurity risks in alignment with our business objectives and operational needs. We periodically engage third-party security firms and consultants to oversee and identify cybersecurity risks; the results of these assessments are reported to our Audit Committee. Our service providers, and third-party hardware or software applications on our networks and company-issued devices, may pose cybersecurity risks. As a result, we assess these parties for cybersecurity risks using information supplied by our counterparty and/or third parties. Internal or external audits are conducted based upon the level of risk presented. Our processes also address cybersecurity threat risks associated with our use of third-party service providers, including those in our supply chain or who have access to our customer and employee data or our systems. Third-party risks are included within our enterprise risk management assessment program, as well as our cybersecurity-specific risk identification program. In addition, cybersecurity considerations affect the selection and oversight of our third-party service providers. We perform diligence on third parties that have access to our systems, data or facilities that house such systems or data, and monitor cybersecurity threat risks identified through such diligence. Additionally, we generally require those third parties that could introduce significant cybersecurity risk to us to agree by contract to manage their cybersecurity risks in specified ways. The interests of Mr. Gerlach may conflict with the interests of other holders of our common stock. This conflict of interest may have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock. For instance, sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock into the public market, particularly shares held by Mr. Gerlach or the Gerlach family trusts, or the perception that these sales might occur in large quantities, could cause the price of our common stock to decline, even if our business is doing well. 17 Location Principal Products Produced Business Segment(s) Terms of Occupancy Altoona, IA Frozen pasta Retail and Foodservice Owned Bedford Heights, OH Frozen breads Retail and Foodservice Owned Columbus, OH Sauces, dressings, dips Retail and Foodservice Owned Horse Cave, KY Sauces, dressings, frozen rolls Retail and Foodservice Owned Luverne, AL Frozen rolls Retail and Foodservice Owned Milpitas, CA Sauces and dressings Retail and Foodservice Owned Vineland, NJ Frozen breads Retail and Foodservice Owned Wareham, MA (1) Croutons Retail and Foodservice Leased (1) Fully leased for term expiring in fiscal 2029. As part of the cybersecurity program, our information systems are monitored by automated tools and the Information Technology team. We have adopted an Incident Response Policy, which outlines the procedures we believe are necessary to identify, investigate, contain, communicate, respond, remediate and recover from a security incident. This Incident Response Policy is overseen by our Vice President of Infrastructure and Security (“VP Infrastructure”) along with the Incident Response team, which may consist of members from legal, human resources, finance or other functions, if necessary. The Incident Response Policy provides organizational and operational structure, processes, and procedures to our personnel so that employees can respond to incidents that may affect the function and security of our IT assets, information resources, and business operations. We conduct periodic information security awareness training for employees and provide related educational materials. While we have been subject to cyber attacks, the expenses (including penalties and settlements, of which there were none) related to such incidents were immaterial, and the risks related thereto have not been and are not reasonably likely to be material to our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. Any significant disruption to our ability to transact business could adversely affect our business performance as well as our reputation. We describe whether and how risks from cybersecurity threats are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, in Item 1A Risk Factors – “Risks Related to Cybersecurity and Information Technology,” which is incorporated by reference herein. GOVERNANCE Our Audit Committee of the Board of Directors is responsible for oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats. Our Audit Committee receives quarterly reports from our Enterprise Risk Management Committee (“ERM Committee”), as well as directly from our Chief Information Officer (“CIO”) or VP Infrastructure, periodically, as appropriate. These reports cover various cybersecurity matters, including risk assessments, risk prevention and mitigation activities, and incident reports along with remediating actions, areas of emerging risks, industry trends, and other areas of importance. Furthermore, our Audit Committee oversees our annual enterprise risk assessment. This assessment encompasses key risks associated with security, technology, and cybersecurity threats in the same manner as other key risks. Our cybersecurity risk management processes are led by our CIO and our VP Infrastructure. Our CIO has served our company in that capacity since 2018 and held CIO or other IT and cybersecurity leadership roles at other companies for more than 10 years prior to that. He has a master’s degree in computer systems from the Naval Postgraduate School. Our VP Infrastructure, who is responsible for our information technology infrastructure and our information security strategy and operations, has more than 30 years of experience in information technology, serving in senior IT leadership roles with responsibility for cybersecurity at our company since 2007. His IT expertise was established prior to that through education and work experience in a variety of technical positions in the consumer goods, health care, and aerospace industries. They are supported by a team of skilled information security professionals within our Information Technology function. This team provides periodic updates to our ERM Committee, composed of our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, General Counsel, and other members of our senior leadership. Item 2. Properties We use 2.7 million square feet of space for our operations. Of this space, 0.9 million square feet are leased. These amounts exclude facilities operated by third-party service providers. The following table summarizes our principal manufacturing locations (including aggregation of multiple facilities): 18 Location Business Segment(s) Terms of Occupancy Columbus, OH (1) Retail and Foodservice Leased Grove City, OH Retail and Foodservice Owned and third-party service Horse Cave, KY Retail and Foodservice Owned Tracy, CA Retail and Foodservice Third-party service Union City, GA (2) Retail and Foodservice Leased (1) Fully leased for terms expiring in fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2027. (2) Fully leased for term expiring in fiscal 2034. Item 3. Legal Proceedings From time to time we are a party to various legal proceedings. While we believe that the ultimate outcome of these various proceedings, individually and in the aggregate, is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements, litigation is always subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings could occur. An unfavorable ruling could include monetary damages or an injunction prohibiting us from manufacturing or selling one or more products or could lead to us altering the manner in which we manufacture or sell one or more products, which could have a material impact on net income for the period in which the ruling occurs and future periods. We are required to disclose certain environmental matters when a governmental authority is a party to the proceedings and such proceedings involve potential monetary sanctions that we reasonably believe will be in excess of an applied threshold not to exceed $1 million. We are using a threshold of $1 million as we believe this amount is reasonably designed to result in disclosure of such proceedings that are material to our business or financial condition. Applying this threshold, there are no environmental matters to disclose in this Form 10-K. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. The following table summarizes our principal warehouses (including aggregation of multiple facilities), which are used to distribute products to our customers: 19 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities In November 2010, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase authorization of 2,000,000 common shares, of which 1,131,564 common shares remained authorized for future repurchases at June 30, 2024. This share repurchase authorization does not have a stated expiration date. In the fourth quarter, we made the following repurchases of our common stock: Period Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid Per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans April 1-30, 2024 (1) 14 $ 204.17 14 1,131,676 May 1-31, 2024 (1) 26 $ 191.51 26 1,131,650 June 1-30, 2024 (1) 86 $ 188.97 86 1,131,564 Total 126 $ 191.18 126 1,131,564 (1) Represents shares that were repurchased in satisfaction of tax withholding obligations arising from the vesting of restricted stock granted to employees under the Lancaster Colony Corporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan. PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Our common stock trades on The NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol LANC. The number of shareholders of record as of August 1, 2024 was approximately 620. This is not the actual number of beneficial owners of our common stock, as shares are held in “street name” by brokers and others on behalf of individual owners. We have increased our regular cash dividends for 61 consecutive years. Future dividends will depend on our earnings, financial condition and other factors. The information regarding compensation plans under which equity securities are authorized for issuance is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our definitive proxy statement for our November 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A promulgated under the Exchange Act. 20 DOLLARS Lancaster Colony Corporation S&P Midcap 400 S&P 1500 Packaged Foods & Meats 6/19 6/20 6/21 6/22 6/23 6/24 0 50 100 150 200 250 Cumulative Total Return (Dollars) 6/19 6/20 6/21 6/22 6/23 6/24 Lancaster Colony Corporation 100.00 106.16 134.72 91.60 145.57 139.54 S&P Midcap 400 100.00 93.30 142.98 122.05 143.54 163.02 S&P 1500 Packaged Foods & Meats 100.00 104.53 122.55 130.26 139.03 124.49 There can be no assurance that our stock performance will continue into the future with the same or similar trends depicted in the above graph. Item 6. [Reserved] PERFORMANCE GRAPH COMPARISON OF FIVE-YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL SHAREHOLDER RETURN OF LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION, THE S&P MIDCAP 400 INDEX, AND THE S&P 1500 PACKAGED FOODS & MEATS INDEX The graph set forth below compares the five-year cumulative total return from investing $100 on June 30, 2019 in each of our Common Stock, the S&P Midcap 400 Index and the S&P 1500 Packaged Foods & Meats Index. The total return calculation assumes that all dividends are reinvested, including any special dividends. 21 Business Overview Lancaster Colony Corporation is a manufacturer and marketer of specialty food products for the retail and foodservice channels. Our financial results are presented as two reportable segments: Retail and Foodservice. Costs that are directly attributable to either Retail or Foodservice are charged directly to the appropriate segment. Costs that are deemed to be indirect, excluding corporate expenses and other unusual significant transactions, are allocated to the two reportable segments using a reasonable methodology that is consistently applied. Over 95% of our products are sold in the United States. Foreign operations and export sales have not been significant in the past and are not expected to be significant in the future based upon existing operations. We do not have any fixed assets located outside of the United States. Our business has the potential to achieve future growth in sales and profitability due to attributes such as: • leading Retail market positions in several product categories with a high-quality perception; • recognized innovation in Retail products; • a broad customer base in both Retail and Foodservice accounts; • well-regarded culinary expertise among Foodservice customers; • long-standing Foodservice customer relationships that help to support strategic licensing opportunities in Retail; • recognized leadership in Foodservice product development; • experience in integrating complementary business acquisitions; and • historically strong cash flow generation that supports growth opportunities. Our goal is to grow both Retail and Foodservice segment sales over time by: • introducing new products and expanding distribution; • leveraging the strength of our Retail brands to increase current product sales; • expanding Retail growth through strategic licensing agreements; • continuing to rely upon the strength of our reputation in Foodservice product development and quality; and • acquiring complementary businesses. With respect to long-term growth, we continually evaluate the future opportunities and needs for our business specific to our plant infrastructure, IT platforms and other initiatives to support and strengthen our operations. Recent examples of resulting investments include: • a significant capacity expansion project for our Marzetti dressing and sauce facility in Horse Cave, Kentucky that reached substantial completion in March 2023; • a capacity expansion project for one of our Marzetti dressing and sauce facilities in Columbus, Ohio that was completed in January 2022; • a significant infrastructure improvement and capacity expansion project for our frozen pasta facility in Altoona, Iowa that was completed in March 2022; and • our enterprise resource planning system (“ERP”) project and related initiatives, Project Ascent, that reached completion of the implementation phase in August 2023. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Our fiscal year begins on July 1 and ends on June 30. Unless otherwise noted, references to “year” pertain to our fiscal year; for example, 2024 refers to fiscal 2024, which is the period from July 1, 2023 to June 30, 2024. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The forward-looking statements in this section and other parts of this report involve risks, uncertainties and other factors, including statements regarding our plans, objectives, goals, strategies, and financial performance. Our actual results could differ materially from the results anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of factors set forth under the caption “Forward-Looking Statements” and those set forth in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our discussion of results for 2024 compared to 2023 is included herein. For discussion of results for 2023 compared to 2022, see our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K. OVERVIEW 22 (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) Years Ended June 30, Change 2024 2023 2022 2024 vs. 2023 2023 vs. 2022 Net Sales $ 1,871,759 $ 1,822,527 $ 1,676,390 $ 49,232 2.7 % $ 146,137 8.7 % Cost of Sales 1,439,457 1,433,959 1,320,671 5,498 0.4 % 113,288 8.6 % Gross Profit 432,302 388,568 355,719 43,734 11.3 % 32,849 9.2 % Gross Margin 23.1 % 21.3 % 21.2 % Selling, General and Administrative Expenses 218,065 222,091 212,098 (4,026) (1.8) % 9,993 4.7 % Change in Contingent Consideration — — (3,470) — N/M 3,470 (100.0) % Restructuring and Impairment Charges 14,874 24,969 35,180 (10,095) (40.4) % (10,211) (29.0) % Operating Income 199,363 141,508 111,911 57,855 40.9 % 29,597 26.4 % Operating Margin 10.7 % 7.8 % 6.7 % Other, Net 6,152 1,789 477 4,363 243.9 % 1,312 275.1 % Income Before Income Taxes 205,515 143,297 112,388 62,218 43.4 % 30,909 27.5 % Taxes Based on Income 46,902 32,011 22,802 14,891 46.5 % 9,209 40.4 % Effective Tax Rate 22.8 % 22.3 % 20.3 % Net Income $ 158,613 $ 111,286 $ 89,586 $ 47,327 42.5 % $ 21,700 24.2 % Diluted Net Income Per Common Share $ 5.76 $ 4.04 $ 3.25 $ 1.72 42.6 % $ 0.79 24.3 % Net Sales Consolidated net sales for the year ended June 30, 2024 increased 2.7% to a new record of $1,871.8 million from the prior-year record total of $1,822.5 million, reflecting higher net sales for both the Retail and Foodservice segments driven primarily by volume gains. Deflationary pricing was a headwind to Foodservice segment sales growth. Sales in the prior year were unfavorably impacted by an estimated $25 million in net sales attributed to advance ordering that occurred near the end of fiscal 2022 ahead of our ERP go-live that commenced on July 1, 2022. Breaking down the 2.7% increase in consolidated net sales, approximately 1.8% is attributed to volume/mix impacts, approximately 1.4% is attributed to the ERP go-live sales shift and the remaining offset is net pricing. Consolidated sales volumes, measured in pounds shipped, increased 3.7% in 2024. Excluding the impact of last year’s shift in sales due to our ERP go-live, consolidated sales volumes increased 2.1%. The relative proportion of sales contributed by each of our business segments can impact a year-to-year comparison of the consolidated statements of income. The following table summarizes the sales mix over each of the last three years: 2024 2023 2022 Segment Sales Mix: Retail 53% 53% 55% Foodservice 47% 47% 45% See discussion of net sales by segment following the discussion of “Earnings Per Share” below. Project Ascent entailed the replacement of our primary customer and manufacturing transactional systems, warehousing systems, and financial systems with an integrated SAP S/4HANA system. Implementation of this system began in July 2022 and continued throughout fiscal 2023. Customer fulfillment levels remained strong before and after the initial system cutover with no unplanned disruptions in receiving orders, producing products or shipping orders. During fiscal 2023, we progressed through our ERP implementation with no major disruptions. We completed the final wave of the implementation phase in August 2023 as planned and have shifted our focus towards leveraging the capabilities of our new ERP system. RESULTS OF CONSOLIDATED OPERATIONS 23 Gross Profit Consolidated gross profit increased 11.3% to $432.3 million in 2024 compared to $388.6 million in 2023 as influenced by favorability in pricing net of commodity costs, our cost savings programs and the higher sales volumes. In the prior year, gross profit was unfavorably impacted by an estimated $5 million due to the aforementioned shift of net sales into the quarter ended June 30, 2022 ahead of our ERP go-live. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses Year Ended June 30, Change (Dollars in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 2024 vs. 2023 2023 vs. 2022 SG&A Expenses - Excluding Project Ascent $ 209,829 $ 192,225 $ 172,771 $ 17,604 9.2 % $ 19,454 11.3 % Project Ascent Expenses 8,236 29,866 39,327 (21,630) (72.4) % (9,461) (24.1) % Total SG&A Expenses $ 218,065 $ 222,091 $ 212,098 $ (4,026) (1.8) % $ 9,993 4.7 % Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses decreased 1.8% to $218.1 million in 2024 compared to $222.1 million in 2023. This decrease reflects lower expenditures for Project Ascent, largely offset by higher expenditures to support the continued growth of our business, including investments in personnel, a more normalized level of consumer promotions, higher brokerage costs and IT investments. Project Ascent expenses totaled $8.2 million in 2024 compared to $29.9 million in 2023. Project Ascent expenses are included within Corporate Expenses. A portion of the costs classified as Project Ascent expenses represent ongoing costs that have continued subsequent to the completion of our ERP implementation. Beginning in 2025, these ongoing costs will no longer be classified separately as Project Ascent expenses. Restructuring and Impairment Charges In 2024, we committed to a plan to exit our perimeter-of-the-store bakery product lines and close our Flatout flatbread facility in Saline, Michigan and our Angelic Bakehouse sprouted grain bakery facility in Cudahy, Wisconsin. Due to a lack of scale and direct-to-store distribution capabilities for these products, we were not able to achieve the desired operational or financial performance. Production at these facilities ceased in March 2024, and we completed the divestiture of the real estate and manufacturing equipment at these locations during the quarter ended June 30, 2024. The operations of these facilities have not been classified as discontinued operations as the closures do not represent a strategic shift that would have a major effect on our operations or financial results. In 2024, we recorded restructuring and impairment charges of $14.9 million related to these closures, as well as $2.6 million recorded in Cost of Sales for the write-down of inventories. The restructuring and impairment charges, which consisted of impairment charges for fixed assets and intangible assets, one-time termination benefits and other closing costs, were not allocated to our two reportable segments due to their unusual nature whereas the $2.6 million write- down of inventories was recorded in our Retail segment. In 2023, we recorded impairment charges of $25.0 million related to the intangible assets of Flatout due to lowered expectations for the projected sales and profitability of the Flatout product lines that we subsequently exited in 2024. These impairment charges were reflected in our Retail segment. Operating Income Operating income increased 40.9% to $199.4 million in 2024 compared to $141.5 million in 2023 driven by the increase in gross profit, reduced expenditures for Project Ascent and lower restructuring and impairment charges. See discussion of operating results by segment following the discussion of “Earnings Per Share” below. Other, Net Other, net resulted in a benefit of $6.2 million in 2024 compared to a benefit of $1.8 million in 2023. This change reflects higher interest rates for our cash holdings and increased balances of cash and equivalents. Taxes Based on Income Our effective tax rate was 22.8% and 22.3% in 2024 and 2023, respectively. See Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements for a reconciliation of the statutory rate to the effective rate. 24 Earnings Per Share As influenced by the factors discussed above, diluted net income per share totaled $5.76 in 2024, an increase from the 2023 total of $4.04 per diluted share. Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding for each of the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 have remained relatively stable. In 2024, costs related to our decision to exit our perimeter-of-the-store bakery product lines reduced diluted earnings per share by a total of $0.49. These exit costs included restructuring and impairment charges, which reduced diluted earnings per share by $0.42, and the inventory write-down, which reduced diluted earnings per share by $0.07. In 2023, impairment charges related to Flatout’s intangible assets reduced diluted earnings per share by $0.70. In 2024 and 2023, expenditures for Project Ascent reduced diluted earnings per share by $0.23 and $0.84, respectively. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - SEGMENTS Retail Segment Year Ended June 30, Change (Dollars in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 2024 vs. 2023 2023 vs. 2022 Net Sales $ 988,424 $ 965,370 $ 915,210 $ 23,054 2.4 % $ 50,160 5.5 % Operating Income $ 207,660 $ 139,464 $ 151,627 $ 68,196 48.9 % $ (12,163) (8.0) % Operating Margin 21.0 % 14.4 % 16.6 % In 2024, net sales for the Retail segment reached a record $988.4 million, a 2.4% increase from the prior-year total of $965.4 million, including the carryover benefit from pricing actions that were taken in 2023. The increase in 2024 Retail net sales also reflects that prior-year sales were unfavorably impacted by advance orders accounting for an estimated $11 million in Retail net sales near the end of fiscal 2022 ahead of our ERP go-live, which commenced on July 1, 2022. Retail segment sales volumes, measured in pounds shipped, increased 1.4% in the current year. Retail sales volume growth was driven by the continued success of our program for licensed sauces and dressings. Our New York BRAND® Bakery frozen garlic bread products also contributed to the increase in the Retail sales volumes. Excluding the impact of last year’s shift in sales due to our ERP go-live, the impact of a value engineering initiative we implemented in 2024, and all sales attributed to the perimeter-of- the-store bakery product lines we exited in 2024, Retail segment sales volumes increased 1.7%. In 2024, Retail segment operating income increased $68.2 million, or 48.9%, to $207.7 million. Beyond the impacts of last year’s impairment charges and this year’s write-down of inventories, which combined to contribute a net increase to Retail segment operating income of $22.4 million, the growth in Retail segment operating income was driven by: favorability in our pricing net of commodity costs, including pricing impacts from investments in trade spending; our cost savings programs; and the beneficial impact of higher sales volumes. Foodservice Segment Year Ended June 30, Change (Dollars in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 2024 vs. 2023 2023 vs. 2022 Net Sales $ 883,335 $ 857,157 $ 761,180 $ 26,178 3.1 % $ 95,977 12.6 % Operating Income $ 97,094 $ 106,349 $ 82,745 $ (9,255) (8.7) % $ 23,604 28.5 % Operating Margin 11.0 % 12.4 % 10.9 % In 2024, Foodservice segment net sales increased 3.1% to a record $883.3 million from the 2023 total of $857.2 million driven by increased demand from several of our national chain restaurant account customers and growth for our branded Foodservice products. Deflationary pricing was a headwind to Foodservice segment sales growth. Sales in the prior year were unfavorably impacted by the advance ordering that occurred near the end of fiscal 2022 ahead of our ERP go-live, which reduced Foodservice net sales in the prior year by an estimated $14 million. Foodservice segment sales volumes, measured in pounds shipped, increased 5.3% in the current year. Excluding the impact of last year’s shift in sales due to our ERP go-live, Foodservice segment sales volumes increased 3.5%. We include the tax consequences related to stock-based compensation within the computation of income tax expense. We may experience increased volatility to our income tax expense and resulting net income dependent upon, among other variables, the price of our common stock and the timing and volume of share-based payment award activity such as employee exercises of stock-settled stock appreciation rights and vesting of restricted stock awards. For 2024 and 2023, the impact of net windfall tax benefits from stock-based compensation reduced our effective tax rate by less than 0.1% and 0.4%, respectively. 25 Corporate Expenses In 2024, corporate expenses totaled $90.5 million as compared to $104.3 million in 2023. This decrease reflects lower expenditures for Project Ascent, as partially offset by higher expenditures to support the continued growth of our business, including investments in personnel and IT. Project Ascent expenses totaled $8.2 million and $29.9 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. LOOKING FORWARD For 2025, we anticipate Retail segment sales will continue to benefit from volume growth led by our licensing program, including increased sales from the new products, flavors and sizes we introduced in 2024 along with the recent addition of Subway® and Texas Roadhouse® as license partners. We also anticipate continued positive sales momentum for our New York BRAND® Bakery frozen garlic bread products in 2025 as well as volume growth for our Marzetti® refrigerated dressings. In the Foodservice segment, we expect sales volumes to be led by growth from select quick-service restaurant customers in our mix of national chain restaurant accounts, while external factors, including U.S. economic performance and consumer behavior, may impact demand. With respect to our input costs, in aggregate we do not foresee significant impacts from commodity cost inflation or deflation in the coming year. We also expect to drive margin improvement through our cost savings programs. We will continue to periodically reassess our allocation of capital to ensure that we maintain adequate operating flexibility while providing appropriate levels of cash returns to our shareholders. FINANCIAL CONDITION Liquidity and Capital Resources We maintain sufficient flexibility in our capital structure to ensure our capitalization is adequate to support our future internal growth prospects, acquire food businesses consistent with our strategic goals, and maintain cash returns to our shareholders through cash dividends and opportunistic share repurchases. Our balance sheet maintained fundamental financial strength during 2024 as we ended the year with $163 million in cash and equivalents, along with shareholders’ equity of $926 million and no debt. Under our unsecured revolving credit facility (“Facility”), which we renewed in March 2024, we may borrow up to a maximum of $150 million at any one time. We had no borrowings outstanding under the Facility at June 30, 2024. At June 30, 2024, we had $2.2 million of standby letters of credit outstanding, which reduced the amount available for borrowing under the Facility. The Facility expires in March 2029, and all outstanding amounts are then due and payable. Interest is variable based upon formulas tied to SOFR or an alternate base rate defined in the Facility. We must also pay facility fees that are tied to our then-applicable consolidated leverage ratio. Loans may be used for general corporate purposes. Due to the nature of its terms, when we have outstanding borrowings under the Facility, they will be classified as long-term debt. The Facility contains certain restrictive covenants, including limitations on liens, asset sales and acquisitions, and financial covenants relating to interest coverage and leverage. At June 30, 2024, we were in compliance with all applicable provisions and covenants of this facility, and we exceeded the requirements of the financial covenants by substantial margins. At June 30, 2024, there were no events that would constitute a default under this facility. We currently expect to remain in compliance with the Facility’s covenants for the foreseeable future. However, a default under the Facility could accelerate the repayment of any then outstanding indebtedness and limit our access to $75 million of additional credit available under the Facility. Such an event could require a reduction in or curtailment of cash dividends or share repurchases, reduce or delay beneficial expansion or investment plans, or otherwise impact our ability to meet our obligations when due. We believe that cash provided by operating activities and our existing balances in cash and equivalents, in addition to that available under the Facility, should be adequate to meet our liquidity needs over the next 12 months, including the projected levels of capital expenditures and dividend payments. If we were to borrow outside of the Facility under current market terms, our average interest rate may increase and have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Based on our current plans and expectations, we believe our capital expenditures for 2025 could total between $70 and $80 million. Beyond the next 12 months, we expect that cash provided by operating activities will be the primary source of liquidity. This source, combined with our existing balances in cash and equivalents and amounts available under the Facility, is expected to be sufficient to meet our overall cash requirements. In 2024, Foodservice segment operating income decreased 8.7% to $97.1 million driven by higher supply chain costs, as partially offset by the beneficial impact of higher sales volumes. Foodservice segment operating income for 2024 also compares to a strong prior-year result. 26 Cash Flows Year Ended June 30, Change (Dollars in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 2024 vs. 2023 2023 vs. 2022 Provided By Operating Activities $ 251,553 $ 225,901 $ 101,813 $ 25,652 11.4 % $ 124,088 121.9 % Used In Investing Activities $ (67,433) $ (90,782) $ (132,240) $ 23,349 25.7 % $ 41,458 31.4 % Used In Financing Activities $ (109,150) $ (106,929) $ (97,345) $ (2,221) (2.1) % $ (9,584) (9.8) % Cash provided by operating activities and our existing balances in cash and equivalents remain the primary sources for funding our investing and financing activities, as well as financing our organic growth initiatives. Cash provided by operating activities in 2024 totaled $251.6 million, an increase of 11.4% as compared with the 2023 total of $225.9 million. The 2024 increase was primarily due to higher net income, as partially offset by the year-over-year changes in deferred income taxes and lower noncash restructuring and impairment charges in the current year. Cash used in investing activities totaled $67.4 million in 2024 as compared to $90.8 million in 2023. The 2024 decrease primarily reflects a lower level of payments for property additions, which totaled $67.6 million in 2024 compared to $90.2 million in 2023, as the capacity expansion project at our dressing and sauce facility in Horse Cave, Kentucky reached substantial completion in March 2023. Financing activities used net cash totaling $109.2 million and $106.9 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. The vast majority of the cash used in financing activities is attributed to the payment of dividends, and the 2024 increase in cash used in financing activities primarily reflects higher levels of dividend payments, as partially offset by lower levels of share repurchases and tax withholdings for stock-based compensation. The regular dividend payout rate for 2024 was $3.55 per share, as compared to $3.35 per share in 2023. This past fiscal year marked the 61st consecutive year of increased regular cash dividends. Future levels of share repurchases and declared dividends are subject to the periodic review of our Board of Directors and are generally determined after an assessment is made of various factors, such as anticipated earnings levels, cash flow requirements and general business conditions. Our ongoing business activities continue to be subject to compliance with various laws, rules and regulations as may be issued and enforced by various federal, state and local agencies. With respect to environmental matters, costs are incurred pertaining to regulatory compliance and, upon occasion, remediation. Such costs have not been, and are not anticipated to become, material. We are contingently liable with respect to lawsuits, taxes and various other matters that routinely arise in the normal course of business. We do not have any related party transactions that materially affect our results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. IMPACT OF INFLATION Our business results can be influenced by significant changes in the costs of our raw materials, packaging and freight. We attempt to mitigate the impact of inflation on our raw-material costs via longer-term fixed-price contractual commitments for a portion of our most significant market-indexed commodities, most notably soybean oil and flour. Specific to freight costs, our transportation network includes a mix of dedicated carriers, longer-term fixed-rate contracts and a small internal fleet that serve to reduce our exposure to spot freight rates. We also have a transportation management system in place to support our freight management processes and help us to secure more competitive freight rates. Nonetheless, we are subject to events and trends in the marketplace that will impact our costs for raw materials, packaging and freight. While we attempt to pass through sustained increases in these costs, any such price adjustments can lag the changes in the related input costs. We have various contractual and other obligations that are appropriately recorded as liabilities in our consolidated financial statements, including finance lease obligations, operating lease obligations, the underfunded defined benefit pension liability, other post-employment benefit obligations, tax liabilities, noncurrent workers compensation obligations, deferred compensation and interest on deferred compensation. See Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements for further information about our lease obligations, including the maturities of minimum lease payments. It is not certain when the liabilities for the underfunded defined benefit pension liability, other post-employment benefit obligations, tax liabilities, noncurrent workers compensation obligations, deferred compensation and interest on deferred compensation will become due. See Notes 7, 10 and 11 to the consolidated financial statements for further information about these liabilities. Certain other contractual obligations are not recognized as liabilities in our consolidated financial statements. Examples of such obligations are commitments to purchase raw materials or packaging inventory that has not yet been received as of June 30, 2024, as well as purchase orders and longer-term purchase arrangements related to the procurement of services, including IT service agreements, and property, plant and equipment. The majority of these obligations is expected to be due within one year. 27 Trade-Related Allowances Our receivables balance is net of trade-related allowances, which consist of sales discounts, trade promotions and certain other sales incentives. We evaluate the adequacy of these allowances considering several factors including historical experience, specific trade programs and existing customer relationships. These allowances can fluctuate based on the level of sales and promotional programs as well as the timing of deductions. Goodwill Goodwill is not amortized. It is evaluated annually at April 30 by applying impairment testing procedures. We evaluate the future economic benefit of the recorded goodwill when events or circumstances indicate potential recoverability concerns. Carrying amounts are adjusted appropriately when determined to have been impaired. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS Recent accounting pronouncements and their impact on our consolidated financial statements are disclosed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. Although typically less notable, we are also exposed to the unfavorable effects of general inflation beyond material and freight costs, especially in the areas of labor rates, including annual wage adjustments and benefit costs. Over time, we attempt to minimize the exposure to such cost increases through ongoing improvements and greater efficiencies throughout our manufacturing operations, including benefits gained through our cost savings programs and strategic investments in plant equipment. With regard to the impact of commodity and freight costs on Foodservice segment operating income, most of our supply contracts with national chain restaurant accounts incorporate pricing adjustments to account for changes in ingredient and freight costs. These supply contracts may vary by account specific to the time lapse between the actual change in ingredient and freight costs we incur and the effective date of the associated price increase or decrease. As a result, the reported operating margins of the Foodservice segment are subject to increased volatility during periods of rapidly rising or falling ingredient and/ or freight costs because at least some portion of the change in ingredient and/or freight costs is reflected in the segment’s results prior to the impact of any associated change in pricing. In addition, the Foodservice segment has an inherently higher degree of margin volatility from changes in ingredient costs when compared to the Retail segment due to its overall lower margin profile and higher ratio of ingredient pounds to net sales. In Retail, there is an opportunity to offset the impact of inflationary costs through net price realization actions including list price increases, decreased trade spending and packaging size changes. Note that all these Retail cost-recovery options entail some inherent risks and uncertainties, and the implementation timeframe can lag the input cost changes. We also implement value engineering initiatives, such as the use of lower-cost packaging materials and alternative ingredients and/or recipes, to reduce Retail and Foodservice product costs to help offset inflation. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES This MD&A discusses our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires that we make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including, but not limited to, those related to accounts receivable allowances, distribution costs, asset impairments and self-insurance reserves. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Historically, the aggregate differences, if any, between our estimates and actual amounts in any year have not had a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. While a summary of our significant accounting policies can be found in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, we believe the following critical accounting policies reflect those areas in which more significant judgments and estimates are used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. 28 • efficiencies in plant operations and our overall supply chain network; • price and product competition; • changes in demand for our products, which may result from changes in consumer behavior or loss of brand reputation or customer goodwill; • the impact of customer store brands on our branded retail volumes; • adequate supply of labor for our manufacturing facilities; • stability of labor relations; • adverse changes in freight, energy or other costs of producing, distributing or transporting our products; • the reaction of customers or consumers to pricing actions we take to offset inflationary costs; • inflationary pressures resulting in higher input costs; • fluctuations in the cost and availability of ingredients and packaging; • capacity constraints that may affect our ability to meet demand or may increase our costs; • dependence on contract manufacturers, distributors and freight transporters, including their operational capacity and financial strength in continuing to support our business; • the impact of any regulatory matters affecting our food business, including any additional requirements imposed by the FDA or any state or local government; • dependence on key personnel and changes in key personnel; • cyber-security incidents, information technology disruptions, and data breaches; • the potential for loss of larger programs or key customer relationships; • failure to maintain or renew license agreements; • geopolitical events that could create unforeseen business disruptions and impact the cost or availability of raw materials and energy; • significant shifts in consumer demand and disruptions to our employees, communities, customers, supply chains, production planning, operations, and production processes resulting from the impacts of epidemics, pandemics or similar widespread public health concerns and disease outbreaks; • the possible occurrence of product recalls or other defective or mislabeled product costs; • the success and cost of new product development efforts; • the lack of market acceptance of new products; • the extent to which good-fitting business acquisitions are identified, acceptably integrated, and achieve operational and financial performance objectives; • the effect of consolidation of customers within key market channels; • maintenance of competitive position with respect to other manufacturers; • the outcome of any litigation or arbitration; • changes in estimates in critical accounting judgments; • the impact of fluctuations in our pension plan asset values on funding levels, contributions required and benefit costs; and • certain other risk factors, including those discussed in other filings we have submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission. FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS We desire to take advantage of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “PSLRA”). This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains various “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the PSLRA and other applicable securities laws. Such statements can be identified by the use of the forward-looking words “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “plan,” “expect,” “hope” or similar words. These statements discuss future expectations; contain projections regarding future developments, operations or financial conditions; or state other forward-looking information. Such statements are based upon assumptions and assessments made by us in light of our experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors we believe to be appropriate. These forward-looking statements involve various important risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ as a result of factors over which we have no, or limited, control including, without limitation, the specific influences outlined below. Management believes these forward-looking statements to be reasonable; however, one should not place undue reliance on such statements that are based on current expectations. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update such forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Items which could impact these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those risk factors identified in Item 1A and: 29 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk We have exposure to market risks primarily from changes in raw material prices. In recent years, due to the absence of any borrowings, we have not had exposure to changes in interest rates. We also have not had exposure to market risk associated with derivative financial instruments or derivative commodity instruments as we do not utilize any such instruments. RAW MATERIAL PRICE RISK We purchase a variety of commodities and other raw materials, such as soybean oil, flour, eggs and dairy-based materials, which we use as ingredients for our products. The market prices for these commodities are subject to fluctuation based upon a number of economic factors and may become volatile at times. While we do not use any derivative commodity instruments to hedge against commodity price risk, we do actively manage a portion of the risk through a structured forward purchasing program for certain key materials such as soybean oil and flour. This program, coupled with short-term fixed price arrangements on other significant raw materials, provide us more predictable input costs, which, in addition to the supply contracts with our foodservice customers that allow us to pass along price increases for commodities, help to reduce margin volatility during periods of significant volatility in the commodity markets. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 30 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Lancaster Colony Corporation Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Lancaster Colony Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of June 30, 2024 and 2023 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated August 22, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Valuation of Long-Lived Assets and Other Intangible Assets - Angelic Bakehouse and Flatout Product Lines - Refer to Notes 1 and 5 in the Financial Statements Critical Audit Matter Description The Company monitors the recoverability of the carrying value of its long-lived and other intangible assets by periodically considering whether indicators of impairment are present. Indicators of impairment may include, but are not limited to, factors such as adverse changes in the macroeconomic environment, adverse changes in the extent or manner an asset or group of assets are used by management, unfavorable events impacting current and projected operating results and cash flows, or decisions to explore strategic alternatives or exit individual businesses before the end of their expected useful life. If such indicators are present, the Company determines if the assets are recoverable by comparing the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows to the assets’ carrying amounts. If the carrying amounts are greater, then the assets are not recoverable. Given the subjectivity in determining qualitative and quantitative impairment indicators for an asset group, management exercises significant judgment in the identification of whether impairment indicators are present. Accordingly, auditing management's determination of whether impairment indicators exist for an asset group was challenging due to the judgment applied in both the identification of such factors, and the evaluation of whether the factors have an impact on the recovery of the carrying value of the asset group. 31 • We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over management’s evaluation of impairment indicators. • We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s assessment of impairment indicators by: ◦ Evaluating management’s process for identifying qualitative and quantitative impairment indicators by asset group and whether management appropriately considered such indicators. ◦ Conducting a completeness assessment to determine whether additional impairment indicators were present during the period that were not identified by management. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP Deloitte & Touche LLP Columbus, Ohio August 22, 2024 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1961. How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit Our audit procedures related to the Company’s identification of potential indicators of impairment of its long-lived and other intangible assets included the following, among others: 32 LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS June 30, (Amounts in thousands, except share data) 2024 2023 ASSETS Current Assets: Cash and equivalents $ 163,443 $ 88,473 Receivables 95,560 114,967 Inventories: Raw materials 38,212 40,761 Finished goods 135,040 117,504 Total inventories 173,252 158,265 Other current assets 11,738 12,758 Total current assets 443,993 374,463 Property, Plant and Equipment: Property, plant and equipment-gross 877,526 853,709 Less accumulated depreciation 399,830 371,503 Property, plant and equipment-net 477,696 482,206 Other Assets: Goodwill 208,371 208,371 Other intangible assets-net — 4,840 Operating lease right-of-use assets 55,128 24,743 Other noncurrent assets 21,743 18,371 Total $ 1,206,931 $ 1,112,994 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current Liabilities: Accounts payable $ 118,811 $ 111,758 Accrued liabilities 65,158 56,994 Total current liabilities 183,969 168,752 Noncurrent Operating Lease Liabilities 44,557 16,967 Other Noncurrent Liabilities 15,357 17,683 Deferred Income Taxes 37,276 47,325 Commitments and Contingencies Shareholders’ Equity: Preferred stock-authorized 3,050,000 shares; outstanding-none Common stock-authorized 75,000,000 shares; outstanding-2024-27,527,090 shares; 2023-27,527,550 shares 153,616 143,870 Retained earnings 1,564,642 1,503,963 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (8,640) (9,365) Common stock in treasury, at cost (783,846) (776,201) Total shareholders’ equity 925,772 862,267 Total $ 1,206,931 $ 1,112,994 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 33 LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME Years Ended June 30, (Amounts in thousands, except per share data) 2024 2023 2022 Net Sales $ 1,871,759 $ 1,822,527 $ 1,676,390 Cost of Sales 1,439,457 1,433,959 1,320,671 Gross Profit 432,302 388,568 355,719 Selling, General and Administrative Expenses 218,065 222,091 212,098 Change in Contingent Consideration — — (3,470) Restructuring and Impairment Charges 14,874 24,969 35,180 Operating Income 199,363 141,508 111,911 Other, Net 6,152 1,789 477 Income Before Income Taxes 205,515 143,297 112,388 Taxes Based on Income 46,902 32,011 22,802 Net Income $ 158,613 $ 111,286 $ 89,586 Net Income Per Common Share: Basic $ 5.77 $ 4.04 $ 3.26 Diluted $ 5.76 $ 4.04 $ 3.25 Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding: Basic 27,440 27,462 27,448 Diluted 27,461 27,482 27,472 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 34 LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Years Ended June 30, (Amounts in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Net Income $ 158,613 $ 111,286 $ 89,586 Other Comprehensive Income (Loss): Defined Benefit Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans: Net gain (loss) arising during the period, before tax 554 1,859 (4,029) Amortization of loss, before tax 573 679 401 Amortization of prior service credit, before tax (181) (181) (181) Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Before Tax 946 2,357 (3,809) Tax Attributes of Items in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss): Net gain (loss) arising during the period, tax (130) (434) 942 Amortization of loss, tax (133) (158) (94) Amortization of prior service credit, tax 42 42 42 Total Tax (Expense) Benefit (221) (550) 890 Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax 725 1,807 (2,919) Comprehensive Income $ 159,338 $ 113,093 $ 86,667 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 35 LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Years Ended June 30, (Amounts in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Cash Flows From Operating Activities: Net income $ 158,613 $ 111,286 $ 89,586 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Impacts of noncash items: Depreciation and amortization 55,896 51,210 45,880 Change in contingent consideration — — (3,470) Deferred income taxes and other changes (6,546) 9,453 2,230 Stock-based compensation expense 11,359 9,082 9,563 Restructuring and impairment charges 13,657 24,969 32,285 Gain on sale of property (22) (209) (123) Pension plan activity 416 (4) (548) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Receivables 19,407 20,529 (37,599) Inventories (14,987) (13,563) (22,827) Other current assets (637) (1,458) 3,925 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 14,397 14,606 (17,089) Net cash provided by operating activities 251,553 225,901 101,813 Cash Flows From Investing Activities: Payments for property additions (67,576) (90,181) (131,972) Proceeds from sale of property 6,969 1,212 368 Other-net (6,826) (1,813) (636) Net cash used in investing activities (67,433) (90,782) (132,240) Cash Flows From Financing Activities: Payment of dividends (97,934) (92,368) (86,761) Purchase of treasury stock (7,645) (9,201) (7,563) Tax withholdings for stock-based compensation (1,613) (3,026) (366) Principal payments for finance leases (1,958) (2,334) (2,655) Net cash used in financing activities (109,150) (106,929) (97,345) Net change in cash and equivalents 74,970 28,190 (127,772) Cash and equivalents at beginning of year 88,473 60,283 188,055 Cash and equivalents at end of year $ 163,443 $ 88,473 $ 60,283 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 36 LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Amounts in thousands, except per share data) Common Stock Outstanding Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Treasury Stock Total Shareholders’ Equity Shares Amount Balance, June 30, 2021 27,531 $ 128,617 $ 1,482,220 $ (8,253) $ (759,437) $ 843,147 Net income 89,586 89,586 Net pension and postretirement benefit losses, net of $(890) tax effect (2,919) (2,919) Cash dividends - common stock ($3.15 per share) (86,761) (86,761) Purchase of treasury stock (45) (7,563) (7,563) Stock-based plans 34 (366) (366) Stock-based compensation expense 9,563 9,563 Balance, June 30, 2022 27,520 137,814 1,485,045 (11,172) (767,000) 844,687 Net income 111,286 111,286 Net pension and postretirement benefit gains, net of $550 tax effect 1,807 1,807 Cash dividends - common stock ($3.35 per share) (92,368) (92,368) Purchase of treasury stock (48) (9,201) (9,201) Stock-based plans 56 (3,026) (3,026) Stock-based compensation expense 9,082 9,082 Balance, June 30, 2023 27,528 143,870 1,503,963 (9,365) (776,201) 862,267 Net income 158,613 158,613 Net pension and postretirement benefit gains, net of $221 tax effect 725 725 Cash dividends - common stock ($3.55 per share) (97,934) (97,934) Purchase of treasury stock (45) (7,645) (7,645) Stock-based plans 44 (1,613) (1,613) Stock-based compensation expense 11,359 11,359 Balance, June 30, 2024 27,527 $ 153,616 $ 1,564,642 $ (8,640) $ (783,846) $ 925,772 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 37 Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Lancaster Colony Corporation and our wholly-owned subsidiaries, collectively referred to as “we,” “us,” “our,” “registrant,” or the “Company.” Intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation. Our fiscal year begins on July 1 and ends on June 30. Unless otherwise noted, references to “year” pertain to our fiscal year; for example, 2024 refers to fiscal 2024, which is the period from July 1, 2023 to June 30, 2024. Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires that we make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates included in these consolidated financial statements include allowances for customer deductions, net realizable value of inventories, useful lives for the calculation of depreciation and amortization, distribution accruals, pension and postretirement assumptions and self-insurance accruals. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Fair Value Fair value is defined as the exit price, or the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. GAAP sets forth a three-level fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. The three levels are as follows: Level 1 – defined as observable inputs, such as quoted market prices in active markets. Level 2 – defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable. Level 3 – defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore, requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions. Our financial assets and liabilities subject to the three-level fair value hierarchy consist principally of cash and equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and defined benefit pension plan assets. The estimated fair value of cash and equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximates their carrying value. See Note 10 for fair value disclosures related to our defined benefit pension plan assets. Impairment charges for property, plant and equipment and intangible assets resulted from nonrecurring fair value measurements. See further discussion in Note 1 and Note 5. Cash and Equivalents We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The carrying amounts of our cash and equivalents approximate fair value due to their short maturities and are considered level 1 investments, which have quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets. As a result of our cash management system, checks issued but not presented to the banks for payment may create negative book cash balances. When such negative balances exist, they are included in Accrued Liabilities. Receivable Allowances Our receivables balance is net of trade-related allowances, which consist of sales discounts, trade promotions and certain other sales incentives. We evaluate the adequacy of these allowances considering several factors including historical experience, specific trade programs and existing customer relationships. These allowances can fluctuate based on the level of sales and promotional programs as well as the timing of deductions. We also provide an allowance for doubtful accounts based on our estimate of expected credit losses, which considers the aging of accounts receivable balances, historical write-off experience and on-going reviews of our trade receivables. Measurement of expected credit losses requires credit review of existing customer relationships, consideration of historical loss experience, including the need to adjust for current conditions, and judgments about the probable effects of relevant observable data, including present economic conditions such as delinquency rates and the economic health of customers. Our allowance for doubtful accounts was immaterial for all periods presented. LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 38 Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and equivalents and trade accounts receivable. By policy, we limit the amount of credit exposure to any one institution or issuer. We maintain our cash and equivalents with high credit-quality financial institutions. Deposits with these financial institutions may exceed the amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The majority of our excess cash is invested in AAA-rated money market funds that primarily invest in U.S. government securities. Our concentration of credit risk with respect to trade accounts receivable is mitigated by our credit evaluation process and our broad Retail and Foodservice customer base. However, see Note 8 with respect to our accounts receivable with Walmart Inc. and McLane Company, Inc., a wholesale distribution subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, Inc. Inventories Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value and are costed by various methods that approximate actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis. Due to the nature of our business, work in process inventory is not a material component of inventory. When necessary, we provide allowances to adjust the carrying value of our inventory to the lower of cost or net realizable value, including any costs to sell or dispose. The determination of whether inventory items are slow moving, obsolete or in excess of needs requires estimates about the future demand for our products. The estimates as to future demand used in the valuation of inventory are subject to the ongoing success of our products and may differ from actual due to factors such as changes in customer and consumer demand. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost, except for those acquired as part of a business combination, which are recorded at fair value at the time of purchase. We use the straight-line method of computing depreciation for financial reporting purposes based on the estimated useful lives of the corresponding assets. Estimated useful lives for buildings and improvements range generally from 10 to 40 years, machinery and equipment, excluding technology-related equipment, range generally from 3 to 15 years and technology-related equipment range generally from 3 to 5 years. For tax purposes, we generally compute depreciation using accelerated methods. The following table summarizes the components of gross property, plant and equipment at June 30: 2024 2023 Land, buildings and improvements $ 297,907 $ 297,611 Machinery and equipment 536,938 513,458 Construction in progress 42,681 42,640 Property, plant and equipment-gross $ 877,526 $ 853,709 Purchases of property, plant and equipment included in Accounts Payable and excluded from the property additions and the change in accounts payable in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows at June 30 were as follows: 2024 2023 2022 Construction in progress in Accounts Payable $ 5,799 $ 8,714 $ 19,644 The following table sets forth depreciation expense, including finance lease amortization, in each of the years ended June 30: 2024 2023 2022 Depreciation expense $ 53,029 $ 46,405 $ 39,799 In 2024, we recorded an impairment charge of $9.0 million for certain property, plant and equipment related to Angelic Bakehouse (“Angelic”) and Flatout. This charge resulted from our decision to exit our perimeter-of-the-store bakery product lines, which triggered impairment testing, and represents the excess of the carrying value over the fair value. The fair value was based on actual selling prices for the real estate and manufacturing equipment at the Angelic sprouted grain bakery facility in Cudahy, Wisconsin and the Flatout flatbread facility in Saline, Michigan, which represents a Level 2 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. The impairment charge was reflected in Restructuring and Impairment Charges and was not allocated to our two reportable segments due to its unusual nature. LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 39 In 2022, we recorded an impairment charge of $7.6 million for certain property, plant and equipment related to the Bantam Bagels, LLC (“Bantam”) business. This charge resulted from our decision to explore strategic alternatives and ultimately exit this business and represented the excess of the carrying value over the fair value. The fair value was based on agreed-upon selling prices for these assets, which represented a Level 2 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. The impairment charge was reflected in Restructuring and Impairment Charges and was not allocated to our two reportable segments due to its unusual nature. Deferred Software Costs We capitalize certain costs related to hosting arrangements that are service contracts (cloud computing arrangements). Capitalized costs are included in Other Current Assets or Other Noncurrent Assets and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life. In 2024 and 2022, we capitalized $1.0 million and $1.6 million, respectively, of deferred software costs related to cloud computing arrangements. Long-Lived Assets We monitor the recoverability of the carrying value of our long-lived assets by periodically considering whether indicators of impairment are present. If such indicators are present, we determine if the assets are recoverable by comparing the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows to the assets’ carrying amounts. Our cash flows are based on historical results adjusted to reflect our best estimate of future market and operating conditions. If the carrying amounts are greater, then the assets are not recoverable. In that instance, we compare the carrying amounts to the fair value to determine the amount of the impairment to be recorded. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill is not amortized. It is evaluated annually at April 30, or when events or circumstances indicate potential recoverability concerns, by applying impairment testing procedures. Other intangible assets were amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives to Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. We monitored the recoverability of the carrying value of our other intangible assets similar to our long-lived assets discussed above. Carrying amounts were adjusted appropriately when determined to have been impaired. See further discussion regarding goodwill and other intangible assets in Note 5. Leases We record right-of-use assets and lease liabilities based on the present value of the lease payments for operating leases and finance leases with an initial term in excess of 12 months. We made an accounting policy election to exclude short-term leases from our Consolidated Balance Sheets. In evaluating our contracts to determine whether a contract is or contains a lease, we consider the following: • Whether explicitly or implicitly identified assets have been deployed in the contract; and • Whether we obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of that underlying asset, and we can direct how and for what purpose the asset is used during the term of the contract. In determining how to allocate consideration between lease and non-lease components in a contract that was deemed to contain a lease, we use judgment and consistent application of assumptions to reasonably allocate the consideration. For leases containing options to extend or terminate, we determine whether the extension or termination should be considered reasonably certain to be exercised. The discount rate for leases, if not explicitly stated in the lease, is the incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate of interest that a lessee would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. We use a discount rate to calculate the present value of lease liabilities. In the development of the discount rate, we consider our internal borrowing rate, treasury security rates, collateral and credit risk specific to us, and our lease portfolio characteristics. Accrued Distribution We incur various freight and other related costs associated with shipping products to our customers and warehouses. We provide accruals for unbilled shipments from carriers utilizing historical or projected freight rates and other relevant information. LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 40 Accruals for Self-Insurance Self-insurance accruals are made for certain claims associated with employee health care, workers’ compensation and general liability insurance up to stop-loss coverage. These accruals include estimates that are primarily based on historical loss development factors. Shareholders’ Equity We are authorized to issue 3,050,000 shares of preferred stock consisting of 750,000 shares of Class A Participating Preferred Stock with $1.00 par value, 1,150,000 shares of Class B Voting Preferred Stock with no par value and 1,150,000 shares of Class C Nonvoting Preferred Stock with no par value. Our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase authorization of 2,000,000 common shares in November 2010. At June 30, 2024, 1,131,564 common shares remained authorized for future purchase. Revenue Recognition When Performance Obligations Are Satisfied A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account for revenue recognition. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. The singular performance obligation of our customer contracts is determined by each individual purchase order and the respective food products ordered, with revenue being recognized at a point-in-time when the obligation under the terms of the agreement is satisfied and product control is transferred to our customer. Specifically, control transfers to our customers when the product is delivered to or picked up by our customers based upon applicable shipping terms, as our customers can direct the use and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from the asset at this point in time. The performance obligations in our customer contracts are generally satisfied within 30 days. As such, we have not disclosed the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations as of June 30, 2024. Significant Payment Terms In general, within our customer contracts, the purchase order identifies the product, quantity, price, pick-up allowances, payment terms and final delivery terms. Payment terms usually include early pay discounts. We grant payment terms consistent with industry standards. Although some payment terms may be more extended, presently the majority of our payment terms are less than 60 days. As a result, we have used the available practical expedient and, consequently, do not adjust our revenues for the effects of a significant financing component. Distribution Distribution fees billed to customers are included in Net Sales. All distribution costs associated with outbound freight are accounted for as fulfillment costs and are included in Cost of Sales; this includes distribution costs incurred after control over a product has transferred to a customer, as we have chosen to use the available practical expedient to account for these costs within our cost of sales. Variable Consideration In addition to fixed contract consideration, our contracts include some form of variable consideration, including sales discounts, returns, trade promotions and certain other sales and consumer incentives, including rebates and coupon redemptions. In general, variable consideration is treated as a reduction in revenue when the related revenue is recognized. Depending on the specific type of variable consideration, we use either the expected value or most likely amount method to determine the variable consideration. We believe there will be no significant changes to our estimates of variable consideration when any related uncertainties are resolved with our customers. We review and update our estimates and related accruals of variable consideration each period based on historical experience and any recent changes in the market. Warranties & Returns We provide all customers with a standard or assurance type warranty. Either stated or implied, we provide assurance the related products will comply with all agreed-upon specifications and other warranties provided under the law. No services beyond an assurance warranty are provided to our customers. We do not grant a general right of return. However, customers may return defective or non-conforming products. Customer remedies may include either a cash refund or an exchange of the product. As a result, the right of return and related refund liability is estimated and recorded as a reduction in revenue. This return estimate is reviewed and updated each period and is based on historical sales and return experience. LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 41 Contract Balances We do not have deferred revenue or unbilled receivable balances and thus do not have any related contract asset and liability balances as of June 30, 2024. Contract Costs We have identified sales commissions as an incremental cost incurred to obtain a customer contract. These costs are required to be capitalized under the new revenue recognition standard. We have chosen to use the available practical expedient to continue to expense these costs as incurred as the amortization period for such costs is one year or less. We do not incur significant fulfillment costs related to customer contracts which would require capitalization. Disaggregation of Revenue See Note 8 for disaggregation of our net sales by class of similar product and type of customer. Advertising Expense We expense advertising as it is incurred. The following table summarizes advertising expense as a percentage of net sales in each of the years ended June 30: 2024 2023 2022 Advertising expense as a percentage of net sales 2 % 1 % 1 % Research and Development Costs We expense research and development costs as they are incurred. The estimated amount spent during each of the last three years on research and development activities was less than 1% of net sales. Stock-Based Employee Compensation Plans We account for our stock-based employee compensation plans in accordance with GAAP for stock-based compensation, which requires the measurement and recognition of the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award. The cost of the employee services is recognized as compensation expense over the period that an employee provides service in exchange for the award, which is typically the vesting period. See further discussion and disclosure in Note 9. Income Taxes Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s best assessment of estimated future taxes to be paid. We are subject to income taxes in numerous domestic jurisdictions. Our annual effective tax rate is determined based on our income, statutory tax rates and the permanent tax impacts of items treated differently for tax purposes than for financial reporting purposes. Tax law requires certain items be included in the tax return at different times than the items are reflected in the financial statements. Some of these differences are permanent, such as expenses that are not deductible in our tax return, and some differences are temporary, reversing over time, such as depreciation expense. These temporary differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A change in tax rates may result in stranded tax effects when the effect of the change is required to be included in income even when the related income tax effects of items in accumulated other comprehensive income/loss were originally recognized in other comprehensive income rather than in income. Our accounting policy is to release stranded tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive loss. Realization of certain deferred tax assets is dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income in the appropriate jurisdiction prior to the expiration of the carryforward periods. Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized and thus we have not recorded any valuation allowance for the years ended June 30, 2024 or 2023. In accordance with accounting literature related to uncertainty in income taxes, tax benefits and liabilities from uncertain tax positions that are recognized in the financial statements are measured based on the largest attribute that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Changes in tax laws and rates could also affect recorded deferred tax assets and liabilities in the future. Management is not aware of any such changes that would have a material effect on our results of operations, cash flows or financial position. See further discussion in Note 7. LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 42 Earnings Per Share Earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock and common stock equivalents (restricted stock, stock-settled stock appreciation rights and performance units) outstanding during each period. Unvested shares of restricted stock granted to employees are considered participating securities since employees receive nonforfeitable dividends prior to vesting and, therefore, are included in the earnings allocation in computing EPS under the two- class method. Basic EPS excludes dilution and is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, which includes the dilutive potential common shares associated with nonparticipating restricted stock, stock-settled stock appreciation rights and performance units. Basic and diluted net income per common share were calculated as follows: 2024 2023 2022 Net income $ 158,613 $ 111,286 $ 89,586 Net income available to participating securities (413) (257) (224) Net income available to common shareholders $ 158,200 $ 111,029 $ 89,362 Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic 27,440 27,462 27,448 Incremental share effect from: Nonparticipating restricted stock 2 2 2 Stock-settled stock appreciation rights (1) 6 15 21 Performance units 13 3 1 Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted 27,461 27,482 27,472 Net income per common share - basic $ 5.77 $ 4.04 $ 3.26 Net income per common share - diluted $ 5.76 $ 4.04 $ 3.25 (1) Excludes the impact of 0.1 million and 0.3 million weighted average stock-settled stock appreciation rights outstanding in 2023 and 2022, respectively, because their effect was antidilutive. Comprehensive Income and Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive income includes changes in equity that result from transactions and economic events from non-owner sources. Comprehensive income is composed of two subsets – net income and other comprehensive income (loss). Included in other comprehensive income (loss) are pension and postretirement benefits adjustments. The following table presents the amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss by component: 2024 2023 Accumulated other comprehensive loss at beginning of year $ (9,365) $ (11,172) Defined Benefit Pension Plan Items: Net gain arising during the period 500 1,527 Amortization of unrecognized net loss (1) 633 725 Postretirement Benefit Plan Items: (2) Net gain arising during the period 54 332 Amortization of unrecognized net gain (60) (46) Amortization of prior service credit (181) (181) Total other comprehensive income, before tax 946 2,357 Total tax expense (221) (550) Other comprehensive income, net of tax 725 1,807 Accumulated other comprehensive loss at end of year $ (8,640) $ (9,365) (1) Included in the computation of net periodic benefit income/cost. See Note 10 for additional information. (2) Additional disclosures for postretirement benefits are not included as they are not considered material. LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 43 Recent Accounting Standards In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued new accounting guidance related to the disclosure requirements for reportable segments. The new guidance requires enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. Additionally, all current annual disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets will also be required in interim periods. The new guidance also requires disclosure of the title and position of the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The amendments should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. This guidance will be effective for our annual disclosures in fiscal 2025 and for our interim-period disclosures in fiscal 2026. As the guidance only relates to disclosures, there will be no impact on our financial position or results of operations. In December 2023, the FASB issued new accounting guidance related to the disclosure requirements for income taxes. The new guidance requires annual disclosures in the rate reconciliation table to be presented using both percentages and reporting currency amounts, and this table must include disclosure of specific categories. Additional information will also be required for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. The new guidance also requires enhanced disclosures of income taxes paid, including the amount of income taxes paid disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes and the amount of income taxes paid disaggregated by individual jurisdictions that exceed a quantitative threshold. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis, but retrospective application is permitted. This guidance will be effective for our annual disclosures in fiscal 2026. As the guidance only relates to disclosures, there will be no impact on our financial position or results of operations. Note 2 – Long-Term Debt At June 30, 2023, we had an unsecured credit facility under which we could borrow, on a revolving credit basis, up to a maximum of $150 million at any one time, with potential to expand the total credit availability to $225 million based on consent of the issuing banks and certain other conditions. On March 6, 2024, in the ordinary course of business, we entered into a new unsecured revolving credit facility (“New Credit Facility”), replacing the facility discussed above which was to expire in March 2025. The material terms and covenants of the New Credit Facility are substantially similar to our previous credit facility. The New Credit Facility provides that we may borrow, on a revolving credit basis, up to a maximum of $150 million at any one time, with potential to expand the total credit availability to $225 million based on consent of the issuing banks and certain other conditions. The New Credit Facility expires on March 6, 2029, and all outstanding amounts are then due and payable. Interest is variable based upon formulas tied to SOFR or an alternate base rate defined in the New Credit Facility. We must also pay facility fees that are tied to our then-applicable consolidated leverage ratio. Loans may be used for general corporate purposes. Due to the nature of its terms, when we have outstanding borrowings under the New Credit Facility, they will be classified as long-term debt. The New Credit Facility contains certain restrictive covenants, including limitations on liens, asset sales and acquisitions. There are two principal financial covenants: an interest expense test that requires us to maintain an interest coverage ratio not less than 2.5 to 1 at the end of each fiscal quarter; and an indebtedness test that requires us to maintain a consolidated leverage ratio not greater than 3.5 to 1, subject to certain exceptions. The interest coverage ratio is calculated by dividing Consolidated EBIT by Consolidated Interest Expense, and the leverage ratio is calculated by dividing Consolidated Net Debt by Consolidated EBITDA. All financial terms used in the covenant calculations are defined more specifically in the New Credit Facility. At June 30, 2024 and 2023, we had no borrowings outstanding under these facilities. At June 30, 2024 and 2023, we had $2.2 million and $2.8 million, respectively, of standby letters of credit outstanding, which reduced the amount available for borrowing under these facilities. We paid no interest in 2024 and 2023. Note 3 – Leases We have operating leases with initial noncancelable lease terms in excess of one year covering the rental of various facilities and equipment. Certain of these leases contain renewal options and some provide options to purchase during the lease term. Our operating leases include leases for real estate for some of our office and manufacturing facilities as well as manufacturing and non-manufacturing equipment used in our business. The remaining lease terms for these operating leases range from 1 year to 10 years. LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 44 We have finance leases with initial noncancelable lease terms in excess of one year covering the rental of various facilities and equipment. Certain of these leases contain renewal options and some provide options to purchase during the lease term. These leases are generally for manufacturing and non-manufacturing equipment used in our business and warehouse facilities. The remaining lease terms for these finance leases range from 1 year to 10 years. As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, the weighted-average discount rate of our operating leases was 4.9% and 3.6%, respectively. As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, the weighted-average discount rate of our finance leases was 2.5% and 1.7%, respectively. The components of lease expense in each of the years ended June 30 have been provided as follows: 2024 2023 2022 Operating lease cost in Cost of Sales and Selling, General and Administrative Expenses $ 10,004 $ 9,702 $ 9,246 Finance lease cost: Amortization of assets in Cost of Sales and Selling, General and Administrative Expenses $ 2,056 $ 2,228 $ 2,413 Interest on lease liabilities in Other, Net 66 97 153 Total finance lease cost $ 2,122 $ 2,325 $ 2,566 Short-term lease cost in Cost of Sales and Selling, General and Administrative Expenses 5,653 4,362 4,639 Total net lease cost $ 17,779 $ 16,389 $ 16,451 Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases at June 30 is as follows: 2024 2023 Operating Leases Operating Lease Right-Of-Use Assets $ 55,128 $ 24,743 Current operating lease liabilities in Accrued Liabilities $ 10,335 $ 8,821 Noncurrent Operating Lease Liabilities 44,557 16,967 Total operating lease liabilities $ 54,892 $ 25,788 Finance Leases Finance lease right-of-use assets in Property, Plant and Equipment-Net $ 2,861 $ 4,682 Current finance lease liabilities in Accrued Liabilities $ 1,993 $ 1,944 Noncurrent finance lease liabilities in Other Noncurrent Liabilities 782 2,255 Total finance lease liabilities $ 2,775 $ 4,199 Supplemental cash flow information related to leases in each of the years ended June 30 is as follows: 2024 2023 2022 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 10,199 $ 9,848 $ 9,603 Operating cash flows from finance leases $ 66 $ 97 $ 153 Financing cash flows from finance leases $ 1,958 $ 2,334 $ 2,655 Supplemental noncash information on operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets $ 38,318 $ 5,698 $ 16,617 Supplemental noncash information on finance lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets $ 534 $ — $ 334 LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 45 As of June 30, 2024, the maturities of lease liabilities were as follows: Operating Leases Finance Leases 2025 $ 12,775 $ 2,042 2026 11,390 375 2027 8,397 69 2028 5,752 69 2029 5,489 69 Thereafter 22,697 312 Total minimum payments $ 66,500 $ 2,936 Less amount representing interest (11,608) (161) Present value of lease obligations $ 54,892 $ 2,775 As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, the weighted-average remaining term of our operating leases was 7.1 years and 3.4 years, respectively. As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, the weighted-average remaining term of our finance leases was 2.7 years and 2.1 years, respectively. Note 4 – Commitments and Contingencies At June 30, 2024, we were a party to various claims and litigation matters arising in the ordinary course of business. Such matters did not have a material effect on the current-year results of operations and, in our opinion, their ultimate disposition is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. 22% of our employees are represented under various collective bargaining contracts. The labor contract for one of our Columbus, Ohio plant facilities, which produces various dressing products, will expire on March 9, 2025. 8% of our employees are represented under this collective bargaining contract. None of our other collective bargaining contracts will expire within one year. Note 5 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill attributable to the Retail and Foodservice segments was $157.4 million and $51.0 million, respectively, at June 30, 2024 and 2023. The following table summarizes our identifiable other intangible assets at June 30: 2024 2023 Tradenames (20 to 30-year life) Gross carrying value $ — $ 4,100 Accumulated amortization — (181) Net carrying value $ — $ 3,919 Customer Relationships (10-year life) Gross carrying value $ — $ 287 Accumulated amortization — (190) Net carrying value $ — $ 97 Technology / Know-how (10-year life) Gross carrying value $ — $ 2,450 Accumulated amortization — (1,626) Net carrying value $ — $ 824 Total net carrying value $ — $ 4,840 In 2024, we recorded an impairment charge of $4.5 million to write off the net carrying value of the intangible assets related to Angelic and Flatout based on our decision to exit our perimeter-of-the-store bakery product lines. The impairment charge was reflected in Restructuring and Impairment Charges and was not allocated to our two reportable segments due to its unusual nature. LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 46 In 2023, we recorded impairment charges of $25.0 million related to Flatout’s intangible assets due to our lowered expectations for the projected sales and profitability of the Flatout product lines. The tradename, customer relationships and technology / know-how intangible assets were written down to their fair values. These impairment charges were reflected in Restructuring and Impairment Charges and were recorded in our Retail segment. In 2022, we recorded impairment charges of $13.2 million to write off the net carrying value of Bantam’s tradename, customer relationships and technology / know-how intangible assets. These impairment charges were reflected in Restructuring and Impairment Charges. We recorded $0.9 million in our Retail segment related to lower projected cash flows for Bantam’s Retail business. The remaining $12.3 million, which resulted from our decision to explore strategic alternatives for this business, was not allocated to our two reportable segments due to its unusual nature. In 2022, we also recorded an impairment charge of $8.8 million related to Angelic’s tradename intangible asset, which reflected the impact of lower projected sales for Angelic’s branded Retail business. This impairment charge was reflected in Restructuring and Impairment Charges and was recorded in our Retail segment. The impairment charges discussed above represent the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of estimated discounted cash flows specific to the remaining useful lives of the related intangible assets. As the fair value measurements were based on significant inputs not observable in the market, they represented Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. Amortization expense for our other intangible assets, which is reflected in Selling, General and Administrative Expenses, was as follows in each of the years ended June 30: 2024 2023 2022 Amortization expense $ 352 $ 2,514 $ 4,437 Note 6 – Liabilities Accrued liabilities at June 30 were composed of: 2024 2023 Compensation and employee benefits $ 31,569 $ 26,339 Operating leases 10,335 8,821 Royalties 7,524 5,484 Distribution 7,116 7,515 Other taxes 2,868 1,984 Finance leases 1,993 1,944 Other 3,753 4,907 Total accrued liabilities $ 65,158 $ 56,994 Other noncurrent liabilities at June 30 were composed of: 2024 2023 Workers compensation $ 6,681 $ 7,165 Deferred compensation and accrued interest 4,501 5,261 Gross tax contingency reserve 802 858 Finance leases 782 2,255 Postretirement benefit liability 576 604 Pension benefit liability 345 462 Other 1,670 1,078 Total other noncurrent liabilities $ 15,357 $ 17,683 LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 47 Note 7 – Income Taxes We file a consolidated federal income tax return. Taxes based on income for the years ended June 30 have been provided as follows: 2024 2023 2022 Currently payable: Federal $ 51,687 $ 20,147 $ 19,751 State and local 5,485 3,978 1,974 Total current provision 57,172 24,125 21,725 Deferred federal, state and local (benefit) provision (10,270) 7,886 1,077 Total taxes based on income $ 46,902 $ 32,011 $ 22,802 For the years ended June 30, our effective tax rate varied from the statutory federal income tax rate as a result of the following factors: 2024 2023 2022 Statutory rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 % State and local income taxes 1.9 2.4 0.7 Research and development tax credit (0.7) (1.1) (1.7) Net windfall tax benefits - stock-based compensation — (0.4) (0.1) Other 0.6 0.4 0.4 Effective rate 22.8 % 22.3 % 20.3 % Our net deferred tax liability for all periods presented has been classified as noncurrent. The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at June 30 were comprised of: 2024 2023 Deferred tax assets: Operating lease liabilities $ 12,245 $ 5,613 Section 174 research and development capitalization 11,910 4,281 Employee medical and other benefits 8,431 7,561 Receivables 4,202 3,042 Inventories 3,688 4,143 Intangible assets 2,185 1,426 Other accrued liabilities 1,161 1,600 Total deferred tax assets 43,822 27,666 Deferred tax liabilities: Property, plant and equipment (49,053) (50,106) Goodwill (19,571) (19,070) Operating lease right-of-use assets (12,474) (5,815) Total deferred tax liabilities (81,098) (74,991) Net deferred tax liability $ (37,276) $ (47,325) Prepaid federal income taxes of $0.8 million and $3.3 million were included in Other Current Assets at June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Accrued state and local income taxes of $0.3 million were included in Accrued Liabilities at June 30, 2024. Prepaid state and local income taxes of $0.8 million were included in Other Current Assets at June 30, 2023. LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 48 Net cash payments for income taxes for each of the years ended June 30 were as follows: 2024 2023 2022 Net cash payments for income taxes $ 53,583 $ 26,327 $ 17,827 The gross tax contingency reserve at June 30, 2024 was $0.8 million and consisted of estimated tax liabilities of $0.3 million and interest and penalties of $0.5 million. The unrecognized tax benefits recorded as the gross tax contingency reserve noted in the following table for June 30, 2024 and 2023 would affect our effective tax rate, if recognized. The following table sets forth changes in our total gross tax contingency reserve (including interest and penalties): 2024 2023 Balance, beginning of year $ 858 $ 925 Tax positions related to the current year: Additions — — Reductions — — Tax positions related to prior years: Additions 34 39 Reductions (90) (106) Settlements — — Balance, end of year $ 802 $ 858 We have not classified any of the gross tax contingency reserve at June 30, 2024 in Accrued Liabilities as none of these amounts are expected to be resolved within the next 12 months. Consequently, the entire liability of $0.8 million was included in Other Noncurrent Liabilities. We expect that the amount of these liabilities will change within the next 12 months; however, we do not expect the change to have a significant effect on our financial position or results of operations. We recognize interest and penalties related to these tax liabilities in income tax expense. For each of the years ended June 30, we recognized the change in the accrual for net tax-related interest and penalties as follows: 2024 2023 Benefit recognized for net tax-related interest and penalties $ (10) $ (13) We had accrued interest and penalties at June 30 as follows: 2024 2023 Accrued interest and penalties included in the gross tax contingency reserve $ 484 $ 494 We file federal and various state and local income tax returns in the United States. With limited exceptions, we are no longer subject to examination of U.S. federal or state and local income taxes for years prior to 2021. Note 8 – Business Segment Information Our financial results are presented as two reportable segments: Retail and Foodservice. Costs that are directly attributable to either Retail or Foodservice are charged directly to the appropriate segment. Costs that are deemed to be indirect, excluding corporate expenses and other unusual significant transactions, are allocated to the two reportable segments using a reasonable methodology that is consistently applied. We evaluate our segments based on net sales and operating income. Retail - The vast majority of the products we sell in the Retail segment are sold through sales personnel, food brokers and distributors in the United States. We have products typically marketed in the shelf-stable section of the grocery store, which include licensed sauces and dressings, along with our own branded salad dressings and croutons. Within the frozen food section of the grocery store, we sell yeast rolls and garlic breads. We also have placement of products in grocery produce departments through our refrigerated salad dressings, licensed dressings, vegetable dips and fruit dips. Foodservice - The vast majority of the products we sell in the Foodservice segment are sold through sales personnel, food brokers and distributors in the United States. Most of the products we sell in the Foodservice segment are custom-formulated sauces, salad dressings, frozen breads and yeast rolls. The majority of our Foodservice sales are products sold under private label to national chain restaurant accounts. We also manufacture and sell various branded Foodservice products to distributors. LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 49 As many of our products are similar between our two segments, our procurement, manufacturing, warehousing and distribution activities are substantially integrated across our operations in order to maximize efficiency and productivity. Consequently, we do not prepare, and our Chief Operating Decision Maker does not review, separate balance sheets for the reportable segments. As such, our external reporting does not include the presentation of identifiable assets, payments for property additions or depreciation and amortization by reportable segment. The following table sets forth net sales disaggregated by class of similar products for the Retail and Foodservice segments in each of the years ended June 30: 2024 2023 2022 Retail Shelf-stable dressings, sauces and croutons $ 424,605 $ 422,646 $ 375,031 Frozen breads 351,063 343,450 331,812 Refrigerated dressings, dips and other 212,756 199,274 208,367 Total Retail net sales $ 988,424 $ 965,370 $ 915,210 Foodservice Dressings and sauces $ 660,460 $ 642,153 $ 574,264 Frozen breads and other 222,875 215,004 186,916 Total Foodservice net sales $ 883,335 $ 857,157 $ 761,180 Total net sales $ 1,871,759 $ 1,822,527 $ 1,676,390 The following table provides an additional disaggregation of Foodservice net sales by type of customer in each of the years ended June 30: 2024 2023 2022 Foodservice National accounts $ 692,340 $ 676,665 $ 588,955 Branded and other 190,995 180,492 172,225 Total Foodservice net sales $ 883,335 $ 857,157 $ 761,180 LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 50 The following sets forth certain additional financial information attributable to our reportable segments, certain amounts not allocated among our reportable segments and amounts retained at the corporate level for the years ended June 30: 2024 2023 2022 Net Sales (1) (2) Retail $ 988,424 $ 965,370 $ 915,210 Foodservice 883,335 857,157 761,180 Total $ 1,871,759 $ 1,822,527 $ 1,676,390 Operating Income (2) Retail $ 207,660 $ 139,464 $ 151,627 Foodservice 97,094 106,349 82,745 Nonallocated Restructuring and Impairment Charges (3) (14,874) — (25,507) Corporate Expenses (4) (90,517) (104,305) (96,954) Total $ 199,363 $ 141,508 $ 111,911 Identifiable Assets (1) (5) Retail & Foodservice (6) $ 1,015,454 $ 984,341 $ 1,017,055 Corporate 191,477 128,653 73,319 Total $ 1,206,931 $ 1,112,994 $ 1,090,374 Payments for Property Additions Retail & Foodservice (6) $ 65,629 $ 89,475 $ 130,502 Corporate 1,947 706 1,470 Total $ 67,576 $ 90,181 $ 131,972 Depreciation and Amortization Retail & Foodservice (6) $ 51,386 $ 47,001 $ 42,902 Corporate 4,510 4,209 2,978 Total $ 55,896 $ 51,210 $ 45,880 (1) Net sales and long-lived assets are predominately domestic. (2) All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. (3) Reflects restructuring and impairment charges related to (i) our decision to exit our perimeter-of-the-store bakery product lines in 2024, (ii) the Bantam business in 2022 and (iii) a facility closure in 2022. These charges were not allocated to our two reportable segments due to their unusual nature. (4) Our Corporate Expenses include various expenses of a general corporate nature, expenditures for Project Ascent and costs related to certain divested or closed nonfood operations. These costs have not been allocated to the Retail and Foodservice segments. (5) Retail and Foodservice identifiable assets include those assets used in our operations and other intangible assets allocated to purchased businesses, most notably goodwill. The increase in Retail and Foodservice identifiable assets from June 30, 2023 to June 30, 2024 reflects a new operating lease right-of-use asset for a warehouse in Union City, Georgia. The decrease in Retail and Foodservice identifiable assets from June 30, 2022 to June 30, 2023 reflects a decline in intangible assets due to impairment charges and lower receivables balances due to the impact of advance customer orders in the prior year ahead of our ERP go-live, as partially offset by property additions due to a capacity expansion project. Corporate assets consist principally of cash and equivalents. The increase in Corporate assets from June 30, 2023 to June 30, 2024 reflects higher cash and equivalents. The increase in Corporate assets from June 30, 2022 to June 30, 2023 reflects the increase in cash and equivalents as well as prepaid income taxes. (6) As discussed above, we do not present identifiable assets, payments for property additions or depreciation and amortization by reportable segment. LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 51 Retail segment net sales attributable to Walmart Inc. (“Walmart”) and Foodservice segment net sales attributable to McLane Company, Inc. (“McLane”), a wholesale distribution subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, Inc., for each of the years ended June 30 were as follows: 2024 2023 2022 Net sales to Walmart $ 338,764 $ 323,718 $ 293,684 As a percentage of consolidated net sales 18 % 18 % 18 % Net sales to McLane $ 147,242 $ 205,264 $ 188,717 As a percentage of consolidated net sales 8 % 11 % 11 % Accounts receivable attributable to Walmart and McLane at June 30 as a percentage of consolidated accounts receivable were as follows: 2024 2023 Walmart 28 % 29 % McLane 4 % 9 % Note 9 – Stock-Based Compensation Our shareholders previously approved the Lancaster Colony Corporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”). The 2015 Plan reserved 1,500,000 common shares for issuance to our employees and directors. All awards granted under this plan will be exercisable at prices not less than fair market value as of the date of the grant. The vesting period for awards granted under this plan varies as to the type of award granted, and the maximum term of these awards is seven years. We recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period of the grant. Compensation expense is reflected in Cost of Sales or Selling, General and Administrative Expenses based on the grantees’ salaries expense classification. We estimate a forfeiture rate based on historical experience. Stock-Settled Stock Appreciation Rights Prior to 2022, we used periodic grants of stock-settled stock appreciation rights (“SSSARs”) as a vehicle for rewarding certain employees with long-term incentives for their efforts in helping to create long-term shareholder value. Our policy is to issue shares upon SSSARs exercise from new shares that had been previously authorized. The SSSARs we granted generally vested over a 3-year period whereby one-third vested on the first anniversary of the grant date, one-third vested on the second anniversary of the grant date and one-third vested on the third anniversary of the grant date. At June 30, 2024, there were no unvested SSSARs outstanding. The following table summarizes our SSSARs compensation expense and tax benefits recorded for each of the years ended June 30: 2024 2023 2022 Compensation expense $ 1,038 $ 1,972 $ 3,566 Tax benefits $ 90 $ 216 $ 749 Intrinsic value of exercises $ 677 $ 3,873 $ 317 The total fair values of SSSARs vested for each of the years ended June 30 were as follows: 2024 2023 2022 Fair value of vested rights $ 1,175 $ 2,611 $ 4,095 LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 52 The following table summarizes the activity relating to SSSARs granted under the plan for the year ended June 30, 2024: Number of Rights Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life in Years Aggregate Intrinsic Value Outstanding at beginning of year 155 $ 165.77 Exercised (115) $ 164.32 Granted — $ — Forfeited (1) $ 177.99 Outstanding at end of year 39 $ 169.75 3.27 $ 745 Exercisable and vested at end of year 39 $ 169.75 3.27 $ 745 Vested and expected to vest at end of year 39 $ 169.75 3.27 $ 745 The following table summarizes information about the SSSARs outstanding by grant year at June 30, 2024: Outstanding Exercisable Weighted Average Grant Years Range of Exercise Prices Number Outstanding Remaining Contractual Life in Years Exercise Price Number Exercisable Weighted Average Exercise Price 2021 $167.18-$187.30 26 3.63 $177.66 26 $177.66 2020 $153.71-$154.22 13 2.54 $153.74 13 $153.74 At June 30, 2024, there was no unrecognized compensation expense related to SSSARs. Restricted Stock We use periodic grants of restricted stock as a vehicle for rewarding our nonemployee directors and certain employees with long-term incentives for their efforts in helping to create long-term shareholder value. In 2024, 2023 and 2022, we granted shares of restricted stock to various employees under the terms of the plan. The following table summarizes information relating to these grants: 2024 2023 2022 Employees Restricted stock granted 33 29 30 Grant date fair value $ 6,076 $ 4,448 $ 5,691 Weighted average grant date fair value per award $ 185.05 $ 154.80 $ 189.12 The restricted stock under these employee grants vests 3 years after the grant date. Under the terms of our grants, employees receive dividends on unforfeited restricted stock regardless of their vesting status. In 2024, 2023 and 2022, we also granted shares of restricted stock to our nonemployee directors under the terms of the plan. The following table summarizes information relating to each of these grants: 2024 2023 2022 Nonemployee directors Restricted stock granted 5 4 5 Grant date fair value $ 920 $ 919 $ 799 Weighted average grant date fair value per award $ 165.41 $ 203.34 $ 162.15 The restricted stock under these nonemployee director grants generally vests 1 year after the grant date. All of the shares granted during 2024 are expected to vest. Dividends earned on the stock during the vesting period will be paid to the directors at the time the stock vests. LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 53 The following table summarizes our restricted stock compensation expense and tax benefits recorded for each of the years ended June 30: 2024 2023 2022 Compensation expense $ 5,479 $ 4,432 $ 4,942 Tax benefits $ 841 $ 677 $ 1,038 The total fair values of restricted stock vested for each of the years ended June 30 were as follows: 2024 2023 2022 Fair value of vested shares $ 3,287 $ 4,996 $ 2,772 The following table summarizes the activity relating to restricted stock granted under the plan for the year ended June 30, 2024: Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Unvested restricted stock at beginning of year 65 $ 174.62 Granted 38 $ 182.20 Vested (18) $ 181.81 Forfeited (5) $ 177.98 Unvested restricted stock at end of year 80 $ 176.21 At June 30, 2024, there was $5.7 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted stock that we will recognize over a weighted-average period of 2 years. Performance Units Beginning in 2022, we use periodic grants of performance units as a vehicle for rewarding certain employees with long- term incentives for their efforts in helping to create long-term shareholder value. These performance units are based on two performance metrics, with equal weightings, as follows: • a market condition based on relative total shareholder return versus the S&P 1500 Packaged Foods & Meats Index; and • a performance condition based on revenue growth over the applicable performance period. These performance units will vest 3 years after the grant date and will be settled in shares of common stock equal to the number of performance units granted multiplied by a percentage between 0% and 200% depending on the achievement of the above- noted performance metrics over the 3-year performance period. Our policy is to issue shares upon the vesting of performance units from new shares that had been previously authorized. Dividend equivalents earned during the vesting period will be paid at the time the awards vest. In 2024, 2023 and 2022, we granted performance units to various employees under the terms of the plan. The following table summarizes information relating to these grants: 2024 2023 2022 Performance units granted 25 26 20 Grant date fair value $ 4,745 $ 4,572 $ 4,151 Weighted average grant date fair value per award $ 192.91 $ 173.73 $ 201.67 LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 54 For our performance units with a performance condition, the grant-date fair value is equal to the closing price of our common stock on the grant date. For our performance units with a market condition, the grant-date fair value is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation. The assumptions used in the Monte Carlo simulation were as follows: 2024 2023 2022 Risk-free interest rate 4.60 % 3.18 % 0.41 % Dividend yield 1.78 % 2.08 % 1.65 % Volatility factor of the expected market price of our common stock 24.60 % 32.20 % 31.30 % The following table summarizes our performance units compensation expense and tax benefits recorded for each of the years ended June 30: 2024 2023 2022 Compensation expense $ 4,842 $ 2,678 $ 1,055 Tax benefits $ 620 $ 355 $ 222 The following table summarizes the activity relating to performance units granted under the plan for the year ended June 30, 2024: Number of Units Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Unvested performance units at beginning of year 40 $ 185.39 Granted 25 $ 192.91 Vested — $ — Forfeited (3) $ 186.49 Unvested performance units at end of year 62 $ 188.34 At June 30, 2024, there was $4.9 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to performance units that we will recognize over a weighted-average period of 2 years. Note 10 – Pension Benefits Defined Benefit Pension Plans We sponsor multiple defined benefit pension plans that covered certain workers under collective bargaining contracts. However, as a result of prior-years’ restructuring activities, for all periods presented, we no longer have any active employees continuing to accrue service cost or otherwise eligible to receive plan benefits. Benefits being paid under the plans are primarily based on negotiated rates and years of service. We contribute to these plans at least the minimum amount required by regulation. At the end of the year, we discount our plan liabilities using an assumed discount rate. In estimating this rate, we, along with our third-party actuaries, review the timing of future benefit payments, bond indices, yield curve analysis results and the past history of discount rates. The actuarial present value of benefit obligations summarized below was based on the following assumption: 2024 2023 Weighted-average assumption as of June 30 Discount rate 5.23 % 5.18 % The net periodic benefit costs were determined utilizing the following beginning-of-the-year assumptions: 2024 2023 2022 Discount rate 5.18 % 4.52 % 2.58 % Expected long-term return on plan assets 5.00 % 5.00 % 5.00 % LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 55 In determining the long-term expected return on plan assets, we consider our related investment guidelines, our expectations of long-term rates of return by asset category, our target asset allocation weighting and historical rates of return and volatility for equity and fixed income investments. The investment strategy for plan assets is to control and manage investment risk through diversification among asset classes, investment managers/funds and investment styles. The plans’ investment guidelines have been designed to meet the intended objective that plan assets earn at least nominal returns equal to or more than the plans’ liability growth rate. In consideration of the current average age of the plans’ participants, the investment guidelines are based upon an investment horizon of at least 10 years. In 2021, we completed an evaluation of the plans’ asset allocation and liabilities with assistance from an independent outside consultant. As a result, with the plans well- funded and no active employees continuing to accrue service cost or otherwise eligible to receive plan benefits, we reallocated the plan assets to better match the plan liabilities. Accordingly, we allocated a higher percentage of the plan assets to long- duration fixed income investments, thereby reducing equity exposure risk and mitigating the unfavorable impacts of interest rate volatility. This reallocation resulted in a reduction to the expected long-term return on plan assets. The target and actual asset allocations for our plans at June 30 by asset category were as follows: Target Percentage of Plan Assets at June 30 Actual Percentage of Plan Assets 2024 2024 2023 Equity securities 20%-80% 26 27 Fixed income, including cash 20%-80% 74 73 Total 100 % 100 % Our target asset allocations are maintained through ongoing review and periodic rebalancing of equity and fixed income investments with assistance from an independent outside investment consultant. Also, the plan assets are diversified among asset classes, asset managers or funds and investment styles to avoid concentrations of risk. The higher allocation of plan assets to fixed income investments reflects the decision to better match the invested assets with the plans’ liabilities and the fact that the plans are well-funded with no active employees continuing to accrue service cost or otherwise eligible to receive plan benefits. We continue to allocate a modest amount of plan assets to cash to cover near-term expenses. We categorize our plan assets within a three-level fair value hierarchy, as previously defined in Note 1. The following table summarizes the fair values and levels, within the fair value hierarchy, for our plan assets at June 30: June 30, 2024 Asset Category Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Cash and equivalents $ 53 $ — $ — $ 53 Money market funds 1,459 — — 1,459 Mutual funds fixed income 19,242 — — 19,242 Mutual funds equity 7,262 — — 7,262 Total $ 28,016 $ — $ — $ 28,016 June 30, 2023 Asset Category Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Cash and equivalents $ 997 $ — $ — $ 997 Money market funds 702 — — 702 Mutual funds fixed income 19,353 — — 19,353 Mutual funds equity 7,724 — — 7,724 Total $ 28,776 $ — $ — $ 28,776 The plan assets classified at Level 1 include money market funds and mutual funds. Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets are available for investments in this category. LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 56 Relevant information with respect to our pension benefits as of June 30 can be summarized as follows: 2024 2023 Change in benefit obligation Benefit obligation at beginning of year $ 27,952 $ 31,043 Interest cost 1,382 1,344 Actuarial gain (660) (2,047) Benefits paid (2,199) (2,388) Benefit obligation at end of year $ 26,475 $ 27,952 2024 2023 Change in plan assets Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year $ 28,776 $ 29,611 Actual return on plan assets 1,215 896 Employer contributions 224 657 Benefits paid (2,199) (2,388) Fair value of plan assets at end of year $ 28,016 $ 28,776 2024 2023 Funded status - net prepaid benefit cost $ 1,541 $ 824 2024 2023 Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of Prepaid benefit cost (Other Noncurrent Assets) $ 1,886 $ 1,286 Accrued benefit liability (Other Noncurrent Liabilities) (345) (462) Net amount recognized $ 1,541 $ 824 2024 2023 Accumulated benefit obligation $ 26,475 $ 27,952 The following table discloses, in the aggregate, those plans with benefit obligations in excess of the fair value of plan assets at the June 30 measurement date: 2024 2023 Benefit obligations $ 4,301 $ 5,108 Fair value of plan assets at end of year $ 3,956 $ 4,646 Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss at June 30 were as follows: 2024 2023 Net actuarial loss $ 12,713 $ 13,846 Income taxes (2,971) (3,236) Total $ 9,742 $ 10,610 The following table summarizes the components of net periodic benefit cost (income) for our pension plans at June 30: 2024 2023 2022 Components of net periodic benefit cost (income) Interest cost $ 1,382 $ 1,344 $ 935 Expected return on plan assets (1,375) (1,416) (1,911) Amortization of unrecognized net loss 633 725 428 Net periodic benefit cost (income) $ 640 $ 653 $ (548) We have not yet finalized our anticipated funding level for 2025, but based on initial estimates, we do not expect our 2025 contributions to our pension plans to be material. LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 57 Benefit payments estimated for future years are as follows: 2025 $ 2,542 2026 $ 2,461 2027 $ 2,387 2028 $ 2,298 2029 $ 2,225 2030 - 2034 $ 9,878 Note 11 – Defined Contribution and Other Employee Plans Company-Sponsored Defined Contribution Plans We sponsor four defined contribution plans established pursuant to Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Contributions are determined under various formulas, and we contributed to three of these plans in 2024. Costs related to such plans for each of the years ended June 30 were as follows: 2024 2023 2022 Costs related to company-sponsored defined contribution plans $ 6,922 $ 6,009 $ 5,779 Multiemployer Plans In the three years ended June 30, 2024, one of our subsidiaries participated in a multiemployer plan that provides pension benefits to retiree workers under a collective bargaining contract. This plan generally provides for retirement, death and/or termination benefits for eligible employees within the collective bargaining contract, based on specific eligibility/participation requirements, vesting periods and benefit formulas. The risks of participating in a multiemployer plan are different from single- employer plans in the following aspects: (1) assets contributed to the multiemployer plan by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers, (2) if a participating employer stops contributing to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by the remaining participating employers and (3) if a participating employer chooses to stop participating in the multiemployer plan, it may be required to pay the plan an amount based on the underfunded status of the plan, referred to as a withdrawal liability. Our participation in this multiemployer pension plan for the three years ended June 30, 2024 is reflected in the following table. All information in the table is as of December 31 of the relevant year, except contributions which are based on our fiscal year, or except as otherwise noted. The EIN/PN column provides the Employer Identification Number (“EIN”) and the Plan Number (“PN”). The pension protection act zone status is based on information that we received from the plan. Among other factors, generally, plans in critical status (red zone) are less than 65 percent funded, plans in endangered or seriously endangered status (yellow zone or orange zone, respectively) are less than 80 percent funded, and plans at least 80 percent funded are said to be in the green zone. The FIP/RP status pending/implemented column indicates plans for which a funding improvement plan (“FIP”) or a rehabilitation plan (“RP”) is either pending or has been implemented by the trustees of each plan. There have been no significant changes that affect the comparability of 2024, 2023 or 2022 contributions. Pension Protection Act Zone Status Fiscal Year Contributions Plan Name EIN/PN 2023 2022 FIP/RP Status Pending / Implemented 2024 2023 2022 Surcharge Imposed Expiration Date of Collective Bargaining Agreement Western Conference of Teamsters Pension Plan 916145047- 001 Green 12/31/22 Green 12/31/21 No $ 215 $ 250 $ 296 No 12/15/2025 LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 58 Under this multiemployer plan and one additional multiemployer plan, we also contribute amounts for health and welfare benefits that are defined by each plan. These benefits are not vested. The contributions required by our participation in these plans for each of the years ended June 30 were as follows: 2024 2023 2022 Multiemployer health and welfare plan contributions $ 3,047 $ 3,124 $ 3,360 We also make non-elective contributions for the union employees at our Bedford Heights, Ohio plant into a union- sponsored multiemployer 401(k) plan. Our contributions totaled $1.0 million, $1.0 million and $0.9 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Deferred Compensation Plan We offer a deferred compensation plan for select employees who may elect to defer a certain percentage of annual compensation. We do not match any contributions. Each participant earns interest based upon the prime rate of interest, adjusted semi-annually, on their respective deferred compensation balance. Participants are paid out upon retirement or termination in accordance with their annual election. The following table summarizes our liability for total deferred compensation and accrued interest at June 30: 2024 2023 Liability for deferred compensation and accrued interest $ 4,501 $ 5,261 Deferred compensation expense for each of the years ended June 30 was as follows: 2024 2023 2022 Deferred compensation expense $ 387 $ 311 $ 157 LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share data) 59 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (“SEC”) rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well-designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management must apply its judgment in evaluating the cost–benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. As required by SEC Rule 13a-15(b), we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on the foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of June 30, 2024. REPORT OF MANAGEMENT Internal control over financial reporting refers to the process designed by, or under the supervision of, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that: 1. Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; 2. Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and our directors; and 3. Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of an unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is only possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk. Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Management has used the framework set forth in the report entitled Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of the end of the most recent year. Our internal control over financial reporting has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm. Their opinion, as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, is stated in their report, which is set forth on the following page. There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 60 Deloitte & Touche LLP Columbus, Ohio August 22, 2024 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Lancaster Colony Corporation Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Lancaster Colony Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of June 30, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended June 30, 2024, of the Company and our report dated August 22, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report of Management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP 61 Item 9B. Other Information None. Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Not applicable. PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The information regarding our directors and executive officers, including the identification of the Audit Committee and the Audit Committee financial expert, is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our definitive proxy statement for our November 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (“2024 Proxy Statement”) to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A promulgated under the Exchange Act. The information regarding delinquent Section 16(a) reports, if any, is incorporated by reference to the material under the heading “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” in our 2024 Proxy Statement. The information regarding changes, if any, in procedures by which shareholders may recommend nominees to our Board of Directors is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our 2024 Proxy Statement. The information regarding our Code of Business Ethics is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our 2024 Proxy Statement. We are committed to promoting high standards of ethical business conduct and compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations. As part of this commitment, we have adopted our Insider Trading Policy governing the purchase, sale, and/or other dispositions of our securities by our directors, officers, and anyone employed by or associated with Lancaster Colony, which we believe is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and the exchange listing standards applicable to us. A copy of our Insider Trading Policy is filed as Exhibit 19 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information regarding executive officer and director compensation is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our 2024 Proxy Statement. The information regarding Compensation Committee interlocks and insider participation and the Compensation Committee Report is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our 2024 Proxy Statement. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our 2024 Proxy Statement. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information regarding certain relationships and related transactions and director independence is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our 2024 Proxy Statement. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services Information regarding fees paid to and services provided by our independent registered public accounting firm during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 and the pre-approval policies and procedures of the Audit Committee is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our 2024 Proxy Statement. 62 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2024 and 2023 Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (a) (2) Financial Statement Schedules. Supplemental schedules not included with the additional financial data have been omitted because they are not applicable or the related amounts are immaterial for all periods presented. (a) (3) Exhibits Required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K and Item 15(b). See Index to Exhibits below. INDEX TO EXHIBITS Exhibit Number Description 3.1 Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Lancaster Colony Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (000-04065), filed February 3, 2017). 3.2 Amended and Restated Regulations of Lancaster Colony Corporation, dated as of April 18, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (000-04065), filed April 19, 2016). 4.1 Specimen Certificate of Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K (000-04065), filed August 27, 2018). 4.2 Description of Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K (000-04065), filed August 27, 2019). 10.1 Credit Agreement dated as of March 6, 2024 among Lancaster Colony Corporation, the Lenders, The Huntington National Bank as Syndication Agent and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (000-04065), filed March 8, 2024). 10.2(a) Lancaster Colony Corporation Executive Employee Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K (000-04065), filed September 26, 2000). 10.3(a) 2004 Amendment to Lancaster Colony Corporation Executive Employee Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (000-04065), filed January 3, 2005). 10.4(a) Lancaster Colony Corporation 2005 Executive Employee Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (000-04065), filed February 25, 2005). 10.5(a) Lancaster Colony Corporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement (000-04065), filed October 9, 2015). 10.6(a) Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Directors under the Lancaster Colony Corporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (000-04065), filed November 17, 2015). PART IV Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules (a) (1) Financial Statements. The following consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2024 and 2023 and for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2024, together with the report thereon of Deloitte & Touche LLP dated August 22, 2024, are included in Item 8 of this report: 63 Exhibit Number Description 10.7(a) Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement for Employees and Consultants under the Lancaster Colony Corporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (000-04065), filed May 5, 2020). 10.8(a) Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Employees and Consultants under the Lancaster Colony Corporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (000-04065), filed November 2, 2023). 10.9(a) Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement for Employees and Consultants under the Lancaster Colony Corporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (000-04065), filed November 2, 2023). 10.10(a) Employment Agreement, dated April 18, 2016, between Lancaster Colony Corporation and David A. Ciesinski (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (000-04065), filed April 19, 2016). 10.11(a) First Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated October 27, 2016, between Lancaster Colony Corporation and David A. Ciesinski (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (000-04065), filed October 31, 2016). 10.12(a) Employment Offer Letter to Thomas K. Pigott (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (000-04065), filed March 15, 2019). 10.13(a) Lancaster Colony Corporation Form of Change in Control Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (000-04065), filed November 2, 2023). 10.14(a) Form of Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (000-04065), filed November 15, 2018). 19* Lancaster Colony Corporation Insider Trading Policy. 21* Subsidiaries of Registrant. 23* Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 31.1* Certification of CEO pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 31.2* Certification of CFO pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 32** Certification of CEO and CFO pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 97* Lancaster Colony Corporation Recoupment of Incentive Compensation Policy. 101.INS* XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document 101.SCH* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 104* The cover page of Lancaster Colony Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, formatted in Inline XBRL (included within Exhibit 101 attachments) (a) Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement in which any Director or any Executive Officer participates. * Filed herewith ** Furnished herewith Item 16. Form 10-K Summary Not applicable. 64 LANCASTER COLONY CORPORATION (Registrant) By: /s/ DAVID A. CIESINSKI David A. Ciesinski President, Chief Executive Officer and Director Date: August 22, 2024 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signatures Title Date /s/ DAVID A. CIESINSKI President, Chief Executive Officer August 22, 2024 David A. Ciesinski and Director (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ THOMAS K. PIGOTT Vice President, Chief Financial Officer August 22, 2024 Thomas K. Pigott and Assistant Secretary (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) /s/ ALAN F. HARRIS Chairman of the Board August 15, 2024 Alan F. Harris and Director /s/ ZENA SRIVATSA ARNOLD Director August 15, 2024 Zena Srivatsa Arnold /s/ BARBARA L. BRASIER Director August 15, 2024 Barbara L. Brasier /s/ ROBERT L. FOX Director August 15, 2024 Robert L. Fox /s/ ELLIOT K. FULLEN Director August 15, 2024 Elliot K. Fullen /s/ JOHN B. GERLACH, JR. Director August 15, 2024 John B. Gerlach, Jr. /s/ MICHAEL H. KEOWN Director August 15, 2024 Michael H. Keown /s/ GEORGE F. KNIGHT III Director August 16, 2024 George F. Knight III /s/ ROBERT P. OSTRYNIEC Director August 15, 2024 Robert P. Ostryniec SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. 65 This page intentionally left blank. This page intentionally left blank. This page intentionally left blank. BRANDS & LICENSING The Company’s marquee brands include Marzetti®, New York BRAND®Bakery and Sister Schubert’s®. Products sold under the long-established Marzetti brand include salad dressings, veggie dips, fruit dips and croutons. New York Bakery is the recognized leader in the frozen garlic toast and garlic breadstick segments, while New York Bakery Texas Toast croutons rank among the top retail crouton brands in the United States. Sister Schubert’s offers the top-selling lineup of dinner yeast rolls in the supermarket frozen section. Driven by longstanding relationships with several of our Foodservice segment customers, we also produce and sell a variety of dressings and sauces under brand license agreements for the retail channel including Chick-fil-A® sauces and dressings, Olive Garden® dressings, Buffalo Wild Wings® sauces, Arby’s® sauces and Subway® sauces. 380 Polaris Parkway, Suite 400, Westerville, Ohio 43082 www.lancastercolony.com ® OUR LEADING BRANDS