M&T Bank
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

M &T B A N K C O R P O R AT I O N 2 0 1 8 A N N U A L R E P O R T A M E R I C A N V I S I O N A R Y A R T M U S E U M B A LT I M O R E , M A R Y L A N D AVAM is a congressionally designated national museum opened in 1995 with a mission to display intuitive works by self-taught artists. Situated in the historic Federal Hill district of Baltimore’s Inner Harbor, AVAM is devoted to inspiring creative and compassionate acts of social justice through intergenerational public programming and meaningful exhibition themes. Proud to promote the innovation and unique creativity of artists who have set themselves apart, AVAM is a premier Maryland art destination. M&T Bank supports AVAM and its vision. C O V E R A R T Artist Andrew Logan was born in 1945 in Oxford, England. He spent a year of his life in the United States, and describes himself as an eccentric who challenges convention. Logan incorporates themes of plants, animals, outer space and mythology into his work. Commissioned for AVAM, Cosmic Galaxy Egg’s shape symbolizes life. In addition, its mosaic mirrored shell represents space and time, and even includes Hubble Telescope images of dying galaxies and newborn stars. This is the latest in the series of annual reports featuring works and artists with strong connections to the communities served by M&T Bank. Andrew Logan, Cosmic Galaxy Egg, 2004, polystyrene, resin, glass and glitter, 244 cm x 122 cm, American Visionary Art Museum, Baltimore, MD. Photograph courtesy of Paul Burk / American Visionary Art Museum. M &T BA N K C O R P O R AT I O N C O N T E N T S Financial Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Message to Shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Officers and Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Form 10-K . . . . xxxvi A N N U A L M E E T I N G The annual meeting of shareholders will take place at 11:00 a.m. on April 16, 2019 at One M&T Plaza in Buffalo. P R O F I L E M&T Bank Corporation is a bank holding company headquartered in Buffalo, New York, which had assets of $120.1 billion at December 31, 2018. M&T Bank Corporation’s subsidiaries include M&T Bank and Wilmington Trust, National Association. M&T Bank has banking offices in New York State, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Connecticut, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. Major subsidiaries include: M&T Insurance Agency, Inc. M&T Securities, Inc. M&T Real Estate Trust Wilmington Trust Company M&T Realty Capital Corporation Wilmington Trust Investment Advisors, Inc. M & T B A N K C O R P O R AT I O N A N D S U B S I D I A R I E S Financial Highlights For the year Performance 2018 2017 Change Net income (thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,918,080 $ 1,408,306 Net income available to common shareholders — diluted (thousands) . . . . $ 1,836,035 1,327,517 Return on Average assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.64% Average common equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.82% Net interest margin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.83% Net charge-offs/average loans. . . . . . . . . . . .15% Per common share data Basic earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 12.75 Diluted earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash dividends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.74 3.55 1.17% 8.87% 3.47% .16% $ 8.72 8.70 3.00 Net operating (tangible) results(a) Net operating income (thousands) . . . . . . $ 1,936,155 $ 1,427,331 Diluted net operating earnings + 36% + 38% + 46% + 46% + 18%   + 36% per common share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.86 8.82 + 46% Net operating return on Average tangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.72% Average tangible common equity . . . . . . Efficiency ratio(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.09% 54.79% 1.23% 13.00% 55.07% At December 31 Balance sheet data (millions) Loans and leases, net of unearned discount . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 88,466 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,097 Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . Loan quality Allowance for credit losses to total loans . Nonaccrual loans ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,157 15,460 14,225 1.15% 1.01% Capital Common equity Tier 1 ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.13% Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio . . . . . . . . . . . 11.38% Total risk-based capital ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.68% Leverage ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.88% Total equity/total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.87% Common equity (book value) per share . . $ 102.69 Tangible common equity per share . . . . . . 69.28 Market price per share Closing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.13 197.37 133.78 1% + + 1% - 2% - 5% - 5% + 3% — - 16% $ 87,989 118,593 92,432 16,251 15,016 1.16% 1.00% 10.99% 12.26% 14.75% 10.31% 13.70% $ 100.03 69.08 170.99 176.62 141.12 (a) Excludes amortization and balances related to goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets and merger-related expenses which, except in the calculation of the efficiency ratio, are net of applicable income tax effects. A reconciliation of net income and net operating income appears in Item 7, Table 2 in Form 10-K. (b) Excludes impact of merger-related expenses and net securities gains or losses. ii DILUTED EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY PER COMMON SHARE AT YEAR-END 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 $7.57 $7.42 $7.74 $7.18 $8.08 $7.78 $8.82 $12.86 $8.70 $12.74 $83.88 $93.60 $97.64 $100.03 $102.69 $57.06 $64.28 $67.85 $ 69.08 $ 69.28 Diluted net operating earnings per common share(a) Diluted earnings per common share Shareholders’ equity per common share at year-end Tangible shareholders’ equity per common share at year-end NET INCOME In millions RETURN ON AVERAGE COMMON SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 $1,086.9 $1,156.6 $1,362.7 $1,427.3 $1,936.2 $1,066.2 $1,079.7 $1,315.1 $1,408.3 $1,918.1 13.76% 13.00% 12.25% 8.16% 8.32% 9.08% 13.00% 19.09% 8.87% 12.82% Net operating income(a) Net income Net operating return on average tangible common shareholders’ equity(a) Return on average common shareholders’ equity (a) Excludes merger-related gains and expenses and amortization of intangible assets, net of applicable income tax effects. A reconciliation of net operating (tangible) results with net income is included in Item 7, Table 2 in Form 10-K. iii M E S S A G E T O S H A R E H O L D E R S iv UV INK, 4/C PROCESS, PMS 540 + PMS 432  O ur 2018 results reflect a confluence of events that produced exceptional improvement in our operations, earnings and level of return for shareholders. After a long period of compression, caused by almost a decade of near zero interest rates, margins expanded as the Federal Reserve continued to raise interest rates. While rates rose, consumers and businesses alike found value in retaining uncharacteristically high cash balances with banks. In fact, last year our customers held 23 percent of deposits in transaction accounts, 13 percentage points higher than before the financial crisis. In 2018, net interest margin reached a level not seen since 2010. The health of our customer base proved strong, leading to the lowest level of net charge-offs that we have experienced in the last 31 years. The cost of significant investments during the year in talent, technology and marketing, which enhanced customer experience and awareness, was masked to some extent by the elimination of the FDIC large bank surcharge, as the Deposit Insurance Fund achieved its statutorily required minimum reserve ratio of 1.35 percent. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, implemented last year, dramatically increased earnings available for reinvestment in our business or return to our shareholders. iv v UV INK, 4/C PROCESS, PMS 540 + PMS 432 All of these factors combined to produce a return on tangible common equity not seen since 2012. At the same time, loan growth was characterized as slow or challenged relative to past cycles, due to strong competition from banks and nonbanks alike for a limited pool of loans, particularly commercial and industrial loans. While originations were healthy, they were offset by payoffs, pay-downs or refinances, as customers took advantage of the lower pricing or the most favorable terms and conditions available from new forms of lenders. At times like these, our disciplined capital allocation philosophy often results in tempered loan growth—as asset prices inflate and the number of capital providers expands, making credit widely available. The combination of higher revenues, lower credit costs and the change in tax policy provided more capital than could effectively be put to use by, or in the service of, customers and communities. A hallmark of M&T has been the prudent deployment of capital when and where it makes sense. Our first priority is to invest in our own business and in the communities in which we operate by extending credit to our customers or, periodically, in expansion through acquisition. When returns offered in those areas appear inadequate, we prefer to return excess capital to shareholders—hopefully enabling its deployment into alternative, higher returning investments, perhaps outside the financial services sector in which M&T operates. Recently, there has been significant debate over the record amount of capital distributions by banks and other financial institutions, with estimates exceeding $150 billion being returned in the last year. Some argue that it would be more reasonable for banks, like M&T, to vi hold onto excess capital or deploy it either in or outside our current communities, even if the returns are less than ideal. These arguments fail to recognize the fact that a fundamental role of the banking system is to help customers finance their investment needs, which enhances their communities and expands the economy. When those opportunities are exhausted, the role of the banking system is to avoid deploying capital in ways that could exacerbate the severity of a boom and bust credit cycle, which could diminish long-term economic growth. There are all too many examples throughout history where capital, sub-optimally invested by banks and bankers, has resulted in the destruction of shareholder resources that could have been utilized more effectively. Also, for institutions that hold onto capital beyond that which they can productively deploy, the mere process of finding uses for that capital tends to promote excessive risk taking, often times at the peril of those institutions. Of the 50 largest banks in existence in 1989, the year when the longest tenured members of M&T’s Executive Management Committee joined the bank, only nine remain today. The rest were either acquired or failed. Our own approach, carried out over those 30 years, has proven central to keeping M&T safe and sound. Only 28 percent of the $17.8 billion in total capital we generated through earnings over that period has been retained to support loan growth or acquisitions. 2 0 1 8 —A N E XC E P T I O N A L Y E A R With that landscape in mind, let’s examine the details behind M&T’s financial results. Net income surpassed the previous high-water mark, vii recorded in 2017, rising 36 percent to $1.92 billion from $1.41 billion in the prior year. Diluted earnings per common share tallied $12.74, a jump of 46 percent from $8.70 one year earlier. Last year’s results, expressed as rates of return on average assets and average common equity, were 1.64 percent and 12.82 percent, respectively, significantly improved from 2017. As has been the case since 1998, M&T also reports results on a “net operating” or “tangible” basis, which excludes expenses arising from the amortization of intangible assets as well as merger-related gains or expenses in years when they occur. Net operating income was $1.94 billion in 2018, improved by 36 percent from the prior year. Diluted net operating income per common share was up 46 percent to $12.86. Net operating income expressed as a rate of return on average tangible assets was 1.72 percent. Net operating return on average tangible common shareholders’ equity was 19.09 percent. The full-year improvement in GAAP and net operating earnings included a sizable benefit from the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate approved in late 2017. The base federal rate declined to 21 percent in 2018 compared with 35 percent in 2017. The primary driver of M&T’s revenue is net interest income, that is, interest collected on loans and investments less interest paid on deposits and borrowings. Expressed on a taxable-equivalent basis, net interest income grew by 7 percent to $4.09 billion in 2018. The higher interest rate environment contributed to a 51 basis point (hundredths of one percent) increase in the yield on earning assets with just a 23 basis point increase in the rate paid on deposits and borrowings. Combined with the impact viii of a higher contribution from interest-free funds, the result was expansion of the net interest margin, or taxable-equivalent net interest income expressed as a percentage of average earning assets, to 3.83 percent in 2018, compared with 3.47 percent in 2017. The benefit of 2018’s wider net interest margin was somewhat checked by a year-over-year decline in average loans. Total loans averaged $87.4 billion last year, or some $1.4 billion lower than in 2017. To look only at total loans would be to miss the intentional balance sheet transformation underway since late 2015, when Hudson City Bancorp, Inc. (“Hudson City”) merged with M&T. The average balance of residential mortgage loans, most of which were acquired through the Hudson City combination, declined by $2.7 billion during 2018, continuing the planned runoff which has reduced their balance by nearly half since the merger. Partially offsetting that contraction was an increase in commercial and other consumer loans of more than $1.2 billion. The improved rate of economic growth in the United States, combined with a near-record low unemployment rate, continued to bolster the financial health of our consumer and commercial customers. Loans on which we no longer accrue interest due to concerns about their ultimate collectibility were little changed, with the ratio of non-accrual loans to total loans inching up by a scant one basis point to 1.01 percent. Net charge-offs, that is, loans written off as uncollectible less the recovery of loans previously written-off, expressed as a percentage of average loans, were historically low at 15 basis points. That was an improvement from the already low 16 basis points reported in 2017 and was the lowest level ix recorded by M&T since 1987. At 2018’s year end, the ratio of the allowance for loan losses to loans outstanding stood at 1.15 percent. Noninterest income totaled $1.86 billion last year, representing merely a $5 million increase from the previous year. However, that modest increase was significantly dampened by the impact of both realized gains from sales of investment securities in 2017 and a change in accounting rules for unrealized gains or losses on marketable equity securities. While those unrealized amounts were recorded directly in shareholders’ equity in prior years, beginning in 2018, they were recognized in the income statement. In combination, these items account for $28 million of the difference compared to the prior year. Additionally, implementation of new revenue recognition accounting rules resulted in the classification of $14 million of rewards provided to retail customers for using our credit cards as a reduction of noninterest income. For years prior to 2018, those rewards are classified as other expense in our financial statements. If not for the impact of those changes, spurred, in large part, by new accounting requirements, noninterest income would have increased by $46 million as compared with 2017. Leading the way in that year-over-year improvement was trust income, predominantly comprised of revenues from our Wealth Advisory Services and Institutional Client Services businesses, which together comprise our Wilmington Trust brand. Trust income totaled $538 million for 2018, representing a 7 percent increase. Other fee categories, which include residential and commercial mortgage banking revenues and service charges on deposit accounts, were little changed from the prior year. Residential mortgage banking in particular was challenged by higher long-term interest rates, resulting in limited mortgage refinancing x opportunities. Lower housing inventories, particularly for starter homes, have also impacted the market for mortgages. Noninterest expenses totaled $3.29 billion in 2018 representing a 5 percent, or $148 million, increase from 2017. Salaries and benefits grew by $103 million, reflecting our determination to invest a portion of tax-related savings into employee compensation. Last year we initiated mid-cycle wage adjustments for some 8,960 employees in addition to our practice of annual merit-based pay increases. Further, we added a net of 473 new employees, largely in customer facing and information technology-related roles. Coupled with increases of $17 million in advertising and marketing and $14 million in outside data processing and software, these initiatives represented significant investments in further improving our customer experience and awareness, and our operating systems and processes. As was the case in 2017, expenses in 2018 included litigation-related charges relating to matters at Wilmington Trust that predate its acquisition by M&T in 2011. Higher expenses for such matters accounted for $85 million of the year-over-year increase in our noninterest expenses. Consistent with our long-standing philosophy, capital beyond that necessary to support prudent lending to our customers and investment in our businesses was returned to shareholders. For the full year of 2018, M&T repurchased 12,295,817 shares of its common stock valued at $2.2 billion and paid $510 million of common dividends to our shareholders in a year when the quarterly dividend rate was increased twice. Those distributions resulted in a payout ratio for the year that was equal to 147 percent of net income available to common shareholders. xi By any financial measure, 2018 was a successful year for M&T and we shared that success with our customers, our shareholders, our employees and our communities. T R E N D S I N BA N K I N G The natural temptation after a year in which M&T’s earnings grew by 36 percent is to focus on that achievement, but to do so would gloss over recent trends that affect our company, industry and economy. Given the unevenness of the recovery from the financial crisis, a prominent and deceptively alluring narrative about banking today has emerged: that scale and location have conveyed insurmountable competitive advantages to certain institutions, and that without such scale, and outside those markets, other banks cannot compete. It is a story that would, superficially, seem to consign M&T to the margin—not so. Regional banks like M&T have played—and will continue to play—a vital role in the communities they serve. Indeed, our performance, both last year and over time, can be said to reflect the value we create for our customers and our communities, and which has accrued to our shareholders. What follows will examine broad trends in banking and in the overall economy—and make clear how M&T will continue to prosper notwithstanding both. Often cited as evidence in this emerging narrative is the outsized growth rate of low-cost deposits—long a key ingredient in successful banking— realized by the largest U.S. financial institutions in the post-crisis era. In 2017, three of the largest institutions grew deposits by $120 billion—an amount greater than all of the deposits at the 12th largest xii commercial bank in the country. Those same three banks opened more than 45 percent of all new checking accounts in the country in 2017, according to one study. That caps a five-year period in which those institutions increased deposit balances three times more than M&T and the 11 regional bank peers of similar size and business model combined— without paying above market rates. Core deposits, money held by consumers and businesses in checking, savings, money market and time accounts, are important funding sources for financing new homes and small businesses, so the recent shifts in deposit trends have been notable to industry observers. What has helped these large banks attract new customers, particularly millennials, is investment in new products and services in today’s digital era. Those institutions with the most scale vastly outspend their regional competitors in absolute dollars, while their overall size enables them to maintain a ratio of technology and marketing expenses to revenue that is similar to regional banks. In 2017 alone, according to a recent research report, just one of the largest banking institutions spent more on technology and marketing than the amount spent by M&T and all of its peers combined. However—and these facts are overlooked in the narrative—a shift in demographic trends seems to have contributed a substantial portion of this higher deposit growth. More than half of total deposits are concentrated in the nation’s 20 largest markets—which are home to 38 percent of the country’s population. The three largest financial institutions hold 45 percent of all deposits in those markets, significantly exceeding their 36 percent share xiii nationally. In fact, at least one of the three institutions holds a leading deposit share position in 18 of the top 20 markets. Six out of every ten jobs created in the United States since the crisis were added in those same 20 markets, where fewer than four of ten Americans reside. Median household income in these markets exceeds the national average by 20 percent. And nearly half of the country’s total population growth since the crisis occurred in just these 20 large metropolitan areas. Historically, deposit growth itself is highly correlated to increased employment, income and population. The banks with the most scale have benefited from their outsized presence in the largest U.S. markets, which unlike past recoveries, have experienced a disproportionate share of the nation’s economic growth. As bankers, we cannot dismiss the importance of demographics and location—in addition to scale and the ability of some institutions to invest more heavily in technology and marketing—at least as it relates to success in gaining deposits. However, there are much broader implications to the diverging demographic fortunes between the metropolitan markets targeted by large institutions and the mid-tier cities, towns and rural areas served predominantly by regional and community banks. These trends affect families and businesses, too. Indeed, they affect our national economy and our social fabric. A N U N E V E N R EC OV E RY On the surface, America is riding a wave of recovery and prosperity. Nationwide employment has increased a record 100 consecutive months, xiv driving the unemployment rate to its lowest level since the 1960s. Housing values are 14 percent above their pre-crisis peak, and stock valuations have rarely been higher. If the economy continues to grow, by mid-year this expansion will be the longest in U.S. recorded history. M&T and its various business lines are intertwined with these economic trends, which is why we understand that we must pay close attention to them. We see that, although these numbers imply broad gains across the country, not everyone is participating. Progress on jobs and income over the past ten years has been uneven, and trends in population growth and small business formation differ significantly from prior recoveries. The gap in prosperity between the largest 50 markets and the rest of the country has widened over the past decade. Although these large cities are home to only 54 percent of the U.S. population, they have accrued 70 percent of the country’s population growth, two thirds of its economic output and 80 percent of the employment gains over this period. This is a marked difference from prior recoveries, when the population and economies of the largest metropolitan areas grew at approximately the same rate as the rest of the country. At M&T, we see these geographic disparities firsthand. Our proven operating model was developed in, and remains based on, serving mid-tier cities like Harrisburg, Rochester, Syracuse and Wilmington, but we also do business in larger cities like Baltimore, New York and Washington, D.C. The diversity of our footprint provides a unique window into the disparate rates of recovery in different size markets. For example, real GDP in the Washington D.C. metro area increased by 14.4 percent since xv 2007, slightly above the national average, while Upstate New York metro areas, excluding Buffalo, grew 3.1 percent over the same period. Similarly, the labor force in Northern Virginia grew by 13.8 percent compared to a 4.5 percent decline in the Upstate New York metro areas outside of Buffalo. We see similar weaknesses in other mid-tier cities such as Altoona, Scranton and Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and Cumberland, Maryland. Even more troubling—small urban areas, towns and rural communities with fewer than 50,000 people are at risk of being left behind altogether. Home to 46 million Americans, or 15 percent of the population, these communities have grown a scant three-tenths of one percent in the last 10 years while the national population grew by 8 percent. Less populous areas are still losing jobs, despite the 11 percent job growth experienced in the rest of the country since 2007. Not only are population and employment trends different in this recovery, so too is the role of small business in job creation and economic growth. Although the number of startups in 2016 was the highest since the crisis, it was still lower than any year from 1980 to 2008. Consistent with the other trends, formation of new small businesses has lagged the most in small cities and towns, where such firms have historically served as the backbone of the economy and workforce. The number of new small businesses, which was essentially unchanged in the top twenty metropolitan areas between 2007 and 2014, declined by nearly 13 percent outside the 50 largest metropolitan areas. Existing small businesses are ailing, too. As startup activity slowed, the total number of small business establishments declined nearly 4 percent from 2007 to 2014, while the number of Americans they employ xvi fell 5 percent—a loss of more than one million jobs. Again, the decline was especially stark outside the largest metropolitan areas. In those years, small business establishments outside of the top 100 metropolitan areas decreased by 122,674—this comprised nearly 70 percent of the total decline nationally. This widening gap between the prosperity of large metropolitan areas and Middle America is evidenced not just in the differing rates of job, income and population growth—it can even be seen in the rate of broadband internet access. In large cities, 97 percent of the population has broadband access, while in our nation’s smallest communities, 39 percent of the population goes without access to this vital link to modern society and the modern economy. Ensuring that our economy becomes more inclusive, and opportunity more equally available, is an important national priority. The disparate economic and demographic trends evident in the current recovery must be addressed. Doing so will require participation from every sector, including banks of all size, and bankers like those of us at M&T. RO L E O F R EG I O N A L BA N KS It is understandable that the trends described above—uneven economic growth and the advantages it provides to larger banks in larger markets— might to some seem problematic for a company like M&T, given our history of serving small and mid-sized communities. Batavia has never been mistaken for Baltimore, nor Newburgh for New York City. And yet in each, we thrive. xvii There are ways of doing business, as demonstrated by banks like M&T, which act as counterweights to the pressures of scale and population shifts. The role traditionally served by regional and community banks remains a source of immense value, for customers and communities, and the demand for such services has only become more critical in light of the uneven expansion. Recently, in a small town not known for its mild winters, a heating contractor needed a key piece of equipment to complete a job. He contacted his local M&T Bank branch, in need of a loan that would enable him to purchase the $40,000 piece of equipment that same day. This contractor was a long-time client, well known to the branch manager. Based on that deep relationship, and utilizing our digital lending capability, the branch manager secured rapid approval of the loan—then drove to the contractor’s job site personally to close the transaction. The funds were deposited into the customer’s account, the equipment was purchased—and the whole process took just four hours. Our client was delighted, and in turn, so too were his customers, who were not left out in the cold. So it is that being close to a community, and knowing its most urgent needs, is a business model for which scale cannot substitute. More broadly, though, it reflects the extent to which the interests of regional banks and the interests of the communities they serve are linked inextricably. The fact is that across the country, regional and community banks provide a significant majority of the small business loans, those less than $1 million, accounting for 61 percent of all such loans in 2017. Regional banks like M&T play an especially important role outside the largest metropolitan xviii areas. Overall, regional banks make 63 percent of their small business loans in the vast sections of the country that exist outside of the top 20 metropolitan areas. By contrast, the largest three institutions make 59 percent of their small business loans in just the top 20 markets. Not only do regional banks disproportionately support small business outside the largest metros, they tend to provide larger loans. The average small business loan made by all banks is $37,000—twenty percent lower than the $48,000 average made by regional banks and well below the $255,000 average small business loan made by M&T. For small business loans between $100,000 and $1 million, which often finance investments in plant and equipment or seasonal working capital, regional banks collectively advance 30 percent more funds than the three largest institutions combined. Smaller banks are particularly indispensable to the agricultural industry, where by one estimate, more than half of farm households have lost money in recent years, challenged by continued declines in commodity prices. Regional and community banks make 85 percent of all farm loans and 90 percent of loans secured by farmland. At M&T, we have long found success in serving mid-tier cities, despite the slower growth profile of these markets, even during periods of economic challenge. In fact, that stability—avoiding the booms and busts seen in some markets—may be the most important element of long-term success, as it certainly has been for M&T. One might go so far as to assert that our approach to banking in these markets, where every relationship with every customer matters—a lot—has actually conferred certain advantages to us: higher deposit xix balances per branch, higher rates of customer retention, lower cost of deposits, lower efficiency ratio and lower charge-offs, to name a few. Most importantly, our approach in these markets produces low volatility in earnings, allowing us to support our customers consistently and reliably, especially in the difficult times, when they need our services the most. These advantages transcend size and are relevant in all our markets. What we learned by serving customers in smaller communities and mid-sized markets laid the groundwork for successful growth in our larger markets such as Baltimore, New York and Washington, D.C. For M&T, however, the mission has never been solely to grow assets or to achieve strong financial performance simply for their own sake. Those are the outcomes of the way we work to fulfill our larger mission: to enable, encourage and empower our customers and communities to thrive. To begin to restore parity and inclusivity in our economy, and in our society as a whole, more must be done to ignite economic activity beyond the biggest cities and across Middle America. Regional banks will continue to play a leading role in this effort, working with customers, community partners and government. R EG U L AT I O N — BA L A N C I N G G ROW T H A N D P ROT EC T I O N In the years since the crisis, the level of financial regulation has garnered significant attention from the public, legislators and even the industry itself. Economic researchers, such as those at the Bank for International Settlements, the Federal Reserve and others, have sought to define an optimum level of regulation using models that assume a single lender, single borrower and single geography. The real world is decidedly more xx complex, of course, with significant differences between communities and the institutions that serve them. Importantly, a number of studies concluded that the regulatory system can be weakened by allowing certain parties to operate outside its bounds. The existing regulatory framework must, therefore, continuously be refined to account for differences in regional economic trends and new entrants to the financial system. M&T has long documented the impacts of these changes on its regulatory costs, which have ebbed and flowed over time based on the external environment. Twenty-five years ago, compliance costs were calculated to be 10 percent of operating expense, or $33 million, consistent with a 1992 study by the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) pegging the cost of compliance for the entire industry at between 6 percent and 14 percent of operating expenses. This past year, M&T’s regulatory compliance cost was $407 million, or 12 percent of operating expenses, down from $441 million and 16 percent at its peak four years ago, back within the range identified by the FFIEC 26 years ago. Regulation, like monetary policy, is a tool whose purpose is simultaneously to promote the economy while protecting those who operate within it. It is a difficult balance—especially so after significant events such as the financial crisis. The practice of implementing and adjusting regulation is both necessary and healthy, because its impacts are felt by communities large and small. As the crisis receded and the banking system stabilized, policymakers were able to focus on the economic impacts of the regulations that were previously adopted, which might have in fact been contributing to the uneven recovery. xxi Federal Reserve rule changes, stemming from the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act of 2018, which better align regulation with the level of risk posed to the financial system, are a welcome step forward. The proposed four-tiered approach might well counterbalance the negative impacts, noted in a study by the Clearing House Association, that the stress test process has had on small business lending, and make it easier for regional banks to provide credit in the smaller communities that need it most. These recent changes, however, barely contemplate the effects of another phenomenon that began at the same time as the crisis—the introduction of the modern-day smartphone and the ensuing digital revolution. These devices, and more importantly the software they run, enabled enterprising developers to create applications, or “apps,” that alleviate friction from everyday life. In banking, apps that did not exist 10 years ago now move billions of dollars between customers instantaneously, and others have provided billions more in mortgages and small business loans. By lowering costs and increasing accessibility, these new technologies are reaching underserved customers in ways never before possible. However, consumers may not fully appreciate the distinctions between banks and nonbanks, nor understand the risks they are assuming by borrowing from or entrusting their savings to firms outside of the regulated bank sector. Financial services companies that facilitate the movement of money or offer credit, deposit services or advice using digital solutions—but that do so outside the regulated banking system—are often referred to as fintechs. xxii Take the example of a leading payments app, upon which millions rely to transfer money or pay their household bills. As more customers signed up, the balance of funds that they entrusted to this firm also grew. At the end of the third quarter of 2018, these balances had grown to $22 billion, exceeding the demand deposits at all but the largest 20 U.S. commercial banks. Nominally designated as “amounts due to customers,” it is difficult to discern how such accounts differ in practice from checking accounts at a bank—with one notable difference: unlike bank deposits, the funds entrusted to this firm are not covered by FDIC deposit insurance. Today, the debate is whether to bring fintechs under the regulatory umbrella, either in part or in full. An alternative could be adapting the current regulatory framework for both traditional banks as well as nonbank upstarts to support innovation—especially in the service of underbanked and underperforming communities. Last year’s Message to Shareholders devoted a full eight pages to our concerns about the rise of nonbank lenders who are responsible for a growing share of total credit provided to businesses. This trend has continued, and our concerns have not abated. Total debt of U.S. corporations outside the financial sector increased to 74 percent of gross domestic product by the end of the second quarter of 2018, meaningfully exceeding the 63 percent level in 2006, just prior to the last crisis. Particularly notable has been the growth in so-called “leveraged lending,” or loans to companies with high levels of debt relative to earnings, the volume of which remained near the record level set in 2017. The large and mid-sized companies in the Russell 3000® Index alone, more than one-fifth of which do not earn a profit, have approximately $525 billion xxiii of debt maturing within the next two years that will likely need to be replaced at a higher cost. Thanks to relatively low interest rates, tax reform and a robust economy, this debt does not seemingly pose an imminent threat. Total interest payments on corporate debt consume only half as much of businesses’ profits as in the early 1990s. However, circumstances may change, and economic cycles have not been eliminated. Today, more than half of investment grade debt is deemed to reside at the lowest credit rating that many passive investment funds are allowed to hold. Small changes in circumstances, like an economic slowdown or reduction in corporate profits, could push much of that debt over the precipice into non-investment grade status. The potential exists for a selloff of the downgraded bonds that strains liquidity in the short- term, and could potentially spill over into other asset classes and the broader economy. Ultimately, little is known about how these nonbank entities would operate under stress. What is known, however, is that the relative growth of nonbank lenders outside the purview of regulators not only reduces their visibility into the risk of the broader financial system, but also their ability to stem the damage should a crisis arise. For these reasons and more, regulatory frameworks must continuously be balanced and rebalanced. This work is hard, but necessary. Ensuring the strong recovery not only continues, but becomes more inclusive, will require concerted efforts by leaders in banking, government and regulatory agencies. xxiv T H E WAY FO RWA R D : SA M E C U LT U R E , N E W C A PA B I L I T I E S One should not get the impression from the preceding that M&T is pursuing an unchanging business model. It is no accident, nor the result of complacency, that M&T has enjoyed remarkable success over the past 40 years, growing from a small underperforming bank in Buffalo into a high performing regional institution. As we have grown, we have worked continuously to identify and perpetuate those elements of our culture that have enabled our success over time. We have evolved and adapted to the world around us, while remaining committed to our culture and to providing a unique customer experience. We remain confident that our brand of local banking will always be in high demand, yet we know that, in today’s digital world, competitors are for the first time able to reach our clients without necessarily residing close to our markets. As this digital transformation accelerates, so must we accelerate our efforts to deliver a customer experience that is not only high-tech, but high-touch as well. In the case of the heating contractor, we could make a loan decision based on our personal relationship—and we could make it quickly because of the investments we are making in our digital products and programs. This is how we will maintain our unique advantage, and it requires us to bring new thinking and a wider diversity of ideas, perspectives and talent to add value and solve problems for our customers. Our colleagues made substantial progress in 2018 on several fronts. Last year, we developed a steady stream of upgrades to our digital capabilities that are consistent with the expectations of our customers, especially the younger generation that we identified last year as a priority. xxv Among the upgrades, customers can now manage and service their debit cards from their mobile device. Existing customers can now open new checking accounts through our online and mobile banking channels, reducing the account opening time from over 20 minutes to less than seven. Additional features include the ability to order a custom debit card and add funding mechanisms to the account. As a result, last year we increased the percentage of checking accounts opened online from 10.9 percent in the first quarter to 15 percent in the fourth quarter—and that increased to 20 percent in January. Features like these make it easier for customers to self-serve, while at the same time freeing our employees to spend more time with clients providing advice and guidance on more complex issues. In late 2018, we launched MyWay Banking, a “checkless checking” account that provides the convenient features of a transaction account without the worry of over-spending or overdraft fees. Insights that led to this product came through focus groups with parents in our Buffalo Promise Neighborhood, where we have worked for 25 years to promote educational outcomes and economic opportunity. MyWay was designed to benefit unbanked and underserved consumers, and we are also making it available to minors between the ages of 13 and 17, providing access to the banking system, including usage of debit cards and web and mobile banking. Within the first month of launch, we opened 2,010 MyWay accounts, with approximately 52 percent of them including a minor. These new customers are gaining an opportunity to develop financial literacy, while forming an early relationship with M&T. In 2019, we will continue to build out our banking capabilities with mobile flash funds, offering immediate availability of deposited checks, as xxvi well as contactless technology for debit cards that will help consumers breeze through checkout lines. Personal financial management tools and more card self-service options will be coming as well. We also will continue our program to modernize our branches, with an emphasis on digital servicing and person-to-person consultation. For small and medium-sized businesses, we launched in 2018 an industry leading payment product, making it faster and easier for business owners to move cash. We also introduced our proprietary M&T Business Credit Card, giving them the ability to manage spending on business and employee cards through the mobile app or online. Additionally, we continue to build out our digital lending platform, which we already used to help our aforementioned client, the heating contractor. Business customers will be able to complete a loan, from application to closing, entirely online and in a fraction of the time. Middle market companies will experience a steady stream of upgrades to M&T’s credit, treasury management and merchant services platforms, with improved speed to decision on credit requests, faster access to funds and better access to data and documents. Simultaneously, our clients will experience even higher levels of service from our growing number of commercial bankers—we added 114 last year—who will now be free to focus less on paperwork and more on helping their clients solve problems. We continue to improve the services and solutions we offer to our Wilmington Trust clients as well. The merger fundamentally changed our bank: trust income now makes up 29 percent of total fees, up from 11 percent in 2010. To support this growing business segment, we added xxvii 171 new employees last year. In wealth, we commenced a new program that integrates our expertise on complex issues such as business valuation, estate and tax planning, asset protection and retirement funding. In our institutional business, we became the first to offer an online portal to improve the speed and execution of M&A transactions. Clearly, the merger brought a new source of fee income; more importantly, however, it expanded our ability to meet clients’ needs. While we are proud of the new capabilities introduced in 2018, more fundamental to our future success was the rethinking of our approach to product development itself. A 2017 self-examination revealed that too much of our technology spend was absorbed in the project planning stages—and not enough on execution. A new approach was needed to redirect that spend toward capabilities that directly impact our clients. We are leveraging modern development techniques—those that emphasize human communication, feedback and adaptation to produce working results when building new capabilities. Structured around the idea that the final product must always meet changing client needs, it focuses on the quick delivery of individual pieces or parts of the solution rather than the entire application. Today, developers are working alongside product owners, breaking work down into small chunks, meeting daily to ensure they are on track and remaining open to changes at all stages of development. Products and services can be designed and built in much less time than previously possible, adding value to our customers more quickly, continuously and at a lower cost. To further enhance our capabilities, last year, we sent a team of rising leaders to work with an external partner comprised of a diverse xxviii team of innovators, entrepreneurs, engineers, creatives, growth architects and investors. Together, they are taking the best elements of fintech startups (agility, responsiveness, entrepreneurship) and combining them with our own distinct advantages (customers, experience) to develop and deliver new, customer-focused products quickly and impactfully. We are learning how to rapidly invent, launch and scale new products that have been relentlessly vetted with our customers—all part of our goal to deliver memorable customer experiences that are uniquely identifiable as M&T. Last year marked a change in our approach to hiring highly skilled professionals, bringing more talent on board on a full-time basis in order to maintain the most critical skills inside our company. Last year, M&T grew its technology team by 111 people. Industry commentators place a great deal of focus on the size of a bank’s technology budget as a measure of its strength. While it is clear that increased investment to improve customer experience is an essential ingredient for success, we believe that it is the teams of people—the technologists, data scientists and customer experience engineers working with product owners and relationship managers and others—who are the real differentiators. Given the customer-driven transformation now underway, talent is even more important than ever. Indeed, what gives us confidence is our talent infrastructure, which has been built, maintained and adapted over the last 40 years. Today, 48 members of our senior management team ranked Group Vice President and above were originally hired into one of our development programs. We view these programs as a vital part of our culture and our infrastructure, so we are enhancing these offerings with the new class that xxix begins this summer to include several new development programs directed specifically at the new skills and capabilities we need—today and tomorrow. Throughout 2018, we also continued to invest heavily in our existing employees through several enhancements to our recognition and reward structure. M&T increased the minimum wage to $14-$16 per hour, based on geography. This change, along with other compensation adjustments, resulted in salary adjustments for more than half of our employee base. As a result of these investments, the average year-over-year increase in total salary in 2018 was 13.8 percent for employees making less than $50,000, and 5.9 percent for those making more than $50,000. Additionally, we implemented enhancements to our retirement savings program in 2018 and began auto-enrolling and auto-increasing employees’ 401(k) contributions. In 2017, only 65 percent of employees making less than $50,000 participated in the bank’s 401(k) program and, after the changes made in 2018, the participation has increased to 85 percent, so more of our colleagues benefit from the bank’s matching program. Even as we are working to grow our capabilities internally, we are also working every day to share them with our communities. That’s why in Buffalo, for example, we teamed with 43North, a startup competition and incubator program, along with Facebook, Amazon Web Services, Intuit, Woo Commerce and WordPress.com, to launch Ignite Buffalo. This business grant, training and mentorship program promotes sustainable growth, job creation and ongoing education to local small business owners. More than 1,000 entrepreneurs attended a three-day e-commerce training session last July, and over 500 small businesses applied to the grant xxx competition. Hundreds of those applicants received personalized help on their applications from M&T Bankers. Ignite Buffalo awarded a total of $1 million to 27 small business owners—81 percent of whom are women, and 33 percent minorities—seed money that they are using to invest in their businesses and communities. Most importantly, every winning business has been partnered with a handpicked mentor from M&T. We worked with 43North to identify the unique needs of each business, and then matched them to an M&T Banker with corresponding skills to help address their specific needs. This year, we will be building on this momentum, as we join 43North and others in a new initiative—helping to bring TechStars, a worldwide network that helps grow start up ecosystems, to Buffalo for a multi-year program to help innovative entrepreneurs and knowledge workers succeed by connecting them with actively engaged mentors and supporters. Through these endeavors, our colleagues have had the opportunity to share their experience and expertise and, along the way, we all learned something too: that when a community invests—not just its money, but its people too—that community can grow to compete in today’s dynamic, digital world. That is how to overcome the advantage of size and scale. That is what is happening in Buffalo today, and it serves as a model for our other communities. For its size, Buffalo is bucking the trend. It is diversifying its economy—becoming a hub for financial services, health care, tourism, energy, education and business services. Real GDP grew 9.2 percent over the past decade, three times the Upstate New York mean. Overall population has stabilized and the millennial population grew by 22 percent, outpacing the 13 percent national average over the past decade. xxxi From our founding in Buffalo 163 years ago, through our expansion into new states, cities and towns in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic, the role and responsibility of a community banker is not new to us at M&T. We have actively engaged with the families and businesses, along with the not-for-profit, civic and political entities that comprise our communities, to support their economic vitality. Despite the changes affecting our communities and our industry— indeed, because of those very changes—my colleagues at M&T and I believe that our mission and our operating model have never been more relevant, or more important. Bankers provide financial services and financial expertise that facilitate trade and commerce and fuel economic growth, and in smaller communities across the country, where economic growth is needed most, it is bankers like those of us at M&T who strive to meet the particular needs of those communities. It is with profound gratitude, therefore, that along with our entire Executive Management Committee, I congratulate our 17,252 colleagues for making 2018 our most successful year to date, for positioning us to prevail in the future—and for working every day to help our customers and communities participate fully in a changing economy and a changing world. René F. Jones Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer February 22, 2019 xxxii Denis J. Salamone Former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Hudson City Bancorp, Inc. John R. Scannell Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Moog Inc. David S. Scharfstein Professor Harvard Business School Herbert L. Washington President H.L.W. Fast Track, Inc. M & T B A N K C O R P O R AT I O N Officers and Directors OFFICERS DIRECTORS René F. Jones Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer René F. Jones Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Richard S. Gold President and Chief Operating Officer Kevin J. Pearson Executive Vice President Robert J. Bojdak Executive Vice President and Chief Credit Officer Janet M. Coletti Executive Vice President John L. D’Angelo Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer William J. Farrell II Executive Vice President Brian E. Hickey Executive Vice President Christopher E. Kay Executive Vice President Darren J. King Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Gino A. Martocci Executive Vice President Doris P. Meister Executive Vice President Michael J. Todaro Executive Vice President Michele D. Trolli Executive Vice President and Chief Technology and Operations Officer D. Scott N. Warman Executive Vice President and Treasurer Laura P. O’Hara Senior Vice President and General Counsel Michael R. Spychala Senior Vice President and Controller Julianne Urban Senior Vice President and General Auditor Robert T. Brady Vice Chairman of the Board Former Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Moog Inc. Brent D. Baird Private Investor C. Angela Bontempo Former President and Chief Executive Officer Saint Vincent Health System T. Jefferson Cunningham III Former Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Premier National Bancorp, Inc. Gary N. Geisel Former Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Provident Bankshares Corporation Richard S. Gold President and Chief Operating Officer Richard A. Grossi Former Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Johns Hopkins Medicine John D. Hawke, Jr. Retired Partner Arnold & Porter Richard H. Ledgett, Jr. Former Deputy Director National Security Agency Newton P.S. Merrill Former Senior Executive Vice President The Bank of New York Kevin J. Pearson Executive Vice President Melinda R. Rich Vice Chairman Rich Products Corporation and President Rich Entertainment Group Robert E. Sadler, Jr. Former President and Chief Executive Officer M&T Bank Corporation xxxiii Kevin J. Pearson Vice Chairman Melinda R. Rich Vice Chairman Rich Products Corporation and President Rich Entertainment Group Robert E. Sadler, Jr. Former President and Chief Executive Officer M&T Bank Corporation Denis J. Salamone Former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Hudson City Bancorp, Inc. John R. Scannell Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Moog Inc. David S. Scharfstein Professor Harvard Business School Herbert L. Washington President H.L.W. Fast Track, Inc. M & T B A N K Officers and Directors OFFICERS René F. Jones Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Richard S. Gold President and Chief Operating Officer Kevin J. Pearson Vice Chairman Executive Vice Presidents Robert J. Bojdak Janet M. Coletti Atwood Collins III John L. D’Angelo William J. Farrell II Tari L. Flannery Brian E. Hickey Christopher E. Kay Darren J. King Gino A. Martocci Doris P. Meister Michael J. Todaro Michele D. Trolli D. Scott N. Warman Senior Vice Presidents John M. Beeson, Jr. Keith M. Belanger Deborah A. Bennett Daniel M. Boscarino Arthur J. Bronson Ira A. Brown Christina A. Brozyna William S. Buccella Daniel J. Burns Nicholas L. Buscaglia Matthew S. Calhoun Noel J. Carroll Mark I. Cartwright Kevin J. Cavalieri David K. Chamberlain Christopher R. Chandler August J. Chiasera Jerome W. Collier Thomas H. Comiskey Francis M. Conway Cynthia L. Corliss R. Joe Crosswhite Carol A. Dalton Peter G. D’Arcy Ayan DasGupta Dominick J. D’Eramo Donald P. DiCarlo, Jr. Shelley C. Drake Michael A. Drury Gary D. Dudish Peter J. Eliopoulos Ralph W. Emerson, Jr. Steven H. Epping Thomas F. Esposito xxxiv Jeffrey A. Evershed Eric B. Feldstein James M. Frank James J. Gifas Mark D. Gould Robert S. Graber Carol N. Grosso Thomas Hayes Cecilia A. Hodges Paul Hogan Harish A. Holla Gregory Imm Glenn S. Jackson Carl W. Jordan Michael J. Keane Michael T. Keegan William T. LaFond Nicholas P. Lambrow Michele V. Langdon Elizabeth P. Locke Joseph A. Lombardo Robert G. Loughrey Alfred F. Luhr III Susan F. MacDonald Paula Mandell Louis P. Mathews, Jr. Matthew J. McAfee Richard J. McCarthy William P. McKenna Frank P. Micalizzi Christopher R. Morphew Michael S. Murchie Allen J. Naples Peter G. Newman Tracy C. Nickl Laura P. O’Hara Peter J. Olsen Mark J. Perry Anabel I. Pichler Eileen M. Pirson Paul T. Pitman Christopher D. Randall Rajiv Ranjan Michael M. Reilly Kirk J. Ringer Daniel J. Ripienski Paris F. Roselli Anthony M. Roth John P. Rumschik Allison L. Sagraves Kyle Samuel D. Jack Sawyer Jean-Christophe Schroeder Douglas A. Sheline William M. Shickluna Sabeth Siddique Ann Silverman Glenn R. Small Philip M. Smith Sonny J. Sonnenstein Sean P. Spiesz Michael R. Spychala David W. Stender Douglas R. Stevens Patrick J. Tadie John R. Taylor Christopher E. Tolomeo Patrick M. Trainor Julianne Urban Scott B. Vahue Leslie M. Wallace Indy N. Weerasinghe Linda J. Weinberg Jeffrey A. Wellington John J. Whalen Michael A. Wisler Tracy S. Woodrow Brian R. Yoshida DIRECTORS René F. Jones Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Brent D. Baird Private Investor C. Angela Bontempo Former President and Chief Executive Officer Saint Vincent Health System Robert T. Brady Former Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Moog Inc. T. Jefferson Cunningham III Former Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Premier National Bancorp, Inc. Gary N. Geisel Former Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Provident Bankshares Corporation Richard S. Gold President and Chief Operating Officer Richard A. Grossi Former Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Johns Hopkins Medicine John D. Hawke, Jr. Retired Partner Arnold & Porter Richard H. Ledgett, Jr. Former Deputy Director National Security Agency Newton P.S. Merrill Former Senior Executive Vice President The Bank of New York M & T B A N K Regional Management and Directors Advisory Councils AREA EXECUTIVES R. Joe Crosswhite Peter G. D’Arcy Michael T. Keegan Paula Mandell Michael S. Murchie Peter J. Olsen Jeffrey A. Wellington REGIONAL PRESIDENTS Shelley C. Drake Western New York Allen J. Naples Central New York Stephen A. Foreman Central/Western Pennsylvania Nicholas P. Lambrow Delaware August J. Chiasera Baltimore and Chesapeake Cecilia A. Hodges Greater Washington and Central Virginia Mark J. Stellwag Albany/Hudson Valley Blair Ridder New York City Philip H. Johnson Northern Pennsylvania Ira A. Brown Philadelphia/Southern New Jersey Daniel J. Burns Rochester Peter G. Newman Southern New York Thomas C. Koppmann Southeast Pennsylvania Thomas H. Comiskey New Jersey Frank P. Micalizzi Tarrytown /Connecticut DIRECTORS ADVISORY COUNCILS NEW YORK STATE Albany Division Kevin M. Bette Nancy E. Carey Cassidy Richard A. Fuerst Michael Joyce William Lia, Jr. Christopher Madden Lisa M. Marrello Michael C. McPartlon Lauren Van Dermark Robert H. Linn Joseph Mancuso Melissa F. Zell Hudson Valley Division Elizabeth P. Allen T. Jefferson Cunningham III John K. Gifford Michael H. Graham William Murphy Patrick Paul Andrea L. Reynolds Lewis J. Ruge Thomas G. Struzzieri Charles C. Tallardy III Peter Van Kleeck Jamestown Division Sebastian A. Baggiano John R. Churchill Steven A. Godfrey Joseph C. Johnson Stan Lundine Randall P. Manitta Michael D. Metzger Kim Peterson Tim M. Shults Michael J. Wellman New York City/Long Island Division Jay I. Anderson Brent D. Baird Louis Brause Martin Seth Burger Patrick J. Callan John F. Cook Anthony J. Dowd Lloyd M. Goldman Peter Hauspurg Leslie Wohlman Himmel Gary Jacob Mickey Rabina Don M. Randel Michael D. Sullivan Alair A. Townsend Rochester Division Marlene Bessette William A. Buckingham R. Carlos Carballada Dan Chessin Christopher J. Czarnecki Oksana S. Dominach Timothy D. Fournier Jocelyn Goldberg-Schaible Marc L. Iacona, Sr. Laurence Kessler Anne M. Kress Jett Mehta Dwight M. Palmer Ronald S. Ricotta Victor E. Salerno Derace L. Schaffer Kevin R. Wilmot Central New York Division Carl V. Byrne Mara Charlamb James A. Fox Karyn Korteling Robert L. Lewis Southern New York Division George Akel, Jr. Lee P. Bearsch John M. Carrigg Richard J. Cole New Jersey Division Michael W. Azzara Dante Germano Sally Glick Bill Golderer L. Robert Lieb Paul Silverman Robert Silverman Northeast Mid-Atlantic Division Richard Alter Stephanie Novak Hau Thomas C. Mottley Paul T. Muddiman John Thomas Sadowski, Jr. Kimberly L. Wagner Craig A. Ward Northeastern Pennsylvania Division Richard S. Bishop Christopher L. Borton Maureen M. Bufalino Stephen N. Clemente Robert Gill Thomas F. Torbik Murray Ufberg Northern Pennsylvania Division Sherwin O. Albert, Jr. Jeffrey A. Cerminaro James E. Douthat Steven P. Johnson Kenneth R. Levitzky Robert E. More John D. Rinehart J. David Smith Donald E. Stringfellow Philadelphia Division Emily Bittenbender Jonathan Brassington Jeff Brown Edward M. D’Alba Linda Ann Galante Ronald V. Jaworski Eli A. Kahn Steven L. Sugarman Christina Wagoner Western Pennsylvania Division Jodi L. Cessna Paul I. Detweiler III Philip E. Devorris Michael A. Fiore Joseph A. Grappone Daniel R. Lawruk Gerald E. Murray Robert F. Pennington Joseph S. Sheetz William T. Ward J. Douglas Wolf Joseph W. Donze Albert Nocciolino James Pennefeather Robert R. Sprole III Frank H. Suits, Jr. Terry R. Wood NEW JERSEY / PENNSYLVANIA / DELAWARE / MARYLAND / VIRGINIA /WEST VIRGINIA Baltimore-Washington Division Thomas S. Bozzuto Jeffrey S. Detwiler Scott E. Dorsey Steve Dubin Kevin R. Dunbar Gary N. Geisel Richard A. Grossi John F. Jaeger John H. Phelps Marc B. Terrill Ernie Vaile Central Pennsylvania Division Mark X. DiSanto Rolen E. Ferris Ronald M. Leitzel John P. Massimilla Craig J. Nitterhouse Ivo V. Otto III William F. Rothman Lynn C. Rotz Herbert E. Sandifer Michael J. Schwab John D. Sheridan Glen R. Sponaugle Daniel K. Sunderland Sondra Wolfe Elias Central Virginia Division Robert J. Clark Daniel Jon Loftis Bart H. Mitchell Brian R. Pitney Debbie L. Sydow Chesapeake Upper Shore Division Richard Bernstein Hugh E. Grunden William W. McAllister, Jr. Lee McMahan Chad J. Nagel Chesapeake Lower Shore Division Michael G. Abercrombie, Jr. John H. Harrison John M. McClellan James F. Morris John M. Stern Eastern Pennsylvania Division Paul J. Datte Steven I. Field Roy A. Heim Joseph H. Jones, Jr. David C. Laudeman Eric M. Mika Jeanne Boyer Porter xxxv S E C F O R M 1 0 - K xxxvi UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K (cid:3) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 or (cid:3) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission file number 1-9861 M&T BANK CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) New York (State of incorporation) One M&T Plaza, Buffalo, New York (Address of principal executive offices) 16-0968385 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 14203 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 716-635-4000 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Common Stock, $.50 par value 6.375% Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A, $1,000 liquidation preference per share 6.375% Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C, $1,000 liquidation preference per share Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes (cid:3) No (cid:3) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes (cid:3) No (cid:3) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months, and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes (cid:3) No (cid:3) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes (cid:3) No (cid:3) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. (cid:3) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Emerging growth company (cid:3) (cid:4) (cid:4) Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company (cid:4) (cid:4) If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. (cid:4) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes (cid:3) No (cid:3) Aggregate market value of the Common Stock, $0.50 par value, held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing price as of the close of business on June 30, 2018: $23,892,660,033. Number of shares of the Common Stock, $0.50 par value, outstanding as of the close of business on January 31, 2019: 138,526,278 shares. (1) Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders of M&T Bank Corporation in Parts II and III. Documents Incorporated By Reference: M&T BANK CORPORATION Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 CROSS-REFERENCE SHEET Item 1. Business.................................................................................................... Statistical disclosure pursuant to Guide 3 I. Distribution of assets, liabilities, and shareholders’ equity; interest PART I rates and interest differential A. Average balance sheets ....................................................................... B. Interest income/expense and resulting yield or rate on average interest-earning assets (including non-accrual loans) and interest-bearing liabilities ............................................................... C. Rate/volume variances ........................................................................ Investment portfolio A. Year-end balances .............................................................................. B. Maturity schedule and weighted average yield.................................. C. Aggregate carrying value of securities that exceed ten percent of Loan portfolio A. Year-end balances .............................................................................. B. Maturities and sensitivities to changes in interest rates ..................... C. Risk elements Nonaccrual, past due and renegotiated loans ..................................... Actual and pro forma interest on certain loans................................... Nonaccrual policy............................................................................... Loan concentrations ........................................................................... IV. Summary of loan loss experience A. Analysis of the allowance for loan losses .......................................... Factors influencing management’s judgment concerning the II. III. Form 10-K Page 4 58 58 27 25,124-125 92 25,128 90 73,129-132 130,136 119-120 82 70,134-138 shareholders’ equity....................................................................... 125 V. adequacy of the allowance and provision ...................................... 70-82,121,134-138 B. Allocation of the allowance for loan losses........................................81,134-135,137-138 Deposits A. Average balances and rates ................................................................ B. Maturity schedule of domestic time deposits with balances of 58 $100,000 or more ........................................................................... 93 VI. Return on equity and assets ...................................................................... 27,51-52,97,100 VII. Short-term borrowings ............................................................................. Item 1A. Risk Factors.............................................................................................. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments .................................................................... Item 2. Properties.................................................................................................. Item 3. Legal Proceedings .................................................................................... Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures........................................................................... Executive Officers of the Registrant ........................................................ 142-143 28-42 42 42 43 43 44-46 Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder PART II Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities .............................. A. Principal market.................................................................................. Market prices ...................................................................................... B. Approximate number of holders at year-end ...................................... 47-49 47 107 25 2 C. Frequency and amount of dividends declared .................................... D. Restrictions on dividends.................................................................... E. Securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans ........................................................................ F. Performance graph.............................................................................. G. Repurchases of common stock ........................................................... Item 6. Selected Financial Data ............................................................................ A. Selected consolidated year-end balances............................................ B. Consolidated earnings, etc. ................................................................. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations .................................................................... Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk ................. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ........................................ A. Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting ........................ B. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm............... C. Consolidated Balance Sheet — December 31, 2018 and 2017 .......... D. Consolidated Statement of Income — Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ...................................................................... E. Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income — Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 .................................... F. Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows — Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ................................................... G. Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity — Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 .......................... H. Notes to Financial Statements ............................................................ I. Quarterly Trends ................................................................................. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure ...................................................................... Item 9A. Controls and Procedures........................................................................... A. Conclusions of principal executive officer and principal financial officer regarding disclosure controls and procedures..................... B. Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting ............................................................................................. C. Attestation report of the registered public accounting firm................ D. Changes in internal control over financial reporting .......................... Item 9B. Other Information..................................................................................... PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance....................... Item 11. Executive Compensation.......................................................................... Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters ......................................................... Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence ........................................................................................... Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services .................................................. PART IV Form 10-K Page 26-27,107,117 10 47-49 48 49 49 25 26 49-108 109 109 110 111-112 113 114 115 116 117 118-192 107 193 193 193 193 193 193 193 193 194 194 194 194 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules............................................ Item 16. Form 10-K Summary ............................................................................... SIGNATURES......................................................................................................... 194-197 197 198-199 3 Item 1. Business. PART I M&T Bank Corporation (“Registrant” or “M&T”) is a New York business corporation which is registered as a financial holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (“BHCA”) and as a bank holding company (“BHC”) under Article III-A of the New York Banking Law (“Banking Law”). The principal executive offices of M&T are located at One M&T Plaza, Buffalo, New York 14203. M&T was incorporated in November 1969. M&T and its direct and indirect subsidiaries are collectively referred to herein as the “Company.” As of December 31, 2018 the Company had consolidated total assets of $120.1 billion, deposits of $90.2 billion and shareholders’ equity of $15.5 billion. The Company had 16,413 full-time and 854 part-time employees as of December 31, 2018. At December 31, 2018, M&T had two wholly owned bank subsidiaries: Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company (“M&T Bank”) and Wilmington Trust, National Association (“Wilmington Trust, N.A.”). The banks collectively offer a wide range of retail and commercial banking, trust and wealth management, and investment services to their customers. At December 31, 2018, M&T Bank represented 99% of consolidated assets of the Company. The Company from time to time considers acquiring banks, thrift institutions, branch offices of banks or thrift institutions, or other businesses within markets currently served by the Company or in other locations that would complement the Company’s business or its geographic reach. The Company has pursued acquisition opportunities in the past, continues to review different opportunities, including the possibility of major acquisitions, and intends to continue this practice. Subsidiaries M&T Bank is a banking corporation that is incorporated under the laws of the State of New York. M&T Bank is a member of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Home Loan Bank System, and its deposits are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to applicable limits. M&T acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of the capital stock of M&T Bank in December 1969. The stock of M&T Bank represents a major asset of M&T. M&T Bank operates under a charter granted by the State of New York in 1892, and the continuity of its banking business is traced to the organization of the Manufacturers and Traders Bank in 1856. The principal executive offices of M&T Bank are located at One M&T Plaza, Buffalo, New York 14203. As of December 31, 2018, M&T Bank had 750 domestic banking offices located in New York State, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Connecticut, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia, a full-service commercial banking office in Ontario, Canada, and an office in George Town, Cayman Islands. As of December 31, 2018, M&T Bank had consolidated total assets of $119.6 billion, deposits of $91.6 billion and shareholder’s equity of $14.9 billion. The deposit liabilities of M&T Bank are insured by the FDIC through its Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”). As a commercial bank, M&T Bank offers a broad range of financial services to a diverse base of consumers, businesses, professional clients, governmental entities and financial institutions located in its markets. Lending is largely focused on consumers residing in New York State, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Connecticut, Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington, D.C., and on small and medium- size businesses based in those areas, although loans are originated through offices in other states and in Ontario, Canada. In addition, the Company conducts lending activities in various states through other subsidiaries. Trust and other fiduciary services are offered by M&T Bank and through its wholly owned subsidiary, Wilmington Trust Company. M&T Bank and certain of its subsidiaries also offer commercial mortgage loans secured by income producing properties or properties used by borrowers in a trade or business. Additional financial services are provided through other operating subsidiaries of the Company. 4 Wilmington Trust, N.A., a national banking association and a member of the Federal Reserve System and the FDIC, commenced operations on October 2, 1995. The deposit liabilities of Wilmington Trust, N.A. are insured by the FDIC through the DIF. The main office of Wilmington Trust, N.A. is located at 1100 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19890. Wilmington Trust, N.A. offers various trust and wealth management services. Wilmington Trust, N.A. offered selected deposit and loan products on a nationwide basis, through telephone, Internet and direct mail marketing techniques. As of December 31, 2018, Wilmington Trust, N.A. had total assets of $4.3 billion, deposits of $3.7 billion and shareholder’s equity of $585 million. Wilmington Trust Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of M&T Bank, was incorporated as a Delaware bank and trust company in March 1901 and amended its charter in July 2011 to become a nondepository trust company. Wilmington Trust Company provides a variety of Delaware based trust, fiduciary and custodial services to its clients. As of December 31, 2018, Wilmington Trust Company had total assets of $1.1 billion and shareholder’s equity of $599 million. Revenues of Wilmington Trust Company were $138 million in 2018. The headquarters of Wilmington Trust Company are located at 1100 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19890. M&T Insurance Agency, Inc. (“M&T Insurance Agency”), a wholly owned insurance agency subsidiary of M&T Bank, was incorporated as a New York corporation in March 1955. M&T Insurance Agency provides insurance agency services principally to the commercial market. As of December 31, 2018, M&T Insurance Agency had assets of $44 million and shareholder’s equity of $24 million. M&T Insurance Agency recorded revenues of $36 million during 2018. The headquarters of M&T Insurance Agency are located at 285 Delaware Avenue, Buffalo, New York 14202. M&T Real Estate Trust (“M&T Real Estate”) is a Maryland Real Estate Investment Trust that traces its origin to the incorporation of M&T Real Estate, Inc. in July 1995. M&T Real Estate engages in commercial real estate lending and provides loan servicing to M&T Bank. As of December 31, 2018, M&T Real Estate had assets of $25.9 billion, common shareholder’s equity of $25.1 billion, and preferred shareholders’ equity, consisting of 9% fixed rate preferred stock (par value $1,000), of $1 million. All of the outstanding common stock and 89% of the preferred stock of M&T Real Estate is owned by M&T Bank. The remaining 11% of M&T Real Estate’s outstanding preferred stock is owned by officers or former officers of the Company. M&T Real Estate recorded $1.2 billion of revenue in 2018. The headquarters of M&T Real Estate are located at M&T Center, One Fountain Plaza, Buffalo, New York 14203. M&T Realty Capital Corporation (“M&T Realty Capital”), a wholly owned subsidiary of M&T Bank, was incorporated as a Maryland corporation in October 1973. M&T Realty Capital engages in multifamily commercial real estate lending and provides loan servicing to purchasers of the loans it originates. As of December 31, 2018, M&T Realty Capital serviced or sub-serviced $18.2 billion of commercial mortgage loans for non-affiliates and had assets of $1.1 billion and shareholder’s equity of $176 million. M&T Realty Capital recorded revenues of $157 million in 2018. The headquarters of M&T Realty Capital are located at One Light Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202. M&T Securities, Inc. (“M&T Securities”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of M&T Bank that was incorporated as a New York business corporation in November 1985. M&T Securities is registered as a broker/dealer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and as an investment advisor under the Investment Advisors Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Advisors Act”). M&T Securities is licensed as a life insurance agent in each state where M&T Bank operates branch offices and in a number of other states. It provides securities brokerage, investment advisory and insurance services. As of December 31, 2018, M&T Securities had assets of $49 million and shareholder’s equity of $36 million. M&T Securities recorded $93 million of revenue during 2018. The headquarters of M&T Securities are located at 285 Delaware Avenue, Buffalo, New York 14202. 5 Wilmington Trust Investment Advisors, Inc. (“WT Investment Advisors”), a wholly owned subsidiary of M&T Bank, was incorporated as a Maryland corporation on June 30, 1995. WT Investment Advisors, a registered investment advisor under the Investment Advisors Act, serves as an investment advisor to the Wilmington Funds, a family of proprietary mutual funds, and institutional clients. As of December 31, 2018, WT Investment Advisors had assets of $52 million and shareholder’s equity of $45 million. WT Investment Advisors recorded revenues of $40 million in 2018. The headquarters of WT Investment Advisors are located at 100 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202. Wilmington Funds Management Corporation (“Wilmington Funds Management”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of M&T that was incorporated in September 1981 as a Delaware corporation. Wilmington Funds Management is registered as an investment advisor under the Investment Advisors Act and serves as an investment advisor to the Wilmington Funds. Wilmington Funds Management had assets and shareholder’s equity of $50 million as of December 31, 2018. Wilmington Funds Management recorded revenues of $23 million in 2018. The headquarters of Wilmington Funds Management are located at 1100 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19890. Wilmington Trust Investment Management, LLC (“WTIM”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of M&T and was incorporated in December 2001 as a Georgia limited liability company. WTIM is a registered investment advisor under the Investment Advisors Act and provides investment management services to clients, including certain private funds. As of December 31, 2018, WTIM has assets and shareholder’s equity of $24 million. WTIM recorded revenues of $1 million in 2018. WTIM’s headquarters is located at Terminus 27th Floor, 3280 Peachtree Road N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30305. The Registrant and its banking subsidiaries have a number of other special-purpose or inactive subsidiaries. These other subsidiaries did not represent, individually and collectively, a significant portion of the Company’s consolidated assets, net income and shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2018. Segment Information, Principal Products/Services and Foreign Operations Information about the Registrant’s business segments is included in note 22 of Notes to Financial Statements filed herewith in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and is further discussed in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The Registrant’s reportable segments have been determined based upon its internal profitability reporting system, which is organized by strategic business unit. Certain strategic business units have been combined for segment information reporting purposes where the nature of the products and services, the type of customer and the distribution of those products and services are similar. The reportable segments are Business Banking, Commercial Banking, Commercial Real Estate, Discretionary Portfolio, Residential Mortgage Banking and Retail Banking. The Company’s international activities are discussed in note 17 of Notes to Financial Statements filed herewith in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” The only activity that, as a class, contributed 10% or more of the sum of consolidated interest income and other income in any of the last three years was interest on loans. The amount of income from such sources during those years is set forth on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income filed herewith in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Supervision and Regulation of the Company M&T and its subsidiaries are subject to the comprehensive regulatory framework applicable to bank and financial holding companies and their subsidiaries. Regulation of financial institutions such as M&T and its subsidiaries is intended primarily for the protection of depositors, the FDIC’s DIF and 6 the banking and financial system as a whole, and generally is not intended for the protection of shareholders, investors or creditors other than insured depositors. Proposals to change the applicable regulatory framework may be introduced in the United States Congress and state legislatures, as well as by regulatory agencies. Such initiatives may include proposals to expand or contract the powers of bank holding companies and depository institutions or proposals to substantially change the financial institution regulatory system. Such legislation could change banking statutes and the operating environment of the Company in substantial and unpredictable ways. If enacted, such legislation could increase or decrease the cost of doing business, limit or expand permissible activities or affect the competitive balance among banks, savings associations, credit unions, and other financial institutions. A change in statutes, regulations or regulatory policies applicable to M&T or any of its subsidiaries could have a material effect on the business, financial condition or results of operations of the Company. Described hereafter are material elements of the significant federal and state laws and regulations applicable to M&T and its subsidiaries. The descriptions are not intended to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the statutes and regulations described and do not include any potential or proposed changes in current laws or regulations. Overview M&T is registered with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”) as a financial holding company and BHC under the BHCA. As such, M&T and its subsidiaries are subject to the supervision, examination, reporting, capital and other requirements of the BHCA and the regulations of the Federal Reserve. In addition, M&T’s banking subsidiaries are subject to regulation, supervision and examination by, as applicable, the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYSDFS”), the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”), the FDIC and the Federal Reserve and their consumer financial products and services are regulated by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”). Further, financial services entities such as M&T’s investment advisor subsidiaries and M&T’s broker-dealer are subject to regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), and the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”), among others. Other non-bank affiliates and activities, particularly insurance brokerage and agency activities, are subject to other federal and state laws and regulations as well as licensing and regulation by state insurance and bank regulatory agencies. Although the scope of regulation and form of supervision may vary from state to state, insurance laws generally grant broad discretion to regulatory authorities in adopting regulations and supervising regulated activities. This supervision generally includes the licensing of insurance brokers and agents and the regulation of the handling of customer funds held in a fiduciary capacity as well as regulations requiring, among other things, maintenance of capital, record keeping, and reporting. M&T Bank is a New York chartered bank and a member of the Federal Reserve. As a result, it is subject to extensive regulation, examination and oversight by the NYSDFS and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. New York laws and regulations govern many aspects of M&T Bank’s operations, including branching, dividends, subsidiary activities, fiduciary activities, lending, and deposit taking. M&T Bank is also subject to Federal Reserve regulations and guidance, including with respect to capital levels. Its deposits are insured by the FDIC to $250,000 per depositor, which also exercises regulatory oversight over certain aspects of M&T Bank’s operations. Certain subsidiaries of M&T Bank are subject to regulation by other federal and state regulators as well. For example, M&T Securities is regulated by the SEC, FINRA, SIPC, and state securities regulators, and WT Investment Advisors is also subject to SEC regulation. Wilmington Trust, N.A. is a national bank with operations that include fiduciary and related activities with limited lending and deposit business. It is subject to extensive regulation, examination 7 and oversight by the OCC which governs many aspects of its operations, including fiduciary activities, capital levels, office locations, dividends and subsidiary activities. Its deposits are insured by the FDIC to $250,000 per depositor, which also exercises regulatory oversight over certain aspects of the operations of Wilmington Trust, N.A. Enhanced Prudential Standards Under Section 165 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd- Frank Act”), as amended by the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act of 2018 (“EGRRCPA”), which was signed into law on May 24, 2018, U.S. bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of $100 billion or more but less than $250 billion, including M&T, are currently subject to enhanced prudential standards. The enhanced prudential standards include risk- based capital and leverage requirements, liquidity standards, risk management and risk committee requirements, stress test requirements and a debt-to-equity limit for companies that the Financial Stability Oversight Council has determined would pose a grave threat to systemic financial stability were they to fail such limits. In general, EGRRCPA increased the statutory asset threshold above which the Federal Reserve is required to apply these enhanced prudential standards from $50 billion to $250 billion. Although EGRRCPA’s increased asset threshold took effect immediately for bank holding companies with total consolidated assets less than $100 billion, the increased asset threshold for bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of $100 billion or more but less than $250 billion, including M&T, generally will become effective 18 months after the date of enactment (that is, November 2019). The Federal Reserve is authorized, however, during the 18-month period to exempt, by order, any BHC with assets between $100 billion and $250 billion from any enhanced prudential standard requirement. The Federal Reserve is also authorized to apply any enhanced prudential standard requirement to any bank holding companies with between $100 billion and $250 billion in total consolidated assets that would otherwise be exempt under EGRRCPA, if the Federal Reserve determines that such action is appropriate to address risks to financial stability and promote safety and soundness, taking into consideration certain factors including the bank holding companies capital structure, riskiness, complexity, financial activities (including financial activities of subsidiaries), size, and any other risk-related factors that the Federal Reserve deems appropriate. Bank holding companies with $250 billion or more in total consolidated assets remain fully subject to the Dodd-Frank Act’s enhanced prudential standards requirements. In October 2018, the Federal Reserve and the other Federal bank regulators adopted proposed rules that would tailor the application of the enhanced prudential standards to bank holding companies and depository institutions per the EGRRCPA amendments (the “Tailoring NPRs”). The Tailoring NPRs would assign each U.S. BHC with $100 billion or more in total consolidated assets, as well as its bank subsidiaries, to one of four categories based on its size and five risk-based indicators: (1) cross-jurisdictional activity, (2) weighted short-term wholesale funding, (3) nonbank assets, (4) off-balance sheet exposure, and (5) status as a U.S. global systemically important BHC (“G-SIB”). Under the Tailoring NPRs, Category IV standards would apply to banking organizations with at least $100 billion in total consolidated assets that do not meet any of the thresholds specified for Categories I through III; Category I standards would be applicable to U.S. G-SIBs; Category II standards would be applicable to non-G-SIBs with (a) $700 billion or more in total consolidated assets or (b) at least $100 billion in total consolidated assets and $75 billion or more in cross- jurisdictional activity; and Category III standards would be applicable to banking organizations that are not subject to Category I or Category II standards and that have (a) at least $250 billion in total consolidated assets or (b) at least $100 billion in total consolidated assets and $75 billion or more in any of three indicators: (1) nonbank assets, (2) weighted short-term wholesale funding, or (3) off- balance sheet exposures. 8 The Federal Reserve staff indicated in connection with the Tailoring NPRs the firms that would fall into each of the four Categories based on data for the second quarter of 2018. According to the Federal Reserve’s projections, M&T would be a “Category IV” firm under each of the Tailoring NPRs, and would generally be subject to the same capital and liquidity requirements as firms with less than $100 billion in total consolidated assets, but would also be required to monitor and report certain risk-based indicators. Accordingly, under the Tailoring NPRs, Category IV firms would, among other things, (1) no longer be subject to any Liquidity Coverage Ratio (“LCR”) or Net Stable Funding Ratio (“NSFR”) requirement (if and when implemented), (2) remain eligible to opt-out of the requirement to recognize most elements of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in regulatory capital, (3) no longer be subject to company-run stress testing requirements and (4) be subject to supervisory stress testing on a biennial basis rather than an annual basis. Category IV firms would continue not to be subject to (1) advanced approaches capital requirements, (2) the supplementary leverage ratio and (3) the countercyclical capital buffer. The Tailoring NPRs are subject to modification through the federal rulemaking process in accordance with the Administrative Procedures Act. Other elements of the Tailoring NPRs are discussed in further detail throughout this section. The ultimate benefits or consequences of EGRRCPA and the Tailoring NPRs on M&T, M&T Bank, Wilmington Trust, N.A. and their respective subsidiaries and activities will be subject to the final form of the Tailoring NPRs and additional rulemakings issued by the Federal Reserve and other federal regulators. M&T cannot predict future changes in the applicable laws, regulations and regulatory agency policies, yet such changes may have a material impact on M&T’s business, financial condition or results of operations. M&T will continue to evaluate the impact of any changes in law and any new regulations promulgated, including changes in regulatory costs and fees, modifications to consumer products or disclosures required by the CFPB and the requirements of the enhanced supervision provisions, among others. Permissible Activities under the BHC Act In general, the BHCA limits the business of a BHC to banking, managing or controlling banks, and other activities that the Federal Reserve has determined to be so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto. In addition, bank holding companies are expected to serve as a managerial and financial source of strength to their subsidiary depository institutions, including committing resources to support such subsidiaries. This support may be required at times when M&T may not be inclined or able to provide it. In addition, any capital loans by a BHC to a subsidiary bank are subordinate in right of payment to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of such subsidiary bank. In the event of a BHC’s bankruptcy, any commitment by the BHC to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to a priority of payment. Bank holding companies that qualify and elect to be financial holding companies may engage in any activity, or acquire and retain the shares of a company engaged in any activity, that is either (i) financial in nature or incidental to such financial activity (as determined by the Federal Reserve, by regulation or order, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury) or (ii) complementary to a financial activity and does not pose a substantial risk to the safety and soundness of depository institutions or the financial system generally (as solely determined by the Federal Reserve). Activities that are financial in nature include securities underwriting and dealing, insurance underwriting and merchant banking. In order for a financial holding company to commence any new activity or to acquire a company engaged in any activity pursuant to the financial holding company provisions of the BHCA, each insured depository institution subsidiary of the financial holding company must have at least a “satisfactory” rating under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 9 (the “CRA”). See the section captioned “Community Reinvestment Act” included elsewhere in this discussion. M&T elected to become a financial holding company on March 1, 2011. To maintain financial holding company status, a financial holding company and all of its depository institution subsidiaries must be “well capitalized” and “well managed.” The failure to meet such requirements could result in material restrictions on the activities of M&T and may also adversely affect the Company’s ability to enter into certain transactions or obtain necessary approvals in connection therewith, as well as loss of financial holding company status. Distributions M&T is a legal entity separate and distinct from its banking and other subsidiaries. Historically, the majority of M&T’s revenue has been from dividends paid to M&T by its subsidiary banks. M&T Bank and Wilmington Trust, N.A. are subject to laws and regulations imposing restrictions on the amount of dividends they may declare and pay. Future dividend payments to M&T by its subsidiary banks will be dependent on a number of factors, including the earnings and financial condition of each such bank, and are subject to the limitations referred to in note 23 of Notes to Financial Statements filed herewith in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” and to other statutory powers of bank regulatory agencies. An insured depository institution is prohibited from making any capital distribution to its owner, including any dividend, if, after making such distribution, the depository institution fails to meet the required minimum level for any relevant capital measure, including the risk-based capital adequacy and leverage standards discussed herein. Dividend payments by M&T to its shareholders and common stock repurchases by M&T are subject to the oversight of the Federal Reserve. As described below in this section under “Stress Testing and Capital Plan Review,” dividends and common stock repurchases (net of any new stock issuances as per a capital plan) generally may only be paid or made under a capital plan as to which the Federal Reserve has not objected. Capital Requirements M&T and its subsidiary banks are required to comply with applicable capital adequacy standards established by the federal banking agencies (the “Capital Rules”), which are based on the Basel Committee’s December 2010 final capital framework for strengthening international capital standards, referred to as “Basel III”. Among other matters, the Capital Rules impose a capital measure called Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (“CET1”) to which most deductions/adjustments to regulatory capital measures must be made. In addition, the Capital Rules specify that Tier 1 capital consists of CET1 and “Additional Tier 1 capital” instruments meeting certain specified requirements. Pursuant to the Capital Rules, the minimum capital ratios are as follows: • • • • 4.5% CET1 to risk-weighted assets; 6.0% Tier 1 capital (that is, CET1 plus Additional Tier 1 capital) to risk-weighted assets; 8.0% Total capital (that is, Tier 1 capital plus Tier 2 capital) to risk-weighted assets; and 4.0% Tier 1 capital to average consolidated assets as reported on consolidated financial statements (known as the “leverage ratio”). In calculating regulatory capital ratios M&T must assign risk weights to the Company’s assets and off-balance sheet items. M&T has an ongoing process to review data elements associated with certain assets that from time to time may affect how specific assets are classified and could lead to increases or decreases of the regulatory risk weights assigned to such assets. 10 The Capital Rules also impose a “capital conservation buffer” (“CCB”), composed entirely of CET1, on top of the three minimum risk-weighted asset ratios listed above. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. As of January 1, 2019, the CCB has been fully phased-in and is 2.5%. Thus, the effective minimum ratios applicable to M&T are (i) CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7%, (ii) Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.5% and (iii) total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 10.5%. Banking institutions that fail to meet the effective minimum ratios once the CCB is taken into account will be subject to constraints on capital distributions, including dividends and share repurchases, and certain discretionary executive compensation. The severity of the constraints depends on the amount of the shortfall and the institution’s “eligible retained income” (that is, four quarter trailing net income, net of distributions and tax effects not reflected in net income). On April 10, 2018, the Federal Reserve issued a proposal designed to create a single, integrated capital requirement by combining the quantitative assessment of firms’ capital plans with the CCB requirement. Details of this proposal are discussed under “— Stress Testing and Capital Plan Review” herein. Although the proposal, if adopted, would change the way in which the minimum ratios are calculated, firms would continue to be subject to progressively more stringent constraints on capital actions as they approach the minimum ratios. CET1 consists of common stock instruments that meet the eligibility criteria in the Capital Rules, including common stock and related surplus, net of treasury stock, retained earnings, certain minority interests and, for certain firms, accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). As permitted under the Capital Rules, M&T made a one-time permanent election to neutralize certain AOCI components, with the result that those components are not recognized in M&T’s CET1. The Capital Rules also preclude certain hybrid securities, such as trust preferred securities, from inclusion in bank holding companies’ Tier 1 capital. Thus, trust preferred securities no longer included in M&T’s Tier 1 capital may nonetheless be included as a component of Tier 2 capital on a permanent basis and irrespective of whether such securities otherwise meet the revised definition of Tier 2 capital set forth in the Capital Rules. M&T’s regulatory capital ratios are presented in note 23 of Notes to Financial Statements filed herewith in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” The Capital Rules provide for a number of deductions from and adjustments to CET1. These include, for example, the requirement that mortgage servicing rights, certain deferred tax assets, and significant investments in non-consolidated financial entities be deducted from CET1 to the extent that any one such category exceeds 10% of CET1 or all such items, in the aggregate, exceed 15% of CET1. The deductions and other adjustments to CET1 capital generally became fully phased-in on January 1, 2018, although, as discussed below, the federal banking regulators have extended the transitional treatment for certain items. In September 2017, the U.S. banking regulators proposed to revise and simplify the deductions for these items for banking organizations, such as M&T, that are not subject to the “advanced approaches” under the Capital Rules. In November 2017, the U.S. banking regulators revised the Capital Rules to extend the current transitional treatment of the deductions described above for non- advanced approaches banking organizations until the September 2017 proposal is finalized. In December 2017, the Basel Committee published standards that it described as the finalization of the Basel III post-crisis regulatory reforms (the standards are commonly referred to as “Basel IV”). Among other things, these standards revise the Basel Committee’s standardized approach for credit risk (including by recalibrating risk weights and introducing new capital requirements for certain “unconditionally cancellable commitments,” such as unused credit card lines of credit) and provides a new standardized approach for operational risk capital. Under the Basel framework, these standards will generally be effective on January 1, 2022, with an aggregate output floor phasing in through January 1, 2027. Under the current U.S. capital rules, operational risk capital requirements 11 and a capital floor apply only to advanced approaches institutions, and not to the Company. The impact of Basel IV will depend on the manner in which it is implemented by the U.S. banking regulators. Stress Testing and Capital Plan Review As part of the enhanced prudential requirements applicable to systemically important financial institutions, the Federal Reserve conducts annual analyses of bank holding companies with at least $100 billion in total consolidated assets, such as M&T, to determine whether the companies have sufficient capital on a consolidated basis necessary to absorb losses in three economic and financial scenarios generated by the Federal Reserve: baseline, adverse and severely adverse scenarios (although, in light of EGRRCPA’s eliminating the statutory requirement for the adverse scenario, on January 8, 2019, the Federal Reserve proposed amendments to its stress testing rules that would, among other things, eliminate the adverse scenario). M&T is also currently required to conduct its own stress analysis (together with the Federal Reserve’s stress analysis, the “stress tests”) to assess the potential impact on M&T of the economic and financial conditions used as part of the Federal Reserve’s annual stress analysis. The Federal Reserve may also use, and require companies to use, additional components in the adverse and severely adverse scenarios or additional or more complex scenarios designed to capture salient risks to specific business groups. M&T Bank is also required to conduct annual stress testing using the same economic and financial scenarios as M&T and report the results to the Federal Reserve. A summary of results of the Federal Reserve’s analysis under the adverse and severely adverse stress scenarios are publicly disclosed, and bank holding companies subject to the rules, including M&T, must disclose a summary of the company-run severely adverse stress test results. M&T is required to include in its disclosure a summary of the severely adverse scenario stress test conducted by M&T Bank. Under the Tailoring NPRs, Category IV firms, including M&T, would be subject to supervisory stress testing every other year, rather than annually, and would no longer be subject to EGRRCPA mandated company-run stress testing requirements. They would, however, remain subject to the quantitative review of their capital plans under CCAR, to required capital plan submissions, and to the associated reporting requirements. In addition, bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of $100 billion or more, such as M&T, must submit annual capital plans for approval as part of the Federal Reserve’s CCAR process. Covered bank holding companies may execute capital actions, such as paying dividends and repurchasing stock, only in accordance with a capital plan that has been reviewed and approved by the Federal Reserve (or any approved amendments to such plan). The comprehensive capital plans include a view of capital adequacy under various scenarios — including a BHC-defined baseline scenario, a baseline scenario provided by the Federal Reserve, at least one BHC-defined stress scenario, and adverse and severely adverse scenarios provided by the Federal Reserve. The CCAR process is intended to help ensure that these bank holding companies have robust, forward-looking capital planning processes that account for each company’s unique risks and that permit continued operations during times of economic and financial stress. Each of the bank holding companies participating in the CCAR process is also required to collect and report certain related data to the Federal Reserve on a quarterly basis to allow the Federal Reserve to monitor progress against the approved capital plans. Each capital plan must include a view of capital adequacy under the stress test scenarios described above. In connection with the release of the Tailoring NPRs, the Federal Reserve noted that it expects to revise its guidance relating to capital planning to align with the proposed categories of standards set forth in the Tailoring NPRs, and the impact of the future proposal on M&T and its capital planning process will depend on the final form of the Federal Reserve’s revised guidance. The Federal Reserve may object to a capital plan if the plan does not show that the covered BHC will maintain sufficient regulatory capital ratios on a pro forma basis under expected and 12 stressful conditions throughout the nine-quarter planning horizon covered by the capital plan. The rules also provide that a covered BHC may not make a capital distribution unless after giving effect to the distribution it will meet all minimum regulatory capital ratios. The Federal Reserve also incorporates an assessment of the qualitative aspects of the firm’s capital planning process into regular, ongoing supervisory activities and through targeted, horizontal assessments of particular aspects of capital planning. M&T’s annual CCAR capital plan is currently due in April each year and the Federal Reserve publishes the results of its supervisory CCAR review of M&T’s capital plan by June 30 of each year. In addition to other limitations, M&T’s ability to make any capital distributions is contingent on the Federal Reserve’s non-objection to M&T’s capital plan. The Federal Reserve generally limits a BHC’s ability to make quarterly capital distributions – that is, dividends and share repurchases, if the amount of the BHC’s actual cumulative quarterly capital issuances of instruments that qualify as regulatory capital are less than the BHC had indicated in its submitted capital plan as to which it received a non-objection from the Federal Reserve. As noted above, on April 10, 2018, the Federal Reserve issued a proposal designed to create a single, integrated capital requirement by combining the quantitative assessment of CCAR with the CCB requirement. If adopted, the proposal would replace the current static 2.5% CCB with a stress capital buffer (“SCB”) requirement. The SCB, subject to a minimum of 2.5%, would reflect stressed losses in the supervisory severely adverse scenario of the Federal Reserve’s supervisory stress tests and would also include four quarters of planned common stock dividends. The proposal would also introduce a stress leverage buffer (“SLB”) requirement, similar to the SCB, which would apply to the Tier 1 leverage ratio. In addition, the proposal would eliminate the quantitative objection provisions of CCAR but would require a BHC to reduce its planned capital distributions if those distributions would not be consistent with the applicable capital buffer constraints based on the BHC’s own baseline scenario projections. The Federal Reserve has stated that it intends to propose revisions to the stress buffer requirements that would be applicable to Category IV BHC to align with the proposed two-year supervisory stress testing cycle for Category IV BHC. Liquidity Historically, regulation and monitoring of bank and BHC liquidity has been addressed as a supervisory matter, both in the U.S. and internationally, without required formulaic measures. However, in January 2016 M&T became subject to final rules adopted by the Federal Reserve and other banking regulators (“Final LCR Rule”) implementing a U.S. version of the Basel Committee’s LCR requirement. The LCR requirement is intended to ensure that banks hold sufficient amounts of so-called “high quality liquid assets” (“HQLA”) to cover the anticipated net cash outflows during a hypothetical acute 30-day stress scenario. The LCR is the ratio of an institution’s amount of HQLA (the numerator) over projected net cash out-flows over the 30-day horizon (the denominator), in each case, as calculated pursuant to the Final LCR Rule. The Final LCR Rule requires a subject institution to maintain an LCR equal to at least 100% in order to satisfy this regulatory requirement. Only specific classes of assets, including U.S. Treasury securities, other U.S. government obligations and agency mortgaged-backed securities, qualify under the rule as HQLA, with classes of assets deemed relatively less liquid and/or subject to greater degree of credit risk subject to certain haircuts and caps for purposes of calculating the numerator under the Final LCR Rule. The total net cash outflows amount is determined under the rule by applying prescribed hypothetical outflow and inflow rates, which reflect standardized stressed assumptions, against the balances of the banking organization’s funding sources, obligations, transactions and assets over the 30-day stress period. Inflows that can be included to offset outflows are limited to 75% of outflows (which effectively means that banking organizations must hold high-quality liquid assets equal to 25% of outflows even if outflows perfectly match inflows over the stress period). The LCR rule, following the threshold amendments 13 under EGRRCPA, currently applies in a modified, less stringent, form to bank holding companies, such as M&T, having $100 billion or more but less than $250 billion in total consolidated assets and less than $10 billion in total on-balance sheet foreign exposure. As of January 1, 2017, the Final LCR Rule has been fully phased-in, and M&T has been required to publicly disclose its LCR since October 2018. As noted above, under the Tailoring NPRs, Category IV firms, including M&T, would no longer be subject to any LCR requirement. The Basel III framework also included a second standard, referred to as the NSFR, which is designed to promote more medium- and long-term funding of the assets and activities of banks over a one-year time horizon. In May 2016, the Federal Reserve and other federal banking regulators issued a proposed rule that would implement the NSFR for large U.S. banking organizations. Under the proposed rule, the most stringent requirements would apply to bank holding companies with $250 billion or more in total consolidated assets or $10 billion or more in on-balance sheet foreign exposure, and would require such organizations to maintain a minimum NSFR of 1.0 on an ongoing basis, calculated by dividing the organization’s available stable funding by its required stable funding. Bank holding companies with less than $250 billion, but more than $50 billion, in total consolidated assets and less than $10 billion in on-balance sheet foreign exposure, such as M&T, would be subject to a modified NSFR requirement. Originally proposed to take effect in January 2018, the rule has yet to be finalized. As noted above, under the Tailoring NPRs, Category IV firms, including M&T, would no longer be subject to any NSFR requirement. Under the Tailoring NPRs, Category IV firms, including M&T, would remain subject to liquidity risk management requirements, but these requirements would be tailored such that these firms would be required to: (i) calculate collateral positions monthly, as opposed to weekly as is currently required; (ii) establish a more limited set of liquidity risk limits than are currently required; and (iii) monitor fewer elements of intraday liquidity risk exposures than are currently monitored. These firms would also be subject to liquidity stress testing quarterly, rather than monthly, and would be required to report liquidity data on the FR 2052a on a monthly basis. The liquidity buffer requirements for these firms would not change. Cross Guaranty Provision The cross guaranty provisions in the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (“FDIA”) were enacted by Congress in the Financial Institutions, Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 (“FIRREA”) and require each insured depository institution owned by the same BHC to be financially responsible for the failure or resolution costs of any affiliated insured institution. Generally, the amount of the cross guaranty liability is equal to the estimated loss to the DIF for the resolution of the affiliated institution(s) in default. The FDIC’s claim under the cross guaranty provision is superior to claims of shareholders of the insured depository institution or its BHC and to most claims arising out of obligations or liabilities owed to affiliates of the institution, but is subordinate to claims of depositors, secured creditors and holders of subordinated debt (other than affiliates) of the commonly controlled insured depository institution. The FDIC may decline to enforce the cross guaranty provision if it determines that a waiver is in the best interest of the DIF. Volcker Rule On December 10, 2013, the federal banking regulators and the SEC adopted the so-called Volcker Rule to implement the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act limiting proprietary trading and investing in and sponsoring certain hedge funds and private equity funds (defined as “covered funds” in the Volcker Rule). The Company does not engage in any significant amount of proprietary trading as defined in the Volcker Rule and implemented the required procedures for those areas in which trading does occur. The covered funds limits are imposed through a conformance period that ended 14 in July 2017. During 2016, to comply with requirements of the Volcker Rule, the Company sold the collateralized debt obligations that had been held in the available-for-sale investment securities portfolio. Further, the Company sought, and received, from the Federal Reserve, a five-year extension (to July 21, 2022) to either divest or terminate its investment in one venture capital fund. In July 2018, the Federal Reserve, OCC, FDIC, CFTC and SEC issued a notice of proposed rulemaking intended to tailor the application of the Volcker Rule based on the size and scope of a banking entity’s trading activities and to clarify and amend certain definitions, requirements and exemptions. The ultimate impact of any amendments to the Volcker Rule will depend on, among other things, further rulemaking and implementation guidance from the relevant U.S. federal regulatory agencies and the development of market practices and standards. Safety and Soundness Standards Guidelines adopted by the federal bank regulatory agencies pursuant to the FDIA establish general standards relating to internal controls, information systems, internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, compensation, fees and benefits. In general, these guidelines require, among other things, appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage the risk and exposures specified in the guidelines. Additionally, the agencies adopted regulations that authorize, but do not require, an agency to order an institution that has been given notice by an agency that it is not satisfying any of such safety and soundness standards to submit a compliance plan. If, after being so notified, an institution fails to submit an acceptable compliance plan or fails in any material respect to implement an acceptable compliance plan, the agency must issue an order directing action to correct the deficiency and may issue an order directing other actions of the types to which an undercapitalized institution is subject. If an institution fails to comply with such an order, the agency may seek to enforce such order in judicial proceedings and to impose civil money penalties. Limits on Undercapitalized Depository Institutions The FDIA establishes a system of regulatory remedies to resolve the problems of undercapitalized institutions, referred to as the prompt corrective action. The federal banking regulators have established five capital categories (“well-capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” and “critically undercapitalized”) and must take certain mandatory supervisory actions, and are authorized to take other discretionary actions, with respect to institutions which are undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized or critically undercapitalized. The severity of these mandatory and discretionary supervisory actions depends upon the capital category in which the institution is placed. The FDIC has specified by regulation the relevant capital levels for each category. The FDIA’s prompt corrective action provisions only apply to depository institutions and not to bank holding companies. The Federal Reserve’s regulations applicable to bank holding companies separately define “well capitalized.” A financial holding company that is not well- capitalized and well-managed (or whose bank subsidiaries are not well capitalized and well managed) under applicable prompt corrective action standards may be restricted in certain of its activities and ultimately may lose financial holding company status. Under existing rules, an institution that is not an advanced approaches institution is deemed to be “well capitalized” if it has (i) a CET1 ratio of at least 6.5%, (ii) a Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 8%, (iii) a Total capital ratio of at least 10%, and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5%. An institution that is categorized as undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized or critically undercapitalized is required to submit an acceptable capital restoration plan to its appropriate federal banking regulator. Under the FDIA, in order for the capital restoration plan to be accepted by the appropriate federal banking agency, a BHC must guarantee that a subsidiary depository institution will comply with its capital restoration plan, subject to certain limitations. The BHC must also 15 provide appropriate assurances of performance. An undercapitalized institution is also generally prohibited from increasing its average total assets, accepting brokered deposits or offering interest rates on any deposits significantly higher than prevailing market rates, making acquisitions, establishing any branches or engaging in any new line of business, except in accordance with an accepted capital restoration plan or with the approval of the FDIC. Institutions that are significantly undercapitalized or undercapitalized and either fail to submit an acceptable capital restoration plan or fail to implement an approved capital restoration plan may be subject to a number of requirements and restrictions, including orders to sell sufficient voting stock to become adequately capitalized, requirements to reduce total assets and cessation of receipt of deposits from correspondent banks. Critically undercapitalized depository institutions failing to submit or implement an acceptable capital restoration plan are subject to appointment of a receiver or conservator. Transactions with Affiliates There are various legal restrictions on the extent to which M&T and its non-bank subsidiaries may borrow or otherwise obtain funding from M&T Bank and Wilmington Trust, N.A. In general, Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and Federal Reserve Regulation W require that any “covered transaction” by M&T Bank and Wilmington Trust, N.A. (or any of their respective subsidiaries) with an affiliate must in certain cases be secured by designated amounts of specified collateral and must be limited as follows: (a) in the case of any single such affiliate, the aggregate amount of covered transactions of the insured depository institution and its subsidiaries may not exceed 10% of the capital stock and surplus of such insured depository institution, and (b) in the case of all affiliates, the aggregate amount of covered transactions of an insured depository institution and its subsidiaries may not exceed 20% of the capital stock and surplus of such insured depository institution. “Covered transactions” are defined by statute to include, among other things, a loan or extension of credit, as well as a purchase of securities issued by an affiliate, a purchase of assets (unless otherwise exempted by the Federal Reserve) from the affiliate, certain derivative transactions that create a credit exposure to an affiliate, the acceptance of securities issued by the affiliate as collateral for a loan, and the issuance of a guarantee, acceptance or letter of credit on behalf of an affiliate. All covered transactions, including certain additional transactions (such as transactions with a third party in which an affiliate has a financial interest), must be conducted on market terms. FDIC Insurance Assessments Deposit Insurance Assessments. M&T Bank and Wilmington Trust, N.A. deposits are insured by the DIF of the FDIC up to the limits set forth under applicable law. The FDIC imposes a risk-based premium assessment system that determines assessment rates for financial institutions. Deposit insurance assessments are based on average total assets minus average tangible equity. For larger institutions, such as M&T Bank, the FDIC uses a performance score and a loss-severity score that are used to calculate an initial assessment rate. In calculating these scores, the FDIC uses a bank’s capital level and supervisory ratings and certain financial measures to assess an institution’s ability to withstand asset-related stress and funding-related stress. The FDIC has the ability to make discretionary adjustments to the total score based upon significant risk factors that are not adequately captured in the calculations. Under the current system, premiums are assessed quarterly. In March 2016, the FDIC adopted a final rule that imposes a surcharge of 4.5 cents per $100 of assessment base, after making certain adjustments, for depository institutions with total assets of at least $10 billion, including M&T Bank. The surcharge became effective July 1, 2016 and continued through September 30, 2018, when the reserve ratio of the DIF first reached 1.36%, exceeding the statutorily required minimum of 1.35%. Because the statutory minimum was reached, the surcharge no longer applies. M&T Bank recognized $64 million of expense related to its FDIC assessment and large bank surcharge and Wilmington Trust, N.A. recognized $493 thousand of FDIC insurance 16 expense in 2018. Beginning in 2018, amounts paid for FDIC deposit insurance are no longer deductible for purposes of determining federal taxable income. Under the FDIA, insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. FICO Assessments. In addition, the Deposit Insurance Funds Act of 1996 authorized the Financing Corporation (“FICO”) to impose assessments on DIF applicable deposits in order to service the interest on FICO’s bond obligations from deposit insurance fund assessments. The amount assessed on individual institutions by FICO is in addition to the amount, if any, paid for deposit insurance according to the FDIC’s risk-related assessment rate schedules. FICO assessment rates may be adjusted quarterly to reflect a change in assessment base. M&T Bank recognized $4 million of expense related to its FICO assessments and Wilmington Trust, N.A. recognized $60 thousand of such expense in 2018. Acquisitions The BHCA requires every BHC to obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve before: (1) it may acquire direct or indirect ownership or control of any voting shares of any bank or savings institution, if after such acquisition, the BHC will directly or indirectly own or control 5% or more of the voting shares of the institution; (2) it or any of its subsidiaries, other than a bank, may acquire all or substantially all of the assets of any bank or savings institution; or (3) it may merge or consolidate with any other BHC. Since July 2011, financial holding companies and bank holding companies with consolidated assets exceeding $50 billion, such as M&T, have been required to (i) obtain prior approval from the Federal Reserve before acquiring certain nonbank financial companies with assets exceeding $10 billion and (ii) provide prior written notice to the Federal Reserve before acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of any voting shares of any company having consolidated assets of $10 billion or more. EGRRCPA amended this requirement to apply only to bank holding companies with consolidated assets exceeding $250 billion, effective November 24, 2019. The BHCA further provides that the Federal Reserve may not approve any transaction that would result in a monopoly or would be in furtherance of any combination or conspiracy to monopolize or attempt to monopolize the business of banking in any section of the United States, or the effect of which may be substantially to lessen competition or to tend to create a monopoly in any section of the country, or that in any other manner would be in restraint of trade, unless the anticompetitive effects of the proposed transaction are clearly outweighed by the public interest in meeting the convenience and needs of the community to be served. The Federal Reserve is also required to consider the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the bank holding companies and banks concerned and the convenience and needs of the community to be served. Consideration of financial resources generally focuses on capital adequacy, and consideration of convenience and needs issues includes the parties’ performance under the CRA and compliance with consumer protection laws. The Federal Reserve must take into account the institutions’ effectiveness in combating money laundering. In addition, pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, the BHCA was amended to require the Federal Reserve, when evaluating a proposed transaction, to consider the extent to which the transaction would result in greater or more concentrated risks to the stability of the United States banking or financial system. Executive and Incentive Compensation Guidelines adopted by several federal banking agencies prohibit excessive compensation as an unsafe and unsound practice and describe compensation as “excessive” when the amounts paid are unreasonable or disproportionate to the services performed by an executive officer, employee, 17 director or principal stockholder. The Federal Reserve issued comprehensive guidance on incentive compensation policies (the “Incentive Compensation Guidance”) intended to ensure that the incentive compensation policies of banking organizations do not undermine the safety and soundness of such organizations by encouraging excessive risk-taking. The Incentive Compensation Guidance, which covers all employees that have the ability to materially affect the risk profile of an organization, either individually or as part of a group, is based upon the key principles that a banking organization’s incentive compensation arrangements should (i) provide incentives that do not encourage risk-taking beyond the organization’s ability to effectively identify and manage risks, (ii) be compatible with effective internal controls and risk management, and (iii) be supported by strong corporate governance, including active and effective oversight by the organization’s board of directors. These three principles are incorporated into the proposed joint compensation regulations under the Dodd-Frank Act, discussed below. Any deficiencies in compensation practices that are identified may be incorporated into the organization’s supervisory ratings, which can affect its ability to make acquisitions or perform other actions. The Incentive Compensation Guidance provides that enforcement actions may be taken against a banking organization if its incentive compensation arrangements or related risk-management control or governance processes pose a risk to the organization’s safety and soundness and the organization is not taking prompt and effective measures to correct the deficiencies. The Dodd-Frank Act requires the federal bank regulatory agencies and the SEC to establish joint regulations or guidelines prohibiting incentive-based payment arrangements at specified regulated entities having at least $1 billion in total assets, such as M&T and M&T Bank. In June 2016, the agencies proposed rules that would establish general qualitative requirements applicable to all covered entities, additional specific requirements for entities with total consolidated assets of at least $50 billion, such as M&T, and further, more stringent requirements for those with total consolidated assets of at least $250 billion. Under the proposal, the general qualitative requirements would include (i) prohibiting incentive arrangements that encourage inappropriate risks by providing excessive compensation; (ii) prohibiting incentive arrangements that encourage inappropriate risks that could lead to a material financial loss; (iii) establishing requirements for performance measures to appropriately balance risk and reward; (iv) requiring board of director oversight of incentive arrangements; and (v) mandating appropriate record-keeping. For larger financial institutions, including M&T, the proposed revised regulations would also introduce additional requirements applicable only to “senior executive officers” and “significant risk-takers” (as defined in the proposed regulations), including (i) limits on performance measures and leverage relating to performance targets; (ii) minimum deferral periods; and (iii) subjecting incentive compensation to possible downward adjustment, forfeiture and clawback. If the final regulations are adopted in the form proposed, they will impose limitations on the manner in which M&T may structure compensation for its executives. In October 2016, the NYSDFS issued guidance emphasizing that its regulated banking institutions, including M&T Bank, must ensure that any incentive compensation arrangements tied to employee performance indicators are subject to effective risk management, oversight and control. The scope and content of the banking regulators’ policies on incentive compensation are continuing to develop and are likely to continue evolving in the future. It cannot be determined at this time whether compliance with such policies will adversely affect the ability of M&T and its subsidiaries to hire, retain and motivate their key employees. Resolution Planning Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, as amended by EGRRCPA, bank holding companies with consolidated assets of $100 billion or more, such as M&T, are currently required to report periodically to the Federal Reserve and the FDIC a resolution plan for their rapid and orderly resolution in the event of material financial distress or failure. M&T’s resolution plan must, among 18 other things, ensure that its depository institution subsidiaries are adequately protected from risks arising from its other subsidiaries. The regulation adopted by the Federal Reserve and FDIC sets specific standards for the resolution plans, including requiring a strategic analysis of the plan’s components, a description of the range of specific actions the company proposes to take in resolution, and a description of the company’s organizational structure, material entities, core business lines, interconnections and interdependencies, and management information systems, among other elements. The most recent resolution plan for M&T was filed in December 2017. If the Federal Reserve and the FDIC determine that either of M&T’s or M&T Bank’s plans are not credible and M&T and/or M&T Bank does not cure the deficiencies, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC may jointly impose more stringent capital, leverage or liquidity requirements or restrictions on growth, activities or operations of the Company or M&T Bank or may jointly order the Company or M&T Bank to divest assets or operations to facilitate an orderly resolution in the event of failure. In connection with the release of the Tailoring NPRs, the Federal Reserve noted that it expects to release a proposal to amend, with the FDIC, their joint resolution plan rule to address the applicability of resolution plan requirements for U.S. bank holding companies with between $100 billion and $250 billion in total consolidated assets, including M&T, and to adjust the scope and applicability of resolution plan requirements for firms that remain subject to them. The FDIC has separately implemented a resolution planning rule that currently requires insured depository institutions with $50 billion or more in total assets, such as M&T Bank, to submit to the FDIC periodic plans for resolution in the event of the institution’s failure. M&T Bank submitted its most recent resolution plan to the FDIC in June 2018. In August 2018, the FDIC announced that it has extended the next filing due date for insured depository institution resolution plan submissions to no sooner than July 1, 2020. Insolvency of an Insured Depository Institution or a Bank Holding Company If the FDIC is appointed as conservator or receiver for an insured depository institution such as M&T Bank or Wilmington Trust, N.A., upon its insolvency or in certain other events, the FDIC has the power: • to transfer any of the depository institution’s assets and liabilities to a new obligor, including a newly formed “bridge” bank without the approval of the depository institution’s creditors; to enforce the terms of the depository institution’s contracts pursuant to their terms without regard to any provisions triggered by the appointment of the FDIC in that capacity; or to repudiate or disaffirm any contract or lease to which the depository institution is a party, the performance of which is determined by the FDIC to be burdensome and the disaffirmance or repudiation of which is determined by the FDIC to promote the orderly administration of the depository institution. • • In addition, under federal law, the claims of holders of domestic deposit liabilities and certain claims for administrative expenses against an insured depository institution would be afforded a priority over other general unsecured claims against such an institution, including claims of debt holders of the institution, in the “liquidation or other resolution” of such an institution by any receiver. As a result, whether or not the FDIC ever sought to repudiate any debt obligations of M&T Bank or Wilmington Trust, N.A., the debt holders would be treated differently from, and could receive, if anything, substantially less than, the depositors of the bank. The Dodd-Frank Act created a new resolution regime (known as “orderly liquidation authority”) for systemically important financial companies, including bank holding companies and their affiliates. Under the orderly liquidation 19 authority, the FDIC may be appointed as receiver for the systemically important institution, and its failed subsidiaries, for purposes of liquidating the entity if, among other conditions, it is determined at the time of the institution’s failure that it is in default or in danger of default and the failure poses a risk to the stability of the U.S. financial system. If the FDIC is appointed as receiver under the orderly liquidation authority, then the powers of the receiver, and the rights and obligations of creditors and other parties who have dealt with the institution, would be determined under the Dodd-Frank Act provisions, and not under the insolvency law that would otherwise apply. The powers of the receiver under the orderly liquidation authority were based on the powers of the FDIC as receiver for depository institutions under the FDIA. However, the provisions governing the rights of creditors under the orderly liquidation authority were modified in certain respects to reduce disparities with the treatment of creditors’ claims under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code as compared to the treatment of those claims under the new authority. Nonetheless, substantial differences in the rights of creditors exist as between these two regimes, including the right of the FDIC to disregard the strict priority of creditor claims in some circumstances, the use of an administrative claims procedure to determine creditors’ claims (as opposed to the judicial procedure utilized in bankruptcy proceedings), and the right of the FDIC to transfer claims to a “bridge” entity. An orderly liquidation fund will fund such liquidation proceedings through borrowings from the Treasury Department and risk-based assessments made, first, on entities that received more in the resolution than they would have received in liquidation to the extent of such excess, and second, if necessary, on bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of $50 billion or more, such as M&T. If an orderly liquidation is triggered, M&T could face assessments for the orderly liquidation fund. The FDIC has developed a strategy under the orderly liquidation authority referred to as the “single point of entry” strategy, under which the FDIC would resolve a failed financial holding company by transferring its assets (including shares of its operating subsidiaries) and, potentially, very limited liabilities to a “bridge” holding company; utilize the resources of the failed financial holding company to recapitalize the operating subsidiaries; and satisfy the claims of unsecured creditors of the failed financial holding company and other claimants in the receivership by delivering securities of one or more new financial companies that would emerge from the bridge holding company. Under this strategy, management of the failed financial holding company would be replaced and shareholders and creditors of the failed financial holding company would bear the losses resulting from the failure. Depositor Preference Under federal law, depositors and certain claims for administrative expenses and employee compensation against an insured depository institution would be afforded a priority over other general unsecured claims against such an institution in the “liquidation or other resolution” of such an institution by any receiver. If an insured depository institution fails, insured and uninsured depositors, along with the FDIC, will have priority in payment ahead of unsecured, non-deposit creditors, including depositors whose deposits are payable only outside of the United States and the parent BHC, with respect to any extensions of credit they have made to such insured depository institution. Financial Privacy and Cyber Security The federal banking regulators have adopted rules that limit the ability of banks and other financial institutions to disclose non-public information about consumers to non-affiliated third parties. These limitations require disclosure of privacy policies to consumers and, in some circumstances, allow consumers to prevent disclosure of certain personal information to a non-affiliated third party. These regulations affect how consumer information is transmitted through diversified financial companies and conveyed to outside vendors. In addition, consumers may also prevent disclosure of certain 20 information among affiliated companies that is assembled or used to determine eligibility for a product or service, such as that shown on consumer credit reports and asset and income information from applications. Consumers also have the option to direct banks and other financial institutions not to share information about transactions and experiences with affiliated companies for the purpose of marketing products or services. Federal law makes it a criminal offense, except in limited circumstances, to obtain or attempt to obtain customer information of a financial nature by fraudulent or deceptive means. In October 2016, the federal banking regulators jointly issued an advance notice of proposed rulemaking on enhanced cyber risk management standards that are intended to increase the operational resilience of large and interconnected entities under their supervision. If established, the enhanced cyber risk management standards would be designed to help reduce the potential impact of a cyber-attack or other cyber-related failure on the financial system. The advance notice of proposed rulemaking addresses five categories of cyber standards: (1) cyber risk governance; (2) cyber risk management; (3) internal dependency management; (4) external dependency management; and (5) incident response, cyber resilience, and situational awareness. In March 2017, the NYSDFS implemented regulations requiring financial institutions regulated by the NYSDFS, including M&T Bank, to, among other things, (i) establish and maintain a cyber security program designed to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of their information systems; (ii) implement and maintain a written cyber security policy setting forth policies and procedures for the protection of their information systems and nonpublic information; and (iii) designate a Chief Information Security Officer. M&T Bank is in full compliance with these requirements. Many state regulators have been increasingly active in implementing privacy and cybersecurity standards and regulations, including implementing or modifying their data breach notification and data privacy requirements. Consumer Protection Laws and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Supervision In connection with their respective lending and leasing activities, M&T Bank, Wilmington Trust, N.A. and certain of their subsidiaries, are each subject to a number of federal and state laws designed to protect borrowers and promote lending to various sectors of the economy. Such laws include: the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, and various state law counterparts. Furthermore, the CFPB has issued integrated disclosure requirements under the Truth in Lending Act and the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act that relate to the provision of disclosures to borrowers. There are also consumer protection laws governing deposit taking activities (e.g. Truth in Savings Act), as well securities and insurance laws governing certain aspects of the Company’s consolidated operations. The Dodd-Frank Act established the CFPB with broad powers to supervise and enforce most federal consumer protection laws. The CFPB has broad rule-making authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws that apply to all banks and savings institutions, including the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts and practices. The CFPB has examination and enforcement authority over all banks and savings institutions with more than $10 billion in assets, including M&T Bank. One of the important rules in governing deposits is the Electronic Fund Transfer Act which, among other things, prohibits financial institutions from charging consumers fees for paying overdrafts on automated teller machines (“ATM”) and one-time debit card transactions, unless a consumer consents, or opts in, to the overdraft service for those type of transactions. If a consumer does not opt in, any ATM transaction or one-time debit card transaction sent for approval that 21 exceeds the customer’s available balance will be declined. Overdrafts on other types of transactions (e.g. checks, recurring debit card transactions and ACH transactions) are not covered by this rule. Before opting in, the consumer must be provided a notice that explains the financial institution’s overdraft services, including the fees associated with the service, and the consumer’s choices. Financial institutions must provide consumers who do not opt in with the same account terms, conditions and features (including pricing) that they provide to consumers who do opt in. The CFPB issued final rules that change the reporting requirements for lenders under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act. The new rules, which went into effect on January 1, 2018, expand the range of transactions subject to the requirements to include most securitized residential mortgage loans and credit lines. The rules also increased the overall amount of data required to be collected and submitted, including additional data points about loans and borrowers. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act permits states to adopt consumer protection laws and standards that are more stringent than those adopted at the federal level and, in certain circumstances, permits state attorneys general to enforce compliance with both the state and federal laws and regulations. Community Reinvestment Act The CRA is intended to encourage depository institutions to help meet the credit needs of the communities in which they operate, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with safe and sound operations. CRA examinations are conducted by the federal agencies that are responsible for supervising depository institutions: the Federal Reserve, the FDIC and the OCC. A financial institution's performance in helping to meet the credit needs of its community is evaluated in the context of information about the institution (capacity, constraints and business strategies), its community (demographic and economic data, lending, investment, and service opportunities), and its competitors and peers. Upon completion of a CRA examination, an overall CRA Rating is assigned using a four-tiered rating system. These ratings are: “Outstanding,” “Satisfactory,” “Needs to Improve” and “Substantial Noncompliance.” The CRA evaluation is used in evaluating applications for future approval of bank activities including mergers, acquisitions, charters, branch openings and deposit facilities. M&T Bank has a current rating of “Outstanding.” M&T Bank is also subject to New York State CRA examination and is assessed using a 1 to 4 scoring system. M&T Bank currently has an “Outstanding” rating from the NYSDFS. Wilmington Trust, N.A. has been designated a special purpose trust company since March 3, 2016, and is therefore exempt from the requirements of the CRA. In April 2018, the U.S. Department of Treasury issued a memorandum to the Federal banking regulators with recommended changes to the CRA’s implementing regulations to reduce their complexity and associated burden on banks, and in August 2018, the OCC published an advance notice of proposed rulemaking soliciting “ideas for building a new framework to transform or modernize the regulations that implement the CRA,” without proposing any specific revisions to present CRA requirements. The Company will continue to evaluate the impact of any changes to the regulations implementing the CRA. Bank Secrecy and Anti-Money Laundering Federal laws and regulations impose obligations on U.S. financial institutions, including banks and broker/dealer subsidiaries, to implement and maintain appropriate policies, procedures and controls which are reasonably designed to prevent, detect and report instances of money laundering and the financing of terrorism and to verify the identity of their customers. In addition, these provisions require the federal financial institution regulatory agencies to consider the effectiveness of a financial institution’s anti-money laundering activities when reviewing bank mergers and BHC acquisitions. Failure of a financial institution to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could have serious legal and reputational consequences for the institution. 22 In May 2016, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, which drafts regulations implementing the USA PATRIOT Act and other anti-money laundering and bank secrecy act legislation, issued final rules that require financial institutions to obtain beneficial ownership information with respect to legal entities with which such institutions conduct business, subject to certain exclusions and exemptions, and financial institutions that are subject to these final rules, including M&T, were required to comply by May 2018. Bank regulators are focusing their examinations on anti-money laundering compliance, and M&T continues to monitor and augment, where necessary, its anti- money laundering compliance programs. Office of Foreign Assets Control Regulation The United States has imposed economic sanctions that affect transactions with designated foreign countries, nationals and others. These are typically known as the “OFAC” rules based on their administration by the U.S. Treasury Department Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”). The OFAC-administered sanctions targeting countries take many different forms. Generally, however, they contain one or more of the following elements: (i) restrictions on trade with or investment in a sanctioned country, including prohibitions against direct or indirect imports from and exports to a sanctioned country and prohibitions on “U.S. persons” engaging in financial transactions relating to making investments in, or providing investment-related advice or assistance to, a sanctioned country; and (ii) a blocking of assets in which the government or specially designated nationals of the sanctioned country have an interest, by prohibiting transfers of property subject to U.S. jurisdiction (including property in the possession or control of U.S. persons). Blocked assets (e.g. property and bank deposits) cannot be paid out, withdrawn, set off or transferred in any manner without a license from OFAC. Failure to comply with these sanctions could have serious legal and reputational consequences. Federal Reserve Policies The earnings of the Company are significantly affected by the monetary and fiscal policies of governmental authorities, including the Federal Reserve. Among the instruments of monetary policy used by the Federal Reserve are open-market operations in U.S. Government securities and federal funds, changes in the discount rate on member bank borrowings and changes in reserve requirements against member bank deposits. These instruments of monetary policy are used in varying combinations to influence the overall level of bank loans, investments and deposits, and the interest rates charged on loans and paid for deposits. The Federal Reserve frequently uses these instruments of monetary policy, especially its open-market operations and the discount rate, to influence the level of interest rates and to affect the strength of the economy, the level of inflation or the price of the dollar in foreign exchange markets. The monetary policies of the Federal Reserve have had a significant effect on the operating results of banking institutions in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future. It is not possible to predict the nature of future changes in monetary and fiscal policies or the effect which they may have on the Company’s business and earnings. Corporate Governance M&T’s Corporate Governance Standards and the following corporate governance documents are also available on M&T’s website at the Investor Relations link: Disclosure and Regulation FD Policy; Executive Committee Charter; Nomination, Compensation and Governance Committee Charter; Audit Committee Charter; Risk Committee Charter; Financial Reporting and Disclosure Controls and Procedures Policy; Code of Ethics for CEO and Senior Financial Officers; Code of Business Conduct and Ethics; Employee Complaint Procedures for Accounting and Auditing Matters; and Excessive or Luxury Expenditures Policy. Copies of such governance documents are also available, free of charge, to any person who requests them. Such requests may be directed to M&T Bank Corporation, 23 Shareholder Relations Department, One M&T Plaza, 8th Floor, Buffalo, NY 14203-2399 (Telephone: (716) 842-5138). Competition The Company competes in offering commercial and personal financial and wealth services with other banking institutions and thrifts and with firms in a number of other industries, such as credit unions, personal loan companies, sales finance companies, leasing companies, securities brokerage firms, mutual fund companies, hedge funds, wealth and investment advisory firms, insurance companies and other financial services-related entities. Furthermore, diversified financial services companies are able to offer a combination of these services to their customers on a nationwide basis. The Company’s operations are significantly impacted by state and federal regulations applicable to the banking industry. Moreover, provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999, the Interstate Banking Act and state banking laws have allowed for increased competition among diversified financial services providers and e-commerce and other Internet-based companies. Other Information Through a link on the Investor Relations section of M&T’s website at www.mtb.com, copies of M&T’s Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, are made available, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing such material with, or furnishing it to, the SEC. Copies of such reports and other information are also available at no charge to any person who requests them or at www.sec.gov. Such requests may be directed to M&T Bank Corporation, Shareholder Relations Department, One M&T Plaza, 8th Floor, Buffalo, NY 14203-2399 (Telephone: (716) 842-5138). Statistical Disclosure Pursuant to Guide 3 See cross-reference sheet for disclosures incorporated elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10- K. Additional information is included in the following tables. 24 Table 1 SELECTED CONSOLIDATED YEAR-END BALANCES Interest-bearing deposits at banks............ $ Federal funds sold .................................... Trading account ....................................... Investment securities 2018 2017 2016 (In thousands) 2015 2014 8,105,197 $ — 185,584 5,078,903 $ — 132,909 5,000,638 $ — 323,867 7,594,350 $ 6,470,867 83,392 308,175 — 273,783 U.S. Treasury and federal agencies .... 11,746,240 13,851,832 15,090,578 14,540,237 12,042,390 Obligations of states and political subdivisions ..................................... Other ................................................... 157,159 793,993 Total investment securities ........... 12,692,813 14,664,525 16,250,468 15,656,439 12,993,542 64,499 1,095,391 124,459 991,743 9,153 937,420 27,151 785,542 Loans and leases 8,125,925 8,823,635 8,066,756 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc...... 23,136,913 21,900,258 22,770,629 20,576,737 19,617,253 Real estate — construction................. 5,716,994 5,061,269 Real estate — mortgage ..................... 42,816,858 44,965,038 48,134,198 49,841,156 31,250,968 Consumer............................................ 13,956,086 13,251,665 12,130,094 11,584,347 10,969,879 Total loans and leases ................... 88,733,492 88,242,886 91,101,677 87,719,234 66,899,369 (230,413) Unearned discount .............................. Loans and leases, net of unearned discount ...................................... 88,466,477 87,988,983 90,853,416 87,489,499 66,668,956 (919,562) Loans and leases, net..................... 87,447,033 86,971,785 89,864,419 86,533,507 65,749,394 Goodwill .................................................. 4,593,112 3,524,625 Core deposit and other intangible assets.... 35,027 63,635 Real estate and other assets owned .......... Total assets............................................... 120,097,403 118,593,487 123,449,206 122,787,884 96,685,535 4,593,112 71,589 111,910 4,593,112 47,067 78,375 4,593,112 97,655 139,206 Allowance for credit losses ................ 140,268 195,085 (1,019,444) (1,017,198) (253,903) (955,992) (267,015) (988,997) (229,735) (248,261) Noninterest-bearing deposits ................... 32,256,668 33,975,180 32,813,896 29,110,635 26,947,880 Savings and interest-checking deposits ... 50,963,744 51,698,008 52,346,207 49,566,644 43,393,618 6,580,962 10,131,846 13,110,392 3,063,973 Time deposits ........................................... 176,582 Deposits at Cayman Islands office........... Total deposits ................................ 90,156,572 92,432,146 95,493,876 91,957,841 73,582,053 192,676 Short-term borrowings ............................. Long-term borrowings ............................. 9,493,835 10,653,858 9,006,959 Total liabilities ......................................... 104,637,212 102,342,668 106,962,584 106,614,595 84,349,639 Shareholders’ equity ................................ 15,460,191 16,250,819 16,486,622 16,173,289 12,335,896 4,398,378 8,444,914 6,124,254 811,906 175,099 8,141,430 2,132,182 177,996 163,442 170,170 201,927 Table 2 SHAREHOLDERS, EMPLOYEES AND OFFICES Number at Year-End 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Shareholders.................................................... 18,099 18,864 19,802 20,693 14,551 Employees....................................................... 17,267 16,794 16,973 17,476 15,782 766 Offices............................................................. 794 855 833 863 25 Table 3 CONSOLIDATED EARNINGS Interest income Loans and leases, including fees......................................... $ 4,164,561 $ 3,742,867 $ 3,485,050 $ 2,778,151 $ 2,596,586 Investment securities 2018 2017 2016 (In thousands) 2015 2014 Fully taxable ................................................................. Exempt from federal taxes............................................ Deposits at banks ................................................................ Other ................................................................................... 340,391 5,356 13,361 1,183 Total interest income .................................................... 4,598,711 4,167,795 3,895,871 3,170,844 2,956,877 361,494 2,606 45,516 1,205 372,162 4,263 15,252 1,016 361,157 1,431 61,326 1,014 323,912 665 108,182 1,391 215,411 51,423 5,633 5,386 248,556 526,409 133,177 61,505 1,186 1,511 189,372 386,751 87,704 102,841 797 3,625 231,017 425,984 Interest expense Savings and interest-checking deposits .............................. Time deposits...................................................................... Deposits at Cayman Islands office...................................... Short-term borrowings........................................................ Long-term borrowings ........................................................ Total interest expense ................................................... 46,869 15,515 699 101 217,247 280,431 Net interest income ........................................................... 4,072,302 3,781,044 3,469,887 2,842,587 2,676,446 124,000 Provision for credit losses................................................... Net interest income after provision for credit losses .......... 3,940,302 3,613,044 3,279,887 2,672,587 2,552,446 Other income Mortgage banking revenues................................................ Service charges on deposit accounts................................... Trust income ....................................................................... Brokerage services income ................................................. Trading account and foreign exchange gains ..................... Gain (loss) on bank investment securities .......................... Other revenues from operations.......................................... 362,912 427,956 508,258 67,212 29,874 — 383,061 Total other income........................................................ 1,856,000 1,851,143 1,825,996 1,825,037 1,779,273 373,697 419,102 472,184 63,423 41,126 30,314 426,150 363,827 427,372 501,381 61,445 35,301 21,279 440,538 375,738 420,608 470,640 64,770 30,577 (130) 462,834 360,442 429,337 537,585 51,069 32,547 (6,301) 451,321 46,140 27,059 615 1,677 252,766 328,257 168,000 170,000 190,000 132,000 Other expense Salaries and employee benefits........................................... 1,752,264 1,648,794 1,618,074 1,532,392 1,417,995 269,299 Equipment and net occupancy ............................................ 151,568 Outside data processing and software................................. 55,531 FDIC assessments ............................................................... 47,111 Advertising and marketing.................................................. 38,201 Printing, postage and supplies ............................................ 33,824 Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets ... 675,945 Other costs of operations .................................................... Total other expense....................................................... 3,288,062 3,140,325 3,047,485 2,822,932 2,689,474 Income before income taxes ............................................... 2,508,240 2,323,862 2,058,398 1,674,692 1,642,245 575,999 Income taxes ....................................................................... Net income ......................................................................... $ 1,918,080 $ 1,408,306 $ 1,315,114 $ 1,079,667 $ 1,066,246 Dividends declared 295,084 184,670 101,871 69,203 35,960 31,366 773,377 295,141 172,389 105,045 87,137 39,546 42,613 687,540 272,539 164,133 52,113 59,227 38,491 26,424 677,613 298,828 199,025 68,526 85,710 35,658 24,522 823,529 595,025 915,556 743,284 590,160 Common ....................................................................... $ 510,458 $ 457,200 $ 441,765 $ 374,912 $ 371,137 75,878 Preferred ....................................................................... 72,734 81,270 81,270 72,521 26 Table 4 Per share Net income COMMON SHAREHOLDER DATA 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Basic .......................................................................... $ 12.75 Diluted ....................................................................... 12.74 Cash dividends declared.................................................. 3.55 Common shareholders’ equity at year-end...................... 102.69 Tangible common shareholders’ equity at year-end........................................................................ 69.28 Dividend payout ratio...................................................... 27.66% 34.24% 35.81% 37.56% 37.49% 7.22 7.18 2.80 93.60 7.47 7.42 2.80 83.88 8.72 8.70 3.00 100.03 7.80 7.78 2.80 97.64 64.28 57.06 69.08 67.85 $ $ $ $ Table 5 CHANGES IN INTEREST INCOME AND EXPENSE(a) 2018 Compared with 2017 2017 Compared with 2016 Resulting from Changes in: Resulting from Changes in: Total Total Change Volume Rate Change Volume Rate (Increase (decrease) in thousands) Interest income Loans and leases, including fees ....................... $410,537 (61,159) 471,696 $265,542 Deposits at banks .............................................. 46,856 Federal funds sold and agreements to resell securities......................................................... Trading account................................................. Investment securities 3 (240) 16 (246) 1 523 17 277 398 7,912 257,630 46,458 15,810 (21,398) 37,208 — (232) 3 (8) U.S. Treasury and federal agencies ............. (36,903) (41,271) Obligations of states and political (1,204) subdivisions .............................................. Other ............................................................ (1,337) Total interest income ................................... $418,243 (1,187) (1,021) 4,368 3,520 15,273 (11,753) (17) (316) (1,888) (3,215) $279,532 (2,061) (3,302) 173 87 Interest expense Interest-bearing deposits Savings and interest-checking deposits ....... $ 82,234 Time deposits............................................... (10,082) (17,490) 2,133 Deposits at Cayman Islands office .............. Short-term borrowings ...................................... 1,314 Long-term borrowings ...................................... 59,184 12,996 4,447 3,875 (3,240) 85,474 $ 45,473 2,132 43,341 7,408 (41,336) (31,283) (10,053) 450 2,314 1,809 2,561 3,017 (61) (3,923) 46,188 (41,645) (44,662) $ (39,233) 389 (2,114) Total interest expense .................................. $139,658 (a) Interest income data are on a taxable-equivalent basis. The apportionment of changes resulting from the combined effect of both volume and rate was based on the separately determined volume and rate changes. 27 Item 1A. Risk Factors. M&T and its subsidiaries could be adversely impacted by a number of risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. As a financial institution certain risk elements are inherent in the ordinary course of the Company’s business activities and adverse experience with those risks could have a material impact on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as on the values of the Company’s financial instruments and M&T’s common stock. The Company has developed a risk management process to identify, understand, mitigate and balance its exposure to significant risks. The following risk factors set forth some of the risks that could materially and adversely impact the Company, although there may be additional risks that are not presently material or known that may adversely affect the Company. Market Risk Weakness in the economy has adversely affected the Company in the past and may adversely affect the Company in the future. Poor business and economic conditions in general or specifically in markets served by the Company could have adverse effects on the Company’s business including: • • • • • • • • A decrease in the demand for loans and other products and services offered by the Company. A decrease in net interest income derived from the Company’s lending and deposit gathering activities. A decrease in the value of the Company’s investment securities, loans held for sale or other assets secured by residential or commercial real estate. Other-than-temporary impairment of investment securities in the Company’s investment securities portfolio or other investments. A decrease in fees from the Company’s brokerage and trust businesses associated with declines or lack of growth in stock market prices. Potential higher FDIC assessments due to the DIF falling below minimum required levels. An impairment of certain intangible assets, such as goodwill. An increase in the number of customers and counterparties who become delinquent, file for protection under bankruptcy laws or default on their loans or other obligations to the Company. An increase in the number of delinquencies, bankruptcies or defaults could result in higher levels of nonperforming assets, net charge-offs, provision for credit losses and valuation adjustments on loans held for sale. The Company’s business and financial performance is impacted significantly by market interest rates and movements in those rates. The monetary, tax and other policies of governmental agencies, including the Federal Reserve, have a significant impact on interest rates and overall financial market performance over which the Company has no control and which the Company may not be able to anticipate adequately. As a result of the high percentage of the Company’s assets and liabilities that are in the form of interest-bearing or interest-related instruments, changes in interest rates, in the shape of the yield curve or in spreads between different market interest rates, can have a material effect on the Company’s business and profitability and the value of the Company’s assets and liabilities. For example, changes in interest rates or interest rate spreads may: • Affect the difference between the interest that the Company earns on assets and the 28 • • • • interest that the Company pays on liabilities, which impacts the Company’s overall net interest income and profitability. Adversely affect the ability of borrowers to meet obligations under variable or adjustable rate loans and other debt instruments, which, in turn, affects the Company’s loss rates on those assets. Decrease the demand for interest rate based products and services, including loans and deposits. Affect the Company’s ability to hedge various forms of market and interest rate risk and may decrease the profitability or protection or increase the risk or cost associated with such hedges. Affect mortgage prepayment speeds and could result in the impairment of capitalized mortgage servicing assets, reduce the value of loans held for sale and increase the volatility of mortgage banking revenues, potentially adversely affecting the Company’s results of operations. The monetary, tax and other policies of the government and its agencies, including the Federal Reserve, have a significant impact on interest rates and overall financial market performance. These governmental policies can thus affect the activities and results of operations of banking organizations such as the Company. An important function of the Federal Reserve is to regulate the national supply of bank credit and certain interest rates. The actions of the Federal Reserve influence the rates of interest that the Company charges on loans and that the Company pays on borrowings and interest- bearing deposits and can also affect the value of the Company’s on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet financial instruments. Also, due to the impact on rates for short-term funding, the Federal Reserve’s policies influence, to a significant extent, the Company’s cost of such funding. In addition, the Company is routinely subject to examinations from various governmental taxing authorities. Such examinations may result in challenges to the tax return treatment applied by the Company to specific transactions. Management believes that the assumptions and judgment used to record tax-related assets or liabilities have been appropriate. Should tax laws change or the tax authorities determine that management’s assumptions were inappropriate, the result and adjustments required could have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations. M&T cannot predict the nature or timing of future changes in monetary, tax and other policies or the effect that they may have on the Company’s business activities, financial condition and results of operations. Changes in the method pursuant to which LIBOR and other benchmark rates are determined could adversely impact our business and results of operations. Our floating-rate funding, certain hedging transactions and certain of the products that we offer, such as floating-rate loans and mortgages, determine the applicable interest rate or payment amount by reference to a benchmark rate, such as the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), or to an index, currency, basket or other financial metric. LIBOR and certain other benchmark rates are the subject of recent national, international, and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. In July 2017, the Chief Executive of the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) announced that the FCA intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. This announcement indicates that the continuation of LIBOR on the current basis cannot and will not be guaranteed after 2021. Consequently, at this time, it is not possible to predict whether and to what extent banks will continue to provide submissions for the calculation of LIBOR. Similarly, it is not possible to predict whether LIBOR will continue to be viewed as an acceptable market benchmark, what rate or rates may become accepted alternatives to LIBOR, or what the effect of any such changes in views or alternatives may be on the markets for LIBOR-linked financial instruments. 29 The discontinuation of LIBOR, changes in LIBOR or changes in market perceptions of the acceptability of LIBOR as a benchmark could result in changes to the Company’s risk exposures (for example, if the anticipated discontinuation of LIBOR adversely affects the availability or cost of floating-rate funding and, therefore, the Company’s exposure to fluctuations in interest rates) or otherwise result in losses on a product or having to pay more or receive less on securities that the Company owns or has issued. A substantial portion of the Company’s on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments (many of which have terms that extend beyond 2021) are indexed to LIBOR, including interest rate swap agreements and other contracts used for hedging and trading account purposes, loans to commercial customers and consumers (including mortgage loans and other loans), and long-term borrowings. In addition, such uncertainty could result in pricing volatility and increased capital requirements, loss of market share in certain products, adverse tax or accounting impacts, and compliance, legal and operational costs and risks. The Company’s business and performance is vulnerable to the impact of volatility in debt and equity markets. As most of the Company’s assets and liabilities are financial in nature, the Company’s performance is sensitive to the performance of the financial markets. Turmoil and volatility in U.S. and global financial markets can be a major contributory factor to overall weak economic conditions, leading to some of the risks discussed herein, including the impaired ability of borrowers and other counterparties to meet obligations to the Company. Financial market volatility may: • • • • • Affect the value or liquidity of the Company’s on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet financial instruments. Affect the value of capitalized servicing assets. Affect M&T’s ability to access capital markets to raise funds. Inability to access capital markets if needed, at cost effective rates, could adversely affect the Company’s liquidity and results of operations. Affect the value of the assets that the Company manages or otherwise administers or services for others. Although the Company is not directly impacted by changes in the value of such assets, decreases in the value of those assets would affect related fee income and could result in decreased demand for the Company’s services. Impact the nature, profitability or risk profile of the financial transactions in which the Company engages. Volatility in the markets for real estate and other assets commonly securing financial products has been and may continue to be a significant contributor to overall volatility in financial markets. In addition, unfavorable or uncertain economic and market conditions can be caused by the imposition of tariffs or other limitations on international trade and travel, which can result in market volatility, negatively impact client activity, and adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The Company’s regional concentrations expose it to adverse economic conditions in its primary retail banking office footprint. The Company’s core banking business is largely concentrated within the Company’s retail banking office network footprint, located principally in New York, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Connecticut, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. Therefore, the Company is, or in the future may be, particularly vulnerable to adverse changes in economic conditions in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions. 30 Risks Relating to Compliance and the Regulatory Environment The Company is subject to extensive government regulation and supervision and this regulatory environment can be and has been significantly impacted by financial regulatory reform initiatives. The Company is subject to extensive federal and state regulation and supervision. Banking regulations are primarily intended to protect depositors’ funds, federal deposit insurance funds and the financial system as a whole, not stockholders. These regulations and supervisory guidance affect the Company’s lending practices, capital structure, amounts of capital, investment practices, dividend policy, growth and expansionary activity, among other things. Failure to comply with laws, regulations, policies or supervisory guidance could result in civil or criminal penalties, including monetary penalties, the loss of FDIC insurance, the revocation of a banking charter, other sanctions by regulatory agencies, and/or reputation damage, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. In this regard, government authorities, including the bank regulatory agencies, can pursue aggressive enforcement actions with respect to compliance and other legal matters involving financial activities, which heightens the risks associated with actual and perceived compliance failures and may also adversely affect the Company’s ability to enter into certain transactions or engage in certain activities, or obtain necessary regulatory approvals in connection therewith. In general, the amounts paid by financial institutions in settlement of proceedings or investigations have increased substantially and are likely to remain elevated. In some cases, governmental authorities have required criminal pleas or other extraordinary terms as part of such settlements, which could have significant collateral consequences for a financial institution, including loss of customers, restrictions on the ability to access the capital markets, and the inability to operate certain businesses or offer certain products for a period of time. In addition, enforcement matters could impact the Company’s supervisory and CRA ratings, which may in turn restrict or limit the Company’s activities. Any new regulatory requirements or changes to existing requirements could require changes to the Company’s businesses, result in increased compliance costs and affect the profitability of such businesses. Additionally, such activity could affect the behaviors of third parties with which the Company deals in the ordinary course of business, such as rating agencies, insurance companies and investors. Heightened regulatory practices, requirements or expectations could affect the Company in substantial and unpredictable ways, and, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. There have been significant revisions to the laws and regulations applicable to the Company that have been enacted or proposed in recent months. These and other rules to implement the changes have yet to be finalized, and the final timing, scope and impact of these changes to the regulatory framework applicable to financial institutions remain uncertain. For more information on the regulations to which we are subject and recent initiatives to reform financial institution regulation, see Part I, Item 1 — Business in this report. Capital and liquidity standards adopted by the U.S. banking regulators have resulted in banks and bank holding companies needing to maintain more and higher quality capital and greater liquidity than has historically been the case. Capital standards imposed as a result of the Dodd-Frank Act (as amended by EGRRCPA) and the U.S. Basel III-based capital rules have had a significant effect on banks and bank holding companies, including M&T. The U.S. capital rules require bank holding companies and their bank subsidiaries to maintain substantially more capital, with a greater emphasis on common equity. For additional information, see “Capital Requirements” under Part I, Item 1 “Business.” 31 The requirement to maintain more and higher quality capital, as well as greater liquidity than historically has been required, and generally increased regulatory scrutiny with respect to capital and liquidity levels, could limit the Company’s business activities, including lending, and its ability to expand, either organically or through acquisitions. It could also result in M&T being required to take steps to increase its regulatory capital that may be dilutive to shareholders or limit its ability to pay dividends or otherwise return capital to shareholders, or sell or refrain from acquiring assets, the capital requirements for which are not justified by the assets’ underlying risks. In addition, the U.S. Basel III-based liquidity coverage ratio requirement and the liquidity- related provisions of the Federal Reserve’s liquidity-related enhanced prudential supervision requirements require the Company to hold increased levels of unencumbered highly liquid investments, thereby reducing the Company’s ability to invest in other longer-term assets even if deemed more desirable from a balance sheet management perspective. Moreover, U.S. federal banking agencies have been taking into account expectations regarding the ability of banks to meet these requirements, including under stressed conditions, in approving actions that represent uses of capital, such as dividend increases, common stock share repurchases and acquisitions. Certain elements of these capital and liquidity standards may be eased in the future consistent with recently issued and anticipated proposals by the Federal banking agencies following the enactment of EGRRCPA. However, the ultimate timing and implementation of such relief is unclear and therefore the Company expects to remain subject to these standards in the near term. M&T’s ability to return capital to shareholders and to pay dividends on common stock may be adversely affected by market and other factors outside of its control and will depend, in part, on a review of its capital plan by the Federal Reserve. Any decision by M&T to return capital to shareholders, whether through a common stock dividend or through a common stock share repurchase program, requires the approval of M&T’s Board of Directors and depends in large part on receiving regulatory approval, including through the Federal Reserve’s CCAR process and the supervisory stress tests required under the Dodd-Frank Act whereby M&T’s financial position is tested under assumed severely adverse economic conditions. Prior to the public disclosure of a BHC’s CCAR results, the Federal Reserve will provide the BHC with the results of its supervisory stress test and will offer a one-time opportunity for the BHC to reduce planned capital distributions through the submission of a revised capital plan. The Federal Reserve may object to any capital plan in which a BHC’s regulatory capital ratios inclusive of adjustments to planned capital distributions, if any, would not meet the minimum requirements throughout a nine-quarter period under severely adverse stress conditions. In January 2017, the Federal Reserve finalized a rule modifying the capital plan and stress testing rules for the 2017 cycle. The rule eliminated the qualitative component of CCAR for bank holding companies with total consolidated assets between $50 billion and $250 billion, such as M&T. The qualitative assessment considered factors including the comprehensiveness of a BHC’s capital plan, the assumptions and analysis underlying the plan, and the extent to which the BHC had satisfied certain supervisory matters related to its processes, analyses, controls and governance. The Federal Reserve will continue to evaluate these factors through the regular supervisory process and targeted horizontal reviews of particular aspects of capital planning. If the Federal Reserve objects to M&T’s capital plan, it could impose restrictions on M&T’s ability to return capital to shareholders, including through paying dividends, entering into acquisitions or repurchasing its common stock, which in turn could negatively impact market and investor perceptions of M&T. In June 2018, the Federal Reserve announced that it did not object to M&T’s revised capital plan; however, M&T cannot be certain that the Federal Reserve will not object to future capital plans. 32 In addition, Federal Reserve capital planning and stress testing rules generally limit a BHC’s ability to make quarterly capital distributions – dividends and common stock share repurchases – if the amount of actual cumulative quarterly capital issuances of instruments that qualify as regulatory capital are less than the BHC had indicated in its submitted capital plan as to which it received a non- objection from the Federal Reserve. As such, M&T’s ability to declare and pay dividends on its common stock, as well as the amount of such dividends, will depend, in part, on its ability to issue stock in accordance with its capital plan or to otherwise remain in compliance with its capital plan, which may be adversely affected by market and other factors outside of M&T’s control. Certain elements of these stress testing and capital planning requirements may be eased in the future consistent with recently issued and anticipated proposals by the Federal banking agencies following the enactment of EGRRCPA. However, the ultimate timing and implementation of such relief is unclear and therefore the Company expects to remain subject to these standards in the near term. The effect of resolution plan requirements may have a material adverse impact on M&T. Bank holding companies with consolidated assets of $100 billion or more, such as M&T, are currently required to submit periodically to regulators a resolution plan for their rapid and orderly resolution in the event of material financial distress or failure. M&T’s resolution plan must, among other things, ensure that its depository institution subsidiaries are adequately protected from risks arising from its other subsidiaries. The regulation adopted by the Federal Reserve and FDIC prescribes specific standards for the resolution plans, including requiring a strategic analysis of the plan’s components, a description of the range of specific actions the Company proposes to take in resolution, and a description of the Company’s organizational structure, material entities, core business lines, interconnections and interdependencies, and management information systems, among other elements. The most recent resolution plan for M&T was filed in December 2017. In addition, insured depository institutions with $50 billion or more in total assets, such as M&T Bank, are required to submit to the FDIC periodic plans for resolution in the event of the institution’s failure. M&T Bank submitted its most recent resolution plan in June 2018. If the Federal Reserve and the FDIC jointly determine that the resolution plan of a BHC is not credible, and the company fails to cure the deficiencies in a timely manner, then the Federal Reserve and the FDIC may jointly impose on the company, or on any of its subsidiaries, more stringent capital, leverage or liquidity requirements or restrictions on growth, activities or operations, or require the divestment of certain assets or operations. If the Federal Reserve and the FDIC jointly determine that M&T’s resolution plan is not credible or would not facilitate its orderly resolution under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, the Company could become subject to more stringent regulatory requirements or business restrictions, or have to divest certain of its assets or businesses. Any such measures could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations. If an orderly liquidation of a systemically important BHC or non-bank financial company were triggered, M&T could face assessments for the Orderly Liquidation Fund (“OLF”). The Dodd-Frank Act creates a mechanism, the OLF, for liquidation of systemically important bank holding companies and non-bank financial companies. The OLF is administered by the FDIC and is based on the FDIC’s bank resolution model. The Secretary of the U.S. Treasury may trigger a liquidation under this authority after consultation with the President of the U.S. and after receiving a recommendation from the boards of the FDIC and the Federal Reserve upon a two-thirds vote. Liquidation proceedings will be funded by the OLF, which will borrow from the U.S. Treasury and 33 impose risk-based assessments on covered financial companies. Risk-based assessments would be first made on entities that received more in the resolution than they would have received in the liquidation to the extent of such excess, and second, if necessary, on, among others, bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of $50 billion or more, such as M&T. Any such assessments may adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations. Credit Risk Deteriorating credit quality could adversely impact the Company. As a lender, the Company is exposed to the risk that customers will be unable to repay their loans in accordance with the terms of the agreements, and that any collateral securing the loans may be insufficient to assure full repayment. Credit losses are inherent in the business of making loans. Factors that influence the Company’s credit loss experience include overall economic conditions affecting businesses and consumers, generally, but also residential and commercial real estate valuations, in particular, given the size of the Company’s real estate loan portfolios. Factors that can influence the Company’s credit loss experience include: (i) the impact of residential real estate values on loans to residential real estate builders and developers and other loans secured by residential real estate; (ii) the concentrations of commercial real estate loans in the Company’s loan portfolio; (iii) the amount of commercial and industrial loans to businesses in areas of New York State outside of the New York City area and in central Pennsylvania that have historically experienced less economic growth and vitality than many other regions of the country; (iv) the repayment performance associated with first and second lien loans secured by residential real estate; and (v) the size of the Company’s portfolio of loans to individual consumers, which historically have experienced higher net charge-offs as a percentage of loans outstanding than loans to other types of borrowers. Commercial real estate valuations can be highly subjective as they are based upon many assumptions. Such valuations can be significantly affected over relatively short periods of time by changes in business climate, economic conditions, interest rates and, in many cases, the results of operations of businesses and other occupants of the real property. Similarly, residential real estate valuations can be impacted by housing trends, the availability of financing at reasonable interest rates, governmental policy regarding housing and housing finance, and general economic conditions affecting consumers. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses which represents, in management’s judgment, the amount of losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio. The allowance is determined by management’s evaluation of the loan and lease portfolio based on such factors as the differing economic risks associated with each loan category, the current financial condition of specific borrowers, the economic environment in which borrowers operate, the level of delinquent loans, the value of any collateral and, where applicable, the existence of any guarantees or indemnifications. The effects of probable decreases in expected principal cash flows on loans acquired at a discount are also considered in the establishment of the allowance for credit losses. Management believes that the allowance for credit losses appropriately reflects credit losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio. However, there is no assurance that the allowance will be sufficient to cover such credit losses, particularly if housing and employment conditions worsen or the economy experiences a downturn. In those cases, the Company may be required to increase the allowance through an increase in the provision for credit losses, which would reduce net income. 34 The Company may be adversely affected by the soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships. The Company has exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and routinely executes transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including commercial banks, brokers and dealers, investment banks, and other institutional clients. Many of these transactions expose the Company to credit risk in the event of a default by a counterparty or client. In addition, the Company’s credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by the Company cannot be realized or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the credit or derivative exposure due to the Company. Any resulting losses could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. Liquidity Risk The Company must maintain adequate sources of funding and liquidity. The Company must maintain adequate funding sources in the normal course of business to support its operations and fund outstanding liabilities, as well as meet regulatory expectations. The Company primarily relies on deposits to be a low cost and stable source of funding for the loans it makes and the operations of its business. Core customer deposits, which include noninterest-bearing deposits, interest-bearing transaction accounts, savings deposits and time deposits of $250,000 or less, have historically provided the Company with a sizeable source of relatively stable and low-cost funds. In addition to customer deposits, sources of liquidity include borrowings from third party banks, securities dealers, various Federal Home Loan Banks and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The Company’s liquidity and ability to fund and operate the business could be materially adversely affected by a variety of conditions and factors, including financial and credit market disruptions and volatility or a lack of market or customer confidence in financial markets in general, which may result in a loss of customer deposits or outflows of cash or collateral and/or ability to access capital markets on favorable terms. Negative news about the Company or the financial services industry generally may reduce market or customer confidence in the Company, which could in turn materially adversely affect the Company’s liquidity and funding. Such reputational damage may result in the loss of customer deposits, the inability to sell or securitize loans or other assets, and downgrades in one or more of the Company’s credit ratings, and may also negatively affect the Company’ ability to access the capital markets. A downgrade in the Company’s credit ratings, which could result from general industry-wide or regulatory factors not solely related to the Company, could adversely affect the Company’s ability to borrow funds, including by raising the cost of borrowings substantially, and could cause creditors and business counterparties to raise collateral requirements or take other actions that could adversely affect M&T’s ability to raise capital. Many of the above conditions and factors may be caused by events over which M&T has little or no control. There can be no assurance that significant disruption and volatility in the financial markets will not occur in the future. Recent regulatory changes relating to liquidity and risk management have also impacted the Company’s results of operations and competitive position. These regulations address, among other matters, liquidity stress testing, minimum liquidity requirements and restrictions on short-term debt issued by top-tier holding companies. If the Company is unable to continue to fund assets through customer bank deposits or access funding sources on favorable terms or if the Company suffers an increase in borrowing costs or otherwise fails to manage liquidity effectively, the Company’s liquidity, operating margins, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. 35 M&T relies on dividends from its subsidiaries for its liquidity. M&T is a separate and distinct legal entity from its subsidiaries. M&T typically receives substantially all of its revenue from subsidiary dividends. These dividends are M&T’s principal source of funds to pay dividends on common and preferred stock, pay interest and principal on its debt, and fund purchases of its common stock. Various federal and/or state laws and regulations, as well as regulatory expectations, limit the amount of dividends that M&T’s banking subsidiaries and certain non-bank subsidiaries may pay. Regulatory scrutiny of capital levels at bank holding companies and insured depository institution subsidiaries has increased in recent years and has resulted in increased regulatory focus on all aspects of capital planning, including dividends and other distributions to shareholders of banks, such as parent bank holding companies. See “Item 1. Business — Distributions” for a discussion of regulatory and other restrictions on dividend declarations. Also, M&T’s right to participate in a distribution of assets upon a subsidiary’s liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of that subsidiary’s creditors. Limitations on M&T’s ability to receive dividends from its subsidiaries could have a material adverse effect on its liquidity and ability to pay dividends on its stock or interest and principal on its debt, and ability to fund purchases of its common stock. Strategic Risk The financial services industry is highly competitive and creates competitive pressures that could adversely affect the Company’s revenue and profitability. The financial services industry in which the Company operates is highly competitive. The Company competes not only with commercial and other banks and thrifts, but also with insurance companies, mutual funds, hedge funds, securities brokerage firms and other companies offering financial services in the U.S., globally and over the Internet. Some of the Company’s non-bank competitors are not subject to the same extensive regulations the Company is, and may have greater flexibility in competing for business. In particular, the activity and prominence of so-called marketplace lenders and other technological financial services companies has grown significantly in recent years and is expected to continue growing. The Company competes on the basis of several factors, including capital, access to capital, revenue generation, products, services, transaction execution, innovation, reputation and price. Over time, certain sectors of the financial services industry have become more concentrated, as institutions involved in a broad range of financial services have been acquired by or merged into other firms. These developments could result in the Company’s competitors gaining greater capital and other resources, such as a broader range of products and services and geographic diversity. The Company may experience pricing pressures as a result of these factors and as some of its competitors seek to increase market share by reducing prices or paying higher rates of interest on deposits. Finally, technological change is influencing how individuals and firms conduct their financial affairs and is changing the delivery channels for financial services. Financial technology providers, who invest substantial resources in developing and designing new technology (in particular digital and mobile technology), are beginning to offer more traditional banking products (either directly or through bank partnerships) and may in the future be able to provide additional services by obtaining a bank-like charter, such as the OCC’s fintech charter. As a result, the Company may have to contend with a broader range of competitors including many that are not located within the geographic footprint of its banking office network. Further, along with other participants in the financial services industry, the Company frequently attempts to introduce new technology-driven products and services that are aimed at allowing the Company to better serve customers and to reduce costs. The Company may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services that 36 allow it to remain competitive or be successful in marketing these products and services to its customers. Difficulties in combining the operations of acquired entities with the Company’s own operations may prevent M&T from achieving the expected benefits from its acquisitions. M&T has expanded its business through past acquisitions and may do so in the future. Inherent uncertainties exist when integrating the operations of an acquired entity. M&T may not be able to fully achieve its strategic objectives and planned operating efficiencies in an acquisition. In addition, the markets and industries in which the Company and its actual or potential acquisition targets operate are highly competitive. The Company may lose customers or fail to retain the customers of acquired entities as a result of an acquisition. Acquisition and integration activities require M&T to devote substantial time and resources, and as a result M&T may not be able to pursue other business opportunities while integrating acquired entities with the Company. After completing an acquisition, the Company may not realize the expected benefits of the acquisition due to lower financial results pertaining to the acquired entity. For example, the Company could experience higher credit losses, incur higher operating expenses or realize less revenue than originally anticipated related to an acquired entity. Operational Risk The Company is subject to operational risk which could adversely affect the Company’s business and reputation and create material legal and financial exposure. Like all businesses, the Company is subject to operational risk, which represents the risk of loss resulting from human error, inadequate or failed internal processes and systems, and external events. Operational risk also encompasses reputational risk and compliance and legal risk, which is the risk of loss from violations of, or noncompliance with, laws, rules, regulations, prescribed practices or ethical standards, as well as the risk of noncompliance with contractual and other obligations. The Company is also exposed to operational risk through outsourcing arrangements, and the effect that changes in circumstances or capabilities of its outsourcing vendors can have on the Company’s ability to continue to perform operational functions necessary to its business. Although the Company seeks to mitigate operational risk through a system of internal controls that are reviewed and updated, no system of controls, however well designed and maintained, is infallible. Control weaknesses or failures or other operational risks could result in charges, increased operational costs, harm to the Company’s reputation or foregone business opportunities. M&T could suffer if it fails to attract and retain skilled personnel. M&T’s success depends, in large part, on its ability to attract and retain key individuals and to have a diverse workforce. Competition for qualified and diverse candidates in the activities in which the Company engages and markets that the Company serves is significant, and the Company may not be able to hire candidates and retain them. Growth in the Company’s business, including through acquisitions, may increase its need for additional qualified personnel. The Company is increasingly competing for personnel with financial technology providers and other less regulated entities who may not have the same limitations on compensation as the Company does. If the Company is not able to hire or retain highly skilled and qualified individuals, it may be unable to execute its business strategies and may suffer adverse consequences to its business, financial condition and results of operations. 37 The Company’s compensation practices are subject to review and oversight by the Federal Reserve, the OCC, the FDIC and other regulators. The federal banking agencies have issued joint guidance on executive compensation designed to help ensure that a banking organization’s incentive compensation policies do not encourage imprudent risk taking and are consistent with the safety and soundness of the organization. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act required those agencies, along with the SEC, to adopt rules to require reporting of incentive compensation and to prohibit certain compensation arrangements. If as a result of complying with such rules the Company is unable to attract and retain qualified employees, or do so at rates necessary to maintain its competitive position, or if the compensation costs required to attract and retain employees become more significant, the Company’s performance, including its competitive position, could be materially adversely affected. The Company’s information systems may experience interruptions or breaches in security. The Company relies heavily on communications and information systems, including those of third- party service providers, to conduct its business. Any failure, interruption or breach in security of these systems could result in disruptions to its accounting, deposit, loan and other systems, and adversely affect the Company’s customer relationships. While the Company has policies and procedures designed to prevent or limit the effect of these possible events, there can be no assurance that any such failure, interruption or security breach will not occur or, if any does occur, that it can be sufficiently or timely remediated. Information security risks for large financial institutions such as M&T have increased significantly in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, such as Internet and mobile banking to conduct financial transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, terrorists, nation-states, activists and other external parties. There have been increasing efforts on the part of third parties, including through cyber attacks, to breach data security at financial institutions or with respect to financial transactions. There have been several instances involving financial services and consumer-based companies reporting unauthorized access to and disclosure of client or customer information or the destruction or theft of corporate data, including by executive impersonation and third party vendors. There have also been several highly publicized cases where hackers have requested “ransom” payments in exchange for not disclosing customer information. As cyber threats continue to evolve, the Company may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance its layers of defense or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities. The techniques used by cyber criminals change frequently, may not be recognized until launched and can be initiated by a variety of actors, including terrorist organizations and hostile foreign governments. These actors may attempt to fraudulently induce employees, customers or other users of the Company’s systems to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to data or the Company’s systems. These risks may increase as the use of mobile payment and other Internet-based applications expands. Further, third parties with which the Company does business, as well as vendors and other third parties with which the Company’s customers do business, can also be sources of information security risk to the Company, particularly where activities of customers are beyond the Company’s security and control systems, such as through the use of the Internet, personal computers, tablets, smart phones and other mobile services. Security breaches affecting the Company’s customers, or systems breakdowns or failures, security breaches or employee misconduct affecting such other third parties, may require the Company to take steps to protect the integrity of its own systems or to safeguard confidential information of the Company or its customers, thereby increasing the Company’s operational costs and adversely affecting its business. The occurrence of any failure, interruption or security breach of the Company’s systems or those of third-party service providers (or, in turn, providers to such third-party providers), 38 particularly if widespread or resulting in financial losses to customers, could damage the Company’s reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject the Company to additional regulatory scrutiny and potential sanctions, or expose it to civil litigation and financial liability. The Company is also subject to laws and regulations relating to the privacy of the information of clients, employees or others, and any failure to comply with these laws and regulations could expose the Company to liability and/or reputational damage. As new privacy-related laws and regulations, such as the cybersecurity regulation of the NYSDFS, are implemented, the time and resources needed for the Company to comply with such laws and regulations, as well as its potential liability for non-compliance and reporting obligations in the case of data breaches, may significantly increase. In addition, the Company is increasingly subject to laws and regulations relating to privacy, surveillance, encryption and data use in the jurisdictions in which it operates. Compliance with these laws and regulations may require changes to policies, procedures and technology for information security and segregation of data, which could, among other things, make the Company more vulnerable to operational failures, and to monetary penalties for breach of such laws and regulations. M&T relies on other companies to provide key components of the Company’s business infrastructure. Third parties provide key components of the Company’s business infrastructure such as banking services, processing, and Internet connections and network access. Any disruption in such services provided by these third parties or any failure of these third parties to handle current or higher volumes of use could adversely affect the Company’s ability to deliver products and services to clients and otherwise to conduct business. Technological or financial difficulties of a third party service provider could adversely affect the Company’s business to the extent those difficulties result in the interruption or discontinuation of services provided by that party. The Company may not be insured against all types of losses as a result of third party failures and insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover all losses resulting from system failures or other disruptions. Failures in the Company’s business infrastructure could interrupt the operations or increase the costs of doing business. The Company is or may become involved from time to time in suits, legal proceedings, information- gathering requests, investigations and proceedings by governmental and self-regulatory agencies that may lead to adverse consequences. Many aspects of the Company’s business and operations involve substantial risk of legal liability. M&T and/or its subsidiaries have been named or threatened to be named as defendants in various lawsuits arising from its or its subsidiaries’ business activities (and in some cases from the activities of companies M&T has acquired). In addition, from time to time, M&T is, or may become, the subject of governmental and self-regulatory agency information-gathering requests, reviews, investigations and proceedings and other forms of regulatory inquiry, including by bank and other regulatory agencies, the SEC and law enforcement authorities. The SEC has announced a policy of seeking admissions of liability in certain settled cases, which could adversely impact the defense of private litigation. M&T is also at risk when it has agreed to indemnify others for losses related to legal proceedings, including for litigation and governmental investigations and inquiries, such as in connection with the purchase or sale of a business or assets. The results of such proceedings could lead to significant civil or criminal penalties, including monetary penalties, damages, adverse judgments, settlements, fines, injunctions, restrictions on the way in which the Company conducts its business, or reputational harm. Although the Company establishes accruals for legal proceedings when information related to the loss contingencies represented by those matters indicates both that a loss is probable and that the 39 amount of loss can be reasonably estimated, the Company does not have accruals for all legal proceedings where it faces a risk of loss. In addition, due to the inherent subjectivity of the assessments and unpredictability of the outcome of legal proceedings, amounts accrued may not represent the ultimate loss to the Company from the legal proceedings in question. Thus, the Company’s ultimate losses may be higher, and possibly significantly so, than the amounts accrued for legal loss contingencies, which could adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. Business Risk Changes in accounting standards could impact the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The accounting standard setters, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), the SEC and other regulatory bodies, periodically change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. These changes can be difficult to predict and can materially impact how the Company records and reports its financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, the Company could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, which would result in the restating of the Company’s prior period financial statements. Information about recently adopted and not as yet adopted accounting standards is included in note 26 of Notes to Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplemental Data of this Form 10-K. The Company’s reported financial condition and results of operations depend on management’s selection of accounting methods and require management to make estimates about matters that are uncertain. Accounting policies and processes are fundamental to the Company’s reported financial condition and results of operations. Some of these policies require use of estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets or liabilities and financial results. Several of M&T’s accounting policies are critical because they require management to make difficult, subjective and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and because it is likely that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. Pursuant to generally accepted accounting principles, management is required to make certain assumptions and estimates in preparing the Company’s financial statements. If assumptions or estimates underlying the Company’s financial statements are incorrect, the Company may experience material losses. Management has identified certain accounting policies as being critical because they require management’s judgment to ascertain the valuations of assets, liabilities, commitments and contingencies. A variety of factors could affect the ultimate value that is obtained either when earning income, recognizing an expense, recovering an asset, valuing an asset or liability, or recognizing or reducing a liability. M&T has established detailed policies and control procedures that are intended to ensure these critical accounting estimates and judgments are well controlled and applied consistently. In addition, the policies and procedures are intended to ensure that the process for changing methodologies occurs in an appropriate manner. Because of the uncertainty surrounding judgments and the estimates pertaining to these matters, M&T could be required to adjust accounting policies or restate prior period financial statements if those judgments and estimates prove to be incorrect. For additional information, see Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, “Critical Accounting Estimates” and Note 1, “Significant Accounting Policies,” of Notes to Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8. 40 The Company’s models used for business planning purposes could perform poorly or provide inadequate information. The Company uses quantitative models to assist in measuring risks and estimating or predicting certain financial values. The models used may not accurately account for all variables and may fail to predict outcomes accurately and/or may overstate or understate certain effects. Poorly designed, implemented, or managed models present the risk that the Company’s business decisions that consider information based on such models will be adversely affected due to inadequate or inaccurate information. As a result, the Company may not adequately prepare for future events and may suffer losses due to these failures. Also, information the Company provides to the public or to its regulators based on poorly designed, implemented, or managed models could be inaccurate or misleading. Decisions that regulators make, including those related to capital distributions to stockholders, could be affected adversely due to the perception that the quality of the models used to generate the relevant information is insufficient. The Company is exposed to reputational risk. A negative public opinion of the Company and its business can result from any number of activities, including the Company’s lending practices, corporate governance and regulatory compliance, acquisitions and actions taken by regulators or by community organizations in response to these activities. Significant harm to the Company’s reputation could also arise as a result of regulatory or governmental actions, litigation, employee misconduct or the activities of customers, other participants in the financial services industry or the Company’s contractual counterparties, such as service providers and vendors. In particular, a cyber security event impacting the Company’s or its customers’ data could have a negative impact on the Company’s reputation and customer confidence in the Company and its cyber security. Damage to the Company’s reputation could also adversely affect its credit ratings and access to the capital markets. Severe weather, natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism and other external events could significantly impact the Company’s business. Severe weather, natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism and other adverse external events could have a significant impact on the Company’s ability to conduct business. Such events could affect the stability of the Company’s deposit base, impair the ability of borrowers to repay outstanding loans, impair the value of collateral securing loans, cause significant property damage, result in loss of revenue and/or cause the Company to incur additional expenses. Although the Company has established disaster recovery plans and procedures, and monitors for significant environmental effects on its properties or its investments, the occurrence of any such event could have a material adverse effect on the Company. Discussions of the specific risks outlined above and other risks facing the Company are included within this Annual Report on Form 10-K in Part I, Item 1 “Business,” and Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Furthermore, in Part II, Item 7 under the heading “Forward-Looking Statements” is included a description of certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions identified by management that are difficult to predict and that could materially affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations, as well as the value of the Company’s financial instruments in general, and M&T common stock, in particular. 41 In addition, the market price of M&T common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of other factors, including changes in securities analysts’ estimates of financial performance, volatility of stock market prices and volumes, rumors or erroneous information, changes in market valuations of similar companies and changes in accounting policies or procedures as may be required by the FASB or other regulatory agencies. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None. Item 2. Properties. Both M&T and M&T Bank maintain their executive offices at One M&T Plaza in Buffalo, New York. This twenty-one story headquarters building, containing approximately 300,000 rentable square feet of space, is owned in fee by M&T Bank and was completed in 1967. M&T, M&T Bank and their subsidiaries occupy approximately 98% of the building and the remainder is leased to non- affiliated tenants. At December 31, 2018, the cost of this property (including improvements subsequent to the initial construction), net of accumulated depreciation, was $10.4 million. M&T Bank owns and occupies an additional facility in Buffalo, New York (known as M&T Center) with approximately 395,000 rentable square feet of space. At December 31, 2018, the cost of this building (including improvements subsequent to acquisition), net of accumulated depreciation, was $12.4 million. M&T Bank also owns and occupies three separate facilities in the Buffalo area which support certain back-office and operations functions of the Company. The total square footage of these facilities approximates 290,000 square feet and their combined cost (including improvements subsequent to acquisition), net of accumulated depreciation, was $28.9 million at December 31, 2018. M&T Bank owns a facility in Syracuse, New York with approximately 160,000 rentable square feet of space. Approximately 46% of that facility is occupied by M&T Bank. At December 31, 2018, the cost of that building (including improvements subsequent to acquisition), net of accumulated depreciation, was less than $1 million. M&T Bank owns facilities in Wilmington, Delaware, with approximately 340,000 (known as Wilmington Center) and 295,000 (known as Wilmington Plaza) rentable square feet of space, respectively. M&T Bank occupies approximately 97% of Wilmington Center. Wilmington Plaza is occupied by a tenant. At December 31, 2018, the cost of these buildings (including improvements subsequent to acquisition), net of accumulated depreciation, was $40.6 million and $12.2 million, respectively. M&T Bank also owns facilities in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and Millsboro, Delaware with approximately 220,000 and 325,000 rentable square feet of space, respectively. M&T Bank occupies approximately 30% and 89% of those facilities, respectively. At December 31, 2018, the cost of those buildings (including improvements subsequent to acquisition), net of accumulated depreciation, was $9.4 million and $9.0 million, respectively. No other properties owned by M&T Bank have more than 100,000 square feet of space. The cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization, of the Company’s premises and equipment is detailed in note 5 of Notes to Financial Statements filed herewith in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Of the 752 domestic banking offices of M&T’s subsidiary banks at December 31, 2018, 297 are owned in fee and 455 are leased. 42 Item 3. Legal Proceedings. M&T and its subsidiaries are subject in the normal course of business to various pending and threatened legal proceedings and other matters in which claims for monetary damages are asserted. On an on-going basis management, after consultation with legal counsel, assesses the Company’s liabilities and contingencies in connection with such proceedings. For those matters where it is probable that the Company will incur losses and the amounts of the losses can be reasonably estimated, the Company records an expense and corresponding liability in its consolidated financial statements. To the extent the pending or threatened litigation could result in exposure in excess of that liability, the amount of such excess is not currently estimable. Although not considered probable, the range of reasonably possible losses for such matters in the aggregate, beyond the existing recorded liability, was between $0 and $50 million. Although the Company does not believe that the outcome of pending litigations will be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position, it cannot rule out the possibility that such outcomes will be material to the consolidated results of operations for a particular reporting period in the future. DOL ESOP Investigations: Wilmington Trust, N.A. provides retirement services, including serving in certain trustee roles relating to Employee Stock Ownership Plans (“ESOPs”). Beginning in 2010, the U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”) announced that it would increase its focus on ESOP transactions, particularly with regard to valuation issues relating to ESOP transactions. Beginning in late 2013, Wilmington Trust N.A. began receiving requests for information and subpoenas relating to certain ESOP transactions for which it acted as trustee. In June 2016, Wilmington Trust N.A. received a DOL subpoena seeking information on its global ESOP trustee business. In addition to these DOL investigations, in August 2017, the DOL commenced two lawsuits against Wilmington Trust N.A. relating to its role as trustee of two ESOP transactions. Wilmington Trust N.A. has also been named as a defendant in four private party lawsuits relating to its role as trustee for four ESOP transactions. Wilmington Trust N.A. is responding to these investigations and lawsuits. Under applicable transaction documents, Wilmington Trust N.A. may be entitled to indemnification by the ESOP Plan Sponsors. The DOL investigations of Wilmington Trust N.A. could result in civil proceedings, damages, resolutions or settlements, including, among other things, enforcement actions, which could seek damages and/or fines, penalties, restitution, injunctions, enforcement efforts, reputational damage or additional costs and expenses. Due to their complex nature, it is difficult to estimate when litigation and investigatory matters such as these may be resolved. As set forth in the introductory paragraph to this Item 3 — Legal Proceedings, losses from current litigation and regulatory matters which the Company is subject to that are not currently considered probable are within a range of reasonably possible losses for such matters in the aggregate, beyond the existing recorded liability, and are included in the range of reasonably possible losses set forth above. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. Not applicable. 43 Executive Officers of the Registrant Information concerning M&T’s executive officers is presented below as of February 20, 2019. The year the officer was first appointed to the indicated position with M&T or its subsidiaries is shown parenthetically. In the case of each entity noted below, officers’ terms run until the first meeting of the board of directors after such entity’s annual meeting, which in the case of M&T takes place immediately following the Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and until their successors are elected and qualified. René F. Jones, age 54, is chief executive officer, chairman of the board and a director of M&T and M&T Bank (2017). Previously, he was an executive vice president (2006) of M&T and a vice chairman (2014) of M&T Bank. Mr. Jones had overall responsibility for the Company’s Wealth and Institutional Services Division, Treasury Division, and Mortgage and Consumer Lending Divisions. Mr. Jones is chairman of the board, president (2009) and a trustee (2005) of M&T Real Estate. Mr. Jones is chairman of the board and a director (2014) of Wilmington Trust Investment Advisors, and is a director (2007) of M&T Insurance Agency. Mr. Jones is chairman of the board and a director (2014) of Wilmington Trust Company. Previously, Mr. Jones served as chief financial officer (2005) of M&T, M&T Bank and Wilmington Trust, N.A. and had held a number of management positions within M&T Bank’s Finance Division since 1992. Richard S. Gold, age 58, is president, chief operating officer and a director of M&T and M&T Bank (2017). Mr. Gold oversees the Consumer Banking, Business Banking, Legal, Human Resources and Enterprise Transformation Divisions. Previously, he was an executive vice president (2006) and chief risk officer (2014) of M&T and was a vice chairman and chief risk officer (2014) of M&T Bank. Mr. Gold had been responsible for overseeing the Company’s governance and strategy for risk management, as well as relationships with key regulators and supervisory agencies. He served as a senior vice president of M&T Bank from 2000 to 2006 and has held a number of management positions since he began his career with M&T Bank in 1989. Mr. Gold is chairman, president and chief executive officer (2018) and a director (2017) of Wilmington Trust, N.A. Kevin J. Pearson, age 57, is an executive vice president (2002) and a director (2018) of M&T and is a vice chairman (2014) and a director (2018) of M&T Bank. He is a member of the Directors Advisory Council (2006) of the New York City/Long Island Division of M&T Bank. Mr. Pearson has oversight of the Commercial Banking, Credit, Technology and Banking Operations, and Wealth and Institutional Services Divisions. Previously, Mr. Pearson served as senior vice president of M&T Bank from 2000 to 2002, and has held a number of management positions since he began his career with M&T Bank in 1989. He is an executive vice president (2003) and a trustee (2014) of M&T Real Estate, chairman of the board and a director (2018) of Wilmington Trust Company, an executive vice president and a director of Wilmington Trust, N.A. (2014), and a director (2018) of Wilmington Trust Investment Advisors. Robert J. Bojdak, age 63, is an executive vice president and chief credit officer (2004) of M&T and M&T Bank, and is responsible for the Company’s Credit Division. From April 2002 to April 2004, Mr. Bojdak served as senior vice president and credit deputy for M&T Bank. He is an executive vice president and a director (2004) of Wilmington Trust, N.A. Janet M. Coletti, age 55, is an executive vice president (2015) of M&T and M&T Bank, overseeing the Company’s Human Resources Division. Ms. Coletti previously served as senior vice president of M&T Bank, most recently responsible for the Business Banking Division, and has held a number of management positions within M&T Bank since 1985. 44 John L. D’Angelo, age 56, is an executive vice president and chief risk officer (2017) of M&T and M&T Bank. Mr. D’Angelo is responsible for overseeing the Company’s governance and strategy for risk management, as well as relationships with key regulators and supervisory agencies. Mr. D’Angelo is an executive vice president and chief risk officer (2018) of Wilmington Trust, N.A. and an executive vice president and a director (2017) of Wilmington Trust Company. He served as a senior vice president and general auditor of M&T Bank from 2005 to 2017 and has held a number of positions since he began his career with M&T Bank in 1987. William J. Farrell II, age 61, is an executive vice president (2011) of M&T and M&T Bank, and is responsible for managing administrative and business development functions of the Company’s Wealth and Institutional Services Division, which includes Institutional Client Services and M&T Insurance Agency. Mr. Farrell joined M&T through the Wilmington Trust Corporation acquisition. He joined Wilmington Trust Corporation in 1976, and held a number of senior management positions, most recently as executive vice president and head of the Corporate Client Services business. Mr. Farrell is president, chief executive officer and a director (2012) of Wilmington Trust Company, an executive vice president and a director (2013) of Wilmington Trust, N.A. and a director (2016) of Wilmington Trust Investment Advisors. Brian E. Hickey, age 66, is an executive vice president of M&T (1997) and M&T Bank (1996). He is a member of the Directors Advisory Council (1994) of the Rochester Division of M&T Bank. Mr. Hickey is responsible for co-managing with Mr. Martocci M&T Bank’s commercial banking lines of business and all of the non-retail banking segments in Upstate New York, Western New York and in the Northern, Central and Western Pennsylvania and Connecticut regions. Mr. Hickey is also responsible for the Dealer Commercial Services line of business. Christopher E. Kay, age 53, is an executive vice president (2018) of M&T and M&T Bank, and is responsible for all aspects of Consumer Banking, including the Mortgage, Consumer Lending and Retail businesses, and Business Banking and Marketing. Prior to joining M&T in 2018, Mr. Kay served as chief innovation officer at Humana from 2014 to 2018 and as managing director of Citi Ventures from 2007 to 2013. Darren J. King, age 49, is an executive vice president (2010) and chief financial officer (2016) of M&T and executive vice president (2009) and chief financial officer (2016) of M&T Bank. Mr. King has responsibility for the overall financial management of the Company and oversees the Finance and Treasury Divisions. Prior to his current role, Mr. King was the Retail Banking executive with responsibility for overseeing Business Banking, Consumer Deposits, Consumer Lending and M&T Bank’s Marketing and Communications team. Mr. King previously served as senior vice president of M&T Bank and has held a number of management positions within M&T Bank since 2000. Mr. King is an executive vice president (2009) and chief financial officer (2016) of Wilmington Trust, N.A. and is chairman of the board, president and a director (2018) of M&T Real Estate. Gino A. Martocci, age 53, is an executive vice president (2014) of M&T and M&T Bank, and is responsible for co-managing with Mr. Hickey M&T Bank’s commercial banking lines of business and all non-retail banking segments in the metropolitan New York City, New Jersey, Philadelphia, Delaware, Baltimore and Washington, D.C. markets. He is also responsible for M&T Realty Capital. Mr. Martocci was a senior vice president of M&T Bank from 2002 to 2013, serving in a number of management positions. He is chairman of the board (2018) and a director (2009) of M&T Realty Capital, an executive vice president of M&T Real Estate, co-chairman of the Senior Loan Committee and a member of the New York City Mortgage Investment Committee. Mr. Martocci is also a member of the Directors Advisory Council of the New York City/Long Island (2013) and the New Jersey (2015) Divisions of M&T Bank. 45 Doris P. Meister, age 63, is an executive vice president (2016) of M&T and M&T Bank, and is responsible for overseeing the Company’s wealth management business, including Wilmington Trust Wealth Management, M&T Securities and Wilmington Trust Investment Advisors. Ms. Meister is an executive vice president and a director (2016) of Wilmington Trust, N.A., an executive vice president and director of Wilmington Trust Company (2016) and chairman of the board, chief executive officer and a director (2017) of Wilmington Trust Investment Advisors. Prior to joining M&T in 2016, Ms. Meister served as President of U.S. Markets for BNY Mellon Wealth Management from 2009 to 2016 and prior to that was a Managing Director of the New York office of Bernstein Global Wealth Management. Michael J. Todaro, age 57, is an executive vice president (2015) of M&T and M&T Bank, and is responsible for Enterprise Transformation, a Division of the Company dedicated to improving business processes, removing impediments to progress and evaluating/integrating external opportunities. Previously, Mr. Todaro was responsible for the Mortgage, Consumer Lending and Customer Asset Management Divisions. Mr. Todaro previously served as senior vice president of M&T Bank and has held a number of management positions within M&T Bank’s Mortgage Division since 1995. He is an executive vice president (2015) of Wilmington Trust, N.A. Michele D. Trolli, age 57, is an executive vice president (2005) and chief technology and operations officer (2018) of M&T and M&T Bank. Previously, she was chief information officer (2005) of M&T and M&T Bank. Ms. Trolli leads a wide range of the Company’s Technology and Banking Operations, which includes banking services, corporate services, digital and telephone banking, the enterprise data office, enterprise and cyber security, and enterprise technology. D. Scott N. Warman, age 53, is an executive vice president (2009) and treasurer (2008) of M&T and M&T Bank. He is responsible for managing the Company’s Treasury Division. Mr. Warman previously served as senior vice president of M&T Bank and has held a number of management positions within M&T Bank since 1995. He is an executive vice president and treasurer of Wilmington Trust, N.A. (2008), a trustee of M&T Real Estate (2009), and is an executive vice president and treasurer of Wilmington Trust Company (2012). 46 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. M&T’s common stock is traded under the symbol MTB on the New York Stock Exchange. See cross-reference sheet for disclosures incorporated elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for market prices of M&T’s common stock, approximate number of common shareholders at year-end, frequency and amounts of dividends on common stock and restrictions on the payment of dividends. During the fourth quarter of 2018, M&T did not issue any shares of its common stock that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933. Equity Compensation Plan Information The following table provides information as of December 31, 2018 with respect to shares of common stock that may be issued under M&T’s existing equity compensation plans. M&T’s existing equity compensation plans include the M&T Bank Corporation 2001 Stock Option Plan, the 2005 Incentive Compensation Plan, which replaced the 2001 Stock Option Plan, and the 2009 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan, each of which has been previously approved by shareholders, and the M&T Bank Corporation 2008 Directors’ Stock Plan and the M&T Bank Corporation Deferred Bonus Plan, each of which did not require shareholder approval. The table does not include information with respect to shares of common stock subject to outstanding options and rights assumed by M&T in connection with mergers and acquisitions of the companies that originally granted those options and rights. Footnote (1) to the table sets forth the total number of shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of such assumed options and rights as of December 31, 2018, and their weighted-average exercise price. Plan Category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders..................................... Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders..................................... Total ................................................... Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options or Rights (A) Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options or Rights (B) Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column A) (C) 137,360 $ 169.08 2,833,428 21,986 159,346 $ 84.23 157.36 26,870 2,860,298 (1) As of December 31, 2018, a total of 89,502 shares of M&T common stock were issuable upon exercise of outstanding options or rights assumed by M&T in connection with merger and acquisition transactions. The weighted-average exercise price of those outstanding options or rights is $134.37 per common share. Equity compensation plans adopted without the approval of shareholders are described below: 2008 Directors’ Stock Plan. M&T maintains a plan for non-employee members of the Board of Directors of M&T and the members of its Directors Advisory Council, and the non-employee members of the Board of Directors of M&T Bank and the members of its regional Directors Advisory Councils, which allows such directors, advisory directors and members of regional Directors Advisory Councils to receive all or a portion of their directorial compensation in shares of M&T common stock. 47 Deferred Bonus Plan. M&T maintains a deferred bonus plan which was frozen effective January 1, 2010 and did not allow any additional deferrals after that date. Prior to January 1, 2010, the plan allowed eligible officers of M&T and its subsidiaries to elect to defer all or a portion of their annual incentive compensation awards and allocate such awards to several investment options, including M&T common stock. At the time of the deferral election, participants also elected the timing of distributions from the plan. Such distributions are payable in cash, with the exception of balances allocated to M&T common stock which are distributable in the form of shares of common stock. Performance Graph The following graph contains a comparison of the cumulative shareholder return on M&T common stock against the cumulative total returns of the KBW Nasdaq Bank Index, compiled by Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc., and the S&P 500 Index, compiled by Standard & Poor’s Corporation, for the five-year period beginning on December 31, 2013 and ending on December 31, 2018. The KBW Nasdaq Bank Index is a market capitalization index consisting of 24 banking stocks representing leading large U.S. national money centers, regional banks and thrift institutions. Comparison of Five-Year Cumulative Return* $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 M&T Bank Corporation KBW Nasdaq Bank Index S&P 500 Index Shareholder Value at Year End* M&T Bank Corporation............................ $ KBW Nasdaq Bank Index......................... S&P 500 Index .......................................... 100 100 100 110 109 114 109 110 115 144 141 129 160 168 157 137 138 150 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 * Assumes a $100 investment on December 31, 2013 and reinvestment of all dividends. In accordance with and to the extent permitted by applicable law or regulation, the information set forth above under the heading “Performance Graph” shall not be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or the Exchange Act and shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. 48 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities On July 17, 2018, M&T announced that it had been authorized by its Board of Directors to purchase up to $1.8 billion of shares of its common stock through June 30, 2019. Repurchase programs authorized in July 2017 and February 2018 by M&T’s Board of Directors were completed during 2018. In total, M&T repurchased 12,295,817 common shares for $2.2 billion during 2018. During the fourth quarter of 2018, M&T purchased shares of its common stock as follows: Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities (c)Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (d)Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that may yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2) (a)Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased (1) (b)Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit) Period October 1 - October 31, 2018 ...................................... November 1 - November 30, 2018 .............................. December 1 - December 31, 2018............................... Total............................................................................. 1,108,508 $ 159.02 167.47 1,360,000 161.97 591,666 3,060,174 $ 163.34 1,108,508 $1,125,229,000 897,474,000 1,360,000 591,492 801,666,000 3,060,000 (1) The total number of shares purchased during the periods indicated includes shares purchased as part of publicly announced programs and shares deemed to have been received from employees who exercised stock options by attesting to previously acquired common shares in satisfaction of the exercise price or shares received from employees upon the vesting of restricted stock awards in satisfaction of applicable tax withholding obligations, as is permitted under M&T’s stock-based compensation plans. (2) On July 17, 2018, M&T announced a program to purchase up to $1.8 billion of its common stock through June 30, 2019. Item 6. Selected Financial Data. See cross-reference sheet for disclosures incorporated elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Corporate Profile M&T Bank Corporation (“M&T”) is a bank holding company headquartered in Buffalo, New York with consolidated assets of $120.1 billion at December 31, 2018. The consolidated financial information presented herein reflects M&T and all of its subsidiaries, which are referred to collectively as “the Company.” M&T’s wholly owned bank subsidiaries are Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company (“M&T Bank”) and Wilmington Trust, National Association (“Wilmington Trust, N.A.”). M&T Bank, with total assets of $119.6 billion at December 31, 2018, is a New York-chartered commercial bank with 750 domestic banking offices in New York State, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Connecticut, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia, a full- service commercial banking office in Ontario, Canada, and an office in the Cayman Islands. M&T Bank and its subsidiaries offer a broad range of financial services to a diverse base of consumers, businesses, professional clients, governmental entities and financial institutions located in their markets. Lending is largely focused on consumers residing in the states noted above and on small and 49 medium size businesses based in those areas, although loans are originated through offices in other states and in Ontario, Canada. Certain lending activities are also conducted in other states through various subsidiaries. Trust and other fiduciary services are offered by M&T Bank and through its wholly owned subsidiary, Wilmington Trust Company. Other subsidiaries of M&T Bank include: M&T Real Estate Trust, a commercial mortgage lender; M&T Realty Capital Corporation, a multifamily commercial mortgage lender; M&T Securities, Inc., which provides brokerage, investment advisory and insurance services; Wilmington Trust Investment Advisors, Inc., which serves as an investment advisor to the Wilmington Funds, a family of proprietary mutual funds, and other funds and institutional clients; and M&T Insurance Agency, Inc., an insurance agency. Wilmington Trust, N.A. is a national bank with total assets of $4.3 billion at December 31, 2018. Wilmington Trust, N.A. and its subsidiaries offer various trust and wealth management services. Wilmington Trust, N.A. offered selected deposit and loan products on a nationwide basis, largely through telephone, Internet and direct mail marketing techniques. Critical Accounting Estimates The Company’s significant accounting policies conform with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and are described in note 1 of Notes to Financial Statements. In applying those accounting policies, management of the Company is required to exercise judgment in determining many of the methodologies, assumptions and estimates to be utilized. Certain of the critical accounting estimates are more dependent on such judgment and in some cases may contribute to volatility in the Company’s reported financial performance should the assumptions and estimates used change over time due to changes in circumstances. Some of the more significant areas in which management of the Company applies critical assumptions and estimates include the following: • Accounting for credit losses — The allowance for credit losses represents the amount that in management’s judgment appropriately reflects credit losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio as of the balance sheet date. A provision for credit losses is recorded to adjust the level of the allowance as deemed necessary by management. In estimating losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio, assumptions and judgment are applied to measure amounts and timing of expected future cash flows, collateral values and other factors used to determine the borrowers’ abilities to repay obligations. Historical loss trends are also considered, as are economic conditions, industry trends, portfolio trends and borrower-specific financial data. In accounting for loans acquired at a discount that is, in part, attributable to credit quality which are initially recorded at fair value with no carry- over of an acquired entity’s previously established allowance for credit losses, the cash flows expected at acquisition in excess of estimated fair value are recognized as interest income over the remaining lives of the loans. Subsequent decreases in the expected principal cash flows require the Company to evaluate the need for additions to the Company’s allowance for credit losses. Subsequent improvements in expected cash flows result first in the recovery of any applicable allowance for credit losses and then in the recognition of additional interest income over the remaining lives of the loans. Changes in the circumstances considered when determining management’s estimates and assumptions could result in changes in those estimates and assumptions, which may result in adjustment of the allowance or, in the case of loans acquired at a discount, increases in interest income in future periods. A detailed discussion of facts and circumstances considered by management in determining the allowance for credit losses is included herein under the heading “Provision for Credit Losses” and in note 4 of Notes to Financial Statements. Valuation methodologies — Management of the Company applies various valuation methodologies to assets and liabilities which often involve a significant degree of judgment, particularly when liquid markets do not exist for the particular items being • 50 valued. Quoted market prices are referred to when estimating fair values for certain assets, such as trading assets, most investment securities, and residential real estate loans held for sale and related commitments. However, for those items for which an observable liquid market does not exist, management utilizes significant estimates and assumptions to value such items. Examples of these items include loans, deposits, borrowings, goodwill, core deposit and other intangible assets, other assets and liabilities obtained or assumed in business combinations, capitalized servicing assets, pension and other postretirement benefit obligations, estimated residual values of property associated with leases, and certain derivative and other financial instruments. These valuations require the use of various assumptions, including, among others, discount rates, rates of return on assets, repayment rates, cash flows, default rates, costs of servicing and liquidation values. The use of different assumptions could produce significantly different results, which could have material positive or negative effects on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition or disclosures of fair value information. In addition to valuation, the Company must assess whether there are any declines in value below the carrying value of assets that should be considered other than temporary or otherwise require an adjustment in carrying value and recognition of a loss in the consolidated statement of income. Examples include investment securities, other investments, loan servicing rights, goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets, among others. Specific assumptions and estimates utilized by management are discussed in detail herein in management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations and in notes 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 18, 19 and 20 of Notes to Financial Statements. Commitments, contingencies and off-balance sheet arrangements — Information regarding the Company’s commitments and contingencies, including guarantees and contingent liabilities arising from litigation, and their potential effects on the Company’s results of operations is included in note 21 of Notes to Financial Statements. In addition, the Company is routinely subject to examinations from various governmental taxing authorities. Such examinations may result in challenges to the tax return treatment applied by the Company to specific transactions. Management believes that the assumptions and judgment used to record tax-related assets or liabilities have been appropriate. Should tax laws change or the tax authorities determine that management’s assumptions were inappropriate, the result and adjustments required could have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations. Information regarding the Company’s income taxes is presented in note 13 of Notes to Financial Statements. The recognition or de-recognition in the Company’s consolidated financial statements of assets and liabilities held by so- called variable interest entities is subject to the interpretation and application of complex accounting pronouncements or interpretations that require management to estimate and assess the relative significance of the Company’s financial interests in those entities and the degree to which the Company can influence the most important activities of the entities. Information relating to the Company’s involvement in such entities and the accounting treatment afforded each such involvement is included in note 19 of Notes to Financial Statements. • Overview The Company recorded net income during 2018 of $1.92 billion or $12.74 of diluted earnings per common share, up 36% and 46%, respectively, from $1.41 billion or $8.70 of diluted earnings per common share in 2017. Basic earnings per common share also increased 46% to $12.75 in 2018 from $8.72 in 2017. Net income in 2016 aggregated $1.32 billion, while diluted and basic earnings per common share were $7.78 and $7.80, respectively. Expressed as a rate of return on average assets, 51 net income in 2018 was 1.64%, compared with 1.17% in 2017 and 1.06% in 2016. The return on average common shareholders’ equity was 12.82% in 2018, 8.87% in 2017 and 8.16% in 2016. During 2018, there were several matters that were notable. The Company adopted amended accounting guidance in the first quarter of 2018 to separately report equity securities at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet (which were previously reported as investment securities available for sale) with changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statement of income rather than through other comprehensive income. Net unrealized losses on investments in equity securities in 2018 were $6 million. As of March 31, 2018, the Company increased its reserve for legal matters by $135 million in anticipation of the settlement of a civil litigation matter by a wholly-owned subsidiary of M&T, Wilmington Trust Corporation (“WT Corp.”), that related to periods prior to the acquisition of WT Corp. by M&T. The increase, on an after-tax basis, reduced net income by $102 million or $.71 of diluted earnings per common share in 2018. That matter received final court approval and is now settled. Income tax expense in 2018 reflects the reduction of the corporate Federal income tax rate from 35% to 21% by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (‘the Tax Act”) that was enacted on December 22, 2017. In December 2018, M&T received approval from the Internal Revenue Service to change its tax return treatment for certain loan fees retroactive to 2017. Given the reduction in Federal income tax rates resulting from the Tax Act, that change in treatment resulted in a $15 million reduction of income tax expense in 2018’s fourth quarter. Following receipt of the approval, the Company increased its fourth quarter contribution to The M&T Charitable Foundation to $20 million that, after applicable tax effect, reduced net income by $15 million. There were also several notable items in 2017. M&T adopted new accounting guidance for share-based transactions in 2017. That guidance requires that all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies associated with share-based compensation be recognized in income tax expense in the income statement. Previously, tax effects resulting from changes in M&T’s share price subsequent to the grant date were recorded through shareholders’ equity at the time of vesting or exercise. The adoption of the amended accounting guidance resulted in a $22 million reduction of income tax expense in 2017, or $.15 of diluted earnings per common share. Similarly, income tax expense in 2018 was reduced by $9 million, or $.06 of diluted earnings per common share. On October 9, 2017, WT Corp. reached an agreement with the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Delaware related to alleged conduct that took place between 2009 and 2010 prior to the acquisition of WT Corp. by M&T. The result was a payment of $44 million that was not deductible for income tax purposes. WT Corp. did not admit any liability. As of September 30, 2017, the Company increased the reserve for legal matters by $50 million. That increase, coupled with the non-deductible nature of the $44 million payment, reduced net income in 2017 by $48 million, or $.31 of diluted earnings per common share. As noted, the Tax Act enacted in December 2017 reduced the Federal income tax rate and made other changes to U.S. corporate income tax laws. GAAP requires that the impact of the provisions of the Tax Act be accounted for in the period of enactment. Accordingly, the incremental income tax expense recorded by the Company in the fourth quarter of 2017 related to the Tax Act was $85 million, representing $.56 of diluted earnings per common share. The additional expense was largely attributable to the reduction in carrying value of net deferred tax assets reflecting lower future tax benefits resulting from the lower corporate tax rate. During the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company realized after-tax gains from sales of investment securities of $14 million ($21 million pre-tax) that added $.09 to diluted earnings per common share. Gains from investment securities increased the Company’s net income in 2016 by $18 million ($30 million pre-tax), representing $.12 of diluted earnings per common share. The Company increased its contribution to The M&T Charitable Foundation by $44 million in the final 2017 quarter, bringing total charitable contributions for all of 2017 to $50 million, thereby reducing net income by $30 million, or $.20 of diluted earnings per common share. 52 With regard to 2016, the Company incurred acquisition and integration-related expenses (included herein as merger-related expenses) associated with the November 2015 acquisition of Hudson City Bancorp, Inc. (“Hudson City”) that totaled $22 million after tax effect, or $.14 of diluted earnings per common share. Taxable-equivalent net interest income rose 7% to $4.09 billion in 2018 from $3.82 billion in 2017. That improvement resulted predominantly from a widening of the net interest margin, or taxable-equivalent net interest income expressed as a percentage of average earning assets, from 3.47% in 2017 to 3.83% in 2018. Partially offsetting the impact of the expanded net interest margin was a 3% decline in average earning assets to $106.8 billion in 2018 from $110.0 billion in 2017. Taxable-equivalent net interest income in 2017 was 9% above $3.50 billion in 2016 due predominantly to a widening of the net interest margin, from 3.11% in 2016, partially offset by a $2.6 billion or 2% decline in average earning assets. The provision for credit losses declined 21% to $132 million in 2018 from $168 million in 2017. The provision in 2016 was $190 million. Other income totaled $1.86 billion and $1.85 billion in 2018 and 2017, respectively, compared with $1.83 billion in 2016. As compared with 2017, higher trust income and income from Bayview Lending Group LLC ("BLG") in 2018 were partially offset by the impact of gains on investment securities during 2017. Comparing 2017 to 2016, higher trust income and service charges on deposit accounts were partially offset by a decline in residential mortgage banking revenues and lower gains on investment securities. Other expense increased 5% to $3.29 billion in 2018 from $3.14 billion in 2017. Other expense in 2016 aggregated $3.05 billion. Included in those amounts are expenses considered by M&T to be “nonoperating” in nature, consisting of amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets of $25 million, $31 million and $43 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and merger-related expenses of $36 million in 2016 associated with the acquisition of Hudson City. Exclusive of those nonoperating expenses, noninterest operating expenses totaled $3.26 billion in 2018, compared with $3.11 billion in 2017 and $2.97 billion in 2016. The increase in such expenses in 2018 as compared with 2017 was largely due to higher costs for salaries and employee benefits, professional services, and increases to the reserve for legal matters, partially offset by lower FDIC assessments and charitable contributions. Contributing to the increase in noninterest operating expenses in 2017 as compared with 2016 were higher costs for salaries and employee benefits, professional services and charitable contributions, and increases to the reserve for legal matters. The efficiency ratio measures the relationship of noninterest operating expenses to revenues. The Company’s efficiency ratio, or noninterest operating expenses (as previously defined) divided by the sum of taxable-equivalent net interest income and noninterest income (exclusive of gains and losses from bank investment securities), was 54.8% in 2018, compared with 55.1% and 56.1% in 2017 and 2016, respectively. The calculations of the efficiency ratio are presented in table 2. The Company’s effective tax rate was 23.5%, 39.4% and 36.1% in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The lower rate in 2018 reflects the reduction of the corporate Federal income tax rate from 35% to 21% as of January 1, 2018. On June 28, 2018, M&T announced that the Federal Reserve did not object to M&T’s revised 2018 Capital Plan. That capital plan includes the repurchase of up to $1.8 billion of common shares during the four-quarter period starting on July 1, 2018 and an increase in the quarterly common stock dividend in the third quarter of 2018 of up to $.20 per share to $1.00 per share. M&T may continue to pay dividends and interest on equity and debt instruments included in regulatory capital, including preferred stock, trust preferred securities and subordinated debt that were outstanding at December 31, 2017, consistent with the contractual terms of those instruments. Dividends are subject to declaration by M&T’s Board of Directors. In July 2018, M&T’s Board of Directors authorized a new stock repurchase program to repurchase up to $1.8 billion of shares of M&T’s 53 common stock subject to all applicable regulatory limitations, including those set forth in M&T’s revised 2018 Capital Plan. Also during 2018’s third quarter, M&T increased the quarterly common stock cash dividend by $.20 to $1.00 per share after having increased the dividend from $.75 to $.80 per share during the second quarter of 2018. On February 5, 2018, M&T received notice of non-objection from the Federal Reserve to repurchase an additional $745 million of shares of its common stock by June 30, 2018. This amount was in addition to the previously announced $900 million of common stock authorized for repurchase under M&T’s 2017 Capital Plan and approved by M&T’s Board of Directors. A new stock repurchase program was approved by M&T’s Board of Directors on February 21, 2018 authorizing the repurchase of up to $745 million. In accordance with authorized stock repurchase programs, M&T repurchased 12,295,817 shares of its common stock at a cost of $2.2 billion during 2018. The dollar amount and number of common shares repurchased were $1.2 billion and 7,369,105, respectively, in 2017 and $641 million and 5,607,595, respectively, in 2016. Table 1 EARNINGS SUMMARY Dollars in millions Increase (Decrease)(a) 2017 to 2018 2016 to 2017 Amount % Amount % 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 to 2018 Compound Growth Rate 5 Years 9% $ 418.2 10 $ 279.6 7 Interest income(b)......................................... $4,620.6 $4,202.4 $3,922.8 $3,195.3 $2,980.5 13 (39.2) (9) Interest expense ............................................ 280.4 9 318.8 9 Net interest income(b) .................................. 4,094.2 3,815.6 3,496.8 2,867.0 2,700.1 (7) (22.0) (12) Less: provision for credit losses ................... 124.0 (9.0) (30) Gain (loss) on bank investment securities .... — — 34.2 2 Other income ................................................ 1,862.3 1,829.9 1,795.7 1,825.1 1,779.3 — 139.6 36 278.6 7 (36.0) (21) (27.6) — 32.4 2 170.0 — 190.0 30.3 168.0 21.3 132.0 (6.3) 328.3 426.0 386.8 526.4 Less: 103.5 6 44.3 3 171.6 7 Salaries and employee benefits.............. 1,752.3 1,648.8 1,618.1 1,532.4 1,418.0 30.7 2 62.2 5 Other expense ........................................ 1,535.8 1,491.5 1,429.3 1,290.5 1,271.5 273.1 13 Income before income taxes......................... 2,530.1 2,358.5 2,085.4 1,699.2 1,665.9 5 4 7 Less: (12.7) (37) (325.5) (36) $ 509.8 36 $ 23.7 7.6 28 172.3 23 576.0 93.2 7 Net income ................................................... $1,918.1 $1,408.3 $1,315.1 $1,079.7 $1,066.2 Taxable-equivalent adjustment(b) ......... Income taxes .......................................... 27.0 743.3 34.6 915.6 24.5 595.0 21.9 590.1 (3) (1) 11% (a) (b) Changes were calculated from unrounded amounts. Interest income data are on a taxable-equivalent basis. The taxable-equivalent adjustment represents additional income taxes that would be due if all interest income were subject to income taxes. This adjustment, which is related to interest received on qualified municipal securities, industrial revenue financings and preferred equity securities, is based on a composite income tax rate of approximately 26% in 2018 and 39% in prior years. Supplemental Reporting of Non-GAAP Results of Operations As a result of business combinations and other acquisitions, the Company had intangible assets consisting of goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets totaling $4.6 billion and $4.7 billion at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Included in such intangible assets was goodwill of $4.6 billion at each of those dates. Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets, after- tax effect, totaled $18 million, $19 million and $26 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. M&T consistently provides supplemental reporting of its results on a “net operating” or “tangible” basis, from which M&T excludes the after-tax effect of amortization of core deposit and 54 other intangible assets (and the related goodwill, core deposit intangible and other intangible asset balances, net of applicable deferred tax amounts) and gains and expenses associated with merging acquired operations into the Company, since such items are considered by management to be “nonoperating” in nature. Those merger-related expenses generally consist of professional services and other temporary help fees associated with the actual or planned conversion of systems and/or integration of operations; costs related to branch and office consolidations; costs related to termination of existing contractual arrangements to purchase various services; initial marketing and promotion expenses designed to introduce M&T Bank to its new customers; severance; incentive compensation costs; travel costs; and printing, supplies and other costs of completing the transactions and commencing operations in new markets and offices. Merger-related expenses associated with M&T’s November 1, 2015 acquisition of Hudson City totaled $36 million ($22 million after-tax) in 2016. There were no merger-related expenses in 2018 or 2017. Although “net operating income” as defined by M&T is not a GAAP measure, M&T’s management believes that this information helps investors understand the effect of acquisition activity in reported results. Net operating income was $1.94 billion in 2018, compared with $1.43 billion in 2017 and $1.36 billion in 2016. Diluted net operating earnings per common share were $12.86 in 2018, $8.82 in 2017 and $8.08 in 2016. Net operating income expressed as a rate of return on average tangible assets was 1.72% in 2018, compared with 1.23% in 2017 and 1.14% in 2016. Net operating income represented a return on average tangible common equity of 19.09% in 2018, compared with 13.00% in 2017 and 12.25% in 2016. Reconciliations of GAAP amounts with corresponding non-GAAP amounts are presented in table 2. 55 Table 2 RECONCILIATION OF GAAP TO NON-GAAP MEASURES Income statement data Dollars in thousands, except per share Net income Net income.................................................................................................................................................................................. $ Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets(a)....................................................................................................... Merger-related expenses(a)......................................................................................................................................................... Net operating income ......................................................................................................................................................... $ Earnings per common share Diluted earnings per common share ........................................................................................................................................... $ Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets(a)....................................................................................................... Merger-related expenses(a)......................................................................................................................................................... Diluted net operating earnings per common share ............................................................................................................. $ Other expense Other expense ............................................................................................................................................................................. $ Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets ........................................................................................................... Merger-related expenses ............................................................................................................................................................. Noninterest operating expense ........................................................................................................................................... $ Merger-related expenses Salaries and employee benefits................................................................................................................................................... $ Equipment and net occupancy .................................................................................................................................................... Outside data processing and software......................................................................................................................................... Advertising and marketing.......................................................................................................................................................... Printing, postage and supplies .................................................................................................................................................... Other costs of operations ............................................................................................................................................................ Total.................................................................................................................................................................................... $ 2018 2017 2016 1,918,080 18,075 — 1,936,155 12.74 .12 — 12.86 $ $ $ $ 1,408,306 19,025 — 1,427,331 8.70 .12 — 8.82 $ $ $ $ 3,288,062 $ 3,140,325 $ (24,522 ) (31,366 ) — 3,263,540 — — — — — — — $ $ $ — 3,108,959 — — — — — — — $ $ $ 1,315,114 25,893 21,685 1,362,692 7.78 .16 .14 8.08 3,047,485 (42,613 ) (35,755 ) 2,969,117 5,334 1,278 1,067 10,522 1,482 16,072 35,755 Efficiency ratio Noninterest operating expense (numerator)................................................................................................................................ $ 3,263,540 $ 3,108,959 $ 2,969,117 Taxable-equivalent net interest income ...................................................................................................................................... Other income............................................................................................................................................................................... Less: Gain (loss) on bank investment securities......................................................................................................................... Denominator ............................................................................................................................................................................... $ 4,094,199 1,856,000 (6,301 ) 5,956,500 $ 3,815,614 1,851,143 21,279 5,645,478 $ 3,496,849 1,825,996 30,314 5,292,531 Efficiency ratio ........................................................................................................................................................................... 54.79 % 55.07 % 56.10 % Balance sheet data In millions Average assets Average assets............................................................................................................................................................................. $ Goodwill ..................................................................................................................................................................................... Core deposit and other intangible assets..................................................................................................................................... Deferred taxes ............................................................................................................................................................................. Average tangible assets ...................................................................................................................................................... $ Average common equity Average total equity.................................................................................................................................................................... $ Preferred stock ............................................................................................................................................................................ Average common equity .................................................................................................................................................... Goodwill ..................................................................................................................................................................................... Core deposit and other intangible assets..................................................................................................................................... Deferred taxes ............................................................................................................................................................................. Average tangible common equity....................................................................................................................................... $ At end of year Total assets Total assets.................................................................................................................................................................................. $ Goodwill ..................................................................................................................................................................................... Core deposit and other intangible assets..................................................................................................................................... Deferred taxes ............................................................................................................................................................................. Total tangible assets ........................................................................................................................................................... $ Total common equity Total equity ................................................................................................................................................................................. $ Preferred stock ............................................................................................................................................................................ Undeclared dividends — cumulative preferred stock................................................................................................................. Common equity, net of undeclared cumulative preferred dividends ................................................................................. Goodwill ..................................................................................................................................................................................... Core deposit and other intangible assets..................................................................................................................................... Deferred taxes ............................................................................................................................................................................. Total tangible common equity .................................................................................................................................................... $ (a) After any related tax effect. 56 116,959 $ 120,860 $ (4,593 ) (59 ) 16 112,323 $ (4,593 ) (86 ) 33 116,214 $ 124,340 (4,593 ) (117 ) 46 119,676 $ $ 15,630 (1,232 ) 14,398 (4,593 ) (59 ) 16 9,762 16,295 (1,232 ) 15,063 (4,593 ) (86 ) 33 10,417 $ $ 16,419 (1,297 ) 15,122 (4,593 ) (117 ) 46 10,458 120,097 $ 118,593 $ (4,593 ) (47 ) 13 115,470 $ (4,593 ) (72 ) 19 113,947 $ 123,449 (4,593 ) (98 ) 39 118,797 $ 15,460 (1,232 ) (3 ) 14,225 (4,593 ) (47 ) 13 9,598 $ $ 16,251 (1,232 ) (3 ) 15,016 (4,593 ) (72 ) 19 10,370 $ 16,487 (1,232 ) (3 ) 15,252 (4,593 ) (98 ) 39 10,600 Net Interest Income/Lending and Funding Activities Net interest income expressed on a taxable-equivalent basis aggregated $4.09 billion in 2018, up 7% from $3.82 billion in 2017. That growth resulted from a widening of the net interest margin to 3.83% in 2018 from 3.47% in 2017. The improvement in the net interest margin was predominantly the result of higher yields on loans due to the higher interest rate environment in 2018. The Federal Reserve raised its target Federal funds rate in .25% increments three times during 2017 and four times during 2018. Partially offsetting the favorable impact of higher interest rates was a $3.2 billion, or 3%, decline in average earning assets to $106.8 billion in 2018 from $110.0 billion in 2017 that reflected decreases in average balances of investment securities of $1.8 billion and average loan and lease balances of $1.4 billion. Average loans and leases declined to $87.4 billion in 2018 from $88.8 billion in 2017. Average balances of commercial loans and leases decreased $149 million or 1% to $21.8 billion in 2018 from $22.0 billion in 2017. Average balances of commercial real estate loans increased $485 million or 1% to $33.7 billion in 2018 from $33.2 billion in 2017. Consumer loans averaged $13.6 billion in 2018, up $930 million or 7% from $12.6 billion in 2017, due to growth in recreational finance loans and automobile loans that was partially offset by declines in outstanding balances of home equity loans and lines of credit. Recreational finance loans predominantly consisted of loans to consumers that are secured by recreational vehicles and boats. Average residential real estate loans declined $2.7 billion or 13% to $18.3 billion in 2018 from $21.0 billion in 2017, predominantly due to ongoing repayments of loans obtained in the acquisition of Hudson City. Taxable-equivalent net interest income in 2017 increased 9% from $3.50 billion in 2016. That growth resulted from a widening of the net interest margin to 3.47% in 2017 from 3.11% in 2016. The improvement in the net interest margin was predominantly the result of higher yields on loans due to the higher interest rate environment in 2017. The Federal Reserve raised its target Federal funds rate by .25% in December 2016 and by the same increment in each of March, June and December 2017. Partially offsetting the favorable impact of higher interest rates was a $2.6 billion, or 2%, decline in average earning assets to $110.0 billion in 2017 from $112.6 billion in 2016 that reflected lower interest-bearing deposits at banks. Average loans and leases increased to $88.8 billion in 2017 from $88.6 billion in 2016. Average balances of commercial loans and leases increased $584 million or 3% to $22.0 billion in 2017 from $21.4 billion in 2016. Average commercial real estate loans increased $2.3 billion or 7% in 2017 to $33.2 billion from $30.9 billion in 2016. Consumer loans averaged $12.6 billion in 2017, up $784 million or 7% from $11.8 billion in 2016 due to growth in recreational finance and automobile loans. Average residential real estate loans declined $3.5 billion or 14% to $21.0 billion in 2017 from $24.5 billion in 2016, predominantly due to ongoing repayments of loans obtained in the acquisition of Hudson City. 57 4 1 0 2 5 1 0 2 6 1 0 2 7 1 0 2 8 1 0 2 e g a r e v A e t a R t s e r e t n I e g a r e v A e c n a l a B e g a r e v A e t a R t s e r e t n I e g a r e v A e c n a l a B e g a r e v A e t a R t s e r e t n I e g a r e v A e c n a l a B e g a r e v A e t a R t s e r e t n I e g a r e v A e c n a l a B e g a r e v A e t a R t s e r e t n I e g a r e v A e c n a l a B ) s r a l l o d f o s d n a s u o h t n i t s e r e t n i ; s r a l l o d f o s n o i l l i m n i e c n a l a b e g a r e v A ( - S E T A R T N E L A V I U Q E E L B A X A T D N A S T E E H S E C N A L A B E G A R E V A % 1 3 . 3 6 2 . 4 3 2 . 4 3 5 . 4 5 0 . 4 5 2 . 7 0 . 1 8 . 1 8 8 . 2 9 8 . 4 6 5 . 4 3 0 . 3 5 6 . 3 1 1 . 7 4 . 1 2 . 4 1 . 5 0 . 3 5 . 0 9 . 2 9 1 . 2 1 . 3 7 8 4 , 4 2 6 9 3 9 , 2 4 1 , 1 2 3 6 , 8 6 3 7 7 8 , 0 8 4 1 6 3 , 3 1 5 3 9 , 6 1 6 , 2 7 6 8 , 8 1 1 6 4 , 6 2 9 1 7 , 8 8 1 6 , 0 1 5 6 6 , 4 6 2 4 3 , 5 4 6 1 8 3 , 1 9 8 6 7 % 1 2 . 3 6 1 . 4 9 0 . 4 6 4 . 4 5 9 . 3 6 2 . 0 1 . 4 4 . 1 9 9 1 , 8 3 6 1 7 2 , 3 9 1 , 1 0 9 7 , 8 6 4 0 5 6 , 9 9 4 2 5 2 , 5 1 0 1 9 , 9 9 7 , 2 9 9 8 , 9 1 6 7 2 , 8 2 8 5 4 , 1 1 3 0 2 , 1 1 6 3 8 , 0 7 5 7 7 , 5 5 3 7 4 2 , 1 4 3 6 8 8 7 1 , 4 0 3 3 4 5 , 0 1 9 4 . 2 3 7 8 , 6 3 3 4 1 5 , 3 1 5 1 1 , 8 5 8 4 , 6 3 6 6 1 0 0 8 8 7 7 , 8 4 3 9 1 5 , 0 8 9 , 2 9 0 5 , 1 1 1 8 6 , 1 8 6 4 . 4 5 4 . 4 2 6 . 2 0 5 . 3 1 9 3 , 6 9 9 5 , 5 3 3 4 1 9 9 7 3 6 8 , 8 7 3 7 0 3 , 5 9 1 , 3 6 5 4 , 4 1 7 8 1 , 1 9 9 9 6 9 6 8 , 6 4 5 1 5 , 5 1 3 8 0 , 3 6 1 0 1 7 4 2 , 7 1 2 1 3 4 , 0 8 2 ) 3 2 9 ( 7 7 2 , 1 8 0 1 , 0 1 3 4 1 , 2 9 7 2 3 0 9 2 , 3 8 0 5 , 1 4 5 2 1 , 5 4 5 1 2 2 9 4 , 7 2 3 8 , 2 5 5 1 7 , 5 2 9 9 4 , 1 6 4 0 , 0 8 7 9 0 , 2 1 3 4 1 , 2 9 1 1 . 8 5 . 8 2 . 5 1 . 1 3 . 5 5 . 7 4 . 2 9 1 . 5 9 . 2 5 1 6 0 4 1 , 6 4 9 5 0 , 7 2 7 7 6 , 1 4 1 8 , 3 7 6 6 7 , 2 5 2 7 5 2 , 8 2 3 ) 5 3 9 ( 2 4 2 , 1 6 8 2 , 0 1 0 8 7 , 1 0 1 6 1 2 1 4 6 , 4 5 8 8 , 3 4 2 4 7 , 8 4 8 4 5 7 1 2 , 0 1 7 0 5 , 9 5 4 2 3 , 7 2 1 2 7 , 1 2 5 5 , 8 8 8 2 2 , 3 1 0 8 7 , 1 0 1 % 4 4 . 3 6 0 . 4 2 9 . 3 4 5 . 4 6 9 . 3 1 5 . 6 8 . 1 7 . 1 7 3 . 2 4 2 . 4 4 2 . 3 4 4 . 2 9 4 . 3 7 1 . 4 8 . 0 4 . 0 3 . 1 4 . 6 5 . 5 2 . 2 8 1 . 3 9 . 2 0 4 2 , 6 3 7 6 9 1 , 7 7 2 , 1 1 2 5 , 8 5 9 4 4 1 , 8 3 5 6 1 5 , 5 4 1 0 1 , 0 1 5 , 3 7 9 3 , 1 2 5 1 9 , 0 3 3 6 4 , 4 2 1 4 8 , 1 1 6 1 6 , 8 8 6 4 8 , 8 3 2 4 4 , 1 — 5 8 6 2 9 , 2 3 3 5 2 0 , 4 1 9 3 8 , 3 6 0 0 , 9 2 0 9 4 9 8 1 7 7 , 5 6 3 9 0 0 , 5 1 3 3 8 , 2 2 9 , 3 6 5 5 , 2 1 1 ) 6 7 9 ( 3 7 2 , 1 7 8 4 , 1 1 0 4 3 , 4 2 1 7 9 7 4 0 7 , 7 8 1 4 8 , 2 0 1 9 9 1 4 9 1 , 2 5 3 5 2 , 2 1 2 4 3 , 1 9 1 6 4 6 , 4 6 5 2 6 , 3 7 1 0 , 1 3 2 4 8 9 , 5 2 4 4 9 8 2 5 2 , 0 1 2 9 7 , 5 7 0 6 1 , 0 3 9 6 9 , 1 9 1 4 , 6 1 1 2 9 , 7 0 1 0 4 3 , 4 2 1 % 8 8 . 3 0 4 . 4 6 9 . 3 2 8 . 4 5 2 . 4 0 1 . 1 6 5 . 1 0 7 . 1 9 2 . 2 2 6 . 4 5 2 . 3 4 3 . 2 2 8 . 3 5 2 . 5 7 . 4 6 . 2 3 . 4 7 . 5 5 . 8 2 . 2 0 2 . 7 2 . 3 9 8 3 , 3 5 8 7 2 4 , 1 8 4 , 1 4 7 5 , 2 3 8 3 5 2 , 8 0 6 6 2 3 , 1 6 3 4 6 , 5 7 7 , 3 1 8 9 , 1 2 6 9 1 , 3 3 3 1 0 , 1 2 5 2 6 , 2 1 5 1 8 , 8 8 8 7 5 , 5 6 2 0 2 , 1 — 1 7 % 0 6 . 4 1 0 . 5 8 1 . 4 9 1 . 5 9 7 . 4 3 9 . 1 5 9 . 1 5 5 . 2 2 6 4 , 3 0 0 , 1 $ 2 3 8 , 1 2 $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c t e , l a i c n a n i f , l a i c r e m m o C ) a ( t n u o c s i d d e n r a e n u f o t e n , s e s a e l d n a s n a o L 2 5 5 , 6 6 7 9 1 9 , 3 0 7 , 7 4 2 2 1 7 , 1 2 8 1 8 0 1 , , 0 8 1 6 8 1 , 4 2 8 6 , 3 3 0 3 3 , 8 1 5 5 5 , 3 1 9 9 3 , 7 8 4 1 6 , 5 3 2 9 7 4 , 1 1 8 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t e n , s e s a e l d n a s n a o l l a t o T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l a i c r e m m o c — e t a t s e l a e R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r e m u s n o c — e t a t s e l a e R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r e m u s n o C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s k n a b t a s t i s o p e d g n i r a e b - t s e r e t n I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s e i t i r u c e s l l e s e r o t s t n e m e e r g a d n a d l o s s d n u f l a r e d e F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t n u o c c a g n i d a r T ) b ( s e i t i r u c e s t n e m t s e v n I s t e s s a g n i n r a E s t e s s A 6 4 4 , 6 3 3 1 0 7 , 4 1 2 3 . 2 3 4 5 , 9 9 2 5 1 9 , 2 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . s e i c n e g a l a r e d e f d n a y r u s a e r T . . S U 1 5 9 , 1 1 9 7 , 5 2 3 4 4 9 7 8 8 1 , 4 6 3 8 3 5 , 5 1 5 6 3 , 2 0 2 , 4 2 0 0 , 0 1 1 8 5 . 4 1 2 . 3 7 3 . 2 3 3 . 4 8 0 6 , 0 2 6 , 4 6 6 7 , 6 0 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s t e s s a g n i n r a e l a t o T 7 4 7 4 5 4 , 4 2 4 4 7 , 4 2 3 4 9 6 , 3 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s e i t i r u c e s t n e m t s e v n i l a t o T 6 1 3 6 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s n o i s i v i d b u s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r e h t O l a c i t i l o p d n a s e t a t s f o s n o i t a g i l b O 6 8 1 , 1 5 0 5 , 1 6 7 7 1 , 3 3 1 8 6 8 , 5 9 1 1 1 5 , 1 2 7 3 , 9 8 1 1 5 7 , 6 8 3 ) 2 1 0 , 1 ( 5 9 2 , 1 5 7 5 , 0 1 0 6 8 , 0 2 1 5 8 1 1 6 1 , 8 9 9 3 , 3 5 5 4 7 , 1 6 5 0 2 2 0 3 , 8 2 5 2 , 0 7 0 2 5 , 2 3 3 9 7 , 1 5 6 5 , 4 0 1 5 9 2 , 6 1 0 6 8 , 0 2 1 1 4 . 5 8 . 7 4 . 3 4 . 1 3 6 . 1 1 8 . 2 8 7 . 8 2 . 5 5 . 3 3 3 6 5 , 3 2 4 , 1 5 1 1 4 , 5 1 2 7 6 4 , 2 7 2 6 8 3 , 5 6 5 5 , 8 4 2 9 0 4 , 6 2 5 9 5 9 , 6 1 1 $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s t e s s a l a t o T ) 9 1 0 , 1 ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s e s s o l t i d e r c r o f e c n a w o l l A 2 1 3 , 1 0 0 9 , 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s k n a b m o r f e u d d n a h s a C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s t e s s a r e h t O 1 2 5 , 8 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . s t i s o p e d g n i r a e b - t s e r e t n i l a t o T 2 0 1 , 2 5 $ . . . . . . s t i s o p e d g n i k c e h c - t s e r e t n i d n a s g n i v a S 4 9 3 5 2 0 , 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s t i s o p e d e m T i . . . . . . . . . . . . . e c i f f o s d n a l s I n a m y a C t a s t i s o p e D 1 3 3 5 4 8 , 8 7 9 6 , 7 6 3 9 8 , 1 3 9 3 7 , 1 . . . . . . . . . s e i t i l i b a i l g n i r a e b - t s e r e t n i l a t o T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s g n i w o r r o b m r e t - t r o h S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s g n i w o r r o b m r e t - g n o L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s t i s o p e d g n i r a e b - t s e r e t n i n o N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s e i t i l i b a i l r e h t O 9 5 9 , 6 1 1 $ . . . . y t i u q e ’ s r e d l o h e r a h s d n a s e i t i l i b a i l l a t o T 9 2 3 , 1 0 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s e i t i l i b a i l l a t o T 0 3 6 , 5 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y t i u q e ’ s r e d l o h e r a h S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d a e r p s t s e r e t n i t e N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s d n u f e e r f - t s e r e t n i f o n o i t u b i r t n o C y t i u q E ’ s r e d l o h e r a h S d n a s e i t i l i b a i L s e i t i l i b a i l g n i r a e b - t s e r e t n I s t i s o p e d g n i r a e b - t s e r e t n I % 1 3 . 3 8 8 0 , 0 0 7 , 2 % 4 1 . 3 0 5 0 , 7 6 8 , 2 % 1 1 . 3 9 4 8 , 6 9 4 , 3 % 7 4 . 3 4 1 6 , 5 1 8 , 3 % 3 8 . 3 9 9 1 , 4 9 0 , 4 $ . . . . s t e s s a g n i n r a e n o n i g r a m / e m o c n i t s e r e t n i t e N . t s o c d e z i t r o m a t a s e i t i r u c e s t n e m t s e v n i e l a s - r o f - e l b a l i a v a s e d u l c n I . s n a o l l a u r c c a n o n s e d u l c n I ) a ( ) b ( 3 e l b a T 58 Table 4 summarizes average loans and leases outstanding in 2018 and percentage changes in the major components of the portfolio over the past two years. Table 4 AVERAGE LOANS AND LEASES (Net of unearned discount) Commercial, financial, etc. ........................................................................ Real estate — commercial.......................................................................... Real estate — consumer ............................................................................. Consumer Home equity lines and loans................................................................. Recreational finance ............................................................................. Automobile ........................................................................................... Other ..................................................................................................... Total consumer ................................................................................ Total ........................................................................................... Percent Increase (Decrease) from 2017 to 2018 2016 to 2017 (1)% 1 (13) (7) 30 10 14 7 (2)% 3 % 7 (14) (6) 23 19 7 7 — % 2018 (In millions) $ 21,832 33,682 18,330 5,051 3,693 3,583 1,228 13,555 $ 87,399 Commercial loans and leases, excluding loans secured by real estate, totaled $23.0 billion at December 31, 2018, representing 26% of total loans and leases. Table 5 presents information on commercial loans and leases as of December 31, 2018 relating to geographic area, size, borrower industry and whether the loans are secured by collateral or unsecured. Of the $23.0 billion of commercial loans and leases outstanding at the end of 2018, approximately $20.6 billion, or 90%, were secured, while 39% were granted to businesses in New York State and 23% to businesses in each of Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic area (which includes Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia). The Company provides financing for leases to commercial customers, primarily for equipment. Commercial leases included in total commercial loans and leases at December 31, 2018 aggregated $1.3 billion, of which 47% were secured by collateral located in New York State, 18% were secured by collateral in Pennsylvania and another 16% were secured by collateral in the Mid-Atlantic area. 59 Table 5 COMMERCIAL LOANS AND LEASES, NET OF UNEARNED DISCOUNT (Excludes Loans Secured by Real Estate) December 31, 2018 New York Pennsylvania Atlantic(a) Other Total Total Mid- Percent of Automobile dealerships..................... $1,783 Services ............................................. 1,317 Manufacturing ................................... 1,449 828 Wholesale.......................................... 660 Financial and insurance..................... 634 Health services .................................. Real estate investors.......................... 889 Transportation, communications, 390 utilities............................................ 298 Retail ................................................. 355 Construction ...................................... 150 Public administration ........................ 21 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, etc. ..... Other.................................................. 81 Total .................................................. $8,855 Percent of total .................................. Percent of dollars outstanding Secured.............................................. Unsecured.......................................... Leases................................................ Total .................................................. Percent of dollars outstanding by size of loan Less than $1 million .......................... $1 million to $5 million .................... $5 million to $10 million .................. $10 million to $20 million ................ $20 million to $30 million ................ $30 million to $50 million ................ Greater than $50 million ................... Total .................................................. 39% 82% 11 7 100% 22% 22 15 17 9 7 8 100% $ 1,032 639 856 645 302 259 182 348 329 319 60 60 218 $ 5,249 (Dollars in millions) $ 680 1,140 588 468 439 649 224 379 349 338 24 45 54 $5,377 $1,284 348 428 137 391 131 144 296 186 91 12 — 49 $3,497 $ 4,779 3,444 3,321 2,078 1,792 1,673 1,439 1,413 1,162 1,103 246 126 402 $22,978 21% 15 14 9 8 7 6 6 5 5 1 1 2 100% 23% 23% 15% 100% 83% 13 4 100% 18% 22 22 19 9 6 4 100% 86% 10 4 89% 4 7 84% 10 6 100% 100% 100% 26% 21 16 16 9 3 9 10% 21 15 20 12 13 9 20% 22 17 17 9 7 8 100% 100% 100% (a) Includes Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. International loans included in commercial loans and leases totaled $109 million and $77 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Included in such loans were $78 million and $54 million, respectively, of loans at M&T Bank’s commercial banking office in Ontario, Canada. The remaining international loans are predominantly to domestic companies with foreign operations. Loans secured by real estate, including outstanding balances of home equity loans and lines of credit which the Company classifies as consumer loans, represented approximately 65% of the loan 60 and lease portfolio during 2018, compared with 67% and 69% in 2017 and 2016, respectively. At December 31, 2018, the Company held approximately $34.4 billion of commercial real estate loans, $17.2 billion of consumer real estate loans secured by one-to-four family residential properties (including $205 million of loans originated for sale) and $4.9 billion of outstanding balances of home equity loans and lines of credit, compared with $33.4 billion, $19.6 billion and $5.3 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2017. The decrease in residential real estate loans reflects the continued pay down of loans obtained in the Hudson City acquisition. Included in commercial real estate loans at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were construction loans of $8.8 billion and $8.1 billion, respectively, including amounts due from builders and developers of residential real estate aggregating $1.7 billion and $1.6 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Commercial real estate loans also included loans held for sale totaling $347 million and $22 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. International loans included in commercial real estate loans totaled $49 million at December 31, 2018 and $65 million at December 31, 2017. Commercial real estate loans originated by the Company include fixed rate instruments with monthly payments and a balloon payment of the remaining unpaid principal at maturity, in many cases five years after origination. For borrowers in good standing, the terms of such loans may be extended by the customer for an additional five years at the then-current market rate of interest. The Company also originates fixed rate commercial real estate loans with maturities of greater than five years, generally having original maturity terms of approximately seven to ten years, and adjustable- rate commercial real estate loans. Adjustable-rate commercial real estate loans represented approximately 76% of the commercial real estate loan portfolio at the 2018 year-end. Table 6 presents commercial real estate loans by geographic area, type of collateral and size of the loans outstanding at December 31, 2018. New York City area commercial real estate loans totaled $8.7 billion at December 31, 2018. The $7.8 billion of investor-owned commercial real estate loans in the New York City area were largely secured by multifamily residential properties, retail space and office space. The Company’s experience has been that office, retail and service-related properties tend to demonstrate more volatile fluctuations in value through economic cycles and changing economic conditions than do multifamily residential properties. Approximately 33% of the aggregate dollar amount of New York City area loans were for loans with outstanding balances of $10 million or less, while loans of more than $50 million made up approximately 18% of the total. 61 Table 6 COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE LOANS, NET OF UNEARNED DISCOUNT December 31, 2018 New York State New York City Other Penn- sylvania Mid- Atlantic(a) (Dollars in millions) Other Percent of Total Total 14% 11 11 8 7 4 1 56% 18% 2 3 1 24% 80% 4% 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 20% 100% Investor-owned Permanent finance by property type $ Office ............................................... $ 1,485 1,379 Retail/Service ................................... 1,410 Apartments/Multifamily................... 685 Hotel................................................. 426 Health facilities ................................ 251 Industrial/Warehouse ....................... 124 Other................................................. 5,760 Total permanent ......................... Construction/Development Commercial Construction.................................. Land/Land development ............... 1,387 276 Residential builder and developer Construction.................................. Land/Land development ............... Total construction/ development............................ Total investor-owned .............................. Owner-occupied by industry(b) 323 27 2,013 7,773 Other services................................... Retail ................................................ Automobile dealerships.................... Health services ................................. Wholesale......................................... Manufacturing.................................. Real estate investors......................... Other................................................. Total owner-occupied ................ 177 151 163 124 95 80 34 126 950 Total commercial real estate ................... $ 8,723 946 604 826 408 455 215 30 3,484 607 27 9 19 $ $ 461 341 432 308 369 278 12 2,201 $ 1,324 981 454 714 830 314 60 4,677 856 31 1,884 216 30 44 244 151 390 629 654 589 456 365 3 3,086 1,375 63 528 315 $ 4,606 3,934 3,776 2,704 2,536 1,423 229 19,208 6,109 613 1,134 556 662 4,146 961 3,162 2,495 7,172 2,281 5,367 8,412 27,620 384 136 202 341 90 209 35 186 1,583 $ 5,729 190 288 270 143 116 131 40 225 1,403 $ 4,565 582 394 178 213 332 150 40 341 2,230 $ 9,402 34 161 211 29 106 28 3 6 578 $ 5,945 1,367 1,130 1,024 850 739 598 152 884 6,744 $ 34,364 Percent of total ........................................ 26% 17% 13% 27% 17% 100% Percent of dollars outstanding by size of loan Less than $1 million................................ $1 million to $5 million .......................... $5 million to $10 million ........................ $10 million to $30 million ...................... $30 million to $50 million ...................... $50 million to $100 million .................... Greater than $100 million ....................... Total ........................................................ 4% 16 13 32 17 14 4 100% 15% 27 20 31 6 1 — 100% 13% 24 20 30 9 4 — 100% 10% 19 16 28 16 11 — 100% 10% 13 14 36 16 9 2 100% 10% 19 16 31 14 9 1 100% (a) (b) Includes Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. Includes $341 million of construction loans. 62 Commercial real estate loans secured by properties located in other parts of New York State, Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic area tend to have a greater diversity of collateral types and include a significant amount of lending to customers who use the mortgaged property in their trade or business (owner-occupied). Approximately 62% of the aggregate dollar amount of commercial real estate loans in New York State secured by properties located outside of the New York City area were for loans with outstanding balances of $10 million or less. Of the outstanding balances of commercial real estate loans in Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic area, approximately 57% and 45%, respectively, were for loans with outstanding balances of $10 million or less. Commercial real estate loans secured by properties located outside of Pennsylvania, the Mid- Atlantic area and New York State comprised 17% of total commercial real estate loans as of December 31, 2018. Commercial real estate construction and development loans made to investors presented in table 6 totaled $8.4 billion at December 31, 2018, or 10% of total loans and leases. Approximately 98% of those construction loans had adjustable interest rates. Included in such loans at the 2018 year- end were $1.7 billion of loans to builders and developers of residential real estate properties. The remainder of the commercial real estate construction loan portfolio was comprised of loans made for various purposes, including the construction of office buildings, multifamily residential housing, retail space and other commercial development. M&T Realty Capital Corporation, a commercial real estate lending subsidiary of M&T Bank, participates in the Delegated Underwriting and Servicing (“DUS”) program of Fannie Mae, pursuant to which commercial real estate loans are originated in accordance with terms and conditions specified by Fannie Mae and sold. Under this program, loans are sold with partial credit recourse to M&T Realty Capital Corporation. The amount of recourse is generally limited to one-third of any credit loss incurred by the purchaser on an individual loan, although in some cases the recourse amount is less than one-third of the outstanding principal balance. The Company’s maximum credit risk for recourse associated with sold commercial real estate loans was approximately $3.4 billion and $3.3 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. There have been no material losses incurred as a result of those recourse arrangements. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, commercial real estate loans serviced by the Company for other investors were $18.2 billion and $16.2 billion, respectively. Reflected in commercial real estate loans serviced for others were loans sub-serviced for others that had outstanding balances of $2.7 billion and $2.6 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Real estate loans secured by one-to-four family residential properties were $17.2 billion at December 31, 2018, including approximately 36% secured by properties located in New York State, 8% secured by properties located in Pennsylvania, 27% secured by properties in New Jersey and 12% secured by properties located in other Mid-Atlantic areas. The Company’s portfolio of alternative (“Alt-A”) residential real estate loans (referred to as “limited documentation loans”) held for investment totaled $2.5 billion at December 31, 2018, down from $3.0 billion at December 31, 2017. A portfolio of limited documentation loans acquired with the Hudson City transaction totaled $2.4 billion and $2.8 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Alt-A loans represent loans that at origination typically included some form of limited borrower documentation requirements as compared with more traditional residential real estate loans. Hudson City loans that were eligible for limited documentation processing were available in amounts up to 65% of the lower of the appraised value or purchase price of the property. Hudson City discontinued its limited documentation loan program in January 2014. Loans in the Company’s Alt-A portfolio prior to the Hudson City transaction were originated by the Company prior to 2008. Loans to individuals to finance the construction of one-to-four family residential properties totaled $41 million at December 31, 2018 and $22 million at December 31, 2017, or less than .1% of total loans and leases 63 at each of those dates. Information about the credit performance of the Company’s residential real estate loans is included herein under the heading “Provision For Credit Losses.” Consumer loans comprised approximately 16% and 15% of total loans and leases at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Outstanding balances of home equity loans and lines of credit represent the largest component of the consumer loan portfolio. Such balances represented approximately 5% and 6% of total loans and leases at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Approximately 40% of home equity loans and lines of credit outstanding at December 31, 2018 were secured by properties in New York State, 25% in Maryland, 21% in Pennsylvania and 3% in New Jersey. Outstanding recreational finance loan balances increased to $4.1 billion at December 31, 2018 from $3.3 billion at December 31, 2017. That growth was due largely to new dealer relationships. Outstanding automobile loan balances rose to $3.7 billion at December 31, 2018 from $3.5 billion at December 31, 2017. That increase reflects continued consumer demand for motor vehicles. Table 7 presents the composition of the Company’s loan and lease portfolio at the end of 2018, including outstanding balances to businesses and consumers in New York State, Pennsylvania, the Mid-Atlantic area and other states. Table 7 LOANS AND LEASES, NET OF UNEARNED DISCOUNT December 31, 2018 Outstandings (In millions) Real estate Residential ................................. $ 17,154 34,364 Commercial................................ 51,518 Total real estate ..................... Commercial, financial, etc.............. 21,715 Consumer Home equity lines and loans...... Recreational finance .................. Automobile ................................ Other secured or guaranteed ...... Other unsecured ......................... Total consumer...................... Total loans ........................ Commercial leases.......................... 4,860 4,127 3,659 348 976 13,970 87,203 1,263 Total loans and leases....... $ 88,466 Percent of Dollars Outstanding Mid-Atlantic New New Penn- York sylvania Maryland Jersey Other(a) 6% 36% 8% 42 13 9% 40% 11% 38% 23% 12% 11 10 11 25 40% 21% 25% 15 7 4 18 25 15 22 20 39 28% 16% 14% 38% 15% 11% 47% 18% 10% 38% 15% 11% 10 27% 6% 7 14% 8% 6% 6% 14 23 11 3% 9% 5 6 7 2 2 5% 10% 10% 8% 3% 3% 10% 8% Other 17% 17 18% 15% 2% 63 26 27 3 27% 18% 19% 18% (a) Includes Delaware, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. The investment securities portfolio averaged $13.7 billion in 2018, compared with $15.5 billion and $15.0 billion in 2017 and 2016, respectively. The lower average balances in 2018 as compared with 2017 largely reflect maturities and pay downs of mortgage-backed securities offset, in part, by 64 purchases of approximately $450 million of U.S. Treasury notes. During 2017, the Company purchased $1.4 billion of mortgage-backed securities, predominantly Ginnie Mae and Freddie Mac securities, and $219 million of U.S. Treasury notes. The Company sold $512 million of available- for-sale Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac mortgage-backed securities during 2017 largely due to the limitations on the amount of those types of securities that are permitted to be included in the highest tier of “high quality liquid assets” for the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (“LCR”) calculation. The Company also sold a portion of its holdings of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac preferred stock during December 2017 for a gain of $18 million. The preferred stock sold had a cost basis (after previous write-downs) of $3 million. During 2016, the Company sold all of its collateralized debt obligations that were held in the available-for-sale investment securities portfolio for a gain of approximately $30 million. Those securities were sold in large part in response to the provisions of the so-called Volcker Rule included in the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd- Frank Act”). Sales of investment securities were not significant in 2018. The investment securities portfolio is largely comprised of residential mortgage-backed securities and shorter-term U.S. Treasury and federal agency notes. When purchasing investment securities, the Company considers its liquidity position and its overall interest-rate risk profile as well as the adequacy of expected returns relative to risks assumed, including prepayments. The Company manages its investment securities portfolio, in part, to satisfy the LCR requirements established by regulators. The LCR is intended to ensure that banks hold a sufficient amount of “high quality liquid assets” to cover the anticipated net cash outflows during a hypothetical acute 30-day stress scenario. For additional information concerning the LCR rules, refer to Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-K under the heading “Liquidity.” The Company may occasionally sell investment securities as a result of changes in interest rates and spreads, actual or anticipated prepayments, credit risk associated with a particular security, or as a result of restructuring its investment securities portfolio in connection with a business combination. The amounts of investment securities held by the Company are influenced by such factors as demand for loans, which generally yield more than investment securities, ongoing repayments, the levels of deposits, and management of liquidity (including the LCR) and balance sheet size and resulting capital ratios. The Company regularly reviews its investment securities for declines in value below amortized cost that might be characterized as “other than temporary.” There were no other-than-temporary impairment charges recognized in the investment securities portfolio in 2018, 2017 or 2016. Based on management’s assessment of future cash flows associated with individual investment securities as of December 31, 2018, the Company concluded that declines in value below amortized cost associated with the investment securities portfolio were temporary in nature. A further discussion of fair values of investment securities is included herein under the heading “Capital.” Additional information about the investment securities portfolio is included in notes 2 and 20 of Notes to Financial Statements. Other earning assets include interest-bearing deposits at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and other banks, trading account assets and federal funds sold. Those other earning assets in the aggregate averaged $5.7 billion in 2018, $5.6 billion in 2017 and $8.9 billion in 2016. Interest- bearing deposits at banks averaged $5.6 billion in each of 2018 and 2017, compared with $8.8 billion in 2016. The amounts of interest-bearing deposits at banks at the respective dates were predominantly comprised of deposits held at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The levels of those deposits often fluctuate due to changes in trust-related deposits of commercial entities, purchases or maturities of investment securities, or borrowings to manage the Company’s liquidity. The most significant source of funding for the Company is core deposits. The Company considers noninterest-bearing deposits, interest-bearing transaction accounts, savings deposits and time deposits of $250,000 or less as core deposits. The Company’s branch network is its principal source of core deposits, which generally carry lower interest rates than wholesale funds of 65 comparable maturities. Average core deposits totaled $87.3 billion in 2018, compared with $92.1 billion in 2017 and $92.2 billion in 2016. The decline in average core deposits in 2018 as compared with 2017 reflected a $2.0 billion, or 27%, decrease in time deposits, predominantly related to maturities of relatively high-rate time deposits, and lower balances of savings and interest-checking deposits, largely money-market savings deposits, and noninterest-bearing deposits. The decline in average core deposits in 2017 as compared with 2016 reflected a $3.6 billion, or 33%, decrease in time deposits, predominantly related to maturities of relatively high-rate deposits obtained in the acquisition of Hudson City, partially offset by growth in noninterest-bearing deposits, in part reflecting balances associated with trust customers. Funding provided by core deposits represented 82% of average earning assets in each of 2018 and 2016, compared with 84% in 2017. Table 8 summarizes average core deposits in 2018 and percentage changes in the components of such deposits over the past two years. Core deposits totaled $85.5 billion and $90.4 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Table 8 AVERAGE CORE DEPOSITS Percent Increase (Decrease) from 2017 to 2018 2016 to 2017 2018 (In millions) Savings and interest-checking deposits ...................................................... $ Time deposits.............................................................................................. Noninterest-bearing deposits ...................................................................... Total............................................................................................................ $ 50,131 5,324 31,893 87,348 (4) % (27) (2) (5) % 2 % (33) 8 — % The Company also receives funding from other deposit sources, including branch-related time deposits over $250,000, deposits associated with the Company’s Cayman Islands office, and brokered deposits. Time deposits over $250,000, excluding brokered deposits, averaged $675 million in 2018, $775 million in 2017 and $1.2 billion in 2016. The declines in such deposits in 2018 and 2017 from 2016 were predominantly the result of maturities of higher-rate time deposits. Cayman Islands office deposits averaged $394 million in 2018, $185 million in 2017 and $199 million in 2016. Brokered time deposits averaged $25 million in 2018 and $59 million in each of 2017 and 2016. The Company also had brokered savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts that averaged $2.0 billion in 2018, $1.2 billion in 2017 and $1.1 billion in 2016. Additional amounts of Cayman Islands office deposits or brokered deposits may be added in the future depending on market conditions, including demand by customers and other investors for those deposits, and the cost of funds available from alternative sources at the time. The Company also uses borrowings from banks, securities dealers, various Federal Home Loan Banks, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and others as sources of funding. Short-term borrowings represent arrangements that at the time they were entered into had a contractual maturity of one year or less. Average short-term borrowings were $331 million in 2018, $205 million in 2017 and $894 million in 2016. The higher levels in 2016 were predominantly due to short-term borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of New York assumed in the Hudson City acquisition. Those short-term fixed rate borrowings matured throughout 2016. However, in December 2018, the Company borrowed $4.2 billion from the FHLB of New York for LCR and other liquidity purposes, $3.0 billion of which matured on the first business day of 2019 and $1.2 66 billion matured on February 1, 2019. Also included in short-term borrowings were unsecured federal funds borrowings, which generally mature on the next business day, that averaged $206 million, $132 million and $151 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Overnight federal funds borrowings totaled $137 million at December 31, 2018 and $125 million at December 31, 2017. Long-term borrowings averaged $8.8 billion in 2018, $8.3 billion in 2017 and $10.3 billion in 2016. Unsecured senior notes totaled $5.5 billion and $5.0 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Average balances of outstanding senior notes were $5.9 billion in 2018, compared with $4.8 billion and $5.3 billion in 2017 and 2016, respectively. During January 2018, M&T Bank issued $650 million of 2.625% fixed rate and $350 million of variable rate senior notes that pay interest quarterly and are indexed to the three-month LIBOR. Those fixed and variable rate notes mature in 2021. On December 31, 2018, M&T Bank redeemed $750 million of fixed rate senior notes that were due to mature on January 31, 2019. In addition, in July 2018 M&T issued $750 million of senior notes that mature in July 2023, of which $500 million have a 3.55% fixed interest rate and $250 million have a variable rate paid quarterly at rates that are indexed to the three-month LIBOR. Also included in average long-term borrowings were amounts borrowed from the Federal Home Loan Banks of New York and Pittsburgh of $577 million in 2018, compared with $820 million and $1.2 billion in 2017 and 2016, respectively, and subordinated capital notes of $1.5 billion in 2018 and 2016, compared with $1.7 billion in 2017. During 2017, M&T Bank issued $500 million of fixed rate subordinated capital notes that mature in 2027. Junior subordinated debentures associated with trust preferred securities that were included in average long-term borrowings were $521 million in 2018, $518 million in 2017 and $515 million in 2016. Also included in long-term borrowings were agreements to repurchase securities, which averaged $415 million in 2018, $490 million in 2017 and $1.8 billion during 2016. The repurchase agreements at December 31, 2018 totaled $409 million and have various repurchase dates through 2020, however, the contractual maturities of the underlying securities extend beyond such repurchase dates. Additional information regarding long-term borrowings, including information regarding contractual maturities of such borrowings, is provided in note 8 of Notes to Financial Statements. The Company has utilized interest rate swap agreements to modify the repricing characteristics of certain components of its loans and long-term debt. As of December 31, 2018, interest rate swap agreements were used as fair value hedges of approximately $4.4 billion of outstanding fixed rate long-term borrowings. Additionally, interest rate swap agreements with a notional amount of $2.9 billion were used as cash flow hedges of interest payments associated with variable rate commercial real estate loans. Further information on interest rate swap agreements is provided herein and in note 18 of Notes to Financial Statements. Changes in the composition of the Company’s earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as discussed herein, as well as changes in interest rates and spreads, can impact net interest income. Net interest spread, or the difference between the taxable-equivalent yield on earning assets and the rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities, was 3.55% in 2018, compared with 3.27% in 2017 and 2.93% in 2016. The yield on the Company’s earning assets increased 51 basis points (hundredths of one percent) to 4.33% in 2018 from 3.82% in 2017 and the rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities increased 23 basis points to .78% in 2018 from .55% in 2017. During 2016, the yield on earning assets was 3.49% and the rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities was .56%. The widening of the net interest spread in each comparison predominantly reflects the effect of increases in short-term interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve during late 2016, 2017 and 2018 that contributed most significantly to higher yields on loans and leases. Net interest-free funds consist largely of noninterest-bearing demand deposits and shareholders’ equity, partially offset by bank owned life insurance and non-earning assets, including goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets. Net interest-free funds averaged $39.1 billion in 2018, compared with $39.7 billion in 2017 and $36.8 billion in 2016. The decrease in average net interest- 67 free funds in 2018 from 2017 and the increase in such funds in 2017 as compared with 2016 reflected changes in balances of noninterest-bearing deposits. Those deposits averaged $31.9 billion in 2018, $32.5 billion in 2017 and $30.2 billion in 2016. The decline in such balances from 2017 to 2018 was due to lower levels of deposits of commercial and trust customers. The growth in average noninterest-bearing deposits in 2017 as compared with 2016 reflected higher levels of deposits of trust customers. Shareholders’ equity averaged $15.6 billion, $16.3 billion and $16.4 billion in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decline in shareholders’ equity from 2017 to 2018 was predominantly due to repurchases of M&T common stock. Goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets averaged $4.7 billion in each of 2018, 2017 and 2016. The cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance averaged $1.8 billion in each of 2018 and 2017, compared with $1.7 billion in 2016. Increases in the cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance are not included in interest income, but rather are recorded in “other revenues from operations.” The contribution of net interest-free funds to net interest margin was .28% in 2018, .20% in 2017 and .18% in 2016. The increase in 2018 reflects the higher rates on interest-bearing liabilities used to value net interest-free funds. Reflecting the changes to the net interest spread and the contribution of net interest-free funds as described herein, the Company’s net interest margin was 3.83% in 2018, 3.47% in 2017 and 3.11% in 2016. Future changes in market interest rates or spreads, as well as changes in the composition of the Company’s portfolios of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities that result in reductions in spreads, could adversely impact the Company’s net interest income and net interest margin. Management assesses the potential impact of future changes in interest rates and spreads by projecting net interest income under several interest rate scenarios. In managing interest rate risk, the Company has utilized interest rate swap agreements to modify the repricing characteristics of certain portions of its earnings assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Periodic settlement amounts arising from these agreements are reflected in either the yields on earning assets or the rates paid on interest- bearing liabilities. The notional amount of interest rate swap agreements entered into for interest rate risk management purposes was $7.3 billion (excluding $12.6 billion of forward-starting swap agreements) at December 31, 2018, $7.4 billion (excluding $2.0 billion of forward-starting swap agreements) at December 31, 2017 and $900 million at December 31, 2016. Under the terms of those interest rate swap agreements, the Company received payments based on the outstanding notional amount at fixed rates and made payments at variable rates. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, interest rate swap agreements with notional amounts of $2.85 billion were serving as cash flow hedges of interest payments associated with variable rate commercial real estate loans. There were no interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges at December 31, 2016. At December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, interest swap agreements with notional amounts of $4.45 billion, $4.55 billion and $900 million, respectively, were serving as fair value hedges of fixed rate long-term borrowings. 68 In a fair value hedge, the fair value of the derivative (the interest rate swap agreement) and changes in the fair value of the hedged item are recorded in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet with the corresponding gain or loss recognized in current earnings. The difference between changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements and the hedged items represents hedge ineffectiveness and coincident with the Company’s adoption of amended hedge accounting guidance on January 1, 2018 is recorded as an adjustment to the interest income or interest expense of the respective hedged item. Prior to 2018, hedge ineffectiveness was recorded in “other revenues from operations” in the Company’s consolidated statement of income. In a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the derivative’s gain or loss is initially reported as a component of other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction affects earnings. The ineffective portion of the derivative’s gain or loss on cash flow hedges is accounted for similar to that associated with fair value hedges. The amounts of hedge ineffectiveness recognized in 2018, 2017 and 2016 were not material to the Company’s consolidated results of operations. Information regarding the fair value of interest rate swap agreements and hedge ineffectiveness is presented in note 18 of Notes to Financial Statements. Information regarding the effective portion of cash flow hedges is presented in note 15 of Notes to Financial Statements. The changes in the fair values of the interest rate swap agreements and the hedged items primarily result from the effects of changing interest rates and spreads. The average notional amounts of interest rate swap agreements entered into for interest rate risk management purposes, the related effect on net interest income and margin, and the weighted-average interest rates paid or received on those swap agreements are presented in table 9. Table 9 INTEREST RATE SWAP AGREEMENTS . 2018 Year Ended December 31 2017 2016 Amount Rate(a) Amount Rate(a) Amount Rate(a) (Dollars in thousands) Increase (decrease) in: Interest income ...................................... $ (13,339) Interest expense ..................................... 11,418 Net interest income/margin ................... $ (24,757) Average notional amount (c) ...................... $7,795,479 Rate received (b)......................................... Rate paid (b) ............................................... (.01)% $ .02 (.03)% $ 3,916 (20,966) 24,882 $4,766,575 — % $ (.03) .02 % $ (36,866) 36,866 $1,357,650 — — % (.05) .04 % 2.09 % 2.41 % 2.30 % 1.79 % 4.39 % 1.64 % (a) Computed as a percentage of average earning assets or interest-bearing liabilities. (b) Weighted-average rate paid or received on interest rate swap agreements in effect during year. (c) Excludes forward-starting interest rate swap agreements not in effect during the year. In addition to interest rate swap agreements, the Company has entered into interest rate floor agreements that are not accounted for as hedging instruments but, nevertheless, provide the Company with protection against the possibility of future declines in interest rates on its earning assets. At December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, outstanding notional amounts of such agreements totaled $15.6 billion and $6.3 billion, respectively. There were no similar agreements at December 31, 2016. The fair value of those interest rate floor agreements was $1.9 million at December 31, 2018 and $3.7 million at December 31, 2017 and was included in trading account assets in the 69 consolidated balance sheet. Changes in the fair value of those agreements are recorded as “trading account and foreign exchange gains” in the consolidated statement of income. Provision for Credit Losses The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses that in management’s judgment appropriately reflects losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio. A provision for credit losses is recorded to adjust the level of the allowance as deemed necessary by management. The provision for credit losses was $132 million in 2018, compared with $168 million in 2017 and $190 million in 2016. Net charge-offs of loans were $130 million in 2018, $140 million in 2017 and $157 million in 2016. Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans and leases outstanding were .15% in 2018, compared with .16% in 2017 and .18% in 2016. A summary of the Company’s loan charge-offs, provision and allowance for credit losses is presented in table 10 and in note 4 of Notes to Financial Statements. Table 10 LOAN CHARGE-OFFS, PROVISION AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 (Dollars in thousands) Allowance for credit losses beginning balance........................................................... $1,017,198 Charge-offs during year Commercial, financial, leasing, etc................................................ Real estate — construction ......................... Real estate — mortgage .............................. Consumer .................................................... Total charge-offs.................................... 60,414 262 27,369 143,196 231,241 Recoveries during year Commercial, financial, leasing, etc................................................ Real estate — construction ......................... Real estate — mortgage .............................. Consumer .................................................... Total recoveries ..................................... Net charge-offs................................................. Provision for credit losses ................................ Allowance for credit losses ending balance........................................................... $1,019,444 Net charge-offs as a percent of: 27,903 19,379 8,322 45,883 101,487 129,754 132,000 $ 988,997 $955,992 $919,562 $916,676 64,941 267 28,463 130,927 224,598 59,244 137 30,801 141,073 231,255 60,983 3,221 26,382 107,787 198,373 58,943 1,882 33,527 84,390 178,742 21,196 8,894 12,671 42,038 84,799 139,799 168,000 30,167 4,062 11,124 28,907 74,260 156,995 190,000 30,284 6,308 7,626 20,585 64,803 133,570 170,000 22,188 4,725 14,640 16,075 57,628 121,114 124,000 $1,017,198 $988,997 $955,992 $919,562 Provision for credit losses ........................... Average loans and leases, net of unearned discount .................................... Allowance for credit losses as a percent of loans and leases, net of unearned discount, at year-end...................... 98.30% 83.21% 82.63% 78.57% 97.67% .15% .16% .18% .19% .19% 1.15% 1.16% 1.09% 1.09% 1.38% Loans acquired in connection with acquisition transactions subsequent to 2008 were recorded at fair value with no carry-over of any previously recorded allowance for credit losses. Determining the fair value of the acquired loans required estimating cash flows expected to be collected on the loans 70 and discounting those cash flows at then-current interest rates. For acquired loans where fair value was less than outstanding principal as of the acquisition date and the resulting discount was due, at least in part, to credit deterioration, the excess of expected cash flows over the carrying value of the loans is recognized as interest income over the lives of loans. The difference between contractually required payments and the cash flows expected to be collected is referred to as the nonaccretable balance and is not recorded on the consolidated balance sheet. The nonaccretable balance reflects estimated future credit losses and other contractually required payments that the Company does not expect to collect. The Company regularly evaluates the reasonableness of its cash flow projections associated with such loans, including its estimates of lifetime principal losses. Any decreases to the expected cash flows require the Company to evaluate the need for an additional allowance for credit losses and could lead to charge-offs of loan balances. Any significant increases in expected cash flows result in additional interest income to be recognized over the then-remaining lives of the loans. The carrying amount of loans acquired at a discount subsequent to 2008 and accounted for based on expected cash flows was $727 million and $1.0 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The nonaccretable balance related to remaining principal losses associated with loans acquired at a discount as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 is presented in table 11. During each of the last three years, based largely on improving economic conditions and borrower repayment performance, the Company’s estimates of cash flows expected to be generated by loans acquired at a discount and accounted for based on expected cash flows improved, resulting in increases in the accretable yield. In 2018, estimated cash flows expected to be generated by acquired loans increased by $55 million, or approximately 4%. That improvement reflected higher estimated principal, interest and other recoveries, largely associated with commercial real estate loans. In 2017, estimated cash flows expected to be generated by acquired loans increased by $66 million, or approximately 3%. That improvement reflected higher estimated principal, interest and other recoveries largely associated with purchased-impaired residential real estate loans. In 2016, estimated cash flows expected to be generated by acquired loans increased by $50 million, or approximately 2%. That improvement reflected a lowering of estimated principal losses by approximately $33 million, primarily due to a $19 million decrease in expected principal losses in the commercial real estate loan portfolios, as well as interest and other recoveries. Table 11 NONACCRETABLE BALANCE — PRINCIPAL Remaining balance December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 (In thousands) Commercial, financial, leasing, etc............................................................................. $ Commercial real estate ............................................................................................... Residential real estate ................................................................................................. Consumer.................................................................................................................... Total ...................................................................................................................... $ 3,106 7,545 25,817 6,099 42,567 3,586 28,783 33,880 7,482 73,731 71 For acquired loans where the fair value exceeded the outstanding principal balance, the resulting premium is recognized as a reduction of interest income over the lives of the loans. Immediately following the acquisition date and thereafter, an allowance for credit losses is recorded for incurred losses inherent in the portfolio, consistent with the accounting for originated loans and leases. The carrying amount of Hudson City loans acquired in 2015 at a premium totaled $9.3 billion and $11.5 billion at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. GAAP does not allow the credit loss component of the net premium associated with those loans to be bifurcated and accounted for as a nonaccreting balance as is the case with purchased impaired loans and other loans acquired at a discount. Rather, subsequent to the acquisition date, incurred losses associated with those loans are evaluated using methods consistent with those applied to originated loans and such losses are considered by management in evaluating the Company’s allowance for credit losses. Nonaccrual loans aggregated $894 million at December 31, 2018, compared with $883 million and $920 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As a percentage of total loans and leases outstanding, nonaccrual loans represented 1.01% at the end of each of 2018 and 2016 and 1.00% at December 31, 2017. The lower level of nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2017 as compared with December 31, 2016 reflects the effects of borrower repayment performance and charge-offs. Accruing loans past due 90 days or more (excluding loans acquired at a discount) were $223 million or .25% of total loans and leases at December 31, 2018, compared with $244 million or .28% at December 31, 2017 and $301 million or .33% at December 31, 2016. Those amounts included loans guaranteed by government-related entities of $192 million, $235 million and $283 million at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Guaranteed loans included one-to-four family residential mortgage loans serviced by the Company that were repurchased to reduce associated servicing costs, including a requirement to advance principal and interest payments that had not been received from individual mortgagors. Despite the loans being purchased by the Company, the insurance or guarantee by the applicable government-related entity remains in force. The outstanding principal balances of the repurchased loans that are guaranteed by government-related entities totaled $165 million at December 31, 2018, $207 million at December 31, 2017 and $224 million at December 31, 2016. The remaining accruing loans past due 90 days or more not guaranteed by government-related entities were loans considered to be with creditworthy borrowers that were in the process of collection or renewal. A summary of nonperforming assets and certain past due, renegotiated and impaired loan data and credit quality ratios is presented in table 12. 72 Table 12 NONPERFORMING ASSET AND PAST DUE, RENEGOTIATED AND IMPAIRED LOAN DATA December 31 2018 2017 2016 (Dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 Nonaccrual loans .............................................................. $893,608 Real estate and other foreclosed assets ............................ 78,375 Total nonperforming assets .............................................. $971,983 Accruing loans past due 90 days or more(a) .................... $222,527 Government guaranteed loans included in totals above: Nonaccrual loans......................................................... $ 34,667 Accruing loans past due 90 days or more ................... 192,443 Renegotiated loans ........................................................... $245,367 Acquired accruing loans past due 90 days or more(b) ..... $ 39,750 Purchased impaired loans(c): 882,598 111,910 994,508 244,405 920,015 139,206 1,059,221 300,659 799,409 195,085 994,494 317,441 799,151 63,635 862,786 245,020 35,677 235,489 221,513 47,418 40,610 282,659 190,374 61,144 47,052 276,285 182,865 68,473 69,095 217,822 202,633 110,367 Outstanding customer balance .................................... $529,520 Carrying amount ......................................................... 303,305 688,091 410,015 927,446 578,032 1,204,004 768,329 369,080 197,737 Nonaccrual loans to total loans and leases, net of unearned discount.......................................................... Nonperforming assets to total net loans and leases and real estate and other foreclosed assets........................... Accruing loans past due 90 days or more(a) to total loans and leases, net of unearned discount.................... 1.01% 1.00% 1.01% .91% 1.20% 1.10% 1.13% 1.16% 1.13% 1.29% .25% .28% .33% .36% .37% (a) (b) (c) Excludes loans acquired at a discount. Predominantly residential real estate loans. Loans acquired at a discount that were recorded at fair value at acquisition date. This category does not include purchased impaired loans that are presented separately. Accruing loans acquired at a discount that were impaired at acquisition date and recorded at fair value. Purchased impaired loans are loans obtained in acquisition transactions subsequent to 2008 that as of the acquisition date were specifically identified as displaying signs of credit deterioration and for which the Company did not expect to collect all contractually required principal and interest payments. Those loans were impaired at the date of acquisition, were recorded at estimated fair value and were generally delinquent in payments, but, in accordance with GAAP, the Company continues to accrue interest income on such loans based on the estimated expected cash flows associated with the loans. The carrying amount of such loans aggregated $303 million at December 31, 2018, or .3% of total loans. Of that amount, $285 million was associated with the acquisition of Hudson City. Purchased impaired loans totaled $410 million at December 31, 2017, of which $378 million was associated with the acquisition of Hudson City. The Company modified the terms of select loans in an effort to assist borrowers. If the borrower was experiencing financial difficulty and a concession was granted, the Company considered such modifications as troubled debt restructurings. Loan modifications included such actions as the extension of loan maturity dates and the lowering of interest rates and monthly payments. The objective of the modifications was to increase loan repayments by customers and thereby reduce net charge-offs. In accordance with GAAP, the modified loans are included in impaired loans for purposes of determining the level of the allowance for credit losses. Information about modifications of loans that are considered troubled debt restructurings is included in note 3 of Notes to Financial Statements. 73 Residential real estate loans modified under specified loss mitigation programs prescribed by government guarantors have not been included in renegotiated loans because the loan guarantee remains in full force and, accordingly, the Company has not granted a concession with respect to the ultimate collection of the original loan balance. Such loans totaled $179 million and $189 million at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Charge-offs of commercial loans and leases, net of recoveries, aggregated $33 million in 2018, $44 million in 2017 and $29 million in 2016. Commercial loans and leases in nonaccrual status were $234 million at December 31, 2018, $241 million at December 31, 2017 and $261 million at December 31, 2016. Net recoveries of previously charged-off commercial real estate loans were $9 million during 2018, $5 million during 2017 and $2 million in 2016. Reflected in those amounts were a $13 million recovery during 2018 associated with a hotel property and net recoveries of $2 million in 2018, $9 million in 2017 and $4 million in 2016 of loans to residential real estate builders and developers. Commercial real estate loans classified as nonaccrual aggregated $231 million at December 31, 2018, compared with $202 million at December 31, 2017 and $211 million at December 31, 2016. Nonaccrual commercial real estate loans included construction-related loans of $27 million, $17 million and $35 million at the end of 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Net charge-offs of residential real estate loans totaled $9 million in 2018, $12 million in 2017 and $18 million in 2016. Residential real estate loans in nonaccrual status at December 31, 2018 were $318 million, compared with $332 million and $336 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Nonaccrual limited documentation first mortgage loans were $85 million at December 31, 2018, compared with $96 million and $107 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Limited documentation first mortgage loans represent loans secured by residential real estate that at origination typically included some form of limited borrower documentation requirements as compared with more traditional loans. The Company discontinued its limited documentation loan program in 2008 and Hudson City discontinued its program in 2014. Residential real estate loans past due 90 days or more and accruing interest (excluding loans acquired at a discount) totaled $190 million at December 31, 2018, $233 million at December 31, 2017 and $281 million at December 31, 2016. A substantial portion of such amounts related to guaranteed loans repurchased from government-related entities. Information about the location of nonaccrual and charged-off residential real estate loans as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 is presented in table 13. 74 Table 13 SELECTED RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATE-RELATED LOAN DATA December 31, 2018 Nonaccrual Year Ended December 31, 2018 Net Charge-offs (Recoveries) Percent of Average Outstanding Outstanding Balances Percent of Outstanding Balances Balances (Dollars in thousands) Balances Balances Residential mortgages: New York ........................................................................ $ 4,998,325 $ Pennsylvania.................................................................... Maryland.......................................................................... New Jersey....................................................................... Other Mid-Atlantic (a)..................................................... Other ................................................................................ Total................................................................................. $14,588,233 $ 1,245,243 1,064,581 3,623,703 944,464 2,711,917 75,342 14,444 12,199 61,638 8,839 60,463 232,925 Residential construction loans: New York ........................................................................ $ Pennsylvania.................................................................... Maryland.......................................................................... New Jersey....................................................................... Other Mid-Atlantic (a)..................................................... Other ................................................................................ Total................................................................................. $ 14,145 $ 4,097 5,111 5,798 8,989 2,953 41,093 $ Limited documentation first mortgages: New York ........................................................................ $ 1,104,836 $ Pennsylvania.................................................................... Maryland.......................................................................... New Jersey....................................................................... Other Mid-Atlantic (a)..................................................... Other ................................................................................ Total................................................................................. $ 2,525,120 $ 52,347 30,410 959,848 12,066 365,613 First lien home equity loans and lines of credit: New York ........................................................................ $ 1,203,136 $ Pennsylvania.................................................................... Maryland.......................................................................... New Jersey....................................................................... Other Mid-Atlantic (a)..................................................... Other ................................................................................ Total................................................................................. $ 2,828,892 $ 731,294 598,711 64,678 204,084 26,989 Junior lien home equity loans and lines of credit: New York ........................................................................ $ Pennsylvania.................................................................... Maryland.......................................................................... New Jersey....................................................................... Other Mid-Atlantic (a)..................................................... Other ................................................................................ Total................................................................................. $ 2,024,829 $ 748,248 $ 279,898 602,236 98,780 254,416 41,251 Limited documentation junior lien: New York ........................................................................ $ Pennsylvania.................................................................... Maryland.......................................................................... New Jersey....................................................................... Other Mid-Atlantic (a)..................................................... Other ................................................................................ Total................................................................................. $ 616 $ 280 1,265 385 599 3,388 6,533 $ 109 295 — — — 23 427 34,601 5,946 2,384 24,484 880 16,390 84,685 15,418 7,225 7,664 523 5,146 909 36,885 16,406 2,916 8,735 1,281 2,720 1,915 33,973 — — 52 171 — 211 434 (a) Includes Delaware, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. 1.51% $ 1.16 1.15 1.70 .94 2.23 1.60% $ .77% $ 7.20 — — — .78 1.04% $ 3.13% $ 11.36 7.84 2.55 7.29 4.48 3.35% $ 1.28% $ .99 1.28 .81 2.52 3.37 1.30% $ 2.19% $ 1.04 1.45 1.30 1.07 4.64 1.68% $ —% $ — 4.11 44.42 — 6.23 6.64% $ 3,663 348 (309) 2,685 (379) 3,723 9,731 — 49 — — — (41) 8 (779) 254 148 507 (261) (908) (1,039) 1,636 1,751 1,748 (4) 120 (33) 5,218 606 174 1,037 (3) 66 (7) 1,873 40 4 40 — — — 84 .07% .03 (.03) .07 (.04) .13 .06% —% 1.44 — — — (.85) .03% (.06%) .44 .44 .05 (1.01) (.24) (.04%) .13% .23 .28 (.01) .06 (.13) .18% .08% .06 .16 — .02 (.02) .09% 5.73% 1.51 3.09 — — — 1.21% 75 Net charge-offs of consumer loans during 2018 aggregated $97 million, compared with $89 million in 2017 and $112 million in 2016. Included in net charge-offs of consumer loans were: automobile loans of $33 million in 2018, $34 million in 2017 and $32 million in 2016; recreational finance loans of $17 million, $16 million and $24 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively; and home equity loans and lines of credit secured by one-to-four family residential properties of $7 million in 2018, $11 million in 2017 and $17 million in 2016. Nonaccrual consumer loans were $110 million at December 31, 2018, compared with $108 million and $112 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Included in nonaccrual consumer loans at the 2018, 2017 and 2016 year-ends were: automobile loans of $23 million, $24 million and $19 million, respectively; recreational finance loans of $11 million, $6 million and $7 million, respectively; and outstanding balances of home equity loans and lines of credit of $71 million, $75 million and $82 million, respectively. Information about the location of nonaccrual and charged-off home equity loans and lines of credit as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 is presented in table 13. Information about past due and nonaccrual loans as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 is also included in note 3 of Notes to Financial Statements. Real estate and other foreclosed assets totaled $78 million at December 31, 2018, compared with $112 million at December 31, 2017 and $139 million at December 31, 2016. Net gains or losses associated with real estate and other foreclosed assets were not material in 2018, 2017 or 2016. At December 31, 2018, the Company’s holding of residential real estate-related properties comprised approximately 99% of foreclosed assets. Management determined the allowance for credit losses by performing ongoing evaluations of the loan and lease portfolio, including such factors as the differing economic risks associated with each loan category, the financial condition of specific borrowers, the economic environment in which borrowers operate, the level of delinquent loans, the value of any collateral and, where applicable, the existence of any guarantees or indemnifications. Management evaluated the impact of changes in interest rates and overall economic conditions on the ability of borrowers to meet repayment obligations when quantifying the Company’s exposure to credit losses and the allowance for such losses as of each reporting date. Factors also considered by management when performing its assessment, in addition to general economic conditions and the other factors described above, included, but were not limited to: (i) the impact of real estate values on the Company’s portfolio of loans secured by commercial and residential real estate; (ii) the concentrations of commercial real estate loans in the Company’s loan portfolio; (iii) the amount of commercial and industrial loans to businesses in areas of New York State outside of the New York City metropolitan area and in central Pennsylvania that have historically experienced less economic growth and vitality than the vast majority of other regions of the country; (iv) the expected repayment performance associated with the Company’s first and second lien loans secured by residential real estate; and (v) the size of the Company’s portfolio of loans to individual consumers, which historically have experienced higher net charge-offs as a percentage of loans outstanding than other loan types. The level of the allowance is adjusted based on the results of management’s analysis. Management cautiously and conservatively evaluated the allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2018 in light of: (i) residential real estate values and the level of delinquencies of loans secured by residential real estate; (ii) economic conditions in the markets served by the Company; (iii) slower growth in private sector employment in upstate New York and central Pennsylvania than in other regions served by the Company and nationally; (iv) the significant subjectivity involved in commercial real estate valuations; and (v) the amount of loan growth experienced by the Company. While there has been general improvement in economic conditions, concerns continue to exist about the strength and sustainability of such improvements; the volatile nature of global commodity and export markets, including the impact international economic conditions could have on the U.S. economy; Federal Reserve positioning of monetary policy; and continued stagnant population growth 76 in the upstate New York and central Pennsylvania regions (approximately 53% of the Company’s loans and leases are to customers in New York State and Pennsylvania). As described in note 4 of Notes to Financial Statements, the Company utilizes a loan grading system to differentiate risk amongst its commercial loans and commercial real estate loans. Loans with a lower expectation of default are assigned one of ten possible “pass” loan grades and are generally ascribed lower loss factors when determining the allowance for credit losses. Loans with an elevated level of credit risk are classified as “criticized” and are ascribed a higher loss factor when determining the allowance for credit losses. Criticized loans may be classified as “nonaccrual” if the Company no longer expects to collect all amounts according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement or the loan is delinquent 90 days or more. Criticized commercial loans and commercial real estate loans totaled $2.7 billion at December 31, 2018, compared with $2.5 billion at December 31, 2017. The increase reflects loans to three customers, each operating in different industries and geographic regions, that were added to criticized loans in the fourth quarter of 2018. Given payment performance, amount of supporting collateral, and, in certain instances, the existence of loan guarantees, the Company still expects to collect the full outstanding principal balance on most criticized loans. Loan officers in different geographic locations with the support of the Company’s credit department personnel continuously review and reassign loan grades based on their detailed knowledge of individual borrowers and their judgment of the impact on such borrowers resulting from changing conditions in their respective regions. At least annually, updated financial information is obtained from commercial borrowers associated with pass grade loans and additional analysis is performed. On a quarterly basis, the Company’s centralized credit department reviews all criticized commercial loans and commercial real estate loans greater than $1 million to determine the appropriateness of the assigned loan grade, including whether the loan should be reported as accruing or nonaccruing. For criticized nonaccrual loans, additional meetings are held with loan officers and their managers, workout specialists and senior management to discuss each of the relationships. In analyzing criticized loans, borrower-specific information is reviewed, including operating results, future cash flows, recent developments and the borrower’s outlook, and other pertinent data. The timing and extent of potential losses, considering collateral valuation and other factors, and the Company’s potential courses of action are contemplated. To the extent that these loans are collateral- dependent, they are evaluated based on the fair value of the loan’s collateral as estimated at or near the financial statement date. As the quality of a loan deteriorates to the point of classifying the loan as “criticized,” the process of obtaining updated collateral valuation information is usually initiated, unless it is not considered warranted given factors such as the relative size of the loan, the characteristics of the collateral or the age of the last valuation. In those cases where current appraisals may not yet be available, prior appraisals are utilized with adjustments, as deemed necessary, for estimates of subsequent declines in value as determined by line of business and/or loan workout personnel in the respective geographic regions. Those adjustments are reviewed and assessed for reasonableness by the Company’s credit department. Accordingly, for real estate collateral securing larger commercial loans and commercial real estate loans, estimated collateral values are based on current appraisals and estimates of value. For non-real estate loans, collateral is assigned a discounted estimated liquidation value and, depending on the nature of the collateral, is verified through field exams or other procedures. In assessing collateral, real estate and non-real estate values are reduced by an estimate of selling costs. With regard to residential real estate loans, the Company’s loss identification and estimation techniques make reference to loan performance and house price data in specific areas of the country where collateral securing the Company’s residential real estate loans is located. For residential real estate-related loans, including home equity loans and lines of credit, the excess of the loan balance over the net realizable value of the property collateralizing the loan is charged-off when the loan 77 becomes 150 days delinquent. That charge-off is based on recent indications of value from external parties that are generally obtained shortly after a loan becomes nonaccrual. Loans to consumers that file for bankruptcy are generally charged off to estimated net collateral value shortly after the Company is notified of such filings. At December 31, 2018, approximately 58% of the Company’s home equity portfolio consisted of first lien loans and lines of credit. Of the remaining junior lien loans in the portfolio, approximately 68% (or approximately 28% of the aggregate home equity portfolio) consisted of junior lien loans that were behind a first lien mortgage loan that was not owned or serviced by the Company. To the extent known by the Company, if a senior lien loan would be on nonaccrual status because of payment delinquency, even if such senior lien loan was not owned by the Company, the junior lien loan or line that is owned by the Company is placed on nonaccrual status. The balance of junior lien loans and lines that were in nonaccrual status solely as a result of first lien loan performance was $10 million at each of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. In monitoring the credit quality of its home equity portfolio for purposes of determining the allowance for credit losses, the Company reviews delinquency and nonaccrual information and considers recent charge-off experience. When evaluating individual home equity loans and lines of credit for charge off and for purposes of estimating incurred losses in determining the allowance for credit losses, the Company gives consideration to the required repayment of any first lien positions related to collateral property. Home equity line of credit terms vary but such lines are generally originated with an open draw period of ten years followed by an amortization period of up to twenty years. At December 31, 2018, approximately 82% of all outstanding balances of home equity lines of credit related to lines that were still in the draw period, the weighted-average remaining draw periods were approximately five years, and approximately 27% were making contractually allowed payments that do not include any repayment of principal. Factors that influence the Company’s credit loss experience include overall economic conditions affecting businesses and consumers, generally, but also residential and commercial real estate valuations, in particular, given the size of the Company’s real estate loan portfolios. Commercial real estate valuations can be highly subjective, as they are based upon many assumptions. Such valuations can be significantly affected over relatively short periods of time by changes in business climate, economic conditions, interest rates and, in many cases, the results of operations of businesses and other occupants of the real property. Similarly, residential real estate valuations can be impacted by housing trends, the availability of financing at reasonable interest rates, and general economic conditions affecting consumers. In determining the allowance for credit losses, the Company estimates losses attributable to specific troubled credits identified through both normal and targeted credit review processes and also estimates losses inherent in other loans and leases. In quantifying incurred losses, the Company considers the factors and uses the techniques described herein and in note 4 of Notes to Financial Statements. For purposes of determining the level of the allowance for credit losses, the Company segments its loan and lease portfolio by loan type. The amount of specific loss components in the Company’s loan and lease portfolios is determined through a loan-by-loan analysis of commercial loans and commercial real estate loans in nonaccrual status. Measurement of the specific loss components is typically based on expected future cash flows, collateral values or other factors that may impact the borrower’s ability to pay. Losses associated with residential real estate loans and consumer loans are generally determined by reference to recent charge-off history and are evaluated (and adjusted if deemed appropriate) through consideration of other factors including near-term forecasted loss estimates developed by the Company’s credit department. These forecasts give consideration to overall borrower repayment performance and current geographic region changes in collateral values using third party published historical price indices or automated valuation methodologies. With regard to collateral values, the realizability of such values by the Company contemplates repayment of any first lien position prior to recovering amounts on a junior lien position. Approximately 42% of the Company’s 78 home equity portfolio consists of junior lien loans and lines of credit. Except for consumer loans and residential real estate loans that are considered smaller balance homogeneous loans and are evaluated collectively and loans obtained at a discount in acquisition transactions, the Company considers a loan to be impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement or the loan is delinquent 90 days or more and has been placed in nonaccrual status. Those impaired loans are evaluated for specific loss components. Modified loans, including smaller balance homogenous loans, that are considered to be troubled debt restructurings are evaluated for impairment giving consideration to the impact of the modified loan terms on the present value of the loan’s expected cash flows. Loans less than 90 days delinquent are deemed to have a minimal delay in payment and are generally not considered to be impaired. For loans acquired at a discount, the impact of estimated future credit losses represents the predominant difference between contractually required payments and the cash flows expected to be collected. Subsequent decreases to those expected cash flows require the Company to evaluate the need for an additional allowance for credit losses and could lead to charge-offs of acquired loan balances. Additional information regarding the Company’s process for determining the allowance for credit losses is included in note 4 of Notes to Financial Statements. The inherent base level loss components of the Company’s allowance for credit losses are generally determined by applying loss factors to specific loan balances based on loan type and management’s classification of commercial loans and commercial real estate loans under the Company’s loan grading system. As previously described, loan officers are responsible for continually assigning grades to these loans based on standards outlined in the Company’s Credit Policy. Internal loan grades are also extensively monitored by the Company’s credit department to ensure consistency and strict adherence to the prescribed standards. Loan balances utilized in the inherent base level loss component computations exclude loans and leases for which specific allocations are maintained. Loan grades are assigned loss component factors that reflect the Company’s loss estimate for each group of loans and leases. Factors considered in assigning loan grades and loss component factors include borrower-specific information related to expected future cash flows and operating results, collateral values, financial condition, payment status, and other information; levels of and trends in portfolio charge-offs and recoveries; levels of and trends in portfolio delinquencies and impaired loans; changes in the risk profile of specific portfolios; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of changes in credit concentrations; and observed trends and practices in the banking industry. In determining the allowance for credit losses, management also gives consideration to such factors as customer, industry and geographic concentrations, as well as national and local economic conditions, including: (i) the comparatively poorer economic conditions and unfavorable business climate in many market regions served by the Company, including upstate New York and central Pennsylvania, that result in such regions generally experiencing significantly lesser economic growth and vitality as compared with much of the rest of the country; (ii) portfolio concentrations regarding loan type, collateral type and geographic location, in particular the large concentrations of commercial real estate loans secured by properties in the New York City area and other areas of New York State; and (iii) risk associated with the Company’s portfolio of consumer loans which generally have higher rates of loss than other types of collateralized loans. The inherent base level loss components related to residential real estate loans and consumer loans are generally determined by applying loss factors to portfolio balances after consideration of payment performance and recent loss experience and trends, which are mainly driven by current collateral values in the market place as well as the amount of loan defaults. Loss rates for loans secured by residential real estate, including home equity loans and lines of credit, are determined by reference to recent charge-off history and are evaluated (and adjusted if deemed appropriate) through consideration of other factors as previously described. 79 In evaluating collateral, the Company relies on internally and externally prepared valuations. Residential real estate valuations are usually based on sales of comparable properties in the respective location. Commercial real estate valuations also refer to sales of comparable properties but oftentimes are based on calculations that utilize many assumptions and, as a result, can be highly subjective. Specifically, commercial real estate values can be significantly affected over relatively short periods of time by changes in business climate, economic conditions and interest rates, and, in many cases, the results of operations of businesses and other occupants of the real property. Additionally, management is aware that there is oftentimes a delay in the recognition of credit quality changes in loans and, as a result, in changes to assigned loan grades due to time delays in the manifestation and reporting of underlying events that impact credit quality. Accordingly, loss estimates derived from the inherent base level loss component computation are adjusted for current national and local economic conditions and trends. The Federal Reserve stated in December 2018 that the U.S. labor market has continued to strengthen and that economic activity has been rising at a strong rate. Job gains have been strong, on average, in recent months, and the unemployment rate has remained low. Household spending has continued to grow strongly, while growth of business fixed investment has moderated from its pace earlier in the year. Economic indicators in the most significant market regions served by the Company also showed improvement in 2018. For example, in 2018, average private sector employment in areas served by the Company was 1.4% above year- ago levels, but still trailed the 1.9% U.S. average growth rate. Private sector employment increased 1.1% in upstate New York, 1.5% in areas of Pennsylvania served by the Company, 1.8% in New Jersey, 1.2% in Maryland, 2.1% in Greater Washington D.C. and 1.4% in Delaware. In New York City, private sector employment increased by 1.9% in 2018. The specific loss components and the inherent base level loss components together comprise the total base level or “allocated” allowance for credit losses. Such allocated portion of the allowance represents management’s assessment of losses existing in specific larger balance loans that are reviewed in detail by management and pools of other loans that are not individually analyzed. In addition, the Company has always provided an inherent unallocated portion of the allowance that is intended to recognize probable losses that are not otherwise identifiable. The inherent unallocated allowance includes management’s subjective determination of amounts necessary for such things as the possible use of imprecise estimates in determining the allocated portion of the allowance and other risks associated with the Company’s loan portfolio which may not be specifically allocable. A comparative allocation of the allowance for credit losses for each of the past five year-ends is presented in table 14. Amounts were allocated to specific loan categories based on information available to management at the time of each year-end assessment and using the methodology described herein. Variations in the allocation of the allowance by loan category as a percentage of those loans reflect changes in management’s estimate of specific loss components and inherent base level loss components, including the impact of delinquencies and nonaccrual loans. The unallocated portion of the allowance for credit losses was equal to .09% of gross loans outstanding at each of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Considering the inherent imprecision in the many estimates used in the determination of the allocated portion of the allowance, management deliberately remained cautious and conservative in establishing the overall allowance for credit losses. Given the Company’s high concentration of real estate loans and considering the other factors already discussed herein, management considers the allocated and unallocated portions of the allowance for credit losses to be prudent and reasonable. Furthermore, the Company’s allowance is general in nature and is available to absorb losses from any loan or lease category. Additional information about the allowance for credit losses is included in note 4 of Notes to Financial Statements. 80 Table 14 ALLOCATION OF THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES TO LOAN CATEGORIES December 31 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 (Dollars in thousands) Commercial, financial, leasing, etc...... $ 330,055 410,780 Real estate.......................................... 200,564 Consumer........................................... 78,045 Unallocated........................................ Total.............................................. $1,019,444 $ 328,599 439,490 170,809 78,300 $1,017,198 $330,833 423,846 156,288 78,030 $988,997 $300,404 399,069 178,320 78,199 $955,992 $288,038 369,837 186,033 75,654 $919,562 As a Percentage of Gross Loans and Leases Outstanding Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ..... Real estate.......................................... Consumer........................................... 1.43% .80 1.44 1.50% .83 1.29 1.45% .75 1.29 1.46% .72 1.54 1.47% 1.02 1.70 Management believes that the allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2018 appropriately reflected credit losses inherent in the portfolio as of that date. The allowance for credit losses totaled $1.02 billion at each of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 and $989 million at December 31, 2016. As a percentage of loans outstanding, the allowance was 1.15% and 1.16% at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and 1.09% at December 31, 2016. The level of the allowance reflects management’s evaluation of the loan and lease portfolio using the methodology and considering the factors as described herein. Should the various credit factors considered by management in establishing the allowance for credit losses change and should management’s assessment of losses inherent in the loan portfolio also change, the level of the allowance as a percentage of loans could increase or decrease in future periods. The ratio of the allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual loans at the end of 2018, 2017 and 2016 was 114%, 115% and 107%, respectively. Given the Company’s general position as a secured lender and its practice of charging- off loan balances when collection is deemed doubtful, that ratio and changes in that ratio are generally not an indicative measure of the adequacy of the Company’s allowance for credit losses, nor does management rely upon that ratio in assessing the adequacy of the Company’s allowance for credit losses. The level of the allowance reflects management’s evaluation of the loan and lease portfolio as of each respective date. In establishing the allowance for credit losses, management follows the methodology described herein, including taking a conservative view of borrowers’ abilities to repay loans. The establishment of the allowance is subjective and requires management to make many judgments about borrower, industry, regional and national economic health and performance. In order to present examples of the possible impact on the allowance from certain changes in credit quality factors, the Company assumed the following scenarios for possible deterioration of credit quality: • • • For consumer loans and leases considered smaller balance homogenous loans and evaluated collectively, a 50 basis point increase in loss factors; For residential real estate loans and home equity loans and lines of credit, also considered small balance homogenous loans and evaluated collectively, a 15% increase in estimated inherent losses; and For commercial loans and commercial real estate loans, a migration of loans to lower-ranked risk grades resulting in a 30% increase in the balance of classified credits in each risk grade. 81 For possible improvement in credit quality factors, the scenarios assumed were: • • • For consumer loans and leases, a 20 basis point decrease in loss factors; For residential real estate loans and home equity loans and lines of credit, a 10% decrease in estimated inherent losses; and For commercial loans and commercial real estate loans, a migration of loans to higher- ranked risk grades resulting in a 5% decrease in the balance of classified credits in each risk grade. The scenario analyses resulted in an additional $93 million that could be identifiable under the assumptions for credit deterioration, whereas under the assumptions for credit improvement a $32 million reduction could occur. These examples are only a few of numerous reasonably possible scenarios that could be utilized in assessing the sensitivity of the allowance for credit losses based on changes in assumptions and other factors. The Company had no concentrations of credit extended to any specific industry that exceeded 10% of total loans at December 31, 2018, however residential real estate loans comprised approximately 19% of the loan portfolio. Outstanding loans to foreign borrowers aggregated $172 million at December 31, 2018, or .2% of total loans and leases. Other Income Other income totaled $1.86 billion in 2018, compared with $1.85 billion and 1.83 billion in 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase in other income from 2017 to 2018 was largely attributable to higher levels of trust income and income from BLG that were tempered by lower brokerage services income and income from bank owned life insurance. In addition, valuation losses on equity securities were incurred during 2018, compared with gains on the sale of investment securities in 2017. As compared with 2016, the rise in other income in 2017 was largely attributable to higher trust income, merchant discount and credit card fees, service charges on deposit accounts, and lower losses associated with M&T’s share of the operating losses of BLG. Partially offsetting those improvements were a decline in mortgage banking revenues and lower gains on investment securities. Mortgage banking revenues aggregated $360 million in 2018, $364 million in 2017 and $374 million in 2016. Mortgage banking revenues are comprised of both residential and commercial mortgage banking activities. The Company’s involvement in commercial mortgage banking activities includes the origination, sales and servicing of loans under the multifamily loan programs of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Residential mortgage banking revenues, consisting of realized gains from sales of residential real estate loans and loan servicing rights, unrealized gains and losses on residential real estate loans held for sale and related commitments, residential real estate loan servicing fees, and other residential real estate loan-related fees and income, were $239 million in 2018, compared with $245 million in 2017 and $255 million in 2016. The lower residential mortgage banking revenues in each of the last two years as compared with the preceding year resulted from decreased gains from origination activities, reflecting declines in origination volumes and a narrowing of the associated margins. New commitments to originate residential real estate loans to be sold declined 25% to approximately $2.2 billion in 2018 from $3.0 billion in 2017. Such commitments totaled $3.1 billion in 2016. Realized gains from sales of residential real estate loans and loan servicing rights and recognized net unrealized gains or losses attributable to residential real estate loans held for sale, commitments to originate loans for sale and commitments to sell loans aggregated to gains of $44 million in 2018, $60 million in 2017 and $71 million in 2016. Loans held for sale that were secured by residential real estate aggregated $205 million and $356 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Commitments to sell residential real 82 estate loans and commitments to originate residential real estate loans for sale at pre-determined rates totaled $364 million and $245 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018, $595 million and $347 million, respectively, at December 31, 2017 and $777 million and $479 million, respectively, at December 31, 2016. Net recognized unrealized gains on residential real estate loans held for sale, commitments to sell loans and commitments to originate loans for sale were $7 million at December 31, 2018, $10 million at December 31, 2017 and $15 million at December 31, 2016. Changes in such net unrealized gains are recorded in mortgage banking revenues and resulted in net decreases in revenue of $3 million in 2018 and $5 million in 2017. The aggregate impact of changes in net unrealized gains was less than $1 million in 2016. Revenues from servicing residential real estate loans for others were $195 million in 2018, $185 million in 2017 and $183 million in 2016. Residential real estate loans serviced for others aggregated $79.1 billion at December 31, 2018, $79.2 billion a year earlier and $53.2 billion at December 31, 2016. Reflected in residential real estate loans serviced for others were loans sub-serviced for others of $56.8 billion, $56.6 billion and $30.4 billion at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Revenues earned for sub-servicing loans totaled $114 million in 2018, compared with $103 million in 2017 and $98 million in 2016. The Company added $9 billion of residential real estate loans sub- serviced for others during 2018. During 2017, the Company added sub-servicing of residential real estate loans aggregating $35.6 billion of outstanding principal balances. On January 31, 2019, the Company purchased servicing rights for residential real estate loans that had outstanding principal balances at that date of approximately $13.3 billion. The purchase price of such servicing rights was approximately $146 million, subject to certain final adjustments. Transfer of the loans to the Company’s loan servicing system is expected to occur in the second quarter of 2019. The contractual servicing rights associated with loans sub-serviced by the Company were predominantly held by affiliates of BLG. Information about the Company’s relationship with BLG and its affiliates is included in note 24 of Notes to Financial Statements. Capitalized servicing rights consist largely of servicing associated with loans sold by the Company. Capitalized residential mortgage servicing assets totaled $121 million at December 31, 2018, compared with $115 million and $117 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Additional information about the Company’s capitalized residential mortgage servicing assets, including information about the calculation of estimated fair value, is presented in note 6 of Notes to Financial Statements. Commercial mortgage banking revenues totaled $121 million in 2018, compared with $119 million in each of 2017 and 2016. Included in such amounts were revenues from loan origination and sales activities of $64 million in 2018, $66 million in 2017 and $76 million in 2016. The lower revenues in 2018 as compared with 2017 were due to narrower margins on loans originated for sale. The decline from 2016 to 2017 reflected lower loan origination volumes. Commercial real estate loans originated for sale to other investors totaled approximately $2.4 billion in 2018, compared with $2.5 billion in 2017 and $2.9 billion in 2016. Loan servicing revenues aggregated $57 million in 2018, $53 million in 2017 and $43 million in 2016. Capitalized commercial mortgage servicing assets were $115 million at December 31, 2018, $114 million at December 31, 2017 and $104 million at December 31, 2016. Commercial real estate loans serviced for other investors totaled $18.2 billion at December 31, 2018, $16.2 billion at December 31, 2017 and $11.8 billion at December 31, 2016, and included $3.4 billion at December 31, 2018, $3.3 billion at December 31, 2017 and $2.8 billion at December 31, 2016, of loan balances for which investors had recourse to the Company if such balances are ultimately uncollectible. Included in commercial real estate loans serviced for others were loans sub-serviced for others of $2.7 billion at December 31, 2018 and $2.6 billion at December 31, 2017. Commitments to sell commercial real estate loans and commitments to originate commercial real estate loans for sale aggregated $577 million and $229 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018, $217 million and $195 million, respectively, at December 31, 2017 and $713 83 million and $70 million, respectively, at December 31, 2016. Commercial real estate loans held for sale were $347 million, $22 million and $643 million at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The higher balances at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016 reflect loans originated later in the year that had not yet been delivered to investors. Service charges on deposit accounts totaled $429 million in 2018, compared with $427 million in 2017 and $419 million in 2016. The increase in 2018 as compared with 2017 reflects higher consumer service charges while the increase in 2017 as compared with 2016 reflects higher consumer and commercial service charges of $5 million and $3 million, respectively. Trust income includes fees related to two significant businesses. The Institutional Client Services (“ICS”) business provides a variety of trustee, agency, investment management and administrative services for corporations and institutions, investment bankers, corporate tax, finance and legal executives, and other institutional clients who: (i) use capital markets financing structures; (ii) use independent trustees to hold retirement plan and other assets; and (iii) need investment and cash management services. The Wealth Advisory Services (“WAS”) business helps high net worth clients grow their wealth, protect it, and transfer it to their heirs. A comprehensive array of wealth management services are offered, including asset management, fiduciary services and family office services. Trust income aggregated $538 million in 2018, compared with $501 million in 2017 and $472 million in 2016. Revenues associated with the ICS business were $275 million in 2018, $254 million in 2017 and $230 million in 2016. The increase in ICS revenue in 2018 as compared with 2017 was predominantly due to higher sales activities and increased retirement services income resulting in growth in collective fund balances. The improved revenues associated with the ICS business in 2017 compared with 2016 reflect increased fees earned from money-market funds and stronger sales activities. Retirement services income also rose in 2017 as a result of higher revenues resulting from growth in collective funds balances. Revenues attributable to WAS totaled $237 million, $222 million and $212 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increased revenues in each of the last two years as compared with the preceding year reflect stronger sales activities and improved equity market performance. Trust assets under management were $84.9 billion and $82.5 billion at December, 31 2018 and 2017, respectively. Trust assets under management include the Company’s proprietary mutual funds’ assets of $10.8 billion at December 31, 2018 and $11.2 billion at December 31, 2017. Additional trust income from investment management activities was $26 million, $25 million and $30 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and includes fees earned from retail customer investment accounts and from an affiliated investment manager. The decline in such revenues in 2017 as compared with 2016 reflects, in part, lower balances managed. Assets managed by the affiliated manager totaled $4.2 billion and $6.7 billion at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company’s trust income from that affiliate was not material during 2018, 2017 or 2016. 84 Brokerage services income, which includes revenues from the sale of mutual funds and annuities and securities brokerage fees, declined to $51 million in 2018 from $61 million in 2017 and $63 million in 2016. The decline in brokerage services income from 2017 to 2018 was predominantly due to lower income from sales of annuities and mutual funds. Trading account and foreign exchange activity resulted in gains of $33 million in 2018, $35 million in 2017 and $41 million in 2016. Valuation losses on interest rate floor agreements in 2018 were largely offset by income associated with increased activity related to interest rate swap agreements executed on behalf of commercial customers. The lower level of such gains in 2017 as compared with 2016 resulted largely from reduced activity related to interest rate swap transactions executed on behalf of commercial customers. The Company enters into interest rate and foreign exchange contracts with customers who need such services and concomitantly enters into offsetting trading positions with third parties to minimize the risks involved with these types of transactions. Information about the notional amount of interest rate, foreign exchange and other contracts entered into by the Company for trading account purposes is included in note 18 of Notes to Financial Statements and herein under the heading “Liquidity, Market Risk, and Interest Rate Sensitivity.” Net losses on investment securities totaled $6 million in 2018 and represented unrealized losses on investments in equity securities. The Company realized net gains from sales of investment securities of $21 million in 2017 and $30 million in 2016. Of the $21 million of net gains recognized during 2017, $18 million were associated with the sale of a portion of the Company’s Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac preferred stock holdings. The preferred stock sold had an amortized cost basis (after previous other-than-temporary impairment write-downs) of approximately $3 million. During 2016, the Company sold all of its collateralized debt obligations that had been held in the available-for-sale investment securities portfolio and that had been obtained through the acquisition of other banks. In total, securities with an amortized cost of $28 million were sold. Divestiture of the majority of those securities would have been required in accordance with the provisions of the Volcker Rule. Other revenues from operations aggregated $451 million in 2018, compared with $441 million in 2017 and $426 million in 2016. The increase in other revenues from operations in 2018 as compared with 2017 reflects income of $24 million from BLG, partially offset by lower income earned from bank owned life insurance. The increase from 2016 to 2017 reflects lower losses from BLG and higher merchant discount and credit card fees. Included in other revenues from operations were the following significant components. Letter of credit and other credit-related fees totaled $125 million, $123 million and $120 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Revenues from merchant discount and credit card fees were $117 million in 2018, $120 million in 2017 and $111 million in 2016. As discussed in note 10 of Notes to Financial Statements, effective January 1, 2018 the Company began reporting credit card interchange revenue net of rewards granted to consumers who use the Company’s credit cards. Those rewards totaled $14 million in 2018. If that change had not taken place, revenues from merchant discount and credit card fees would have aggregated $131 million in 2018, or 9% higher than in 2017 due to increased usage of the Company’s credit card products. The higher revenues in 2017 as compared to 2016 were largely attributable to increased transaction volumes related to merchant activity and usage of the Company’s credit card products. Tax-exempt income earned from bank owned life insurance, which includes increases in the cash surrender value of life insurance policies and benefits received, aggregated $48 million in 2018, compared with $58 million in 2017 and $54 million in 2016. The decrease from 2017 to 2018 was due to lower death benefit proceeds. Insurance-related sales commissions and other revenues totaled $47 million in 2018, compared with $43 million in each of 2017 and 2016. Automated teller machine usage fees aggregated $14 million in each of 2018 85 and 2016, compared with $15 million in 2017. Gains from sales of equipment previously leased to commercial customers were $7 million in 2018, $6 million in 2017 and $8 million in 2016. M&T’s investment in BLG resulted in income of $24 million in 2018 and less than $1 million in 2017, compared with losses of $11 million in 2016. During the second quarter of 2017, the operating losses of BLG resulted in M&T reducing the carrying value of its investment in BLG to zero. During that quarter and in 2018, M&T received cash distributions from BLG that resulted in the recognition of income by M&T. M&T expects cash distributions from BLG in the future, but the timing and amount of those distributions cannot be estimated. BLG is entitled to receive distributions from affiliates that provide asset management and other services that are available for distribution to BLG’s owners, including M&T. The operating losses of BLG in 2016 reflect provisions for losses associated with securitized loans and other loans held by BLG and loan servicing and other administrative costs. Information about the Company’s relationship with BLG and its affiliates is included in note 24 of Notes to Financial Statements. Other Expense Other expense aggregated $3.29 billion in 2018, compared to $3.14 billion in 2017 and $3.05 billion in 2016. Included in those amounts are expenses considered to be “nonoperating” in nature consisting of amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets of $25 million, $31 million and $43 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and merger-related expenses of $36 million in 2016. There were no merger-related expenses in 2017 or 2018. Exclusive of those nonoperating expenses, noninterest operating expenses aggregated $3.26 billion in 2018, $3.11 billion in 2017 and $2.97 billion in 2016. The most significant factors contributing to the increase in such expenses from 2017 to 2018 were a $135 million increase to the reserve for legal matters in 2018’s initial quarter (compared with a $64 million increase to that reserve in 2017) and higher salaries and employee benefits and professional services expenses. Those factors were partially offset by lower FDIC assessments and charitable contributions. The rise in noninterest operating expenses in 2017 as compared with 2016 was largely attributable to higher legal-related and professional services expenses, increased salaries and employee benefit costs, and higher charitable contributions. Salaries and employee benefits expense aggregated $1.75 billion in 2018, compared with $1.65 billion and $1.62 billion in 2017 and 2016, respectively. The higher level of expenses in 2018 reflects increased head count, the impact of merit and other increases for employees and higher incentive and stock-based compensation. The higher level of expenses in 2017 as compared to 2016 reflects the impact of annual merit increases and higher incentive-based compensation costs. Stock-based compensation totaled $66 million in 2018, compared with $61 million in 2017 and $65 million in 2016. The number of full-time equivalent employees were 16,938 and 16,456 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, compared with 16,593 at December 31, 2016. The Company provides pension and other postretirement benefits (including a retirement savings plan) for its employees. Expenses related to such benefits totaled $85 million in 2018, $92 million in 2017 and $94 million in 2016. The amounts recorded in salaries and employee benefits expense and other costs of operations, respectively, from the preceding sentence were as follows: $92 million and ($7) million in 2018; $90 million and $2 million in 2017; $88 million and $6 million in 2016. The Company sponsors both defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans. Pension benefit expense for those plans was $45 million in 2018, $51 million in 2017 and $52 million in 2016. Included in those amounts were $29 million in 2018, $30 million in 2017 and $25 million in 2016 for a defined contribution pension plan that the Company began on January 1, 2006. The Company made $200 million of voluntary contributions to the qualified defined benefit pension plan in 2017. No contributions were required or made in 2018 or 2016. Information about the 86 Company’s pension plans, including significant assumptions utilized in completing actuarial calculations for the plans, is included in note 12 of Notes to Financial Statements. The Company also provides a retirement savings plan (“RSP”) that is a defined contribution plan in which eligible employees of the Company may defer up to 50% of qualified compensation via contributions to the plan. The Company makes an employer matching contribution in an amount equal to 75% of an employee’s contribution, up to 4.5% of the employee’s qualified compensation. RSP expense totaled $43 million in 2018, $38 million in 2017 and $37 million in 2016. Excluding the nonoperating expense items already noted, nonpersonnel operating expenses were $1.51 billion in 2018, $1.46 billion in 2017 and $1.35 billion in 2016. The rise in such expenses in 2018 as compared with 2017 was predominantly the result of higher legal-related and professional services costs, partially offset by lower FDIC assessments and charitable contributions. The decline in FDIC assessments from 2017 to 2018 was due, in part, to the elimination of the large bank surcharge, effective October 1, 2018. The Deposit Insurance Fund Reserve Ratio exceeded the statutorily required minimum reserve ratio of 1.35% on September 30, 2018, resulting in the elimination of the surcharge. The increased operating expenses in 2017 as compared with 2016 were predominantly the result of higher legal-related and professional services costs and charitable contributions. As noted previously, during 2018 and 2017 WT Corp. reached agreements related to alleged conduct of that subsidiary prior to its acquisition by M&T that led to the Company adding $135 million and $50 million to its reserve for legal matters during 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company made contributions to The M&T Charitable Foundation of $29 million, $50 million and $30 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Income Taxes The provision for income taxes was $590 million in 2018, $916 million in 2017 and $743 million in 2016. The effective tax rates were 23.5% in 2018, 39.4% in 2017 and 36.1% in 2016. The decrease in the effective rate in 2018 from the prior years primarily reflects the impact of the enactment of the Tax Act that was signed into law on December 22, 2017, reducing the corporate Federal income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018 and making other changes to U.S. corporate income tax laws. If not for those changes, the Company estimates that its effective tax rate for 2018 would have been 35.7%. In December 2018, M&T received approval from the Internal Revenue Service to change its tax return treatment for certain loan fees retroactive to 2017, resulting in a $15 million reduction of income tax expense in the final quarter of 2018. The Company also adopted new accounting guidance for share-based transactions during the first quarter of 2017. That guidance requires that excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies associated with share-based compensation be recognized as a discrete component of income tax expense in the income statement. Previously, tax effects resulting from changes in M&T’s share price subsequent to the grant date were recorded through shareholders’ equity at the time of vesting or exercise. As a result, the Company recognized a reduction of income tax expense of $9 million and $22 million during 2018 and 2017, respectively. Furthermore, GAAP requires that the impact of the provisions of the Tax Act be accounted for in the period of enactment. Accordingly, the estimated incremental income tax expense recorded by the Company in the fourth quarter of 2017 related to the Tax Act was $85 million. That additional expense was largely attributable to the reduction in carrying value of net deferred tax assets reflecting lower future tax benefits resulting from the lower corporate tax rate. Lastly, the 2017 settlement between WT Corp. and the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Delaware resulted in a $44 million payment by WT Corp. that was not deductible for income tax purposes, contributing to a higher effective tax rate in 2017. If not for the impact of the Tax Act, the change in accounting for excess tax benefits from share-based compensation, and the non-deductible nature of the payment referred to above, the Company’s effective tax rate in 2017 would have been 36.0%. 87 The effective tax rate is affected by the level of income earned that is exempt from tax relative to the overall level of pre-tax income, the level of income allocated to the various state and local jurisdictions where the Company operates, because tax rates differ among such jurisdictions, and the impact of any large discrete or infrequently occurring items. The Company’s effective tax rate in future periods will also be affected by any change in income tax laws or regulations and interpretations of income tax regulations that differ from the Company’s interpretations by any of various tax authorities that may examine tax returns filed by M&T or any of its subsidiaries. Information about amounts accrued for uncertain tax positions and a reconciliation of income tax expense to the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to pre-tax income is provided in note 13 of Notes to Financial Statements. International Activities Assets and revenues associated with international activities represent less than 1% of the Company’s consolidated assets and revenues. International assets included $172 million and $159 million of loans to foreign borrowers at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Deposits in the Company’s office in the Cayman Islands aggregated $812 million at December 31, 2018 and $178 million at December 31, 2017. The Company uses such deposits to facilitate customer demand which increased in 2018 largely due to the higher interest rate environment. Loans at M&T Bank’s commercial banking office in Ontario, Canada included in international assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 totaled $122 million and $114 million, respectively. Deposits at that office were $22 million at December 31, 2018 and $45 million at December 31, 2017. The Company also offers trust-related services in Europe. Revenues from providing such services during 2018, 2017 and 2016 were approximately $29 million, $24 million and $25 million, respectively. Liquidity, Market Risk, and Interest Rate Sensitivity As a financial intermediary, the Company is exposed to various risks, including liquidity and market risk. Liquidity refers to the Company’s ability to ensure that sufficient cash flow and liquid assets are available to satisfy current and future obligations, including demands for loans and deposit withdrawals, funding operating costs, and other corporate purposes. Liquidity risk arises whenever the maturities of financial instruments included in assets and liabilities differ. The most significant source of funding for the Company is core deposits, which are generated from a large base of consumer, corporate and institutional customers. That customer base has, over the past several years, become more geographically diverse as a result of acquisitions and expansion of the Company’s businesses. Nevertheless, the Company faces competition in offering products and services from a large array of financial market participants, including banks, thrifts, mutual funds, securities dealers and others. Core deposits financed 78% of the Company’s earning assets at December 31, 2018, compared with 84% at December 31, 2017 and 83% at December 31, 2016. The Company supplements funding provided through core deposits with various short-term and long-term wholesale borrowings, including overnight federal funds purchased, short-term advances from the FHLB of New York, brokered deposits, Cayman Islands office deposits and longer-term borrowings. At December 31, 2018, M&T Bank had short-term and long-term credit facilities with the FHLBs aggregating $18.8 billion. Outstanding borrowings under FHLB credit facilities totaled $4.8 billion and $577 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Such borrowings were secured by loans and investment securities. As previously noted, in December 2018 the Company borrowed $4.2 billion from the FHLB of New York for LCR and other liquidity purposes. M&T Bank had an available line of credit with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York that totaled approximately $13.7 billion at December 31, 2018. The amount of that line is dependent upon the balances of loans and securities pledged as collateral. There were no borrowings outstanding under 88 such line of credit at December 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017. Senior notes issued and outstanding totaled $5.5 billion at December 31, 2018 and $5.0 billion at December 31, 2017. During 2018 M&T Bank issued $1.0 billion of senior notes that mature in 2021 and M&T issued $750 million of senior notes that mature in 2023. On December 31, 2018 M&T Bank redeemed $750 million of senior notes that were due to mature in January 2019. The Company has, from time to time, issued subordinated capital notes and junior subordinated debentures associated with trust preferred securities to provide liquidity and enhance regulatory capital ratios. Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, the Company’s junior subordinated debentures associated with trust preferred securities have been phased-out of the definition of Tier 1 capital but, similar to other subordinated capital notes, are considered Tier 2 capital and are includable in total regulatory capital. Information about the Company’s borrowings is included in note 8 of Notes to Financial Statements. Short-term federal funds borrowings totaled $137 million and $125 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In general, those borrowings were unsecured and matured on the next business day. In addition to satisfying customer demand, Cayman Islands office deposits may be used by the Company as an alternative to short-term borrowings. Cayman Islands office deposits totaled $812 million and $178 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company has also benefited from the placement of brokered deposits. The Company has brokered savings and interest-bearing checking deposit accounts that aggregated $3.0 billion and $1.3 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Brokered time deposits were not a significant source of funding as of those dates. The Company’s ability to obtain funding from these other sources could be negatively impacted should the Company experience a substantial deterioration in its financial condition or its debt ratings, or should the availability of short-term funding become restricted due to a disruption in the financial markets. The Company attempts to quantify such credit-event risk by modeling scenarios that estimate the liquidity impact resulting from a short-term ratings downgrade over various grading levels. Such impact is estimated by attempting to measure the effect on available unsecured lines of credit, available capacity from secured borrowing sources and securitizable assets. Information about the credit ratings of M&T and M&T Bank is presented in table 15. Additional information regarding the terms and maturities of all of the Company’s short-term and long-term borrowings is provided in note 8 of Notes to Financial Statements. In addition to deposits and borrowings, other sources of liquidity include maturities of investment securities and other earning assets, repayments of loans and investment securities, and cash generated from operations, such as fees collected for services. Table 15 DEBT RATINGS Moody’s Standard and Poor’s Fitch M&T Bank Corporation Senior debt................................................................................. Subordinated debt...................................................................... A– A3 A3 BBB+ M&T Bank Short-term deposits.................................................................... Long-term deposits.................................................................... Senior debt................................................................................. Subordinated debt...................................................................... Prime-1 Aa3 A3 A3 A-1 A A A– A A– F1 A+ A A– 89 Certain customers of the Company obtain financing through the issuance of variable rate demand bonds (“VRDBs”). The VRDBs are generally enhanced by letters of credit provided by M&T Bank. M&T Bank oftentimes acts as remarketing agent for the VRDBs and, at its discretion, may from time- to-time own some of the VRDBs while such instruments are remarketed. When this occurs, the VRDBs are classified as trading account assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Nevertheless, M&T Bank is not contractually obligated to purchase the VRDBs. The value of VRDBs in the Company’s trading account was not material at December 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017. The total amount of VRDBs outstanding backed by M&T Bank letters of credit was $793 million and $1.0 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. M&T Bank also serves as remarketing agent for most of those bonds. Table 16 MATURITY DISTRIBUTION OF SELECTED LOANS(a) December 31, 2018 Demand 2019 2020 - 2023 After 2023 (In thousands) Commercial, financial, etc...................................... $7,426,143 $3,388,513 $ 9,329,335 $1,390,006 617,721 Real estate — construction ..................................... Total ................................................................... $7,471,913 $7,310,073 $13,540,489 $2,007,727 45,770 3,921,560 4,211,154 Floating or adjustable interest rates ........................ Fixed or predetermined interest rates ..................... Total ................................................................... (a) The data do not include nonaccrual loans. $11,705,686 $1,210,385 797,342 1,834,803 $13,540,489 $2,007,727 The Company enters into contractual obligations in the normal course of business that require future cash payments. The contractual amounts and timing of those payments as of December 31, 2018 are summarized in table 17. Off-balance sheet commitments to customers may impact liquidity, including commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, commercial letters of credit, financial guarantees and indemnification contracts, and commitments to sell real estate loans. Because many of these commitments or contracts expire without being funded in whole or in part, the contract amounts are not necessarily indicative of future cash flows. Further discussion of these commitments is provided in note 21 of Notes to Financial Statements. Table 17 summarizes the Company’s other commitments as of December 31, 2018 and the timing of the expiration of such commitments. 90 Table 17 CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND OTHER COMMITMENTS December 31, 2018 Payments due for contractual obligations Less Than One Year One to Three Years Three to Five Years (In thousands) Over Five Years Total Time deposits ....................... $ 3,667,839 $2,328,549 $ 123,719 $ Deposits at Cayman 811,906 Islands office ..................... 811,906 4,398,378 Short-term borrowings ......... 4,398,378 8,444,914 Long-term borrowings.......... 1,525,057 438,430 89,547 Operating leases ................... 341,968 149,292 Other..................................... Total ..................................... $10,642,019 $6,123,087 $1,899,491 $1,895,253 $20,559,850 — — 1,647,441 94,082 34,249 — — 3,517,246 150,521 126,771 — — 1,755,170 104,280 31,656 4,147 $ 6,124,254 Other commitments 524,165 Commitments to extend credit (a) ............................ $10,828,529 $6,495,649 $6,475,039 $4,299,468 $28,098,685 Standby letters of credit........ 1,394,255 2,326,991 Commercial letters of credit ................................. Financial guarantees and indemnification contracts ............................ Commitments to sell real estate loans ........................ 940,692 Total ..................................... $13,326,923 $7,378,899 $7,199,153 $7,046,337 $34,951,312 3,529,136 2,642,994 304,782 418,994 929,424 103,789 299,325 167,823 48,492 11,268 55,808 6,892 338 — — 86 (a) Amounts exclude discretionary funding commitments to commercial customers of $8.6 billion that the Company has the unconditional right to cancel prior to funding. M&T’s primary source of funds to pay for operating expenses, shareholder dividends and treasury stock repurchases has historically been the receipt of dividends from its banking subsidiaries, which are subject to various regulatory limitations. Dividends from any banking subsidiary to M&T are limited by the amount of earnings of the banking subsidiary in the current year and the two preceding years. For purposes of that test, at December 31, 2018 approximately $669 million was available for payment of dividends to M&T from banking subsidiaries. Information regarding the long-term debt obligations of M&T is included in note 8 of Notes to Financial Statements. 91 Table 18 MATURITY AND TAXABLE-EQUIVALENT YIELD OF INVESTMENT SECURITIES December 31, 2018 Investment securities available for sale(a) U.S. Treasury and federal agencies One Year or Less One to Five Years Five to Ten Years (Dollars in thousands) Over Ten Years Total Carrying value......................................................................... $ 1,332,656 Yield........................................................................................ $ 1.11% 4,275 $ 1.54% $ — — Obligations of states and political subdivisions Carrying value......................................................................... Yield........................................................................................ 533 6.37% 497 4.53% 629 4.85% — — — — $ 1,336,931 1.11% 1,659 5.24% Mortgage-backed securities(b) Government issued or guaranteed Carrying value .................................................................. Yield ................................................................................. 476,668 2,050,866 2,636,481 2,052,976 7,216,991 2.46% 2.46% 2.46% 2.43% 2.45% Privately issued Carrying value .................................................................. Yield ................................................................................. 6 3.49% 1 5.00% 2 5.00% 13 5.00% 22 4.51% Other debt securities Carrying value......................................................................... Yield........................................................................................ 1,506 3.18% 4,547 2.81% 95,024 25,829 126,906 4.16% 4.95% 4.28% Total investment securities available for sale Carrying value......................................................................... 1,811,369 Yield........................................................................................ 1.47% 2,060,186 2,732,136 2,078,818 8,682,509 2.46% 2.52% 2.47% 2.28% Investment securities held to maturity U.S. Treasury and federal agencies Carrying value......................................................................... Yield........................................................................................ 446,542 2.51% — — Obligations of states and political subdivisions Carrying value......................................................................... Yield........................................................................................ 2,926 4.26% 4,568 4.66% — — — — — — — — 446,542 2.51% 7,494 4.51% Mortgage-backed securities(b) Government issued or guaranteed Carrying value .................................................................. Yield ................................................................................. 123,243 534,826 670,864 1,416,843 2,745,776 2.77% 2.77% 2.77% 2.76% 2.76% Privately issued Carrying value .................................................................. Yield ................................................................................. 4,875 2.77% 20,036 26,554 61,695 113,160 2.77% 2.77% 2.77% 2.77% Other debt securities Carrying value......................................................................... Yield........................................................................................ — — — — — — 3,668 5.86% 3,668 5.86% Total investment securities held to maturity Carrying value......................................................................... Yield........................................................................................ 577,586 559,430 697,418 1,482,206 3,316,640 2.57% 2.78% 2.77% 2.77% 2.74% Equity and other securities Equity securities Carrying Value........................................................................ Yield........................................................................................ Other investment securities Carrying Value........................................................................ Yield........................................................................................ Total investment securities ............................................................ Carrying value......................................................................... $ 2,388,955 Yield........................................................................................ 1.73% 93,917 1.57% 599,747 3.73% $ 2,619,616 $ 3,429,554 $ 3,561,024 $12,692,813 2.53% 2.57% 2.59% 2.60% (a) (b) Investment securities available for sale are presented at estimated fair value. Yields on such securities are based on amortized cost. Maturities are reflected based upon contractual payments due. Actual maturities are expected to be significantly shorter as a result of loan repayments in the underlying mortgage pools. 92 Table 19 MATURITY OF DOMESTIC CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT AND TIME DEPOSITS WITH BALANCES OF $100,000 OR MORE December 31, 2018 (In thousands) Under 3 months ................................................................................................................. $ 517,362 565,560 3 to 6 months ..................................................................................................................... 6 to 12 months ................................................................................................................... 452,965 Over 12 months ................................................................................................................. 1,167,761 Total.............................................................................................................................. $ 2,703,648 Management closely monitors the Company’s liquidity position on an ongoing basis for compliance with internal policies and believes that available sources of liquidity are adequate to meet funding needs anticipated in the normal course of business. Management does not anticipate engaging in any activities, either currently or in the long-term, for which adequate funding would not be available and would therefore result in a significant strain on liquidity at either M&T or its subsidiary banks. Banking regulators have enacted the LCR rules requiring a banking company to maintain a minimum amount of liquid assets to withstand a standardized supervisory liquidity stress scenario. The Company is in compliance with the requirements of those rules. Market risk is the risk of loss from adverse changes in the market prices and/or interest rates of the Company’s financial instruments. The primary market risk the Company is exposed to is interest rate risk. Interest rate risk arises from the Company’s core banking activities of lending and deposit- taking, because assets and liabilities reprice at different times and by different amounts as interest rates change. As a result, net interest income earned by the Company is subject to the effects of changing interest rates. The Company measures interest rate risk by calculating the variability of net interest income in future periods under various interest rate scenarios using projected balances for earning assets, interest-bearing liabilities and derivatives used to hedge interest rate risk. Management’s philosophy toward interest rate risk management is to limit the variability of net interest income. The balances of financial instruments used in the projections are based on expected growth from forecasted business opportunities, anticipated prepayments of loans and investment securities, and expected maturities of investment securities, loans and deposits. Management uses a “value of equity” model to supplement the modeling technique described above. Those supplemental analyses are based on discounted cash flows associated with on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments. Such analyses are modeled to reflect changes in interest rates and provide management with a long-term interest rate risk metric. The Company has entered into interest rate swap agreements to help manage exposure to interest rate risk. At December 31, 2018, the aggregate notional amount of interest rate swap agreements entered into for interest rate risk management purposes that were currently in effect was $7.3 billion. In addition, the Company has entered into $12.6 billion of forward-starting interest rate swap agreements that will become effective as pre- existing swap agreements mature. Information about interest rate swap agreements entered into for interest rate risk management purposes is included herein under the heading “Net Interest Income/Lending and Funding Activities” and in note 18 of Notes to Financial Statements. The Company’s Asset-Liability Committee, which includes members of senior management, monitors the sensitivity of the Company’s net interest income to changes in interest rates with the aid of a computer model that forecasts net interest income under different interest rate scenarios. In 93 modeling changing interest rates, the Company considers different yield curve shapes that consider both parallel (that is, simultaneous changes in interest rates at each point on the yield curve) and non- parallel (that is, allowing interest rates at points on the yield curve to vary by different amounts) shifts in the yield curve. In utilizing the model, market-implied forward interest rates over the subsequent twelve months are generally used to determine a base interest rate scenario for the net interest income simulation. That calculated base net interest income is then compared to the income calculated under the varying interest rate scenarios. The model considers the impact of ongoing lending and deposit-gathering activities, as well as interrelationships in the magnitude and timing of the repricing of financial instruments, including the effect of changing interest rates on expected prepayments and maturities. When deemed prudent, management has taken actions to mitigate exposure to interest rate risk through the use of on- or off-balance sheet financial instruments and intends to do so in the future. Possible actions include, but are not limited to, changes in the pricing of loan and deposit products, modifying the composition of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and adding to, modifying or terminating existing interest rate swap agreements or other financial instruments used for interest rate risk management purposes. Table 20 displays as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 the estimated impact on net interest income in the base scenario described above resulting from parallel changes in interest rates across repricing categories during the first modeling year. Table 20 SENSITIVITY OF NET INTEREST INCOME TO CHANGES IN INTEREST RATES Changes in interest rates Calculated Increase (Decrease) in Projected Net Interest Income in December 31 2018 2017 (In thousands) +200 basis points .................................................................................... +100 basis points .................................................................................... -100 basis points ..................................................................................... $ 37,513 36,727 (114,307) 81,570 64,434 (94,014) The Company utilized many assumptions to calculate the impact that changes in interest rates may have on net interest income. The more significant of those assumptions included the rate of prepayments of mortgage-related assets, cash flows from derivative and other financial instruments held for non-trading purposes, loan and deposit volumes and pricing, and deposit maturities. In the scenarios presented, the Company also assumed gradual changes in interest rates during a twelve- month period as compared with the base scenario. In the declining rate scenario, the rate changes may be limited to lesser amounts such that interest rates remain positive on all points of the yield curve. The assumptions used in interest rate sensitivity modeling are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the Company cannot precisely predict the impact of changes in interest rates on net interest income. Actual results may differ significantly from those presented due to the timing, magnitude and frequency of changes in interest rates and changes in market conditions and interest rate differentials (spreads) between maturity/repricing categories, as well as any actions, such as those previously described, which management may take to counter such changes. As noted herein, the Company has used interest rate swap agreements designated as hedging instruments to mitigate the Company’s exposure to such potential volatility. The Company has also entered into interest rate floor agreements that are included in the trading account. Such floor agreements provide the Company with protection against the possibility of future declines in interest rates on its earning 94 assets. In light of the uncertainties and assumptions associated with the process, the amounts presented in the table are not considered significant to the Company’s past or projected net interest income. Table 21 presents cumulative totals of net assets (liabilities) repricing on a contractual basis within the specified time frames, as adjusted for the impact of interest rate swap agreements entered into for interest rate risk management purposes. Management believes that this measure does not appropriately depict interest rate risk since changes in interest rates do not necessarily affect all categories of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities equally nor, as assumed in the table, on the contractual maturity or repricing date. Furthermore, this static presentation of interest rate risk fails to consider the effect of ongoing lending and deposit gathering activities, projected changes in balance sheet composition or any subsequent interest rate risk management activities the Company is likely to implement. Table 21 CONTRACTUAL REPRICING DATA December 31, 2018 Three Months or Less Four to Twelve Months One to Five Years (Dollars in thousands) After Five Years Total Loans and leases, net ............ $52,645,822 Investment securities ............ 531,289 Other earning assets.............. 8,160,767 Total earning assets......... 61,337,878 Savings and interest- checking deposits .............. 50,963,744 Time deposits ....................... 1,290,803 Deposits at Cayman Islands office.................................. Total interest-bearing deposits ......................... 53,066,453 Short-term borrowings ......... 4,398,378 Long-term borrowings.......... 2,230,859 811,906 Total interest-bearing liabilities ....................... 59,695,690 Interest rate swap agreements......................... (9,300,000) Periodic gap .......................... $ (7,657,812) Cumulative gap..................... (7,657,812) Cumulative gap as a % of total earning assets............. (7.0)% $ 5,562,898 1,749,368 778 7,313,044 $15,877,783 136,832 — 16,014,615 $14,379,974 10,275,324 — 24,655,298 $ 88,466,477 12,692,813 8,161,545 109,320,835 — 2,377,036 — 2,452,268 — 4,147 50,963,744 6,124,254 — — — 811,906 2,377,036 — 1,524,843 2,452,268 — 3,406,186 4,147 — 1,283,026 57,899,904 4,398,378 8,444,914 3,901,879 5,858,454 1,287,173 70,743,196 650,000 $ 4,061,165 (3,596,647) 8,150,000 $18,306,161 14,709,514 500,000 $23,868,125 38,577,639 — (3.3)% 13.5% 35.3% 95 Changes in fair value of the Company’s financial instruments can also result from a lack of trading activity for similar instruments in the financial markets. That impact is most notable on the values assigned to some of the Company’s investment securities. Information about the fair valuation of investment securities is presented herein under the heading “Capital” and in notes 2 and 20 of Notes to Financial Statements. The Company engages in limited trading account activities to meet the financial needs of customers and to fund the Company’s obligations under certain deferred compensation plans. Financial instruments utilized for trading account activities consist predominantly of interest rate contracts, such as interest rate swap agreements, and forward and futures contracts related to foreign currencies. The Company generally mitigates the foreign currency and interest rate risk associated with trading account activities by entering into offsetting trading positions that are also included in the trading account. The fair values of trading account positions associated with interest rate contracts and foreign currency and other option and futures contracts are presented in note 18 of Notes to Financial Statements. The amounts of gross and net trading account positions, as well as the type of trading account activities conducted by the Company, are subject to a well-defined series of potential loss exposure limits established by management and approved by M&T’s Board of Directors. However, as with any non-government guaranteed financial instrument, the Company is exposed to credit risk associated with counterparties to the Company’s trading account activities. The notional amounts of interest rate contracts entered into for trading account purposes totaled $42.9 billion at December 31, 2018 and $29.9 billion at December 31, 2017. The increase in such notional amounts at December 31, 2018 as compared with the 2017 year end was predominantly due to the additional $9.3 billion of interest rate floor agreements as previously noted. The notional amounts of foreign currency and other option and futures contracts entered into for trading account purposes were $763 million and $530 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Although the notional amounts of these contracts are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheet, the unsettled fair values of all financial instruments used for trading account activities are recorded in the consolidated balance sheet. The fair values of all trading account assets and liabilities were $186 million and $178 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018 and $133 million and $137 million, respectively, at December 31, 2017. The fair value asset and liability amounts at December 31, 2018 have been reduced by contractual settlements of $171 million and $50 million, respectively, and at December 31, 2017 by contractual settlements of $136 million and $12 million, respectively. Included in trading account assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $21 million and $23 million, respectively, of assets related to deferred compensation plans. Changes in the fair values of such assets are recorded as “trading account and foreign exchange gains” in the consolidated statement of income. Included in “other liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $25 million and $27 million, respectively, of liabilities related to deferred compensation plans. Changes in the balances of such liabilities due to the valuation of allocated investment options to which the liabilities are indexed are recorded in “other costs of operations” in the consolidated statement of income. Also included in trading account assets were investments in mutual funds and other assets that the Company was required to hold under terms of certain non-qualified supplemental retirement and other benefit plans that were assumed by the Company in various acquisitions. Those assets totaled $25 million and $24 million at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Given the Company’s policies, limits and positions, management believes that the potential loss exposure to the Company resulting from market risk associated with trading account activities was not material, however, as previously noted, the Company is exposed to credit risk associated with counterparties to transactions related to the Company’s trading account activities. Additional information about the Company’s use of derivative financial instruments in its trading account activities is included in note 18 of Notes to Financial Statements. 96 Capital Shareholders’ equity was $15.5 billion at December 31, 2018 and represented 12.87% of total assets, compared with $16.3 billion or 13.70% at December 31, 2017 and $16.5 billion or 13.35% at December 31, 2016. Included in shareholders’ equity was preferred stock with financial statement carrying values of $1.2 billion at each of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Further information concerning M&T’s preferred stock can be found in note 9 of Notes to Financial Statements. Reflecting the impact of repurchases of M&T’s common stock, common shareholders’ equity was $14.2 billion, or $102.69 per share, at December 31, 2018, compared with $15.0 billion, or $100.03 per share, at December 31, 2017 and $15.3 billion, or $97.64 per share, at December 31, 2016. Tangible equity per common share, which excludes goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets and applicable deferred tax balances, was $69.28 at December 31, 2018, compared with $69.08 and $67.85 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The Company’s ratio of tangible common equity to tangible assets was 8.31% at December 31, 2018, compared with 9.10% and 8.92% at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Reconciliations of total common shareholders’ equity and tangible common equity and total assets and tangible assets as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are presented in table 2. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, the ratio of average total shareholders’ equity to average total assets was 13.36%, 13.48% and 13.21%, respectively. The ratio of average common shareholders’ equity to average total assets was 12.31%, 12.46% and 12.16% in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Shareholders’ equity reflects accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, which includes the net after-tax impact of unrealized gains or losses on investment securities classified as available for sale, unrealized losses on held-to-maturity securities for which an other-than-temporary impairment charge has been recognized, gains or losses associated with interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges, foreign currency translation adjustments and adjustments to reflect the funded status of defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. Net unrealized losses on investment securities reflected in shareholders’ equity, net of applicable tax effect, were $148 million, or $1.06 per common share, at December 31, 2018, $44 million, or $.29 per common share, at December 31, 2017 and $16 million, or $.10 per common share, at December 31, 2016. Changes in unrealized gains and losses on investment securities are predominantly reflective of the impact of changes in interest rates on the values of such securities. Information about unrealized gains and losses as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 is included in note 2 of Notes to Financial Statements. Reflected in the carrying amount of available-for-sale investment securities at December 31, 2018 were pre-tax effect unrealized gains of $17 million on securities with an amortized cost of $1.2 billion and pre-tax effect unrealized losses of $204 million on securities with an amortized cost of $7.7 billion. Information concerning the Company’s fair valuations of investment securities is provided in note 20 of Notes to Financial Statements. Each reporting period the Company reviews its investment securities for other-than-temporary impairment. For debt securities, the Company analyzes the creditworthiness of the issuer or reviews the credit performance of the underlying collateral supporting the bond. For debt securities backed by pools of loans, such as privately issued mortgage-backed securities, the Company estimates the cash flows of the underlying loan collateral using forward-looking assumptions for default rates, loss severities and prepayment speeds. Estimated collateral cash flows are then utilized to estimate bond- specific cash flows to determine the ultimate collectibility of the bond. If the present value of the cash flows indicates that the Company should not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of a bond or if the Company intends to sell the bond or it more likely than not will be required to sell the bond before recovery of its amortized cost basis, an other-than-temporary impairment loss is recognized. If an other-than-temporary impairment loss is deemed to have occurred, the investment security’s cost basis is adjusted, as appropriate for the circumstances. 97 As of December 31, 2018, based on a review of each of the securities in the investment securities portfolio, the Company concluded that the declines in the values of any securities containing an unrealized loss were temporary and that any additional other-than-temporary impairment charges were not appropriate. At December 31, 2018, the Company did not intend to sell nor is it anticipated that it would be required to sell any of its impaired securities, that is, where fair value is less than the cost basis of the security. The Company intends to continue to closely monitor the performance of its securities because changes in their underlying credit performance or other events could cause the cost basis of those securities to become other-than-temporarily impaired. However, because the unrealized losses on available-for-sale investment securities have generally already been reflected in the financial statement values for investment securities and shareholders’ equity, any recognition of an other-than-temporary decline in value of those investment securities would not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition. Any other-than- temporary impairment charge related to held-to-maturity securities would result in reductions in the financial statement values for investment securities and shareholders’ equity. Additional information concerning fair value measurements and the Company’s approach to the classification of such measurements is included in note 20 of Notes to Financial Statements. The Company assessed impairment losses on privately issued mortgage-backed securities in the held-to-maturity portfolio by performing internal modeling to estimate bond-specific cash flows considering recent performance of the mortgage loan collateral and utilizing assumptions about future defaults and loss severity. These bond-specific cash flows also reflect the placement of the bond in the overall securitization structure and the remaining subordination levels. In total, at December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had in its held-to-maturity portfolio privately issued mortgage-backed securities with an amortized cost basis of $113 million and $136 million, respectively, and a fair value of $103 million and $111 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018, 82% of the mortgage-backed securities were in the most senior tranche of the securitization structure with 17% being independently rated as investment grade. The mortgage-backed securities are generally collateralized by residential and small-balance commercial real estate loans originated between 2004 and 2008 and had a weighted-average credit enhancement of 18% at December 31, 2018, calculated by dividing the remaining unpaid principal balance of bonds subordinate to the bonds owned by the Company plus any overcollateralization remaining in the securitization structure by the remaining unpaid principal balance of all bonds in the securitization structure. The weighted- average default percentage and loss severity assumptions utilized in the Company’s internal modeling were 34% and 69%, respectively. Given the terms of the securitization structure, some of the bonds held by the Company may defer interest payments in certain circumstances, but after considering the repayment structure and estimated future collateral cash flows of each individual senior and subordinate tranche bond, the Company has concluded that as of December 31, 2018 those privately issued mortgage-backed securities were not other-than-temporarily impaired. Nevertheless, it is possible that adverse changes in the future performance of mortgage loan collateral underlying such securities could impact the Company’s conclusions. Adjustments to reflect the funded status of defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans, net of applicable tax effect, reduced accumulated other comprehensive income by $261 million, or $1.89 per common share, at December 31, 2018, $305 million, or $2.03 per common share, at December 31, 2017 and $273 million, or $1.75 per common share, at December 31, 2016. Information about the funded status of the Company’s pension and other postretirement benefit plans is included in note 12 of Notes to Financial Statements. As described herein under the heading “Overview,” M&T announced on June 28, 2018 that the Federal Reserve did not object to M&T’s revised 2018 Capital Plan, which included the repurchase of up to $1.8 billion of common shares during the four-quarter period starting on July 1, 2018 and an increase in the quarterly common stock dividend in the third quarter of 2018 of up to $.20 per share 98 to $1.00 per share. In addition, on February 5, 2018, M&T received notice of non-objection from the Federal Reserve to repurchase an additional $745 million of shares of its common stock by June 30, 2018. That amount was in addition to the $900 million of common stock authorized for repurchase, which was filed with the Federal Reserve in the 2017 Capital Plan. In the aggregate, during 2018 M&T repurchased 12,295,817 common shares for $2.2 billion. The remaining amount of authorized common share repurchases pursuant to the revised 2018 Capital Plan at December 31, 2018 totaled $802 million and it is expected that those repurchases will be made during the first two quarters of 2019. During 2017, M&T repurchased 7,369,105 common shares for $1.2 billion. In 2016, M&T repurchased 5,607,595 common shares for $641 million. During 2018, in accordance with the 2018 and 2017 Capital Plans, M&T’s Board of Directors authorized increases in the quarterly common stock dividend to $.80 per common share in the second quarter from the previous rate of $.75 per common share and to $1.00 per common share in the third quarter. Cash dividends declared on M&T’s common stock totaled $511 million in 2018, compared with $457 million and $442 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively. Dividends per common share totaled $3.55 in 2018, compared with $3.00 and $2.80 in 2017 and 2016, respectively. Dividends of $73 million in each of 2018 and 2017 and $81 million in 2016 were declared on preferred stock in accordance with the terms of each series. The decline in preferred stock dividends in 2017 from the immediately preceding year resulted from the lower dividend rate for the $500 million of Series F preferred stock issued in October 2016 as compared with the like-amount of Series D preferred stock that had been redeemed in December 2016. M&T and its subsidiary banks are required to comply with applicable capital adequacy standards established by the federal banking agencies. Pursuant to those regulations, the minimum capital ratios are as follows: • • • • 4.5% Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) to risk-weighted assets (each as defined in the capital regulations); 6.0% Tier 1 capital (that is, CET1 plus Additional Tier 1 capital) to risk-weighted assets (each as defined in the capital regulations); 8.0% Total capital (that is, Tier 1 capital plus Tier 2 capital) to risk-weighted assets (each as defined in the capital regulations); and 4.0% Tier 1 capital to average consolidated assets as reported on consolidated financial statements (known as the “leverage ratio”), as defined in the capital regulations. In addition, capital regulations provide for the phase-in of a “capital conservation buffer” composed entirely of CET1 on top of these minimum risk-weighted asset ratios. When fully phased- in on January 1, 2019 the capital conservation buffer is 2.5%. For 2018, the phase-in transition portion of that buffer was 1.875%. The regulatory capital amounts and ratios of M&T and its bank subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018 are presented in note 23 of Notes to Financial Statements. A detailed discussion of the regulatory capital rules is included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-K under the heading “Capital Requirements.” The Company is subject to the comprehensive regulatory framework applicable to bank and financial holding companies and their subsidiaries, which includes regular examinations by a number of federal regulators. Regulation of financial institutions such as M&T and its subsidiaries is intended primarily for the protection of depositors, the Deposit Insurance Fund of the FDIC and the banking and financial system as a whole, and generally is not intended for the protection of shareholders, investors or creditors other than insured depositors. Changes in laws, regulations and regulatory policies applicable to the Company’s operations can increase or decrease the cost of doing business, limit or expand permissible activities or affect the competitive environment in which the Company operates, all of which could have a material effect on the business, financial condition or results of operations of the 99 Company and in M&T’s ability to pay dividends. For additional information concerning this comprehensive regulatory framework, refer to Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-K. Fourth Quarter Results Net income in the fourth quarter of 2018 was $546 million, compared with $322 million in the year- earlier quarter. Diluted and basic earnings per common share were each $3.76 in the final three months of 2018, compared with diluted and basic earnings per common share of $2.01 in the corresponding 2017 period. The annualized rates of return on average assets and average common shareholders’ equity for the fourth quarter of 2018 were 1.84% and 14.80%, respectively, compared with 1.06% and 8.03%, respectively, in the year-earlier quarter. Net operating income during 2018’s final quarter was $550 million, compared with $327 million in the fourth quarter of 2017. Diluted net operating earnings per common share were $3.79 and $2.04 in the fourth quarters of 2018 and 2017, respectively. The annualized net operating returns on average tangible assets and average tangible common equity in the final three months of 2018 were 1.93% and 22.16%, respectively, compared with 1.12% and 11.77%, respectively, in the corresponding 2017 period. Reconciliations of GAAP results with non-GAAP results for the quarterly periods of 2018 and 2017 are provided in table 23. Taxable-equivalent net interest income totaled $1.06 billion in the final three months of 2018, up 9% from $980 million recorded in the year-earlier period. That growth was predominantly attributable to a 36 basis point widening of the net interest margin to 3.92% in the fourth quarter of 2018 from 3.56% in the year-earlier quarter. Partially offsetting the favorable impact of the higher margin was a 1% decline in average earning assets, from $109.4 billion in 2017 to $107.8 billion in 2018. That decline was predominantly reflective of payments received during 2018 on investment securities that lowered the average balance of such securities by $1.8 billion to $13.0 billion in the recent quarter from $14.8 billion in 2017’s final quarter. Average balances of commercial loans and leases were $22.4 billion in the recent quarter, up $814 million or 4% from $21.6 billion in the fourth quarter of 2017 due, in part, to higher balances of automobile floor plan loans. Average commercial real estate loan balances totaled $33.6 billion in the last quarter of 2018, up $448 million or 1% from $33.1 billion in the year-earlier quarter. Included in those totals were average balances of loans held for sale of $252 million in the final 2018 quarter, compared with $259 million in the year-earlier period. Average residential real estate loan balances declined $2.6 billion to $17.4 billion in 2018’s final quarter from $20.0 billion in the year-earlier quarter, reflecting ongoing repayments of loans obtained in the acquisition of Hudson City. Included in the residential real estate loan portfolio were loans held for sale that averaged $229 million and $372 million in the fourth quarters of 2018 and 2017, respectively. Consumer loans averaged $13.9 billion in the final three months of 2018, $754 million or 6% higher than in the similar 2017 quarter. That increase resulted from higher average balances of automobile and recreational finance loans. Total loans and leases at December 31, 2018 rose $477 million to $88.5 billion from $88.0 billion at December 31, 2017. Higher commercial loans, commercial real estate loans and consumer loans were partially offset by lower residential real estate loans, reflecting ongoing repayments of loans obtained in the Hudson City acquisition. The net interest spread widened in the fourth quarter of 2018 to 3.57%, up 23 basis points from 3.34% in the similar quarter of 2017. The yield on earning assets in the final three months of 2018 was 4.51%, up 58 basis points from the year-earlier quarter. That rise reflects the impact of increases in short-term interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve in 2017 and 2018 that contributed to higher yields on loans and leases. The rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities in the 2018’s final quarter was .94%, up 35 basis points from .59% in the corresponding 2017 quarter. That increase was also largely due to the higher interest rate environment. The contribution of net interest-free funds to the Company’s net interest margin was .35% and .22% in the fourth quarters of 2018 and 2017, respectively. As a result, 100 the Company’s net interest margin expanded to 3.92% in the fourth quarter of 2018 from 3.56% in the year-earlier period. The provision for credit losses was $38 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018, compared with $31 million in the corresponding 2017 period. Net loan charge-offs were $38 million in the final quarter of 2018, representing an annualized .17% of average loans and leases outstanding, compared with $27 million or .12% during the fourth quarter of 2017. Net charge-offs in the fourth quarters of 2018 and 2017 included: net charge-offs of residential real estate loans of $2 million in each quarter; net recoveries of previously charged-off commercial real estate loans of less than one million dollars in 2018, compared with net recoveries of $4 million in 2017; net charge-offs of commercial loans of $10 million in 2018 and $5 million in 2017; and net charge-offs of consumer loans of $27 million and $25 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively. The net recoveries of commercial real estate loans in 2017’s final quarter reflected $4 million of recoveries on a previously charged-off loan to a residential builder and developer. Other income aggregated $481 million in the fourth quarter of 2018, compared with $484 million in the similar 2017 period. That decrease predominantly resulted from lower gains on bank investment securities, largely offset by higher trading account and foreign exchange gains and trust income. During 2017’s final quarter, an $18 million gain was realized on the sale of a portion of the Company’s Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac preferred stock holdings. The increased trading accounts and foreign exchange gains resulted predominantly from increased activity related to interest rate swap agreements executed on behalf of commercial customers. The higher trust income was largely due to increased revenues from the ICS businesses. Other expense totaled $802 million during the recent quarter, compared with $796 million in the final quarter of 2017. Included in such amounts are expenses considered to be “nonoperating” in nature consisting of amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets of $5 million and $7 million during the quarters ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Exclusive of those nonoperating expenses, noninterest operating expenses were $797 million in the fourth quarter of 2018 and $789 million in the corresponding 2017 quarter. Higher salaries and employee benefits expenses in the recent quarter were largely offset by lower contributions to The M&T Charitable Foundation and lower FDIC assessments as compared with the fourth quarter of 2017. The Company’s efficiency ratio during the fourth quarters of 2018 and 2017 was 51.7% and 54.7%, respectively. Table 23 includes a reconciliation of other expense to noninterest operating expense and the calculation of the efficiency ratio for each of the quarters of 2018 and 2017. The Company’s lower effective tax rate in 2018 reflects the impact of the Tax Act, which lowered the Federal corporate income tax rate to 21% in 2018 from 35% in 2017. Additional items impacting the effective tax rates in the fourth quarters of 2018 and 2017 are described herein under the heading “Income Taxes.” Segment Information In accordance with GAAP, the Company’s reportable segments have been determined based upon its internal profitability reporting system, which is organized by strategic business unit. Certain strategic business units have been combined for segment information reporting purposes where the nature of the products and services, the type of customer, and the distribution of those products and services are similar. The reportable segments are Business Banking, Commercial Banking, Commercial Real Estate, Discretionary Portfolio, Residential Mortgage Banking and Retail Banking. The financial information of the Company’s segments was compiled utilizing the accounting policies described in note 22 of Notes to Financial Statements. The management accounting policies and processes utilized in compiling segment financial information are highly subjective and, unlike financial accounting, are not based on authoritative guidance similar to GAAP. As a result, reported 101 segments and the financial information of the reported segments are not necessarily comparable with similar information reported by other financial institutions. Furthermore, changes in management structure or allocation methodologies and procedures may result in changes in reported segment financial data. Financial information about the Company’s segments is presented in note 22 of Notes to Financial Statements. Each reportable segment benefited from a lower corporate Federal income tax rate in 2018 due to the enactment of the Tax Act, as compared with prior years. The Business Banking segment provides a wide range of services to small businesses and professionals within markets served by the Company through the Company’s branch network, business banking centers and other delivery channels such as telephone banking, Internet banking and automated teller machines. Services and products offered by this segment include various business loans and leases, including loans guaranteed by the Small Business Administration, business credit cards, deposit products, and financial services such as cash management, payroll and direct deposit, merchant credit card and letters of credit. The Business Banking segment recorded net income of $168 million in 2018, compared with $116 million in 2017. That 45% rise in net income resulted from a $41 million increase in net interest income, a $5 million decrease in the provision for credit losses, due to lower net charge-offs, and the lower income tax rate in 2018. The growth in net interest income reflected a widening of the net interest margin on deposits of 42 basis points, offset, in part, by a 14 basis point narrowing of the net interest margin on loans. Those favorable factors were partially offset by a $5 million increase in centrally-allocated costs, largely associated with data processing, risk management and other support services provided to the Business Banking segment. The Business Banking segment contributed net income of $104 million in 2016. The 12% rise in net income from 2016 to 2017 resulted from a $22 million increase in net interest income, reflecting a widening of the net interest margin, and higher merchant discount and credit card fees. The Commercial Banking segment provides a wide range of credit products and banking services for middle-market and large commercial customers, mainly within the markets served by the Company. Services provided by this segment include commercial lending and leasing, letters of credit, deposit products, and cash management services. The Commercial Banking segment contributed net income of $539 million in 2018, compared with $437 million in 2017. The improvement in net income from 2017 was predominantly driven by the lower income tax rate in 2018, a $13 million increase in net interest income, lower FDIC assessments of $8 million, and a $5 million increase in merchant discount and credit card fees. The increased net interest income reflected a 59 basis point expansion of the net interest margin on deposits, partially offset by a seven basis point narrowing of the net interest margin on loans and lower average deposit balances of $2.2 billion. Offsetting the favorable factors noted above were a $25 million increase in centrally- allocated costs, largely associated with data processing, risk management and other support services provided to the Commercial Banking segment, and higher personnel-related costs of $5 million. Net income for the Commercial Banking segment totaled $411 million in 2016. The 6% improvement as compared with 2016 resulted from a $24 million increase in net interest income and a lower provision for credit losses of $23 million. Those favorable factors were partially offset by higher allocated operating expenses associated with data processing, risk management and other support services provided to the Commercial Banking segment. The increase in net interest income resulted from a widening of the net interest margin on deposits of 32 basis points and higher average outstanding loan balances of $961 million offset, in part, by a narrowing of the net interest margin on loans of 15 basis points. The Commercial Real Estate segment provides credit and deposit services to its customers. Real estate securing loans in this segment is generally located in New York State, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Connecticut, Virginia, West Virginia, the District of Columbia and the western portion of the United States. Commercial real estate loans may be secured by apartment/multifamily buildings; office, retail and industrial space; or other types of collateral. 102 Activities of this segment also include the origination, sales, and servicing of commercial real estate loans through the Fannie Mae DUS program and other programs. Commercial real estate loans held for sale are included in this segment. Net income of the Commercial Real Estate segment aggregated $453 million in 2018, up 24% from $364 million in 2017. That improvement resulted from: the lower income tax rate in 2018, a rise in net interest income of $16 million; lower FDIC assessments of $11 million; higher mortgage banking revenues of $5 million, resulting from increased servicing income; and higher trading account and foreign exchange gains of $5 million, largely due to increased activity related to interest rate swap transactions executed on behalf of commercial customers. Those favorable factors were partially offset by an $11 million rise in the provision for credit losses, mainly due to higher recoveries of previously charged-off loans in 2017, and $10 million increases in each of salaries and employee benefits and allocated operating expenses associated with data processing, risk management and other support services provided to the Commercial Real Estate segment. The higher net interest income was largely attributable to a 52 basis point widening of the net interest margin on deposits, offset, in part, by a four basis point narrowing of the net interest margin on loans. Net income for this segment was $350 million in 2016. The 4% increase in net income from 2016 to 2017 resulted from higher net interest income of $41 million and a lower provision for credit losses of $4 million, offset in part, by lower trading account and foreign exchange gains of $11 million, largely due to decreased volumes of interest rate swap transactions executed on behalf of commercial customers, and higher operating expenses. The increase in net interest income was attributable to a $1.5 billion increase in average loan balances and a 38 basis point widening of the net interest margin on deposits, offset, in part, by a seven basis point narrowing of the net interest margin on loans. The Discretionary Portfolio segment includes investment and trading account securities, residential real estate loans and other assets, short-term and long-term borrowed funds, brokered deposits and Cayman Islands office deposits. This segment also provides foreign exchange services to customers. The Discretionary Portfolio segment recorded net income of $116 million in 2018 and $135 million in 2017. That 14% decline in net income reflected: a $49 million decrease in net interest income; lower gains on investment securities of $24 million, reflecting valuation losses on marketable equity securities of $6 million during 2018, compared with realized gains of $18 million in 2017 on the sale of investment securities; and a $7 million decrease in income from bank owned life insurance. The lower net interest income reflected a narrowing of the net interest margin on loans of five basis points and lower average loan balances of $2.6 billion, reflecting ongoing repayments of loans obtained in the acquisition of Hudson City. Favorable factors offsetting the declines noted included: the lower income tax rate in 2018; a $24 million decline in the provision for credit losses, primarily due to the favorable impact from the Company’s allocation methodologies for the provision for credit losses associated with acquired loans that reflect lower loan balances and net charge-offs; lower FDIC assessments of $6 million; and a decrease in other real estate-related servicing costs. Net income of the Discretionary Portfolio segment aggregated $164 million in 2016. The 17% decline in net income from 2016 was due to a $69 million decrease in net interest income, reflecting a $3.5 billion decrease in average loan balances and a 10 basis point narrowing of the net interest margin on loans, and lower gains realized on investment securities. The decline in average loan balances resulted from ongoing repayments of loans obtained in the Hudson City acquisition. Those unfavorable factors were partially offset by lower loan and other real estate-related servicing costs. The Residential Mortgage Banking segment originates and services residential mortgage loans and sells substantially all of those loans in the secondary market to investors or to the Discretionary Portfolio segment. In addition to the geographic regions served by or contiguous with the Company’s branch network, the Company maintains mortgage loan origination offices in several states throughout the western United States. The Company periodically purchases the rights to service loans and also sub-services residential real estate loans for others. Residential real estate 103 loans held for sale are included in this segment. The Residential Mortgage Banking segment’s net income totaled $45 million in 2018, compared with $46 million in 2017. That slight decline resulted from an $18 million decrease in revenues associated with mortgage origination and sales activities (including intersegment revenues) and lower net interest income of $16 million, reflecting a narrowing of the net interest margin on loans of 48 basis points and lower average deposit balances. Offsetting those unfavorable factors were lower servicing-related costs (including intersegment costs) of $14 million and the lower income tax rate in 2018. The Residential Mortgage Banking segment’s net income was $55 million in 2016. The 18% decline in 2017 as compared with 2016 reflected lower revenues from mortgage origination and sales activities of $14 million and from servicing residential real estate loans of $6 million (each including intersegment revenues). Partially offsetting those unfavorable factors were lower expenses associated with intersegment loan servicing. The Retail Banking segment offers a variety of services to consumers through several delivery channels which include branch offices, automated teller machines, telephone banking and Internet banking. The Company has branch offices in New York State, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Connecticut, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. Credit services offered by this segment include consumer installment loans, automobile and recreational finance loans (originated both directly and indirectly through dealers), home equity loans and lines of credit, and credit cards. The segment also offers to its customers deposit products, including demand, savings and time accounts; investment products, including mutual funds and annuities; and other services. Net income for the Retail Banking segment was $541 million in 2018, up 44% from $377 million in 2017. That year-over-year increase was predominantly attributable to a $141 million rise in net interest income that reflected a 49 basis point widening of the net interest margin on deposits, partially offset by lower average deposit balances of $2.8 billion, and the lower income tax rate in 2018. Those favorable factors were offset, in part, by a $28 million increase in centrally-allocated costs associated with data processing, risk management and other support services provided to the Retail Banking Segment. This segment’s net income increased 28% in 2017 from $294 million in 2016. That improvement was predominantly due to an increase in net interest income of $103 million, a $13 million decrease in the provision for credit losses and lower personnel-related expenses of $7 million. The higher net interest income was primarily due to a widening of the net interest margin on deposits of 34 basis points offset, in part, by lower average outstanding deposit balances of $3.4 billion reflecting net maturities of time deposits obtained in the Hudson City acquisition. The “All Other” category reflects other activities of the Company that are not directly attributable to the reported segments. Reflected in this category are the amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets resulting from the acquisitions of financial institutions, M&T’s share of income or loss from BLG, merger-related expenses resulting from acquisitions, and the net impact of the Company’s allocation methodologies for internal transfers for funding charges and credits associated with the earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities of the Company’s reportable segments, and the provision for credit losses. The “All Other” category also includes trust income of the Company that reflects the ICS and WAS business activities. The various components of the “All Other” category resulted in net income of $55 million in 2018, compared with net losses of $66 million and $64 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively. The significant improvement in 2018 as compared with 2017 was driven by the favorable impact from the Company’s allocation methodologies for income taxes and for internal transfers for funding charges and credits associated with earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities of the Company’s reportable segments; higher trust income of $36 million; $24 million of income from BLG in 2018; and lower charitable contributions of $21 million in the recent year. Those favorable factors were partially offset by a higher expenses related to the settlements of WT Corp pre-acquisition legal-related matters; a $21 million increase in 104 professional and other outside services expenses; and a $10 million decline in brokerage services income. The modestly higher net loss in 2017 as compared with 2016 reflected the incremental income tax expense of $85 million recorded as a result of the enactment of the Tax Act, higher legal- related and professional services costs of $95 million, including additions to the reserve for legal matters, and an increase in personnel-related expenses. Partially offsetting those unfavorable factors were: lower merger-related expenses of $36 million (there were no such expenses in 2017); higher trust income of $29 million in 2017; tax benefits of $22 million recognized in 2017 associated with the adoption of new accounting guidance requiring that excess tax benefits associated with share- based compensation be recognized in income tax expense in the income statement; and the favorable impact from the Company’s allocation methodologies. Recent Accounting Developments A discussion of recent accounting developments is included in note 26 of Notes to Financial Statements. Forward-Looking Statements Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and other sections of this Annual Report contain forward-looking statements that are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about the Company’s business, management’s beliefs and assumptions made by management. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “target,” “estimate,” “continue,” “positions,” “prospects” or “potential,” by future conditional verbs such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” or “may,” or by variations of such words or by similar expressions. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions (“Future Factors”) which are difficult to predict. Therefore, actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed or forecasted in such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made and the Company assumes no duty to update forward-looking statements. Future Factors include changes in interest rates, spreads on earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and interest rate sensitivity; prepayment speeds, loan originations, credit losses and market values of loans, collateral securing loans and other assets; sources of liquidity; common shares outstanding; common stock price volatility; fair value of and number of stock-based compensation awards to be issued in future periods; the impact of changes in market values on trust-related revenues; legislation and/or regulation affecting the financial services industry as a whole, and M&T and its subsidiaries individually or collectively, including tax legislation or regulation; regulatory supervision and oversight, including monetary policy and capital requirements; changes in accounting policies or procedures as may be required by the FASB or regulatory agencies; increasing price and product/service competition by competitors, including new entrants; rapid technological developments and changes; the ability to continue to introduce competitive new products and services on a timely, cost-effective basis; the mix of products/services; containing costs and expenses; governmental and public policy changes; protection and validity of intellectual property rights; reliance on large customers; technological, implementation and cost/financial risks in large, multi-year contracts; the outcome of pending and future litigation and governmental proceedings, including tax-related examinations and other matters; continued availability of financing; financial resources in the amounts, at the times and on the terms required to support M&T and its subsidiaries’ future businesses; and material differences in the actual financial results of merger, acquisition and 105 investment activities compared with M&T’s initial expectations, including the full realization of anticipated cost savings and revenue enhancements. These are representative of the Future Factors that could affect the outcome of the forward- looking statements. In addition, such statements could be affected by general industry and market conditions and growth rates, general economic and political conditions, either nationally or in the states in which M&T and its subsidiaries do business, including interest rate and currency exchange rate fluctuations, changes and trends in the securities markets, and other Future Factors. 106 Table 22 QUARTERLY TRENDS 2018 Quarters 2017 Quarters Fourth Third Second First Fourth Third Second First Earnings and dividends Amounts in thousands, except per share Interest income (taxable-equivalent basis) ......................... $ 1,226,239 Interest expense .................................................................. 161,321 Net interest income............................................................. 1,064,918 38,000 Less: provision for credit losses ......................................... 480,596 Other income ...................................................................... 802,162 Less: other expense............................................................. 705,352 Income before income taxes............................................... 153,175 Applicable income taxes..................................................... Taxable-equivalent adjustment........................................... 5,958 Net income.......................................................................... $ 546,219 Net income available to common shareholders-diluted ..... $ 525,328 Per common share data 1,173,108 138,337 1,034,771 16,000 459,294 775,979 702,086 170,262 5,733 526,091 1,134,302 120,118 1,014,184 35,000 457,414 776,577 660,021 161,464 5,397 493,160 1,086,959 106,633 980,326 43,000 458,696 933,344 462,678 105,259 4,809 352,610 1,083,146 102,689 980,457 31,000 484,053 795,813 637,697 306,287 9,007 322,403 1,066,038 100,076 965,962 30,000 459,429 806,025 589,366 224,615 8,828 355,923 1,039,149 92,213 946,936 52,000 460,816 750,635 605,117 215,328 8,736 381,053 1,014,032 91,773 922,259 55,000 446,845 787,852 526,252 169,326 7,999 348,927 505,365 472,600 332,749 302,486 335,804 360,662 328,567 Basic earnings............................................................. $ Diluted earnings.......................................................... Cash dividends............................................................ $ 3.76 3.76 1.00 3.54 3.53 1.00 3.26 3.26 .80 2.24 2.23 .75 2.01 2.01 .75 2.22 2.21 .75 2.36 2.35 .75 2.13 2.12 .75 Average common shares outstanding Basic ........................................................................... Diluted ........................................................................ 139,744 139,838 142,822 142,976 144,825 144,998 148,688 148,905 150,063 150,348 151,347 151,691 152,857 153,276 154,427 154,949 Performance ratios, annualized Return on Average assets ............................................................ Average common shareholders’ equity ...................... 1.84 % 14.80 % 1.80 % 14.08 % 1.70 % 13.32 % 1.22 % 9.15 % 1.06 % 8.03 % 1.18 % 8.89 % 1.27 % 9.67 % 1.15 % 8.89 % Net interest margin on average earning assets (taxable- equivalent basis) ............................................................ Nonaccrual loans to total loans and leases, net of unearned discount........................................................... 3.92 % 3.88 % 3.83 % 3.71 % 3.56 % 3.53 % 3.45 % 3.34 % 1.01 % 1.00 % .93 % .99 % 1.00 % .99 % .98 % 1.04 % Net operating (tangible) results (a) Net operating income (in thousands).................................. $ 550,169 Diluted net operating income per common share............... $ 3.79 Annualized return on 530,619 3.56 497,869 3.29 357,498 2.26 326,664 2.04 360,658 2.24 385,974 2.38 354,035 2.15 Average tangible assets .............................................. Average tangible common shareholders’ equity ........ Efficiency ratio (b) ............................................................. 1.93 % 22.16 % 51.70 % 1.89 % 21.00 % 51.41 % 1.79 % 19.91 % 52.42 % 1.28 % 13.51 % 63.98 % 1.12 % 11.77 % 54.65 % 1.25 % 13.03 % 56.00 % 1.33 % 14.18 % 52.74 % 1.21 % 13.05 % 56.93 % Balance sheet data In millions, except per share Average balances Total assets (c) ............................................................ $ 117,799 113,169 Total tangible assets (c) .............................................. 107,785 Earning assets ............................................................. 13,034 Investment securities .................................................. 87,301 Loans and leases, net of unearned discount................ 91,104 Deposits ...................................................................... 14,157 Common shareholders’ equity (c) .............................. 9,527 Tangible common shareholders’ equity (c) ................ 115,997 111,363 105,835 13,431 87,132 89,252 14,317 9,683 116,413 111,775 106,210 13,856 87,406 90,195 14,301 9,663 117,684 113,041 107,231 14,467 87,766 91,119 14,827 10,184 120,226 115,584 109,412 14,808 87,837 93,469 15,039 10,397 119,515 114,872 108,642 15,443 88,386 93,134 15,069 10,426 120,765 116,117 109,987 15,913 89,268 94,201 15,053 10,405 122,978 118,326 112,008 15,999 89,797 96,300 15,091 10,439 At end of quarter Total assets (c) ............................................................ $ 120,097 115,470 Total tangible assets (c) .............................................. 109,321 Earning assets ............................................................. 12,693 Investment securities .................................................. 88,466 Loans and leases, net of unearned discount................ Deposits ...................................................................... 90,157 Common shareholders’ equity, net of undeclared cumulative preferred dividends (c)........................ Tangible common shareholders’ equity (c) ................ Equity per common share ........................................... Tangible equity per common share ............................ 14,225 9,598 102.69 69.28 Market price per common share High ............................................................................ $ Low ............................................................................. Closing........................................................................ 171.01 133.78 143.13 116,828 112,197 106,331 13,074 86,680 89,140 118,426 113,790 107,819 13,283 87,797 89,273 118,623 113,982 107,976 14,067 87,711 90,947 118,593 113,947 107,786 14,665 87,989 92,432 120,402 115,761 109,365 15,074 87,925 93,513 120,897 116,251 109,976 15,816 89,081 93,541 123,223 118,573 112,287 15,968 89,313 97,043 14,201 9,570 100.38 67.64 180.77 164.28 164.54 14,343 9,707 99.43 67.29 188.80 167.32 170.15 14,475 9,834 98.60 66.99 197.37 170.00 184.36 15,016 10,370 100.03 69.08 176.62 155.77 170.99 15,083 10,442 99.70 69.02 166.85 141.12 161.04 15,049 10,403 98.66 68.20 164.03 147.55 161.95 14,978 10,328 97.40 67.16 173.72 149.51 154.73 (a) (b) (c) Excludes amortization and balances related to goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets and merger-related expenses which, except in the calculation of the efficiency ratio, are net of applicable income tax effects. A reconciliation of net income and net operating income appears in Table 23. Excludes impact of merger-related expenses and net securities transactions. The difference between total assets and total tangible assets, and common shareholders’ equity and tangible common shareholders’ equity, represents goodwill, core deposit and other intangible assets, net of applicable deferred tax balances. A reconciliation of such balances appears in Table 23. 107 Table 23 RECONCILIATION OF QUARTERLY GAAP TO NON-GAAP MEASURES 2018 Quarters 2017 Quarters Fourth Third Second First Fourth Third Second First Income statement data (in thousands, except per share) Net income Net income .................................................... Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets (a) .................................... Net operating income ............................ Earnings per common share Diluted earnings per common share.............. Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets (a) .................................... Diluted net operating earnings per common share..................................... Other expense Other expense ................................................ Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets.......................................... Noninterest operating expense .............. Efficiency ratio Noninterest operating expense (numerator) .... Taxable-equivalent net interest income......... Other income ................................................. Less: Gain (loss) on bank investment securities..................................................... Denominator.................................................. $ 546,219 526,091 493,160 352,610 322,403 355,923 381,053 348,927 3,950 $ 550,169 4,528 530,619 4,709 497,869 4,888 357,498 4,261 326,664 4,735 360,658 4,921 385,974 5,108 354,035 $ $ 3.76 .03 3.79 3.53 .03 3.56 3.26 .03 3.29 2.23 .03 2.26 2.01 .03 2.04 2.21 .03 2.24 2.35 .03 2.38 2.12 .03 2.15 $ 802,162 775,979 776,577 933,344 795,813 806,025 750,635 787,852 (5,359 ) (6,143 ) (6,388 ) (6,632 ) (7,025 ) $ 796,803 769,836 770,189 926,712 788,788 (7,808 ) 798,217 (8,113 ) 742,522 (8,420 ) 779,432 $ 796,803 769,836 770,189 926,712 788,788 798,217 742,522 779,432 1,064,918 480,596 1,034,771 459,294 1,014,184 457,414 980,326 458,696 980,457 484,053 965,962 459,429 946,936 460,816 922,259 446,845 4,219 $ 1,541,295 (3,415 ) 2,326 1,469,272 1,497,480 (9,431 ) 21,296 1,443,214 — 1,425,391 (17 ) 1,407,769 — 1,369,104 1,448,453 Efficiency ratio .............................................. 51.70 % 51.41 % 52.42 % 63.98 % 54.65 % 56.00 % 52.74 % 56.93 % $ 117,799 115,997 116,413 117,684 120,226 (4,593 ) (50 ) 13 $ 113,169 (4,593 ) (55 ) 14 111,363 (4,593 ) (62 ) 17 111,775 (4,593 ) (68 ) 18 113,041 (4,593 ) (75 ) 26 115,584 119,515 (4,593 ) (82 ) 32 114,872 120,765 (4,593 ) (90 ) 35 116,117 122,978 (4,593 ) (98 ) 39 118,326 $ $ 15,389 (1,232 ) 14,157 (4,593 ) (50 ) 13 9,527 15,549 (1,232 ) 14,317 (4,593 ) (55 ) 14 9,683 15,533 (1,232 ) 14,301 (4,593 ) (62 ) 17 9,663 16,059 (1,232 ) 14,827 (4,593 ) (68 ) 18 10,184 16,271 (1,232 ) 15,039 (4,593 ) (75 ) 26 10,397 16,301 (1,232 ) 15,069 (4,593 ) (82 ) 32 10,426 16,285 (1,232 ) 15,053 (4,593 ) (90 ) 35 10,405 16,323 (1,232 ) 15,091 (4,593 ) (98 ) 39 10,439 $ 120,097 116,828 118,426 118,623 118,593 (4,593 ) (47 ) 13 $ 115,470 (4,593 ) (52 ) 14 112,197 (4,593 ) (59 ) 16 113,790 (4,593 ) (65 ) 17 113,982 (4,593 ) (72 ) 19 113,947 120,402 (4,593 ) (79 ) 31 115,761 120,897 (4,593 ) (86 ) 33 116,251 123,223 (4,593 ) (95 ) 38 118,573 $ 15,460 (1,232 ) 15,436 (1,232 ) 15,578 (1,232 ) 15,710 (1,232 ) 16,251 (1,232 ) 16,318 (1,232 ) 16,284 (1,232 ) 16,213 (1,232 ) (3 ) (3 ) (3 ) (3 ) (3 ) (3 ) (3 ) (3 ) 14,225 (4,593 ) (47 ) 13 9,598 14,201 (4,593 ) (52 ) 14 9,570 14,343 (4,593 ) (59 ) 16 9,707 14,475 (4,593 ) (65 ) 17 9,834 15,016 (4,593 ) (72 ) 19 10,370 15,083 (4,593 ) (79 ) 31 10,442 $ 15,049 (4,593 ) (86 ) 33 10,403 14,978 (4,593 ) (95 ) 38 10,328 Balance sheet data (in millions) Average assets Average assets ............................................... Goodwill........................................................ Core deposit and other intangible assets ....... Deferred taxes ............................................... Average tangible assets ......................... Average common equity Average total equity ...................................... Preferred stock............................................... Average common equity........................ Goodwill........................................................ Core deposit and other intangible assets ....... Deferred taxes ............................................... Average tangible common equity.......... At end of quarter Total assets Total assets .................................................... Goodwill........................................................ Core deposit and other intangible assets ....... Deferred taxes ............................................... Total tangible assets .............................. Total common equity Total equity ................................................... Preferred stock............................................... Undeclared dividends - cumulative preferred stock............................................ Common equity, net of undeclared cumulative preferred dividends .......... Goodwill........................................................ Core deposit and other intangible assets ....... Deferred taxes ............................................... Total tangible common equity............... (a) After any related tax effect. 108 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Incorporated by reference to the discussion contained in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” under the captions “Liquidity, Market Risk, and Interest Rate Sensitivity” (including Table 20) and “Capital.” Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data consist of the financial statements as indexed and presented below and Table 22 “Quarterly Trends” presented in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Index to Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting ................................................................... Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm .......................................................... Consolidated Balance Sheet — December 31, 2018 and 2017...................................................... Consolidated Statement of Income — Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ............ Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income — Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 .................................................................................................................................... Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows — Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016..... Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity — Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ................................................................................................................. Notes to Financial Statements ........................................................................................................ 110 111 113 114 115 116 117 118 109 Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting at M&T Bank Corporation and subsidiaries (“the Company”). Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 based on criteria described in “Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that assessment, management concluded that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, that was engaged to express an opinion as to the fairness of presentation of such financial statements. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP was also engaged to assess the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP follows this report. M&T BANK CORPORATION René F. Jones Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Darren J. King Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 110 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of M&T Bank Corporation Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of M&T Bank Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31,2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. Basis for Opinions The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and 111 evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Buffalo, New York February 20, 2019 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1984. 112 M&T BANK CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Balance Sheet (Dollars in thousands, except per share) Assets Cash and due from banks .......................................................................................................... Interest-bearing deposits at banks ............................................................................................. Trading account......................................................................................................................... Investment securities (includes pledged securities that can be sold or repledged of $487,365 at December 31, 2018; $487,151 at December 31, 2017) Available for sale (cost: $8,869,423 at December 31, 2018; $10,938,796 at December 31, 2017)................................................................................ Held to maturity (fair value: $3,255,483 at December 31, 2018; $3,341,762 at December 31, 2017).................................................................................. Equity and other securities (cost: $677,187 at December 31, 2018; $415,028 at December 31, 2017)..................................................................................... Total investment securities........................................................................................... Loans and leases........................................................................................................................ Unearned discount .............................................................................................................. Loans and leases, net of unearned discount..................................................................... Allowance for credit losses................................................................................................. Loans and leases, net ....................................................................................................... Premises and equipment............................................................................................................ Goodwill.................................................................................................................................... Core deposit and other intangible assets ................................................................................... Accrued interest and other assets .............................................................................................. Total assets ................................................................................................................... Liabilities Noninterest-bearing deposits..................................................................................................... Savings and interest-checking deposits..................................................................................... Time deposits ............................................................................................................................ Deposits at Cayman Islands office ............................................................................................ Total deposits ............................................................................................................... Short-term borrowings .............................................................................................................. Accrued interest and other liabilities......................................................................................... Long-term borrowings .............................................................................................................. Total liabilities.............................................................................................................. Shareholders' equity Preferred stock, $1.00 par, 1,000,000 shares authorized; Issued and outstanding: Liquidation preference of $1,000 per share: 731,500 shares at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017; Liquidation preference of $10,000 per share: 50,000 shares at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 .......................................................... Common stock, $.50 par, 250,000,000 shares authorized, 159,765,044 shares issued at December 31, 2018; 159,817,518 shares issued at December 31, 2017 ................................................................. Common stock issuable, 24,563 shares at December 31, 2018; 27,138 shares at December 31, 2017 ..................................................................................... Additional paid-in capital.......................................................................................................... Retained earnings ...................................................................................................................... Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net ............................................................. Treasury stock — common, at cost — 21,255,275 shares at December 31, 2018; 9,733,115 shares at December 31, 2017 ............................................................................... Total shareholders’ equity ............................................................................................ Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity ..................................................................... December 31 2018 2017 $ $ 1,605,439 8,105,197 185,584 1,420,888 5,078,903 132,909 8,682,509 10,896,284 3,316,640 3,353,213 693,664 12,692,813 88,733,492 (267,015) 88,466,477 (1,019,444) 87,447,033 647,408 4,593,112 47,067 4,773,750 $ 120,097,403 $ 32,256,668 50,963,744 6,124,254 811,906 90,156,572 4,398,378 1,637,348 8,444,914 104,637,212 415,028 14,664,525 88,242,886 (253,903) 87,988,983 (1,017,198) 86,971,785 646,451 4,593,112 71,589 5,013,325 $ 118,593,487 $ 33,975,180 51,698,008 6,580,962 177,996 92,432,146 175,099 1,593,993 8,141,430 102,342,668 1,231,500 1,231,500 79,883 79,909 1,726 6,579,342 11,516,672 (420,081) 1,847 6,590,855 10,164,804 (363,814) (3,528,851) 15,460,191 120,097,403 $ (1,454,282) 16,250,819 118,593,487 $ See accompanying notes to financial statements. 113 M&T BANK CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statement of Income (In thousands, except per share) Interest income Loans and leases, including fees .......................................................... Investment securities Fully taxable ................................................................................... Exempt from federal taxes.............................................................. Deposits at banks.................................................................................. Other..................................................................................................... Total interest income ................................................................. Interest expense Savings and interest-checking deposits................................................ Time deposits ....................................................................................... Deposits at Cayman Islands office ....................................................... Short-term borrowings ......................................................................... Long-term borrowings.......................................................................... Total interest expense................................................................ Net interest income............................................................................... Provision for credit losses .................................................................... Net interest income after provision for credit losses............................ Other income Mortgage banking revenues ................................................................. Service charges on deposit accounts .................................................... Trust income......................................................................................... Brokerage services income................................................................... Trading account and foreign exchange gains ....................................... Gain (loss) on bank investment securities............................................ Other revenues from operations ........................................................... Total other income..................................................................... Other expense Salaries and employee benefits ............................................................ Equipment and net occupancy.............................................................. Outside data processing and software .................................................. FDIC assessments ................................................................................ Advertising and marketing ................................................................... Printing, postage and supplies .............................................................. Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets .................... Other costs of operations...................................................................... Total other expense ................................................................... Income before taxes ............................................................................. Income taxes......................................................................................... Net income............................................................................................ Net income available to common shareholders Year Ended December 31 2017 2016 2018 $4,164,561 $3,742,867 $ 3,485,050 323,912 665 108,182 1,391 4,598,711 361,157 1,431 61,326 1,014 4,167,795 361,494 2,606 45,516 1,205 3,895,871 215,411 51,423 5,633 5,386 248,556 526,409 4,072,302 132,000 3,940,302 133,177 61,505 1,186 1,511 189,372 386,751 3,781,044 168,000 3,613,044 360,442 429,337 537,585 51,069 32,547 (6,301) 451,321 1,856,000 363,827 427,372 501,381 61,445 35,301 21,279 440,538 1,851,143 87,704 102,841 797 3,625 231,017 425,984 3,469,887 190,000 3,279,887 373,697 419,102 472,184 63,423 41,126 30,314 426,150 1,825,996 1,752,264 298,828 199,025 68,526 85,710 35,658 24,522 823,529 3,288,062 2,508,240 590,160 1,618,074 295,141 172,389 105,045 87,137 39,546 42,613 687,540 3,047,485 2,058,398 743,284 $1,918,080 $1,408,306 $ 1,315,114 1,648,794 295,084 184,670 101,871 69,203 35,960 31,366 773,377 3,140,325 2,323,862 915,556 Basic .......................................................................................... Diluted ....................................................................................... $1,836,028 $1,327,503 $ 1,223,459 1,223,481 1,327,517 1,836,035 Net income per common share Basic .......................................................................................... Diluted ....................................................................................... $ 12.75 $ 12.74 8.72 $ 8.70 7.80 7.78 See accompanying notes to financial statements. 114 M&T BANK CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (In thousands) Year Ended December 31 2017 2016 2018 Net income ................................................................................................. $1,918,080 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax and reclassification adjustments: 1,408,306 $1,315,114 (86,523) Net unrealized losses on investment securities .................................... 6,091 Cash flow hedges adjustments ............................................................. (2,225) Foreign currency translation adjustment .............................................. 43,243 Defined benefit plans liability adjustments .......................................... Total other comprehensive loss ...................................................... (39,414) Total comprehensive income .......................................................... $1,878,666 (19,766) (9,912) 2,241 22,288 (5,149) (64,406) (94) (2,614) 24,105 (43,009) 1,403,157 $1,272,105 See accompanying notes to financial statements. 115 M&T BANK CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (In thousands) Cash flows from operating activities Net income ................................................................................................................................ Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Year Ended December 31 2017 2016 2018 $ 1,918,080 $ 1,408,306 $ 1,315,114 Provision for credit losses ........................................................................................... Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment ........................................ Amortization of capitalized servicing rights ............................................................... Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets ........................................... Provision for deferred income taxes............................................................................ Asset write-downs ....................................................................................................... Net gain on sales of assets........................................................................................... Net change in accrued interest receivable, payable..................................................... Net change in other accrued income and expense....................................................... Net change in loans originated for sale ....................................................................... Net change in trading account assets and liabilities.................................................... Net cash provided by operating activities ................................................................... 132,000 104,864 49,619 24,522 15,857 24,774 (23,503) (7,162) 13,436 (150,695) (11,940) 2,089,852 168,000 109,587 56,172 31,366 400,790 15,429 (53,467) (17,896) (201,981) 711,657 153,972 2,781,935 190,000 106,996 50,982 42,613 174,013 21,036 (63,222) (12,282) 60,263 (665,649) (36,453) 1,183,411 Cash flows from investing activities Proceeds from sales of investment securities Available for sale ............................................................................................................... Equity and other securities................................................................................................. 418 650,858 534,160 178,468 63,513 94,749 Proceeds from maturities of investment securities Available for sale ............................................................................................................... Held to maturity ................................................................................................................. 1,997,263 478,172 2,131,118 528,585 2,309,208 609,080 Purchases of investment securities Available for sale ............................................................................................................... Held to maturity ................................................................................................................. Equity and other securities................................................................................................. Net (increase) decrease in loans and leases .............................................................................. Net (increase) decrease in interest-bearing deposits at banks................................................... Capital expenditures, net........................................................................................................... Net decrease in loan servicing advances................................................................................... Other, net................................................................................................................................... Net cash provided (used) by investing activities ............................................................... Cash flows from financing activities Net increase (decrease) in deposits ........................................................................................... Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings .................................................................... Proceeds from long-term borrowings ....................................................................................... Payments on long-term borrowings .......................................................................................... Purchases of treasury stock....................................................................................................... Dividends paid — common ...................................................................................................... Dividends paid — preferred...................................................................................................... Redemption of Series D preferred stock................................................................................... Proceeds from issuance of Series F preferred stock ................................................................. Other, net................................................................................................................................... Net cash used by financing activities................................................................................. Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash...................................... Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period ........................................... Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period ..................................................... Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information Interest received during the period ........................................................................................... Interest paid during the period .................................................................................................. Income taxes paid during the period......................................................................................... Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities Real estate acquired in settlement of loans ............................................................................... Securitization of residential mortgage loans allocated to (12,494) (444,703) (834,856) (475,895) (3,026,294) (97,676) 307,252 47,904 (1,410,051) (2,272,505) 4,223,279 1,773,189 (1,459,081) (2,194,396) (510,382) (72,521) — — 17,167 (495,250) 184,551 1,420,888 $ 1,605,439 (251,185) (1,425,690) (132,378) 1,931,492 (78,265) (78,966) 37,761 19,825 3,394,925 (3,075,322) 11,657 2,145,950 (3,433,440) (1,205,905) (457,402) (72,734) — — 10,675 (6,076,521) 100,339 1,320,549 $ 1,420,888 (3,562,711) (214,791) (1,808) (2,952,129) 2,593,712 (107,693) 170,141 277,961 (720,768) 3,554,673 (1,937,105) — (1,119,898) (641,334) (441,891) (81,270) (500,000) 495,000 161,691 (510,134) (47,491) 1,368,040 $ 1,320,549 $ 4,568,991 516,230 375,116 $ 4,155,723 405,290 494,205 $ 3,903,374 498,951 276,866 $ 72,408 $ 121,292 $ 124,033 Available-for-sale investment securities............................................................................ Capitalized servicing rights................................................................................................ 22,448 365 36,747 422 24,233 248 See accompanying notes to financial statements. 116 M&T BANK CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity Common Additional Preferred Common Stock Paid-in Retained Earnings Stock Stock Issuable Capital Treasury Stock Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net Dollars in thousands, except per share 2016 Balance — January 1, 2016.............................. $ 1,231,500 79,782 — Total comprehensive income............................ — Preferred stock cash dividends ......................... — Redemption of Series D Preferred Stock.......... Issuance of Series F Preferred Stock ................ — Exercise of 87,381 Series A stock warrants into 41,439 shares of common stock................................................ Purchases of treasury stock............................... Stock-based compensation plans: — — (500,000 ) 500,000 — — — — Compensation expense, net ....................... Exercises of stock options, net .................. Stock purchase plan................................... Directors’ stock plan ................................. Deferred compensation plans, net, including dividend equivalents............... Other.......................................................... — — — — — — 169 18 — 2 — Common stock cash dividends — — $2.80 per share............................................... Balance — December 31, 2016........................ $1,231,500 79,973 2017 Total comprehensive income............................ Reclassification of income tax effects to retained earnings........................................... Preferred stock cash dividends ......................... Exercise of 374,786 Series A stock warrants into 204,133 shares of common stock................................................ Purchases of treasury stock............................... Stock-based compensation plans: — — — — — — — — — — Compensation expense, net ....................... Exercises of stock options, net .................. Stock purchase plan................................... Directors’ stock plan ................................. Deferred compensation plans, net, including dividend equivalents............... — — — — — (64 ) — — — — Common stock cash dividends — $3.00 per share............................................... — Balance — December 31, 2017........................ $ 1,231,500 79,909 2018 Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle — equity securities ........................................................ Total comprehensive income............................ Preferred stock cash dividends ......................... Exercise of 257,630 Series A stock warrants into 136,676 shares of common stock................................................ Purchases of treasury stock............................... Stock-based compensation plans: — — — — — — — — — — Compensation expense, net ....................... Exercises of stock options, net .................. Stock purchase plan................................... Directors’ stock plan ................................. Deferred compensation plans, net, including dividend equivalents............... — — — — — (26 ) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,364 6,680,768 8,430,502 — 1,315,114 (81,270 ) — — — — (5,000 ) — — — — (251,627 ) (43,009 ) — — — — $16,173,289 — 1,272,105 (81,270 ) — (500,000 ) — 495,000 — — — — — — — (4,750 ) — 16,132 (12,190 ) 275 535 2 — (219 ) — 163 1,015 — — — — — — (93 ) — — 4,748 — (641,334 ) (2 ) (641,334 ) — 10,989 — 181,789 10,319 — 1,543 — 27,290 169,617 10,594 2,080 — — 150 — 3 1,015 — (441,765 ) 2,145 6,676,948 9,222,488 — — (441,765 ) (294,636 ) (431,796 ) $16,486,622 — — 1,408,306 (5,149 ) — 1,403,157 — — 64,029 (72,734 ) (64,029 ) — — — — (72,734 ) (28,746 ) — (47,670 ) (12,142 ) 2,563 270 — — — — — — — (298 ) (368 ) (85 ) — (457,200 ) 1,847 6,590,855 10,164,804 — 28,746 — — — (1,205,905 ) (1,205,905 ) — — — — — 59,738 84,416 8,268 1,656 12,004 72,274 10,831 1,926 595 (156 ) — (457,200 ) (363,814 ) (1,454,282 ) $16,250,819 — — 16,853 — 1,918,080 (72,521 ) — (16,853 ) (39,414 ) — — — — 1,878,666 (72,521 ) — (22,394 ) — 12,421 (3,793 ) 2,358 162 — — — — — — 22,394 — — — (2,194,396 ) (2,194,396 ) — — — — — 22,513 63,559 8,766 2,175 34,908 59,766 11,124 2,337 420 (54 ) — (510,458 ) (420,081 ) (3,528,851 ) $15,460,191 — Common stock cash dividends — — $3.55 per share............................................... Balance — December 31, 2018........................ $ 1,231,500 79,883 — — (510,458 ) 1,726 6,579,342 11,516,672 — — (121 ) (267 ) (86 ) See accompanying notes to financial statements. 117 M&T BANK CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Financial Statements 1. Significant accounting policies M&T Bank Corporation (“M&T”) is a bank holding company headquartered in Buffalo, New York. Through subsidiaries, M&T provides individuals, corporations and other businesses, and institutions with commercial and retail banking services, including loans and deposits, trust, mortgage banking, asset management, insurance and other financial services. Banking activities are largely focused on consumers residing in New York State, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Connecticut, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia and on small and medium-size businesses based in those areas. Certain subsidiaries also conduct activities in other areas. The accounting and reporting policies of M&T and subsidiaries (“the Company”) are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and general practices within the banking industry. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The significant accounting policies are as follows: Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include M&T and all of its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions of consolidated subsidiaries have been eliminated in consolidation. The financial statements of M&T included in note 25 report investments in subsidiaries under the equity method. Information about some limited purpose entities that are affiliates of the Company but are not included in the consolidated financial statements appears in note 19. Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows For purposes of this statement, cash and due from banks and federal funds sold are considered cash and cash equivalents. Securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase Securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase are treated as collateralized financing transactions and are recorded at amounts equal to the cash or other consideration exchanged. It is generally the Company’s policy to take possession of collateral pledged to secure agreements to resell. Trading account Financial instruments used for trading purposes are stated at fair value. Realized gains and losses and unrealized changes in fair value of financial instruments utilized in trading activities are included in “trading account and foreign exchange gains” in the consolidated statement of income. Investment securities Investments in debt securities are classified as held to maturity and stated at amortized cost when management has the positive intent and ability to hold such securities to maturity. Investments in other debt securities are classified as available for sale and stated at estimated fair value with unrealized changes in fair value included in “accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net.” 118 Investments in equity securities having readily determinable fair values are stated at fair value and, beginning in 2018, unrealized changes in fair value are included in earnings. Investments in equity securities that do not have readily determinable fair values are stated at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. Prior to 2018, equity securities with readily determinable fair values were classified as available for sale. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts for investment securities available for sale and held to maturity are included in interest income. Other securities are stated at cost and include stock of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of New York. Individual debt securities are written down through a charge to earnings when declines in value below the cost basis of a security are considered to be other than temporary. In cases where fair value is less than amortized cost and the Company intends to sell a debt security, it is more likely than not to be required to sell a debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, or the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of a debt security, an other-than-temporary impairment is considered to have occurred. If the Company intends to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the other-than-temporary impairment is recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the debt security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value. If the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security, the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the other-than-temporary impairment is separated into (a) the amount representing the credit loss and (b) the amount related to all other factors. The amount of the other- than-temporary impairment related to the credit loss is recognized in earnings while the amount related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Subsequently, the Company accounts for the other-than-temporarily impaired debt security as if the security had been purchased on the measurement date of the other-than-temporary impairment at an amortized cost basis equal to the previous amortized cost basis less the other-than-temporary impairment recognized in earnings. Realized gains and losses on the sales of investment securities are determined using the specific identification method. Loans and leases The Company’s accounting methods for loans depends on whether the loans were originated by the Company or were acquired in a business combination. Originated loans and leases Interest income on loans is accrued on a level yield method. Loans are placed on nonaccrual status and previously accrued interest thereon is charged against income when principal or interest is delinquent 90 days, unless management determines that the loan status clearly warrants other treatment. Nonaccrual commercial loans and commercial real estate loans are returned to accrual status when borrowers have demonstrated an ability to repay their loans and there are no delinquent principal and interest payments. Consumer loans not secured by residential real estate are returned to accrual status when all past due principal and interest payments have been paid by the borrower. Loans secured by residential real estate are returned to accrual status when they are deemed to have an insignificant delay in payments of 90 days or less. Loan balances are charged off when it becomes evident that such balances are not fully collectible. For commercial loans and commercial real estate loans, charge-offs are recognized after an assessment by credit personnel of the capacity and willingness of the borrower to repay, the estimated value of any collateral, and any other potential 119 sources of repayment. A charge-off is recognized when, after such assessment, it becomes evident that the loan balance is not fully collectible. For loans secured by residential real estate, the excess of the loan balances over the net realizable value of the property collateralizing the loan is charged-off when the loan becomes 150 days delinquent. Consumer loans are generally charged-off when the loans are 91 to 180 days past due, depending on whether the loan is collateralized and the status of repossession activities with respect to such collateral. Loan fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred and recognized as an interest yield adjustment over the life of the loan. Net deferred fees have been included in unearned discount as a reduction of loans outstanding. Commitments to sell real estate loans are utilized by the Company to hedge the exposure to changes in fair value of real estate loans held for sale. The carrying value of hedged real estate loans held for sale recorded in the consolidated balance sheet includes changes in estimated fair market value during the hedge period, typically from the date of close through the sale date. Valuation adjustments made on these loans and commitments are included in “mortgage banking revenues.” Except for consumer and residential mortgage loans that are considered smaller balance homogenous loans and are evaluated collectively, the Company considers a loan to be impaired for purposes of applying GAAP when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement or the loan is delinquent 90 days. Regardless of loan type, the Company considers a loan to be impaired if it qualifies as a troubled debt restructuring. Impaired loans are classified as either nonaccrual or as loans renegotiated at below market rates which continue to accrue interest, provided that a credit assessment of the borrower’s financial condition results in an expectation of full repayment under the modified contractual terms. Certain loans greater than 90 days delinquent are not considered impaired if they are well-secured and in the process of collection. Loans less than 90 days delinquent are deemed to have an insignificant delay in payment and are generally not considered impaired. Impairment of a loan is measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s observable market price, or the fair value of collateral if the loan is collateral-dependent. Interest received on impaired loans placed on nonaccrual status is generally applied to reduce the carrying value of the loan or, if principal is considered fully collectible, recognized as interest income. Residual value estimates for commercial leases are generally determined through internal or external reviews of the leased property. The Company reviews commercial lease residual values at least annually and recognizes residual value impairments deemed to be other than temporary. Loans and leases acquired in a business combination Loans acquired in a business combination subsequent to December 31, 2008 are initially recorded at fair value with no carry-over of an acquired entity’s previously established allowance for credit losses. Purchased impaired loans represent specifically identified loans with evidence of credit deterioration for which it was probable at acquisition that the Company would be unable to collect all contractual principal and interest payments. For purchased impaired loans and other loans acquired at a discount that was, in part, attributable to credit quality, the excess of cash flows expected at acquisition over the estimated fair value of acquired loans is recognized as interest income over the remaining lives of the loans. Subsequent decreases in the expected principal cash flows require the Company to evaluate the need for additions to the Company’s allowance for credit losses. Subsequent improvements in expected cash flows result first in the recovery of any related allowance for credit losses and then in recognition of additional interest income over the then-remaining lives of the loans. 120 For all other acquired loans, the difference between the fair value and outstanding principal balance of the loans is recognized as an adjustment to interest income over the lives of those loans. Those loans are then accounted for in a manner that is similar to originated loans. Allowance for credit losses The allowance for credit losses represents, in management’s judgment, the amount of losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The allowance is determined by management’s evaluation of the loan and lease portfolio based on such factors as the differing economic risks associated with each loan category, the current financial condition of specific borrowers, the economic environment in which borrowers operate, the level of delinquent loans, the value of any collateral and, where applicable, the existence of any guarantees or indemnifications. The effects of probable decreases in expected principal cash flows on loans acquired at a discount are also considered in the establishment of the allowance for credit losses. Assets taken in foreclosure of defaulted loans Assets taken in foreclosure of defaulted loans are primarily comprised of commercial and residential real property and are included in “other assets” in the consolidated balance sheet. An in-substance repossession or foreclosure occurs and a creditor is considered to have received physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan upon either (1) the creditor obtaining legal title to the residential real estate property upon completion of a foreclosure or (2) the borrower conveying all interest in the residential real estate property to the creditor to satisfy that loan through completion of a deed in lieu of foreclosure or through a similar legal agreement. Upon acquisition of assets taken in satisfaction of a defaulted loan, the excess of the remaining loan balance over the asset’s estimated fair value less costs to sell is charged-off against the allowance for credit losses. Subsequent declines in value of the assets are recognized as “other costs of operations” in the consolidated statement of income. Premises and equipment Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is computed principally using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Capitalized servicing rights Capitalized servicing assets are included in “other assets” in the consolidated balance sheet. Separately recognized servicing assets are initially measured at fair value. The Company uses the amortization method to subsequently measure servicing assets. Under that method, capitalized servicing assets are charged to expense in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income. To estimate the fair value of servicing rights, the Company considers market prices for similar assets and the present value of expected future cash flows associated with the servicing rights calculated using assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future servicing income and expense. Such assumptions include estimates of the cost of servicing loans, loan default rates, an appropriate discount rate, and prepayment speeds. For purposes of evaluating and measuring impairment of capitalized servicing rights, the Company stratifies such assets based on the predominant risk characteristics of the underlying financial instruments that are expected to have the most impact on projected prepayments, cost of servicing and other factors affecting future cash flows associated with the servicing rights. Such factors may include financial asset or loan type, note rate and term. The amount of impairment recognized is the amount by which the carrying value of the capitalized servicing rights for a stratum exceeds estimated fair value. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance. 121 Sales and securitizations of financial assets Transfers of financial assets for which the Company has surrendered control of the financial assets are accounted for as sales. Interests in a sale of financial assets that continue to be held by the Company, including servicing rights, are measured at fair value. The fair values of retained debt securities are generally determined through reference to independent pricing information. The fair values of retained servicing rights and any other retained interests are determined based on the present value of expected future cash flows associated with those interests and by reference to market prices for similar assets. Securitization structures typically require the use of special-purpose trusts that are considered variable interest entities. A variable interest entity is included in the consolidated financial statements if the Company has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the variable interest entity’s economic performance and has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the variable interest entity that could potentially be significant to that entity. Goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquired entity over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather is tested for impairment at least annually at the reporting unit level, which is either at the same level or one level below an operating segment. Other acquired intangible assets with finite lives, such as core deposit intangibles, are initially recorded at estimated fair value and are amortized over their estimated lives. Core deposit and other intangible assets are generally amortized using accelerated methods over estimated useful lives of five to ten years. The Company periodically assesses whether events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of core deposit and other intangible assets may be impaired. Derivative financial instruments The Company accounts for derivative financial instruments at fair value. If certain conditions are met, a derivative may be specifically designated as (a) a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment, (b) a hedge of the exposure to variable cash flows of a forecasted transaction or (c) a hedge of the foreign currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation, an unrecognized firm commitment, an available- for-sale security, or a foreign currency denominated forecasted transaction. The Company utilizes interest rate swap agreements as part of the management of interest rate risk to modify the repricing characteristics of certain portions of its portfolios of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. For such agreements, amounts receivable or payable are recognized as accrued under the terms of the agreement and the net differential is recorded as an adjustment to interest income or expense of the related asset or liability. Interest rate swap agreements may be designated as either fair value hedges or cash flow hedges. In a fair value hedge, the fair values of the interest rate swap agreements and changes in the fair values of the hedged items are recorded in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet with the corresponding gain or loss recognized in current earnings. The difference between changes in the fair values of interest rate swap agreements and the hedged items represents hedge ineffectiveness and, beginning in 2018, is recorded in the same income statement line item that is used to present the earnings effect of the hedged item in the consolidated statement of income. In a cash flow hedge, the derivative’s unrealized gain or loss is initially recorded as a component of other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction affects earnings. Prior to 2018, hedge ineffectiveness for fair value and cash flow hedges was recorded in “other revenues from operations” in the consolidated statement of income. In addition, for cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the derivative’s unrealized gain or loss was initially recorded as a component of other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction affected earnings. 122 The Company utilizes commitments to sell real estate loans to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of real estate loans held for sale. Commitments to originate real estate loans to be held for sale and commitments to sell real estate loans are generally recorded in the consolidated balance sheet at estimated fair value. Derivative instruments not related to mortgage banking activities, including financial futures commitments and interest rate swap agreements, that do not satisfy the hedge accounting requirements are recorded at fair value and are generally classified as trading account assets or liabilities with resultant changes in fair value being recognized in “trading account and foreign exchange gains” in the consolidated statement of income. Stock-based compensation Stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the vesting period of the stock-based grant based on the estimated grant date value of the stock-based compensation, except that the recognition of compensation costs is accelerated for stock-based awards granted to retirement-eligible employees and employees who will become retirement-eligible prior to full vesting of the award because the Company’s incentive compensation plan allows for vesting at the time an employee retires. Effective January 2017, the Company adopted amended accounting guidance which requires excess tax benefits or deficiencies associated with stock-based compensation be recognized in income tax expense. Previously, tax effects resulting from changes in M&T’s share price were recorded through shareholders’ equity. Income taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax effects attributable to differences between the financial statement value of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates and laws. The Company evaluates uncertain tax positions using the two-step process required by GAAP. The first step requires a determination of whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. Under the second step, a tax position that meets the more- likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company accounts for its investments in qualified affordable housing projects using the proportional amortization method. Under that method, the Company amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received and recognizes the net investment performance in the income statement as a component of income tax expense. Earnings per common share Basic earnings per common share exclude dilution and are computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (exclusive of shares represented by the unvested portion of restricted stock and restricted stock unit grants) and common shares issuable under deferred compensation arrangements during the period. Diluted earnings per common share reflect shares represented by the unvested portion of restricted stock and restricted stock unit grants and the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in earnings. Proceeds assumed to have been received on such exercise or conversion are assumed to be used to purchase shares of M&T common stock at the average market price during the period, as required by the “treasury stock method” of accounting. GAAP requires that unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) shall be considered participating 123 securities and shall be included in the computation of earnings per common share pursuant to the two-class method. The Company has issued stock-based compensation awards in the form of restricted stock and restricted stock units that contain such rights and, accordingly, the Company’s earnings per common share are calculated using the two-class method. Treasury stock Repurchases of shares of M&T common stock are recorded at cost as a reduction of shareholders’ equity. Reissuances of shares of treasury stock are recorded at average cost. 2. Investment securities On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted amended guidance requiring equity investments with readily determinable fair values to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statement of income. This amended guidance excludes equity method investments, investments in consolidated subsidiaries, exchange membership ownership interests, and Federal Home Loan Bank of New York and Federal Reserve Bank of New York capital stock. Upon adoption the Company reclassified $17 million, after-tax effect, from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings, representing the difference between fair value and the cost basis of equity investments with readily determinable fair values at January 1, 2018. Net unrealized losses recorded as gain (loss) on bank investment securities in the consolidated statement of income during the year ended December 31, 2018 were $6 million. The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities were as follows: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses (In thousands) Estimated Fair Value December 31, 2018 Investment securities available for sale: U.S. Treasury and federal agencies.................................. $ 1,346,782 $ Obligations of states and political subdivisions............... Mortgage-backed securities: 1,660 — $ 4 9,851 $ 1,336,931 1,659 5 Government issued or guaranteed .............................. Privately issued........................................................... Other debt securities ........................................................ 7,383,340 24 137,617 8,869,423 15,754 — 770 16,528 182,103 2 11,481 203,442 7,216,991 22 126,906 8,682,509 Investment securities held to maturity: U.S. Treasury and federal agencies.................................. Obligations of states and political subdivisions............... Mortgage-backed securities: Government issued or guaranteed .............................. Privately issued........................................................... Other debt securities ........................................................ 446,542 7,494 — 22 239 12 446,303 7,504 2,745,776 113,160 3,668 3,316,640 2,694,830 55,111 4,165 103,178 22,327 12,345 3,668 — — 16,532 3,255,483 77,689 33,060 $ 281,131 $11,937,992 Total debt securities ......................................................... $12,186,063 $ Equity and other securities: Readily marketable equity — at fair value................. $ Other — at cost........................................................... Total equity and other securities ...................................... $ 77,440 $ 599,747 677,187 $ 17,295 $ — 17,295 $ 818 $ — 818 $ 93,917 599,747 693,664 124 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses (In thousands) Estimated Fair Value December 31, 2017 Investment securities available for sale: U.S. Treasury and federal agencies.................................. $ 1,965,665 $ Obligations of states and political subdivisions............... Mortgage-backed securities: 2,555 — $ 36 18,178 $ 1,947,487 2,589 2 Government issued or guaranteed .............................. Privately issued........................................................... Other debt securities ........................................................ Equity securities............................................................... 8,755,482 28 136,905 78,161 10,938,796 59,497 — 2,402 23,219 85,154 98,587 — 10,475 424 127,666 8,716,392 28 128,832 100,956 10,896,284 Investment securities held to maturity: Obligations of states and political subdivisions............... Mortgage-backed securities: 24,562 109 49 24,622 Government issued or guaranteed .............................. Privately issued........................................................... Other debt securities ........................................................ 3,201,443 110,687 5,010 3,341,762 415,028 Other securities — at cost ................................................ Total ................................................................................. $14,707,037 $ 115,073 $ 169,036 $14,653,074 3,187,953 135,688 5,010 3,353,213 415,028 13,746 27,575 — 41,370 — 27,236 2,574 — 29,919 — No investment in securities of a single non-U.S. Government, government agency or government guaranteed issuer exceeded ten percent of shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, the latest available investment ratings of all obligations of states and political subdivisions, privately issued mortgage-backed securities and other debt securities were: Average Credit Rating of Fair Value Amount Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value A or Better BBB (In thousands) BB B or Less Not Rated Obligations of states and political subdivisions ............................................ $ Privately issued mortgage-backed securities ................................................. 113,184 103,200 17,055 — 34,180 51,949 — 34,889 Other debt securities .................................. 141,285 130,574 4,818 59,814 31,053 Total ........................................................... $263,623 $242,937 $30,510 $60,356 $31,053 $34,180 $86,838 526 $ — $ — $ — 9,163 $ 8,637 $ 9,154 $ 16 The amortized cost and estimated fair value of collateralized mortgage obligations included in mortgage-backed securities were as follows: Collateralized mortgage obligations: Amortized cost ............................................................................................... $115,171 $138,527 Estimated fair value ....................................................................................... 105,155 113,516 December 31 2018 2017 (In thousands) 125 Gross realized gains on investment securities were $23,251,000 in 2017 and $30,545,000 in 2016. During 2017, the Company sold a portion of its Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac preferred stock holdings held in the available-for-sale investment securities portfolio for a gain of $18 million. During 2016, the Company sold its collateralized debt obligations held in the available-for-sale portfolio for a gain of $30 million. There were no significant gross realized gains or losses from sales of investment securities in 2018. There were no significant gross realized losses from sales of investment securities in 2017 or 2016. At December 31, 2018, the amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity were as follows: Debt securities available for sale: Due in one year or less................................................................................................ Due after one year through five years......................................................................... Due after five years through ten years........................................................................ Due after ten years ...................................................................................................... Mortgage-backed securities available for sale............................................................ Debt securities held to maturity: Due in one year or less................................................................................................ Due after one year through five years......................................................................... Due after ten years ...................................................................................................... Mortgage-backed securities held to maturity ............................................................. Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value (In thousands) $ 1,344,408 9,555 102,081 30,015 1,486,059 7,383,364 $ 8,869,423 1,334,695 9,319 95,653 25,829 1,465,496 7,217,013 8,682,509 $ 449,468 4,568 3,668 457,704 2,858,936 $ 3,316,640 449,237 4,570 3,668 457,475 2,798,008 3,255,483 126 A summary of investment securities that as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than twelve months and those that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer follows: December 31, 2018 Investment securities available for sale: U.S. Treasury and federal agencies.............................................. $ Obligations of states and political subdivisions........................... Mortgage-backed securities: Government issued or guaranteed .......................................... Privately issued....................................................................... Other debt securities .................................................................... Investment securities held to maturity: U.S. Treasury and federal agencies.............................................. Obligations of states and political subdivisions........................... Mortgage-backed securities: Less Than 12 Months Fair Value Unrealized Losses 12 Months or More Fair Value Unrealized Losses (In thousands) 273 629 (2) 1,335,559 — (5) (9,849) — 405,558 22 53,478 459,960 (2,892) 5,646,773 — (2) (2,187) 66,014 (5,088) 7,048,346 (179,211) — (9,294) (198,354) 446,303 — (239) — — 3,126 — (12) Government issued or guaranteed .......................................... Privately issued....................................................................... 179,354 — 625,657 Total ............................................................................................. $1,085,617 — (989) 2,082,723 51,943 (1,228) 2,137,792 (6,316) 9,186,138 (54,122) (22,327) (76,461) (274,815) December 31, 2017 Investment securities available for sale: U.S. Treasury and federal agencies.............................................. $ 278,132 Obligations of states and political subdivisions........................... — Mortgage-backed securities: (1,761) 1,669,355 474 — (16,417) (2) Government issued or guaranteed .......................................... Other debt securities .................................................................... Equity securities (a) ..................................................................... 2,106,142 3,067 — 2,387,341 (13,695) 3,138,841 61,159 18,162 (15,482) 4,887,991 (26) — (84,892) (10,449) (424) (112,184) Investment securities held to maturity: Obligations of states and political subdivisions........................... Mortgage-backed securities: 2,954 (4) 6,110 (45) Government issued or guaranteed .......................................... Privately issued....................................................................... 1,331,759 5,061 1,339,774 Total ............................................................................................. $3,727,115 (7,036) 265,695 (1,216) 55,255 (8,256) 327,060 (23,738) 5,215,051 (6,710) (26,359) (33,114) (145,298) (a) Beginning January 1, 2018, equity securities with readily determinable fair values are required to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statement of income. As a result, subsequent to December 31, 2017 disclosing the time period for which these equity securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position is no longer relevant. 127 The Company owned 1,402 individual investment securities with aggregate gross unrealized losses of $281 million at December 31, 2018. Based on a review of each of the securities in the investment securities portfolio at December 31, 2018, the Company concluded that it expected to recover the amortized cost basis of its investment. As of December 31, 2018, the Company does not intend to sell nor is it anticipated that it would be required to sell any of its impaired investment securities at a loss. At December 31, 2018, the Company has not identified events or changes in circumstances which may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the $600 million of cost method investment securities. At December 31, 2018, investment securities with a carrying value of $2,605,034,000, including $2,040,362,000 of investment securities available for sale, were pledged to secure borrowings from various FHLBs, repurchase agreements, governmental deposits, interest rate swap agreements and available lines of credit as described in note 8. Investment securities pledged by the Company to secure obligations whereby the secured party is permitted by contract or custom to sell or repledge such collateral totaled $487,365,000 at December 31, 2018. The pledged securities included securities of the U.S. Treasury and federal agencies and mortgage-backed securities. 3. Loans and leases Total loans and leases outstanding were comprised of the following: December 31 2018 2017 (In thousands) Loans Commercial, financial, etc....................................................................... $21,730,012 $20,474,696 Real estate: Residential .......................................................................................... 17,150,658 19,619,259 Commercial......................................................................................... 25,666,200 25,345,779 Construction........................................................................................ 8,823,635 8,125,925 Consumer................................................................................................. 13,956,086 13,251,665 Total loans........................................................................................... 87,326,591 86,817,324 Leases Commercial......................................................................................... 1,406,901 1,425,562 Total loans and leases .............................................................................. 88,733,492 88,242,886 Less: unearned discount........................................................................... (253,903) Total loans and leases, net of unearned discount..................................... $88,466,477 $87,988,983 (267,015) One-to-four family residential mortgage loans held for sale were $205 million at December 31, 2018 and $356 million at December 31, 2017. Commercial real estate loans held for sale were $347 million at December 31, 2018 and $22 million at December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2018, approximately $3.4 billion of commercial real estate loan balances serviced for others had been sold with recourse in conjunction with the Company’s participation in the Fannie Mae Delegated Underwriting and Servicing (“DUS”) program. At December 31, 2018, the Company estimated that the recourse obligations described above were not material to the Company’s consolidated financial position. There have been no material losses incurred as a result of those credit recourse arrangements. 128 In addition to recourse obligations, as described in note 21, the Company is contractually obligated to repurchase previously sold residential real estate loans that do not ultimately meet investor sale criteria related to underwriting procedures or loan documentation. When required to do so, the Company may reimburse loan purchasers for losses incurred or may repurchase certain loans. Charges incurred for such obligation were not material in 2018, 2017 or 2016. A summary of current, past due and nonaccrual loans as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 follows: Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More (a) Accruing Loans Acquired at a Discount Past Due 90 days or More (b) (In thousands) Current 30-89 Days Past Due Purchased Impaired (c) Nonaccrual Total December 31, 2018 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ... $22,701,020 Real estate: 39,798 2,567 168 — 234,423 $22,977,976 Commercial ............................... 25,250,983 134,474 11,457 Residential builder and 20,333 — developer ................................ 1,665,178 Other commercial construction ... 6,982,077 43,615 14,344 Residential ................................. 13,591,790 404,808 189,682 Residential — limited documentation ........................ 2,278,040 72,544 — Consumer: Home equity lines and loans...... 4,758,513 Recreational finance .................. 4,085,781 Automobile ................................ 3,555,757 Other .......................................... 1,271,811 — — — 4,477 Total ................................................ $86,140,950 866,337 222,527 25,416 29,947 79,804 15,598 10 9,769 203,672 25,610,365 — — — 4,798 1,690,309 641 22,205 7,062,882 6,650 203,044 233,352 14,629,326 — 89,851 84,685 2,525,120 — 71,292 4,860,254 5,033 — 11,199 4,127,162 235 — 23,359 3,658,920 — 27,654 4,623 1,324,163 — 39,750 303,305 893,608 $88,466,477 December 31, 2017 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ... $21,332,234 167,756 Real estate: 1,322 327 21 240,991 $21,742,651 Commercial ............................... 24,910,381 166,305 Residential builder and — developer ................................ 1,618,973 Other commercial construction ... 6,407,451 — Residential ................................. 15,376,759 474,372 233,437 Residential — limited documentation ........................ 2,718,019 5,159 23,467 83,898 4,444 — Consumer: Home equity lines and loans...... 5,171,345 Recreational finance .................. 3,229,570 Automobile ................................ 3,441,371 Other .......................................... 1,119,501 — — — 5,202 Total ................................................ $85,325,604 1,078,943 244,405 38,546 23,802 78,511 17,127 6,016 16,815 184,982 25,288,943 — — 1,135 6,451 1,631,718 4,706 10,088 6,445,712 7,582 282,102 235,834 16,610,086 — 105,236 96,105 3,003,258 — 74,500 5,293,782 9,391 — 6,509 3,260,427 546 — 23,781 3,543,663 — 23,556 3,357 1,168,743 — 47,418 410,015 882,598 $87,988,983 (a) (b) (c) Excludes loans acquired at a discount. Loans acquired at a discount that were recorded at fair value at acquisition date. This category does not include purchased impaired loans that are presented separately. Accruing loans acquired at a discount that were impaired at acquisition date and recorded at fair value. 129 If nonaccrual and renegotiated loans had been accruing interest at their originally contracted terms, interest income on such loans would have amounted to $68,745,000 in 2018, $63,872,000 in 2017 and $68,371,000 in 2016. The actual amounts included in interest income during 2018, 2017 and 2016 on such loans were $32,983,000, $31,425,000 and $33,941,000, respectively. The outstanding principal balance and the carrying amount of loans acquired at a discount that were recorded at fair value at the acquisition date and included in the consolidated balance sheet were as follows: December 31 2018 2017 (In thousands) Outstanding principal balance .................................................................................... $ 1,016,785 $ 1,394,188 Carrying amount: Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ...................................................................... Commercial real estate .......................................................................................... Residential real estate............................................................................................ Consumer .............................................................................................................. $ 31,105 27,073 228,054 135,047 620,827 473,511 91,860 123,413 727,491 $ 1,003,399 Purchased impaired loans included in the table above totaled $303 million at December 31, 2018 and $410 million at December 31, 2017, representing less than 1% of the Company’s assets as of each date. A summary of changes in the accretable yield for loans acquired at a discount for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Purchased Impaired Other Acquired Purchased Impaired Other Acquired Purchased Impaired Other Acquired (In thousands) Balance at beginning of period........................ $157,918 $133,162 $154,233 $201,153 $184,618 $ 296,434 Interest income ................................................ (37,819) (63,856) (47,452) (82,605) (52,769) (123,044) Reclassifications from 22,677 nonaccretable balance................................... 27,111 22,849 51,137 16,437 22,384 Other (a) .......................................................... 5,086 — — Balance at end of period.................................. $147,210 $ 96,907 $157,918 $133,162 $154,233 $ 201,153 (1,823) 4,752 — (a) Other changes in expected cash flows including changes in interest rates and prepayment assumptions. During the normal course of business, the Company modifies loans to maximize recovery efforts. If the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and a concession is granted, the Company considers such modifications as troubled debt restructurings and classifies those loans as either nonaccrual loans or renegotiated loans. The types of concessions that the Company grants typically include principal deferrals and interest rate concessions, but may also include other types of concessions. 130 The tables that follow summarize the Company’s loan modification activities that were considered troubled debt restructurings for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016: Post-modification (a) Year Ended December 31, 2018 Number Pre- modification Recorded Investment Interest Rate Principal Deferral Reduction Other Combination of Concession Types Total Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ................ Real estate: 203 $ 102,445 $50,490 $ 803 $ 6,210 $ 45,411 $102,914 (Dollars in thousands) Commercial................................................ Other commercial construction.................. Residential.................................................. Residential — limited documentation........ 83 1 134 9 Consumer: 752 30,217 16,870 746 34,798 19,962 827 1,887 175 4,686 — — — — — — — 9,000 30,731 746 18,110 38,072 2,250 1,423 Home equity lines and loans ...................... Recreational finance................................... Automobile................................................. Total................................................................. 3,952 202 224 47 202 7 73 1,330 1,318 557 $ 175,583 $90,639 $ — — — — — — 978 $10,896 $ 3,755 — 12 3,979 202 1,330 77,711 $180,224 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ................ Real estate: 217 $ 111,036 $25,051 $ — $ 6,459 $ 57,153 $ 88,663 Commercial................................................ Residential builder and developer.............. Other commercial construction.................. Residential.................................................. Residential — limited documentation........ 83 3 2 141 20 44,924 17,039 — 12,291 168 168 31,827 16,633 911 4,230 — — — — — 868 — — — — 22,975 40,882 10,879 10,879 168 17,974 34,607 4,572 3,661 — Consumer: Home equity lines and loans ...................... Recreational finance................................... Automobile................................................. Total................................................................. 110 10,049 1,137 9 160 1,378 1,203 69 654 $ 216,063 $62,302 $ 160 491 — — — 8,585 10,213 — 160 1,378 — — $ 7,818 $ 121,402 $191,522 — 175 131 Post-modification (a) Year Ended December 31, 2016 Pre- modification Recorded Investment Number Principal Deferral Interest Rate Combination of Concession Types Reduction Other Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ................ Real estate: 164 $ 154,093 $102,446 $ — $ — $ 41,673 $144,119 Commercial................................................ Residential builder and developer.............. Other commercial construction.................. Residential.................................................. Residential — limited documentation........ 81 6 3 119 21 44,870 23,558 39,660 22,958 250 3,113 20,057 11,771 1,047 3,560 — 4,576 — — — — — — — — 15,603 43,737 15,123 38,081 2,782 3,032 9,367 21,138 3,964 2,917 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans ...................... Recreational finance................................... Automobile................................................. Other........................................................... Total................................................................. 761 11,870 103 270 318 10 1,124 1,264 163 69 698 891 739 $ 279,696 $164,883 $ — — 20 — 55 — — 25 — $4,676 $ 11,110 11,871 318 1,264 891 98,856 $268,415 28 85 168 (a) Financial effects impacting the recorded investment included principal payments or advances, charge-offs and capitalized escrow arrearages. The present value of interest rate concessions, discounted at the effective rate of the original loan, was not material. Troubled debt restructurings are considered to be impaired loans and for purposes of establishing the allowance for credit losses are evaluated for impairment giving consideration to the impact of the modified loan terms on the present value of the loan’s expected cash flows. Impairment of troubled debt restructurings that have subsequently defaulted may also be measured based on the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of collateral if the loan is collateral-dependent. Charge-offs may also be recognized on troubled debt restructurings that have subsequently defaulted. Loans that were modified as troubled debt restructurings during the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and for which there was a subsequent payment default during the respective year were not material. Borrowings by directors and certain officers of M&T and its banking subsidiaries, and by associates of such persons, exclusive of loans aggregating less than $60,000, amounted to $77,414,000 and $93,103,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. During 2018, new borrowings by such persons amounted to $1,900,000 (including any borrowings of new directors or officers that were outstanding at the time of their election) and repayments and other reductions (including reductions resulting from individuals ceasing to be directors or officers) were $17,589,000. At December 31, 2018, approximately $11.6 billion of commercial loans and leases, $13.2 billion of commercial real estate loans, $12.8 billion of one-to-four family residential real estate loans, $2.4 billion of home equity loans and lines of credit and $6.1 billion of other consumer loans were pledged to secure outstanding borrowings from the FHLB of New York and available lines of credit as described in note 8. 132 The Company’s loan and lease portfolio includes commercial lease financing receivables consisting of direct financing and leveraged leases for machinery and equipment, railroad equipment, commercial trucks and trailers, and aircraft. A summary of lease financing receivables follows: December 31 2018 2017 (In thousands) Commercial leases: Direct financings: Lease payments receivable..................................................................... $1,155,464 $1,159,584 89,666 Estimated residual value of leased assets............................................... (110,261) Unearned income ................................................................................... Investment in direct financings ......................................................... 1,130,175 1,138,989 85,169 (110,458) Leveraged leases: Lease payments receivable..................................................................... Estimated residual value of leased assets............................................... Unearned income ................................................................................... Investment in leveraged leases .......................................................... 87,821 88,491 (35,792) 140,520 Total investment in leases................................................................................ $1,262,726 $1,279,509 81,359 Deferred taxes payable arising from leveraged leases..................................... $ 85,007 81,261 (33,717) 132,551 74,995 $ Included within the estimated residual value of leased assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $39 million and $37 million, respectively, in residual value associated with direct financing leases that are guaranteed by the lessees or others. At December 31, 2018, the minimum future lease payments to be received from lease financings were as follows: Year ending December 31: (In thousands) 2019 .............................................................................................................................. $ 326,898 310,255 2020 .............................................................................................................................. 224,150 2021 .............................................................................................................................. 141,244 2022 .............................................................................................................................. 88,182 2023 .............................................................................................................................. 149,742 Later years .................................................................................................................... $ 1,240,471 The amount of foreclosed residential real estate property held by the Company was $77 million and $108 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. There were $391 million and $497 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, in loans secured by residential real estate that were in the process of foreclosure. Of all loans in the process of foreclosure at December 31, 2018, approximately 39% were classified as purchased impaired and 21% were government guaranteed. 133 4. Allowance for credit losses Changes in the allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: Commercial, Financial, Real Estate Leasing, etc. Commercial Residential Consumer Unallocated Total (In thousands) 2018 Beginning balance ........................................... $ 328,599 374,085 65,405 170,809 Provision for credit losses ............................... (41,181) 12,401 127,068 Net charge-offs 33,967 78,300 $1,017,198 132,000 (255) (12,286) (15,345) (143,196) Charge-offs................................................. 6,664 45,883 21,037 Recoveries.................................................. Net (charge-offs) recoveries ............................ (8,681) (97,313) 8,751 Ending balance ................................................ $ 330,055 341,655 69,125 200,564 (60,414) 27,903 (32,511) — — — (231,241) 101,487 (129,754) 78,045 $1,019,444 2017 Beginning balance ........................................... $ 330,833 362,719 61,127 156,288 Provision for credit losses ............................... 6,715 16,094 103,410 Net charge-offs 41,511 78,030 $ 988,997 168,000 270 (7,931) (20,799) (130,927) Charge-offs................................................. 8,983 42,038 12,582 Recoveries.................................................. Net (charge-offs) recoveries ............................ 4,651 (11,816) (88,889) Ending balance ................................................ $ 328,599 374,085 65,405 170,809 (64,941) 21,196 (43,745) — — — (224,598) 84,799 (139,799) 78,300 $1,017,198 2016 Beginning balance ........................................... $ 300,404 326,831 72,238 178,320 Provision for credit losses ............................... 6,902 90,134 Net charge-offs 33,627 59,506 78,199 $ 955,992 190,000 (169) (4,805) (26,133) (141,073) Charge-offs................................................. 7,066 8,120 28,907 Recoveries.................................................. Net (charge-offs) recoveries ............................ 2,261 (18,013) (112,166) Ending balance ................................................ $ 330,833 362,719 61,127 156,288 (59,244) 30,167 (29,077) — — — (231,255) 74,260 (156,995) 78,030 $ 988,997 Despite the allocations in the preceding tables, the allowance for credit losses is general in nature and is available to absorb losses from any loan or lease type. In establishing the allowance for credit losses, the Company estimates losses attributable to specific troubled credits identified through both normal and targeted credit review processes and also estimates losses inherent in other loans and leases on a collective basis. For purposes of determining the level of the allowance for credit losses, the Company evaluates its loan and lease portfolio by loan type. The amounts of loss components in the Company’s loan and lease portfolios are determined through a loan-by-loan analysis of larger balance commercial loans and commercial real estate loans that are in nonaccrual status and by applying loss factors to groups of loan balances based on loan type and management’s classification of such loans under the Company’s loan grading system. Measurement of the specific loss components is typically based on expected future cash flows, collateral values and other factors that may impact the borrower’s ability to pay. In determining the allowance for credit losses, the Company utilizes a loan grading system that is applied to commercial and commercial real estate credits on an individual loan basis. Loan grades are assigned loss component factors that reflect the Company’s loss estimate for each group of loans and leases. Factors considered in assigning loan grades and loss component factors include borrower- 134 specific information related to expected future cash flows and operating results, collateral values, geographic location, financial condition and performance, payment status, and other information; levels of and trends in portfolio charge-offs and recoveries; levels of and trends in portfolio delinquencies and impaired loans; changes in the risk profile of specific portfolios; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of changes in credit concentrations; and observed trends and practices in the banking industry. The following tables provide information with respect to loans and leases that were considered impaired as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. December 31, 2018 Unpaid Principal Balance Recorded Investment Related Allowance Recorded Investment December 31, 2017 Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance With an allowance recorded: (In thousands) Commercial, financial, leasing, etc...................... $153,478 175,549 46,034 177,250 194,257 45,488 Real estate: Commercial .................................................... 110,253 125,117 11,937 67,199 75,084 5,320 5,641 Residential builder and developer .................. 5,981 6,557 4,817 20,357 Other commercial construction ...................... 10,563 11,113 5,402 101,724 122,602 Residential...................................................... 124,974 147,817 3,000 77,277 92,439 Residential — limited documentation............ 74,156 90,066 462 640 9,140 308 647 4,000 3,900 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans .......................... 47,982 53,248 6,138 9,163 Recreational finance....................................... 3,527 3,599 Automobile..................................................... 5,203 8,380 Other............................................................... 8,812 299 2,811 357 542,255 630,609 79,646 499,152 585,903 75,762 9,135 48,847 53,914 1,496 3,680 1,261 729 13,498 15,737 1,724 2,192 1,046 With no related allowance recorded: Commercial, financial, leasing, etc...................... 105,507 136,128 Real estate: Commercial .................................................... 113,376 124,657 2,593 2,602 Residential builder and developer .................. Other commercial construction ...................... 11,710 11,880 Residential...................................................... 15,379 20,496 5,631 9,796 Residential — limited documentation............ 254,196 305,559 — 89,126 115,327 — 138,356 149,716 5,057 5,296 — — 5,456 9,130 — 13,574 18,980 — 9,588 16,138 — 261,157 314,587 — — — — — — — Total: Commercial, financial, leasing, etc...................... 258,985 311,677 46,034 266,376 309,584 45,488 Real estate: Commercial .................................................... 223,629 249,774 11,937 205,555 224,800 462 10,377 10,937 Residential builder and developer .................. 8,574 9,159 640 10,273 29,487 Other commercial construction ...................... 22,273 22,993 5,402 115,298 141,582 Residential...................................................... 140,353 168,313 3,000 86,865 108,577 Residential — limited documentation............ 79,787 99,862 9,140 308 647 4,000 3,900 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans .......................... 47,982 53,248 6,138 9,163 Recreational finance....................................... 3,527 3,599 Automobile..................................................... 5,203 8,380 Other............................................................... 8,812 299 2,811 357 Total .......................................................................... $796,451 936,168 79,646 760,309 900,490 75,762 9,135 48,847 53,914 1,496 3,680 1,261 729 13,498 15,737 1,724 2,192 1,046 135 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Interest Income Recognized Year Ended December 31, 2017 Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Total Cash Basis Average Recorded Investment (In thousands) Total Cash Basis Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ....................... $263,018 Real estate: 7,873 7,873 240,157 3,894 3,894 Commercial....................................................... 194,451 Residential builder and developer..................... 8,699 Other commercial construction......................... 11,467 Residential ........................................................ 129,593 Residential — limited documentation .............. 82,854 10,880 10,880 207,616 4,497 4,497 1,779 1,779 16,209 6,419 6,419 3,474 3,474 15,142 1,001 1,001 8,386 3,456 110,646 7,177 3,406 6,118 1,723 93,097 5,981 1,607 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans............................. 48,591 1,849 Recreational finance ......................................... 9,262 Automobile ....................................................... 4,413 Other ................................................................. Total ....................................................................... $754,197 9 1,698 333 690 230 400 9 81 2 41,461 29,565 748,598 31,983 21,316 289 47,323 1,681 212 1,041 69 15,045 1,025 96 2,322 13 Year Ended December 31, 2016 Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Total Cash Basis (In thousands) Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. .......................................................................... $277,647 8,342 8,342 Real estate: Commercial ......................................................................................................... 175,877 4,878 4,878 Residential builder and developer ....................................................................... 29,237 2,300 2,300 Other commercial construction ........................................................................... 19,697 644 Residential ........................................................................................................... 98,394 6,227 3,154 Residential — limited documentation ................................................................. 103,060 5,999 1,975 Consumer: 410 Home equity lines and loans................................................................................ 36,493 1,325 49 Recreational finance ............................................................................................ 147 99 Automobile .......................................................................................................... 19,636 1,242 34 293 Other .................................................................................................................... Total........................................................................................................................... $769,259 31,397 21,885 6,669 2,549 644 Commercial loans and commercial real estate loans with a lower expectation of default are assigned one of ten possible “pass” loan grades and are generally ascribed lower loss factors when determining the allowance for credit losses. Loans with an elevated level of credit risk are classified as “criticized” and are ascribed a higher loss factor when determining the allowance for credit losses. Criticized loans may be classified as “nonaccrual” if the Company no longer expects to collect all amounts according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement or the loan is delinquent 90 days or more. Furthermore, criticized nonaccrual commercial loans and commercial real estate loans are considered impaired and, as a result, specific loss allowances on such loans are established within the allowance for credit losses to the extent appropriate in each individual instance. 136 The following table summarizes the loan grades applied to the various classes of the Company’s commercial loans and commercial real estate loans. Commercial, Financial, Leasing, etc. Real Estate Residential Builder and Commercial Commercial Developer Construction Other (In thousands) December 31, 2018 Pass .............................................................................................. $21,693,705 24,539,706 1,546,002 6,890,562 150,115 Criticized accrual......................................................................... 1,049,848 Criticized nonaccrual................................................................... 22,205 234,423 Total............................................................................................. $22,977,976 25,610,365 1,690,309 7,062,882 December 31, 2017 Pass .............................................................................................. $20,490,486 24,380,184 1,485,148 6,270,812 164,812 Criticized accrual......................................................................... 1,011,174 Criticized nonaccrual................................................................... 10,088 240,991 Total............................................................................................. $21,742,651 25,288,943 1,631,718 6,445,712 723,777 140,119 6,451 184,982 866,987 139,509 4,798 203,672 In determining the allowance for credit losses, residential real estate loans and consumer loans are generally evaluated collectively after considering such factors as payment performance and recent loss experience and trends, which are mainly driven by current collateral values in the market place as well as the amount of loan defaults. Loss rates on such loans are determined by reference to recent charge-off history and are evaluated (and adjusted if deemed appropriate) through consideration of other factors including near-term forecasted loss estimates developed by the Company’s credit department. In arriving at such forecasts, the Company considers the current estimated fair value of its collateral based on geographical adjustments for home price depreciation/appreciation and overall borrower repayment performance. With regard to collateral values, the realizability of such values by the Company contemplates repayment of any first lien position prior to recovering amounts on a second lien position. However, residential real estate loans and outstanding balances of home equity loans and lines of credit that are more than 150 days past due are generally evaluated for collectibility on a loan-by-loan basis by giving consideration to estimated collateral values. The carrying value of residential real estate loans and home equity loans and lines of credit for which a partial charge-off has been recognized totaled $29 million and $23 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018 and $34 million and $25 million, respectively, at December 31, 2017. Residential real estate loans and home equity loans and lines of credit that were more than 150 days past due but did not require a partial charge-off because the net realizable value of the collateral exceeded the outstanding customer balance were $21 million and $31 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018 and $20 million and $32 million, respectively, at December 31, 2017. The Company also measures additional losses for purchased impaired loans when it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all cash flows expected at acquisition plus additional cash flows expected to be collected arising from changes in estimates after acquisition. The determination of the allocated portion of the allowance for credit losses is very subjective. Given that inherent subjectivity and potential imprecision involved in determining the allocated portion of the allowance for credit losses, the Company also provides an inherent unallocated portion of the allowance. The unallocated portion of the allowance is intended to recognize probable losses that are not otherwise identifiable and includes management’s subjective determination of amounts necessary to provide for the possible use of imprecise estimates in determining the allocated portion of the allowance. Therefore, the level of the unallocated portion of the allowance is primarily reflective of the inherent 137 imprecision in the various calculations used in determining the allocated portion of the allowance for credit losses. Other factors that could also lead to changes in the unallocated portion include the effects of expansion into new markets for which the Company does not have the same degree of familiarity and experience regarding portfolio performance in changing market conditions, the introduction of new loan and lease product types, and other risks associated with the Company’s loan portfolio that may not be specifically identifiable. The allocation of the allowance for credit losses summarized on the basis of the Company’s impairment methodology was as follows: Commercial, Financial, Real Estate Leasing, etc. Commercial Residential Consumer Total (In thousands) — 46,034 13,039 December 31, 2018 79,646 Individually evaluated for impairment ............................. $ 8,402 12,171 $ 849,356 Collectively evaluated for impairment ............................. 284,021 328,616 48,326 188,393 12,397 — Purchased impaired........................................................... Allocated........................................................................... $ 330,055 341,655 69,125 200,564 $ 941,399 Unallocated ....................................................................... 78,045 Total.................................................................................. $1,019,444 December 31, 2017 Individually evaluated for impairment ............................. $ 7,900 12,279 $ Collectively evaluated for impairment ............................. 283,111 363,990 47,645 158,530 Purchased impaired........................................................... — Allocated........................................................................... $ 328,599 374,085 65,405 170,809 Unallocated ....................................................................... Total.................................................................................. 75,762 853,276 9,860 938,898 78,300 $1,017,198 — 12,397 10,095 45,488 9,860 — — The recorded investment in loans and leases summarized on the basis of the Company’s impairment methodology was as follows: Commercial, Financial, Leasing, etc. Real Estate Commercial Residential Consumer Total (In thousands) 258,985 December 31, 2018 796,451 Individually evaluated for impairment ........................ $ Collectively evaluated for impairment ....................... 22,718,991 34,098,670 16,641,411 13,907,649 87,366,721 Purchased impaired ..................................................... 303,305 Total............................................................................. $22,977,976 34,363,556 17,154,446 13,970,499 $88,466,477 December 31, 2017 Individually evaluated for impairment ........................ $ 760,309 Collectively evaluated for impairment ........................ 21,476,254 33,117,512 19,023,843 13,201,050 86,818,659 Purchased impaired ..................................................... 410,015 Total............................................................................. $21,742,651 33,366,373 19,613,344 13,266,615 $87,988,983 226,205 266,376 254,476 292,895 387,338 202,163 220,140 62,850 $ 65,565 $ 10,410 22,656 — 21 — — 138 5. Premises and equipment The detail of premises and equipment was as follows: December 31 2018 2017 (In thousands) Land .................................................................................................................. $ Buildings........................................................................................................... Leasehold improvements .................................................................................. Furniture and equipment — owned .................................................................. Furniture and equipment — capital leases........................................................ 97,082 $ 465,482 240,731 669,782 18,582 98,077 454,610 239,956 676,665 18,039 1,491,659 1,487,347 Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization Owned assets................................................................................................ Capital leases ............................................................................................... 830,832 10,064 840,896 Premises and equipment, net ............................................................................ $ 647,408 $ 646,451 835,218 9,033 844,251 Net lease expense for all operating leases totaled $110,703,000 in 2018, $114,362,000 in 2017 and $113,663,000 in 2016. Minimum lease payments under noncancelable operating leases are presented in note 21. Minimum lease payments required under capital leases are not material. 6. Capitalized servicing assets Changes in capitalized servicing assets were as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, Residential Mortgage Loans 2017 2016 2018 Commercial Mortgage Loans 2017 2016 2018 (In thousands) Beginning balance ........................... $114,978 $117,351 $118,303 $114,076 $103,764 $ 83,692 Originations ..................................... 28,985 28,792 28,618 26,298 34,620 40,117 — Purchases ......................................... Amortization .................................... (23,908) (31,864) (30,208) (25,711) (24,308) (20,045) 120,509 114,978 117,351 114,663 114,076 103,764 Valuation allowance ........................ — — Ending balance, net.......................... $120,509 $114,978 $117,351 $114,663 $114,076 $103,764 638 454 699 — — — — — — Residential mortgage loans serviced for others were $22.2 billion at December 31, 2018, $22.6 billion at December 31, 2017 and $22.8 billion at December 31, 2016. Excluded from residential mortgage loans serviced for others were loans sub-serviced for others of $56.8 billion, $56.6 billion and $30.4 billion at December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. On January 31, 2019, the Company purchased servicing rights for residential real estate loans that had outstanding principal balances at that date of approximately $13.3 billion. The purchase price of such servicing rights was approximately $146 million, subject to certain final adjustments. Transfer of the loans to the Company’s loan servicing system is expected to occur in the second quarter of 2019. Commercial mortgage loans serviced for others were $15.5 billion at December 31, 2018, $13.6 billion at December 31, 2017 and $11.8 billion at December 31, 2016. Excluded from commercial mortgage loans serviced for others were loans sub-serviced for others of $2.7 billion at December 31, 2018 and $2.6 billion at December 31, 2017. 139 The estimated fair value of capitalized residential mortgage loan servicing assets was approximately $240 million at December 31, 2018 and $234 million at December 31, 2017. The fair value of capitalized residential mortgage loan servicing assets was estimated using weighted-average discount rates of 11.4% and 12.2% at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and contemporaneous prepayment assumptions that vary by loan type. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the discount rate represented a weighted-average option-adjusted spread (“OAS”) of 963 basis points (hundredths of one percent) and 1,067 basis points, respectively, over market implied forward London Interbank Offered Rates (“LIBOR”). The estimated fair value of capitalized residential mortgage loan servicing rights may vary significantly in subsequent periods due to changing interest rates and the effect thereof on prepayment speeds. The estimated fair value of capitalized commercial mortgage loan servicing assets was approximately $135 million and $132 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. An 18% discount rate was used to estimate the fair value of capitalized commercial mortgage loan servicing rights at December 31, 2018 and 2017 with no prepayment assumptions because, in general, the servicing agreements allow the Company to share in customer loan prepayment fees and thereby recover the remaining carrying value of the capitalized servicing rights associated with such loan. The Company’s ability to realize the carrying value of capitalized commercial mortgage servicing rights is more dependent on the borrowers’ abilities to repay the underlying loans than on prepayments or changes in interest rates. The key economic assumptions used to determine the fair value of significant portfolios of capitalized servicing rights at December 31, 2018 and the sensitivity of such value to changes in those assumptions are summarized in the table that follows. Those calculated sensitivities are hypothetical and actual changes in the fair value of capitalized servicing rights may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein. The effect of a variation in a particular assumption on the fair value of the servicing rights is calculated without changing any other assumption. In reality, changes in one factor may result in changes in another which may magnify or counteract the sensitivities. The changes in assumptions are presumed to be instantaneous. Weighted-average prepayment speeds............................................... Impact on fair value of 10% adverse change ................................ $ Impact on fair value of 20% adverse change ................................ Weighted-average OAS ..................................................................... Impact on fair value of 10% adverse change ................................ $ Impact on fair value of 20% adverse change ................................ Weighted-average discount rate......................................................... Impact on fair value of 10% adverse change ................................ Impact on fair value of 20% adverse change ................................ Residential Commercial (Dollars in thousands) 10.99% (9,327) (17,925) 9.63% (6,758) (13,135) $ 18.00% (6,029) (11,626) 140 7. Goodwill and other intangible assets The Company does not amortize goodwill, however, core deposit and other intangible assets are amortized over the estimated life of each respective asset. Total amortizing intangible assets were comprised of the following: Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization (In thousands) Net Carrying Amount December 31, 2018 Core deposit ....................................................... $ Other .................................................................. Total ................................................................... $ 887,459 $ 182,568 1,070,027 $ 843,572 $ 179,388 1,022,960 $ December 31, 2017 Core deposit ....................................................... $ Other .................................................................. Total ................................................................... $ 887,459 $ 182,568 1,070,027 $ 820,110 $ 178,328 998,438 $ 43,887 3,180 47,067 67,349 4,240 71,589 Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets was generally computed using accelerated methods over original amortization periods of five to ten years. The weighted-average original amortization period was approximately eight years. Amortization expense for core deposit and other intangible assets was $24,522,000, $31,366,000 and $42,613,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Estimated amortization expense in future years for such intangible assets is as follows: Year ending December 31: 2019 .............................................................................................................................. $ 2020 .............................................................................................................................. 2021 .............................................................................................................................. 2022 .............................................................................................................................. $ 19,086 14,383 9,681 3,917 47,067 (In thousands) The Company completed annual goodwill impairment tests as of October 1, 2018, 2017 and 2016. For purposes of testing for impairment, the Company assigned all recorded goodwill to the reporting units originally intended to benefit from past business combinations, which has historically been the Company’s core relationship business reporting units. Goodwill was generally assigned based on the implied fair value of the acquired goodwill applicable to the benefited reporting units at the time of each respective acquisition. The implied fair value of the goodwill was determined as the difference between the estimated incremental overall fair value of the reporting unit and the estimated fair value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit as of each respective acquisition date. To test for goodwill impairment at each evaluation date, the Company compared the estimated fair value of each of its reporting units to their respective carrying amounts and certain other assets and liabilities assigned to the reporting unit, including goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets. The methodologies used to estimate fair values of reporting units as of the acquisition dates and as of the evaluation dates were similar. For the Company’s core customer relationship business reporting units, fair value was estimated as the present value of the expected future cash flows of the reporting unit. Based on the results of the goodwill impairment tests, the Company concluded that the amount of recorded goodwill was not impaired at the respective testing dates. 141 A summary of goodwill assigned to each of the Company’s reportable segments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 for purposes of testing for impairment is as follows: (In thousands) Business Banking ............................................................................................................ $ 864,366 Commercial Banking ....................................................................................................... 1,401,873 654,389 Commercial Real Estate .................................................................................................. — Discretionary Portfolio .................................................................................................... Residential Mortgage Banking ........................................................................................ — Retail Banking ................................................................................................................. 1,309,191 363,293 All Other .......................................................................................................................... Total................................................................................................................................. $ 4,593,112 8. Borrowings The amounts and interest rates of short-term borrowings were as follows: At December 31, 2018 Federal Funds Purchased and Repurchase Agreements Other Short-term Borrowings (Dollars in thousands) Total Amount outstanding ...................................................... $ 198,378 Weighted-average interest rate ...................................... 1.68% $ 4,200,000 $ 4,398,378 2.63% 2.58% For the year ended December 31, 2018 Highest amount at a month-end..................................... $ 2,654,416 Daily-average amount outstanding ................................ 261,200 Weighted-average interest rate ...................................... 1.49% $ 4,200,000 69,465 $ 330,665 2.16% 1.63% At December 31, 2017 Amount outstanding ...................................................... $ 175,099 Weighted-average interest rate ...................................... $ 0.92% — — $ 175,099 0.92% For the year ended December 31, 2017 Highest amount at a month-end..................................... $ 204,977 Daily-average amount outstanding ................................ 188,459 Weighted-average interest rate ...................................... 0.69% $ 1,500,000 16,164 $ 204,623 1.27% 0.74% At December 31, 2016 Amount outstanding ...................................................... $ 163,442 Weighted-average interest rate ...................................... $ 0.32% — — $ 163,442 0.32% For the year ended December 31, 2016 Highest amount at a month-end..................................... $ 225,940 Daily-average amount outstanding ................................ 203,853 Weighted-average interest rate ...................................... 0.28% $ 1,974,013 689,969 $ 893,822 0.44% 0.41% 142 Short-term borrowings have a stated maturity of one year or less at the date the Company enters into the obligation. In general, federal funds purchased and short-term repurchase agreements outstanding at December 31, 2018 matured on the next business day following year-end. In addition, of the short-term borrowings with the FHLB of New York at December 31, 2018, $3.0 billion matured on the next business day and $1.2 billion matured on February 1, 2019. At December 31, 2018, M&T Bank had lines of credit under formal agreements as follows: (In thousands) Outstanding borrowings ................................................................................................. $ 4,776,510 27,637,030 Unused............................................................................................................................ At December 31, 2018, M&T Bank had borrowing facilities available with the FHLBs whereby M&T Bank could borrow up to approximately $18.8 billion. Additionally, M&T Bank had an available line of credit with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York totaling approximately $13.7 billion at December 31, 2018. M&T Bank is required to pledge loans and investment securities as collateral for these borrowing facilities. 143 Long-term borrowings were as follows: December 31, 2018 2017 (In thousands) Senior notes of M&T Bank Corporation: Variable rate due 2023 ................................................................... $ 3.55% due 2023 ............................................................................. 249,688 $ 506,021 — — Senior notes of M&T Bank: Variable rate due 2021 ................................................................... Variable rate due 2022 ................................................................... 1.45% due 2018 ............................................................................. 2.25% due 2019 ............................................................................. 2.30% due 2019 ............................................................................. 2.05% due 2020 ............................................................................. 2.10% due 2020 ............................................................................. 2.625% due 2021 ........................................................................... 2.50% due 2022 ............................................................................. 2.90% due 2025 ............................................................................. Advances from FHLB: Fixed rates ...................................................................................... Agreements to repurchase securities................................................... Subordinated notes of Wilmington Trust Corporation (a wholly owned subsidiary of M&T): 349,794 249,658 — 645,801 — 737,793 741,965 646,301 634,525 749,488 — 249,558 499,907 644,977 746,919 739,961 743,788 — 638,872 749,404 576,446 409,154 576,876 421,771 8.50% due 2018 ............................................................................. — 200,000 Subordinated notes of M&T Bank: Variable rate due 2020 ................................................................... Variable rate due 2021 ................................................................... 3.40% due 2027 ............................................................................. 409,361 500,000 481,692 409,361 500,000 491,176 Junior subordinated debentures of M&T associated with preferred capital securities: Fixed rates: BSB Capital Trust I — 8.125%, due 2028................................ Provident Trust I — 8.29%, due 2028 ...................................... Southern Financial Statutory Trust I — 10.60%, due 2030 ...... 15,705 27,489 6,713 15,682 26,847 6,664 Variable rates: First Maryland Capital I — due 2027 ....................................... First Maryland Capital II — due 2027 ...................................... Allfirst Asset Trust — due 2029 ............................................... BSB Capital Trust III — due 2033............................................ Provident Statutory Trust III — due 2033 ................................ Southern Financial Capital Trust III — due 2033..................... Other ................................................................................................... $ 147,333 149,280 96,785 15,464 55,143 8,141 35,174 8,444,914 $ 146,794 148,617 96,640 15,464 54,466 8,051 9,635 8,141,430 144 The senior notes of M&T were issued in July 2018. The variable rate notes pay interest quarterly at a rate that is indexed to the three-month LIBOR. The contractual interest rate for those notes was 2.51% at December 31, 2018. The variable rate senior notes of M&T Bank pay interest quarterly at rates that are indexed to the three-month LIBOR. The contractual interest rates for those notes ranged from 2.76% to 3.25% at December 31, 2018 and were 2.05% at December 31, 2017. The weighted-average contractual interest rate was 2.96% at December 31, 2018. Long-term fixed rate advances from the FHLB had contractual interest rates ranging from 1.97% to 5.98%. The weighted-average contractual interest rate was 2.06%. Advances from the FHLB mature at various dates through 2035 and are secured by residential real estate loans, commercial real estate loans and investment securities. Long-term agreements to repurchase securities had contractual interest rates that ranged from 4.09% to 4.58% at each of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The weighted-average contractual interest rates payable were 4.31% at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The agreements reflect various repurchase dates through 2020, however, the contractual maturities of the underlying investment securities extend beyond such repurchase dates. The agreements are subject to legally enforceable master netting arrangements, however, the Company has not offset any amounts related to these agreements in its consolidated financial statements. The Company posted collateral consisting primarily of government guaranteed mortgage-backed securities of $428 million and $442 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The subordinated notes of M&T Bank are unsecured and are subordinate to the claims of its other creditors. The notes that mature in 2020 pay interest monthly at a rate that is indexed to the one-month LIBOR. The contractual interest rate was 3.72% and 2.78% at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The notes that mature in 2021 pay interest quarterly at a rate that is indexed to the three-month LIBOR. The contractual interest rate was 3.38% at December 31, 2018 and 2.12% at December 31, 2017. The subordinated notes of Wilmington Trust Corporation matured in April 2018. The fixed and variable rate junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures of M&T (“Junior Subordinated Debentures”) are held by various trusts and were issued in connection with the issuance by those trusts of preferred capital securities (“Capital Securities”) and common securities (“Common Securities”). The proceeds from the issuances of the Capital Securities and the Common Securities were used by the trusts to purchase the Junior Subordinated Debentures. The Common Securities of each of those trusts are wholly owned by M&T and are the only class of each trust’s securities possessing general voting powers. The Capital Securities represent preferred undivided interests in the assets of the corresponding trust. Under the Federal Reserve Board’s risk-based capital guidelines, the Capital Securities qualify for inclusion in Tier 2 regulatory capital. The variable rate Junior Subordinated Debentures pay interest quarterly at rates that are indexed to the three-month LIBOR. Those rates ranged from 3.39% to 5.69% at December 31, 2018 and from 2.23% to 4.71% at December 31, 2017. The weighted-average variable rates payable on those Junior Subordinated Debentures were 3.94% at December 31, 2018 and 2.83% at December 31, 2017. Holders of the Capital Securities receive preferential cumulative cash distributions unless M&T exercises its right to extend the payment of interest on the Junior Subordinated Debentures as allowed by the terms of each such debenture, in which case payment of distributions on the respective Capital Securities will be deferred for comparable periods. During an extended interest period, M&T may not pay dividends or distributions on, or repurchase, redeem or acquire any shares of its capital stock. In general, the agreements governing the Capital Securities, in the aggregate, provide a full, irrevocable and unconditional guarantee by M&T of the payment of distributions on, the redemption of, and any liquidation distribution with respect to the Capital Securities. The obligations under such guarantee and the Capital Securities are subordinate and junior in right of payment to all senior indebtedness of M&T. The Capital Securities will remain outstanding until the Junior Subordinated Debentures are repaid at maturity, are redeemed prior to maturity or are distributed in liquidation to the trusts. The Capital Securities 145 are mandatorily redeemable in whole, but not in part, upon repayment at the stated maturity dates (ranging from 2027 to 2033) of the Junior Subordinated Debentures or the earlier redemption of the Junior Subordinated Debentures in whole upon the occurrence of one or more events set forth in the indentures relating to the Capital Securities, and in whole or in part at any time after an optional redemption prior to contractual maturity contemporaneously with the optional redemption of the related Junior Subordinated Debentures in whole or in part, subject to possible regulatory approval. Long-term borrowings at December 31, 2018 mature as follows: Year ending December 31: 2019 .............................................................................................................................. $ 1,525,057 2020 .............................................................................................................................. 1,994,450 2021 .............................................................................................................................. 1,522,796 891,731 2022 .............................................................................................................................. 2023 .............................................................................................................................. 755,710 Later years .................................................................................................................... 1,755,170 $ 8,444,914 (In thousands) 9. Shareholders’ equity M&T is authorized to issue 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a $1.00 par value per share. Preferred shares outstanding rank senior to common shares both as to dividends and liquidation preference, but have no general voting rights. Issued and outstanding preferred stock of M&T as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 is presented below: Series A (a) Fixed Rate Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, $1,000 liquidation preference per share ........................................................................ Series C (a) Fixed Rate Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, $1,000 liquidation preference per share ........................................................................ Series E (b) Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, $1,000 liquidation preference per share ........................................................................ Series F (c) Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, $10,000 liquidation preference per share ...................................................................... Shares Issued and Outstanding Carrying Value (Dollars in thousands) 230,000 $ 230,000 151,500 $ 151,500 350,000 $ 350,000 50,000 $ 500,000 (a) (b) (c) Dividends, if declared, are paid at 6.375%. Warrants to purchase M&T common stock issued in connection with the Series A preferred stock expired on December 23, 2018. During 2018 and 2017, 257,630 and 374,786, respectively, of the Series A warrants were exercised in “cashless” exercises, resulting in the issuance of 136,676 and 204,133 common shares. Dividends, if declared, are paid semi-annually at a rate of 6.45% through February 14, 2024 and thereafter will be paid quarterly at a rate of the three-month LIBOR plus 361 basis points. The shares are redeemable in whole or in part on or after February 15, 2024. Notwithstanding M&T’s option to redeem the shares, if an event occurs such that the shares no longer qualify as Tier 1 capital, M&T may redeem all of the shares within 90 days following that occurrence. Dividends, if declared, are paid semi-annually at a rate of 5.125% through October 31, 2026 and thereafter will be paid quarterly at a rate of the three-month LIBOR plus 352 basis points. The shares are redeemable in whole or in part on or after November 1, 2026. Notwithstanding M&T’s option to redeem the shares, if an event occurs such that the shares no longer qualify as Tier 1 capital, M&T may redeem all of the shares within 90 days following that occurrence. 146 10. Revenue from contracts with customers Effective January 1, 2018 the Company adopted amended accounting and disclosure guidance for revenue from contracts with customers under the modified retrospective approach. A significant amount of the Company’s revenues are derived from net interest income on financial assets and liabilities, mortgage banking revenues, trading account and foreign exchange gains, investment securities gains, loan and letter of credit fees, operating lease income, income from bank-owned life insurance, and certain other revenues that are generally excluded from the scope of the amended guidance. As a result of the adoption, the Company began reporting credit card interchange revenue net of $14 million of rewards in other revenues from operations for the year ended December 31, 2018. Credit card rewards expense of $13 million and $6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, was included in other costs of operations. The adjustment to beginning retained earnings as well as the impact of any changes in timing of revenue recognition of noninterest income items within the scope of the guidance was not material to the Company’s consolidated financial position at December 31, 2017 or its consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018. For noninterest income revenue streams within the scope of the amended guidance, the Company recognizes the expected amount of consideration as revenue when the performance obligations related to the services under the terms of a contract are satisfied. The Company’s contracts generally do not contain terms that necessitate significant judgment to determine the amount of revenue to recognize. The Company generally charges customer accounts or otherwise bills customers upon completion of its services. Typically the Company’s contracts with customers have a duration of one year or less and payment for services is received at least annually, but oftentimes more frequently as services are provided. At December 31, 2018, the Company had $56 million of uncollected amounts receivable related to recognized revenue from the sources in the table that follows. Such amount is classified in accrued interest and other assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. In certain situations the Company is paid in advance of providing services and defers the recognition of revenue until its service obligation is satisfied. At December 31, 2018, the Company had deferred revenue of $43 million related to the sources in the table that follows and recorded such amount in accrued interest and other liabilities on its consolidated balance sheet. The following table summarizes sources of the Company’s noninterest income during 2018 that are subject to the amended guidance. 147 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Business Banking Commercial Banking Commercial Real Estate Discretionary Portfolio Residential Mortgage Banking Retail Banking All Other Total Classification in consolidated statement of income Service charges on deposit accounts................................... $62,323 9 Trust income .............................. — Brokerage services income ........ Other revenues from operations: (In thousands) 96,407 917 — 9,870 — — — — — 10 254,590 6,137 $ 429,337 537,585 — 51,069 — — 536,659 — 51,069 Merchant discount and credit card fees.................. 34,557 — Other ..................................... 52,051 8,796 $96,889 158,171 2,213 7,259 19,342 — 1,738 1,738 105,953 — 14,924 2,208 3,814 38,529 30,233 90,369 3,824 308,043 626,306 $1,214,313 Service charges on deposit accounts include fees deducted directly from customer account balances, such as account maintenance, insufficient funds and other transactional service charges, and also include debit card interchange revenue resulting from customer initiated transactions. Account maintenance charges are generally recognized as revenue on a monthly basis, whereas other fees are recognized after the respective service is provided. Trust income includes fees related to the Institutional Client Services (“ICS”) business and the Wealth Advisory Services (“WAS”) business. Revenues from the ICS business are largely derived from a variety of trustee, agency, investment, cash management and administrative services, whereas revenues from the WAS business are mainly derived from asset management, fiduciary services, and family office services. Trust fees may be billed in arrears or in advance and are recognized as revenues as the Company’s performance obligations are satisfied. Certain fees are based on a percentage of assets invested or under management and are recognized as the service is performed and constraints regarding the uncertainty of the amount of fees are resolved. Brokerage services income includes revenues from the sale of mutual funds and annuities and securities brokerage fees. Such revenues are generally recognized at the time of transaction execution. Mutual fund and other distribution fees are recognized upon initial placement of customer funds as well as in future periods as such customers continue to hold amounts in those mutual funds. Other revenues from operations include merchant discount and credit card fees such as interchange fees and merchant discount fees that are generally recognized when the cardholder’s transaction is approved and settled. Beginning in 2018, credit card rewards accrued to cardholders are recognized as a reduction of interchange revenue. Also included in other revenues from operations are insurance commissions, ATM surcharge fees, and advisory fees. Insurance commissions are recognized at the time the insurance policy is executed with the customer. Insurance renewal commissions are recognized upon subsequent renewal of the policy. ATM surcharge fees are included in revenue at the time of the respective ATM transaction. Advisory fees are generally recognized at the conclusion of the advisory engagement when the Company has satisfied its service obligation. 148 11. Stock-based compensation plans Stock-based compensation expense was $66 million in 2018, $61 million in 2017 and $65 million in 2016. The Company recognized income tax benefits related to stock-based compensation of $24 million in 2018, $35 million in 2017 and $31 million in 2016. The Company’s equity incentive compensation plan allows for the issuance of various forms of stock-based compensation, including stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance-based awards. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, there were 2,833,428 and 3,278,036 shares available for future grant under the Company’s equity incentive compensation plan. Restricted stock awards Restricted stock awards are comprised of restricted stock and restricted stock units. Restricted stock awards granted since 2014 vest over three years. Restricted stock awards granted prior to 2014 vested over four years. A portion of restricted stock awards granted after 2013 require a performance condition to be met before such awards vest. Unrecognized compensation expense associated with restricted stock was $5 million as of December 31, 2018 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately one year. The Company may issue restricted shares from treasury stock to the extent available or issue new shares. The number of restricted shares issued was 181,939 in 2017 and 218,341 in 2016, with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $29,557,000 in 2017 and $24,085,000 in 2016. There were no restricted shares issues in 2018. Unrecognized compensation expense associated with restricted stock units was $18 million as of December 31, 2018 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately one year. The number of restricted stock units issued was 348,512 in 2018, 235,983 in 2017 and 348,297 in 2016, with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $66,050,000, $38,364,000 and $38,795,000, respectively. A summary of restricted stock and restricted stock unit activity follows: Restricted Stock Units Outstanding Weighted- Average Restricted Stock Grant Price Outstanding Weighted- Average Grant Price Unvested at January 1, 2018.................................... 482,557 $ 133.05 373,744 $ 135.41 Granted .................................................................... 348,512 — 126.60 Vested ...................................................................... (265,027) 138.52 (9,167) Cancelled ................................................................. Unvested at December 31, 2018.............................. 556,875 $ 170.07 179,439 $ 144.18 189.52 — 127.39 (182,905) (11,400) 194.45 Stock option awards Stock options issued generally vest over three years and are exercisable over terms not exceeding ten years and one day. Stock options issued prior to 2018 generally vested over four years. The Company used an option pricing model to estimate the grant date present value of stock options granted. The Company granted 116,852 stock options in 2018. Stock options granted in 2017 and 2016 were not significant. 149 A summary of stock option activity follows: Weighted-Average Stock Options Outstanding Exercise Price Life (In Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In thousands) Outstanding at January 1, 2018 ............................... 665,412 $ 152.23 190.78 Granted .................................................................... 116,852 154.91 Exercised ................................................................. (535,724) Expired..................................................................... (25,949) 221.81 Outstanding at December 31, 2018 ......................... 220,591 $ 157.98 Exercisable at December 31, 2018 .......................... 103,725 $ 121.11 5.3 $ 5.3 $ 2,739 2,737 For 2018, 2017 and 2016, M&T received $60 million, $72 million and $172 million, respectively, in cash and realized tax benefits from the exercise of stock options of $3 million, $10 million and $15 million, respectively. The intrinsic value of stock options exercised during those periods was $16 million, $31 million and $42 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the amount of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options was not material. The total grant date fair value of stock options vested during 2018, 2017 and 2016 was not material. Upon the exercise of stock options, the Company may issue shares from treasury stock to the extent available or issue new shares. Stock purchase plan The stock purchase plan provides eligible employees of the Company with the right to purchase shares of M&T common stock at a discount through accumulated payroll deductions. In connection with the employee stock purchase plan, 2,500,000 shares of M&T common stock were authorized for issuance under a plan adopted in 2013. There were 58,167 shares issued in 2018, 66,504 shares issued in 2017 and 97,880 shares issued in 2016. For 2018, 2017 and 2016, M&T received $9,987,000, $9,730,000 and $9,528,000, respectively, in cash for shares purchased through the employee stock purchase plan. Compensation expense recognized for the stock purchase plan was not significant in 2018, 2017 or 2016. Deferred bonus plan The Company provided a deferred bonus plan pursuant to which eligible employees could elect to defer all or a portion of their annual incentive compensation awards and allocate such awards to several investment options, including M&T common stock. Participants could elect the timing of distributions from the plan. Such distributions are payable in cash with the exception of balances allocated to M&T common stock which are distributable in the form of M&T common stock. Shares of M&T common stock distributable pursuant to the terms of the deferred bonus plan were 18,292 and 19,633 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The obligation to issue shares is included in “common stock issuable” in the consolidated balance sheet. Directors’ stock plan The Company maintains a compensation plan for non-employee members of the Company’s boards of directors and directors advisory councils that allows such members to receive all or a portion of their compensation in shares of M&T common stock. Through December 31, 2018, 269,373 shares had been issued in connection with the directors’ stock plan. 150 Through acquisitions, the Company assumed obligations to issue shares of M&T common stock related to deferred directors compensation plans. Shares of common stock issuable under such plans were 6,271 and 7,505 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The obligation to issue shares is included in “common stock issuable” in the consolidated balance sheet. 12. Pension plans and other postretirement benefits The Company provides defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefits (including health care and life insurance benefits) to qualified retired employees. The Company uses a December 31 measurement date for all of its plans. Net periodic pension expense for defined benefit plans consisted of the following: 2018 Year Ended December 31 2017 (In thousands) 2016 Service cost ......................................................................... $ Interest cost on benefit obligation ....................................... Expected return on plan assets ............................................ Amortization of prior service cost (credit).......................... Recognized net actuarial loss .............................................. Net periodic pension expense.............................................. $ 20,346 $ 74,704 (123,127) 557 43,793 16,273 $ 20,193 $ 79,270 (108,524) 557 29,263 20,759 $ 25,037 83,410 (108,473) (3,228) 30,145 26,891 Net other postretirement benefits expense for defined benefit plans consisted of the following: 2018 Year Ended December 31 2017 (In thousands) 2016 Service cost ......................................................................... $ Interest cost on benefit obligation ....................................... Amortization of prior service credit.................................... Recognized net actuarial (gain) loss ................................... Net other postretirement benefits expense .......................... $ 938 $ 2,293 (4,729) (826) (2,324) $ 1,172 $ 3,716 (1,359) (988) 2,541 $ 1,595 4,971 (1,359) 60 5,267 Service cost is reflected in salaries and employee benefits expense. The other components of net periodic benefit expense are reflected in other costs of operations. 151 Data relating to the funding position of the defined benefit plans were as follows: Change in benefit obligation: Pension Benefits 2018 2017 Other Postretirement Benefits 2018 2017 (In thousands) Benefit obligation at beginning of year .............. $2,188,736 $2,007,158 $ 68,637 $ 109,922 20,193 1,172 Service cost......................................................... 79,270 3,716 Interest cost......................................................... — Plan participants’ contributions .......................... 2,929 — (30,088) Amendments and curtailments ........................... 172,180 (8,511) Actuarial (gain) loss ........................................... — Medicare Part D reimbursement......................... 630 (11,133) Benefits paid ....................................................... (90,065) 68,637 Benefit obligation at end of year ........................ 1,949,613 2,188,736 938 2,293 2,974 — (4,758) 508 (10,601) 59,991 20,346 74,704 — — (228,897) — (105,276) Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year .... 2,014,891 1,642,131 251,381 Actual return on plan assets................................ 211,444 Employer contributions ...................................... — Plan participants’ contributions .......................... Medicare Part D reimbursement......................... — (90,065) Benefits paid ....................................................... Fair value of plan assets at end of year............... 1,833,833 2,014,891 — — 7,574 2,929 630 (11,133) — Funded status........................................................... $ (115,780) $ (173,845) $ (59,991) $ (68,637) Accrued liabilities recognized in the consolidated balance sheet ........................................................ $ (115,780) $ (173,845) $ (59,991) $ (68,637) Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) were: — — 7,119 2,974 508 (10,601) — (90,657) 14,875 — — (105,276) Net loss (gain)..................................................... $ 401,716 $ 460,622 $ (17,868) $ (13,936) (36,466) Net prior service cost (credit) ............................. (50,402) Pre-tax adjustment to AOCI ............................... Taxes................................................................... 13,251 Net adjustment to AOCI ..................................... $ 297,867 $ 341,697 $ (36,564) $ (37,151) 2,948 463,570 (121,873) 2,391 404,107 (106,240) (31,737) (49,605) 13,041 The Company has an unfunded supplemental pension plan for certain key executives and others. The projected benefit obligation and accumulated benefit obligation included in the preceding data related to such plan were $143,406,000 as of December 31, 2018 and $165,210,000 as of December 31, 2017. The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $1,925,741,000 and $2,158,601,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. 152 GAAP requires an employer to recognize in its balance sheet as an asset or liability the overfunded or underfunded status of a defined benefit postretirement plan, measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation. For a pension plan, the benefit obligation is the projected benefit obligation; for any other postretirement benefit plan, such as a retiree health care plan, the benefit obligation is the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation. Gains or losses and prior service costs or credits that arise during the period, but are not included as components of net periodic benefit expense, are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income. Amortization of net gains and losses is included in annual net periodic benefit expense if, as of the beginning of the year, the net gain or loss exceeds 10% of the greater of the benefit obligation or the fair value of the plan assets. As indicated in the preceding table, as of December 31, 2018 the Company recorded a minimum liability adjustment of $354,502,000 ($404,107,000 related to pension plans and $(49,605,000) related to other postretirement benefits) with a corresponding reduction of shareholders’ equity, net of applicable deferred taxes, of $261,303,000. In aggregate, the benefit plans realized a net gain during 2018 that resulted in a decrease to the minimum liability adjustment from that which was recorded at December 31, 2017 of $58,666,000. The net gain was mainly the result of raising the discount rate used to measure the benefit obligation of all plans to 4.25% at December 31, 2018 from 3.50% used at the prior year-end and the amortization of actuarial losses during 2018, offset, in part, by losses on plan assets in 2018. The table below reflects the changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income related to the Company’s postretirement benefit plans. Pension Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans (In thousands) Total 2018 Net loss (gain) ..................................................................... $ Amortization of prior service (cost) credit.......................... Amortization of actuarial (loss) gain................................... Total recognized in other comprehensive income, pre-tax .............................................................................. $ 2017 Net loss (gain) ..................................................................... $ Amendments and curtailments............................................ Amortization of prior service (cost) credit.......................... Amortization of actuarial (loss) gain................................... Total recognized in other comprehensive income, pre-tax .............................................................................. $ (15,113) $ (557) (43,793) (4,758) $ 4,729 826 (19,871) 4,172 (42,967) (59,463) $ 797 $ (58,666) 29,323 $ — (557) (29,263) (8,511) $ (30,088) 1,359 988 20,812 (30,088) 802 (28,275) (497) $ (36,252) $ (36,749) The following table reflects the amortization of amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit expense during 2019: Amortization of net prior service cost (credit).................................... $ Amortization of net loss (gain) ........................................................... 557 $ 17,755 (4,730) 1,168 Pension Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans (In thousands) 153 The Company also provides a qualified defined contribution pension plan to eligible employees who were not participants in the defined benefit pension plan as of December 31, 2005 and to other employees who have elected to participate in the defined contribution plan. The Company makes contributions to the defined contribution plan each year in an amount that is based on an individual participant’s total compensation (generally defined as total wages, incentive compensation, commissions and bonuses) and years of service. Participants do not contribute to the defined contribution pension plan. Pension expense recorded in 2018, 2017 and 2016 associated with the defined contribution pension plan was approximately $29 million, $30 million and $25 million, respectively. Assumptions The assumed weighted-average rates used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 were: Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits 2018 2017 2018 2017 Discount rate .......................................................................... 4.25% 3.50% 4.25% 3.50% Rate of increase in future compensation levels...................... 4.31% 4.33% — — The assumed weighted-average rates used to determine net benefit expense for the years ended December 31 were: Pension Benefits 2017 2018 2016 2018 Other Postretirement Benefits 2017 2016 Discount rate......................................................... 3.50% 4.00% 4.25% 3.50% 4.00% 4.25% Long-term rate of return on plan assets ................ 6.50% 6.50% 6.50% — Rate of increase in future compensation levels.................................................................. 4.33% 4.39% 4.37% — — — — — The discount rate used by the Company to determine the present value of the Company’s future benefit obligations reflects specific market yields for a hypothetical portfolio of highly rated corporate bonds that would produce cash flows similar to the Company’s benefit plan obligations and the level of market interest rates in general as of the year-end. The expected long-term rate of return assumption as of each measurement date was developed through analysis of historical market returns, current market conditions, anticipated future asset allocations, the funds’ past experience, and expectations on potential future market returns. The expected rate of return assumption represents a long-term average view of the performance of the plan assets, a return that may or may not be achieved during any one calendar year. 154 The Company’s defined benefit pension plan is sensitive to the long-term rate of return on plan assets and the discount rate. To demonstrate the sensitivity of pension expense to changes in these assumptions, with all other assumptions held constant, 25 basis point increases in: the rate of return on plan assets would have resulted in a decrease in pension expense of approximately $5 million; and the discount rate would have resulted in a decrease in pension expense of approximately $7 million. Decreases of 25 basis points in those assumptions would have resulted in similar changes in amount, but in the opposite direction from the changes presented in the preceding sentence. Additionally, an increase of 25 basis points in the discount rate would have decreased the benefit obligation by $62 million and a decrease of 25 basis points in the discount rate would have increased the benefit obligation by $65 million at December 31, 2018. For measurement of other postretirement benefits, a 6.25% annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered health care benefits was assumed for 2019. The rate was assumed to decrease to 5.00% over ten years. A one-percentage point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have had the following effects: Increase (decrease) in: Service and interest cost.......................................................................................... $ (50) Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation...................................................... 1,204 (1,094) 55 $ +1% -1% (In thousands) Plan assets The Company’s policy is to invest the pension plan assets in a prudent manner for the purpose of providing benefit payments to participants and mitigating reasonable expenses of administration. The Company’s investment strategy is designed to provide a total return that, over the long-term, places an emphasis on the preservation of capital. The strategy attempts to maximize investment returns on assets at a level of risk deemed appropriate by the Company while complying with applicable regulations and laws. The investment strategy utilizes asset diversification as a principal determinant for establishing an appropriate risk profile while emphasizing total return realized from capital appreciation, dividends and interest income. The target allocations for plan assets are generally 25 to 60 percent equity securities, 10 to 65 percent debt securities, and 10 to 85 percent money-market investments/cash equivalents and other investments, although holdings could be more or less than these general guidelines based on market conditions at the time and actions taken or recommended by the investment managers providing advice to the Company. Assets are managed by a combination of internal and external investment managers. Equity securities may include investments in domestic and international equities, through individual securities, mutual funds and exchange-traded funds. Debt securities may include investments in corporate bonds of companies from diversified industries, mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by government agencies and U.S. Treasury securities, through individual securities and mutual funds. Additionally, the Company’s defined benefit pension plan held $361,178,000 (20% of total assets) of real estate funds, private investments, hedge funds and other investments at December 31, 2018. Returns on invested assets are periodically compared with target market indices for each asset type to aid management in evaluating such returns. Furthermore, management regularly reviews the investment policy and may, if deemed appropriate, make changes to the target allocations noted above. 155 The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017, by asset category, were as follows: Fair Value Measurement of Plan Assets At December 31, 2018 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) (In thousands) Total Asset category: Money-market investments .................................... $ Equity securities: M&T .................................................................. Domestic(a)........................................................ International(b) .................................................. Mutual funds: Domestic(a) ................................................... International(b).............................................. Debt securities: Corporate(c) ....................................................... Government ....................................................... International ....................................................... Mutual funds: Domestic(d)................................................... International .................................................. 23,049 $ 10,794 $ 12,255 $ 125,299 191,640 7,752 216,523 316,923 858,137 103,672 182,034 2,140 280,902 20,661 589,409 125,299 191,640 7,752 216,523 316,923 858,137 — — — — — — — 103,672 — 182,034 2,140 — 280,902 20,661 — — 301,563 287,846 — — — — — — — — — — — — — Other: Diversified mutual fund ..................................... Real estate partnerships ..................................... Private equity ..................................................... Hedge funds ....................................................... Guaranteed deposit fund .................................... 74,446 11,807 63,699 200,811 10,415 361,178 Total(e) ................................................................... $1,831,773 $ 74,446 2,791 — 125,309 — 202,546 — — 9,016 — 63,699 — 75,502 — — 10,415 — 158,632 1,373,040 $ 300,101 $ 158,632 156  Fair Value Measurement of Plan Assets At December 31, 2017 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) (In thousands) Total Asset category: Money-market investments .................................... $ 117,648 $ Equity securities: 62,706 $ 54,942 $ M&T .................................................................. Domestic(a)........................................................ International(b) .................................................. Mutual funds: 154,818 240,763 13,349 154,818 240,763 13,349 Domestic(a) ................................................... International(b).............................................. 205,509 405,200 1,019,639 205,509 405,200 1,019,639 — — — — — — Debt securities: Corporate(c) ....................................................... Government ....................................................... International ....................................................... Mutual funds: Domestic(d)................................................... 89,751 235,984 2,176 — 89,751 — 235,984 2,176 — 243,456 571,367 — 243,456 243,456 327,911 — — — — — — — — — — — — Other: Diversified mutual fund ..................................... Real estate partnerships ..................................... Private equity ..................................................... Hedge funds ....................................................... Guaranteed deposit fund .................................... 80,227 3,747 31,484 178,080 10,925 304,463 Total(e) ................................................................... $2,013,117 $ 80,227 842 — 125,966 — 207,035 — — — — — — 1,532,836 $ 382,853 $ — 2,905 31,484 52,114 10,925 97,428 97,428 (a) This category is mainly comprised of equities of companies primarily within the mid-cap and large-cap sectors of the U.S. economy and range across diverse industries. (b) This category is comprised of equities in companies primarily within the mid-cap and large-cap sectors of international markets mainly in developed markets in Europe and the Pacific Rim. (c) This category represents investment grade bonds of U.S. issuers from diverse industries. (d) Approximately 77% of the mutual funds were invested in investment grade bonds and 23% in high-yielding bonds at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The holdings within the funds were spread across diverse industries. (e) Excludes dividends and interest receivable totaling $2,060,000 and $1,774,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Pension plan assets included common stock of M&T with a fair value of $125,299,000 (7% of total plan assets) at December 31, 2018 and $154,818,000 (8% of total plan assets) at December 31, 2017. No investment in securities of a non-U.S. Government or government agency issuer exceeded ten percent of plan assets at December 31, 2018. 157 The changes in Level 3 pension plan assets measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis during the year ended December 31, 2018 were as follows: Balance – January 1, 2018 Purchases (Sales) Total Realized/ Unrealized Gains (Losses) Balance – December 31, 2018 (In thousands) Other Real estate partnerships ........................................... $ Private equity ........................................................... Hedge funds ............................................................. Guaranteed deposit fund .......................................... 4,717 $ 30,396 19,971 — Total .................................................................... $ 97,428 $ 55,084 $ 2,905 $ 31,484 52,114 10,925 1,394 $ 9,016 1,819 63,699 3,417 75,502 10,415 (510) 6,120 $ 158,632 The Company makes contributions to its funded qualified defined benefit pension plan as required by government regulation or as deemed appropriate by management after considering factors such as the fair value of plan assets, expected returns on such assets, and the present value of benefit obligations of the plan. The Company made voluntary contributions of $200 million to the qualified defined benefit pension plan in 2017. The Company did not make any contributions to the plan in 2018 or 2016. The Company is not required to make contributions to the qualified defined benefit plan in 2019, however, subject to the impact of actual events and circumstances that may occur in 2019, the Company may make contributions, but the amount of any such contributions has not been determined. The Company regularly funds the payment of benefit obligations for the supplemental defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans because such plans do not hold assets for investment. Payments made by the Company for supplemental pension benefits were $14,875,000 and $11,444,000 in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Payments made by the Company for postretirement benefits were $7,119,000 and $7,574,000 in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Payments for supplemental pension and other postretirement benefits for 2019 are not expected to differ from those made in 2018 by an amount that will be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position. Estimated benefits expected to be paid in future years related to the Company’s defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefits plans are as follows: Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (In thousands) Year ending December 31: 2019 ...................................................................................................... $ 2020 ...................................................................................................... 2021 ...................................................................................................... 2022 ...................................................................................................... 2023 ...................................................................................................... 2024 through 2028................................................................................ 94,427 $ 99,361 103,502 106,270 110,753 600,961 7,108 6,975 4,284 4,196 4,108 19,065 The Company has a retirement savings plan (“RSP”) that is a defined contribution plan in which eligible employees of the Company may defer up to 50% of qualified compensation via contributions to the plan. The Company makes an employer matching contribution in an amount equal to 75% of an employee’s contribution, up to 4.5% of the employee’s qualified compensation. 158 Employees’ accounts, including employee contributions, employer matching contributions and accumulated earnings thereon, are at all times fully vested and nonforfeitable. Employee benefits expense resulting from the Company’s contributions to the RSP totaled $42,897,000, $38,229,000 and $36,776,000 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. 13. Income taxes The components of income tax expense were as follows: 2018 Year Ended December 31 2017 (In thousands) 2016 Current Federal .................................................................................................. $408,428 $363,043 $428,750 State and local....................................................................................... 113,706 94,714 95,426 Total current .................................................................................... 522,134 457,757 524,176 Deferred Federal .................................................................................................. (12,780) 367,308 147,662 State and local....................................................................................... 28,637 33,482 26,351 Total deferred .................................................................................. 15,857 400,790 174,013 Amortization of investments in qualified affordable housing projects ..... 52,169 57,009 45,095 Total income taxes applicable to pre-tax income ............................ $590,160 $915,556 $743,284 The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return reflecting taxable income earned by all domestic subsidiaries. In prior years, applicable federal tax law allowed certain financial institutions the option of deducting as bad debt expense for tax purposes amounts in excess of actual losses. In accordance with GAAP, such financial institutions were not required to provide deferred income taxes on such excess. Recapture of the excess tax bad debt reserve established under the previously allowed method will result in taxable income if M&T Bank fails to maintain bank status as defined in the Internal Revenue Code or charges are made to the reserve for other than bad debt losses. At December 31, 2018, M&T Bank’s tax bad debt reserve for which no federal income taxes have been provided was $137,121,000. No actions are planned that would cause this reserve to become wholly or partially taxable. Income taxes attributable to gains or losses on bank investment securities were a benefit of $1,628,000 in 2018, and an expense of $7,195,000 in 2017 and $11,925,000 in 2016. No alternative minimum tax expense was recognized in 2017 or 2016. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Act”) was signed into law on December 22, 2017, reducing the corporate federal income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018 and making other changes to U.S. corporate income tax laws, including eliminating the alternative minimum tax as of January 1, 2018. GAAP requires that the impact of the provisions of the Tax Act be accounted for in the period of enactment. Accordingly, the incremental income tax expense recorded by the Company in the fourth quarter of 2017 related to the Tax Act was $85 million. That additional expense was largely attributable to the reduction in carrying value of net deferred tax assets reflecting lower future tax benefits resulting from the lower corporate income tax rate. During 2018 the Company received approval from the Internal Revenue Service to change the timing of recognition of certain loan fees retroactive to 2017. Given the reduction of the federal income tax rate, the change resulted in a $15 million reduction of income tax expense in 2018. The Company also adopted new accounting guidance for share-based transactions during the first quarter of 2017. That guidance requires that all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies associated with share-based compensation be recognized as a 159 component of income tax expense in the income statement. Previously, tax effects resulting from changes in M&T’s share price subsequent to the grant date were recorded through shareholders’ equity at the time of vesting or exercise. The adoption of the amended accounting guidance resulted in a $9 million and $22 million reduction of income tax expense in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Total income taxes differed from the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to pre-tax income as follows: 2018 Year Ended December 31 2017 (In thousands) 2016 Income taxes at statutory federal income tax rate................................ $526,730 $813,352 $720,439 Increase (decrease) in taxes: Tax-exempt income......................................................................... (26,186) (40,778) (35,364) State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax effect ....... 112,451 83,327 79,155 Qualified affordable housing project federal tax credits, net.......... (12,240) (16,015) (15,091) — Initial impact of enactment of Tax Act ........................................... (5,855) Other................................................................................................ (10,595) $590,160 $915,556 $743,284 — 85,431 (9,761) Deferred tax assets (liabilities) were comprised of the following at December 31: 2018 2017 (In thousands) 2016 Losses on loans and other assets ......................................... $ Retirement benefits ............................................................. Postretirement and other employee benefits ....................... Incentive and other compensation plans ............................. Interest on loans .................................................................. Stock-based compensation .................................................. Unrealized losses................................................................. Other.................................................................................... Gross deferred tax assets ................................................ Leasing transactions ............................................................ Unrealized gains.................................................................. Capitalized servicing rights................................................. Depreciation and amortization ............................................ Interest on loans .................................................................. Other.................................................................................... Gross deferred tax liabilities........................................... Net deferred tax asset .......................................................... $ 322,818 $ 30,057 23,563 24,796 — 26,759 52,580 43,880 524,453 (186,787) — (54,894) (61,881) (18,920) (28,350) (350,832) 173,621 $ 345,609 $ 45,322 26,009 25,050 37,900 26,676 — 66,247 590,288 143,067 52,512 36,616 61,266 52,181 10,741 106,876 572,813 1,053,547 (266,268) (181,159) (94,285) — (71,108) (51,781) (63,959) (52,733) — — (87,200) (21,599) (488,535) (401,557) 565,012 171,256 $ The Company believes that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized through taxable earnings or alternative tax strategies. The income tax credits shown in the statement of income of M&T in note 25 arise principally from operating losses before dividends from subsidiaries. 160 A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits follows: Federal, State and Local Tax Unrecognized Income Tax Benefits Accrued Interest (In thousands) Gross unrecognized tax benefits at January 1, 2016 .......................... $ 24,537 $ 7,969 $ 32,506 — 12,237 Increases as a result of tax positions taken during 2016 ................. 12,237 656 656 — Increases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years ............... Decreases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years .............. (1,595) (710) (885) 43,804 Gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2016 .................... 35,889 7,915 13,019 — Increases as a result of tax positions taken during 2017 ................. 13,019 1,379 — 1,379 Increases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years ............... (500) Decreases as a result of settlements with taxing authorities ........... (168) Decreases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years .............. (3,144) (3,475) (6,619) 51,083 Gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2017 .................... 45,432 5,651 13,426 Increases as a result of tax positions taken during 2018 ................. 13,426 — 1,969 — 1,969 Increases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years ............... (953) (289) (664) Decreases as a result of settlements with taxing authorities ........... Decreases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years .............. (1,920) (2,622) (702) 62,903 Gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2018 .................... $ 56,274 $ 6,629 Less: Federal, state and local income tax benefits ............................. (13,209) Net unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2018 that, if recognized, would impact the effective income tax rate.............. $ 49,694 (332) The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income taxes in the consolidated statement of income. The balance of accrued interest at December 31, 2018 is included in the table above. The Company’s federal, state and local income tax returns are routinely subject to examinations from various governmental taxing authorities. Such examinations may result in challenges to the tax return treatment applied by the Company to specific transactions. Management believes that the assumptions and judgment used to record tax-related assets or liabilities have been appropriate. Should determinations rendered by tax authorities ultimately indicate that management’s assumptions were inappropriate, the result and adjustments required could have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations. Examinations by the Internal Revenue Service of the Company’s federal income tax returns have been largely concluded through 2017, although under statute the income tax returns from 2015 through 2017 could be adjusted. The Company also files income tax returns in over forty states and numerous local jurisdictions. Substantially all material state and local matters have been concluded for years through 2013. It is not reasonably possible to estimate when examinations for any subsequent years will be completed. 161 14. Earnings per common share The computations of basic earnings per common share follow: Income available to common shareholders: 2018 Year Ended December 31 2017 (In thousands, except per share) 2016 Net income ............................................................................................. $1,918,080 $1,408,306 $1,315,114 Less: Preferred stock dividends(a) ......................................................... (81,270) 1,845,559 1,335,572 1,233,844 Net income available to common equity ................................................ Less: Income attributable to unvested stock-based compensation awards .......................................................................... (10,385) Net income available to common shareholders ........................................... $1,836,028 $1,327,503 $1,223,459 Weighted-average shares outstanding: (72,734) (72,521) (8,069) (9,531) Common shares outstanding (including common stock issuable) and unvested stock-based compensation awards ................. Less: Unvested stock-based compensation awards ................................ Weighted-average shares outstanding.......................................................... 144,740 (748) 143,992 153,092 (933) 152,159 158,121 (1,341) 156,780 Basic earnings per common share................................................................ $ 12.75 $ 8.72 $ 7.80 (a) Including impact of not as yet declared cumulative dividends. The computations of diluted earnings per common share follow: 2018 Year Ended December 31 2017 (In thousands, except per share) 2016 Net income available to common equity ..................................................... $1,845,559 $1,335,572 $1,233,844 Less: Income attributable to unvested stock-based compensation awards .......................................................................... (10,363) Net income available to common shareholders ........................................... $1,836,035 $1,327,517 $1,223,481 Adjusted weighted-average shares outstanding: (8,055) (9,524) Common and unvested stock-based compensation awards.................... Less: Unvested stock-based compensation awards ................................ Plus: Incremental shares from assumed conversion of stock-based compensation awards and warrants to purchase common stock ...................................................................... Adjusted weighted-average shares outstanding ........................................... 144,740 (748) 153,092 (933) 158,121 (1,341) 159 144,151 392 152,551 524 157,304 Diluted earnings per common share ............................................................ $ 12.74 $ 8.70 $ 7.78 GAAP defines unvested share-based awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) as participating securities that shall be included in the computation of earnings per common share pursuant to the two-class method. The Company has issued stock-based compensation awards in the form of restricted stock and restricted stock units, which, in accordance with GAAP, are considered participating securities. Stock-based compensation awards and warrants to purchase common stock of M&T representing common shares of 194,000 in 2018, 401,000 in 2017 and 2,171,000 in 2016 were not included in the computations of diluted earnings per common share because the effect on those years would have been antidilutive. 162 15. Comprehensive income In February 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued accounting guidance related to reclassification of certain tax effects from AOCI so that following enactment of the Tax Act the tax effects of items within AOCI reflect the appropriate tax. The guidance provided for a reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings for the effect of remeasuring deferred tax assets and liabilities related to items within AOCI at the 21 percent corporate tax rate established by the Tax Act. The impact of that reclassification was an increase in retained earnings as of December 31, 2017 resulting from items remaining in AOCI as of that date as follows: Net unrealized losses on investment securities....................................................................$ Defined benefit plans liability adjustments ......................................................................... Cash flow hedges and other ................................................................................................. Increase to retained earnings................................................................................................$ 8,065 53,960 2,004 64,029 The following tables display the components of other comprehensive income (loss) and amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to net income: (In thousands) Defined Investment Securities (a) Plans Benefit Total Amount Other Before Tax (In thousands) Income Tax Net Balance — January 1, 2018 Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle — equity securities .............................................................................. Other comprehensive income before reclassifications: Unrealized holding losses, net ..................................................... Foreign currency translation adjustment...................................... Unrealized losses on cash flow hedges........................................ Current year benefit plans gains .................................................. Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications............................................................................... Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income that (increase) decrease net income: Amortization of unrealized holding losses on held-to-maturity (“HTM”) securities ...................................... Gains realized in net income........................................................ Accretion of net gain on terminated cash flow hedges ..................................................................................... Net yield adjustment from cash flow hedges currently in effect.................................................................... Amortization of prior service credit............................................. Amortization of actuarial losses................................................... Total other comprehensive income (loss) .......................................... Balance — December 31, 2018 ......................................................... $ (59,957) (413,168) (20,165) $ (493,290) 129,476 $(363,814) (22,795) — — (22,795) 5,942 (16,853) (121,589) — — — 19,871 — — (2,817) — (4,965) — — (121,589) (2,817) (4,965) 19,871 31,946 592 1,306 (5,224) (89,643) (2,225) (3,659) 14,647 (121,589) 19,871 (7,782) (109,500) 28,620 (80,880) 4,252 (18) — — — — 4,252 (c) (18) (d) (1,118) 4 3,134 (14) — — (111) (111) (e) 29 (82) — (4,172) — — 42,967 9,832 (3,507) 13,339 (c) — 13,339 (3,075) 1,097 (4,172) (f) — 31,671 42,967 (f) (11,296) — 13,829 (117,355) 58,666 5,446 (39,414) (53,243) 149,247 $(420,081) (200,107) (354,502) (14,719) $ (569,328) $ 163 Investment Securities Defined Benefit Total Amount With OTTI (b) All Other Plans Other Before Tax Income Tax Net (In thousands) Balance — January 1, 2017 ............................................... $ Other comprehensive income before reclassifications: 46,725 (73,785) (449,917) (8,268) $ (485,245) 190,609 $(294,636) Unrealized holding gains (losses), net ........................ Foreign currency translation adjustment..................... Unrealized losses on cash flow hedges ....................... Current year benefit plans gains.................................. (8,746) — — — (6,259) — — — — — — 4,447 — (12,291) — 9,276 (15,005) 4,447 (12,291) 9,276 7,269 (2,206) 4,837 (3,650) (7,736) 2,241 (7,454) 5,626 Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications............................................................... Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income that (increase) decrease net income: Amortization of unrealized holding losses on HTM securities......................................................... Gains realized in net income....................................... Accretion of net gain on terminated cash flow hedges...................................................................... Net yield adjustment from cash flow hedges currently in effect .................................................... Amortization of prior service credit............................ Amortization of actuarial losses.................................. Total other comprehensive income (loss) .......................... Reclassification of income tax effects to retained earnings ........................................................................... Balance — December 31, 2017 ......................................... $ Balance — January 1, 2016 ............................................... $ Other comprehensive income before reclassifications: Unrealized holding gains (losses), net ........................ Foreign currency translation adjustment..................... Current year benefit plans gains.................................. Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications............................................................... Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income that (increase) decrease net income: Amortization of unrealized holding losses on HTM securities......................................................... Gains realized in net income....................................... Accretion of net gain on terminated cash flow hedges....................................................................... Amortization of prior service credit............................ Amortization of actuarial losses.................................. Total other comprehensive income (loss) .......................... Balance — December 31, 2016 ......................................... $ (8,746) (6,259) 9,276 (7,844) (13,573) 6,250 (7,323) — (18,351) 3,387 (2,928) — — — — 3,387 (c) (21,279) (d) (1,333) 7,195 2,054 (14,084) — — — (137) (137) (e) 54 (83) — — — (27,097) — — (802) — 28,275 — (3,916) — — (5,800) 36,749 (11,897) (3,916) (c) (802) (f) 1,541 315 28,275 (f) (11,126) 2,896 (8,045) (2,375) (487) 17,149 (5,149) — — 19,628 (79,585) (413,168) (20,165) $ (493,290) — — — (64,029) (64,029) 129,476 $(363,814) 16,359 62,849 (489,660) (4,093) $ (414,545) 162,918 $(251,627) 30,366 (110,316) — — 14,125 — — — (4,020) — — — (79,950) (4,020) 14,125 31,509 1,406 (5,557) (48,441) (2,614) 8,568 30,366 (110,316) 14,125 (4,020) (69,845) 27,358 (42,487) 3,996 — — (30,314) — — — — 3,996 (c) (1,572) (30,314) (d) 11,925 2,424 (18,389) — — — — — — (4,587) — 30,205 (94) 61 (155) (e) (155) (2,782) (4,587) (f) 1,805 — 18,319 30,205 (f) (11,886) — 27,691 30,366 (136,634) 39,743 (4,175) (43,009) (70,700) 190,609 $(294,636) 46,725 (73,785) (449,917) (8,268) $ (485,245) (a) Beginning January 1, 2018, equity securities with readily determinable market values are required to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the income statement. Separate presentation of investment securities with an other-than-temporary impairment change is no longer required. (b) Other-than-temporary impairment. (c) Included in interest income. (d) Included in gain (loss) on bank investment securities. (e) Included in interest expense. (f) Included in other costs of operations. 164 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net consisted of the following: Investment Securities Defined Benefit Plans Other Total (In thousands) (64,406) 48,087 $ (296,979) $ Balance at January 1, 2016....................................... $ Net gain (loss) during 2016 ...................................... Balance at December 31, 2016................................. Net gain (loss) during 2017 ...................................... Reclassification of income tax effects to retained earnings ............................................... Balance at December 31, 2017................................. Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle — equity securities................................. Net gain (loss) during 2018 ...................................... Balance at December 31, 2018................................. $ (147,526) $ (261,303) $ (272,874) (304,546) (53,960) (16,319) (44,150) (16,853) (86,523) (19,766) 24,105 22,288 43,243 (8,065) — (2,735) $ (251,627) (43,009) (2,708) (294,636) (5,149) (7,671) (5,443) (2,004) (15,118) (64,029) (363,814) — (16,853) (39,414) (11,252) $ (420,081) 3,866 16. Other income and other expense The following items, which exceeded 1% of total interest income and other income in the respective period, were included in either “other revenues from operations” or “other costs of operations” in the consolidated statement of income: 2018 Year Ended December 31 2017 (In thousands) 2016 Other income: Credit-related fee income ................................................................ $ 82,614 $ 77,580 $ 70,424 Other expense: Professional services ....................................................................... 312,998 289,862 268,060 Accrual for Wilmington Trust Corporation legal-related matters ..... 135,000 17. International activities The Company engages in limited international activities including certain trust-related services in Europe, collecting Eurodollar deposits, engaging in foreign currency transactions associated with customer activity, providing credit to support the international activities of domestic companies and holding certain loans to foreign borrowers. Assets and revenues associated with international activities represent less than 1% of the Company’s consolidated assets and revenues. International assets included $172 million and $159 million of loans to foreign borrowers at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Deposits at M&T Bank’s Cayman Islands office were $812 million and $178 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company uses such deposits to facilitate customer demand and as an alternative to short-term borrowings when the costs of such deposits seem reasonable. Deposits at M&T Bank’s office in Ontario, Canada were $22 million at December 31, 2018 and $45 million at December 31, 2017. Revenues from providing international trust-related services were approximately $29 million in 2018, $24 million in 2017 and $25 million in 2016. 165 18. Derivative financial instruments As part of managing interest rate risk, the Company enters into interest rate swap agreements to modify the repricing characteristics of certain portions of the Company’s portfolios of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The Company designates interest rate swap agreements utilized in the management of interest rate risk as either fair value hedges or cash flow hedges. Interest rate swap agreements are generally entered into with counterparties that meet established credit standards and most contain master netting, collateral and/or settlement provisions protecting the at-risk party. Based on adherence to the Company’s credit standards and the presence of the netting, collateral or settlement provisions, the Company believes that the credit risk inherent in these contracts was not material as of December 31, 2018. The net effect of interest rate swap agreements was to decrease net interest income by $25 million in 2018 and to increase net interest income by $25 million in 2017 and $37 million in 2016. Information about interest rate swap agreements entered into for interest rate risk management purposes summarized by type of financial instrument the swap agreements were intended to hedge follows: Notional Amount Average Maturity (In thousands) (In years) Weighted- Average Rate Fixed Variable Estimated Fair Value Gain (a) (In thousands) December 31, 2018 Fair value hedges: Fixed rate long-term borrowings (b) ............... $ 4,450,000 2.8 2.47% 3.02% $ 4,219 Cash flow hedges: Interest payments on variable rate commercial real estate loans (b)(c).............. 15,400,000 Total................................................................. $19,850,000 December 31, 2017 Fair value hedges: 1.3 1.7 1.52% 2.35% $ 1,311 5,530 Fixed rate long-term borrowings (b) ............... $ 4,550,000 2.9 2.27% 2.09% $ 573 Cash flow hedges: Interest payments on variable rate commercial real estate loans (b)(d).............. 4,850,000 Total................................................................. $ 9,400,000 2.0 2.5 1.52% 1.36% $ 66 639 (a) Certain clearinghouse exchange rules provide that required payments by counterparties for variation margin are treated as settlements of those positions. The impact of such settlements at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was a reduction of the estimated fair value losses on interest rate swap agreements designated as fair value hedges of $54.7 million and $41.1 million, respectively, and on interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of $9.1 million and $16.3 million, respectively. (b) Under the terms of these agreements, the Company receives settlement amounts at a fixed rate and pays at a (c) variable rate. Includes notional amount and terms of $12.6 billion of forward-starting interest rate swap agreements that will become effective in 2019 and 2020. (d) Includes notional amount and terms of $2.0 billion of forward-starting interest rate swap agreements that will become effective in 2019. 166 The notional amount of interest rate swap agreements entered into for risk management purposes that were outstanding at December 31, 2018 mature as follows: Year ending December 31: 2019.............................................................................................................................. $ 3,500,000 2020.............................................................................................................................. 11,200,000 2021.............................................................................................................................. 3,500,000 650,000 2022.............................................................................................................................. 500,000 2023.............................................................................................................................. 500,000 2027.............................................................................................................................. $19,850,000 (In thousands) The Company utilizes commitments to sell residential and commercial real estate loans to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of real estate loans held for sale. Such commitments have generally been designated as fair value hedges. The Company also utilizes commitments to sell real estate loans to offset the exposure to changes in fair value of certain commitments to originate real estate loans for sale. Derivative financial instruments used for trading account purposes included interest rate contracts, foreign exchange and other option contracts, foreign exchange forward and spot contracts, and financial futures. Interest rate contracts entered into for trading account purposes had notional values of $42.9 billion and $29.9 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The notional amounts of foreign currency and other option and futures contracts entered into for trading account purposes aggregated $763 million and $530 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Information about the fair values of derivative instruments in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and consolidated statement of income follows: Derivatives designated and qualifying as hedging instruments Interest rate swap agreements (a)............................................................. $ Commitments to sell real estate loans (a) ................................................ Derivatives not designated and qualifying as hedging instruments Mortgage-related commitments to originate real estate loans for sale (a) ............................................................................................ Commitments to sell real estate loans (a) ................................................ Trading: Asset Derivatives Fair Value December 31 Liability Derivatives Fair Value December 31 2018 2017 2018 2017 (In thousands) 5,530 $ 1,090 6,620 639 $ 734 1,373 — $ 6,434 6,434 — 283 283 9,304 3,702 8,797 2,526 1,592 4,535 494 1,019 Interest rate contracts (b).................................................................... 118,687 Foreign exchange and other option and futures contracts (b)............ 10,549 142,242 74,164 169,255 132,104 5,286 5,657 91,144 184,252 138,903 Total derivatives....................................................................................... $ 148,862 $ 92,517 $ 190,686 $ 139,186 8,870 (a) (b) Asset derivatives are reported in other assets and liability derivatives are reported in other liabilities. Asset derivatives are reported in trading account assets and liability derivatives are reported in other liabilities. The impact of variation margin settlement payments at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was a reduction of the estimated fair value of interest rate contracts in the trading account in an asset position of $170.7 million and $136.2 million, respectively, and in a liability position of $49.7 million and $12.2 million, respectively. 167 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized Year Ended December 31, 2017 Year Ended December 31, 2016 Derivative Item Derivative Item Derivative Hedged Hedged Hedged Item (In thousands) Derivatives in fair value hedging relationships Interest rate swap agreements: Fixed rate long-term borrowings (a).............. $(10,006) 10,969 $(52,392) 51,628 $(32,000) 30,906 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments Trading: Interest rate contracts (b) ............................... $ 4,506 Foreign exchange and other option and futures contracts (b) .................................... 9,416 Total .................................................................... $ 13,922 $ 5,398 $ 14,042 6,821 $ 12,219 7,665 $ 21,707 (a) (b) Effective January 1, 2018, reported as an adjustment to interest expense. Prior to 2018, reported as other revenues from operations. Reported as trading account and foreign exchange gains. Carrying Amount of the Hedged Item Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Increasing (Decreasing) the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Item December 31 December 31 2018 2017 2018 2017 (In thousands) Location in the Consolidated Balance Sheet of the Hedged Items in Fair Value Hedges Long-term debt ......................................................... $4,394,109 $4,504,029 $ (51,102) $ (40,133) The amount of gain (loss) recognized in the consolidated statement of income associated with derivatives designated as cash flow hedges was not material. The Company also has commitments to sell and commitments to originate residential and commercial real estate loans that are considered derivatives. The Company designates certain of the commitments to sell real estate loans as fair value hedges of real estate loans held for sale. The Company also utilizes commitments to sell real estate loans to offset the exposure to changes in the fair value of certain commitments to originate real estate loans for sale. As a result of these activities, net unrealized pre-tax gains related to hedged loans held for sale, commitments to originate loans for sale and commitments to sell loans were approximately $18 million and $16 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Changes in unrealized gains and losses are included in mortgage banking revenues and, in general, are realized in subsequent periods as the related loans are sold and commitments satisfied. The Company does not offset derivative asset and liability positions in its consolidated financial statements. The Company’s exposure to credit risk by entering into derivative contracts is mitigated through master netting agreements and collateral posting or settlement requirements. Master netting agreements covering interest rate and foreign exchange contracts with the same party include a right 168 to set-off that becomes enforceable in the event of default, early termination or under other specific conditions. The aggregate fair value of derivative financial instruments in a liability position, which are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements, was $21 million and $13 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, for which the Company was required to post collateral relating to those positions of $18 million and $12 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Certain of the Company’s derivative financial instruments contain provisions that require the Company to maintain specific credit ratings from credit rating agencies to avoid higher collateral posting requirements. If the Company’s debt ratings were to fall below specified ratings, the counterparties of the derivative financial instruments could demand immediate incremental collateralization on those instruments in a net liability position. The aggregate fair value of all derivative financial instruments with such credit risk-related contingent features in a net liability position on December 31, 2018 was not significant. If the credit risk-related contingent features had been triggered on December 31, 2018, the Company would not have been required to post any additional collateral with counterparties. The aggregate fair value of derivative financial instruments in an asset position, which are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements, was $18 million and $13 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Counterparties posted collateral relating to those positions of $16 million and $12 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Trading account interest rate swap agreements entered into with customers are subject to the Company’s credit risk standards and often contain collateral provisions. In addition to the derivative contracts noted above, the Company clears certain derivative transactions through a clearinghouse, rather than directly with counterparties. Those transactions cleared through a clearinghouse require initial margin collateral and variation margin payments depending on the contracts being in a net asset or liability position. The amount of initial margin collateral posted by the Company was $65 million and $52 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The fair value asset and liability amounts of derivative contracts have been reduced by variation margin payments treated as settlements as described herein. Variation margin on derivative contracts not treated as settlements continues to represent collateral posted or received by the Company. 19. Variable interest entities The Company’s securitization activity has consisted of securitizing loans originated for sale into government issued or guaranteed mortgage-backed securities. The amounts of those securitizations in 2018, 2017 and 2016 are presented in the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows. The Company has not recognized any losses as a result of having securitized assets. As described in note 8, M&T has issued junior subordinated debentures payable to various trusts that have issued Capital Securities. M&T owns the common securities of those trust entities. The Company is not considered to be the primary beneficiary of those entities and, accordingly, the trusts are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. At each of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company included the junior subordinated debentures as “long-term borrowings” in its consolidated balance sheet and recognized $23 million in other assets for its “investment” in the common securities of the trusts that will be concomitantly repaid to M&T by the respective trust from the proceeds of M&T’s repayment of the junior subordinated debentures associated with preferred capital securities described in note 8. The Company has invested as a limited partner in various partnerships that collectively had total assets of approximately $1.1 billion at of December 31, 2018 and $1.0 billion at December 31, 2017. Those partnerships generally construct or acquire properties for which the investing partners are eligible to receive certain federal income tax credits in accordance with government guidelines. Such 169 investments may also provide tax deductible losses to the partners. The partnership investments also assist the Company in achieving its community reinvestment initiatives. As a limited partner, there is no recourse to the Company by creditors of the partnerships. However, the tax credits that result from the Company’s investments in such partnerships are generally subject to recapture should a partnership fail to comply with the respective government regulations. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss of its investments in such partnerships was $523 million, including $280 million of unfunded commitments, at December 31, 2018 and $420 million, including $201 million of unfunded commitments, at December 31, 2017. Contingent commitments to provide additional capital contributions to these partnerships were not material at December 31, 2018. The Company has not provided financial or other support to the partnerships that was not contractually required. Management currently estimates that no material losses are probable as a result of the Company’s involvement with such entities. The Company, in its position as limited partner, does not direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the partnerships and, therefore, in accordance with the accounting provisions for variable interest entities, the partnership entities are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company’s investment cost in qualified affordable housing projects is amortized to income taxes in the consolidated statement of income as tax credits and other tax benefits resulting from deductible losses associated with the projects are received. The Company serves as investment advisor for certain registered money-market funds. The Company has no explicit arrangement to provide support to those funds, but may waive portions of its allowable management fees as a result of market conditions. 20. Fair value measurements GAAP permits an entity to choose to measure eligible financial instruments and other items at fair value. The Company has not made any fair value elections at December 31, 2018. Pursuant to GAAP, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level hierarchy exists in GAAP for fair value measurements based upon the inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability. • • • Level 1 — Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. Level 2 — Valuation is determined from quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active or by model-based techniques in which all significant inputs are observable in the market. Level 3 — Valuation is derived from model-based and other techniques in which at least one significant input is unobservable and which may be based on the Company’s own estimates about the assumptions that market participants would use to value the asset or liability. When available, the Company attempts to use quoted market prices in active markets to determine fair value and classifies such items as Level 1 or Level 2. If quoted market prices in active markets are not available, fair value is often determined using model-based techniques incorporating various assumptions including interest rates, prepayment speeds and credit losses. Assets and liabilities valued using model-based techniques are classified as either Level 2 or Level 3, depending on the lowest level classification of an input that is considered significant to the overall valuation. The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured on a recurring basis at estimated fair value. 170 Trading account assets and liabilities Trading account assets and liabilities include interest rate contracts and foreign exchange contracts with customers who require such services with offsetting positions with third parties to minimize the Company’s risk with respect to such transactions. The Company generally determines the fair value of its derivative trading account assets and liabilities using externally developed pricing models based on market observable inputs and, therefore, classifies such valuations as Level 2. Mutual funds held in connection with deferred compensation and other arrangements have been classified as Level 1 valuations. Valuations of investments in municipal and other bonds can generally be obtained through reference to quoted prices in less active markets for the same or similar securities or through model-based techniques in which all significant inputs are observable and, therefore, such valuations have been classified as Level 2. Investment securities available for sale and equity securities The majority of the Company’s available-for-sale investment securities have been valued by reference to prices for similar securities or through model-based techniques in which all significant inputs are observable and, therefore, such valuations have been classified as Level 2. Certain investments in mutual funds and equity securities are actively traded and, therefore, have been classified as Level 1 valuations. Real estate loans held for sale The Company utilizes commitments to sell real estate loans to hedge the exposure to changes in fair value of real estate loans held for sale. The carrying value of hedged real estate loans held for sale includes changes in estimated fair value during the hedge period. Typically, the Company attempts to hedge real estate loans held for sale from the date of close through the sale date. The fair value of hedged real estate loans held for sale is generally calculated by reference to quoted prices in secondary markets for commitments to sell real estate loans with similar characteristics and, accordingly, such loans have been classified as a Level 2 valuation. Commitments to originate real estate loans for sale and commitments to sell real estate loans The Company enters into various commitments to originate real estate loans for sale and commitments to sell real estate loans. Such commitments are considered to be derivative financial instruments and, therefore, are carried at estimated fair value on the consolidated balance sheet. The estimated fair values of such commitments were generally calculated by reference to quoted prices in secondary markets for commitments to sell real estate loans to certain government-sponsored entities and other parties. The fair valuations of commitments to sell real estate loans generally result in a Level 2 classification. The estimated fair value of commitments to originate real estate loans for sale is adjusted to reflect the Company’s anticipated commitment expirations. The estimated commitment expirations are considered significant unobservable inputs contributing to the Level 3 classification of commitments to originate real estate loans for sale. Significant unobservable inputs used in the determination of estimated fair value of commitments to originate real estate loans for sale are included in the accompanying table of significant unobservable inputs to Level 3 measurements. Interest rate swap agreements used for interest rate risk management The Company utilizes interest rate swap agreements as part of the management of interest rate risk to modify the repricing characteristics of certain portions of its portfolios of earning assets and interest- bearing liabilities. The Company generally determines the fair value of its interest rate swap agreements using externally developed pricing models based on market observable inputs and, therefore, classifies such valuations as Level 2. The Company has considered counterparty credit risk 171 in the valuation of its interest rate swap agreement assets and has considered its own credit risk in the valuation of its interest rate swap agreement liabilities. The following tables present assets and liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis: Fair Value Measurements Level 1 (a) Level 2 (a) Level 3 (In thousands) December 31, 2018 Trading account assets ........................................................... $ Investment securities available for sale: 185,584 $ 46,018 $ 139,566 $ U.S. Treasury and federal agencies .................................. 1,336,931 Obligations of states and political subdivisions ............... 1,659 Mortgage-backed securities: — 1,336,931 1,659 — Equity securities..................................................................... Real estate loans held for sale................................................ Other assets (b) ...................................................................... Government issued or guaranteed............................... 7,216,991 Privately issued ........................................................... 22 126,906 Other debt securities ......................................................... 8,682,509 93,917 551,697 19,626 — 7,216,991 — — — 126,906 — 8,682,487 21,928 551,697 10,322 Total assets ....................................................................... $ 9,533,333 $ 118,007 $ 9,406,000 $ 178,125 $ 10,969 189,094 $ Trading account liabilities...................................................... $ Other liabilities (b)................................................................. Total liabilities.................................................................. $ 178,125 $ 12,561 190,686 $ 71,989 — — — $ — — $ December 31, 2017 Trading account assets ........................................................... $ Investment securities available for sale: 132,909 $ 47,873 $ 85,036 $ U.S. Treasury and federal agencies .................................. 1,947,487 Obligations of states and political subdivisions ............... 2,589 Mortgage-backed securities: — 1,947,487 2,589 — Government issued or guaranteed............................... 8,716,392 28 Privately issued ........................................................... 128,832 Other debt securities ......................................................... 100,956 Equity securities ............................................................... 10,896,284 378,047 12,696 — 8,716,392 — — 128,832 — 73,232 27,724 73,232 10,823,024 378,047 3,899 Total assets ....................................................................... $11,419,936 $ 121,105 $11,290,006 $ 137,390 $ 1,302 138,692 $ Trading account liabilities...................................................... $ Other liabilities (b)................................................................. Total liabilities.................................................................. $ Real estate loans held for sale................................................ Other assets (b) ...................................................................... 137,390 $ 1,796 139,186 $ — $ — — $ — — — — — — 22 — 22 — — 9,304 9,326 — 1,592 1,592 — — — — 28 — — 28 — 8,797 8,825 — 494 494 (a) (b) There were no significant transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Comprised predominantly of interest rate swap agreements used for interest rate risk management (Level 2), commitments to sell real estate loans (Level 2) and commitments to originate real estate loans to be held for sale (Level 3). 172 The changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: Investment Securities Available for Sale Privately Issued Mortgage- Backed Securities Other Assets and Other Liabilities 2018 Balance — January 1, 2018...................................................................... Total gains realized/unrealized: Included in earnings ........................................................................... Settlements ............................................................................................... Transfers out of Level 3 (a) ...................................................................... Balance — December 31, 2018................................................................ Changes in unrealized gains included in earnings related to assets still held at December 31, 2018................................... 2017 Balance — January 1, 2017...................................................................... Total gains realized/unrealized: Included in earnings ........................................................................... Settlements ............................................................................................... Transfers out of Level 3 (a) ...................................................................... Balance — December 31, 2017................................................................ Changes in unrealized gains included in earnings related to assets still held at December 31, 2017................................... $ $ $ $ $ $ (In thousands) 28 $ 8,303 — (6) — 22 — 44 — (16) — 28 — 58,740 (b) — (59,331)(e) 7,712 7,386 (b) 7,325 77,832 (b) — (76,854)(e) 8,303 7,978 (b) Investment Securities Available for Sale Privately Issued Mortgage- Backed Securities Collateralized Debt Obligations (In thousands) Other Assets and Other Liabilities 2016 Balance — January 1, 2016.......................................... $ Total gains (losses) realized/unrealized: Included in earnings................................................ Included in other comprehensive income ............... Sales ............................................................................. Settlements ................................................................... Transfers out of Level 3 (a).......................................... Balance — December 31, 2016.................................... $ Changes in unrealized gains included in earnings related to assets still held at December 31, 2016 ...... $ 74 — — — (30) — 44 — 47,393 9,879 30,041 (c) (18,268)(d) (58,296) (870) — — 110,937 (b) — — — (113,491)(e) 7,325 — 7,256 (b) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) The Company’s policy for transfers between fair value levels is to recognize the transfer as of the actual date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer. Reported as mortgage banking revenues in the consolidated statement of income and includes the fair value of commitment issuances and expirations. Reported as gain on bank investment securities in the consolidated statement of income. Reported as net unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. Transfers out of Level 3 consist of interest rate locks transferred to closed loans. 173 The Company is required, on a nonrecurring basis, to adjust the carrying value of certain assets or provide valuation allowances related to certain assets using fair value measurements. The more significant of those assets follow. Loans Loans are generally not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Periodically, the Company records nonrecurring adjustments to the carrying value of loans based on fair value measurements for partial charge-offs of the uncollectible portions of those loans. Nonrecurring adjustments also include certain impairment amounts for collateral-dependent loans when establishing the allowance for credit losses. Such amounts are generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral supporting the loan and, as a result, the carrying value of the loan less the calculated valuation amount does not necessarily represent the fair value of the loan. Real estate collateral is typically valued using appraisals or other indications of value based on recent comparable sales of similar properties or assumptions generally observable in the marketplace and the related nonrecurring fair value measurement adjustments have generally been classified as Level 2, unless significant adjustments have been made to the valuation that are not readily observable by market participants. Non-real estate collateral supporting commercial loans generally consists of business assets such as receivables, inventory and equipment. Fair value estimations are typically determined by discounting recorded values of those assets to reflect estimated net realizable value considering specific borrower facts and circumstances and the experience of credit personnel in their dealings with similar borrower collateral liquidations. Such discounts were generally in the range of 10% to 85% at December 31, 2018. As these discounts are not readily observable and are considered significant, the valuations have been classified as Level 3. Automobile collateral is typically valued by reference to independent pricing sources based on recent sales transactions of similar vehicles, and the related non-recurring fair value measurement adjustments have been classified as Level 2. Collateral values for other consumer installment loans are generally estimated based on historical recovery rates for similar types of loans. As these recovery rates are not readily observable by market participants, such valuation adjustments have been classified as Level 3. Loans subject to nonrecurring fair value measurement were $268 million at December 31, 2018, ($120 million and $148 million of which were classified as Level 2 and Level 3, respectively), $210 million at December 31, 2017 ($145 million and $65 million of which were classified as Level 2 and Level 3, respectively), and $293 million at December 31, 2016 ($153 million and $140 million of which were classified as Level 2 and Level 3, respectively). Changes in fair value recognized during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 for partial charge-offs of loans and loan impairment reserves on loans held by the Company at the end of each of those years were decreases of $83 million, $56 million and $71 million, respectively. Assets taken in foreclosure of defaulted loans Assets taken in foreclosure of defaulted loans are primarily comprised of commercial and residential real property and are generally measured at the lower of cost or fair value less costs to sell. The fair value of the real property is generally determined using appraisals or other indications of value based on recent comparable sales of similar properties or assumptions generally observable in the marketplace, and the related nonrecurring fair value measurement adjustments have generally been classified as Level 2. Assets taken in foreclosure of defaulted loans subject to nonrecurring fair value measurement were $28 million and $53 million at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Changes in fair value recognized during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 for foreclosed assets held by the Company at the end of each of those years were not material. 174 Significant unobservable inputs to level 3 measurements The following tables present quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements for Level 3 assets and liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017: Valuation Technique Unobservable Inputs/Assumptions Range (Weighted- Average) Fair Value (In thousands) December 31, 2018 Recurring fair value measurements Privately issued mortgage-backed securities.................................................. $ 22 Net other assets (liabilities) (a)................... 7,712 December 31, 2017 Recurring fair value measurements Privately issued mortgage-backed securities.................................................. $ 28 Net other assets (liabilities) (a)................... 8,303 Two independent pricing quotes Discounted cash flow Two independent pricing quotes Discounted cash flow — Commitment expirations — 0%-95% (13%) — Commitment expirations — 0%-78% (22%) (a) Other Level 3 assets (liabilities) consist of commitments to originate real estate loans. Sensitivity of fair value measurements to changes in unobservable inputs An increase (decrease) in the estimate of expirations for commitments to originate real estate loans would generally result in a lower (higher) fair value measurement. Estimated commitment expirations are derived considering loan type, changes in interest rates and remaining length of time until closing. 175 Disclosures of fair value of financial instruments The carrying amounts and estimated fair value for financial instrument assets (liabilities) are presented in the following tables: Financial assets: December 31, 2018 Carrying Amount Estimated Fair Value Level 1 (In thousands) Level 2 Level 3 Cash and cash equivalents................................. $ 1,605,439 1,605,439 1,528,302 8,105,197 8,105,197 Interest-bearing deposits at banks ..................... 185,584 Trading account assets ...................................... Investment securities ......................................... 12,692,813 12,631,656 Loans and leases: 77,137 — 8,105,197 139,566 46,018 71,989 12,456,467 185,584 — — — 103,200 Commercial loans and leases....................... 22,977,976 22,587,387 Commercial real estate loans ....................... 34,363,556 33,832,558 Residential real estate loans......................... 17,154,446 16,974,545 Consumer loans ........................................... 13,970,499 13,819,545 — Allowance for credit losses.......................... Loans and leases, net.............................. 87,447,033 87,214,035 353,965 Accrued interest receivable ............................... (1,019,444) 353,965 Financial liabilities: Noninterest-bearing deposits............................. $(32,256,668) (32,256,668) Savings and interest-checking deposits............. (50,963,744) (50,963,744) (6,124,254) (6,201,957) Time deposits .................................................... Deposits at Cayman Islands office .................... (811,906) (4,398,378) (4,398,378) Short-term borrowings ...................................... (8,444,914) (8,385,289) Long-term borrowings ...................................... (95,274) Accrued interest payable ................................... (178,125) Trading account liabilities................................. (95,274) (178,125) (811,906) — 22,587,387 — 346,775 33,485,783 — — 3,920,447 13,054,098 — 13,819,545 — — — — — 4,267,222 82,946,813 — — 353,965 — (32,256,668) — (50,963,744) — (6,201,957) — (811,906) — (4,398,378) — (8,385,289) (95,274) — (178,125) — — — — — — — — — Other financial instruments: Commitments to originate real estate loans for sale .................................................. $ Commitments to sell real estate loans ............... Other credit-related commitments..................... Interest rate swap agreements used for interest rate risk management ..................................... 7,712 (6,177) (131,688) 7,712 (6,177) (131,688) 5,530 5,530 — — — — — (6,177) — 7,712 — (131,688) 5,530 — 176 Financial assets: December 31, 2017 Carrying Amount Estimated Fair Value Level 1 (In thousands) Level 2 Level 3 Cash and cash equivalents................................. $ 1,420,888 1,420,888 1,352,035 5,078,903 5,078,903 Interest-bearing deposits at banks ..................... Trading account assets ...................................... 132,909 Investment securities ......................................... 14,664,525 14,653,074 Loans and leases: 68,853 — 5,078,903 47,873 85,036 73,232 14,469,127 132,909 — — — 110,715 Commercial loans and leases....................... 21,742,651 21,321,282 Commercial real estate loans ....................... 33,366,373 32,950,724 Residential real estate loans......................... 19,613,344 19,596,826 Consumer loans ........................................... 13,266,615 13,161,517 — Allowance for credit losses.......................... Loans and leases, net.............................. 86,971,785 87,030,349 327,170 Accrued interest receivable ............................... (1,017,198) 327,170 Financial liabilities: Noninterest-bearing deposits............................. $(33,975,180) (33,975,180) Savings and interest-checking deposits............. (51,698,008) (51,698,008) (6,580,962) (6,635,048) Time deposits .................................................... (177,996) Deposits at Cayman Islands office .................... Short-term borrowings ...................................... (175,099) (8,141,430) (8,193,783) Long-term borrowings ...................................... (75,641) Accrued interest payable ................................... (137,390) Trading account liabilities................................. (177,996) (175,099) (75,641) (137,390) — 21,321,282 — — 22,130 32,928,594 — 4,440,645 15,156,181 — 13,161,517 — — — — — 4,462,775 82,567,574 — — 327,170 — (33,975,180) — (51,698,008) — (6,635,048) (177,996) — — (175,099) — (8,193,783) (75,641) — (137,390) — — — — — — — — — Other financial instruments: Commitments to originate real estate loans for sale .................................................. $ Commitments to sell real estate loans ............... Other credit-related commitments..................... Interest rate swap agreements used for interest rate risk management ..................................... 8,303 1,958 (125,281) 8,303 1,958 (125,281) 639 639 — — — — — 1,958 — 8,303 — (125,281) 639 — With the exception of marketable securities, certain off-balance sheet financial instruments and mortgage loans originated for sale, the Company’s financial instruments are not readily marketable and market prices do not exist. The Company, in attempting to comply with the provisions of GAAP that require disclosures of fair value of financial instruments, has not attempted to market its financial instruments to potential buyers, if any exist. Since negotiated prices in illiquid markets depend greatly upon the then present motivations of the buyer and seller, it is reasonable to assume that actual sales prices could vary widely from any estimate of fair value made without the benefit of negotiations. Additionally, changes in market interest rates can dramatically impact the value of financial instruments in a short period of time. The Company does not believe that the estimated information presented herein is representative of the earnings power or value of the Company. The preceding analysis, which is inherently limited in depicting fair value, also does not consider any value associated with existing customer relationships nor the ability of the Company to create value through loan origination, deposit gathering or fee generating activities. Many of the estimates presented herein are based upon the use of highly subjective information and assumptions and, accordingly, the results may not be precise. Management believes that fair value estimates may not be comparable between financial institutions due to the wide range of permitted valuation techniques and numerous estimates which must be made. Furthermore, because the disclosed fair value amounts were estimated as of the balance sheet 177 date, the amounts actually realized or paid upon maturity or settlement of the various financial instruments could be significantly different. 21. Commitments and contingencies In the normal course of business, various commitments and contingent liabilities are outstanding. The following table presents the Company’s significant commitments. Certain of these commitments are not included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. December 31 2018 2017 (In thousands) Commitments to extend credit Home equity lines of credit.............................................................................. $ Commercial real estate loans to be sold........................................................... Other commercial real estate............................................................................ Residential real estate loans to be sold............................................................. Other residential real estate.............................................................................. Commercial and other...................................................................................... Standby letters of credit......................................................................................... Commercial letters of credit .................................................................................. Financial guarantees and indemnification contracts.............................................. Commitments to sell real estate loans ................................................................... 5,484,197 229,401 7,556,722 245,211 219,351 14,363,803 2,326,991 55,808 3,529,136 940,692 5,482,622 194,763 6,050,569 347,113 201,426 12,733,815 2,497,844 46,739 3,434,381 812,217 Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to customers, generally having fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses that may require payment of a fee. In addition to the amounts presented in the preceding table, the Company had discretionary funding commitments to commercial customers of $8.6 billion and $8.1 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, that the Company had the unconditional right to cancel prior to funding. Standby and commercial letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Standby letters of credit generally are contingent upon the failure of the customer to perform according to the terms of the underlying contract with the third party, whereas commercial letters of credit are issued to facilitate commerce and typically result in the commitment being funded when the underlying transaction is consummated between the customer and a third party. The credit risk associated with commitments to extend credit and standby and commercial letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved with extending loans to customers and is subject to normal credit policies. Collateral may be obtained based on management’s assessment of the customer’s creditworthiness. Financial guarantees and indemnification contracts are oftentimes similar to standby letters of credit and include mandatory purchase agreements issued to ensure that customer obligations are fulfilled, recourse obligations associated with sold loans, and other guarantees of customer performance or compliance with designated rules and regulations. Included in financial guarantees and indemnification contracts are loan principal amounts sold with recourse in conjunction with the Company’s involvement in the Fannie Mae DUS program. The Company’s maximum credit risk for recourse associated with loans sold under this program totaled approximately $3.4 billion and $3.3 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Since many loan commitments, standby letters of credit, and guarantees and indemnification contracts expire without being funded in whole or in part, the contract amounts are not necessarily indicative of future cash flows. 178 The Company utilizes commitments to sell real estate loans to hedge exposure to changes in the fair value of real estate loans held for sale. Such commitments are considered derivatives and along with commitments to originate real estate loans to be held for sale are recorded in the consolidated balance sheet at estimated fair market value. The Company occupies certain banking offices and uses certain equipment under noncancelable operating lease agreements expiring at various dates over the next 23 years. Minimum lease payments under noncancelable operating leases are summarized in the following table: Year ending December 31: 2019.................................................................................................................................$ 2020................................................................................................................................. 2021................................................................................................................................. 2022................................................................................................................................. 2023................................................................................................................................. Later years....................................................................................................................... $ 89,547 82,536 67,985 54,504 39,578 104,280 438,430 (In thousands) The Company is contractually obligated to repurchase previously sold residential real estate loans that do not ultimately meet investor sale criteria related to underwriting procedures or loan documentation. When required to do so, the Company may reimburse loan purchasers for losses incurred or may repurchase certain loans. The Company reduces residential mortgage banking revenues by an estimate for losses related to its obligations to loan purchasers. The amount of those charges is based on the volume of loans sold, the level of reimbursement requests received from loan purchasers and estimates of losses that may be associated with previously sold loans. At December 31, 2018, the Company believes that its obligation to loan purchasers was not material to the Company’s consolidated financial position. As previously disclosed, Wilmington Trust Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of M&T, was the subject of a class action lawsuit alleging that its financial reporting and securities filings prior to its acquisition by M&T in 2011 were in violation of securities laws. In April 2018, the parties reached an agreement in principle and a formal settlement was executed and filed with the court later in the second quarter of 2018. The proposed settlement was preliminarily approved by the court in July 2018. In the first quarter of 2018, the Company increased its reserve for litigation matters by $135 million in anticipation of the settlement. The settlement amount of $200 million was paid, pursuant to the settlement agreement, during the third quarter of 2018. The settlement agreement was approved by the court in the fourth quarter of 2018. M&T and its subsidiaries are subject in the normal course of business to various pending and threatened legal proceedings and other matters in which claims for monetary damages are asserted. On an on-going basis management, after consultation with legal counsel, assesses the Company’s liabilities and contingencies in connection with such proceedings. For those matters where it is probable that the Company will incur losses and the amounts of the losses can be reasonably estimated, the Company records an expense and corresponding liability in its consolidated financial statements. To the extent the pending or threatened litigation could result in exposure in excess of that liability, the amount of such excess is not currently estimable. Although not considered probable, the range of reasonably possible losses for such matters in the aggregate, beyond the existing recorded liability, was between $0 and $50 million. Although the Company does not believe that the outcome of pending litigations will be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position, it 179 cannot rule out the possibility that such outcomes will be material to the consolidated results of operations for a particular reporting period in the future. 22. Segment information Reportable segments have been determined based upon the Company’s internal profitability reporting system, which is organized by strategic business unit. Certain strategic business units have been combined for segment information reporting purposes where the nature of the products and services, the type of customer and the distribution of those products and services are similar. The reportable segments are Business Banking, Commercial Banking, Commercial Real Estate, Discretionary Portfolio, Residential Mortgage Banking and Retail Banking. The financial information of the Company’s segments was compiled utilizing the accounting policies described in note 1 with certain exceptions. The more significant of these exceptions are described herein. The Company allocates interest income or interest expense using a methodology that charges users of funds (assets) interest expense and credits providers of funds (liabilities) with income based on the maturity, prepayment and/or repricing characteristics of the assets and liabilities. A provision for credit losses is allocated to segments in an amount based largely on actual net charge-offs incurred by the segment during the period plus or minus an amount necessary to adjust the segment’s allowance for credit losses due to changes in loan balances. In contrast, the level of the consolidated provision for credit losses is determined using the methodologies described in notes 1 and 4. The net effects of these allocations are recorded in the “All Other” category. Indirect fixed and variable expenses incurred by certain centralized support areas are allocated to segments based on actual usage (for example, volume measurements) and other criteria. Certain types of administrative expenses and bankwide expense accruals (including amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets associated with acquisitions of financial institutions) are generally not allocated to segments. Income taxes are allocated to segments based on the Company’s marginal statutory tax rate adjusted for any tax-exempt income or non-deductible expenses. Equity is allocated to the segments based on regulatory capital requirements and in proportion to an assessment of the inherent risks associated with the business of the segment (including interest, credit and operating risk). The management accounting policies and processes utilized in compiling segment financial information are highly subjective and, unlike financial accounting, are not based on authoritative guidance similar to GAAP. As a result, reported segment results are not necessarily comparable with similar information reported by other financial institutions. Furthermore, changes in management structure or allocation methodologies and procedures may result in changes in reported segment financial data. 180 Information about the Company’s segments is presented in the accompanying table. Income statement amounts are in thousands of dollars. Balance sheet amounts are in millions of dollars. Business Banking 2018 2017 2016 For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Commercial Real Estate 2017 Commercial Banking 2017 2016 2018 2016 2018 Discretionary Portfolio 2017 2016 2018 288,908 283,447 Net interest income(a) ............. $ 434,579 $ 393,948 $ 371,889 $ 821,812 $ 809,301 $ 785,339 $ 665,220 $ 649,378 $ 608,385 $ 228,051 $ 277,095 $ 345,926 26,075 Noninterest income ................. 111,600 112,512 108,783 372,001 32,925 274,923 546,179 506,460 480,672 1,110,720 1,092,748 1,060,262 34,903 Provision for credit losses ....... 10,916 15,598 12,709 Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets...... Depreciation and other amortization.......................... 404 472 Other noninterest expense ....... 305,340 294,493 292,124 95,300 Income (loss) before taxes ...... 229,541 195,976 175,435 243,304 79,766 Income tax expense (benefit) .... 61,279 80,043 71,677 Net income (loss) .................... $ 168,262 $ 115,933 $ 103,758 $ 538,917 $ 436,871 $ 411,379 $ 452,910 $ 364,135 $ 350,358 $ 116,226 $ 134,968 $ 163,538 20,120 207,493 204,965 593,905 566,453 229,770 216,095 169,966 179,706 819,344 788,091 (3,447 ) 187 65,393 146,098 29,872 25,852 217,387 601,717 148,807 279 76,021 193,527 58,559 520 327,616 697,223 285,844 496 364,102 737,146 198,229 509 339,936 740,427 303,556 183,955 849,175 3,159 (9,690 ) 218,361 6,683 23,851 300,946 31,119 24,410 (7,524 ) 11,876 1,060 1,060 8,976 382 393 — — — — — — — — — — Average total assets (in millions).......................... $ Capital expenditures (in millions).......................... $ 5,631 $ 5,602 $ 5,456 $ 26,626 $ 26,573 $ 25,592 $ 22,885 $ 22,741 $ 21,131 $ 32,123 $ 37,203 $ 40,867 — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1 $ — $ 1 $ — $ — Residential Mortgage Banking 2018 2017 2016 2018 Retail Banking 2017 2016 2018 All Other 2017 2016 2018 Total 2017 2016 For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (2,178 ) 324,228 329,833 Net interest income(a) ............. $ 13,933 $ 30,328 $ 29,809 $ 1,351,165 $ 1,210,066 $ 1,107,388 $ 557,542 $ 410,928 $ 221,151 $ 4,072,302 $ 3,781,044 $ 3,469,887 609,945 570,475 1,856,000 1,851,143 1,825,996 Noninterest income ................. 305,560 321,589 342,858 319,493 351,917 372,667 1,675,393 1,539,899 1,430,564 1,208,981 1,020,873 791,626 5,928,302 5,632,187 5,295,883 190,000 Provision for credit losses ....... Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets...... Depreciation and other 37,657 157,978 68,541 amortization.......................... 24,288 32,011 30,264 776,123 1,125,428 1,019,465 892,625 3,109,057 2,943,200 2,846,894 Other noninterest expense ....... 241,624 247,639 258,141 (107,086 ) (208,243 ) 2,508,240 2,323,862 2,058,398 496,347 Income (loss) before taxes ...... 55,759 71,013 87,879 (40,752 ) (144,498 ) Income tax expense (benefit) .... 10,272 25,446 32,426 743,284 590,160 201,974 (66,334 ) $ (63,745 ) $ 1,918,080 $ 1,408,306 $ 1,315,114 Net income (loss) .................... $ 45,487 $ 45,567 $ 55,453 $ 541,297 $ 377,166 $ 294,373 $ 35,274 789,783 737,764 196,467 38,234 758,153 636,100 258,934 215 (54,766 ) 54,981 $ 154,483 651,439 132,000 112,572 168,000 915,556 165,759 323,176 107,412 120,437 30,306 23,462 42,613 24,522 68,004 69,923 (3,617 ) (8,128 ) (3,910 ) 31,366 8,265 42,613 1,254 — — — — — — Average total assets (in millions).......................... $ Capital expenditures (in millions).......................... $ 2,161 $ 2,355 $ 2,569 $ 13,656 $ 12,702 $ 11,840 $ 13,877 $ 13,684 $ 16,885 $ 116,959 $ 120,860 $ 124,340 1 $ — $ — $ 31 $ 34 $ 46 $ 65 $ 44 $ 62 $ 98 $ 79 $ 108 (a) Net interest income is the difference between actual taxable-equivalent interest earned on assets and interest paid on liabilities by a segment and a funding charge (credit) based on the Company’s internal funds transfer pricing methodology. Segments are charged a cost to fund any assets (e.g. loans) and are paid a funding credit for any funds provided (e.g. deposits). The taxable-equivalent adjustment aggregated $21,897,000 in 2018, $34,570,000 in 2017 and $26,962,000 in 2016 and is eliminated in “All Other” net interest income and income tax expense (benefit). The Business Banking segment provides deposit, lending, cash management and other financial services to small businesses and professionals through the Company’s banking office network and several other delivery channels, including business banking centers, telephone banking, Internet banking and automated teller machines. The Commercial Banking segment provides a wide range of credit products and banking services to middle-market and large commercial customers, mainly within the markets the Company serves. Among the services provided by this segment are commercial lending and leasing, letters of credit, deposit products and cash management services. The Commercial Real Estate segment provides credit services which are secured by various types of multifamily residential and commercial real estate and deposit services to its customers. Activities of this segment include the origination, sales and servicing of commercial real estate loans. Commercial real estate loans held for sale are included in the Commercial Real Estate Segment. The Discretionary Portfolio segment includes securities; residential real estate loans and other assets; short-term and long-term borrowed funds; brokered deposits; and Cayman Islands branch deposits. This segment also provides foreign exchange services to customers. The Residential Mortgage Banking segment originates and services residential real estate loans for consumers and sells 181 substantially all originated loans in the secondary market to investors or to the Discretionary Portfolio segment. The segment periodically purchases servicing rights to loans that have been originated by other entities. Residential real estate loans held for sale are included in the Residential Mortgage Banking segment. The Retail Banking segment offers a variety of services to consumers through several delivery channels that include banking offices, automated teller machines, and telephone, mobile and Internet banking. The “All Other” category includes other operating activities of the Company that are not directly attributable to the reported segments; the difference between the provision for credit losses and the calculated provision allocated to the reportable segments; goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets resulting from acquisitions of financial institutions; merger-related gains and expenses resulting from acquisitions; the net impact of the Company’s internal funds transfer pricing methodology; eliminations of transactions between reportable segments; certain nonrecurring transactions; the residual effects of unallocated support systems and general and administrative expenses; and the impact of interest rate risk management strategies. The amount of intersegment activity eliminated in arriving at consolidated totals was included in the “All Other” category as follows: 2018 Year Ended December 31 2017 (In thousands) 2016 Revenues ............................................................................. $ Expenses.............................................................................. Income taxes (benefit)......................................................... Net income (loss) ................................................................ (41,285) $ (24,660) (4,371) (12,254) (43,941) $ (32,623) (4,606) (6,712) (48,625) (40,422) (3,338) (4,865) The Company conducts substantially all of its operations in the United States. There are no transactions with a single customer that in the aggregate result in revenues that exceed ten percent of consolidated total revenues. 182 23. Regulatory matters Payment of dividends by M&T’s banking subsidiaries is restricted by various legal and regulatory limitations. Dividends from any banking subsidiary to M&T are limited by the amount of earnings of the banking subsidiary in the current year and the preceding two years. For purposes of this test, at December 31, 2018, approximately $669 million was available for payment of dividends to M&T from banking subsidiaries. M&T may pay dividends and repurchase stock only in accordance with a capital plan that the Federal Reserve Board has not objected to. Banking regulations prohibit extensions of credit by the subsidiary banks to M&T unless appropriately secured by assets. Securities of affiliates are not eligible as collateral for this purpose. The bank subsidiaries are required to maintain reserves against certain deposit liabilities. During the maintenance periods that included December 31, 2018 and 2017, cash and due from banks and interest-earning deposits at banks included a daily average of $683,740,000 and $679,401,000, respectively, for such purpose. M&T and its subsidiary banks are required to comply with applicable capital adequacy regulations established by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements. Pursuant to the rules in effect as of December 31, 2018, the required minimum and well capitalized capital ratios are as follows: (cid:3) Common equity Tier 1 ("CET1") to risk-weighted assets ........................ (cid:3) Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets ........................................................ (cid:3) Total capital to risk-weighted assets ......................................................... (cid:3) Leverage — Tier 1 capital to average total assets, as defined .................. Minimum Capitalized 6.5% 4.5% 6.0% 8.0% 8.0% 10.0% 5.0% 4.0% Well In addition, capital regulations provide for the phase-in of a “capital conservation buffer” composed entirely of CET1 on top of these minimum risk-weighted asset ratios. The fully phased-in capital conservation buffer as of January 1, 2019 is 2.5%. For 2018 and 2017, the phase-in transition portion of that buffer was 1.875% and 1.25%, respectively. 183 The capital ratios and amounts of the Company and its banking subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are presented below: M&T (Consolidated) M&T Bank (Dollars in thousands) Wilmington Trust, N.A. December 31, 2018: Common equity Tier 1 capital Amount ......................................................................... $ 9,960,811 Ratio(a) ......................................................................... 10.13% $10,636,136 $ 585,767 10.84% 60.69% Tier 1 capital Amount ......................................................................... 11,193,770 Ratio(a) ......................................................................... 11.38% 10,636,136 585,767 10.84% 60.69% Total capital Amount ......................................................................... 13,454,137 Ratio(a) ......................................................................... 13.68% 12,475,296 589,671 12.72% 61.10% Leverage Amount ......................................................................... 11,193,770 Ratio(b) ......................................................................... 9.88% 10,636,136 585,767 9.42% 12.51% December 31, 2017: Common equity Tier 1 capital Amount ......................................................................... $10,675,735 Ratio(a) ......................................................................... 10.99% $ 9,978,163 $ 529,988 10.30% 48.16% Tier 1 capital Amount ......................................................................... 11,908,166 Ratio(a) ......................................................................... 12.26% 9,978,163 529,988 10.30% 48.16% Total capital Amount ......................................................................... 14,328,467 Ratio(a) ......................................................................... 14.75% 12,012,171 534,235 12.40% 48.54% Leverage Amount ......................................................................... 11,908,166 Ratio(b) ......................................................................... 10.31% 9,978,163 529,988 8.68% 13.03% (a) The ratio of capital to risk-weighted assets, as defined by regulation. (b) The ratio of capital to average assets, as defined by regulation. 24. Relationship with Bayview Lending Group LLC and Bayview Financial Holdings, L.P. M&T holds a 20% minority interest in Bayview Lending Group LLC (“BLG”), a privately-held commercial mortgage company. M&T recognizes income or loss from BLG using the equity method of accounting. That investment had no remaining carrying value at December 31, 2018 as a result of cumulative losses recognized and cash distributions received in prior years. Income or losses recognized by M&T are included in other revenues from operations and totaled $24 million of income in 2018, compared with losses of $11 million in 2016. Income recognized in 2017 was not significant. Bayview Financial Holdings, L.P. (together with its affiliates, “Bayview Financial”), a privately- held specialty financial company, is BLG’s majority investor. In addition to their common investment in BLG, the Company and Bayview Financial conduct other business activities with each other. The 184 Company has obtained loan servicing rights for mortgage loans from BLG and Bayview Financial having outstanding principal balances of $2.5 billion and $3.0 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Revenues from those servicing rights were $14 million, $17 million and $19 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The Company sub-services residential mortgage loans for Bayview Financial having outstanding principal balances of $56.8 billion and $56.6 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Revenues earned for sub-servicing loans for Bayview Financial were $114 million, $103 million and $98 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In addition, the Company held $113 million and $136 million of mortgage-backed securities in its held-to- maturity portfolio at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, that were securitized by Bayview Financial. At December 31, 2018, the Company held $127 million of Bayview Financial’s $900 million syndicated loan facility. 25. Parent company financial statements Condensed Balance Sheet Assets Cash in subsidiary bank ...................................................................... $ Due from consolidated bank subsidiaries December 31 2018 2017 (In thousands) 40,609 $ 13,379 Money-market savings................................................................... Current income tax receivable ....................................................... Total due from consolidated bank subsidiaries ......................... 856,881 1,117 857,998 1,616,147 4,437 1,620,584 Investments in consolidated subsidiaries Banks.............................................................................................. 15,491,277 14,841,794 253,904 Other .............................................................................................. 23,453 Investments in trust preferred entities (note 19) ................................. 66,023 Other assets ......................................................................................... Total assets ................................................................................ $ 16,801,672 $ 16,819,137 324,360 23,241 64,187 Liabilities Accrued expenses and other liabilities................................................ $ Long-term borrowings ........................................................................ Total liabilities........................................................................... 49,093 519,225 568,318 Shareholders’ equity......................................................................... 15,460,191 16,250,819 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity .................................. $ 16,801,672 $ 16,819,137 63,719 $ 1,277,762 1,341,481 185 Condensed Statement of Income 2018 Year Ended December 31 2017 (In thousands, except per share) 2016 Income Dividends from consolidated bank subsidiaries.................. $ 1,250,000 $ 1,540,000 $ 1,930,000 (10,752) Equity in earnings of Bayview Lending Group LLC.......... 5,530 Other income....................................................................... Total income................................................................... 1,275,917 1,549,845 1,924,778 23,500 2,417 352 9,493 Expense Interest on long-term borrowings........................................ Other expense...................................................................... Total expense.................................................................. 36,354 23,894 60,248 21,591 19,636 41,227 18,963 21,361 40,324 Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries...................................................... 1,215,669 1,508,618 1,884,454 Income tax credits ............................................................... 17,247 Income before equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries ...................................................................... 1,224,115 1,535,071 1,901,701 Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries Net income of subsidiaries .................................................. 1,943,965 1,413,235 1,343,413 Less: dividends received ..................................................... (1,250,000) (1,540,000) (1,930,000) (586,587) Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries................... Net income........................................................................... $ 1,918,080 $ 1,408,306 $ 1,315,114 Net income per common share (126,765) 693,965 26,453 8,446 Basic ............................................................................... $ Diluted ............................................................................ 12.75 $ 12.74 8.72 $ 8.70 7.80 7.78 186 Condensed Statement of Cash Flows Cash flows from operating activities Net income .......................................................................... $ 1,918,080 $ 1,408,306 $ 1,315,114 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities 2018 Year Ended December 31 2017 (In thousands) 2016 586,587 Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries .............. (3,157) Benefit (provision) for deferred income taxes ............... 12,898 Net change in accrued income and expense................... Gain on sale of assets ..................................................... (2,342) Net cash provided by operating activities ...................... 1,220,822 1,536,449 1,909,100 (693,965) 4,949 (8,242) — 126,765 4,543 (170) (2,995) Cash flows from investing activities Proceeds from sales or maturities of investment securities ........................................................ Other, net............................................................................. Net cash provided by investing activities....................... — 29,933 29,933 — 12,407 12,407 51 13,619 13,670 Cash flows from financing activities Purchases of treasury stock ................................................. (2,194,396) (1,205,905) (457,402) Dividends paid — common ................................................ (72,734) Dividends paid — preferred................................................ — Proceeds from long-term borrowings.................................. — Redemption of Series D preferred stock ............................. Proceeds from issuance of Series F preferred stock............ — 34,524 Other, net............................................................................. (641,334) (441,891) (81,270) — (500,000) 495,000 143,764 Net cash used by financing activities ............................. (1,982,791) (1,701,517) (1,025,731) 897,039 885,148 897,490 $ 1,629,526 $ 1,782,187 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents ......... (152,661) Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year.................. 1,629,526 1,782,187 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year............................ $ Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information Interest received during the year ......................................... $ Interest paid during the year................................................ Income taxes received during the year................................ (510,382) (72,521) 748,595 — — 45,913 2,219 $ 17,482 6,362 2,313 $ 18,498 21,740 (732,036) 1,931 15,918 8,877 187 26. Recent accounting developments The following table provides a description of accounting standards that were adopted by the Company in 2018 as well as standards that are not effective that could have an impact to M&T’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption. Standard Description Standards Adopted in 2018 Revenue from Contracts with Customers The core principle of the accounting guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost The amended guidance requires equity investments (excluding those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income, public entities to use the exit price when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes, and an entity to present separately in other comprehensive income a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure a liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option. The amended guidance expands and clarifies hedge accounting for nonfinancial and financial risk components, aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of the hedging instrument and hedged item in the financial statements, and simplifies the requirements for assessing effectiveness in a hedging relationship. In October 2018, amended guidance was issued permitting the use of the OIS rate based on SOFR as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes in addition to the US Treasury, the LIBOR swap rate, the OIS rate based on Fed Funds Effective Rate, and the SIFMA Municipal Swap Rate. The amended guidance requires the service cost component of the net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost to be reported in the same line item in the income statement as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. The amendments also require that the other components of net benefit costs be presented separately from the service cost component. Required date of adoption Effect on consolidated financial statements January 1, 2018 As described in note 10 the Company adopted the revenue recognition guidance effective January 1, 2018 and applied the modified retrospective approach for reporting purposes. The adjustment to beginning retained earnings as well as the impact of any changes in the timing of revenue recognition of noninterest income items within the scope of this guidance did not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. January 1, 2018 At January 1, 2018 the Company reclassified marketable equity securities from investment securities available for sale. Upon adoption, $17 million of fair value changes in those equity securities, net of tax, were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. See note 2 for information on amounts recognized in gain (loss) on bank investment securities in the consolidated statement of income. January 1, 2019 Early adoption permitted The Company early adopted the amended guidance on January 1, 2018 and such adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. The amended guidance issued in October 2018 also became effective on January 1, 2018 for entities that early adopted the previous improvements to hedge accounting guidance. This amended guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. January 1, 2018 The Company adopted the new reporting requirements effective January 1, 2018. The Company previously reported all of its net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs in salaries and employee benefits expense within the consolidated statement of income. Information about net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs that were not service cost-related is included in note 12. The impact of adopting the amended guidance was not material. 188 Required date of adoption January 1, 2018 Effect on consolidated financial statements The Company adopted the amended guidance on January 1, 2018. The guidance is being applied on a prospective basis for awards modified on or after the adoption date. January 1, 2018 The guidance was adopted on January 1, 2018 and did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Standard Description Standards Adopted in 2018 Scope of Modification Accounting for Share-Based Payment Awards Restricted Cash The amended guidance addresses which changes to the terms and conditions of a share- based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting. The amended guidance requires that restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end- of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. In addition, when cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents are presented in more than one line item within the statement of financial position, the line items and amounts must be presented on the face of the statement of cash flows or disclosed in the notes to the financial statements. Information about the nature of restrictions on an entity’s cash and cash equivalents must also be disclosed. Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments This amendment provides clarifying guidance for classifying cash inflows or outflows on the statement of cash flows where current guidance is unclear or silent. January 1, 2018 The guidance was applied for 2018 reporting and did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows. Clarifying the Definition of a Business The amended guidance clarifies the definition of a business for purposes of evaluating whether transactions would be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. Standards Not Yet Adopted as of December 31, 2018 January 1, 2018 The guidance was adopted January 1, 2018 and will be applied to future transactions. The Company does not expect the guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. January 1, 2019 Early adoption permitted The Company occupies certain banking offices and uses certain equipment under noncancelable operating lease agreements which prior to the adoption of the guidance are not reflected in its consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2018 and 2017. The Company adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2019 and recognized a right of use asset of $394 million and increased liabilities by $399 million as a result of recognizing lease liabilities on its consolidated balance sheet. The Company does not expect the new guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated statement of income. Leases The new guidance requires lessees to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term greater than 12 months. While the guidance requires all leases to be recognized in the balance sheet, there continues to be a differentiation between finance leases and operating leases for purposes of income statement recognition and cash flow statement presentation. For finance leases, interest on the lease liability and amortization of the right-of-use asset will be recognized separately in the statement of income. Repayments of principal on those lease liabilities will be classified within financing activities and payments of interest on the lease liability will be classified within operating activities in the statement of cash flows. For operating leases, a single lease cost is recognized in the statement of income and allocated over the lease term, generally on a straight-line basis. All cash payments are presented within operating activities in the statement of cash flows. The accounting applied by lessors is largely unchanged from existing GAAP, however, the guidance eliminates the accounting model for leveraged leases for leases that commence after the effective date of the guidance. 189 Required date of adoption January 1, 2019 Early adoption permitted January 1, 2020 Early adoption permitted as of January 1, 2019 Effect on consolidated financial statements The Company adopted the amended guidance effective January 1, 2019 and applied the modified retrospective approach for reporting purposes. The adoption did not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position and will not have a material effect on its results of operations. The Company is developing its approach for determining expected credit losses under the new guidance. The Company has a cross-functional implementation team working on model development, model validation, and development of a qualitative framework, data sourcing, and technology enhancements. The Company expects that the new guidance will result in an increase in its allowance for credit losses as a result of considering credit losses over the expected life of its loan portfolios. Increases in the level of allowances will reflect new requirements to include the nonaccretable principal difference on purchased credit impaired loans and estimated credit losses on investment securities classified as held-to-maturity, if any. The expected increase to the allowance for credit losses and the impact to the Company’s financial statements are still being determined. January 1, 2020 Early adoption permitted The amendments should be applied using a prospective transition method. The Company does not expect the guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements, unless at some point in the future one of its reporting units were to fail step 1 of the goodwill impairment test. Standard Description Standards Not Yet Adopted as of December 31, 2018 Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities The amended guidance requires the premium on callable debt securities to be amortized to the earliest call date. The amendments do not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized to maturity. The amended guidance replaces the current incurred loss model for determining the allowance for credit losses. The guidance requires financial assets measured at amortized cost to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses will represent a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial assets to present their net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected. The income statement will reflect the measurement of credit losses for newly recognized financial assets as well as expected increases or decreases of expected credit losses that have taken place during the period. When determining the allowance, expected credit losses over the contractual term of the financial asset(s) (taking into account prepayments) will be estimated considering relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectibility of the reported amount. The amended guidance also requires recording an allowance for credit losses for purchased financial assets with a more-than- insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination. The initial allowance for these assets will be added to the purchase price at acquisition rather than being reported as an expense. Subsequent changes in the allowance will be recorded through the income statement as an expense adjustment. In addition, the amended guidance requires credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities to be recorded through an allowance for credit losses. The calculation of credit losses for available-for-sale securities will be similar to how it is determined under existing guidance. The amended guidance eliminates step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment 190 Standard Description Standards Not Yet Adopted as of December 31, 2018 The amended guidance modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements. The amendments are a result of the disclosure framework project that focuses on improvements to the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements. The amendments remove, modify, and add certain disclosure requirements. The disclosure requirements being removed relating to public companies are (1) the amount and reason for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, (2) the policy for timing of transfers between levels, and (3) the valuation process for Level 3 fair value measurements. The disclosure requirements being modified relating to public companies are (1) for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value, an entity is required to disclose the timing of liquidation of an investee’s asset and the date when restrictions from redemption might lapse only if the investee has communicated the timing to the entity or announced the timing publicly, and (2) the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as a result of the use of unobservable inputs. The disclosure requirements being added relating to public companies are (1) to disclose the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements, and (2) to disclose the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The amended guidance requires a hosting arrangement that is a service contract to follow the guidance in Subtopic 350-40 to determine which implementation costs to capitalize and which costs to expense. Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract Required date of adoption January 1, 2020 Early adoption permitted Effect on consolidated financial statements The amendments relating to changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurements uncertainty should be applied prospectively. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively. The Company does not expect the guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. January 1, 2020 Early adoption permitted The amendments should be applied either retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. The Company is evaluating the impact that the guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements. 191 Required date of adoption January 1, 2020 Early adoption permitted Effect on consolidated financial statements The amendments should be applied retrospectively with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings at the beginning of the earliest period presented. The Company does not expect the guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. January 1, 2021 Early adoption permitted The amendments should be applied retrospectively. The Company does not expect the guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. Standard Description Standards Not Yet Adopted as of December 31, 2018 Improvements to Related Party Guidance for VIEs The amended guidance requires that indirect interests held through related parties in common control arrangements should be considered on a proportional basis for determining whether fees paid to decision makers and service providers are variable interests. Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans The amended guidance modifies the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. The amendments are a result of the disclosure framework project that focuses on improvements to the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements. The amendments remove and add certain disclosure requirements. The disclosure requirements being removed relating to public companies are (1) the amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year, (2) the amount and timing of plan assets expected to be returned to the employer, (3) the 2001 disclosure requirement relating to Japanese Welfare Pension Insurance Law, (4) related party disclosures about the amount of future annual benefits covered by insurance, and (5) the effects of a one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trends on the benefit cost and obligation. The disclosure requirements being added relating to public companies are (1) the weighted- average interest crediting rates for cash balance plans , and (2) an explanation of the reasons for significant gains and losses related to changes in the benefit obligation for the period. 192 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. (a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon their evaluation of the effectiveness of M&T’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act rules 13a- 15(e) and 15d-15(e)), René F. Jones, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, and Darren J. King, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that M&T’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2018. (b) Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting. Included under the heading “Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” at Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (c) Attestation report of the registered public accounting firm. Included under the heading “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” at Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (d) Changes in internal control over financial reporting. M&T regularly assesses the adequacy of its internal control over financial reporting and enhances its controls in response to internal control assessments and internal and external audit and regulatory recommendations. No changes in internal control over financial reporting have been identified in connection with the evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, M&T’s internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information. None. PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. The information required to be furnished pursuant to Items 401, 405, 406 and 407(c)(3), (d)(4) and (d)(5) of Regulation S-K will be included in M&T’s Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A on or about March 7, 2019 (the “2019 Proxy Statement”). The information concerning M&T’s directors will appear under the caption “NOMINEES FOR DIRECTOR” in the 2019 Proxy Statement. The information regarding compliance with Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act will appear under the caption “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in the 2019 Proxy Statement. The information concerning M&T’s Code of Ethics for CEO and Senior Financial Officers will appear under the caption “CORPORATE GOVERNANCE OF M&T BANK CORPORATION” in the 2019 Proxy Statement. The information regarding M&T’s Audit Committee will appear under the caption “CORPORATE GOVERNANCE OF M&T BANK CORPORATION.” Such information is incorporated herein by reference. The information concerning M&T’s executive officers is presented under the caption “Executive Officers of the Registrant” contained in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 193 Item 11. Executive Compensation. The information required to be furnished pursuant to Items 402 and 407 of Regulation S-K will appear under the captions “COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS,” “EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION,” “DIRECTOR COMPENSATION,” “NOMINATION, COMPENSATION AND GOVERNANCE COMMITTEE INTERLOCKS AND INSIDER PARTICIPATION,” and “NOMINATION, COMPENSATION AND GOVERNANCE COMMITTEE REPORT” in the 2019 Proxy Statement. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. The information required to be furnished pursuant to Item 403 of Regulation S-K will appear under the caption “STOCK OWNERSHIP INFORMATION” in the 2019 Proxy Statement. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. The information required to be furnished pursuant to Item 201(d) concerning equity compensation plans is presented under the caption “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities” contained in Part II, Item 5 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. The information required to be furnished pursuant to Items 404 and 407 of Regulation S-K will appear under the caption “TRANSACTIONS WITH DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS” and “CORPORATE GOVERNANCE OF M&T BANK CORPORATION” in the 2019 Proxy Statement. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services. The information required to be furnished by Item 9 of Schedule 14A will appear under the caption “PROPOSAL TO RATIFY THE APPOINTMENT OF PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS LLP AS THE INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM OF M&T BANK CORPORATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 2019” in the 2019 Proxy Statement. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules. (a) Financial statements and financial statement schedules filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. See Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Financial statement schedules are not required or are inapplicable, and therefore have been omitted. (b) Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K. The exhibits listed have been previously filed, are filed herewith or are incorporated herein by reference to other filings. 3.1 Restated Certificate of Incorporation of M&T Bank Corporation dated November 18, 2010. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 8-K dated November 19, 2010 (File No. 1-9861). 194 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.1 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 Amended and Restated Bylaws of M&T Bank Corporation, effective April 17, 2018. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Form 8-K dated April 20, 2018 (File No. 1- 9861). Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation with respect to Perpetual 6.875% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D, dated May 26, 2011. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of M&T Bank Corporation’s Form 8-K dated May 26, 2011 (File No. 1-9861). Certificate of Amendment to Restated Certificate of Incorporation of M&T Bank Corporation, dated April 19, 2013. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 8- K dated April 22, 2013 (File No. 1-9861). Certificate of Amendment to Restated Certificate of Incorporation of M&T Bank Corporation, dated February 11, 2014. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 8-K dated February 11, 2014 (File No. 1-9861). Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation with respect to Perpetual Fixed- to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F, dated October 27, 2016. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of M&T Bank Corporation’s Form 8-K dated October 28, 2016 (File No. 1-9861). There are no instruments with respect to long-term debt of M&T Bank Corporation and its subsidiaries that involve securities authorized under the instrument in an amount exceeding 10 percent of the total assets of M&T Bank Corporation and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. M&T Bank Corporation agrees to provide the SEC with a copy of instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of M&T Bank Corporation and its subsidiaries on request. M&T Bank Corporation Annual Executive Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.3 to the Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1998 (File No. 1- 9861).* Supplemental Deferred Compensation Agreement between Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company and Brian E. Hickey dated as of July 21, 1994, as amended. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation Supplemental Pension Plan, as amended and restated. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 (File No. 1-9861).* Amendment No. 1 to M&T Bank Corporation Supplemental Pension Plan. Filed herewith. Amendment No. 2 to M&T Bank Corporation Supplemental Pension Plan. Filed herewith. M&T Bank Corporation Supplemental Retirement Savings Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 (File No. 1-9861).* Amendment No. 1 to M&T Bank Corporation Supplemental Retirement Plan. Filed herewith. Amendment No. 2 to M&T Bank Corporation Supplemental Retirement Plan. Filed herewith. M&T Bank Corporation Deferred Bonus Plan, as amended and restated. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 (File No. 1-9861).* 195 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 11.1 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 M&T Bank Corporation 2008 Directors’ Stock Plan, as amended. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Form S-8 dated October 19, 2012 (File No. 333-184504).* M&T Bank Corporation Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012 (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation 2009 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan. Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Proxy Statement of M&T Bank Corporation dated March 5, 2015 (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation Form of Performance-Vested Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation Form of Performance-Vested Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (for named executive officers (“NEOs”) subject to Section 162 (m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time). Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014 (File No. 1- 9861).* Hudson City Bancorp, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the Form S-8 dated November 2, 2015 (File No. 333-184411).* Hudson City Bancorp, Inc. 2006 Stock Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to the Form S-8 dated November 2, 2015 (File No. 333-184411).* Statement re: Computation of Earnings Per Common Share. Incorporated by reference to note 14 of Notes to Financial Statements filed herewith in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Subsidiaries of the Registrant. Incorporated by reference to the caption “Subsidiaries” contained in Part I, Item 1 hereof. Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP re: Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 33-32044, 333-43175, 333-16077, 333-40640, 333-84384, 333-127406, 333-150122, 333- 164015, 333-163992, 333-160769, 333-159795, 333-170740, 333-189099, 333-184504, 333-189097 and 333-184411) and Form S-3 (No. 333-227644). Filed herewith. Certification of Chief Executive Officer under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith. Certification of Chief Financial Officer under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith. Certification of Chief Executive Officer under 18 U.S.C. §1350 pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith. Certification of Chief Financial Officer under 18 U.S.C. §1350 pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith. 196 101.INS XBRL Instance Document. Filed herewith. 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema. Filed herewith. 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase. Filed herewith. 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase. Filed herewith. 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase. Filed herewith. 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase. Filed herewith. * Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. (c) Additional financial statement schedules. None. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary. None. 197 Signatures Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on the 20th day of February, 2019. M&T BANK CORPORATION By: /S/ René F. Jones René F. Jones Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer February 20, 2019 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 20, 2019 Senior Vice President and Controller February 20, 2019 February 20, 2019 February 20, 2019 February 20, 2019 February 20, 2019 Principal Executive Officer: /S/ René F. Jones René F. Jones Principal Financial Officer: /S/ Darren J. King Darren J. King Principal Accounting Officer: /S/ Michael R. Spychala Michael R. Spychala A majority of the board of directors: /S/ Brent D. Baird Brent D. Baird /S/ C. Angela Bontempo C. Angela Bontempo /s/ Robert T. Brady Robert T. Brady /S/ T. Jefferson Cunningham III T. Jefferson Cunningham III 198 /s/ Gary N. Geisel Gary N. Geisel /S/ Richard S. Gold Richard S. Gold /S/ Richard A. Grossi Richard A. Grossi /S/ John D. Hawke, Jr. John D. Hawke, Jr. /S/ René F. Jones René F. Jones /S/ Richard H. Ledgett, Jr. Richard H. Ledgett, Jr. /S/ Newton P. S. Merrill Newton P. S. Merrill /S/ Kevin J. Pearson Kevin J. Pearson Melinda R. Rich /S/ Robert E. Sadler, Jr. Robert E. Sadler, Jr. /S/ Denis J. Salamone Denis J. Salamone /S/ John R. Scannell John R. Scannell /S/ David S. Scharfstein David S. Scharfstein /S/ Herbert L. Washington Herbert L. Washington February 20, 2019 February 20, 2019 February 20, 2019 February 20, 2019 February 20, 2019 February 20, 2019 February 20, 2019 February 20, 2019 February 20, 2019 February 20, 2019 February 20, 2019 February 20, 2019 February 20, 2019 199  D I R E C T S T O C K P U R C H A S E A plan is available to common shareholders and the general public whereby A N D D I V I D E N D shares of M&T Bank Corporation’s common stock may be purchased directly R E I N V E S T M E N T P L A N through the transfer agent noted below and common shareholders may also invest their dividends and voluntary cash payments in additional shares of M&T Bank Corporation’s common stock. I N Q U I R I E S Requests for information about the Direct Stock Purchase and Dividend Reinvestment Plan and questions about stock certificates, dividend checks, direct deposit of dividends or other account information should be addressed to M&T Bank Corporation’s transfer agent, registrar and dividend disbursing agent: (First Class, Registered and Certified Mail) (Overnight and Courier Mail) Computershare P.O. Box 505000 Computershare 462 South 4th Street Louisville, KY 40233-5000 Suite 1600 Louisville, KY 40202 866-293-3379 E-mail address: web.queries@computershare.com Internet address: www.computershare.com/mbnk Requests for additional copies of this publication or annual or quarterly reports filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC Forms 10-K and 10-Q), which are available at no charge, may be directed to: M&T Bank Corporation Shareholder Relations Department One M&T Plaza, 8th Floor Buffalo, NY 14203-2399 716-842-5138 E-mail address: ir@mtb.com All other general inquiries may be directed to: 716-635-4000 I N T E R N E T A D D R E S S www.mtb.com Q U O TAT I O N A N D T R A D I N G M&T Bank Corporation’s common stock is traded under the O F C O M M O N S T O C K symbol MTB on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). mtb.com SEC 10-K 10% COVER & NARRATIVE 

Continue reading text version or see original annual report in PDF format above