M&T Bank
Annual Report 2022

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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K ☒☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 or ☐☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission file number 1-9861 M&T BANK CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) New York (State of incorporation) One M&T Plaza, Buffalo, New York (Address of principal executive offices) 16-0968385 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 14203 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 716-635-4000 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Common Stock, $.50 par value Perpetual Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series H Trading Symbols MTB MTBPrH Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months, and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. ☒ Large accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Emerging growth company Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company ☐ ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ Aggregate market value of the Common Stock, $0.50 par value, held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing price as of the close of business on June 30, 2022: $27,304,085,267. Number of shares of the Common Stock, $0.50 par value, outstanding as of the close of business on February 17, 2023: 167,792,740 shares. Documents Incorporated By Reference: (1) Auditor Firm Id: Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders of M&T Bank Corporation in Parts II and III. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Auditor Location: Buffalo, NY, United States Auditor Name: 238 M&T BANK CORPORATION Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 CROSS-REFERENCE SHEET PART I Item 1. Business ............................................................................................................................................... Disclosure pursuant to subpart 1400 of Regulation S-K I. Distribution of assets, liabilities, and shareholders’ equity; interest rates and interest differential A. Average balance sheets.............................................................................................................. B. Interest income/expense and resulting yield or rate on average interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities ................................................................................. C. Rate/volume variances............................................................................................................... Investments in debt securities A. Maturity schedule and weighted average yield .................................................................... II. III. Loan portfolio A. Maturity schedule........................................................................................................................ IV. Allowance for credit losses A. Credit ratios .................................................................................................................................. Factors driving material changes in credit ratios or related components ....................... B. Allocation of the allowance for credit losses........................................................................ V. Deposits Form 10-K Page 1 63 63 23 94 92 75-79 74-84, 135, 139- 145 84, 139 A. Average balances and rates....................................................................................................... B. Uninsured and time deposits over $250,000......................................................................... Item 1A. Risk Factors ........................................................................................................................................ Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments ........................................................................................................... Item 2. Properties............................................................................................................................................. Item 3. Legal Proceedings ............................................................................................................................. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures .................................................................................................................. Executive Officers of the Registrant ............................................................................................. 63 70-71, 95 24 46 46 47 47 47 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities .................................................................................................. A. Principal market .......................................................................................................................... B. Approximate number of holders at year-end ........................................................................ C. Frequency and amount of dividends declared ...................................................................... D. Restrictions on dividends .......................................................................................................... E. Securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans ............................. F. Performance graph...................................................................................................................... G. Repurchases of common stock................................................................................................. Item 6. Selected Financial Data.................................................................................................................... Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ...................................................................................................................................... Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk ................................................ Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data .......................................................................... 51 51 21 22-23, 109, 121 8 51 52 53 53 53 111 111 A. Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting........................................................ B. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm ............................................. C. Consolidated Balance Sheet — December 31, 2022 and 2021 ........................................ D. Consolidated Statement of Income — Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020........................................................................................................................................... E. Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income — Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 ............................................................................................................. F. Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows — Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 .................................................................................................................................. G. Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity — Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 .................................................................................. H. Notes to Financial Statements.................................................................................................. I. Quarterly Trends ......................................................................................................................... Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure....................................................................................................................................... Item 9A. Controls and Procedures .................................................................................................................. A. Conclusions of principal executive officer and principal financial officer regarding disclosure controls and procedures .................................................................................... B. Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting .................... C. Attestation report of the registered public accounting firm .............................................. D. Changes in internal control over financial reporting .......................................................... Item 9B. Other Information.............................................................................................................................. Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections .................................. PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance....................................................... Item 11. Executive Compensation ................................................................................................................. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters ..................................................................................................................... Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.................... Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services ...................................................................................... PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules............................................................................... Item 16. Form 10-K Summary........................................................................................................................ SIGNATURES .................................................................................................................................................... 112 113 117 118 119 120 121 122 109 193 193 193 193 193 193 193 193 193 194 194 194 194 195 197 198 Item 1. Business. PART I M&T Bank Corporation (“Registrant” or “M&T”) is a New York business corporation which is registered as a financial holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (“BHCA”) and as a bank holding company (“BHC”) under Article III-A of the New York Banking Law (“Banking Law”). The principal executive offices of M&T are located at One M&T Plaza, Buffalo, New York 14203. M&T was incorporated in November 1969. M&T and its direct and indirect subsidiaries are collectively referred to herein as the “Company.” As of December 31, 2022, the Company had consolidated total assets of $200.7 billion, deposits of $163.5 billion and shareholders’ equity of $25.3 billion. The Company had 22,210 full-time and 598 part-time employees as of December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2022, M&T had two wholly owned bank subsidiaries: Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company (“M&T Bank”) and Wilmington Trust, National Association (“Wilmington Trust, N.A.”). The banks collectively offer a wide range of retail and commercial banking, trust and wealth management, and investment services to their customers. At December 31, 2022, M&T Bank represented over 99% of consolidated assets of the Company. On April 1, 2022, M&T completed the acquisition of People's United Financial, Inc. (“People’s United”). Through its subsidiaries, People's United provided commercial banking, retail banking and wealth management services to individual, corporate and municipal customers through a network of branches located in Connecticut, southeastern New York, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine. Following the acquisition, People's United Bank, National Association, a national banking association and a wholly owned subsidiary of People's United, merged with and into M&T Bank, with M&T Bank as the surviving entity. The acquisition of People's United expanded the Company's geographical footprint and management expects the Company will benefit from greater geographical diversity and the advantages of scale associated with being a larger company. The Company from time to time considers acquiring banks, thrift institutions, branch offices of banks or thrift institutions, or other businesses within markets currently served by the Company or in other locations that would complement the Company’s business or its geographic reach. The Company has pursued acquisition opportunities in the past, reviews different opportunities from time to time and intends to continue this practice. Subsidiaries M&T Bank is a banking corporation that is incorporated under the laws of the State of New York. M&T Bank is a member of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Home Loan Bank System, and its deposits are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) through its Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”) up to applicable limits. M&T acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of the capital stock of M&T Bank in December 1969. The stock of M&T Bank represents a major asset of M&T. M&T Bank operates under a charter granted by the State of New York in 1892, and the continuity of its banking business is traced to the organization of the Manufacturers and Traders Bank in 1856. The principal executive offices of M&T Bank are located at One M&T Plaza, Buffalo, New York 14203. As of December 31, 2022, M&T Bank had 1,010 domestic banking offices located in New York State, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia and a full-service commercial banking office in Ontario, Canada. As of December 31, 2022, M&T Bank had consolidated total assets of $200.3 billion, deposits of $166.0 billion and shareholder’s equity of $24.4 billion. As a commercial bank, M&T Bank offers a broad range of financial services to a diverse base of consumers, businesses, professional clients, governmental entities and financial institutions located in its markets. Lending is largely focused on consumers residing in areas where M&T Bank maintains banking offices, and on small and medium-size businesses based in those areas, although loans are originated 1 through offices in other states and in Ontario, Canada. In addition, the Company conducts lending activities in various states through other subsidiaries. Trust and other fiduciary services are offered by M&T Bank and through its wholly owned subsidiary, Wilmington Trust Company. M&T Bank and certain of its subsidiaries also offer commercial mortgage loans secured by income producing properties or properties used by borrowers in a trade or business. Additional financial services are provided through other operating subsidiaries of the Company. Wilmington Trust, N.A., a national banking association and a member of the Federal Reserve System and the FDIC, commenced operations on October 2, 1995. The deposit liabilities of Wilmington Trust, N.A. are insured by the FDIC through the DIF. The main office of Wilmington Trust, N.A. is located at 1100 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19890. Wilmington Trust, N.A. offers various trust and wealth management services. As of December 31, 2022, Wilmington Trust, N.A. had total assets of $692 million, deposits of $10 million and shareholder’s equity of $585 million. M&T Securities, Inc. (“M&T Securities”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of M&T that was incorporated as a New York business corporation in November 1985. M&T Securities is registered as a broker/dealer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. It provides institutional brokerage and securities services. As of December 31, 2022, M&T Securities had assets and shareholder's equity of $49 million. M&T Securities recorded $6 million of revenue during 2022. The headquarters of M&T Securities are located at One Light Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202. Wilmington Trust Investment Management, LLC (“WTIM”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of M&T and was incorporated in December 2001 as a Georgia limited liability company. WTIM is a registered investment advisor under the Investment Advisors Act and provides investment management services to clients, including certain private funds. As of December 31, 2022, WTIM had assets of $7 million and shareholder’s equity of $5 million. WTIM recorded revenues of $2 million in 2022. WTIM’s headquarters is located at Terminus 27th Floor, 3280 Peachtree Road N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30305. Wilmington Trust Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of M&T Bank, was incorporated as a Delaware bank and trust company in March 1901 and amended its charter in July 2011 to become a nondepository trust company. Wilmington Trust Company provides a variety of Delaware based trust, fiduciary and custodial services to its clients. As of December 31, 2022, Wilmington Trust Company had total assets of $1.2 billion and shareholder’s equity of $712 million. Revenues of Wilmington Trust Company were $138 million in 2022. The headquarters of Wilmington Trust Company are located at 1100 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19890. M&T Realty Capital Corporation (“M&T Realty Capital”), a wholly owned subsidiary of M&T Bank, was incorporated as a Maryland corporation in October 1973. M&T Realty Capital engages in multifamily commercial real estate lending and provides loan servicing to purchasers of the loans it originates. As of December 31, 2022, M&T Realty Capital serviced or sub-serviced $26.0 billion of commercial mortgage loans for non-affiliates and had assets of $932 million and shareholder’s equity of $179 million. M&T Realty Capital recorded revenues of $155 million in 2022. The headquarters of M&T Realty Capital are located at One Light Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202. Wilmington Trust Investment Advisors, Inc. (“WT Investment Advisors”), a wholly owned subsidiary of M&T Bank, was incorporated as a Maryland corporation on June 30, 1995. WT Investment Advisors, a registered investment advisor under the Investment Advisors Act, serves as an investment advisor to the Wilmington Funds, a family of proprietary mutual funds, and institutional clients. As of December 31, 2022, WT Investment Advisors had assets of $64 million and shareholder’s equity of $52 million. WT Investment Advisors recorded revenues of $42 million in 2022. The headquarters of WT Investment Advisors are located at 1100 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19890. 2 Wilmington Funds Management Corporation (“Wilmington Funds Management”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of M&T that was incorporated in September 1981 as a Delaware corporation. Wilmington Funds Management is registered as an investment advisor under the Investment Advisors Act and serves as an investment advisor to the Wilmington Funds. Wilmington Funds Management had assets of $35 million and shareholder's equity of $34 million as of December 31, 2022. Wilmington Funds Management recorded revenues of $24 million in 2022. The headquarters of Wilmington Funds Management are located at 1100 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19890. Following the acquisition of People’s United on April 1, 2022, M&T Bank's subsidiaries also include People's United Advisors, Inc. ("PUA"), a Connecticut corporation formed in 2018 that provides investment advisory services and financial management and planning services. As of December 31, 2022 PUA had assets and shareholder's equity of $11 million and $10 million, respectively. PUA recorded revenues of $23 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2022. Other subsidiaries of M&T Bank obtained in the People's United acquisition include entities that provide equipment leasing and financing services throughout the United States. Those subsidiaries are: LEAF Commercial Capital, Inc., a Delaware corporation incorporated in 2010, M&T Capital and Leasing Corp. (f/k/a People’s Capital and Leasing Corp.) a Connecticut corporation formed in 1997, and M&T Equipment Finance Corp. (f/k/a People’s United Equipment Finance Corp.), a Texas corporation formed in 1989. The combined assets and shareholders' equity of the three entities was $5.9 billion and $482 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022. The combined revenues of the equipment leasing and financing services subsidiaries were $280 million in the nine months following their acquisition on April 1, 2022. The Registrant and its banking subsidiaries have a number of other special-purpose or inactive subsidiaries. These other subsidiaries did not represent, individually and collectively, a significant portion of the Company’s consolidated assets, net income and shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2022. Segment Information, Principal Products/Services and Foreign Operations Information about the Registrant’s business segments is included in note 23 of Notes to Financial Statements filed herewith in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and is further discussed in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The Registrant’s reportable segments have been determined based upon its internal profitability reporting system, which is organized by strategic business unit. Certain strategic business units have been combined for segment information reporting purposes where the nature of the products and services, the type of customer and the distribution of those products and services are similar. The reportable segments are Business Banking, Commercial Banking, Commercial Real Estate, Discretionary Portfolio, Residential Mortgage Banking and Retail Banking. The Company’s international activities are discussed in note 18 of Notes to Financial Statements filed herewith in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” The only activities that, as a class, contributed 10% or more of the sum of consolidated interest income and other income in any of the last three years were interest on loans and, in 2021, trust income. The amount of income from such sources during those years is recorded in various business segments and is set forth in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income and Notes to Financial Statements filed herewith in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Supervision and Regulation of the Company M&T and its subsidiaries are subject to the comprehensive regulatory framework applicable to bank and financial holding companies and their subsidiaries. Regulation of financial institutions such as M&T and its subsidiaries is intended primarily for the protection of depositors, the FDIC’s DIF and 3 the banking and financial system as a whole, and generally is not intended for the protection of shareholders, investors or creditors other than insured depositors. Proposals to change the applicable regulatory framework may be introduced in the U.S. Congress and state legislatures, as well as by regulatory agencies. Such initiatives may include proposals to expand or contract the powers of bank holding companies and depository institutions or proposals to substantially change the financial institution regulatory system. Such legislation could change banking statutes and the operating environment of the Company in substantial and unpredictable ways. If enacted, such legislation could increase or decrease the cost of doing business, limit or expand permissible activities or affect the competitive balance among banks, savings associations, credit unions, and other financial institutions. A change in statutes, regulations or regulatory policies applicable to M&T or any of its subsidiaries could have a material effect on the business, financial condition or results of operations of the Company. Described hereafter are material elements of the significant federal and state laws and regulations applicable to M&T and its subsidiaries. Overview M&T is registered with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”) as a financial holding company and BHC under the BHCA. As such, M&T and its subsidiaries are subject to the supervision, examination, reporting, capital and other requirements of the BHCA and the regulations of the Federal Reserve. In addition, M&T’s banking subsidiaries are subject to regulation, supervision and examination by, as applicable, the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYSDFS”), the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”), the FDIC and the Federal Reserve, and their consumer financial products and services are regulated by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”). Further, financial services entities such as M&T’s investment advisor and broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), and the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”), among others. Other non-bank affiliates and activities, particularly insurance brokerage and agency activities, are subject to other federal and state laws and regulations as well as licensing and regulation by state insurance and bank regulatory agencies. Although the scope of regulation and the form of supervision may vary from state to state, insurance laws generally grant broad discretion to regulatory authorities in adopting regulations and supervising regulated activities. This supervision generally includes the licensing of insurance brokers and agents and the regulation of the handling of customer funds held in a fiduciary capacity as well as regulations requiring, among other things, maintenance of capital, record keeping, and reporting. M&T Bank is a New York chartered bank and a member of the Federal Reserve. As a result, it is subject to extensive regulation, examination and oversight by the NYSDFS and the Federal Reserve Bank ("FRB") of New York. New York laws and regulations govern many aspects of M&T Bank’s operations, including branching, dividends, subsidiary activities, fiduciary activities, lending, and deposit taking. M&T Bank is also subject to Federal Reserve regulations and guidance, including with respect to capital levels. Its deposits are insured by the FDIC, subject to certain limitations, which also exercises regulatory oversight over certain aspects of M&T Bank’s operations. Wilmington Trust, N.A. is a national bank with operations that include fiduciary and related activities with limited lending and deposit business. It is subject to extensive regulation, examination and oversight by the OCC which governs many aspects of its operations, including fiduciary activities, capital levels, office locations, dividends and subsidiary activities. Its deposits are insured by the FDIC, subject to certain limitations, which also exercises regulatory oversight over certain aspects of the operations of Wilmington Trust, N.A. 4 Certain other subsidiaries are subject to regulation by other federal and state regulators as well. For example, M&T Securities is regulated by the SEC, FINRA, SIPC, and state securities regulators, and WT Investment Advisors and PUA are also subject to SEC regulation. Permissible Activities under the BHC Act In general, the BHCA limits the business of a BHC to banking, managing or controlling banks, and other activities that the Federal Reserve has determined to be so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto. In addition, bank holding companies are obligated by a Federal Reserve policy to serve as a managerial and financial source of strength to their subsidiary depository institutions, including committing resources to support such subsidiaries. This support may be required at times when M&T may not be inclined or able to provide it. In addition, any capital loans by a BHC to a subsidiary bank are subordinate in right of payment to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of such subsidiary bank. In the event of a BHC’s bankruptcy, any commitment by the BHC to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to a priority of payment. Bank holding companies that qualify and elect to be financial holding companies may engage in any activity, or acquire and retain the shares of a company engaged in any activity, that is either (i) financial in nature or incidental to such financial activity (as determined by the Federal Reserve, by regulation or order, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury) or (ii) complementary to a financial activity and does not pose a substantial risk to the safety and soundness of depository institutions or the financial system generally (as solely determined by the Federal Reserve). Activities that are financial in nature include securities underwriting and dealing, insurance underwriting and merchant banking. M&T elected to become a financial holding company in March 2011. To maintain financial holding company status, a financial holding company and all of its depository institution subsidiaries must be “well capitalized” and “well managed.” The failure to meet such requirements could result in material restrictions on the activities of M&T and may also adversely affect M&T’s ability to enter into certain transactions, including acquisitions, or obtain necessary approvals in connection with those transactions, as well as loss of financial holding company status. Additionally, if each of the Company’s depository institution subsidiaries has not received at least a “satisfactory” rating on its most recent examination under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (the “CRA”), the Company would not be able to commence any new financial activities or acquire a company that engages in such activities, although it would still be allowed to engage in activities closely related to banking and make investments in the ordinary course of conducting banking activities. For a further discussion of the CRA, see the section captioned “Community Reinvestment Act” included herein. Enhanced Prudential Standards Under Section 165 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”), as amended by the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act of 2018 (“EGRRCPA”), U.S. bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of $100 billion or more, including M&T, are subject to enhanced prudential standards. The enhanced prudential standards include risk-based capital and leverage requirements, liquidity standards, risk management and risk committee requirements, stress test requirements and a debt-to-equity limit for companies that the Financial Stability Oversight Council has determined would pose a grave threat to systemic financial stability were they to fail such limits. “Tailoring Rules” adopted by the Federal Reserve and other federal bank regulators in 2019 assign each U.S. BHC with $100 billion or more in total consolidated assets, as well as its bank subsidiaries, to one of four categories based on its size and five other risk- based indicators: (i) cross-jurisdictional activity, (ii) weighted short-term wholesale funding, (iii) nonbank assets, (iv) off-balance sheet exposure, and (v) status as a U.S. global systemically important 5 BHC (“G-SIB”). Under the Tailoring Rules, M&T and its depository institution subsidiaries are subject to Category IV standards, which apply to banking organizations with at least $100 billion in total consolidated assets that do not meet any of the thresholds specified for Categories I through III. The threshold for Category III is $250 billion or more in total consolidated assets, or $100 billion or more in total consolidated assets and at least $75 billion in weighted short-term wholesale funding, nonbank assets or off-balance sheet exposures. Under the Tailoring Rules, Category IV firms, among other things, (i) are not subject to any Liquidity Coverage Ratio (“LCR”) or Net Stable Funding Ratio (“NSFR”) (or, in certain cases, are subject to reduced requirements), (ii) remain eligible to opt-out of the requirement to recognize most elements of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”) in regulatory capital, (iii) are no longer subject to company-run stress testing requirements, (iv) are subject to supervisory stress testing on at least a biennial basis rather than an annual basis, (v) are subject to requirements to develop and maintain a capital plan on an annual basis and (vi) are subject to certain liquidity risk management and risk committee requirements. The Federal Reserve may impose more stringent requirements (e.g. frequency of supervisory stress tests or capital plan submissions) based on a company’s financial condition, size, complexity, risk profile, scope of operations or activities, or risks to the U.S. economy. Category IV firms continue not to be subject to (i) advanced approaches capital requirements, (ii) the supplementary leverage ratio (“SLR”) and (iii) the countercyclical capital buffer (“CCyB”). Other elements of the Tailoring Rules are discussed in further detail throughout this section. Compared with Category IV firms, Category III firms are subject to the LCR and NSFR, company-run stress testing requirements, annual (instead of biennial) supervisory stress tests, the SLR and the CCyB. Capital Requirements M&T and its subsidiary banks are required to comply with applicable capital adequacy standards established by the federal banking agencies (the “Capital Rules”), which are based on the Basel Committee’s December 2010 final capital framework for strengthening international capital standards, referred to as “Basel III”. The Capital Rules include both risk-based requirements, which compare three measures of capital to risk-weighted assets (“RWAs”), as well as leverage requirements, which, in the case of Category IV bank holding companies such as M&T, consist of the Tier 1 leverage ratio described below. Pursuant to the Capital Rules, the minimum capital ratios are as follows: • • • • 4.5% Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (“CET1”) to RWAs; 6.0% Tier 1 capital (that is, CET1 plus Additional Tier 1 capital) to RWAs; 8.0% Total capital (that is, Tier 1 plus Tier 2 capital) to RWAs; and 4.0% Tier 1 capital to average consolidated assets (the “leverage ratio”). In calculating risk-based capital ratios, M&T must assign risk weights to the Company’s assets and off-balance sheet items. M&T has an ongoing process to review data elements associated with these exposures that from time to time may affect how specific exposures are classified and could lead to increases or decreases of the regulatory risk weights assigned to such exposures. The Capital Rules also require firms to maintain a “buffer,” consisting solely of CET1 capital, in addition to the minimum risk-based requirements. Failure to satisfy the buffer requirement in full results in graduated constraints on capital distributions and discretionary executive compensation. The severity of the constraints depends on the amount of the shortfall and the firm’s “eligible retained income,” defined as the greater of (i) net income for the four preceding quarters net of distributions and associated tax effects not reflected in net income and (ii) the average of net income over the preceding four quarters. As a Category IV BHC, M&T’s buffer requirement, referred to as the “Stress Capital Buffer,” is determined through the Federal Reserve’s supervisory stress tests, discussed below. For M&T’s bank 6 subsidiaries, the buffer requirement consists of the static capital conservation buffer equal to 2.5% of RWAs. CET1 consists of common stock instruments that meet the eligibility criteria in the Capital Rules, including common stock and related surplus, net of treasury stock, retained earnings, certain minority interests and, for certain firms, AOCI. As permitted under the Capital Rules, M&T made a one-time permanent election to neutralize certain AOCI components, with the result that those components are not recognized in M&T’s CET1. The Capital Rules provide for a number of deductions from and adjustments to CET1. As a “non- advanced approaches” firm under the Capital Rules, M&T is subject to rules that provide for simplified capital requirements relating to the threshold deductions for mortgage servicing assets, deferred tax assets arising from temporary differences that a banking organization could not realize through net operating loss carry backs, and investments in the capital of unconsolidated financial institutions, as well as the inclusion of minority interests in regulatory capital. M&T’s and its subsidiary banks’ regulatory capital ratios are presented in note 24 of Notes to Financial Statements filed herewith in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” In December 2017, the Basel Committee published standards that it described as the finalization of the Basel III post-crisis regulatory reforms. Among other things, these standards revise the Basel Committee’s standardized approach for credit risk (including by recalibrating risk weights and introducing new capital requirements for certain “unconditionally cancellable commitments,” such as unused credit card lines of credit) and provide a new standardized approach for operational risk capital. The federal bank regulators have not yet proposed rules implementing these standards. Under the current U.S. capital rules, operational risk capital requirements and a capital floor apply only to advanced approaches institutions, and not to the Company. The impact of these standards will depend on the manner in which they are implemented by the federal banking regulators. Stress Testing and Stress Capital Buffer As part of the enhanced prudential requirements applicable to systemically important financial institutions, the Federal Reserve conducts periodic analyses of bank holding companies with at least $100 billion in total consolidated assets using baseline and severely adverse economic and financial scenarios generated by the Federal Reserve. For Category IV firms, such as M&T, these supervisory stress tests occur on a biennial basis, in even-numbered years. The Federal Reserve may also use additional components in the severely adverse scenario or additional or more complex scenarios designed to capture salient risks to specific business groups. A summary of results of the Federal Reserve’s analysis under the severely adverse stress scenario is publicly disclosed. Under the Tailoring Rules, Category IV firms, including M&T, are no longer subject to company-run stress testing requirements. Bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of $100 billion or more, including Category IV bank holding companies such as M&T, must annually submit capital plans as part of the Federal Reserve’s process. The comprehensive capital plans include a view of capital adequacy under various scenarios — including a BHC-defined baseline scenario, a baseline scenario provided by the Federal Reserve, at least one BHC-defined stress scenario, and any severely adverse scenario provided by the Federal Reserve. The process is intended to help ensure that these bank holding companies have robust, forward-looking capital planning processes that account for each company’s unique risks and that permit continued operations during times of economic and financial stress. Each of the bank holding companies participating in the process is also required to collect and report certain related data to the Federal Reserve on a regular basis. The Stress Capital Buffer is based on a BHC’s stressed losses in the supervisory stress test, plus four quarters of planned common stock dividends, subject to a floor of 2.5% of RWAs. In June 2022, the Federal Reserve released the results of its most recent supervisory stress tests. Based on those results, on October 1, 2022, M&T's stress capital buffer of 4.7% became 7 effective. Accordingly, it currently is subject to a CET1 capital requirement of 9.2% (a sum of the Stress Capital Buffer and the minimum CET1 capital ratio). In January 2021, the Federal Reserve issued a final rule to align its process with the categories set forth in the Tailoring Rules. Under the final rule, for Category IV firms, the portion of the Stress Capital Buffer based on the Federal Reserve’s supervisory stress tests will be calculated biennially, in even-numbered years. During a year in which a Category IV firm does not undergo a supervisory stress test, the firm will receive an updated Stress Capital Buffer that reflects the firm’s updated planned common stock dividends. A Category IV firm is also able to elect to participate in the supervisory stress test in a year in which the firm would not normally be subject to the supervisory stress test and consequently receive an updated Stress Capital Buffer. The Federal Reserve may impose more stringent requirements (e.g., frequency of supervisory stress tests or capital plan submissions) based on various factors. In connection with the acquisition of People's United, M&T will be required to participate in the 2023 supervisory stress test and receive an updated Stress Capital Buffer. The Federal Reserve also incorporates an assessment of the qualitative aspects of the firm’s capital planning process into regular, ongoing supervisory activities and through targeted, horizontal assessments of particular aspects of capital planning. M&T’s annual capital plan is currently due in April each year. The Federal Reserve publishes the results of its supervisory stress tests by June 30 of each year. A BHC’s planned capital distributions in its annual capital plan submissions must be consistent with any effective distribution limitations that would apply under the firm’s own baseline projections, including its Stress Capital Buffer. Distributions M&T is a legal entity separate and distinct from its banking and other subsidiaries. Historically, the majority of M&T’s revenue has been from dividends paid to M&T by its subsidiary banks. M&T Bank and Wilmington Trust, N.A. are subject to laws and regulations imposing restrictions on the amount of dividends they may declare and pay. Future dividend payments to M&T by its subsidiary banks will be dependent on a number of factors, including the earnings and financial condition of each such bank, and are subject to the limitations referred to in note 24 of Notes to Financial Statements filed herewith in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” and to other statutory powers of bank regulatory agencies. An insured depository institution is prohibited from making any capital distribution to its owner, including any dividend, if, after making such distribution, the depository institution fails to meet the required minimum level for any relevant capital measure, including the risk-based capital adequacy and leverage standards discussed herein. Dividend payments by M&T to its shareholders and common stock repurchases by M&T are subject to the oversight of the Federal Reserve. M&T’s ability to make capital distributions would likely be impacted in the event that M&T fails to maintain its Stress Capital Buffer above its minimum CET1 risk-based, Tier-1 risk-based and total risk-based capital requirements. In addition, the Federal Reserve’s capital plan rule also provides that a BHC must receive prior approval for any dividend, stock repurchase, or other capital distribution, other than a capital distribution on a newly issued capital instrument, if the BHC is required to resubmit its capital plan. Among other circumstances, a firm may be required to resubmit its capital plan in connection with certain acquisitions or dispositions. Liquidity Under the Tailoring Rules, as a Category IV firm, the Company is not subject to the Federal Reserve and other federal banking regulators rules that implement a U.S. version of the Basel Committee’s LCR requirement, which is intended to ensure that banks hold sufficient amounts of so-called “high 8 quality liquid assets” (“HQLA”) to cover the anticipated net cash outflows during a hypothetical acute 30-day stress scenario or the NSFR, which is designed to promote more medium- and long-term funding of the assets and activities of banks over a one-year time horizon. The Federal Reserve’s enhanced prudential standards, however, require the Company, as a BHC with $100 billion or more in total consolidated assets, to comply with enhanced liquidity and overall risk management standards, which include maintaining a level of highly liquid assets based on projected funding needs for 30 days, and increased involvement by boards of directors in liquidity and overall risk management. Under the Tailoring Rules, the liquidity risk management and reporting requirements are less stringent for Category IV bank holding companies as compared with bank holding companies in a different Category. Cross Guaranty Provision The cross guaranty provisions in the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (“FDIA”) require each insured depository institution owned by the same BHC to be financially responsible for the failure or resolution costs of any affiliated insured institution. Generally, the amount of the cross guaranty liability is equal to the estimated loss to the DIF for the resolution of the affiliated institution(s) in default. The FDIC’s claim under the cross guaranty provision is superior to claims of shareholders of the insured depository institution or its BHC and to most claims arising out of obligations or liabilities owed to affiliates of the institution, but is subordinate to claims of depositors, secured creditors and holders of subordinated debt (other than affiliates) of the commonly controlled insured depository institution. The FDIC may decline to enforce the cross guaranty provision if it determines that a waiver is in the best interest of the DIF. Volcker Rule The Volcker Rule limits proprietary trading and investing in and sponsoring certain hedge funds and private equity funds (defined as “covered funds” in the Volcker Rule). The Company does not engage in any significant amount of proprietary trading as defined in the Volcker Rule and implemented the required procedures for those areas in which trading does occur. In addition, the Company does not engage in any significant covered fund activities that are impacted by the Volcker Rule. internal audit information systems, relating to internal controls, Safety and Soundness Standards Guidelines adopted by the federal bank regulatory agencies pursuant to the FDIA establish general standards loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, compensation, fees and benefits. In general, these guidelines require, among other things, appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage the risk and exposures specified in the guidelines. Additionally, the agencies adopted regulations that authorize, but do not require, an agency to order an institution that has been given notice by an agency that it is not satisfying any of such safety and soundness standards to submit a compliance plan. If, after being so notified, an institution fails to submit an acceptable compliance plan or fails in any material respect to implement an acceptable compliance plan, the agency must issue an order directing action to correct the deficiency and may issue an order directing other actions of the types to which an undercapitalized institution is subject. If an institution fails to comply with such an order, the agency may seek to enforce such order in judicial proceedings and to impose civil money penalties. systems, Limits on Undercapitalized Depository Institutions The FDIA establishes a system of regulatory remedies to resolve the problems of undercapitalized institutions, referred to as the prompt corrective action. The federal banking regulators have established five capital categories (“well-capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly 9 undercapitalized” and “critically undercapitalized”) and must take certain mandatory supervisory actions, and are authorized to take other discretionary actions, with respect to institutions which are undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized or critically undercapitalized. The severity of these mandatory and discretionary supervisory actions depends upon the capital category in which the institution is placed. The federal banking regulators have specified by regulation the relevant capital levels for each category. The FDIA’s prompt corrective action provisions only apply to depository institutions and not to bank holding companies. The Federal Reserve’s regulations applicable to bank holding companies separately define “well capitalized.” A financial holding company that is not well- capitalized and well-managed (or whose bank subsidiaries are not well capitalized and well managed) under applicable prompt corrective action standards may be restricted in certain of its activities and ultimately may lose financial holding company status. Under existing rules, a depository institution is deemed to be “well capitalized” if it has (i) a CET1 ratio of at least 6.5%, (ii) a Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 8%, (iii) a Total capital ratio of at least 10%, and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5%. An institution that is categorized as undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized or critically undercapitalized is required to submit an acceptable capital restoration plan to its appropriate federal banking regulator. Under the FDIA, in order for the capital restoration plan to be accepted by the appropriate federal banking agency, a BHC must guarantee that a subsidiary depository institution will comply with its capital restoration plan, subject to certain limitations. The BHC must also provide appropriate assurances of performance. An undercapitalized institution is also generally prohibited from increasing its average total assets, accepting brokered deposits or offering interest rates on any deposits significantly higher than prevailing market rates, making acquisitions, establishing any branches or engaging in any new line of business, except in accordance with an accepted capital restoration plan or with the approval of the FDIC. Institutions that are significantly undercapitalized or undercapitalized and either fail to submit an acceptable capital restoration plan or fail to implement an approved capital restoration plan may be subject to a number of requirements and restrictions, including orders to sell sufficient voting stock to become adequately capitalized, requirements to reduce total assets and cessation of receipt of deposits from correspondent banks. Critically undercapitalized depository institutions failing to submit or implement an acceptable capital restoration plan are subject to appointment of a receiver or conservator. Transactions with Affiliates There are various legal restrictions on the extent to which M&T and its non-bank subsidiaries or affiliates (including M&T Realty Capital, M&T Securities, WT Investment Advisors and PUA) may borrow or otherwise obtain funding from M&T Bank and Wilmington Trust, N.A. In general, Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and Federal Reserve Regulation W require that any “covered transaction” by M&T Bank and Wilmington Trust, N.A. (or any of their respective subsidiaries) with an affiliate must in certain cases be secured by designated amounts of specified collateral and must be limited as follows: (i) in the case of any single such affiliate, the aggregate amount of covered transactions of the insured depository institution and its subsidiaries may not exceed 10% of the capital stock and surplus of such insured depository institution, and (ii) in the case of all affiliates, the aggregate amount of covered transactions of an insured depository institution and its subsidiaries may not exceed 20% of the capital stock and surplus of such insured depository institution. “Covered transactions” are defined by statute to include, among other things, a loan or extension of credit, as well as a purchase of securities issued by an affiliate, a purchase of assets (unless otherwise exempted by the Federal Reserve) from the affiliate, certain derivative transactions that create a credit exposure to an affiliate, the acceptance of securities issued by the affiliate as collateral for a loan, and the issuance of a guarantee, acceptance or letter of credit on behalf of an affiliate. All covered transactions, including certain additional transactions (such as transactions with a third party in which an affiliate has a financial interest), must be conducted on terms and under circumstances including credit standards, (i) 10 that are substantially the same, or at least as favorable to such bank or its subsidiary, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with or involving other nonaffiliated companies, or in the absence of comparable transactions, (ii) that in good faith would be offered to, or would apply to, nonaffiliated companies. FDIC Insurance Assessments M&T Bank and Wilmington Trust, N.A. deposits are insured by the DIF of the FDIC up to the limits set forth under applicable law. The FDIC imposes a risk-based premium assessment system that determines assessment rates for financial institutions. Deposit insurance assessments are based on average total assets minus average tangible equity. For larger institutions, such as M&T Bank, the FDIC uses a performance score and a loss-severity score that are used to calculate an initial assessment rate. In calculating these scores, the FDIC uses a bank’s capital level and supervisory ratings and certain financial measures to assess an institution’s ability to withstand asset-related stress and funding- related stress. The FDIC has the ability to make discretionary adjustments to the total score based upon significant risk factors that are not adequately captured in the calculations. Under the current system, premiums are assessed quarterly. Under the FDIA, insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. On October 18, 2022, the FDIC finalized a rule that would increase initial base deposit insurance assessment rates by 2 basis points, beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. The FDIC, as required under the FDIA, established a plan in September 2020 to restore the DIF reserve ratio to meet or exceed the statutory minimum of 1.35 percent within eight years. The increased assessment is intended to improve the likelihood that the DIF reserve ratio would reach the required minimum by the statutory deadline of September 30, 2028. Acquisitions Federal and state laws impose notice and approval requirements for mergers and acquisitions involving depository institutions or bank holding companies. For example, the BHCA requires every BHC to obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve before: (i) it may acquire direct or indirect ownership or control of any voting shares of any bank or savings institution, if after such acquisition, the BHC will directly or indirectly own or control 5% or more of the voting shares of the institution; (ii) it or any of its subsidiaries, other than a bank, may acquire all or substantially all of the assets of any bank or savings institution; or (iii) it may merge or consolidate with any other BHC. In addition, financial holding companies are required to obtain prior approval from the Federal Reserve before acquiring certain nonbank financial companies with assets exceeding $10 billion. The BHCA further provides that the Federal Reserve may not approve any transaction that would result in a monopoly or would be in furtherance of any combination or conspiracy to monopolize or attempt to monopolize the business of banking in any section of the United States, or the effect of which may be substantially to lessen competition or to tend to create a monopoly in any section of the country, or that in any other manner would be in restraint of trade, unless the anticompetitive effects of the proposed transaction are clearly outweighed by the public interest in meeting the convenience and needs of the community to be served. The Federal Reserve is also required to consider the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the bank holding companies and banks concerned and the convenience and needs of the community to be served. Consideration of financial resources generally focuses on capital adequacy and consideration of convenience and needs issues and includes the parties’ performance under the CRA and compliance with laws, especially consumer protection laws. When evaluating a transaction, the Federal Reserve must also take into account the institutions’ 11 effectiveness in combating money laundering and consider the extent to which the transaction would result in greater or more concentrated risks to the stability of the United States banking or financial system. Executive and Incentive Compensation Guidelines adopted by several federal banking agencies prohibit excessive compensation as an unsafe and unsound practice and describe compensation as “excessive” when the amounts paid are unreasonable or disproportionate to the services performed by an executive officer, employee, director or principal stockholder. The Federal Reserve issued comprehensive guidance on incentive compensation policies (the “Incentive Compensation Guidance”) intended to ensure that the incentive compensation policies of banking organizations do not undermine the safety and soundness of such organizations by encouraging excessive risk-taking. The Incentive Compensation Guidance, which covers all employees that have the ability to materially affect the risk profile of an organization, either individually or as part of a group, is based upon the key principles that a banking organization’s incentive compensation arrangements should (i) provide incentives that do not encourage risk-taking beyond the organization’s ability to effectively identify and manage risks, (ii) be compatible with effective internal controls and risk management and (iii) be supported by strong corporate governance, including active and effective oversight by the organization’s board of directors. These three principles are incorporated into the proposed joint compensation regulations under the Dodd-Frank Act noted below. Any deficiencies in compensation practices that are identified may be incorporated into the organization’s supervisory ratings, which can affect its ability to make acquisitions or perform other actions. The Incentive Compensation Guidance states that enforcement actions may be taken against a banking organization if its incentive compensation arrangements or related risk-management control or governance processes pose a risk to the organization’s safety and soundness and the organization is not taking prompt and effective measures to correct the deficiencies. The Dodd-Frank Act requires the federal bank regulatory agencies and the SEC to establish joint regulations or guidelines prohibiting incentive-based payment arrangements at specified regulated entities having at least $1 billion in total assets, such as M&T and M&T Bank. The agencies proposed rules to implement this requirement but these proposed rules have not been finalized. In October 2022, the SEC adopted a final rule directing national securities exchanges and associations, including the New York Stock Exchange, to require policies mandating the recovery or “clawback” of excess incentive-based compensation earned by a current or former executive officer during the three fiscal years preceding a required accounting restatement, including to correct an error that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period. The excess compensation would be based on the amount the executive officer would have received had the incentive-based compensation been determined using the restated financials. The final rule requires the exchanges to propose conforming listing standards by February 26, 2023 and requires the standards to become effective no later than November 28, 2023. Each listed issuer, which includes M&T as a listed issuer on the New York Stock Exchange, would then be required to adopt a clawback policy within 60 days after its exchange’s listing standard has become effective. M&T will work to implement these new requirements as the rule becomes effective. In addition, the NYSDFS issued guidance emphasizing that its regulated banking institutions, including M&T Bank, must ensure that any incentive compensation arrangements tied to employee performance indicators are subject to effective risk management, oversight and control. Resolution Planning Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, as amended by EGRRCPA, certain bank holding companies are required to report periodically to the Federal Reserve and the FDIC a resolution plan for their rapid and orderly resolution in the event of material financial distress or failure. In late 2019, the Federal 12 Reserve and FDIC issued modified rules that, among other things, adjusted the review cycles and applicability of the agencies’ resolution planning requirements. Under these rules, Category IV firms such as M&T are not required to submit resolution plans. The FDIC has separately required insured depository institutions (“IDIs”) with $50 billion or more in total assets, such as M&T Bank, to submit to the FDIC periodic plans for resolution in the event of the institution’s failure. In January 2021, the FDIC lifted its existing moratorium on resolution plans, resuming the requirement for resolution plan submissions for IDIs with $100 billion or more in assets. The FDIC also announced its intention to engage in targeted engagement and capabilities testing related to resolution planning with select firms, for which M&T Bank most recently participated during 2021. In June 2021, the FDIC issued a Statement on Resolution Plans for IDI’s, which, among other things, provides general information regarding the content that filers are expected to prepare and extends the submission frequency for specified IDI’s to a three-year resolution plan filing cycle. Pursuant to this filing cycle, M&T Bank submitted its most recent resolution plan to the FDIC in November 2022. Insolvency of an Insured Depository Institution or a Bank Holding Company If the FDIC is appointed as conservator or receiver for an insured depository institution such as M&T Bank or Wilmington Trust, N.A., upon its insolvency or in certain other events without limitation, the FDIC has the power: • • • to transfer any of the depository institution’s assets and liabilities to a new depository institution, including a newly formed “bridge” bank without the approval of the insolvent depository institution’s creditors or equity holders; to enforce the terms of the depository institution’s contracts pursuant to their terms without regard to any provisions triggered by the appointment of the FDIC in that capacity; or to repudiate or disaffirm any contract or lease to which the depository institution is a party, the performance of which is determined by the FDIC to be burdensome and the disaffirmance or repudiation of which is determined by the FDIC to promote the orderly administration of the depository institution. In addition, under federal law, the claims of holders of domestic deposit liabilities and certain claims for administrative expenses against an insured depository institution would be afforded a priority over other general unsecured claims against such an institution, including claims of debt holders of the institution, in the “liquidation or other resolution” of such an institution by any receiver. As a result, whether or not the FDIC ever sought to repudiate any debt obligations of M&T Bank or Wilmington Trust, N.A., the debt holders would be treated differently from, and could receive, if anything, substantially less than, the depositors of the bank. The Dodd-Frank Act created a new resolution regime (known as “orderly liquidation authority”) for systemically important financial companies, including bank holding companies and their affiliates. Under the orderly liquidation authority, the FDIC may be appointed as receiver for the systemically important institution, and its failed subsidiaries, for purposes of liquidating the entity if, among other conditions, it is determined at the time of the institution’s failure that it is in default or in danger of default and the failure poses a risk to the stability of the U.S. financial system. If the FDIC is appointed as receiver under the orderly liquidation authority, then the powers of the receiver, and the rights and obligations of creditors and other parties who have dealt with the institution, would be determined under the Dodd-Frank Act provisions, and not under the insolvency law that would otherwise apply. The powers of the receiver under the orderly liquidation authority were based on the powers of the FDIC as receiver for depository institutions under the FDIA. However, the provisions governing the rights of creditors under the orderly liquidation authority were modified 13 in certain respects to reduce disparities with the treatment of creditors’ claims under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code as compared with the treatment of those claims under the new authority. Nonetheless, substantial differences in the rights of creditors exist as between these two regimes, including the right of the FDIC to disregard the strict priority of creditor claims in some circumstances, the use of an administrative claims procedure to determine creditors’ claims (as opposed to the judicial procedure utilized in bankruptcy proceedings), and the right of the FDIC to transfer claims to a “bridge” entity. An orderly liquidation fund will fund such liquidation proceedings through borrowings from the Treasury Department and risk-based assessments made, first, on entities that received more in the resolution than they would have received in liquidation to the extent of such excess, and second, if necessary, on bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of $50 billion or more, such as M&T. If an orderly liquidation is triggered, M&T could face assessments for the orderly liquidation fund. The FDIC has developed a strategy under the orderly liquidation authority referred to as the “single point of entry” strategy, under which the FDIC would resolve a failed financial holding company by transferring its assets (including shares of its operating subsidiaries) and, potentially, very limited liabilities to a “bridge” holding company; utilize the resources of the failed financial holding company to recapitalize the operating subsidiaries; and satisfy the claims of unsecured creditors of the failed financial holding company and other claimants in the receivership by delivering securities of one or more new financial companies that would emerge from the bridge holding company. Under this strategy, management of the failed financial holding company would be replaced and shareholders and creditors of the failed financial holding company would bear the losses resulting from the failure. Depositor Preference law, depositors and certain claims for administrative expenses and employee Under federal compensation against an insured depository institution would be afforded a priority over other general unsecured claims against such an institution in the “liquidation or other resolution” of such an institution by any receiver. If an insured depository institution fails, insured and uninsured depositors, along with the FDIC, will have priority in payment ahead of unsecured, non-deposit creditors, including depositors whose deposits are payable only outside of the United States and the parent BHC, with respect to any extensions of credit they have made to such insured depository institution. Financial Privacy and Cyber Security The federal banking regulators have adopted rules that limit the ability of banks and other financial institutions to disclose non-public and personally identifiable information about consumers to non- affiliated third parties. These limitations require disclosure of privacy policies to consumers and, in some circumstances, allow consumers to prevent disclosure of certain personal information to a non- affiliated third party. These regulations affect how consumer information is transmitted through diversified financial companies and conveyed to outside vendors. In addition, consumers may also prevent disclosure of certain information among affiliated companies that is assembled or used to determine eligibility for a product or service, such as that shown on consumer credit reports and asset and income information from applications. Consumers also have the option to direct banks and other financial institutions not to share information about transactions and experiences with affiliated companies for the purpose of marketing products or services. Federal law makes it a criminal offense, except in limited circumstances, to obtain or attempt to obtain customer information of a financial nature by fraudulent or deceptive means. In November 2021, the federal banking agencies issued a final rule requiring banking organizations to notify their primary regulator as soon as possible and within 36 hours of determining that a “notification incident” has occurred. A notification incident is a “computer-security incident” that has materially disrupted or degraded, or is reasonably likely to materially disrupt or degrade, the 14 banking organization’s ability to deliver services to a material portion of its customer base, jeopardize the viability of key operations of the banking organization, or impact the stability of the financial sector. The final rule also requires specific and immediate notifications by bank service providers that become aware of similar incidents. The rule was effective April 1, 2022, with compliance required by May 1, 2022. Financial institutions regulated by the NYSDFS, including M&T Bank, are also subject to NYSDFS regulations on cybersecurity matters, including, among other things, requirements to (i) establish and maintain a cyber security program designed to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of their information systems, (ii) implement and maintain a written cyber security policy setting forth policies and procedures for the protection of their information systems and nonpublic information and (iii) designate a Chief Information Security Officer. On November 9, 2022, the NYSDFS released proposed amendments to its cybersecurity regulations that represent a significant update to the regulation of cybersecurity practices. The amendments generally fall within the following five categories: (i) increased mandatory controls associated with common attack vectors, (ii) enhanced requirements for privileged accounts, (iii) enhanced notification obligations, (iv) expansion of cyber governance practices and (v) additional cybersecurity requirements for larger companies. Most amendments as proposed would become effective within 180 days of adoption. In March 2022, the SEC proposed new rules that would require registrants, such as M&T, to (i) report material cybersecurity incidents on Form 8-K, (ii) include updated disclosure in Forms 10-K and 10-Q of previously disclosed cybersecurity incidents and disclose previously undisclosed individually immaterial incidents when a determination is made that they have become material on an aggregated basis, (iii) disclose cybersecurity policies and procedures and governance practices, including at the board and management levels in Form 10-K and (iv) disclose the board of directors’ cybersecurity expertise. Many states and regulators have been increasingly active in implementing privacy and cybersecurity standards and regulations, including implementing or modifying their data breach notification and data privacy requirements. One example of recent state legislation is the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which became effective on January 1, 2020 and applies to for-profit businesses that conduct business in California and meet certain revenue or data collection thresholds. November 2020 amendments expanding the scope of and requirements under the CCPA generally became effective on January 1, 2023. Consumer Protection Laws and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Supervision In connection with their respective lending and leasing activities, M&T Bank, Wilmington Trust, N.A. and certain of their subsidiaries, are each subject to a number of federal and state laws designed to protect consumers and promote lending to various sectors of the economy. Such laws include: the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, the Gramm-Leach Bliley Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Military Lending Act, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, and various state law counterparts. Furthermore, the CFPB has issued integrated disclosure requirements under the Truth in Lending Act and the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act that relate to the provision of disclosures to consumers. There are also consumer protection laws governing deposit taking activities (e.g. the Expedited Funds Availability Act and the Truth in Savings Act), as well as securities and insurance laws governing certain aspects of the Company’s consolidated operations. The CFPB has broad powers to supervise and enforce most federal consumer protection laws. The CFPB has broad rule-making authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws that apply to 15 all banks and savings institutions, including the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts and practices which violate the Consumer Financial Protection Act. The CFPB has examination and enforcement authority over all banks and savings institutions with more than $10 billion in assets, including M&T Bank. In addition, federal law permits states to adopt consumer protection laws and standards that are more stringent than those adopted at the federal level and, in certain circumstances, permits state attorneys general to enforce compliance with both the state and federal laws and regulations. Community Reinvestment Act The CRA is intended to encourage depository institutions to help meet the credit needs of the communities in which they operate, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with safe and sound operations. CRA examinations are conducted by the federal agencies that are responsible for supervising the relevant depository institutions: the Federal Reserve, the FDIC and the OCC. For purposes of the CRA, M&T is regulated by the Federal Reserve. A financial institution’s performance in helping to meet the credit needs of its community is evaluated in the context of information about the institution (capacity, constraints and business strategies), its community (demographic and economic data, lending, investment, and service opportunities), and its competitors and peers. Upon completion of a CRA examination, an overall CRA Rating is assigned using a four- tiered rating system. These ratings are: “Outstanding,” “Satisfactory,” “Needs to Improve” and “Substantial Noncompliance.” The CRA evaluation is used in evaluating applications for future approval of bank activities including mergers, acquisitions, charters, branch openings and deposit facilities. An unsatisfactory CRA evaluation could result in the delay or denial of acquisition or merger applications, among other activities. M&T Bank has a current rating of “Outstanding.” M&T Bank is also subject to New York State CRA examination and is assessed using a 1 to 4 scoring system. M&T Bank currently has a rating of 1, or “Outstanding” from the NYSDFS. Wilmington Trust, N.A. has been designated a special purpose trust company since March 3, 2016, and is therefore exempt from the requirements of the CRA. In May 2022, the OCC, the Federal Reserve, and the FDIC jointly issued a proposed rule to modernize Federal banking regulators’ regulations implementing the CRA. The proposed rule would adjust CRA evaluations based on bank size and type, with many of the proposed changes applying only to banks with over $2 billion in assets and several applying only to banks with over $10 billion in assets, such as M&T. The effects on the Company of any potential change to the CRA rules will depend on the final form of any Federal Reserve rulemaking. Bank Secrecy Act Regulation and Anti-Money Laundering Obligations Federal laws and regulations impose obligations on U.S. financial institutions, including banks and broker/dealer subsidiaries, to implement and maintain appropriate policies, procedures and controls which are reasonably designed to prevent, detect and report instances of money laundering and the financing of terrorism and to verify the identity of their customers. These provisions also require the federal financial institution regulatory agencies to consider the effectiveness of a financial institution’s anti-money laundering activities when reviewing bank mergers and BHC acquisitions. Failure of a financial institution to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could have serious legal and reputational consequences for the institution, including the denial by federal regulators of proposed merger, acquisition, restructuring or other expansionary activity. The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”), which drafts regulations implementing the USA PATRIOT Act and other anti-money laundering and Bank Secrecy Act legislation, has adopted rules that require financial institutions to, among other things, obtain beneficial ownership information with respect to legal entities with which such institutions conduct business, subject to certain exclusions and exemptions. Bank regulators are focusing their examinations on anti-money 16 laundering compliance, and M&T continues to monitor and augment, where necessary, its Bank Secrecy Act and Anti-Money Laundering (“BSA/AML”) Compliance Program. The Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (“AMLA”), which amends the BSA, was enacted in January 2021. The AMLA is intended to comprehensively reform and modernize U.S. bank secrecy and anti-money laundering laws. Among other things, it codifies a risk-based approach to anti-money laundering compliance for financial institutions; requires the U.S. Department of the Treasury to promulgate priorities for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism policy; requires the development of standards for testing technology and internal processes for BSA compliance; expands enforcement and investigation-related authority, including increasing available sanctions for certain BSA violations; and expands BSA whistleblower incentives and protections. In June 2021, FinCEN issued the priorities for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism policy required under AMLA. The priorities include: corruption, cybercrime, terrorist financing, fraud, transnational crime, drug trafficking, human trafficking and proliferation financing. M&T reviews and monitors its anti-money laundering compliance program to ensure it complies with the changes reflected in the AMLA and the regulations that implement it. Office of Foreign Assets Control Regulation The United States has imposed economic sanctions that prohibit transactions with designated foreign countries, nationals and others. These are typically known as the “OFAC” rules based on their administration by the U.S. Treasury Department Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”). The OFAC-administered sanctions targeting countries take many different forms. Generally, however, they contain one or more of the following elements: (i) restrictions on trade with or investment in a sanctioned country, including prohibitions against direct or indirect imports from and exports to a sanctioned country and prohibitions on “U.S. persons” engaging in financial transactions relating to making investments in, or providing investment-related advice or assistance to, a sanctioned country; and (ii) a blocking of assets in which the government or specially designated nationals of the sanctioned country have an interest, by prohibiting transfers of property subject to U.S. jurisdiction (including property in the possession or control of U.S. persons). Blocked assets (e.g. property and bank deposits) cannot be paid out, withdrawn, set off or transferred in any manner without a license from OFAC. Failure to comply with these sanctions could have serious legal and reputational consequences, including denial by federal regulators of proposed merger, acquisition, restructuring, or other expansionary activity. The OFAC rules are included as part of M&T’s BSA/AML Compliance Program, which M&T continues to monitor and augment, where necessary. Regulation of Insurers and Insurance Brokers The Company’s operations in the areas of insurance agency/brokerage and reinsurance of credit life insurance are subject to regulation and supervision by various state insurance regulatory authorities. Although the scope of regulation and form of supervision may vary from state to state, insurance laws generally grant broad discretion to regulatory authorities in adopting regulations and supervising regulated activities. This supervision generally includes the licensing of insurance brokers and agents and the regulation of the handling of customer funds held in a fiduciary capacity. Certain of M&T’s subsidiaries that are engaged in insurance-related activities are subject to extensive regulatory supervision and to insurance laws and regulations requiring, among other things, maintenance of capital, record keeping, reporting and examinations. Federal Reserve Policies The earnings of the Company are significantly affected by the monetary and fiscal policies of governmental authorities, including the Federal Reserve. Among the instruments of monetary policy used by the Federal Reserve are open-market operations in U.S. Government securities and federal 17 funds, changes in the discount rate on member bank borrowings and changes in reserve requirements against member bank deposits. These instruments of monetary policy are used in varying combinations to influence the overall level of bank loans, investments and deposits, and the interest rates charged on loans and paid for deposits. The Federal Reserve frequently uses these instruments of monetary policy, especially its open-market operations and the discount rate, to influence the level of interest rates and to affect the strength of the economy, the level of inflation or the price of the dollar in foreign exchange markets. The monetary policies of the Federal Reserve have had a significant effect on the operating results of banking institutions in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future. It is not possible to predict the nature of future changes in monetary and fiscal policies or the effect which they may have on the Company’s business and earnings. Corporate Governance M&T’s Corporate Governance Standards and the following corporate governance documents are also available on M&T’s website at the Investor Relations link: Audit Committee Charter; Compensation and Human Capital Committee Charter; Executive Committee Charter; Nomination and Governance Committee Charter; Risk Committee Charter; Disclosure and Regulation FD Policy; Code of Ethics for CEO and Senior Financial Officers; and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. In accordance with SEC rules, M&T will post on its website or file a Form 8-K to report any amendment to or waiver from any provision of the Code of Ethics for CEO and Senior Financial Officers or the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Controller, or persons performing similar functions. Copies of such governance documents are also available, free of charge, to any person who requests them. Such requests may be directed to M&T Bank Corporation, Shareholder Relations Department, One M&T Plaza, 8th Floor, Buffalo, NY 14203-2399 (Telephone: (716) 842-5138). Human Capital Resources M&T recognizes employees are the difference makers that drive its success. The Company’s talent strategy focuses on recruiting, engaging, developing and retaining high-performing individuals whose strengths align with M&T’s values, purpose and leadership competencies to create and maintain a highly competitive and diverse workforce. As of December 31, 2022, the Company employed 22,808 full-time and part-time employees. The Company’s current employee base is concentrated in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic United States, with approximately 51% of employees residing in New York, followed by approximately 10% in Connecticut and 9% in each of Delaware and Maryland. The remainder are primarily concentrated in other states where M&T Bank maintains a retail bank branch presence. Approximately 4% of the Company’s employee base resides outside of its retail banking footprint. Inclusive in the above, as of December 31, 2022, the Company employed 118 international employees based in the UK, Ireland, Canada, Germany and France. The Company’s employee base includes 6,022 employees that support customers in the retail branch network. Overall, the average tenure of the Company’s employees is 9.5 years and the average tenure of the Company’s executive officers is 19.5 years. 18 Talent Attraction and Diversity, Equity and Inclusion The Company leverages various channels to effectively identify, develop and recruit high-caliber talent throughout its footprint including its current employee base. The Employee Referral Program is a powerful tool for generating applicants and accounted for 23% of new hires in 2022. In addition, the Company’s Talent Acquisition Ambassador Program, which was implemented in 2020 and currently includes 48 employees throughout different business lines, dedicated over 800 hours towards promoting awareness of M&T career opportunities within the Company’s communities. The Company’s recruitment team strives to create and maintain diverse representation at all levels and in all areas of the organization to promote a sense of belonging among employees and maintain a workforce that reflects the communities the Company serves. Employees attended 70 individual diversity-based recruiting events in 2022 with target audiences crossing many diversity dimensions, such as people of color, veterans, LGBTQ+, individuals with disabilities and women. The Company also works with diversity-focused schools and organizations as part of its efforts to recruit and maintain a diverse workforce. In 2022, 45% of total corporate hires were people of color and 61% were women, 40% of summer interns were people of color, and 53% of the participants in the Company’s Technology Internship Program were people of color. As of December 31, 2022, the entire Company’s workforce consisted of approximately 60% women and 27% people of color. This year, M&T also partnered with the Department of Defense to further the development of two programs focused on providing active members approaching the end of their service with civilian work experience, industry training, and career development opportunities, post military. To further drive diversity within the Company, M&T also supports several employee resource group charters and chapters, which are voluntary, employee-driven groups organized around a particular shared interest and characteristic, such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation or differing abilities. Approximately 30% of the Company’s employees and 46% of managers are involved in these groups. The Company’s diversity efforts are led by its Chief Diversity Officer, who is a member of senior leadership, and the Senior Leadership Diversity & Inclusion Council, both of which champion inclusion efforts throughout the Company. M&T’s Board of Directors also receives regular updates on the Company’s diversity, inclusion and belonging efforts. Engagement and Development M&T’s commitment to recruiting top talent and regularly soliciting their feedback helps to create a highly engaged employee base that drives the Company’s success. Since 2001, the Company has conducted 17 “Engagement Surveys,” with average participation rates above 90%, demonstrating a commitment to fostering candid, open and honest two-way communication with employees to enhance the workplace. All survey results are reviewed with senior management and shared with individual managers, who identify and implement improvements based on employees’ feedback, as well as presented to M&T's Board of Directors. Employees also participate in action planning within individual work groups. In addition, M&T conducts other surveys to monitor and guide the employee experience throughout an employee’s time with the Company. Surveys are conducted at various times, such as new hire onboarding or separation from the Company, as well as in connection with key events, such as acquisitions. The Company also encourages engagement with communities through the allotment of 40 hours of paid volunteer time. In 2022, M&T employees volunteered approximately 159,000 hours and served on the boards of 831 non-profit organizations. 19 Another key pillar of engagement, employee development and growth, is fostered through the Company's strong performance management philosophy focused on reinforcing corporate values, providing continuous, transparent feedback and recognizing and rewarding outstanding performance. Additional employee development is cultivated through a variety of learning offerings on topics such as technical skills, job-specific knowledge and professional development, including courses aligned with the Company's enterprise-wide leadership competencies. Training content is made available as synchronous, asynchronous, and blended learning solutions to promote employee access. The Company also invests in creating its leaders of tomorrow through various internal programs including its Manager Acceleration Program, Management Development Program, Executive Associate Program, Technology Development Program and two additional programs focused on the Company's high-performing diverse employees - the Rising Leadership Development Program and Equity One. Compensation, Health and Wellness The Company provides comprehensive compensation and benefits programs intended to attract, retain and incentivize its employees. In addition to base pay, these programs (which vary by country and region) include cash incentives, long term equity-based awards, an Employee Stock Purchase Plan, a 401(k) Plan, healthcare and insurance benefits, health savings and flexible spending accounts, paid time off, parental leave, family care resources, flexible work schedules, employee assistance programs and tuition assistance, among others. Over the past year, the Company has also implemented an educational program to provide transparency to employees around the different processes completed to ensure fair and equitable compensation for all team members. The Company’s wellness programs provide employees and their families with resources that may be helpful in navigating life events and are designed to provide support to help improve their well- being. In addition to addressing employees’ physical needs through flexible and convenient medical plan and telemedicine options, M&T supports employees’ emotional health and social well-being through various programs offered to employees. The Company joins with several of its medical partners to offer sponsored events and courses, led by medical experts, and also works to help employees manage their financial wellness through free educational resources. Competition The Company faces extensive and intensive competition in the products and services it offers. The Company competes in offering commercial and personal financial and wealth services with other banking institutions and thrifts and with firms in a number of other industries, such as credit unions, personal loan companies, sales finance companies, leasing companies, securities brokerage firms, mutual fund companies, hedge funds, wealth and investment advisory firms, insurance companies and other financial services-related entities. Furthermore, diversified financial services companies are able to offer a combination of these services to their customers on a nationwide basis. Financial technology companies, using digital, mobile and other technologies, also are increasingly offering traditional banking products and services, which has resulted in the Company contending with a broader range of competitors, including many that are not located within the geographic footprint of the Company’s banking office network. Other Information Through a link on the Investor Relations section of M&T’s website at www.mtb.com, copies of M&T’s Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, are made available, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing such material with, or furnishing it to, the SEC. Copies of such reports and other information are also available at no charge to any person who requests them or at www.sec.gov. Such requests may be 20 directed to M&T Bank Corporation, Shareholder Relations Department, One M&T Plaza, 8th Floor, Buffalo, NY 14203-2399 (Telephone: (716) 842-5138). Disclosure Pursuant to Subpart 1400 of Regulation S-K See cross-reference sheet for disclosures incorporated elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Table 1 SELECTED CONSOLIDATED YEAR-END BALANCES Interest-bearing deposits at banks ................. $ Federal funds sold .................................... Trading account ....................................... Investment securities U.S. Treasury and federal agencies ........... Obligations of states and political subdivisions .................................... Other................................................. Total investment securities ................. Loans and leases Commercial, financial, leasing, etc............ Commercial real estate .......................... Residential real estate............................ Consumer........................................... Total loans and leases........................ Unearned discount................................ Loans and leases, net of unearned discount ..................................... Allowance for credit losses ..................... Loans and leases, net......................... Goodwill................................................ Core deposit and other intangible assets ......... Real estate and other assets owned................ Total assets ............................................. Noninterest-bearing deposits ....................... Savings and interest-checking deposits .......... Time deposits.......................................... Deposits at Cayman Islands office ................ Total deposits.................................. Short-term borrowings............................... Long-term borrowings............................... Total liabilities ........................................ Shareholders’ equity ................................. Table 2 2022 2021 2020 (In thousands) 2019 2018 $ 24,958,719 3,000 117,847 $ 41,872,304 — 49,745 $ 23,663,810 — 50,060 $ 7,190,154 3,500 59,329 8,105,197 — 56,348 21,476,761 6,504,382 6,360,218 8,746,749 11,746,240 2,577,078 1,157,032 25,210,871 42,277,041 45,444,010 23,773,842 20,579,263 132,074,156 (509,993) 131,564,163 (1,925,331) 129,638,832 8,490,089 209,374 41,375 200,729,841 65,501,860 87,911,463 10,101,545 — 163,514,868 3,554,951 3,964,537 175,411,851 25,317,990 177 651,301 7,155,860 23,621,188 35,473,884 16,077,275 17,964,331 93,136,678 (224,226) 92,912,452 (1,469,226) 91,443,226 4,593,112 3,998 23,901 155,107,160 60,131,480 68,603,966 2,807,963 — 131,543,409 47,046 3,485,369 137,203,755 17,903,405 1,531 683,948 7,045,697 27,801,382 37,728,844 16,786,673 16,558,889 98,875,788 (339,921) 98,535,867 (1,736,387) 96,799,480 4,593,112 14,165 34,668 142,601,105 47,572,884 67,680,840 3,899,910 652,104 119,805,738 59,482 4,382,193 126,413,822 16,187,283 4,915 745,587 9,497,251 23,987,897 35,633,593 16,193,154 15,373,881 91,188,525 (265,656) 90,922,869 (1,051,071) 89,871,798 4,593,112 29,034 85,646 119,872,757 32,396,407 54,932,162 5,757,456 1,684,044 94,770,069 62,363 6,986,186 104,156,108 15,716,649 9,153 937,420 12,692,813 23,136,913 34,448,927 17,191,566 13,956,086 88,733,492 (267,015) 88,466,477 (1,019,444) 87,447,033 4,593,112 47,067 78,375 120,097,403 32,256,668 50,963,744 6,124,254 811,906 90,156,572 4,398,378 8,444,914 104,637,212 15,460,191 SHAREHOLDERS, EMPLOYEES AND OFFICES Number at Year-End 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Shareholders.............................................................. Employees ................................................................. Offices ........................................................................ 32,493 22,808 1,043 16,099 17,569 724 16,797 17,373 751 17,333 17,773 771 18,099 17,267 794 21 Table 3 CONSOLIDATED EARNINGS Interest income Loans and leases, including fees............... $ Investment securities Fully taxable ...................................... Exempt from federal taxes................... Deposits at banks.................................... Other..................................................... Total interest income .......................... Interest expense Savings and interest-checking deposits ..... Time deposits......................................... Deposits at Cayman Islands office............ Short-term borrowings ............................ Long-term borrowings ............................ Total interest expense ......................... Net interest income ............................... Provision for credit losses........................ Net interest income after provision for credit losses....................................... Other income Mortgage banking revenues..................... Service charges on deposit accounts ......... Trust income .......................................... Brokerage services income ...................... Trading account and non-hedging derivative gains.................................. Gain (loss) on bank investment securities Other revenues from operations ............... Total other income.............................. Other expense Salaries and employee benefits ................ Equipment and net occupancy.................. Outside data processing and software ....... FDIC assessments................................... Advertising and marketing ...................... Printing, postage and supplies.................. Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets................................. Other costs of operations ......................... Total other expense............................. Income before income taxes .................... Income taxes .......................................... Net income............................................ $ Dividends declared Common............................................ $ Preferred............................................ 2022 2021 2020 (In thousands) 2019 2018 5,237,405 $ 3,748,988 $ 3,975,053 $ 4,442,182 $ 4,164,561 447,646 51,113 509,030 1,926 6,247,120 270,765 23,867 — 19,426 111,106 425,164 5,821,956 517,000 141,046 116 47,491 1,143 3,938,784 32,998 18,635 201 7 62,165 114,006 3,824,778 (75,000) 176,469 183 32,956 8,051 4,192,712 146,701 66,280 4,054 28 109,332 326,395 3,866,317 800,000 288,532 321 141,397 7,161 4,879,593 368,003 95,426 21,917 24,741 239,242 749,329 4,130,264 176,000 323,912 665 108,182 1,391 4,598,711 215,411 51,423 5,633 5,386 248,556 526,409 4,072,302 132,000 5,304,956 3,899,778 3,066,317 3,954,264 3,940,302 356,636 446,604 740,717 87,877 26,786 (5,686) 703,669 2,356,603 2,787,351 474,316 376,493 90,274 90,748 55,570 55,624 1,120,060 5,050,436 2,611,123 619,460 1,991,663 786,245 96,587 $ $ 571,329 402,113 644,716 62,791 24,376 (21,220) 482,889 2,166,994 2,045,677 326,698 291,839 69,704 64,428 36,507 10,167 766,603 3,611,623 2,455,149 596,403 1,858,746 582,967 72,915 $ $ 566,641 370,788 601,884 47,428 40,536 (9,421) 470,588 2,088,444 1,950,692 322,037 258,480 53,803 61,904 39,869 14,869 683,586 3,385,240 1,769,521 416,369 1,353,152 569,076 68,228 $ $ 457,770 432,978 572,608 48,922 62,044 18,037 469,320 2,061,679 1,900,797 324,079 229,731 41,535 93,472 39,893 19,490 819,685 3,468,682 2,547,261 618,112 1,929,149 552,216 72,482 $ $ 360,442 429,337 537,585 51,069 32,547 (6,301) 451,321 1,856,000 1,752,264 298,828 199,025 68,526 85,710 35,658 24,522 823,529 3,288,062 2,508,240 590,160 1,918,080 510,458 72,521 22 Table 4 Per share Net income COMMON SHAREHOLDER DATA 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Basic ......................................................... $ Diluted ...................................................... Cash dividends declared ............................... Common shareholders’ equity at year-end Tangible common shareholders’ equity at year-end ................................................... Dividend payout ratio ................................... 11.59 11.53 4.80 137.68 $ 13.81 13.80 4.50 125.51 $ 9.94 9.94 4.40 116.39 $ 13.76 13.75 4.10 110.78 $ 12.75 12.74 3.55 102.69 86.59 41.56% 89.80 32.69% 80.52 44.32% 75.44 29.70% 69.28 27.66% Table 5 CHANGES IN INTEREST INCOME AND EXPENSE (a) 2022 Compared with 2021 2021 Compared with 2020 Resulting from Changes in: Resulting from Changes in: Total Change Volume Rate Total Change Volume Rate (Increase (decrease) in thousands) Interest income (a) Loans and leases, including fees .... $ 1,495,960 Deposits at banks ........................... 461,539 Federal funds sold and 960,566 (3,446) 535,394 $ (228,557) 14,535 464,985 313 30,322 (228,870) (15,787) agreements to resell securities Trading account.............................. Investment securities U.S. Treasury and federal 96 687 (172) 923 268 (236) (6,783) (169) (4,294) (60) (2,489) (109) agencies................................. 281,472 270,334 11,138 (35,670) (38,576) 2,906 Obligations of states and 71,171 political subdivisions............. Other........................................... 21,852 Total interest income.................. $ 2,332,777 71,183 6,385 (12) 15,467 (95) 255 $ (256,484) (105) (642) 10 897 Interest expense Interest-bearing deposits Savings and interest-checking deposits.................................. $ Time deposits ............................. Deposits at Cayman Islands office ..................................... Short-term borrowings ................... Long-term borrowings ................... Total interest expense................. $ 237,767 5,232 (201) 19,419 48,941 311,158 8,121 8,107 (201) 1,162 (1,744) 229,646 $ (113,703) (47,645) (2,875) 14,603 (17,823) (128,306) (29,822) — 18,257 50,685 (3,853) (21) (47,167) $ (212,389) (2,100) 4 (40,540) (1,753) (25) (6,627) Interest income data are on a taxable-equivalent basis. The apportionment of changes resulting from the (a) combined effect of both volume and rate was based on the separately determined volume and rate changes. 23 Item 1A. Risk Factors. Risk Factors Summary Risks Relating to the Acquisition of People’s United • M&T may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition of People’s United and integrating People’s United may be more difficult, costly or time-consuming than expected. • M&T may be unable to retain personnel successfully. • Litigation related to the acquisition has been filed in the past and additional litigation may be filed in the future, which could result in the payment of damages or otherwise negatively impact the business and operations of M&T. Market Risk • Weakness in the economy has adversely affected the Company in the past and may • • • • adversely affect the Company in the future. The Company’s business and financial performance is impacted significantly by market interest rates and movements in those rates. The monetary, tax and other policies of governmental agencies, including the Federal Reserve, have a significant impact on interest rates and overall financial market performance over which the Company has no control and which the Company may not be able to anticipate adequately. The discontinuation of LIBOR as a permissible rate index in new contracts, the formal announcement of LIBOR’s cessation date, and the development of SOFR and other alternative benchmark indices to replace LIBOR could adversely impact the Company’s business and results of operations. The Company’s business and performance is vulnerable to the impact of volatility in debt and equity markets. The Company’s regional concentrations expose it to adverse economic conditions in its primary retail banking office footprint. Risks Relating to Compliance and the Regulatory Environment • The Company is subject to extensive government regulation and supervision and this regulatory environment can be and has been significantly impacted by financial regulatory reform initiatives. The Company may be subject to more stringent capital and liquidity requirements. • • M&T’s ability to return capital to shareholders and to pay dividends on common stock may be adversely affected by market and other factors outside of its control and will depend, in part, on the results of supervisory stress tests administered by the Federal Reserve. If an orderly liquidation of a systemically important BHC or non-bank financial company were triggered, M&T could face assessments for the Orderly Liquidation Fund (“OLF”). • Credit Risk • • Deteriorating credit quality could adversely impact the Company. The Company may be adversely affected by the soundness of other financial institutions. Liquidity Risk • • The Company must maintain adequate sources of funding and liquidity. If the Company is unable to maintain or grow its deposits, it may be subject to paying higher funding costs. • M&T relies on dividends from its subsidiaries for its liquidity. Strategic Risk • The financial services industry is highly competitive and creates competitive pressures that could adversely affect the Company’s revenue and profitability. 24 • Difficulties in obtaining regulatory approval for acquisitions and in combining the operations of acquired entities with the Company’s own operations may prevent M&T from achieving the expected benefits from its acquisitions. • M&T could suffer if the Company fails to attract and retain skilled personnel. Operational Risk • • • • The Company is subject to operational risk which could adversely affect the Company’s business and reputation and create material legal and financial exposure. The Company’s information systems may experience interruptions or breaches in security, including due to events beyond the Company’s control. The Company could incur higher costs, experience lower revenue, and suffer reputational damage in the event of the theft, loss or misuse of information, including due to a cyber security attack. The Company is subject to laws and regulations relating to the privacy of the information of customers, clients, employees or others, and any failure to comply with these laws and regulations could expose the Company to liability and/or reputational damage. • M&T relies on other companies to provide key components of the Company’s business • infrastructure. The Company is or may become involved from time to time in suits, legal proceedings, information-gathering requests, investigations and proceedings by governmental and self- regulatory agencies that may lead to adverse consequences. Business Risk • • • • • • • Changes in accounting standards could impact the Company’s reported financial condition and results of operations. The Company’s reported financial condition and results of operations depend on management’s selection of accounting methods and require management to make estimates about matters that are uncertain. The Company’s models used for business planning purposes could perform poorly or provide inadequate information. The Company is exposed to reputational risk. The Company’s framework for managing risks may not be effective. Pandemics, including COVID-19, acts of war or terrorism and other adverse external events could significantly impact the Company’s business. The Company’s assets, communities, operations, reputation and customers could be adversely affected by the impacts of climate risk. Risk Factors M&T and its subsidiaries face a number of potential risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. As a financial institution, certain risk elements are inherent in the ordinary course of the Company’s business activities and adverse experience with those risks could have a material impact on the Company’s business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations, as well as on the values of the Company’s financial instruments and M&T’s securities, including its common stock. The following risk factors set forth some of the risks that could materially and adversely impact the Company, although there may be additional risks that are not presently material or known that may adversely affect the Company. 25 Risks Related to the Acquisition of People’s United M&T may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition of People’s United and integrating People’s United may be more difficult, costly or time-consuming than expected. In connection with the acquisition of People’s United that was completed on April 1, 2022, M&T has incurred and may further incur costs as M&T continues to integrate the People’s United business. The success of the acquisition depends, in part, on the ability to realize the anticipated cost savings from combining the businesses of M&T and People’s United. To realize the anticipated benefits and cost savings from the acquisition, M&T must integrate and combine People’s United’s businesses in a manner that permits cost savings to be realized, without adversely affecting revenues and future growth. If M&T is not able to successfully achieve these objectives, the anticipated benefits of the acquisition may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer to realize than expected. In addition, the actual cost savings of the acquisition could be less than anticipated. There can be no assurances that the expected benefits and efficiencies related to the acquisition will be realized to offset the transaction and integration costs over time. M&T may also incur additional costs to retain legacy People’s United customers, maintain employee morale and to retain key employees. M&T has waived certain fees following conversion of customer deposit accounts to M&T’s deposit servicing system, and similar or other costs related to integration of People's United or operations as a combined company may be incurred in the future. It is possible that challenges related to operating as a combined company could result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of ongoing businesses or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that adversely affect M&T’s abilities to maintain relationships with clients, customers, depositors and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits and cost savings of the acquisition. An inability to realize the full extent of the anticipated benefits of the acquisition could have an adverse effect upon the revenues, levels of expenses and operating results of M&T, which may adversely affect the value of M&T’s common stock. M&T may be unable to retain personnel successfully. The success of the acquisition will depend in part on the Company’s ability to retain the talents and dedication of key employees. It is possible that these employees, including key legacy People’s United employees, may decide not to remain with the Company. If the Company is unable to retain key employees, including management, who are critical to the successful future operations of the combined company, the Company could face disruptions in its operations, loss of existing customers, loss of key information, expertise or know-how and unanticipated additional recruitment costs. If key employees terminate their employment, the Company’s business activities may be adversely affected and the Company may not be able to locate or retain suitable replacements. Litigation related to the acquisition has been filed in the past and additional litigation may be filed in the future, which could result in the payment of damages or otherwise negatively impact the business and operations of the Company. Although not currently active, litigation related to the acquisition was filed against People’s United, the People’s United board of directors and M&T prior to the completion of the acquisition. Additional litigation may be filed against M&T and the M&T board of directors in the future. Among other remedies, litigation that was filed sought damages, and additional litigation by shareholders of M&T in the future may seek damages or other remedies. The outcome of any litigation is uncertain. Such lawsuits and the defense or settlement of any such lawsuits may have an adverse effect on the financial condition and results of operations of M&T. 26 Market Risk Weakness in the economy has adversely affected the Company in the past and may adversely affect the Company in the future. Poor business and economic conditions in general or specifically in markets served by the Company could have adverse effects on the Company’s business including: • • • • • • • A decrease in the demand for loans and other products and services offered by the Company. A decrease in net interest income derived from the Company’s lending and deposit gathering activities. A decrease in the value of the Company’s investment securities, loans held for sale or other assets secured by residential or commercial real estate. A decrease in fees from the Company’s brokerage, trust, and investment management businesses associated with declines or lack of growth in stock market prices. Potential higher FDIC assessments due to the DIF falling below minimum required levels. An impairment of certain intangible assets, such as goodwill. An increase in the number of customers and counterparties who become delinquent, file for protection under bankruptcy laws or default on their loans or other obligations to the Company. An increase in the number of delinquencies, bankruptcies or defaults could result in higher levels of nonperforming assets, net charge-offs, provision for credit losses as well as impairment write-downs of certain investment securities and valuation adjustments on loans held for sale. If recessionary economic conditions develop, they would likely have a negative financial impact across the financial services industry, including on the Company. If recessionary economic conditions are more severe, the extent of the negative impact on the Company’s business and financial performance can increase and be more severe, including the adverse effects listed above and discussed throughout this “Risk Factors” section. Supply chain constraints, robust demand and labor shortages have led to persistent inflationary pressures throughout the economy. Volatility and uncertainty related to inflation and the effects of inflation, which may lead to increased costs for businesses and consumers and potentially contribute to poor business and economic conditions generally, may also enhance or contribute to some of the risks discussed herein. For example, higher inflation, or volatility and uncertainty related to inflation, could reduce demand for the Company’s products, adversely affect the creditworthiness of the Company’s borrowers, result in lower values for the Company’s investment securities and other interest-earning assets and increase expense related to talent acquisition and retention. Additionally, economic conditions, financial markets and inflationary pressures may be adversely affected by the impact of current or anticipated geopolitical uncertainties, military conflicts, including Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, and global, national and local responses thereto by governmental authorities and other third parties. These unpredictable events could create, increase or prolong economic and financial disruptions and volatility that adversely affects the Company’s business, financial condition, capital and results of operations. The Company’s business and financial performance is impacted significantly by market interest rates and movements in those rates. The monetary, tax and other policies of governmental agencies, including the Federal Reserve, have a significant impact on interest rates and overall financial market performance over which the Company has no control and which the Company may not be able to anticipate adequately. 27 The Federal Reserve raised benchmark interest rates throughout 2022 and may continue to raise interest rates in response to economic conditions, particularly inflationary pressures. As a result of the high percentage of the Company’s assets and liabilities that are in the form of interest-bearing or interest- related instruments, changes in interest rates, including in the shape of the yield curve or in spreads between different market interest rates, as well as changes linked to inflation, can have a material effect on the Company’s business and profitability and the value of the Company’s assets and liabilities. For example, changes in interest rates or interest rate spreads may: • • • • • Affect the difference between the interest that the Company earns on assets and the interest that the Company pays on liabilities, which impacts the Company’s overall net interest income and profitability. Adversely affect the ability of borrowers to meet obligations under variable or adjustable- rate loans and other debt instruments, which, in turn, affects the Company’s loss rates on those assets. Decrease the demand for interest rate-based products and services, including loans and deposits. Affect the Company’s ability to hedge various forms of market and interest rate risk and may decrease the profitability or protection or increase the risk or cost associated with such hedges. Affect mortgage prepayment speeds and result in the impairment of capitalized mortgage servicing assets, reduce the value of loans held for sale and increase the volatility of mortgage banking revenues, potentially adversely affecting the Company’s results of operations. The monetary, tax and other policies of the government and its agencies, including the Federal Reserve, have a significant impact on interest rates and overall financial market performance. These governmental policies can thus affect the activities and results of operations of banking organizations such as the Company. An important function of the Federal Reserve is to regulate the national supply of bank credit and certain interest rates. The actions of the Federal Reserve influence the rates of interest that the Company charges on loans and that the Company pays on borrowings and interest- bearing deposits and can also affect the value of the Company’s on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet financial instruments. Interest rate increases have recently reduced the value of the Company’s investment portfolio, for example, by decreasing the estimated fair value of fixed income securities. Furthermore, as interest rates rise, the Company’s unrealized gains on fixed income securities would ordinarily decrease and unrealized losses would ordinarily increase, which occurred in 2022 and could continue to occur in 2023. Also, due to the impact on rates for short-term funding, the Federal Reserve’s policies influence, to a significant extent, the Company’s cost of such funding, and increases in short-term interest rates have in the past increased, and may in the future increase, the Company’s cost of short-term funding. In addition, the Company is routinely subject to examinations from various governmental taxing authorities. Such examinations may result in challenges to the tax return treatment applied by the Company to specific transactions. Management believes that the assumptions and judgment used to record tax-related assets or liabilities have been appropriate. Should tax laws change or the tax authorities determine that management’s assumptions were inappropriate, the result and adjustments required could have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations. M&T cannot predict the nature or timing of future changes in monetary, tax and other policies or the effect that they may have on the Company’s business activities, financial condition and results of operations. 28 The discontinuation of LIBOR as a permissible rate index in new contracts, the formal announcement of LIBOR’s cessation date, and the development of SOFR and other alternative benchmark indices to replace LIBOR could adversely impact the Company’s business and results of operations. The Company’s floating-rate funding, certain hedging transactions and a significant portion of the Company’s products, such as floating-rate loans and mortgages, determine the applicable interest rate or payment amount by reference to a benchmark rate, such as the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), or to an alternative index. With respect to LIBOR, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, and the ICE Benchmark Administration (“IBA”), the administrator of LIBOR, have announced that the publication of all tenors of USD LIBOR, which to date have been calculated and determined by the IBA based on the required submissions by independent panel banks, will cease to exist and/or cease to be “representative” after June 30, 2023. In response and in coordination, U.S. federal bank regulators, including the Federal Reserve, required U.S. banks to cease using USD LIBOR as a reference rate in new contracts by December 31, 2021. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve-sponsored Alternative Reference Rates Committee (“ARRC”) finalized and issued recommendations for the use of so-called “hardwired” LIBOR fallback language that, when incorporated into existing LIBOR-based loan documents, provides for, upon LIBOR’s permanent cessation (or an announcement from LIBOR’s administrator or certain governmental authorities that LIBOR is no longer representative of the underlying market), the replacement of LIBOR with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as the benchmark index, with an appropriate spread adjustment that is representative of the historical difference between LIBOR and SOFR, which when added to SOFR would be intended to facilitate a value-neutral transition. Subsequently, the ARRC expanded its recommendation to include CME Term SOFR, a derivative of SOFR that is currently administered and published by the CME Group Benchmark Administration Limited. the ARRC recommendations for use in all new commercial LIBOR loans, and continues to proactively seek amendments to its existing LIBOR-based commercial loan contracts to incorporate such hardwired fallback language or move to an alternative index prior to the cessation of LIBOR. In 2021 M&T adopted hardwired fallback language modeled after SOFR is a measure of the cost of borrowing cash overnight, collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities, and is based on directly observable U.S. Treasury-based repurchase transactions. The fact that SOFR is a secured overnight rate and considered a “risk free” rate, while LIBOR is an unsecured term rate that factors in credit risk, means that SOFR may perform differently than LIBOR, and those differences may be material, particularly in times of economic stress, negatively impacting the Company’s profitability. While the ARRC has maintained its recommendation that SOFR is the preferred replacement for LIBOR, some industry participants have questioned whether a “risk free” SOFR-based rate is an ideal replacement for LIBOR in the commercial lending market and suggesting that a credit-sensitive component or alternative be considered and developed. One such credit sensitive alternative is the Bloomberg Short-Term Bank Yield Index (BSBY), which gained some modest attention and use in the commercial lending market in the latter half of 2021 (primarily in syndicated loans), but has since gained little traction. Whether BSBY or other alternatives to SOFR develop and gain any significant market traction in the future are unknown and unpredictable at this time, and this adds further market uncertainty with respect to introducing alternative benchmark rates for new contracts. LIBOR cessation is also impacting the derivatives market. In October 2020, The International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA), published the IBOR Fallbacks Supplement (Supplement) and IBOR Fallbacks Protocol (Protocol). The Supplement, which became effective on January 25, 2021, amends existing standard definitions for interest rate derivatives to incorporate robust fallbacks to the SOFR benchmark for derivatives linked to LIBOR. The Protocol enables market 29 participants to incorporate these revisions into their legacy non-cleared derivatives trades with other counterparties that choose to adhere to the Protocol. The fallbacks apply following a permanent cessation of LIBOR or following a determination by the FCA that LIBOR is no longer representative of the underlying market. M&T and M&T Bank adhered to the Protocol on November 5, 2020, and the Company is in the process of remediating its interest rate swap hedging transactions with certain of its end user customers, (i.e., borrowers that have hedged their interest rate payment obligations) who have not already adhered to, or amended their legacy derivatives transactions consistent with, the Protocol. If the Company is not able to agree to appropriate LIBOR fallbacks with these customers, there will be uncertainty as to how to value and determine the Company’s rights and obligations under legacy derivatives contracts. With respect to the Company’s cleared interest rate derivatives that reference LIBOR, both the CME and LCH clearinghouses have adopted the same relevant SOFR benchmark fallbacks of the Supplement and Protocol which also became effective on January 25, 2021. The Company has outstanding issuances, or acts as an administrative (or calculation) agent or in other capacities, across various maturities of securities referencing LIBOR in which the underlying contracts do not contemplate cessation or contemplate cessation but do so in a manner that may create other risks (“Tough Legacy Contracts”). Some of these contracts provide for selecting replacement rates in a manner that presents significant challenges or that gives the Company or another party discretion to select a rate or provide for determination of a reference rate. In March 2022, the United States Congress enacted the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act ("LIBOR Act") which provides both a statutory framework to replace USD LIBOR with a benchmark rate based on SOFR for Tough Legacy Contracts governed by U.S. law and a safe harbor provision for those entities selecting a SOFR- based rate identified by the Federal Reserve. Under the LIBOR Act, the Federal Reserve must adopt rules to, among other things, identify the applicable SOFR-based replacement rate. In December 2022, the Federal Reserve adopted rules, which identify different SOFR-based replacement rates for derivative contracts, for cash instruments such as floating-rate notes and preferred stock, for consumer loans, for certain government-sponsored enterprise contracts and for certain asset-backed securities. Notwithstanding this availability of statutory frameworks to address Tough Legacy Contracts, there will likely be continued uncertainty surrounding the transition as these frameworks have not been tested, and the finalized regulations from the Federal reserve have not been issued and their effectiveness and ultimate impact is not certain. A substantial portion of the Company’s on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments (many of which have terms that extend beyond 2023) are indexed to LIBOR, including interest rate swap agreements and other contracts used for hedging and non-hedging purposes, loans to commercial customers and consumers (including mortgage loans and other loans), and long-term borrowings. Uncertainty as to the impact of the discontinuation of LIBOR and the replacement of LIBOR with a SOFR-based index or any alternative index could result in pricing volatility, loss of market share in certain products, adverse tax or accounting impacts under certain circumstances, and compliance, legal and operational costs and risks. The market’s transition from LIBOR to an alternative reference rate will be complex and unpredictable, giving rise to a variety of risks, including operational risks, risks of value transfer between contract parties, the potential for customer disputes and litigation, as well as regulatory scrutiny. The Company’s business and performance is vulnerable to the impact of volatility in debt and equity markets. As most of the Company’s assets and liabilities are financial in nature, the Company’s performance is sensitive to the performance of the financial markets. Turmoil and volatility in U.S. and global financial markets can be a major contributory factor to overall weak economic conditions, leading to some of 30 the risks discussed herein, including the impaired ability of borrowers and other counterparties to meet obligations to the Company. Financial market volatility may: • • • • • Affect the value or liquidity of the Company’s on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet financial instruments. Affect the value of capitalized servicing assets. Affect M&T’s ability to access capital markets to raise funds. Inability to access capital markets if needed, at cost effective rates, could adversely affect the Company’s liquidity and results of operations. Affect the value of the assets that the Company manages or otherwise administers or services for others. Although the Company is not directly impacted by changes in the value of such assets, decreases in the value of those assets would affect related fee income and could result in decreased demand for the Company’s services. Impact the nature, profitability or risk profile of the financial transactions in which the Company engages. Volatility in the markets for real estate and other assets commonly securing financial products has been and may continue to be a significant contributor to overall volatility in financial markets. In addition, unfavorable or uncertain economic and market conditions can be caused by supply chain disruptions, the imposition of tariffs or other limitations on international trade and travel, as well as elevated inflation, which can result in market volatility, negatively impact client activity, and adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The Company’s regional concentrations expose it to adverse economic conditions in its primary retail banking office footprint. The Company’s core banking business is largely concentrated within the Company’s retail banking office network footprint, located principally in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions. Therefore, the Company is, or in the future may be, particularly vulnerable to adverse changes in economic conditions in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions. The credit quality of the Company’s borrowers may deteriorate for a number of reasons that are outside the Company’s control, including as a result of prevailing economic and market conditions and asset valuations. The trends and risks affecting borrower credit quality, particularly in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions, have caused, and in the future may cause, the Company to experience impairment charges, which are reductions in the recoverable value of an asset, increased purchase demands, wherein customers make withdrawals with minimum notice, higher costs (e.g. servicing, foreclosure, property maintenance), additional write- downs and losses and a potential impact to engage in lending transactions based on a reduction of customer deposits, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Risks Relating to Compliance and the Regulatory Environment The Company is subject to extensive government regulation and supervision and this regulatory environment can be and has been significantly impacted by financial regulatory reform initiatives. The Company is subject to extensive federal and state regulation and supervision. Banking regulations are primarily intended to protect consumers, depositors and the financial system as a whole, not securities holders, including the holders of common stock. These regulations and supervisory guidance affect the Company’s sale and lending practices, capital structure, capital distributions and dividend policy, investment practices, growth and expansionary activity, among other things. Failure to comply with laws, regulations or policies, or to meet supervisory expectations, could result in civil or criminal penalties, including monetary penalties, the loss of FDIC insurance, the revocation of a banking 31 charter, other sanctions by regulatory agencies, and/or reputational damage, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. In this regard, government authorities, including the bank regulatory agencies, can pursue aggressive enforcement actions with respect to compliance and other legal matters involving financial activities, which heightens the risks associated with actual and perceived compliance failures and may also adversely affect the Company’s ability to enter into certain transactions or engage in certain activities, or obtain necessary regulatory approvals in connection therewith. In general, the amounts paid by financial institutions in settlement of proceedings or investigations have increased substantially and are likely to remain elevated. In some cases, governmental authorities have required criminal pleas or admissions of wrongdoing as part of such settlements, which could have significant collateral consequences for a financial institution, including loss of customers, restrictions on the ability to access the capital markets, and the inability to operate certain businesses or offer certain products for a period of time. In addition, enforcement matters could impact the Company’s supervisory and CRA ratings, which may in turn restrict or limit the Company’s activities. A prior enforcement action also increases the risk that regulators and governmental authorities pursue formal enforcement actions in connection with the resolution of an inquiry or investigation, even if unrelated to the prior enforcement action. Any new regulatory requirements, changes to existing requirements, or changes to interpretations of requirements could require changes to the Company’s businesses, result in increased compliance costs and affect the profitability of such businesses. Additionally, such activity could affect the behaviors of third parties with which the Company deals in the ordinary course of business, such as rating agencies, insurance companies and investors. Heightened regulatory scrutiny, requirements or expectations could have significant effects on the Company, including through restrictions on growth or required remediation activities and associated resource requirements, and, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. There have been significant revisions to the laws and regulations applicable to the Company that have been enacted or proposed in recent years, and additional proposed changes are anticipated. Many of these and other rules to implement the changes have yet to be finalized, and the final timing, scope and impact of these changes to the regulatory framework applicable to financial institutions remain uncertain. For more information on the regulations to which the Company is subject and recent initiatives to reform financial institution regulation, see Part I, Item 1 — Business. The Company may be subject to more stringent capital and liquidity requirements. Bank holding companies, including M&T, are subject to capital and liquidity requirements and standards imposed as a result of the Dodd-Frank Act (as amended by EGRRCPA) and the U.S. Basel III-based capital rules. For additional information, see “Capital Requirements” under Part I, Item 1 — Business. Regulators have implemented and may, from time to time, implement changes to these regulatory capital adequacy and liquidity requirements. If the Company fails to meet these minimum capital its business activities, adequacy and liquidity requirements and other regulatory requirements, including lending, and its ability to expand, either organically or through acquisitions, could be limited. It could also result in M&T being required to take steps to increase its regulatory capital that may be dilutive to shareholders or limit its ability to pay dividends or otherwise return capital to shareholders, or sell or refrain from acquiring assets. In addition, the liquidity-related provisions of the Federal Reserve’s liquidity-related enhanced prudential supervision requirements may reduce the Company’s ability to invest in other longer-term assets even if deemed more desirable from a balance sheet management perspective, which could adversely affect its net interest income and net interest margin. The federal bank regulators have not yet released a proposal to implement the significant revisions of the Basel capital framework announced by the Basel Committee in December 2017, and the impact 32 on the Company of these revisions will depend on the manner in which they are implemented in the U.S. with respect to firms such as M&T. M&T’s ability to return capital to shareholders and to pay dividends on common stock may be adversely affected by market and other factors outside of its control and will depend, in part, on the results of supervisory stress tests administered by the Federal Reserve. Any decision by M&T to return capital to shareholders, whether through a common stock dividend or a common stock share repurchase program, requires the approval of M&T’s Board of Directors and must comply with applicable capital regulations, including the maintenance of capital ratios exceeding specified minimum levels and applicable buffers. For bank holding companies designated as Category IV institutions under the Tailoring Rules, including M&T, the Federal Reserve conducts biennial supervisory stress tests required under the Dodd-Frank Act whereby the BHC’s financial position is tested under assumed severely adverse economic conditions. The results of those stress tests are incorporated in the determination of M&T’s Stress Capital Buffer. As a general matter, if M&T is unable to maintain capital in excess of regulatory minimum levels inclusive of its Stress Capital Buffer, it would be subject to limitations on its ability to make capital distributions, including paying dividends and repurchasing stock. In June 2022, the Federal Reserve released the results of its most recent supervisory stress tests, and based on those results, on October 1, 2022, M&T’s stress capital buffer of 4.7% became effective. The results of future supervisory stress tests are uncertain, and a more severe outcome may result in a higher Stress Capital Buffer and an increase in M&T’s effective capital requirements. An increased Stress Capital Buffer may restrict M&T’s ability to return capital to shareholders, including through paying dividends, entering into acquisitions or repurchasing its common stock, which in turn could negatively impact market and investor perceptions of M&T. The Federal Reserve has in the past implemented, and may in the future implement, restrictions on share repurchase programs and common stock dividends at large bank holding companies such as M&T, including in response to adverse or uncertain economic conditions. If an orderly liquidation of a systemically important BHC or non-bank financial company were triggered, M&T could face assessments for the Orderly Liquidation Fund (“OLF”). The Dodd-Frank Act created a mechanism, the OLF, for liquidation of systemically important bank holding companies and non-bank financial companies. The OLF is administered by the FDIC and is based on the FDIC’s bank resolution model. The Secretary of the U.S. Treasury may trigger a liquidation under this authority after consultation with the President of the U.S. and after receiving a recommendation from the boards of the FDIC and the Federal Reserve upon a two-thirds vote. Liquidation proceedings will be funded by the OLF, which will borrow from the U.S. Treasury and impose risk-based assessments on covered financial companies. Risk-based assessments would be first made on entities that received more in the resolution than they would have received in the liquidation to the extent of such excess, and second, if necessary, on, among others, bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of $50 billion or more, such as M&T. Any such assessments may adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations. Credit Risk Deteriorating credit quality could adversely impact the Company. As a lender, the Company is exposed to the risk that customers will be unable to repay their loans and other obligations in accordance with the terms of the relevant agreements, and that any collateral securing the loans and obligations may be insufficient to assure full repayment. Credit losses are inherent in the business of making loans and entering into other financial arrangements. 33 Factors that influence the Company’s credit loss experience include overall economic conditions affecting businesses and consumers, generally, but also residential and commercial real estate valuations, in particular, given the size of the Company’s real estate loan portfolios. Factors that can influence the Company’s credit loss experience include: (i) the impact of residential real estate values on loans to residential real estate builders and developers and other loans secured by residential real estate; (ii) the concentrations of commercial real estate loans in the Company’s loan portfolio, including in the New York City area; (iii) the amount of commercial and industrial loans to businesses in areas of New York State outside of the New York City area and in central Pennsylvania that have historically experienced less economic growth and vitality than many other regions of the country; (iv) the repayment performance associated with first and second lien loans secured by residential real estate; and (v) the size of the Company’s portfolio of loans to individual consumers, which historically have experienced higher net charge-offs as a percentage of loans outstanding than loans to other types of borrowers. The Company’s credit risk and the performance of its lending portfolios may be affected by concentration in an industry, geography or asset type. As described further in this “Risk Factors” section, the Company’s credit risks may be increased by the impacts of inflation, poor or recessionary economic conditions and financial market volatility. The COVID-19 pandemic created economic and financial disruptions that adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, customers. Commercial real estate valuations can be highly subjective as they are based upon many assumptions. Such valuations can be significantly affected over relatively short periods of time by changes in business climate, economic conditions, interest rates and, in many cases, the results of operations of businesses and other occupants of the real property. Emerging and evolving factors such as the shift to work-from-home or hybrid-work arrangements, changing consumer preferences (including for online shopping), COVID-19-related restrictions and resulting changes in occupancy rates as a result of these and other trends can also impact such valuations over relatively short periods. Similarly, residential real estate valuations can be impacted by housing trends, the availability of financing at reasonable interest rates, governmental policy regarding housing and housing finance, and general economic conditions affecting consumers, as described above. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses which represents, in management’s judgment, the amount of losses expected in the loan and lease portfolio. The allowance is determined by management’s evaluation of the loan and lease portfolio based on such factors as the differing economic risks associated with each loan category, the current financial condition of specific borrowers, the economic environment in which borrowers operate, the level of delinquent loans, the value of any collateral and, where applicable, the existence of any guarantees or indemnifications. Management believes that the allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2022 appropriately reflects expected credit losses in the loan and lease portfolio. However, there is no assurance that the allowance is sufficient to cover all credit losses that may occur. The Company may be adversely affected by the soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships. The Company has exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and routinely executes transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including commercial banks, brokers and dealers, investment banks, and other institutional clients. Many of these transactions expose the Company to credit risk in the event of a default by a counterparty or client. In addition, the Company’s credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by the Company cannot be realized or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the credit due to or derivative exposure of the Company. Any resulting losses could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. 34 Liquidity Risk The Company must maintain adequate sources of funding and liquidity. The Company must maintain adequate funding sources in the normal course of business to support its operations and fund outstanding liabilities, as well as meet regulatory requirements and supervisory expectations. The Company primarily relies on deposits to be a low cost and stable source of funding for the loans it makes and the operations of its business. Core customer deposits, which include noninterest-bearing deposits, interest-bearing transaction accounts, savings deposits and time deposits of $250,000 or less, have historically provided the Company with a sizeable source of relatively stable and low-cost funds. In addition to customer deposits, sources of liquidity include borrowings from securities dealers, various Federal Home Loan Banks and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, as well as the debt and equity capital markets. The Company’s liquidity and ability to fund and operate the business could be materially adversely affected by a variety of conditions and factors, including financial and credit market disruptions and volatility or a lack of market or customer confidence in financial markets in general, which may result in a loss of customer deposits or outflows of cash or collateral and/or ability to access capital markets on favorable terms. Negative news about the Company or the financial services industry generally may reduce market or customer confidence in the Company, which could in turn materially adversely affect the Company’s liquidity and funding. Such reputational damage may result in the loss of customer deposits, the inability to sell or securitize loans or other assets, and downgrades in one or more of the Company’s credit ratings, and may also negatively affect the Company’s ability to access the capital markets. A downgrade in the Company’s credit ratings, which could result from general industry-wide or regulatory factors not solely related to the Company, could adversely affect the Company’s ability to borrow funds, including by raising the cost of borrowings substantially, and could cause creditors and business counterparties to raise collateral requirements or take other actions that could adversely affect M&T’s ability to raise capital. Many of the above conditions and factors may be caused by events over which M&T has little or no control. There can be no assurance that significant disruption and volatility in the financial markets will not occur in the future. Regulatory changes relating to liquidity and risk management may also negatively impact the Company’s results of operations and competitive position. Various regulations have been adopted to impose more stringent liquidity requirements for large financial institutions, including the Company. These regulations address, among other matters, liquidity stress testing and minimum liquidity requirements. The application of certain of these regulations to banking organizations, such as the Company, have been modified, including in connection with the implementation of the tailoring rules in the EGRRCPA. If the Company is unable to continue to fund assets through customer bank deposits or access funding sources on favorable terms or if the Company suffers an increase in borrowing costs or otherwise fails to manage liquidity effectively, the Company’s liquidity, operating margins, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. The Company may also need to raise additional capital and liquidity through the issuance of stock, which could dilute the ownership of existing stockholders, or reduce or even eliminate common stock dividends or share repurchases to preserve capital and liquidity. If the Company is unable to maintain or grow its deposits, it may be subject to paying higher funding costs. The total amount that the Company pays for funding costs is dependent, in part, on the Company’s ability to maintain or grow its deposits. If the Company is unable to sufficiently maintain or grow its deposits to meet liquidity objectives, it may be subject to paying higher funding costs. The Company competes with banks and other financial services companies for deposits. Recent increases in short- 35 term interest rates have resulted in and may continue to result in more intense competition in deposit pricing. If competitors raise the rates they pay on deposits, the Company’s funding costs may increase, either because the Company raises rates to avoid losing deposits or because the Company loses deposits and must rely on more expensive sources of funding. Customers may also move noninterest-bearing deposits to interest bearing accounts, increasing the cost of those deposits. Checking and savings account balances and other forms of customer deposits may decrease when customers perceive alternative investments, such as the stock market, as providing a better risk/return tradeoff. The Company’s bank customers could withdraw their money and put it in alternative investments, causing the Company to lose a lower cost source of funding. Higher funding costs could reduce the Company’s net interest margin and net interest income. M&T relies on dividends from its subsidiaries for its liquidity. M&T is a separate and distinct legal entity from its subsidiaries. M&T typically receives substantially all of its revenue from subsidiary dividends. These dividends are M&T’s principal source of funds to pay dividends on common and preferred stock, pay interest and principal on its debt, and fund purchases of its common stock. Various federal and/or state laws and regulations, as well as regulatory expectations, limit the amount of dividends that M&T’s banking subsidiaries and certain non-bank subsidiaries may pay. Regulatory scrutiny of capital levels at bank holding companies and insured depository institution subsidiaries has increased in recent years and has resulted in increased regulatory focus on all aspects of capital planning, including dividends and other distributions to shareholders of banks, such as parent bank holding companies. See “Item 1 — Business, Supervision and Regulation of the Company, Distributions” for a discussion of regulatory and other restrictions on dividend declarations. Also, M&T’s right to participate in a distribution of assets upon a subsidiary’s liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of that subsidiary’s creditors. Limitations on M&T’s ability to receive dividends from its subsidiaries could have a material adverse effect on its liquidity and ability to pay dividends on its stock or interest and principal on its debt, and ability to fund purchases of its common stock. Strategic Risk The financial services industry is highly competitive and creates competitive pressures that could adversely affect the Company’s revenue and profitability. The financial services industry in which the Company operates is highly competitive. The Company competes not only with commercial and other banks and thrifts, but also with private credit funds, insurance companies, mutual funds, hedge funds, securities brokerage firms, financial technology companies and other companies offering financial services in the U.S., globally and over the Internet. Some of the Company’s non-bank competitors are not subject to the same extensive regulations the Company is, and may have greater flexibility in competing for business. In particular, the activity and prominence of so-called marketplace lenders and other technological financial services companies has grown significantly in recent years and is expected to continue growing. The Company competes on the basis of several factors, including capital, access to capital, revenue generation, products, services, transaction execution, innovation, reputation and price. Over time, certain sectors of the financial services industry have become more concentrated, as institutions involved in a broad range of financial services have been acquired by or merged into other firms. These developments have and could continue to result in the Company’s competitors gaining greater capital and other resources, such as a broader range of products and services and geographic diversity. The Company has and may continue to experience pricing pressures as a result of these factors and as some of its competitors seek to increase market share. 36 Finally, technological change is influencing how individuals and firms conduct their financial affairs and is changing the delivery channels for financial services. Financial technology providers, who invest substantial resources in developing and designing new technology (in particular digital and mobile technology) are beginning to offer more traditional banking products (either directly or through bank partnerships) and may in the future be able to provide additional services by obtaining a bank- like charter, such as the OCC’s fintech charter. In addition, the emergence, adoption and evolution of new technologies that do not require intermediation, including distributed ledgers such as digital assets and blockchain, as well as advances in robotic process automation, could significantly affect the competition for financial services. As a result, the Company has had and will likely continue to have to contend with a broader range of competitors including many that are not located within the geographic footprint of its banking office network. Further, along with other participants in the financial services industry, the Company frequently attempts to introduce new technology-driven products and services that are aimed at allowing the Company to better serve customers and to reduce costs. The Company may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services that allow it to remain competitive or be successful in marketing these products and services to its customers. Difficulties in obtaining regulatory approval for acquisitions and in combining the operations of acquired entities with the Company’s own operations may prevent M&T from achieving the expected benefits from its acquisitions. M&T has expanded its business through past acquisitions and may do so in the future. The Company’s ability to complete acquisitions is in many instances subject to regulatory approval, and the Company cannot be certain when or if, or on what terms and conditions, any required regulatory approvals would be granted. Any requisite approval could be delayed or not obtained at all, including due to, among other factors, an adverse development in either party’s regulatory standing or in any other factors considered by regulators when granting such approval, including factors not known at the time of entering into the definitive agreement for the acquisition or submission of the related application for regulatory approval, and factors that may arise subsequently; governmental, political or community group inquiries, investigations or opposition; or changes in legislation or the political environment more generally. In addition, inherent uncertainties exist when integrating the operations of an acquired entity. Acquiring other entities involves potential risks that could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations, including: • • • • • • • • • Inability to fully achieve the Company’s strategic objectives and planned operating efficiencies in an acquisition. Issues arising during transition and integration. Disruption of the Company’s business and diversion of management’s time and attention. Exposure to unknown or contingent liabilities of acquired institutions. Loss of key employees and customers of acquired institutions. Dilution in the ownership percentage of holders of M&T common stock. Payment of a premium over book and market values that may dilute the Company’s tangible book value and earnings per common share in the short and long-term. Inability to realize the expected benefits of the acquisition due to lower financial results pertaining to the acquired entity (for example, the Company could experience higher credit losses, incur higher operating expenses or realize less revenue than originally anticipated related to an acquired entity). Changes in banking or tax laws or regulations that could impair or eliminate the expected benefits of merger and acquisition activities. 37 M&T could suffer if it fails to attract and retain skilled personnel. M&T’s success depends, in large part, on its ability to attract and retain key individuals and to have a diverse workforce. Competition for qualified and diverse candidates in the activities in which the Company engages and markets that the Company serves is significant, and the Company may not be able to hire candidates and retain them. Growth in the Company’s business, including through acquisitions, may increase its need for additional qualified personnel. The Company is increasingly competing for personnel with financial technology providers and other less regulated entities who may not have the same limitations on compensation as the Company does. Recruiting and compensation costs may increase as a result of changes in the marketplace, which may increase costs and adversely impact the Company. The increase in remote and hybrid work arrangements and opportunities in regional, national and global labor markets has also increased competition for the Company to attract and retain skilled personnel. The Company’s current or future approach to in-office and remote-work arrangements may not meet the needs or expectations of current or prospective employees or may not be perceived as favorable as compared with the arrangements offered by other companies, which could adversely affect the Company’s ability to attract and retain employees. If the Company is not able to hire or retain highly skilled, qualified and diverse individuals, it may be unable to execute its business strategies and may suffer adverse consequences to its business, financial condition and results of operations. The Company’s compensation practices are subject to review and oversight by the Federal Reserve, the OCC, the FDIC and other regulators. The federal banking agencies have issued joint guidance on executive compensation designed to help ensure that a banking organization’s incentive compensation policies do not encourage imprudent risk taking and are consistent with the safety and soundness of the organization. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act required those agencies, along with the SEC, to adopt rules to require reporting of incentive compensation and to prohibit certain compensation arrangements. If as a result of complying with such rules the Company is unable to attract and retain qualified employees, or do so at rates necessary to maintain its competitive position, or if the compensation costs required to attract and retain employees become more significant, the Company’s performance, including its competitive position, could be materially adversely affected. Operational Risk The Company is subject to operational risk which could adversely affect the Company’s business and reputation and create material legal and financial exposure. Like all businesses, the Company is subject to operational risk, which represents the risk of loss resulting from human error or misconduct, inadequate or failed internal processes and systems, and external events, including the risk of loss resulting from fraud by employees or persons outside the company, and breaches in data security. Operational risk also encompasses reputational risk and compliance and legal risk, which is the risk of loss from violations of, or noncompliance with, laws, rules, regulations, prescribed practices or ethical standards, as well as the risk of noncompliance with contractual and other obligations. The Company is also exposed to operational risk through outsourcing arrangements, and the effect that changes in circumstances or capabilities of its outsourcing vendors can have on the Company’s ability to continue to perform operational functions necessary to its business. Although the Company seeks to mitigate operational risk through a system of internal controls that are reviewed and updated, no system of controls, however well designed and maintained, is infallible. Control weaknesses or failures or other operational risks could result in charges, increased operational costs, harm to the Company’s reputation or foregone business opportunities. 38 The Company’s information systems may experience interruptions or breaches in security, including due to events beyond the Company’s control. The Company relies heavily on communications and information systems, including those of third- party service providers, to conduct its business. Any failure, interruption or breach in security of these systems could result in disruptions to its accounting, deposit, loan and other systems, and adversely affect the Company’s customer relationships. Disruption of operating systems caused by events beyond the Company’s control may include computer viruses, electrical or telecommunications outages, quality of vulnerability patches, cyber security attacks (including Distributed Denial of Service attacks, which occur when legitimate users are unable to access information systems, devices, or other network resources due to the actions of a malicious cyber threat actor), damage to property or physical assets, or events arising from political protests or terrorist acts. While the Company has policies and procedures designed to prevent or limit the effect of these possible events, there can be no assurance that any such failure, disruption, interruption or security breach will not occur or, if any does occur, that it can be sufficiently or timely remediated. Information security risks for large financial institutions such as M&T have increased significantly in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, such as digital and mobile banking to conduct financial transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, terrorists, nation-states, activists and other external parties. There have been increasing efforts on the part of third parties, including through cyber security attacks, to breach data security at financial institutions or with respect to financial transactions. There have been numerous instances involving financial services and consumer-based companies reporting unauthorized access to and disclosure of client or customer information or the destruction or theft of corporate data, including by executive impersonation and third party vendors, or the freezing of operating systems and databases making them inaccessible or unusable. There have also been several highly publicized cases where hackers have requested “ransom” payments in exchange for not disclosing customer information or for restoring access to, or the usage of, operating systems and databases. Ransomware is a form of malicious software, known as “malware,” designed to block access to, and often encrypt, computer systems or data. Once the victim’s computer system or data is locked down and encrypted, rendering it essentially useless, the malicious cyber actor then extorts the victim by demanding a ransom payment in exchange for providing a method to decrypt it. The attacker may also copy the victim’s data in the course of the attack and threaten to sell or publish the data if the ransom is not paid. Ransomware attacks can result in a loss of business functionality and of sensitive data. As cyber security threats continue to evolve, the Company expects to continue to expend significant additional resources to modify or enhance its layers of defense or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities. The techniques used by cyber security criminals change frequently, may not be recognized until launched and can be initiated by a variety of actors, including terrorist organizations and hostile foreign governments. These techniques may include attempts to fraudulently induce employees, customers or others to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to data or systems. These risks may increase as the use of mobile payment and other Internet-based applications expands. Further, third parties with which the Company does business, as well as vendors and other third parties with which the Company’s customers do business, can also be sources of information security risk to the Company, particularly where activities of customers are beyond the Company’s security and control systems, such as through the use of the Internet, personal computers, tablets, smart phones and other mobile services. Risks relating to cyber attacks on vendors and other third parties, including supply chain attacks affecting software and information technology service providers, have been rising as such attacks become increasingly frequent and severe. Security breaches affecting the Company’s customers, or systems breakdowns, failures, security breaches or employee misconduct affecting such 39 other third parties, may require the Company to take steps to protect the integrity of its own systems or to safeguard confidential information of the Company or its customers, thereby increasing the Company’s operational costs and adversely affecting its business. Additionally, successful cyber security attacks at other large financial institutions, whether or not the Company is impacted, could lead to a general loss of customer confidence in financial institutions that could negatively affect M&T, including harming the market perception of the effectiveness of the Company’s security measures or the financial system in general which could result in reduced use of the Company’s financial products. Though the Company has insurance against some cyber security risks and attacks, it may not be sufficient to offset the impact of a material loss event. The Company, as well as third parties with which the Company does business, has expanded the use of cloud service providers, which could experience system breakdowns or failures, outages, downtime, cyber security-attacks, negative changes to financial condition, bankruptcy, or other adverse conditions, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business and reputation. For example, during 2021, there were a number of widely publicized cases of outages in connection with access to cloud service providers. Thus, increasing the amount of infrastructure that the Company or its vendors and service providers outsource to the cloud or to other parties may increase M&T’s risk exposure. The failure to properly upgrade or maintain the computer systems could result in greater susceptibility to attacks, particularly in light of the greater frequency and severity of attacks in recent years, as well as the growing prevalence of supply chain attacks affecting software and information technology service providers. Failures related to upgrades and maintenance also increase risks related to unauthorized access and misuse, as well as the Company’s ability to achieve its business continuity and resiliency objectives. The Company could incur higher costs, experience lower revenue, and suffer reputational damage in the event of the theft, loss or misuse of information, including due to a cyber security attack. Like other financial services firms, the systems, networks and devices of the Company, its customers, employees, service providers or other third parties with whom the Company interacts continue to be the subject of attempted unauthorized access, denial-of-service attacks, computer viruses, hacking, malware, ransomware, phishing or other forms of social engineering, and cyber security attacks designed to obtain confidential information, destroy data, disrupt or degrade service, eliminate access or cause other damage. These threats may arise from human error, fraud on the part of employees, insiders or third parties or may result from accidental technology failure or vulnerabilities of suppliers through supply chain attacks. Further, cyber security and information security risks for financial institutions have generally increased because of, among other things, the growth of new technologies, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies (including computers, smartphones, and other mobile devices outside the Company’s systems) by customers to conduct financial transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, fraudsters, hackers, terrorists, activists, instrumentalities of foreign governments and other external parties. Although the Company believes that a robust suite of authentication and layered security controls, data encryption and tokenization, intelligence, anti-malware defenses and vulnerability management tools exist, the failure of any of these controls could result in a failure to detect, mitigate or remediate these risks in a timely manner. Moreover, potential new regulations may require the Company to disclose information about a cybersecurity event before it has been resolved or fully investigated. Further, as the Company expands its mobile and digital capabilities, cyber security risks increase. threat A disruption or breach, including as a result of a cyber security attack, or media reports of perceived security vulnerabilities at the Company or at third-party service providers could result in significant legal and financial exposure, regulatory intervention, remediation costs, damage to reputation or loss of confidence in the security of systems, products and services that could adversely 40 affect the Company’s business. Like other U.S. financial services providers, the Company continues to be targeted with evolving and adaptive cyber security threats from sophisticated third parties. Although the Company is not aware of any material losses relating to cyber security incidents, there can be no assurance that unauthorized access or cyber security incidents will not become known or occur or that the Company will not suffer such losses in the future. The Company is subject to laws and regulations relating to the privacy of the information of customers, clients, employees or others, and any failure to comply with these laws and regulations could expose the Company to liability and/or reputational damage The Company is also subject to laws and regulations relating to the privacy of the information of customers, clients, employees or others, and any failure to comply with these laws and regulations could expose the Company to liability and/or reputational damage. New privacy and data protection initiatives will impose additional operational burdens on the Company, may limit the Company’s ability to pursue desirable business initiatives and increase the risks associated with any future use of customer data. Significant examples include the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR"), the UK GDPR, known as The Data Protection Act of 2018, and the California Consumer Privacy Act. Compliance with these and other laws and regulations may require changes to policies, procedures and technology for information security and segregation of data, which could, among other things, make the Company more vulnerable to operational failures, and to monetary penalties, litigation or regulatory enforcement actions for breach of such laws and regulations. As privacy-related laws and regulations are implemented, they may also limit how companies like M&T can use personal data and impose obligations on companies in their management of such data. The time and resources needed for the Company to comply with such laws and regulations, as well as its potential liability for non-compliance and reporting obligations in the case of data breaches, may significantly increase. The impacts will be greater to the extent requirements vary across jurisdictions. M&T relies on other companies to provide key components of the Company’s business infrastructure. Third parties provide key components of the Company’s business infrastructure such as banking services, processing, and Internet connections and network access. Any disruption in such services provided by these third parties or any failure of these third parties to handle current or higher volumes of use could adversely affect the Company’s ability to deliver products and services to clients and otherwise to conduct business. Technological or financial difficulties of a third party service provider could adversely affect the Company’s business to the extent those difficulties result in the interruption or discontinuation of services provided by that party. The Company may not be insured against all types of losses as a result of third party failures and insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover all losses resulting from system failures or other disruptions. Failures in the Company’s business infrastructure could interrupt the operations or increase the costs of doing business. Additionally, the Company is exposed to the risk that a service disruption at a common service provider to the Company’s third-party service providers could impede their ability to provide services to the Company. Notwithstanding any attempts to diversify its reliance on third parties, the Company may not be able to effectively mitigate operational risks relating to its vendors’ use of common service providers. The Company is or may become involved from time to time in suits, legal proceedings, information- gathering requests, investigations and proceedings by governmental and self-regulatory agencies that may lead to adverse consequences. Many aspects of the Company’s business and operations involve substantial risk of legal liability. M&T and/or its subsidiaries have been named or threatened to be named as defendants in various 41 lawsuits arising from its or its subsidiaries’ business activities (and in some cases from the activities of companies M&T has acquired). In addition, from time to time, M&T is, or may become, the subject of governmental and self-regulatory agency information-gathering requests, reviews, investigations and proceedings and other forms of regulatory inquiry, including by bank and other regulatory agencies, the SEC and law enforcement authorities. The SEC has announced a policy of seeking admissions of liability in certain settled cases, which could adversely impact the defense of private litigation. M&T is also at risk with respect to its obligations to indemnify directors and officers of it and its subsidiaries in connection with certain legal matters as well as in situations where it has agreed to indemnify others for losses related to legal proceedings, including for litigation and governmental investigations and inquiries, such as in connection with the purchase or sale of a business or assets. The results of such proceedings could lead to significant civil or criminal penalties, including monetary penalties, damages, adverse judgments, settlements, fines, injunctions, restrictions on the way in which the Company conducts its business, or reputational harm. Although the Company establishes accruals for legal proceedings when information related to the loss contingencies represented by those matters indicates both that a loss is probable and that the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated, the Company does not have accruals for all legal proceedings where it faces a risk of loss. In addition, due to the inherent subjectivity of the assessments and unpredictability of the outcome of legal proceedings, amounts accrued may not represent the ultimate loss to the Company from the legal proceedings in question. Thus, the Company’s ultimate loss losses may be higher, and possibly significantly so, contingencies, which could adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. than the amounts accrued for legal Business Risk Changes in accounting standards could impact the Company’s reported financial condition and results of operations. The accounting standard setters, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), the SEC and other regulatory bodies, periodically change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. These changes can be difficult to predict and can materially impact how the Company records and reports its financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, the Company could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, which would result in the restating of the Company’s prior period financial statements. Information about recently adopted and not as yet adopted accounting standards is included in note 27 of Notes to Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 — Financial Statements and Supplemental Data of this Form 10-K. The Company’s reported financial condition and results of operations depend on management’s selection of accounting methods and require management to make estimates about matters that are uncertain. Accounting policies and processes are fundamental to the Company’s reported financial condition and results of operations. Some of these policies require use of estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets or liabilities and financial results. Several of M&T’s accounting policies are critical because they require management to make difficult, subjective and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and because it is likely that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. Pursuant to generally accepted accounting principles, management is required to make certain assumptions and estimates in preparing the Company’s financial statements. If assumptions or estimates underlying the Company’s financial statements are incorrect, the Company may experience material losses. 42 to ascertain the valuations of assets, Management has identified certain accounting policies as being critical because they require management’s judgment liabilities, commitments and contingencies. A variety of factors could affect the ultimate value that is obtained either when earning income, recognizing an expense, recovering an asset, valuing an asset or liability, or recognizing or reducing a liability. M&T has established detailed policies and control procedures that are intended to ensure these critical accounting estimates and judgments are well controlled and applied consistently. In addition, the policies and procedures are intended to ensure that the process for changing methodologies occurs in an appropriate manner. Because of the uncertainty surrounding judgments and the estimates pertaining to these matters, M&T could be required to adjust accounting policies or restate prior period financial statements if those judgments and estimates prove to be incorrect. For additional information, see Part II, Item 7 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, “Critical Accounting Estimates” and Note 1, “Significant Accounting Policies,” of Notes to Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8. The Company’s models used for business planning purposes could perform poorly or provide inadequate information. The Company uses quantitative models to assist in measuring risks and estimating or predicting certain financial values, among other uses. The Company uses models throughout many of its business lines, relying on them, along with its judgement, for many decision making processes. Examples of areas where the Company uses models include determining the pricing of various products, grading loans and extending credit, measuring interest rate and other market risks, predicting or estimating losses, assessing capital adequacy, and calculating economic and regulatory capital levels. The Company also uses models to estimate the value of financial instruments and balance sheet items. Models generally evaluate the performance of various factors under anticipated future conditions, relying on historical data to help build the model and in part on assumptions as to the future, often with respect to macro- economic conditions, in order to generate the output. The models used may not accurately account for all variables and may fail to predict outcomes accurately and/or may overstate or understate certain effects. Poorly designed, implemented, or managed models or misused models, including in the choice of relevant historical data or future-looking assumptions, present the risk that the Company’s business decisions that consider information based on such models will be adversely affected due to inadequate or inaccurate information, which may damage the Company’s reputation and adversely affect its reported financial condition and results of operations. Even if the underlying assumptions used in the Company’s models are adequate, the models may be deficient due to errors in computer code, use of bad data during development or input into the model during model use, or the use of a model for a purpose outside the scope of the model’s design. As a result, the Company’s models may not fully capture or express the risks the Company faces, may suggest that the Company has sufficient capital when it may not, or may lead the Company to misjudge the business and economic environment in which it operates. If the models fail to produce reliable results on an ongoing basis, the Company may not make appropriate risk management, capital planning, or other business or financial decisions. Furthermore, strategies that the Company employs to manage and govern the risks associated with its use of models may not be effective or fully reliable, and as a result, the Company may realize losses or other lapses. Finally, information the Company provides to the public or to its regulators based on poorly designed, implemented, or managed models or misused models could be inaccurate or misleading. Some of the decisions that the Company’s regulators make, including those related to capital distributions to M&T’s stockholders, could be affected adversely due to their perception that the quality of the models used to generate the relevant information is insufficient. 43 The Company is exposed to reputational risk. A negative public opinion of the Company and its business can result from any number of activities, including the Company’s lending practices, corporate governance and regulatory compliance, acquisitions and actions taken by regulators or by community organizations in response to these activities. Significant harm to the Company’s reputation could also arise as a result of regulatory or governmental actions, litigation, employee misconduct or the activities of customers, other participants in the financial services industry or the Company’s contractual counterparties, such as service providers and vendors. A service disruption of the Company’s technology platforms or an impact to the Company’s branches could have a negative impact on a customer’s access to banking services and harm the Company’s reputation with customers. In particular, a cyber security event impacting the Company’s or its customers’ data could have a negative impact on the Company’s reputation and customer confidence in the Company and its cyber security. Damage to the Company’s reputation could also adversely affect its credit ratings and access to the capital markets. Additionally, whereas negative public opinion once was primarily driven by adverse news coverage in traditional media, the increased use of social media platforms facilitates the rapid dissemination of information or misinformation, which magnifies the potential harm to the Company’s reputation. The Company’s framework for managing risks may not be effective. The Company’s risk management framework is made up of various processes and strategies to manage its risk exposure. The framework to manage risk, including the framework’s underlying assumptions, may not be effective under all conditions and circumstances. If the risk management framework proves ineffective, the Company could suffer unexpected losses and could be materially adversely affected. The Company has established processes and procedures intended to identify, measure, monitor, report, and analyze the types of risk to which it is subject, including liquidity risk, credit risk, market risk, interest rate risk, compliance risk, strategic risk, reputational risk, and operational risk related to its employees, systems and vendors, among others. There are inherent limitations to the Company’s risk management strategies as there may exist, or develop in the future, risks that it has not appropriately anticipated or identified. In addition, the Company relies on both qualitative and quantitative factors, including models, to monitor, measure and analyze certain risks and to estimate certain financial values, which are subject to error. The Company must also develop and maintain a culture of risk management among its employees, as well as manage risks associated with third parties, and could fail to do so effectively. If the Company’s risk management framework proves ineffective, the Company could incur litigation and negative regulatory consequences, and suffer unexpected losses that could affect its financial condition or results of operations. Pandemics, including COVID-19, acts of war or terrorism and other adverse external events could significantly impact the Company’s business. Pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, acts of war, military conflicts, including Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, or terrorism and other adverse external events, including severe weather and other natural disasters, could have a significant impact on the Company’s ability to conduct business. Such events could affect the stability of the Company’s deposit base, impair the ability of borrowers to repay outstanding loans, impair the value of collateral securing loans, cause significant property damage, result in loss of revenue and/or cause the Company to incur additional expenses. Although the Company has established disaster recovery plans and procedures, and monitors for significant environmental effects on its properties or its investments, the occurrence of any such event could have a material adverse effect on the Company. 44 For example, the COVID-19 pandemic created economic and financial disruptions that adversely affected, and may in the future adversely affect, the Company’s business, financial condition, capital and results of operations. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will in the future negatively affect the Company’s business, financial condition, capital and results of operations will depend on highly uncertain and unpredictable developments, including the scope and duration of any surges in the pandemic, the emergence of new variants, the effectiveness and distribution of vaccines and other public health measures, the continued effectiveness of M&T’s business continuity plans, the direct and indirect impact of the pandemic on the Company’s employees, customers, clients, counterparties, vendors, service providers and other market participants, and actions taken by governmental authorities and other third parties in response to the pandemic. Depending on the impact of pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, military conflicts such as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, terrorism and other detrimental or destabilizing global and national events on general economic and market conditions, consumer and corporate spending and investment and borrowing patterns, there is a risk that adverse conditions could occur, including supply chain disruptions; higher inflation; decreased demand for the Company’s products and services or those of its borrowers, which could increase credit risk; challenges related to maintaining sufficient qualified personnel due to labor shortages, talent attrition, employee illness, willingness to return to work; and disruptions to business operations at the Company and at counterparties, vendors and other service providers. Even after such events fully subside, the U.S. economy may experience a prolonged economic slowdown or recession, and M&T anticipates the Company’s businesses would be materially and adversely affected by a prolonged economic slowdown or recession. The escalation or continuation of the war between Russia and Ukraine or other hostilities could result in, among other things, further increased risk of cyber attacks, supply chain disruptions, higher inflation, lower consumer demand and increased volatility in commodity, currency and other financial markets. To the extent that pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, acts of war, including Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, or terrorism and other detrimental external events adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, liquidity, capital or results of operations, such factors may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section. The Company’s assets, communities, operations, reputation and customers could be adversely affected by the impacts of climate risk. The Company operates in regions where its businesses and the activities of its customers could be negatively impacted by climate risk. This includes the physical risks resulting from chronic shifts in climate, such as rising average global temperatures, rising sea levels and acute climate events, such as an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events and natural disasters, including floods, wildfires, hurricanes and tornados. Such chronic shifts and events could damage or otherwise impact the value or productivity of customers’ assets and disrupt the Company’s operations and the operations of customers or third parties on which the Company relies. They could also result in market volatility, negatively impact the Company’s customers’ ability to repay outstanding loans, and damage or deteriorate the value of collateral. Over time such risks may result in both increasing premiums for and reduced availability of insurance and have a broader impact on the economy. Further, climate risk may manifest from efforts to transition to a low-carbon economy. Transition risks may arise from changes in consumer and business preferences, legislation, regulation, policy, and technological advancement associated with the changes necessary to limit climate change. Such risks may result in increased expenses or otherwise adversely impact the Company and its customers, including the ability of customers to repay outstanding loans. The Company could experience increased expenses resulting from climate-related strategic planning and market changes, as well as litigation and reputational harm as a result of negative public sentiment, regulatory scrutiny and reduced investor 45 and stakeholder confidence due to its climate change strategy and responses. For example, the Company’s reputation may be damaged and its financial condition could suffer as a result of the ineffective identification, monitoring or management of risks relating to providing financial services to certain industries or projects that are sensitive to a transition to a lower carbon economy, as well as any decisions the Company makes to continue to conduct or change its activities in response to considerations relating to climate change. Ongoing legislative or regulatory uncertainties and changes regarding appropriate climate risk management, practices and disclosures, such as the climate-related disclosure rules proposed by the SEC in 2022, may also result in higher regulatory, compliance and other expenses. In addition, the expectations of federal and state banking regulators, investors and other stakeholders are continuously evolving and may require financial institutions including the Company, to adhere to increased requirements and expectations regarding the disclosure and management of their climate risks and related lending, investment, operations and advisory activities. Discussions of the specific risks outlined above and other risks facing the Company are included within this Annual Report on Form 10-K in Part I, Item 1 “Business,” and Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Furthermore, in Part II, Item 7 under the heading “Forward-Looking Statements” is included a description of certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions identified by management that are difficult to predict and that could materially affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations, as well as the value of the Company’s financial instruments in general, and M&T common stock, in particular. In addition, the market price of M&T common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of other factors, including changes in securities analysts’ estimates of financial performance, volatility of stock market prices and volumes, rumors or erroneous information, changes in market valuations of similar companies and changes in accounting policies or procedures as may be required by the FASB or other regulatory agencies. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None. Item 2. Properties. Both M&T and M&T Bank maintain their executive offices at One M&T Plaza in Buffalo, New York. This twenty-one story headquarters building, containing approximately 300,000 rentable square feet of space, is owned by M&T Bank. M&T, M&T Bank and their subsidiaries occupy 100% of the building. At December 31, 2022, the cost of this property (including improvements subsequent to the initial construction), net of accumulated depreciation, was $25.9 million. M&T Bank owns and occupies an additional facility in Buffalo, New York (known as M&T Center) with approximately 395,000 rentable square feet of space. At December 31, 2022, the cost of this building (including improvements subsequent to acquisition), net of accumulated depreciation, was $11.9 million. M&T Bank also owns and occupies three separate facilities in the Buffalo area which support certain back-office and operations functions of the Company. The total square footage of these facilities approximates 290,000 square feet and their combined cost (including improvements subsequent to acquisition), net of accumulated depreciation, was $24.6 million at December 31, 2022. M&T Bank owns facilities in Wilmington, Delaware, with approximately 340,000 (known as Wilmington Center) and 295,000 (known as Wilmington Plaza) rentable square feet of space, respectively. M&T Bank occupies approximately 100% of Wilmington Center and approximately 23% of Wilmington Plaza. At December 31, 2022, the cost of these buildings (including improvements 46 subsequent to acquisition), net of accumulated depreciation, was $39.1 million and $14.5 million, respectively. M&T Bank also owns facilities in Millsboro, Delaware and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania with approximately 325,000 and 220,000 rentable square feet of space, respectively. M&T Bank occupies 100% and approximately 29% of those facilities, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the cost of those buildings (including improvements subsequent to acquisition), net of accumulated depreciation, was $15.9 million and $8.0 million, respectively. The Company obtained facilities in connection with the People's United acquisition, including a building in Bridgeport, Connecticut, (known as Bridgeport Center) with approximately 450,000 rentable square feet of space. The Company occupies approximately 89% of that facility. At December 31, 2022, the cost of that building (including improvements subsequent to acquisition), net of accumulated depreciation, was $35.7 million. M&T owns many other properties none which have more than 100,000 square feet of space. The Company also leases office space and other facilities to support its business operations. The cost and accumulated depreciation and amortization of the Company’s premises and equipment and information regarding the Company’s lease arrangements is detailed in note 6 of Notes to Financial Statements filed herewith in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Of the 1,010 domestic banking office locations of M&T’s subsidiary banks at December 31, 2022, 366 are owned and 644 are leased. Item 3. Legal Proceedings. M&T and its subsidiaries are subject in the normal course of business to various pending and threatened legal proceedings and other matters in which claims for monetary damages are asserted. On an on- going basis management, after consultation with legal counsel, assesses the Company’s liabilities and contingencies in connection with such proceedings. For those matters where it is probable that the Company will incur losses and the amounts of the losses can be reasonably estimated, the Company records an expense and corresponding liability in its consolidated financial statements. To the extent the pending or threatened litigation could result in exposure in excess of that liability, the amount of such excess is not currently estimable. Although not considered probable, the range of reasonably possible losses for such matters in the aggregate, beyond the existing recorded liability, was between $0 and $25 million as of December 31, 2022. Although the Company does not believe that the outcome of pending legal matters will be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position, it cannot rule out the possibility that such outcomes will be material to the consolidated results of operations for a particular reporting period in the future. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. Not applicable. Executive Officers of the Registrant Information concerning M&T’s executive officers is presented below. The year the officer was first appointed to the indicated position with M&T or its subsidiaries is shown parenthetically. In the case of each entity noted below, officers’ terms run until the first meeting of the board of directors after such entity’s annual meeting, which in the case of M&T takes place immediately following the Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and until their successors are elected and qualified. René F. Jones, age 58, is chief executive officer, chairman of the board and a director of M&T and M&T Bank (2017). Previously, he was a senior executive vice president of M&T and a vice chairman of M&T Bank with responsibility for the Company’s Wealth and Institutional Services Division, Treasury Division, and Mortgage and Consumer Lending Divisions. Mr. Jones had also 47 served as chairman of the board and a director of Wilmington Trust Investment Advisors, a director of M&T Insurance Agency, chief financial officer of M&T, M&T Bank and Wilmington Trust, N.A. and held a number of management positions within M&T Bank’s Finance Division since 1992. Richard S. Gold, age 62, is president and chief operating officer of M&T (2017) and president, chief operating officer and a director of M&T Bank (2017). Mr. Gold oversees the Consumer Banking, Business Banking, Legal and Human Resources Divisions. Previously, he was a senior executive vice president, chief risk officer and director of M&T and was a vice chairman and chief risk officer of M&T Bank. Mr. Gold had been responsible for overseeing the Company’s governance and strategy for risk management, as well as relationships with key regulators and supervisory agencies. He is a senior executive vice president (2021) of Wilmington Trust, N.A. and Wilmington Trust Company. Mr. Gold had served as chairman, president and chief executive officer of Wilmington Trust, N.A., as a senior vice president of M&T Bank from 2000 to 2006 and has held a number of management positions since he began his career with M&T Bank in 1989. In June 2022 Mr. Gold announced his intention to retire effective after the first quarter of 2023, and his plans to remain a director of M&T Bank. Kevin J. Pearson, age 61, is vice chairman (2020) of M&T and is vice chairman (2014) and a director (2018) of M&T Bank. Mr. Pearson has oversight of the Commercial Banking, Technology and Banking Operations, and Wealth and Institutional Services Divisions. Previously, Mr. Pearson served as a director of M&T, chairman of the board of Wilmington Trust Company and chairman of the board of Wilmington Trust, N.A. He also previously served as a senior executive vice president of M&T and M&T Bank and has held a number of management positions since he began his career with M&T Bank in 1989. Mr. Pearson is a director (2018) of Wilmington Trust Company, WT Investment Advisors, Wilmington Funds Management, and WTIM. He is a director (2014) of Wilmington Trust, N.A. and a director (2022) of PUA. Robert J. Bojdak, age 67, is a senior executive vice president and chief credit officer (2004) of M&T and M&T Bank where he is responsible for managing the overall risk involving M&T Bank’s loan portfolio, monitoring portfolio metrics and workout activities. He is a senior executive vice president (2004) of Wilmington Trust, N.A. and a senior executive vice president (2020) of Wilmington Trust Company. Mr. Bojdak joined M&T Bank in 2002 and previously served as senior vice president and credit deputy for M&T Bank and as a director of Wilmington Trust, N.A. Peter G. D'Arcy, age 49, is a senior executive vice president (2022) of M&T and M&T Bank and is the head of Commercial Banking. In his current role, Mr. D'Arcy is responsible for directing strategic growth and business line development activities across M&T’s footprint for commercial clients. He is a director and chairman (2022) of M&T Realty Capital. Previously, Mr. D'Arcy served as an Area Executive, was co-head of M&T Bank’s Senior Loan Committee, and supervised M&T Bank’s commercial real estate segment, Capital Markets and Corporate and Institutional Banking Divisions. He began his career with M&T Bank in 1995. Christopher E. Kay, age 57, is a senior executive vice president (2018) of M&T and M&T Bank, and is responsible for all aspects of Consumer Banking, including the Mortgage, Consumer Lending and Retail businesses. He is also responsible for Business Banking, Customer Experience, Digital, Strategy and Transformation, Marketing and Enterprise Platforms. Prior to joining M&T in 2018, Mr. Kay served as chief innovation officer at Humana from 2014 to 2018 and as managing director of Citi Ventures from 2007 to 2013. Darren J. King, age 53, is a senior executive vice president (2010) and chief financial officer (2016) of M&T and senior executive vice president (2009) and chief financial officer (2016) of M&T Bank. Mr. King has responsibility for the overall financial management of the Company and oversees the Finance and Treasury Divisions. Prior to his current role, Mr. King was the Retail Banking executive with responsibility for overseeing Business Banking, Consumer Deposits, Consumer Lending and M&T Bank’s Marketing and Communications team. Mr. King previously served as senior 48 vice president of M&T Bank and has held a number of management positions within M&T Bank since 2000. Mr. King is a senior executive vice president (2009) and chief financial officer (2016) of Wilmington Trust, N.A. Doris P. Meister, age 68, is a senior executive vice president (2016) of M&T and M&T Bank and is responsible for overseeing the Company’s wealth management business, including Wilmington Trust Wealth Management, M&T Securities and WT Investment Advisors. Ms. Meister is the chair of the board, president and chief executive officer (2022) and a director (2016) of Wilmington Trust, N.A. and Wilmington Trust Company, and the chair of the board, chief executive officer and a director (2017) of WT Investment Advisors. She is a director (2017), chair of the board and chief executive officer (2018) of Wilmington Funds Management and WTIM. Ms. Meister is a director, chair of the board and chief executive officer (2022) of PUA. Ms. Meister joined Wilmington Trust N.A. in 2016 and has over four decades of financial and executive management experience. Laura P. O’Hara, age 63, is a senior executive vice president (2020) and chief legal officer (2017) of M&T and M&T Bank. In this role, she oversees all of the Company’s legal affairs, as well as the Office of the Corporate Secretary. Ms. O’Hara is a senior executive vice president (2020) and chief legal officer (2018) of Wilmington Trust, N.A., and senior executive vice president and chief legal officer (2020) of Wilmington Trust Company. She has almost 40 years of litigation, regulatory compliance and risk management experience, including time spent at Santander Bank, where she served as executive vice president and general counsel from 2015 until she joined M&T in 2017. Michael J. Todaro, age 61, is a senior executive vice president (2015) and chief risk officer (2021) of M&T and M&T Bank where he is responsible for overseeing the Company’s governance and strategy for risk management as well as relationships with the Company’s regulators and supervisory agencies. He is a senior executive vice president (2015) and chief risk officer (2021) of Wilmington Trust, N.A., and is a senior executive vice president (2021) of Wilmington Trust Company. Mr. Todaro began his career with M&T in 1995, and previously served as senior vice president of M&T Bank and held a number of management positions within M&T Bank’s Mortgage, Consumer Lending and recently he was responsible for Enterprise Customer Asset Management Divisions. Most Transformation activities. Michele D. Trolli, age 61, is a senior executive vice president (2005) and head of corporate operations and enterprise initiatives (2018) of M&T and M&T Bank. Previously, she was chief information officer of M&T and M&T Bank. Ms. Trolli has led a wide range of the Company’s Banking Operations, which includes Banking Services, Corporate Services, Business Continuity and Enterprise Transformation and Change Management and overseeing the Environmental, Social and Governance ("ESG") initiative. In December 2022 Ms. Trolli announced her plans to retire from M&T Bank effective in March of 2023. Julianne Urban, age 50, is a senior executive vice president (2020) and chief auditor (2017) of M&T and M&T Bank. She is responsible for the audit division’s strategic development and execution of assurance services. During her tenure, she has served as audit manager and audit director responsible for examining various business lines including Commercial Banking, Consumer Banking, Credit, Finance, Mortgage, Operations, Regulatory, Retail, Risk Management, and Treasury. Ms. Urban is a senior executive vice president (2020) and chief auditor (2018) of Wilmington Trust, N.A. and a senior executive vice president (2020) and chief auditor (2017) of Wilmington Trust Company. D. Scott N. Warman, age 57, is a senior executive vice president (2009) and treasurer (2008) of M&T and M&T Bank. He is responsible for managing the Company’s Treasury Division, including asset/liability management, funding, investment and derivative portfolio management, capital markets foreign exchange trading and sales. Mr. Warman previously served as senior vice president of M&T Bank and has held a number of management positions within M&T Bank since 1995. He is a senior executive vice president and treasurer of Wilmington Trust, N.A. (2008) and is a senior executive vice president and treasurer of Wilmington Trust Company (2012). 49 Jennifer Warren, age 58, is a senior executive vice president (2022) of M&T and M&T Bank. Ms. Warren is responsible for managing administrative and business development functions of Institutional Client Services within the Wealth and Institutional Services Division. She is a senior executive vice president and director (2022) of Wilmington Trust, N.A. and Wilmington Trust Company. Ms. Warren is a director (2022) of Wilmington Funds Management, WTIM and PUA. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Warren was chief executive officer of Issuer Services, North America for Computershare from 2018 to 2021. Ms. Warren previously served as head of the U.S. region and president and chief executive officer of CIBC World Markets Corp., where she worked for nearly 12 years. Tracy S. Woodrow, age 49, is a senior executive vice president (2020), chief human resources officer (2020) and chief administrative officer (2023) of M&T and M&T Bank. Ms. Woodrow is responsible for managing the Company’s Human Resources, Banking Services and Corporate Services Divisions, and leading the ESG initiative. She is a senior executive vice president (2015) of Wilmington Trust, N.A. and Wilmington Trust Company. Ms. Woodrow previously served as the Bank Secrecy Act / Anti-Money Laundering / Office of Foreign Assets Control Officer for M&T, M&T Bank and Wilmington Trust, N.A. upon joining M&T Bank in 2013. 50 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. M&T’s common stock is traded under the symbol MTB on the New York Stock Exchange. See cross- reference sheet for disclosures incorporated elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for approximate number of common shareholders at year-end, frequency and amounts of dividends on common stock and restrictions on the payment of dividends. During the fourth quarter of 2022, M&T did not issue any shares of its common stock that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933. Equity Compensation Plan Information The following table provides information as of December 31, 2022 with respect to shares of common stock that may be issued under M&T’s existing equity compensation plans. M&T’s existing equity compensation plans include the M&T Bank Corporation 2019 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan, which has been previously approved by shareholders and the M&T Bank Corporation Deferred Bonus Plan, which did not require shareholder approval. The table does not include information with respect to shares of common stock subject to outstanding options and rights assumed by M&T in connection with mergers and acquisitions of the companies that originally granted those options and rights. Footnote (1) to the table sets forth the total number of shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of such assumed options and rights as of December 31, 2022, and their weighted-average exercise price. Plan Category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders ..................................... Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders ..................................... Total ...................................................... Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options or Rights (A) Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options or Rights (B) Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column A) (C) 729,771 $ 11,725 741,496 $ 164.12 80.46 162.79 1,650,696 — 1,650,696 As of December 31, 2022, a total of 1,612,597 shares of M&T common stock were issuable upon exercise of (1) outstanding options or rights assumed by M&T in connection with merger and acquisition transactions. The weighted-average exercise price of those outstanding options or rights is $139.36 per common share. Deferred Bonus Plan M&T maintains a deferred bonus plan which was frozen effective January 1, 2010 and did not allow any additional deferrals after that date. Prior to January 1, 2010, the plan allowed eligible officers of M&T and its subsidiaries to elect to defer all or a portion of their annual incentive compensation awards and allocate such awards to several investment options, including M&T common stock. At the time of the deferral election, participants also elected the timing of distributions from the plan. Such distributions are payable in cash, with the exception of balances allocated to M&T common stock which are distributable in the form of shares of common stock. 51 Performance Graph The following graph contains a comparison of the cumulative shareholder return on M&T common stock against the cumulative total returns of the KBW Nasdaq Bank Index, compiled by Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc., and the S&P 500 Index, compiled by Standard & Poor’s Corporation, for the five-year period beginning on December 31, 2017 and ending on December 31, 2022. The KBW Nasdaq Bank Index is a modified market capitalization weighted index consisting of 25 banking stocks representing leading large U.S. national money centers, regional banks and thrift institutions. Comparison of Five-Year Cumulative Return* Shareholder Value at Year End* M&T Bank Corporation KBW Nasdaq Bank Index S&P 500 Index 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 100 100 100 85 82 96 104 112 126 81 100 149 101 139 192 98 109 157 * Assumes a $100 investment on December 31, 2017 and reinvestment of all dividends. In accordance with and to the extent permitted by applicable law or regulation, the information set forth above under the heading “Performance Graph” shall not be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or the Exchange Act and shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. 52 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities During the fourth quarter of 2022, M&T purchased shares of its common stock as follows: Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities (c) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (d) Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that may yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2) (a) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased (1) (b) Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit) Period October 1 - October 31, 2022................................... November 1 - November 30, 2022........................... December 1 - December 31, 2022............................ Total ......................................................................... 211,886 $ 2,125,262 1,340,649 3,677,797 $ 169.42 167.80 156.55 163.79 200,000 $ 2,366,318,142 2,009,747,682 1,800,000,226 2,125,000 1,339,887 3,664,887 (1) (2) The total number of shares purchased during the periods indicated includes shares purchased as part of publicly announced programs and shares deemed to have been received from employees who exercised stock options by attesting to previously acquired common shares in satisfaction of the exercise price or shares received from employees upon the vesting of restricted stock awards in satisfaction of applicable tax withholding obligations, as is permitted under M&T’s stock-based compensation plans. In July 2022, M&T's Board of Directors authorized a program under which $3.0 billion of common shares may be repurchased with the exact number, timing, price and terms of such repurchases to be determined at the discretion of management and subject to all regulatory limitations. That authorization replaces the previous program. Item 6. Selected Financial Data [Reserved]. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Corporate Profile and Significant Developments M&T Bank Corporation (“M&T”) is a bank holding company headquartered in Buffalo, New York with consolidated assets of $200.7 billion at December 31, 2022. The consolidated financial information presented herein reflects M&T and all of its subsidiaries, which are referred to collectively as “the Company.” M&T’s wholly owned bank subsidiaries are Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company (“M&T Bank”) and Wilmington Trust, National Association (“Wilmington Trust, N.A.”). Among other subsidiaries of M&T is M&T Securities, Inc. which provides institutional brokerage and securities services and had total assets of $49 million at December 31, 2022. M&T Bank, with total assets of $200.3 billion at December 31, 2022, is a New York-chartered commercial bank with 1,010 domestic banking offices in New York State, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia, and a full-service commercial banking office in Ontario, Canada. M&T Bank and its subsidiaries offer a broad range of financial services to a diverse base of consumers, businesses, professional clients, governmental entities and financial institutions located in their markets. M&T Bank lends to consumers residing in the states noted above and to small and medium-size businesses based in those areas, although loans are also originated through offices in other states and in Ontario, Canada. Certain lending activities are also conducted in other states through various subsidiaries. Trust and other fiduciary services are offered by M&T Bank and through its wholly owned subsidiary, Wilmington Trust Company. Other subsidiaries of M&T Bank include M&T Realty Capital Corporation, a multifamily commercial mortgage lender; Wilmington Trust Investment 53 Advisors, Inc., which serves as an investment advisor to the Wilmington Funds, a family of proprietary mutual funds, and other funds and institutional clients; and entities obtained in the People's United acquisition including LEAF Commercial Capital, Inc., M&T Capital and Leasing Corp. (formerly known as People's Capital and Leasing Corp.) and M&T Equipment Finance Corp. (formerly known as People's United Equipment Finance Corp.) that provide equipment leasing and financing services. Wilmington Trust, N.A. is a national bank with total assets of $692 million at December 31, 2022. Wilmington Trust, N.A. and its subsidiaries offer various trust and wealth management services. On April 1, 2022, M&T completed the acquisition of People’s United Financial, Inc. (“People’s United”). Through subsidiaries, People's United provided commercial banking, retail banking and wealth management services to individual, corporate and municipal customers through a network of branches located in Connecticut, southeastern New York, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine. Following the merger, People's United Bank, National Association, a national banking association and a wholly owned subsidiary of People's United, merged with and into M&T Bank with M&T Bank as the surviving entity. The results of operations acquired from People's United have been included in the Company's financial results since April 1, 2022. In connection with the acquisition of People's United, M&T issued 50,325,004 common shares on April 1, 2022. Pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement, People’s United shareholders received consideration valued at .118 of an M&T common share in exchange for each common share of People’s United. The purchase price totaled approximately $8.4 billion (with the price based on M&T’s closing price of $164.66 per share as of April 1, 2022). Additionally, People’s United outstanding preferred stock was converted into new shares of Series H preferred stock of M&T. The People's United transaction has been accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting and, accordingly, assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and consideration exchanged were recorded at estimated fair value on the acquisition date. M&T preliminarily recorded assets acquired of $64.2 billion, including $35.8 billion of loans and leases and $11.6 billion of investment securities, and liabilities assumed totaling $55.5 billion, including $53.0 billion of deposits. The transaction added $8.4 billion to M&T's common shareholders' equity and $261 million to preferred equity. In connection with the acquisition the Company recorded $3.9 billion of goodwill and $261 million of core deposit and other intangible assets. The acquisition of People's United formed a banking franchise with approximately $200 billion in assets serving communities in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic from Maine to Virginia, including Washington D.C. Net acquisition and integration-related expenses (included herein as merger-related expenses) associated with the People's United acquisition totaled $432 million after tax-effect, or $2.63 of diluted earnings per common share in 2022, and $34 million after tax-effect, or $0.25 of diluted earnings per common share in 2021. M&T completed the transfer of most financial records of People’s United to M&T’s core operating systems in the third quarter of 2022. The Company does not expect any People's United merger-related expenses to be material during 2023. On September 29, 2022 M&T Bank announced it had entered into a definitive agreement to sell M&T Insurance Agency, Inc. ("MTIA"), a wholly owned insurance agency subsidiary of M&T Bank to Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. The transaction was completed on October 31, 2022 and resulted in a pre- tax gain of $136 million. On December 19, 2022 Wilmington Trust, N.A. announced it had entered into an agreement to sell its Collective Investment Trust ("CIT") business to a private equity firm. That sale is expected to close in the first half of 2023 and result in recognition of a gain at that time. Critical Accounting Estimates The Company’s significant accounting policies conform with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and are described in note 1 of Notes to Financial Statements. In applying those accounting policies, management of the Company is required to exercise judgment in determining many of the methodologies, assumptions and estimates to be utilized. Certain of the critical accounting estimates 54 are more dependent on such judgment and in some cases may contribute to volatility in the Company’s reported financial performance should the assumptions and estimates used change over time due to changes in circumstances. The more significant areas in which management of the Company applies critical assumptions and estimates include the following: • • losses with various macroeconomic assumptions Accounting for credit losses — Effective January 1, 2020 the Company adopted amended accounting guidance that impacts how the allowance for credit losses is determined. Under that accounting guidance, the allowance for credit losses represents a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of certain financial assets, including loans and leases, to present the net amount expected to be collected at the balance sheet date. A provision for credit losses is recorded to adjust the level of the allowance as deemed necessary by management. In estimating expected losses in the loan and lease portfolio, borrower-specific financial data and macro-economic assumptions are utilized to project losses over a reasonable and supportable forecast period. For certain loan pools that share similar risk characteristics, the Company utilizes statistically developed models to estimate amounts and timing of expected future cash flows, collateral values and other factors used to determine the borrowers’ abilities to repay obligations. Such models consider historical including correlations of credit unemployment, gross domestic product and real estate prices. These forecasts may be adjusted for inherent limitations or biases of the models. Subsequent to the forecast period, the Company utilizes longer-term historical loss experience to estimate losses over the remaining contractual life of the loans. Changes in the circumstances considered when determining management’s estimates and assumptions could result in changes in those estimates and assumptions, which could result in adjustment of the allowance for credit losses in future periods. A discussion of facts and circumstances considered by management in determining the allowance for credit losses is included herein under the heading “Provision for Credit Losses” and in note 5 of Notes to Financial Statements. Prior to 2020, the allowance for credit losses represented the amount that in management’s judgment reflected incurred credit losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The estimation of the allowance for credit losses prior to 2020 did not consider reasonable and supportable forecasts that could have affected the collectability of the reported amounts. Valuation methodologies — Management of the Company applies various valuation methodologies to assets and liabilities which often involve a significant degree of judgment, particularly when liquid markets do not exist for the particular items being valued. Quoted market prices are referred to when estimating fair values for certain assets, such as investment securities and residential real estate loans held for sale and related commitments. However, for those items for which an observable liquid market does not exist, management utilizes significant estimates and assumptions to value such items. Examples of these items include loans, deposits, borrowings, goodwill, core deposit and other intangible assets, other assets and liabilities obtained or assumed in business combinations, capitalized servicing assets, pension and other postretirement benefit obligations, estimated residual values of property associated with leases, and certain derivative and other financial instruments. These valuations require the use of various assumptions, including, among others, discount rates, rates of return on assets, repayment rates, cash flows, default rates, costs of servicing and liquidation values. The use of different assumptions could produce significantly different results, which could have material positive or negative effects on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition or disclosures of fair value information. In addition to valuation, the Company must assess whether there are any declines in value below the carrying value of assets that require recognition of a loss in the consolidated statement of income. Examples include certain investments, capitalized servicing assets, goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets, among others. Specific assumptions and estimates 55 • utilized by management are discussed in detail herein in management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations and in notes 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 13, 19, 20 and 21 of Notes to Financial Statements. Commitments, contingencies and off-balance sheet arrangements — Information regarding the Company’s commitments and contingencies, including guarantees and contingent liabilities arising from litigation, and their potential effects on the Company’s results of operations is included in note 22 of Notes to Financial Statements. In addition, the Company is routinely subject to examinations from various governmental taxing authorities. Such examinations may result in challenges to the tax return treatment applied by the Company to specific transactions. Management believes that the assumptions and judgment used to record tax-related assets or liabilities have been appropriate. Should tax laws change or the tax authorities determine that management’s assumptions were inappropriate, the result and adjustments required could have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations. Information regarding the Company’s income taxes is presented in note 14 of Notes to Financial Statements. The recognition or de-recognition in the Company’s consolidated financial statements of assets and liabilities held by so-called variable interest entities is subject to the interpretation and application of complex accounting pronouncements or interpretations that require management to estimate and assess the relative significance of the Company’s financial interests in those entities and the degree to which the Company can influence the most important activities of the entities. Information relating to the Company’s involvement in such entities and the accounting treatment afforded each such involvement is included in note 20 of Notes to Financial Statements. Overview During 2022 the Federal Reserve took steps to address rising inflation, including several increases in the target Federal funds rate totaling 4.25%. Those actions have led to an expansion of the Company's net interest margin, or taxable-equivalent net interest income expressed as a percentage of average earning assets. A higher level of earning assets associated with the People's United acquisition and the expanded net interest margin have increased taxable-equivalent net interest income in 2022 as compared with 2021 and 2020. The Company's estimates of expected credit losses at December 31, 2022 reflected risks including inflation, a projected rise in unemployment, reduction of economic growth projections, decreasing residential real estate values as compared with December 31, 2021 and continued concerns about commercial real estate values in the hospitality and office building sectors. The Company recognized a $136 million gain on the sale of MTIA in the fourth quarter of 2022. Also during the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company made a $135 million tax-deductible contribution to The M&T Charitable Foundation. Net income recorded by the Company in 2022 was $1.99 billion or $11.53 of diluted earnings per common share, compared with $1.86 billion or $13.80 of diluted earnings per common share in 2021. Basic earnings per common share were $11.59 in 2022 and $13.81 in 2021. In connection with M&T’s acquisition of People’s United, the after-tax impact of merger-related expenses was $432 million ($580 million pre-tax), or $2.63 of diluted earnings per common share in 2022, compared with $34 million ($44 million pre-tax), or $0.25 of diluted earnings per common share in 2021. Merger-related expenses largely consisted of professional services, temporary help fees and other costs associated with actual or planned conversions of systems and/or integration of operations and the introduction of the Company to its new customers, costs related to terminations of existing contractual arrangements to purchase various services, severance, travel costs, and, in the second quarter of 2022, an initial provision for credit losses on loans not deemed to be purchased credit deteriorated ("PCD") on the April 1, 2022 acquisition date of People's United. GAAP requires that acquired loans be recorded at estimated fair value, which includes the use of interest rate and expected credit loss assumptions to forecast estimated cash flows. GAAP also provides that an allowance for credit losses on loans 56 acquired, but not classified as PCD also be recognized. Given the requirement to recognize such losses above and beyond the impact of forecasted losses used in determining the fair value of acquired loans, M&T considers that initial provision to be a merger-related expense. There were no merger-related expenses during 2020. Net income in 2020 totaled $1.35 billion, while diluted and basic earnings per common share were each $9.94. Expressed as a rate of return on average assets, net income in 2022 was 1.05%, compared with 1.22% in 2021 and 1.00% in 2020. The return on average common shareholders’ equity was 8.67% in 2022, 11.54% in 2021 and 8.72% in 2020. Table 1 EARNINGS SUMMARY Dollars in millions $ 2,332.8 311.2 2,021.6 592.0 15.5 174.1 741.7 697.1 180.4 24.4 23.1 132.9 $ (a) (b) Increase (Decrease) (a) 2021 to 2022 Amount % 2020 to 2021 % Amount 59 273 53 — — 8 36 45 7 166 4 7 $ (256.5) (212.4) (44.1) (875.0) (11.8) 90.3 95.0 131.4 683.0 (2.6) 180.0 505.6 $ Interest income (b) ................................. (6) Interest expense.................................... (65) (1) Net interest income (b) ............................. (109) Less: provision for credit losses..................... — Gain (loss) on bank investment securities............ Other income ...................................... 4 Less: Salaries and employee benefits ................. Other expense ................................. Income before income taxes ........................ Less: Taxable-equivalent adjustment(b)............... Income taxes................................... Net income ........................................ (15) 43 37 5 9 38 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 $ $ 6,286.3 425.2 5,861.1 517.0 (5.7) 2,362.3 2,787.4 2,263.0 2,650.3 39.1 619.5 1,991.7 $ $ 3,953.5 114.0 3,839.5 (75.0) (21.2) 2,188.2 2,045.7 1,565.9 2,469.9 14.7 596.4 1,858.8 $ $ 4,210.0 326.4 3,883.6 800.0 (9.4) 2,097.9 1,950.7 1,434.5 1,786.9 17.3 416.4 1,353.2 $ $ 4,902.4 749.3 4,153.1 176.0 18.0 2,043.7 1,900.8 1,567.9 2,570.1 22.9 618.1 1,929.1 $ 4,620.6 526.4 4,094.2 132.0 (6.3) 1,862.3 1,752.3 1,535.8 2,530.1 21.9 590.1 $ 1,918.1 Compound Growth Rate 5 Years 2017 to 2022 8 % 2 9 25 — 5 11 9 2 3 (8) 7 % Changes were calculated from unrounded amounts. Interest income data are on a taxable-equivalent basis. The taxable-equivalent adjustment represents additional income taxes that would be due if all interest income were subject to income taxes. This adjustment, which is related to interest received on qualified municipal securities, industrial revenue financings and preferred equity securities, is based on a composite income tax rate of approximately 26%. The financial results associated with the acquired operations of People's United have been included in the Company's consolidated statement of income since April 1, 2022. Reflecting earning assets obtained in the acquisition of People's United and an expanded net interest margin the Company's taxable-equivalent net interest income increased by 53% to $5.86 billion in 2022 from $3.84 billion in 2021. That increase includes the impact of a 63 basis point (hundredths of one percent) widening of the net interest margin to 3.39% in 2022 from 2.76% in 2021 and a growth in average earning assets to $172.8 billion in 2022 from $139.1 billion in 2021. That growth includes increases in average loans and investment securities of $22.7 billion and $13.5 billion, respectively. Earning assets of People's United totaled $56.6 billion on April 1, 2022 and included loans and investment securities of $35.8 billion and $11.6 billion, respectively. Taxable-equivalent net interest income was $3.88 billion in 2020. The decrease in 2021 as compared with 2020 resulted from a 40 basis point narrowing of the net interest margin from 3.16% in 2020, partially offset by the impact of an increase in average earning assets from $122.9 billion in 2020 that reflected higher balances of amounts held at the Federal Reserve Bank ("FRB") of New York. The provision for credit losses was $517 million in 2022 reflecting the $242 million People's United-related provision for non-PCD loans acquired in the acquisition and a forecasted weakening of macroeconomic conditions as of December 31, 2022, as compared with forecasts in 2021 during which a recapture of previously recorded provisions of $75 million was recorded. The provision in 2020 was $800 million. Net charge-offs in 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $160 million, $192 million and $247 million, respectively. Other income totaled $2.36 billion in 2022, $2.17 billion in 2021 and $2.09 billion in 2020. Comparing the recent year with 2021, acquired operations associated with the People's United 57 acquisition (predominantly reflected in trust income, service charges on deposit accounts and other revenues from operations, including credit-related fees), higher trust income from legacy operations and the $136 million gain on sale of MTIA were most impactful to the higher levels of noninterest income in 2022. Those increases were partially offset by lower mortgage banking revenues reflecting the Company's decision late in the third quarter of 2021 to retain the substantial majority of recently originated mortgage loans in portfolio rather than sell such loans, and a planned reduction of insufficient funds fees reflected in service charges on deposit accounts. As compared with 2020, higher amounts of trust income, service charges on deposit accounts, and brokerage services income in 2021 were partially offset by lower trading account and non-hedging derivative gains, a higher loss on bank investment securities and less in distributions from Bayview Lending Group LLC ("BLG"). Other expense totaled $5.05 billion in 2022, compared with $3.61 billion in 2021 and $3.39 billion in 2020. Included in those amounts are expenses considered by M&T to be “nonoperating” in nature, consisting of amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets of $56 million, $10 million and $15 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and merger-related expenses of $338 million and $44 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. No merger-related expenses were recorded in 2020. Exclusive of those nonoperating expenses, noninterest operating expenses totaled $4.66 billion in 2022, compared with $3.56 billion in 2021 and $3.37 billion in 2020. Acquired operations from People's United were the predominant factor for increased noninterest operating expenses in 2022. In addition to the People's United acquisition, factors contributing to the higher level of expenses included higher costs for salaries and employee benefits, outside data processing and software, equipment and net occupancy and professional services expenses, and (in the fourth quarter of 2022) a contribution to The M&T Charitable Foundation. Those higher expenses were partially offset by lower defined benefit pension-related expenses included in other costs of operations. The higher level of such expenses in 2021 as compared with 2020 was due to increased costs for salaries and employee benefits, outside data processing and software, FDIC assessments, and professional services. The efficiency ratio measures the relationship of noninterest operating expenses to revenues. The Company’s efficiency ratio, or noninterest operating expenses (as previously defined) divided by the sum of taxable-equivalent net interest income and noninterest income (exclusive of gains and losses from bank investment securities), was 56.6% in 2022, compared with 59.0% and 56.3% in 2021 and 2020, respectively. The calculations of the efficiency ratio are presented in table 2. The Company’s effective tax rate was 23.7% in 2022, compared with 24.3% and 23.5% in 2021 and 2020, respectively. Under approved capital plans and programs authorized by M&T's Board of Directors, M&T repurchased a total of 10,453,282 shares of M&T's common stock in 2022 at an average cost per share of $172.19 resulting in a total cost of $1.8 billion. M&T repurchased 2,577,000 common shares for $374 million in 2020. No common shares were repurchased in 2021. Supplemental Reporting of Non-GAAP Results of Operations As a result of business combinations and other acquisitions, the Company had intangible assets consisting of goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets totaling $8.7 billion at December 31, 2022 and $4.6 billion at each of December 31, 2021 and 2020, consisting predominantly of goodwill. Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets, after-tax effect, totaled $43 million, $8 million and $11 million during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. M&T consistently provides supplemental reporting of its results on a “net operating” or “tangible” basis, from which M&T excludes the after-tax effect of amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets (and the related goodwill, core deposit intangible and other intangible asset balances, net of applicable deferred tax amounts) and expenses (when incurred) associated with merging acquired or to be acquired operations with and into the Company, since such items are considered by management to be “nonoperating” in nature. In 2022 and 2021, those merger-related 58 expenses generally consisted of professional services, temporary help fees and other costs associated with actual or planned conversions of systems and/or integration of operations and the introduction of M&T to its new customers; costs related to terminations of existing contractual arrangements to purchase various services; severance; travel costs; legal expenses; printing costs associated with communications with shareholders and customers; and in the second quarter of 2022, an initial provision for credit losses on loans not deemed to be PCD on April 1, 2022. Such expenses totaled $580 million ($432 million after-tax) in 2022 and $44 million ($34 million after-tax) in 2021. There were no merger-related expenses in 2020. Although “net operating income” as defined by M&T is not a GAAP measure, M&T’s management believes that this information helps investors understand the effect of acquisition activity in reported results. Net operating income was $2.47 billion in 2022, $1.90 billion in 2021, and $1.36 billion in 2020. Diluted net operating earnings per common share were $14.42 in 2022, $14.11 in 2021 and $10.02 in 2020. Net operating income expressed as a rate of return on average tangible assets was 1.35% in 2022, compared with 1.28% in 2021 and 1.04% in 2020. Net operating income represented a return on average tangible common equity of 16.70% in 2022, compared with 16.80% in 2021 and 12.79% in 2020. Reconciliations of GAAP amounts with corresponding non-GAAP amounts are presented in table 2. 59 Table 2 RECONCILIATION OF GAAP TO NON-GAAP MEASURES 2022 2021 2020 Income statement data Dollars in thousands, except per share Net income Net income.......................................................................... $ Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets (a) ........................ Merger-related expenses (a) ........................................................ Net operating income............................................................ $ Earnings per common share Diluted earnings per common share................................................. $ Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets (a) ........................ Merger-related expenses (a) ........................................................ Diluted net operating earnings per common share ............................... $ Other expense Other expense....................................................................... $ Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets ........................... Merger-related expenses ............................................................ Noninterest operating expense................................................... $ Merger-related expenses Salaries and employee benefits ..................................................... $ Equipment and net occupancy ...................................................... Outside data processing and software............................................... Advertising and marketing.......................................................... Printing, postage and supplies ...................................................... Other costs of operations............................................................ Other expense ................................................................... Provision for credit losses........................................................... Total ............................................................................. $ Efficiency ratio Noninterest operating expense (numerator) ......................................... $ Taxable-equivalent net interest income ............................................. $ Other income ....................................................................... Less: Gain (loss) on bank investment securities..................................... Denominator ........................................................................ $ Efficiency ratio ..................................................................... Balance sheet data In millions Average assets Average assets ...................................................................... $ Goodwill............................................................................ Core deposit and other intangible assets ............................................ Deferred taxes ...................................................................... Average tangible assets.......................................................... $ Average common equity Average total equity ................................................................ $ Preferred stock...................................................................... Average common equity......................................................... Goodwill............................................................................ Core deposit and other intangible assets ............................................ Deferred taxes ...................................................................... Average tangible common equity................................................ $ At end of year Total assets Total assets ......................................................................... $ Goodwill............................................................................ Core deposit and other intangible assets ............................................ Deferred taxes ...................................................................... Total tangible assets ............................................................. $ Total common equity Total equity ......................................................................... $ Preferred stock...................................................................... Common equity.................................................................. Goodwill............................................................................ Core deposit and other intangible assets ............................................ Deferred taxes ...................................................................... Total tangible common equity ................................................... $ (a) After any related tax effect. 60 1,991,663 42,771 431,576 2,466,010 11.53 .26 2.63 14.42 5,050,436 (55,624) (338,321) 4,656,491 102,150 6,709 5,438 9,262 6,786 207,976 338,321 242,000 580,321 4,656,491 5,861,128 2,356,603 (5,686) 8,223,417 56.6% 190,252 (7,537) (179) 43 182,579 23,810 (1,946) 21,864 (7,537) (179) 43 14,191 200,730 (8,490) (209) 51 192,082 25,318 (2,011) 23,307 (8,490) (209) 51 14,659 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,858,746 7,532 33,560 1,899,838 13.80 .06 .25 14.11 3,611,623 (10,167) (43,860) 3,557,596 176 341 1,119 866 2,965 38,393 43,860 — 43,860 3,557,596 3,839,509 2,166,994 (21,220) 6,027,723 59.0% 152,669 (4,593) (8) 2 148,070 16,909 (1,438) 15,471 (4,593) (8) 2 10,872 155,107 (4,593) (4) 1 150,511 17,903 (1,750) 16,153 (4,593) (4) 1 11,557 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,353,152 10,993 — 1,364,145 9.94 .08 — 10.02 3,385,240 (14,869) — 3,370,371 — — — — — — — — — 3,370,371 3,883,605 2,088,444 (9,421) 5,981,470 56.3% 135,480 (4,593) (21) 5 130,871 15,991 (1,250) 14,741 (4,593) (21) 5 10,132 142,601 (4,593) (14) 4 137,998 16,187 (1,250) 14,937 (4,593) (14) 4 10,334 Net Interest Income/Lending and Funding Activities Taxable-equivalent net interest income was $5.86 billion in 2022, a 53% increase from $3.84 billion in 2021. That increase reflects the impact of $33.7 billion in additional average earning assets, predominantly resulting from the People's United transaction, and a 63 basis point widening of the net interest margin to 3.39% in 2022 from 2.76% in 2021. The higher net interest margin in 2022 is generally reflective of a rising interest rate environment resulting from actions taken by the Federal Reserve to temper inflationary pressures on the U.S. economy. The Federal Reserve raised its target Federal funds rate through multiple hikes that totaled 4.25% during 2022. Average earnings assets were $172.8 billion in 2022 and $139.1 billion in 2021. Average loans and leases were $119.3 billion in 2022, up from $96.6 billion in 2021. Included in average loans and leases in the recent year were loans obtained in the People's United acquisition. Loans acquired from People's United totaled $35.8 billion on the April 1, 2022 acquisition date and consisted of approximately $13.6 billion of commercial loans and leases, $13.5 billion of commercial real estate loans, $7.1 billion of residential real estate loans and $1.6 billion of consumer loans. Including the three quarter impact of the acquired loan balances, average balances of commercial loans and leases increased $9.7 billion or 39% to $34.9 billion in 2022 from $25.2 billion in 2021. Partially offsetting the increase from acquired loans was a reduction in average balances of Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans, reflecting loan repayments by the Small Business Administration. PPP loans averaged $446 million in 2022 compared with $4.1 billion in 2021. Average commercial real estate loan balances were up $6.3 billion or 17% to $43.6 billion in 2022 from $37.3 billion in 2021. That increase was predominantly due to the impact of loans obtained in the acquisition of People's United partially offset by a reduction in average balances of legacy construction and permanent mortgage loans, reflecting repayments by customers. Consumer loans averaged $19.5 billion in 2022, an increase of $2.2 billion or 13% from $17.3 billion in 2021, reflecting the impact of loans obtained in the acquisition of People's United (that consisted predominantly of outstanding balances of home equity lines of credit) and growth in average recreational finance loans (consisting predominantly of loans secured by recreational vehicles and boats). Average residential real estate loans were $21.3 billion and $16.8 billion in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The growth in residential real estate loans was largely attributable to the acquisition of loans from People's United and the Company's decision in the third quarter of 2021 to retain rather than sell most originated residential mortgage loans. Partially offsetting those increases was the impact of ongoing repayments of loans by customers. Net interest income expressed on a taxable-equivalent basis aggregated $3.84 billion in 2021, compared with $3.88 billion in 2020. The decrease in 2021 was primarily attributable to a 40 basis point narrowing of the net interest margin to 2.76% in 2021 from 3.16% in 2020 reflecting lower yields on loans offset, in part, by lower rates paid on deposits, and reduced balances of investment securities. Those net impacts were partially offset by increased deposits held at the FRB of New York that served to increase net interest income, but, due to their low yield, reduced the reported net interest margin. Average earnings assets were $139.1 billion and $122.9 billion in 2021 and 2020, respectively. Average loans and leases were $96.6 billion in each of 2021 and 2020. Average balances of commercial loans and leases decreased $2.3 billion or 8% to $25.2 billion in 2021 from $27.5 billion in 2020. That decrease was largely the result of a decline in average balances of PPP loans due to loan forgiveness by the SBA, lower dealer floor plan balances reflecting automobile production and inventory issues experienced by the industry and subdued loan demand by commercial customers, in general. PPP loans averaged $4.1 billion in 2021 compared with $4.4 billion in 2020. Average commercial real estate loan balances were up $336 million or 1% to $37.3 billion in 2021 from $37.0 billion in 2020. Consumer loans averaged $17.3 billion in 2021, an increase of $1.4 billion or 9% from $15.9 billion in 2020, due to growth in recreational finance loans and, to a lesser extent, automobile loans that was partially offset by declines in average outstanding balances of home equity loans and lines of credit. Average residential real estate loans were $16.8 billion and $16.2 billion in 2021 and 2020, respectively, 61 reflecting repurchases of government-guaranteed loans from Ginnie Mae pools that are serviced by the Company. The Company repurchased government-guaranteed loans to reduce associated servicing costs, namely a requirement to advance principal and interest payments that had not been received from individual mortgagors. The loans repurchased from Ginnie Mae pools averaged $3.3 billion in 2021 and $2.6 billion in 2020. Additionally, late in the third quarter of 2021, the Company began to retain recently originated residential mortgage loans in portfolio rather than sell such loans. 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Table 4 AVERAGE LOANS AND LEASES (Net of unearned discount) Commercial, financial, etc........................................................................ Real estate — commercial ........................................................................ Real estate — consumer ........................................................................... Consumer Recreational finance ............................................................................. Automobile ........................................................................................... Home equity lines and loans................................................................. Other ..................................................................................................... Total consumer ................................................................................. Total.............................................................................................. Percent Increase (Decrease) from 2021 to 2022 2020 to 2021 39 % 17 27 11 2 25 25 13 23 % (8) % 1 3 21 14 (12) 5 9 — % 2022 (In millions) $ $ 34,926 43,576 21,257 8,500 4,527 4,669 1,842 19,538 119,297 Commercial loans and leases, excluding loans secured by real estate, totaled $41.9 billion at December 31, 2022, representing 32% of total loans and leases. Table 5 presents information on commercial loans and leases as of December 31, 2022 relating to geographic area, size, borrower industry and whether the loans are secured by collateral or unsecured. Of the $41.9 billion of commercial loans and leases outstanding at the end of 2022, approximately $37.8 billion, or 90%, were secured, while 25%, 33% and 13% were granted to businesses in New York State, the Mid-Atlantic area (which includes Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia) and the New England area (which includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont), respectively. The Company provides financing for leases to commercial customers, primarily for equipment. Commercial leases included in total commercial loans and leases at December 31, 2022 aggregated $2.4 billion, of which 23% were secured by collateral located in New York State, 24% were secured by collateral in the Mid-Atlantic area and 5% were secured by collateral in New England. The Company acquired $1.3 billion of commercial leases on April 1, 2022 as a result of the People's United transaction. International loans included in commercial loans and leases totaled $241 million and $116 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Included in such amounts were $227 million and $94 million of loans, respectively, at M&T Bank’s commercial banking office in Ontario, Canada. The remaining international loans were predominantly to domestic companies with foreign operations. 64 Table 5 COMMERCIAL LOANS AND LEASES, NET OF UNEARNED DISCOUNT (Excludes Loans Secured by Real Estate) December 31, 2022 Financial and insurance ................................ Services .................................................... Manufacturing............................................ Motor vehicle and recreational finance dealers ......................................... Wholesale ................................................. Transportation, communications, utilities................................................... Retail ....................................................... Construction .............................................. Health services ........................................... Real estate investors..................................... Public administration ................................... Agriculture, forestry, fishing, etc. .................... Other........................................................ Total ........................................................ Percent of total ........................................... Percent of dollars outstanding Secured..................................................... Unsecured ................................................. Leases ...................................................... Total ........................................................ Percent of dollars outstanding by size of loan Less than $1 million..................................... $1 million to $10 million............................... $10 million to $30 million ............................. $30 million to $50 million ............................. $50 million to $100 million............................ Greater than $100 million.............................. Total ........................................................ New York Mid- Atlantic (a) New England (b) (Dollars in millions) Other Total Percent of Total $ 2,379 1,416 1,470 1,065 937 359 568 532 639 751 156 25 255 $ 10,552 $ 1,511 2,547 1,929 1,372 1,762 819 978 921 698 691 92 90 275 $ 13,685 $ $ 532 1,179 873 505 841 478 234 211 343 81 83 38 62 5,460 $ 3,006 1,352 1,252 1,855 600 1,422 745 660 292 359 — 10 600 $ 12,153 $ 7,428 6,494 5,524 4,797 4,140 3,078 2,525 2,324 1,972 1,882 331 163 1,192 $ 41,850 18% 16% 13% 11% 10% 7% 6% 6% 5% 4% 1% — 3% 100% 25% 78% 17 5 100% 22% 36 21 9 4 8 100% 33% 86% 10 4 100% 21% 32 23 12 8 4 100% 13% 91% 7 2 100% 17% 38 32 11 2 — 100% 29% 86% 5 9 100% 32% 22 18 8 14 6 100% 100% 84% 10 6 100% 24% 31 22 10 8 5 100% (a) (b) Includes Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. Includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont. Loans secured by real estate, including outstanding balances of home equity loans and lines of credit which the Company classifies as consumer loans, represented approximately 58% of the loan and lease portfolio during 2022, compared with 59% in each of 2021 and 2020. At December 31, 2022, the Company held approximately $45.4 billion of commercial real estate loans (including $131 million held for sale), $23.8 billion of consumer real estate loans secured by one-to-four family residential properties (including $32 million of loans held for sale) and $5.0 billion of outstanding balances of home equity loans and lines of credit, compared with $35.4 billion, $16.1 billion and $3.6 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2021. Included in commercial real estate loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were construction loans of $8.6 billion and $9.3 billion, respectively, including amounts due from builders and developers of residential real estate aggregating $1.3 billion and $1.4 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Commercial real estate loans included loans held for sale totaling $131 million and $425 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. International loans included in commercial real estate loans totaled $69 million at December 31, 2022 and $74 million at December 31, 2021. 65 Commercial real estate loans originated by the Company include both fixed and variable rate instruments with monthly payments and a balloon payment of the remaining unpaid principal at maturity. Maturity dates generally range from five to ten years and, for borrowers in good standing, the terms of such loans may be extended by the customer following maturity at the then-current market rate of interest. Adjustable-rate commercial real estate loans represented approximately 77% of the commercial real estate loan portfolio at the 2022 year-end. Table 6 presents commercial real estate loans by geographic area, type of collateral and size of the loans outstanding at December 31, 2022. New York City commercial real estate loans totaled $5.8 billion at December 31, 2022. The $5.3 billion of investor-owned commercial real estate loans in New York City were largely secured by multifamily residential properties, retail space and office space. The Company’s experience has been that office, retail and service-related properties tend to demonstrate more volatile fluctuations in value through economic cycles and changing economic conditions than do multifamily residential properties. Approximately 64% of the aggregate dollar amount of New York City loans were for loans with outstanding balances of $30 million or less, while loans of more than $50 million made up approximately 25% of the total. Commercial real estate loans secured by properties located in other parts of New York State, the New England area and the Mid-Atlantic area tend to have a greater diversity of collateral types and include a significant amount of lending to customers who use the mortgaged property in their trade or business (owner-occupied). Approximately 90% of the aggregate dollar amount of commercial real estate loans in New York State secured by properties located outside of New York City were for loans with outstanding balances of $30 million or less. Of the outstanding balances of commercial real estate loans in the New England and Mid-Atlantic areas, approximately 86% and 78%, respectively, were for loans with outstanding balances of $30 million or less. Commercial real estate loans secured by properties located outside of the New England area, the Mid-Atlantic area and New York State comprised 16% of total commercial real estate loans as of December 31, 2022. Commercial real estate construction and development loans made to investors presented in table 6 totaled $8.3 billion at December 31, 2022, or 6% of total loans and leases. Approximately 98% of those construction loans had adjustable interest rates. Included in such loans at the 2022 year-end were $1.3 billion of loans to builders and developers of residential real estate properties. The remainder of the commercial real estate construction loan portfolio was comprised of loans made for various purposes, including the construction of office buildings, multifamily residential housing, retail space and other commercial development. M&T Realty Capital Corporation, a commercial real estate lending subsidiary of M&T Bank, participates in the Delegated Underwriting and Servicing (“DUS”) program of Fannie Mae, pursuant to which commercial real estate loans are originated in accordance with terms and conditions specified by Fannie Mae and sold. Under this program, loans are sold with partial credit recourse to M&T Realty Capital Corporation. The amount of recourse is generally limited to one-third of any credit loss incurred by the purchaser on an individual loan, although in some cases the recourse amount is less than one- third of the outstanding principal balance. The Company’s maximum credit risk for recourse associated with sold commercial real estate loans was approximately $3.9 billion at December 31, 2022 and $4.0 billion at December 31, 2021. There have been no material losses incurred as a result of those recourse arrangements. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, commercial real estate loans serviced by the Company for other investors were $26.0 billion and $23.7 billion, respectively. Reflected in commercial real estate loans serviced for others were loans sub-serviced for others that had outstanding balances of $3.8 billion and $3.5 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. 66 Table 6 COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE LOANS, NET OF UNEARNED DISCOUNT December 31, 2022 New York State New York City Mid- New Other Atlantic (a) England (b) Other Total Percent of Total (Dollars in millions) $ 1,178 1,154 732 224 301 137 189 3,915 1,132 149 101 — 1,382 5,297 193 12 40 80 57 26 55 54 517 $ 5,814 $ 1,364 1,115 1,168 887 565 379 51 5,529 774 42 27 26 869 6,398 677 369 380 260 162 284 328 328 2,788 $ 9,186 $ 1,606 838 1,333 1,324 910 647 123 6,781 2,203 174 136 125 2,638 9,419 821 713 737 322 544 251 211 559 4,158 $ 13,577 $ 1,510 1,625 1,480 687 577 518 158 6,555 875 31 9 — 915 7,470 479 333 400 294 164 236 117 206 2,229 $ 9,699 $ 638 1,156 473 545 457 557 6 3,832 1,435 128 582 308 2,453 6,285 $ 6,296 5,888 5,186 3,667 2,810 2,238 527 26,612 6,419 524 855 459 8,257 34,869 83 2,253 421 131 33 51 44 21 20 804 $ 7,089 1,848 1,688 989 978 841 732 1,167 10,496 $45,365 13% 20% 30% 21% 16% 100% 14% 13 12 8 6 5 1 59% 14% 1 2 1 18% 77% 5% 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 23% 100% Investor-owned Permanent finance by property type Retail/Service ............................. Apartments/Multifamily ................ Office ....................................... Health facilities ........................... Hotel ........................................ Industrial/Warehouse .................... Other ........................................ Total permanent ........................ Construction/Development Commercial Construction ............................. Land/Land development .............. Residential builder and developer Construction ............................. Land/Land development .............. Total construction/ development ........................ Total investor-owned ........................ Owner-occupied by industry (c) Other services ............................. Motor vehicle and recreational finance dealers........................... Retail........................................ Health services............................ Wholesale .................................. Manufacturing ............................ Real estate investors ..................... Other ........................................ Total owner-occupied ................. Total commercial real estate ............... Percent of total ................................ Percent of dollars outstanding by size of loan Less than $1 million ......................... $1 million to $10 million ................... $10 million to $30 million.................. $30 million to $50 million.................. $50 million to $100 million ................ Greater than $100 million .................. Total............................................. 3% 28 33 11 19 6 100% 13% 46 31 7 3 — 100% 10% 35 33 15 6 1 100% 10% 42 34 12 1 1 100% 9% 23 26 19 13 10 100% 9% 36 32 13 7 3 100% (a) (b) (c) Includes Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. Includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont. Includes $359 million of construction loans. Real estate loans secured by one-to-four family residential properties were $23.8 billion at December 31, 2022, including approximately 31% secured by properties located in New York State, 30% secured by properties located in the Mid-Atlantic area and 27% secured by properties located in New England. The Company’s portfolio of limited documentation residential real estate loans held for investment totaled $1.1 billion at December 31, 2022, compared with $1.3 billion at December 31, 2021. That portfolio consisted predominantly of limited documentation loans acquired in a prior business combination. Such loans represent loans that at origination typically included some form of limited borrower documentation requirements as compared with more traditional residential real estate 67 loans. The acquired loans that were eligible for limited documentation processing were available in amounts up to 65% of the lower of the appraised value or purchase price of the property. Loans to individuals to finance the construction of one-to-four family residential properties totaled $55 million at December 31, 2022 and $57 million at December 31, 2021, or less than .1% of total loans and leases at each of those dates. Information about the credit performance of the Company’s residential real estate loans is included herein under the heading “Provision For Credit Losses.” Consumer loans comprised approximately 16% of total loans and leases at December 31, 2022 and 19% at December 31, 2021. Outstanding balances of recreational finance loans represented the largest component of the consumer loan portfolio at December 31, 2022 and totaled $9.1 billion or approximately 7% of total loans, compared with $8.1 billion or 9% at December 31, 2021. Outstanding automobile loan balances were $4.5 billion at December 31, 2022, compared with $4.7 billion at December 31, 2021. Home equity loans and lines of credit outstanding at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were $5.0 billion and $3.6 billion, respectively. Consumer loans obtained in the acquisition of People's United were predominantly home equity lines of credit. Table 7 presents the composition of the Company’s loan and lease portfolio at the end of 2022, including outstanding balances to businesses and consumers in New York State, the Mid-Atlantic area, the New England region and other states. Table 7 December 31, 2022 LOANS AND LEASES, NET OF UNEARNED DISCOUNT Real estate Residential ........................................................... Commercial .......................................................... Total real estate................................................ Commercial, financial, etc.............................................. Consumer Recreational finance ............................................... Home equity lines and loans ..................................... Automobile........................................................... Other secured or guaranteed...................................... Other unsecured..................................................... Total consumer ................................................ Total loans ................................................ Commercial leases ....................................................... Total loans and leases .................................. Outstandings (In millions) $ $ 23,756 45,365 69,121 39,435 9,073 5,007 4,477 800 1,236 20,593 129,149 2,415 131,564 Percent of Dollars Outstanding New York Mid- Atlantic (a) New England (b) Other 31% 33 32% 25% 9% 34 26 31 37 21% 28% 23% 28% 30% 30 30% 33% 17% 41 50 37 57 33% 32% 24% 32% 27% 21 23% 14% 7% 24 6 8 3 11% 18% 5% 18% 12% 16 15% 28% 67% 1 18 24 3 35% 22% 48% 22% (a) (b) Includes Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. Includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont. The investment securities portfolio averaged $19.9 billion in 2022, up from $6.4 billion and $8.2 billion in 2021 and 2020, respectively. The higher average balance in 2022 reflects the acquisition of People's United, which added approximately $11.6 billion to the investment securities portfolio on April 1, 2022, and purchases of approximately $9.1 billion of investment securities in 2022 consisting predominantly of U.S. Treasury notes and fixed rate residential mortgage-backed securities. The decline in average balances of investment securities in 2021 as compared with 2020 was predominantly due to maturities and pay downs of mortgage-backed securities and maturities of U.S. Treasury notes. During 2022 and 2021 the Company purchased approximately $1.9 billion and $1.6 billion of fixed rate residential mortgage-backed securities, respectively, and approximately $7.3 billion and $680 million of U.S. Treasury notes, respectively. There were no significant sales of investment securities 68 in either year. The Company routinely has increases and decreases in its holdings of capital stock of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of New York and the FRB of New York. Those holdings are accounted for at cost and are adjusted based on the amounts of outstanding borrowings and available lines of credit with those entities. The investment securities portfolio is largely comprised of residential mortgage-backed securities and shorter-term U.S. Treasury and federal agency notes and, following the acquisition of People's United, municipal securities. When purchasing investment securities, the Company considers its liquidity position and its overall interest-rate risk profile as well as the adequacy of expected returns relative to risks assumed, including prepayments. The Company may occasionally sell investment securities as a result of changes in interest rates and spreads, actual or anticipated prepayments, credit risk associated with a particular security, or as a result of restructuring its investment securities portfolio in connection with a business combination. The amounts of investment securities held by the Company are influenced by such factors as available yield in comparison with alternative investments, demand for loans, which generally yield more than investment securities, ongoing repayments, the levels of deposits, and management of liquidity and balance sheet size and resulting capital ratios. Fair value changes in equity securities with readily determinable fair values are recognized in the consolidated statement of income. Net unrealized losses on such equity securities were $6 million in 2022, $21 million in 2021 and $9 million in 2020. Those losses include changes in value of the Company’s holdings of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac preferred stock. The Company regularly reviews its debt investment securities for declines in value below amortized cost that might be indicative of credit-related losses. In light of such reviews, there were no credit-related losses on debt investment securities recognized in 2022, 2021 or 2020. A further discussion of fair values of investment securities is included herein under the heading “Capital.” Additional information about the investment securities portfolio is included in notes 3 and 21 of Notes to Financial Statements. Other earning assets include interest-bearing balances at the FRB of New York and other banks, trading account assets, federal funds sold and agreements to resell securities. Those other earning assets in the aggregate averaged $33.6 billion in 2022, $36.0 billion in 2021 and $18.1 billion in 2020. Interest-bearing deposits at banks averaged $33.4 billion in 2022, compared with $35.8 billion in 2021 and $15.3 billion in 2020. The amounts of interest-bearing deposits at banks at the respective dates were predominantly comprised of deposits held at the FRB of New York. In general, the levels of those deposits often fluctuate due to changes in deposits of retail and commercial customers, trust-related deposits and additions to or maturities of investment securities or borrowings. Agreements to resell securities averaged $69 million, $167 million and $2.7 billion in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The higher average balance in 2020 reflects the temporary investment by the Company of increased customer deposit levels. Table 8 AVERAGE CORE DEPOSITS Percent Increase (Decrease) from 2021 to 2022 2020 to 2021 2022 (In millions) Savings and interest-checking deposits .................................. $ Time deposits.......................................................................... Noninterest-bearing deposits .................................................. Total........................................................................................ $ 81,123 3,838 68,888 153,849 21 % 34 24 23 % 12 % (33) 34 19 % The most significant source of funding for the Company is core deposits. The Company considers noninterest-bearing deposits, interest-bearing transaction accounts, savings deposits and time deposits 69 of $250,000 or less as core deposits. The Company’s branch network is its principal source of core deposits, which generally carry lower interest rates than wholesale funds of comparable maturities. Average core deposits were $153.8 billion in 2022, up from $125.6 billion in 2021 and $105.7 billion in 2020. Average balances of savings and interest-checking core deposits rose $14.1 billion or 21% in 2022 to $81.1 billion from $67.0 billion in 2021. Average noninterest-bearing deposits increased $13.2 billion or 24% to $68.9 billion in 2022 from $55.7 billion in 2021. The People's United acquisition added approximately $50.8 billion of core deposits on April 1, 2022, including $30.8 billion of savings and interest-checking deposits, $2.6 billion of time deposits and $17.4 billion of noninterest-bearing deposits. The increase in core deposits resulting from the acquisition of People's United in 2022 was partially offset by the Company's initiative to reduce certain historically higher-cost deposits as well as customer reactions to the generally rising interest rate environment. Average balances of savings and interest-checking core deposits rose $7.3 billion or 12% in 2021 to $67.0 billion from $59.8 billion in 2020. Average noninterest-bearing deposits increased $14.0 billion or 34% to $55.7 billion in 2021 from $41.7 billion in 2020. A continuance of the trend observed in 2020, the increase in average core deposits in 2021 as compared with 2020 was largely due to higher average deposits of commercial and consumer customers. Funding provided by core deposits represented 89% of average earning assets in 2022, compared with 90% in 2021 and 86% in 2020. Table 8 summarizes average core deposits in 2022 and percentage changes in the components of such deposits over the past two years. Core deposits totaled $154.6 billion and $128.0 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Table 9 AVERAGE DEPOSITS Retail Trust Commercial and Other Total (In millions) 2022 Savings and interest-checking deposits ............... $ 47,049 Time deposits............................................................. 4,257 Noninterest-bearing deposits ................................. 13,394 Total............................................................................. $ 64,700 $ 6,848 13 11,663 $ 18,524 2021 Savings and interest-checking deposits ............... $ 33,964 Time deposits............................................................. 3,062 Noninterest-bearing deposits ................................. 8,379 Deposits at Cayman Islands office ....................... — Total............................................................................. $ 45,405 2020 Savings and interest-checking deposits ............... $ 29,072 Time deposits............................................................. 4,657 Noninterest-bearing deposits ................................. 6,572 Deposits at Cayman Islands office ....................... — Total............................................................................. $ 40,301 $ 6,021 25 10,529 — $ 16,575 $ 5,631 50 5,406 — $ 11,087 $ $ $ $ $ $ 30,856 580 43,831 75,267 $ 84,753 4,850 68,888 $ 158,491 30,894 176 36,758 181 68,009 $ 70,879 3,263 55,666 181 $ 129,989 28,887 253 29,705 1,117 59,962 $ 63,590 4,960 41,683 1,117 $ 111,350 The Company also receives funding from other deposit sources, including branch-related time deposits over $250,000, brokered deposits and, prior to June 30, 2021, deposits associated with the Company’s Cayman Islands office. Time deposits over $250,000 averaged $762 million in 2022, $402 70 million in 2021 and $683 million in 2020. The increase in such deposits in 2022 as compared with 2021 resulted from the acquisition of People's United and higher demand for time deposit products as interest rates rose during the course of 2022. Contrasting that increase, the decline in such deposits in 2021 from 2020 was predominantly the result of maturities of time deposits and, due to the low interest rate environment in that period, a reduced demand from customers for time deposit products. Cayman Islands office deposits averaged $181 million in 2021 and $1.1 billion in 2020. Those deposits consisted predominantly of balances swept from lower-yielding commercial customer accounts. During the second quarter of 2021, the Company introduced a new interest-bearing sweep product (included in savings and interest-checking deposits) that replaced the Eurodollar sweep product previously recorded as Cayman Islands office deposits. As a result, there were no outstanding Cayman Islands deposits at each of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the office was closed. The Company had brokered savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts that averaged $3.6 billion in 2022, compared with $3.8 billion in each of 2021 and 2020. Brokered time deposits averaged $250 million in 2022 and were not a significant source of funding in 2021 and 2020. Additional brokered deposits may be added in the future depending on market conditions, including demand by customers and other investors for those deposits, and the cost of funds available from alternative sources at the time. Time deposits over $250,000 were $1.0 billion and $345 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Total uninsured deposits, were estimated to be $74.2 billion at December 31, 2022, compared with $69.1 billion at December 31, 2021. The Company also uses borrowings from banks, the FHLB of New York, the FRB of New York and others as sources of funding. Short-term borrowings represent arrangements that at the time they were entered into had a contractual maturity of one year or less. Average short-term borrowings were $936 million in 2022, compared with $68 million in 2021 and $62 million in 2020. Short-term borrowings assumed in connection with the People's United acquisition totaled $895 million on April 1, 2022. In October 2022 M&T redeemed $500 million of unsecured senior notes due to mature in December 2022 that had been assumed in the acquisition of People's United and included in short-term borrowings. Short-term borrowings were $3.6 billion at December 31, 2022, compared with $47 million at December 31, 2021. The comparative increase in short-term borrowings reflects the Company's liquidity ratio management. Long-term borrowings averaged $3.4 billion in 2022, $3.5 billion in 2021 and $5.8 billion in 2020. As of April 1, 2022, long-term borrowings assumed in the People's United acquisition totaled $494 million and included $483 million of fixed-rate subordinated notes and $11 million of FHLB advances. Average balances of outstanding senior notes were $2.0 billion in 2022, compared with $2.4 billion and $3.8 billion in 2021 and 2020, respectively. Unsecured senior notes totaled $2.5 billion and $2.4 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In November 2022 M&T Bank issued $500 million of fixed rate senior notes that pay a rate of 5.4% semi-annually and mature in November 2025. In August 2022 M&T issued $500 million of senior notes that mature in August 2028 and pay a fixed rate of 4.553% semi-annually until August 2027 after which the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 1.78% will be paid quarterly until maturity. In April 2022, M&T Bank redeemed $650 million of fixed rate senior notes that were due to mature on May 18, 2022. During May 2022, $250 million of variable rate senior notes of M&T Bank matured. In January 2021, $350 million of variable rate senior notes of M&T Bank matured. During 2020, M&T Bank redeemed $2.1 billion of fixed rate senior notes that were within thirty days of scheduled maturity and, thereby, eligible for redemption. Also included in average long-term borrowings were amounts borrowed from FHLBs of $6 million in 2022 compared with $2 million in 2021 and 2020 and subordinated capital notes of $863 million in 2022 compared with $581 million in 2021 and $1.4 billion in 2020. In March 2021, M&T Bank redeemed $500 million of subordinated capital notes that were due to mature on December 1, 2021 and during December 2020, $409 million of subordinated capital notes of M&T Bank matured. Junior subordinated debentures associated with trust preferred securities that were included in average long- 71 term borrowings were $534 million in 2022, $530 million in 2021 and $527 million in 2020. Additional information regarding long-term borrowings, including information regarding contractual maturities of such borrowings, is provided in note 9 of Notes to Financial Statements. The Company has utilized interest rate swap agreements to modify the repricing characteristics of certain components of its loans and long-term debt. As of December 31, 2022, interest rate swap agreements were used as fair value hedges of approximately $1.5 billion of outstanding fixed rate long- term borrowings. Additionally, interest rate swap agreements with a notional amount of $11.25 billion were used as cash flow hedges of interest payments associated with variable rate commercial real estate loans. Further information on interest rate swap agreements is provided herein and in note 19 of Notes to Financial Statements. Changes in the composition of the Company’s earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as discussed herein, as well as changes in interest rates and spreads, can impact net interest income. Net interest spread, or the difference between the taxable-equivalent yield on earning assets and the rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities, was 3.19% in 2022, compared with 2.70% in 2021 and 3.00% in 2020. The yield on the Company’s earning assets increased 80 basis points to 3.64% in 2022 from 2.84% in 2021 and the rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities increased 31 basis points to .45% in 2022 from .14% in 2021. The increase in the net interest spread in 2022 as compared with 2021 reflects the impact of generally rising interest rates that resulted in higher yields on loans and leases, deposits at the FRB of New York and investment securities, partially offset by higher rates on interest-bearing liabilities. The Federal Reserve raised its target Federal funds rate 4.25% since December 31, 2021. During 2020, the yield on earning assets was 3.43% and the rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities was .43%. The lower net interest spread in 2021 as compared with 2020 reflects the effect of decreases in short-term interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve and the impact of a higher proportion of low- yielding balances at the FRB of New York to total average earning assets. While those low-yielding balances added to net interest income, they had the effect of reducing the yield on total average earning assets and, as a result, the net interest spread. Net interest-free funds consist largely of noninterest-bearing demand deposits and shareholders’ equity, partially offset by bank owned life insurance and non-earning assets, including goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets. Net interest-free funds averaged $78.8 billion in 2022, $61.1 billion in 2021 and $47.3 billion in 2020. The increase in net interest-free funds in 2022 as compared with 2021 reflects higher average balances of noninterest-bearing deposits and shareholders' equity that include the impact of the acquisition of People's United. In connection with the People's United acquisition, the Company added noninterest-bearing deposits of $17.4 million at the acquisition date. Noninterest-bearing deposits averaged $68.9 billion in 2022, $55.7 billion in 2021 and $41.7 billion in 2020. The growth from 2021 to 2022 reflects the impact of the People's United acquisition and from 2020 to 2021 reflects higher levels of deposits of commercial customers. Shareholders’ equity averaged $23.8 billion in 2022, compared with $16.9 billion and $16.0 billion in 2021 and 2020, respectively. The higher amounts of shareholders' equity in 2022 as compared with 2021 and 2020 reflect retained earnings and additional equity issued in connection with the People's United acquisition, partially offset by share repurchase activity. M&T issued $8.4 billion of common equity and $261 million of preferred equity in completing the acquisition of People's United on April 1, 2022. M&T also repurchased $1.8 billion of its common stock in 2022. Goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets averaged $7.7 billion in 2022 and $4.6 billion in each of 2021 and 2020. The Company recorded $3.9 billion of goodwill on April 1, 2022 which represents excess consideration over the fair value of net assets acquired in the People's United transaction. As part of the transaction, intangible assets were identified, thereby increasing the balance of core deposit and other intangible assets on the Company's balance sheet by $261 million on April 1, 2022. Reflecting the impact of the People's United acquisition, the cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance averaged $2.42 billion in 2022, compared with $1.86 billion in 2021 and $1.84 billion in 2020. Increases in the cash surrender value of bank owned life 72 insurance are not included in interest income, but rather are recorded in “other revenues from operations.” The contribution of net interest-free funds to net interest margin was .20% in 2022, .06% in 2021 and .16% in 2020. The increased contribution of net-interest free funds in 2022 as compared with 2021 reflects the higher rates on interest-bearing liabilities used to value net interest-free funds. Conversely, the reduced contribution of net interest-free funds to net interest margin in 2021 as compared with 2020 reflects the lower rates on interest-bearing liabilities in that year. Reflecting the changes to the net interest spread and the contribution of net interest-free funds as described herein, the Company’s net interest margin was 3.39% in 2022, 2.76% in 2021 and 3.16% in 2020. Future changes in market interest rates or spreads, as well as changes in the composition of the Company’s portfolios of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities that result in reductions in spreads, could impact the Company’s net interest income and net interest margin. The Federal Open Market Committee has conducted a series of basis point increases in short-term interest rates totaling 4.25% during 2022. These actions have led to generally higher interest rates overall and, accordingly, have contributed to the Company's higher net interest margin in 2022 as compared with 2021. Management assesses the potential impact of future changes in interest rates and spreads by projecting net interest income under several interest rate scenarios. In managing interest rate risk, the Company has utilized interest rate swap agreements to modify the repricing characteristics of certain portions of its earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Periodic settlement amounts arising from these agreements are reflected in either the yields on earning assets or the rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities. The notional amount of interest rate swap agreements entered into for interest rate risk management purposes was $12.75 billion (excluding $4.65 billion of forward-starting swap agreements) at December 31, 2022, $15.0 billion (excluding $8.4 billion of forward-starting swap agreements) at December 31, 2021 and $19.0 billion (excluding $32.1 billion of forward-starting swap agreements) at December 31, 2020. Under the terms of those interest rate swap agreements, the Company received payments based on the outstanding notional amount at fixed rates and made payments at variable rates. At December 31, 2022, interest rate swap agreements with notional amounts of $11.25 billion were serving as cash flow hedges of interest payments associated with variable rate commercial real estate loans, compared with $13.35 billion at December 31, 2021 and $17.35 billion at December 31, 2020. Interest rate swap agreements with notional amounts of $1.5 billion at December 31, 2022 and $1.65 billion at each of December 31, 2021 and 2020 were serving as fair value hedges of fixed rate long-term borrowings. The Company enters into forward-starting interest rate swap agreements predominantly to extend the term of its interest rate swap agreements serving as cash flow hedges and provide a hedge against changing interest rates on certain of its variable rate loans. In a fair value hedge, the fair value of the derivative (the interest rate swap agreement) and changes in the fair value of the hedged item are recorded in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet with the corresponding gain or loss recognized in current earnings. The difference between changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements and the hedged items represents hedge ineffectiveness and is recorded as an adjustment to the interest income or interest expense of the respective hedged item. The amounts of hedge ineffectiveness recognized in 2022, 2021 and 2020 were not material to the Company’s consolidated results of operations. In a cash flow hedge, the derivative’s gain or loss is initially reported as a component of other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction affects earnings. Information regarding the valuation of cash flow hedges included in other comprehensive income is presented in note 16 of Notes to Financial Statements. Information regarding the fair value of interest rate swap agreements and hedge ineffectiveness is presented in note 19 of Notes to Financial Statements. The changes in the fair values of the interest rate swap agreements and the hedged items primarily result from the effects of changing interest rates and spreads. The average notional amounts of interest rate swap agreements entered into for interest rate risk management purposes, the related effect on net interest income and 73 margin, and the weighted-average interest rates paid or received on those swap agreements are presented in table 10. Table 10 . INTEREST RATE SWAP AGREEMENTS 2022 Amount Rate (a) Year Ended December 31 2021 Rate (a) Amount (Dollars in thousands) 2020 Amount Rate (a) Increase (decrease) in: Interest income........................................ $ Interest expense ...................................... Net interest income/margin..................... $ (36,338) (10,045) (26,293) Average notional amount (c) ...................... $15,487,397 Rate received (b)......................................... Rate paid (b) ............................................... (.02)%$ (.01) (.02)%$ 252,397 (34,810) 287,207 $18,282,192 .18 %$ (.03) .20 %$ 271,971 (40,145) 312,116 $16,985,246 1.73 % 1.90 % 1.75 % .18 % .22 % (.05) .25 % 2.51 % .67 % (a) Computed as a percentage of average earning assets or interest-bearing liabilities. (b) Weighted-average rate paid or received on interest rate swap agreements in effect during the year. (c) Excludes forward-starting interest rate swap agreements not in effect during the year. Provision for Credit Losses Effective January 1, 2020 the Company adopted amended accounting guidance for the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. That guidance requires an allowance for credit losses to be deducted from the amortized cost basis of financial assets to present the net carrying value that is expected to be collected over the contractual term of the assets considering relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The guidance replaced the previous incurred loss model for determining the allowance for credit losses. The adoption of the amended guidance resulted in a $132 million increase in the allowance for credit losses at January 1, 2020. After giving appropriate income tax effect, the adoption reduced retained earnings by $92 million. In accordance with the current expected credit loss guidance, a provision for credit losses is recorded to adjust the level of the allowance to reflect expected credit losses that are based on economic forecasts as of each reporting date. A provision for credit losses of $517 million and $800 million was recorded in 2022 and 2020, respectively, compared with a recapture of previously recorded provision of $75 million in 2021. The provision recorded in 2022 included $242 million on loans obtained in the acquisition of People's United not deemed to be PCD. GAAP requires a provision for credit losses to be recorded beyond the recognition of the fair value of the loans at the acquisition date. In addition to the recorded provision, the allowance for credit losses was also increased by $99 million in the second quarter of 2022 to reflect the expected credit losses on loans obtained in the acquisition of People's United deemed to be PCD. That addition represents an increase of the carrying values of loans identified as PCD at the time of the acquisition. The Company's estimates of expected credit losses at December 31, 2022 reflect assumptions spurred by Federal Reserve initiatives to curb high rates of inflation that could lead to overall deterioration of economic conditions and, thus, credit quality during an eight-quarter forecast period. Risks considered included inflation, a projected rise in unemployment, reduction of economic growth projections, decreasing residential real estate prices as compared with 2021 and continued concerns about commercial real estate values in the hospitality, health care and office building sectors. Macroeconomic assumptions used to estimate credit losses on loans acquired from People's United at the April 1, 2022 acquisition date were consistent with those used by the 74 Company to estimate credit losses at March 31, 2022. The recapture of provision for credit losses in 2021 as compared with the provision for credit losses recorded in 2020 reflected economic assumptions and projections that considered the macroeconomic outlook associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and subsequent recovery in 2021. The Company’s estimates of expected losses reflect the impacts of the pandemic and other factors on economic activity, generally, and concerns about commercial real estate values in the hospitality, health care and office building sectors. Net charge-offs of loans were $160 million in 2022, $192 million in 2021 and $247 million in 2020. Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans and leases outstanding were .13% in 2022, compared with .20% in 2021 and .26% in 2020. A summary of the Company’s loan charge-offs, provision and allowance for credit losses is presented in table 11 and in note 5 of Notes to Financial Statements. Table 11 LOAN CHARGE-OFFS, PROVISION AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES Allowance for credit losses beginning balance ............ $ 1,469,226 Adoption of new accounting standard......................... — Charge-offs during year Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ...................... Commercial real estate ........................................ Residential real estate.......................................... Consumer........................................................... Total charge-offs........................................... 117,223 61,641 11,783 112,310 302,957 Recoveries during year Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ...................... 58,772 Commercial real estate ........................................ 24,829 Residential real estate.......................................... 9,742 Consumer........................................................... 49,719 Total recoveries ............................................ 143,062 Net charge-offs (a).................................................... 159,895 Allowance on acquired PCD loans ............................. 99,000 Provision for credit losses (b) .................................... 517,000 Allowance for credit losses ending balance ................. $ 1,925,331 Net charge-offs as a percent of: 2022 2021 2019 2018 2020 (Dollars in thousands) $ 1,051,071 132,457 $ 1,019,444 — $ 1,736,387 — 122,651 101,306 10,904 103,293 338,154 135,083 35,891 10,283 152,250 333,507 58,244 12,664 12,711 154,089 237,708 $ 1,017,198 — 60,414 12,286 15,345 143,196 231,241 41,082 30,651 8,857 65,403 145,993 192,161 — (75,000) $ 1,469,226 15,765 4,550 7,116 58,935 86,366 247,141 — 800,000 $ 1,736,387 24,581 3,936 8,204 56,614 93,335 144,373 — 176,000 $ 1,051,071 27,903 21,037 6,664 45,883 101,487 129,754 — 132,000 $ 1,019,444 Provision for credit losses.................................... Average loans and leases, net of unearned discount ............................................ Allowance for credit losses as a percent of: Loans and leases, net of unearned 30.93% NM (c) 30.89% 82.03% 98.30% .13% .20% .26% .16% .15% discount, at year-end......................................... Nonaccrual loans, at year-end .............................. 1.46% 78.96% 1.58% 71.32% 1.76% 91.71% 1.16% 109.13% 1.15% 114.08% (a) (b) (c) For the year ended December 31,2022 net charge-offs do not reflect $33 million of charge-offs related to PCD loans acquired on April 1, 2022. Includes $242 million related to non-PCD acquired loans recorded on April 1, 2022. Not meaningful. Nonaccrual loans aggregated $2.44 billion at December 31, 2022, compared with $2.06 billion and $1.89 billion at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As a percentage of total loans and leases outstanding, nonaccrual loans represented 1.85% at December 31, 2022, compared with 2.22% and 1.92% at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Loans obtained in the acquisition of People's United that have been classified as nonaccrual totaled $572 million at December 31, 2022. The level of nonaccrual loans reflects the continuing impact of economic conditions on borrowers' abilities to make contractual payments on their loans, most notably commercial real estate loans in the hospitality, 75 office and health care-related sectors. A summary of nonperforming assets and certain past due, renegotiated and impaired loan data and credit quality ratios is presented in table 12. Table 12 NONPERFORMING ASSET AND PAST DUE, RENEGOTIATED AND IMPAIRED LOAN DATA December 31 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 (Dollars in thousands) Nonaccrual loans ................................................................. Real estate and other foreclosed assets ...................................... Total nonperforming assets .................................................... Accruing loans past due 90 days or more (a)............................... Government guaranteed loans included in totals above: Nonaccrual loans ............................................................. Accruing loans past due 90 days or more (a)........................... Renegotiated loans ............................................................... Acquired accruing loans past due 90 days or more (b)................... Purchased impaired loans (c): Outstanding customer balance............................................. Carrying amount.............................................................. Nonaccrual loans to total loans and leases, net of unearned discount.............................................................. Nonperforming assets to total net loans and leases and real estate and other foreclosed assets...................... Accruing loans past due 90 days or more (a) to total loans and leases, net of unearned discount ....................... $ 2,438,435 41,375 $ 2,479,810 491,018 $ $ $ 43,536 363,409 422,186 N/A N/A N/A 1.85% 1.88% .37% 2,060,083 23,901 2,083,984 963,399 1,893,299 34,668 1,927,967 859,208 963,112 85,646 1,048,758 518,728 51,429 927,788 230,408 N/A N/A N/A 48,820 798,121 238,994 N/A 50,891 479,829 234,424 39,632 N/A N/A 415,413 227,545 529,520 303,305 893,608 78,375 971,983 222,527 34,667 192,443 245,367 39,750 2.22% 2.24% 1.04% 1.92% 1.96% .87% 1.06% 1.01% 1.15% 1.10% .57% .25% (a) (b) (c) Predominantly residential real estate loans. Prior to 2020, excludes loans acquired at a discount. Prior to 2020, loans acquired at a discount that were recorded at fair value at acquisition date. This category does not include purchased impaired loans that are presented separately. Prior to 2020, accruing loans acquired at a discount that were impaired at acquisition date and recorded at fair value. ineligible for treatment under the CARES act, Accruing loans past due 90 days or more were $491 million or .37% of total loans and leases at December 31, 2022, $963 million or 1.04% at December 31, 2021 and $859 million or .87% at December 31, 2020. Accruing loans past due 90 days or more were predominantly residential real estate loans and included loans guaranteed by government-related entities of $363 million, $928 million and $798 million at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The lower balance at December 31, 2022 compared with December 31, 2021 and 2020 reflects residential real estate loans guaranteed by government-related entities receiving payment deferrals during the COVID-19 pandemic, but that subsequently exited those arrangements and became less than 90 days past due. Guaranteed loans included one-to-four family residential mortgage loans serviced by the Company that were repurchased to reduce associated servicing costs, including a requirement to advance principal and interest payments that had not been received from individual mortgagors. Despite the loans being purchased by the Company, the insurance or guarantee by the applicable government-related entity remains in force. The outstanding principal balances of the repurchased loans included in the amounts noted above that are guaranteed by government-related entities totaled $294 million at December 31, 2022, $889 million at December 31, 2021 and $764 million at December 31, 2020. The remaining accruing loans past due 90 days or more not guaranteed by government-related entities were loans considered to be with creditworthy borrowers that were in the process of collection or renewal. Loans that were 30-89 days past due were $1.8 billion at December 31, 2022, or 1.35% of total loans outstanding, compared with $846 million or .91% at December 31, 2021 and $662 million or 76 .67% at December 31, 2020. Loans subject to COVID-19 related payment deferrals were classified as current in accordance with regulatory guidance and, as a result, did not contribute to past due loan categories. Information about delinquent loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021 is included in note 4 of Notes to Financial Statements. The direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a dramatic reduction in 2020 in economic activity that severely hampered the ability of some businesses and consumers to meet their repayment obligations. The CARES Act, in addition to providing financial assistance to both businesses and consumers, created a forbearance program for federally-backed mortgage loans, protected borrowers from negative credit reporting due to loan accommodations related to the pandemic, and provided financial institutions the option to temporarily suspend certain requirements under GAAP related to troubled debt restructurings for a limited period of time to account for the effects of COVID-19. The banking regulatory agencies likewise issued guidance encouraging financial institutions to work prudently with borrowers who are, or may be, unable to meet their contractual payment obligations because of the effects of COVID-19. That guidance, with concurrence of the Financial Accounting Standards Board and provisions of the CARES Act, allowed modifications made on a good faith basis in response to COVID-19 to borrowers who were generally current with their payments prior to any relief, to not be treated as delinquent or as troubled debt restructurings. Modifications included payment deferrals (including extensions of maturity dates), covenant waivers and fee waivers. The Company worked with its customers affected by COVID-19 and granted modifications across many of its loan portfolios. To the extent that such modifications met the criteria previously described, such modifications were not classified as delinquent or as troubled debt restructurings. Loans for which payment deferrals were in effect totaled $19 million at December 31, 2022, compared with $1.2 billion and $3.8 billion at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. At December 31, 2022 such loans were predominantly secured by residential real estate. The Company also modified the terms of select loans in an effort to assist borrowers that were not related to the COVID-19 pandemic. If the borrower was experiencing financial difficulty and a concession was granted, the Company considered such modifications as troubled debt restructurings. Loan modifications included such actions as the extension of loan maturity dates and the lowering of interest rates and monthly payments. The objective of the modifications was to increase loan repayments by customers and thereby reduce net charge-offs. Information about modifications of loans that are considered troubled debt restructurings is included in note 4 of Notes to Financial Statements. Residential real estate loans modified under specified loss mitigation programs prescribed by government guarantors that were not related to the COVID-19 pandemic have not been included in renegotiated loans because the loan guarantee remains in full force and, accordingly, the Company has not granted a concession with respect to the ultimate collection of the original loan balance. Such loans totaled $399 million and $425 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Charge-offs of commercial loans and leases, net of recoveries, aggregated $58 million in 2022, $82 million in 2021 and $119 million in 2020. As a percentage of average commercial loans, those net charge-offs were .17%, .32%, and .43% in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Commercial loans and leases in nonaccrual status were $347 million at December 31, 2022, $221 million at December 31, 2021 and $307 million at December 31, 2020. Net charge-offs of commercial real estate loans totaled $37 million during 2022, compared with $71 million during 2021 and $31 million in 2020 or .08% in 2022, .19% in 2021 and .08% in 2020 of average commercial real estate loans. The net charge-offs of commercial loans and commercial real estate loans reflect the impact of economic conditions on borrowers’ abilities to repay loans. In the commercial real estate portfolio, the higher net charge-offs in 2021 were mostly associated with the retail, office building and hospitality sectors. Commercial real estate loans classified as nonaccrual were $1.5 billion at December 31, 2022, $1.2 billion at December 31, 2021 and $891 million at December 31, 2020. Nonaccrual commercial real estate loans included construction-related loans of $126 million, $114 million and $115 million at the end of 2022, 2021 and 77 2020, respectively. Commercial loans and leases and commercial real estate loans acquired from People's United and classified as nonaccrual totaled $118 million and $401 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022. Hotel-related commercial real estate loans (including construction) in nonaccrual status at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were $512 million, $696 million, and $607 million, respectively. Net charge-offs of residential real estate loans were $2 million in each of 2022 and 2021, and $3 million in 2020 representing .01% of average residential real estate loans in each of 2022 and 2021 compared with .02% in 2020. Residential real estate loans in nonaccrual status at December 31, 2022 were $350 million, compared with $479 million and $513 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Nonaccrual limited documentation first mortgage loans aggregated $78 million at December 31, 2022, compared with $123 million and $147 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Limited documentation first mortgage loans represent loans secured by residential real estate that at origination typically included some form of limited borrower documentation requirements as compared with more traditional loans. The Company no longer originates limited documentation loans. Residential real estate loans past due 90 days or more and accruing interest totaled $345 million at December 31, 2022, $920 million at December 31, 2021 and $793 million at December 31, 2020. A substantial portion of such amounts related to government-guaranteed loans. The lower balance at December 31, 2022 reflects improved borrower repayment performance. Information about the location of nonaccrual and charged-off residential real estate loans as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022 is presented in table 13. 78 Table 13 SELECTED RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATE-RELATED LOAN DATA December 31, 2022 Nonaccrual Outstanding Balances Balances Percent of Outstanding Balances (Dollars in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2022 Net Charge-offs (Recoveries) Percent of Average Outstanding Balances Balances Residential mortgages: New York ..................................... $ Mid-Atlantic (a).............................. New England (b)............................. Other ........................................... Total ............................................ $ Residential construction loans: New York ..................................... $ Mid-Atlantic (a).............................. New England (b)............................. Other ........................................... Total ............................................ $ Limited documentation first lien mortgages: New York ..................................... $ Mid-Atlantic (a).............................. New England (b)............................. Other ........................................... Total ............................................ $ First lien home equity loans and lines of credit: New York ..................................... $ Mid-Atlantic (a).............................. New England (b)............................. Other ........................................... Total ............................................ $ Junior lien home equity loans and lines of credit: New York ..................................... $ Mid-Atlantic (a).............................. New England (b)............................. Other ........................................... Total ............................................ $ 6,746,440 6,709,208 6,308,974 2,885,633 22,650,255 21,115 16,675 13,833 3,017 54,640 482,967 428,506 97,023 42,556 1,051,052 987,075 1,151,160 560,036 15,839 2,714,110 740,218 887,073 644,607 20,878 2,292,776 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 102,226 91,235 57,631 20,540 271,632 176 282 — — 458 33,036 28,798 10,885 5,095 77,814 16,706 22,128 4,659 1,151 44,644 17,041 16,876 5,333 894 40,144 1.52% 1.36 .91 .71 1.20% .83% 1.69 — — .84% 6.84% 6.72 11.22 11.97 7.40% 1.69% 1.92 .83 7.27 1.64% 2.30% 1.90 .83 4.28 1.75% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,818 615 403 (210) 2,626 — — — — — 95 112 (103) (689) (585) 615 16 (7) 43 667 (626) (1,027) (31) (66) (1,750) .03% .01 .01 (.01) .01% —% — — — —% .02% .02 (.10) (1.47) .05% .08% — — .01 .03% (.11%) (.15) (.01) — (.08%) (a) (b) Includes Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. Includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont. Net charge-offs of consumer loans aggregated $63 million in 2022, compared with $38 million in 2021 and $93 million in 2020. As a percentage of average consumer loans those net charge-offs were .32% in 2022, .22% in 2021 and .59% in 2020. Included in net charge-offs of consumer loans were: net charge-offs of automobile loans of $1 million in 2022 and $22 million in 2020, compared with net recoveries of $2 million in 2021; recreational finance loan net charge-offs of $21 million, $13 million and $27 million during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively; and net recoveries of home equity loans and lines of credit secured by one-to-four family residential properties of $1 million in 2022 and $3 million in 2021, compared with net charge-offs of $3 million in 2020. Net charge-offs associated with other consumer loans, including credit cards and installment loans, totaled $42 million, $30 million and $41 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The reduced level of net charge-offs of consumer loans in 2022 and 2021 as compared with 2020 reflects an improved economy, in general, and the level of prices associated with motor vehicles, recreational vehicles and residential real estate. Nonaccrual consumer loans were $218 million at December 31, 2022, compared with $177 million and $183 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Included in nonaccrual consumer loans 79 at the 2022, 2021 and 2020 year-ends were: automobile loans of $40 million, $34 million and $39 million, respectively; recreational finance loans of $45 million, $28 million and $26 million, respectively; and outstanding balances of home equity loans and lines of credit of $85 million, $70 million and $79 million, respectively. Consumer loans acquired from People's United and classified as nonaccrual at December 31, 2022 totaled $17 million and consisted predominantly of home equity loans and lines of credit. Information about the location of nonaccrual and charged-off home equity loans and lines of credit as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022 is presented in table 13. Information about past due and nonaccrual loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is also included in note 4 of Notes to Financial Statements. Real estate and other foreclosed assets totaled $41 million at December 31, 2022, compared with $24 million at December 31, 2021 and $35 million at December 31, 2020. Net gains or losses associated with real estate and other foreclosed assets were not material in 2022, 2021 or 2020. At December 31, 2022, foreclosed assets were comprised predominantly of the Company’s holding of residential real estate-related properties. In establishing the allowance for credit losses subsequent to December 31, 2019, the Company estimates losses attributable to specific troubled credits identified through both normal and targeted credit review processes and also estimates losses for other loans and leases with similar risk characteristics on a collective basis. For purposes of determining the level of the allowance for credit losses, the Company evaluates its loan and lease portfolio by type. At the time of the Company's analysis regarding the determination of the allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2022, concerns existed about the somewhat incomplete recovery evident in some sectors of the economy; elevated levels of inflation; fears of a slowing economy and possible recession in 2023; the volatile nature of global markets and international economic conditions that could impact the U.S. economy; Federal Reserve positioning of monetary policy; downward pressures on commercial and residential real estate values; ongoing supply chain issues and wage pressures impacting commercial borrowers; the extent to which borrowers, in particular commercial real estate borrowers, may be negatively affected by pandemic-related and general economic conditions; and continued stagnant population and economic growth in the upstate New York and Pennsylvania regions (approximately 38% of the Company's loans and leases are to customers in New York State and Pennsylvania) that historically lag other regions of the country. The Company utilizes a loan grading system to differentiate risk amongst its commercial loans and commercial real estate loans. Loans with a lower expectation of default are assigned one of ten possible “pass” loan grades while specific loans determined to have an elevated level of credit risk are classified as “criticized.” A criticized loan may be classified as “nonaccrual” if the Company no longer expects to collect all amounts according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement or the loan is delinquent 90 days or more. In response to changed the Company re-graded conditions stemming from the pandemic and other economic factors, significant portions of its commercial loans and commercial real estate loans based on financial results and projections of specific borrowers. Criticized commercial loans and commercial real estate loans totaled $10.7 billion, including $2.5 billion of loans acquired from People's United, at December 31, 2022, compared with $9.0 billion at December 31, 2021 and $7.2 billion at December 31, 2020. Despite improved economic conditions during much of 2022 as compared with 2021, as pandemic-related restrictions continued to be lifted and consumer spending increased, the business climate continues to be subjected to inflationary pressures and supply chain constraints. The level of criticized loans remains reflective of the impact of current conditions on many borrowers, particularly those with investor-owned commercial real estate loans in the hotel, office and healthcare sectors. Investor-owned commercial real estate loans comprised $7.8 billion, or 74% of total criticized loans of $10.7 billion at December 31, 2022. The weighted-average loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios for investor-owned commercial real estate properties was approximately 57%. Criticized loans secured by investor-owned commercial real estate had a weighted-average LTV ratio of approximately 65%. 80 Line of business personnel in different geographic locations with the support of the Company’s credit risk personnel review and reassign loan grades based on their detailed knowledge of individual borrowers and their judgment of the impact on such borrowers resulting from changing conditions in their respective regions. The Company’s policy is that, at least annually, updated financial information is obtained from commercial borrowers associated with pass grade loans and additional analysis performed. On a quarterly basis, the Company’s centralized credit risk department reviews all criticized commercial loans and commercial real estate loans greater than $1 million to determine the appropriateness of the assigned loan grade, including whether the loan should be reported as accruing or nonaccruing. For criticized nonaccrual loans, additional meetings are held with loan officers and their managers, workout specialists and senior management to discuss each of the relationships. In analyzing criticized loans, borrower-specific information is reviewed, including operating results, future cash flows, recent developments and the borrower’s outlook, and other pertinent data. The timing and extent of potential losses, considering collateral valuation and other factors, and the Company’s potential courses of action are contemplated. With regard to residential real estate loans, the Company’s loss identification and estimation techniques make reference to loan performance and house price data in specific areas of the country where collateral securing the Company’s residential real estate loans is located. For residential real estate-related loans, including home equity loans and lines of credit, the excess of the loan balance over the net realizable value of the property collateralizing the loan is charged-off when the loan becomes 150 days delinquent. That charge-off is based on recent indications of value from external parties that are generally obtained shortly after a loan becomes nonaccrual. Loans to consumers that file for bankruptcy are generally charged off to estimated net collateral value shortly after the Company is notified of such filings. At December 31, 2022, approximately 54% of the Company’s home equity portfolio consisted of first lien loans and lines of credit and 46% were junior liens. With respect to junior lien loans, to the extent known by the Company, if a senior lien loan would be on nonaccrual status because of payment delinquency, even if such senior lien loan was not owned by the Company, the junior lien loan or line that is owned by the Company is placed on nonaccrual status. In monitoring the credit quality of its home equity portfolio for purposes of determining the allowance for credit losses, the Company reviews delinquency and nonaccrual information and considers recent charge-off experience. When evaluating individual home equity loans and lines of credit for charge off and for purposes of determining the allowance for credit losses, the Company considers the required repayment of any first lien positions related to collateral property. Home equity line of credit terms vary but such lines are generally originated with an open draw period of ten years followed by an amortization period of up to twenty years. At December 31, 2022, approximately 86% of all outstanding balances of home equity lines of credit related to lines that were still in the draw period, the weighted-average remaining draw periods were approximately five years, and approximately 14% were making contractually allowed payments that do not include any repayment of principal. Factors that influence the Company’s credit loss experience include overall economic conditions affecting businesses and consumers, generally, but also residential and commercial real estate valuations, in particular, given the size of the Company’s real estate loan portfolios. Commercial real estate valuations can be highly subjective, as they are based upon many assumptions. Such valuations can be significantly affected over relatively short periods of time by changes in business climate, economic conditions, interest rates and, in many cases, the results of operations of businesses and other occupants of the real property. Similarly, residential real estate valuations can be impacted by housing trends, the availability of financing at reasonable interest rates, and general economic conditions affecting consumers. The Company generally estimates current expected credit losses on loans with similar risk characteristics on a collective basis. To estimate expected losses, the Company utilizes statistically developed models to project principal balances over the remaining contractual lives of the loan 81 portfolios and determine estimated credit losses through a reasonable and supportable forecast period. The Company’s approach for estimating current expected credit losses for loans and leases at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 included utilizing macroeconomic assumptions to project losses over a two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period. Subsequent to the forecast period, the Company reverted to longer-term historical loss experience, over a period of one year, to estimate expected credit losses over the remaining contractual life. Forward-looking estimates of certain macroeconomic variables are determined by the M&T Scenario Development Group, which is comprised of senior management business leaders and economists. The assumptions utilized as of December 31, 2022 included an average national unemployment rate of 4.0% through the reasonable and supportable forecast period. The forecast also assumed gross domestic product grows at a 1.0% average rate during the first year of the reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a 2.5% average rate in the second year. Commercial real estate prices were assumed to cumulatively grow 1.9% and residential real estate prices were assumed to contract 6.2% over the two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period. Among the assumptions utilized as of December 31, 2021 was that the national unemployment rate would average 4.6% through the first year of the reasonable and supportable forecast period before gradually improving to 3.7% in the latter half of 2023. The forecast also assumed gross domestic product grew during 2022 at a 3.1% annual rate and during 2023 at a 2.7% average rate. Commercial real estate and residential real estate prices were assumed to cumulatively grow 11.1% and 5.9%, respectively, over the two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period. The assumptions utilized in estimating the allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2020 included an estimated unemployment rate averaging 6.9% through 2021 followed by a gradual return to long-term historical averages by the end of 2022. Gross domestic product was assumed to grow at a 4.1% annual rate during 2021 resulting in a return to pre-pandemic levels by the end of 2022. Commercial real estate prices were assumed to decline by approximately 6.8% in 2021, followed by improvement. Residential real estate prices were not assumed to fluctuate significantly. In most instances the actual macroeconomic conditions experienced in 2021 were favorable in comparison to the forecasts made at December 31, 2020. Such improvements contributed to the recapture of provision for credit losses during 2021 of $75 million. The assumptions utilized as of January 1, 2020 at the time of the adoption of the expected credit loss accounting standard anticipated unemployment rates that averaged under 4% and steady growth in gross domestic product of 3.3% over the eight-quarter forecast period. Forecasted changes in real estate prices as of that date were not significant. The assumptions utilized were based on information available to the Company at or near December 31, 2022, 2021, 2020 and January 1, 2020 (at the time the Company was preparing its estimate of expected credit losses as of those dates). In establishing the allowance for credit losses the Company also considers the impact of portfolio concentrations, imprecision in economic forecasts, geopolitical conditions and other risk factors that influence its loss estimation process. With respect to economic forecasts, the Company assessed the likelihood of alternative economic scenarios during the two-year reasonable and supportable time period. Generally, an increase in unemployment rate or a decrease in any of the rate of change in gross domestic product, commercial real estate prices or home prices could have an adverse impact on expected credit losses and may result in an increase in the allowance for credit losses. Forward looking economic forecasts are subject to inherent imprecision and future events may differ materially from forecasted events. In consideration of such uncertainty, the following alternative economic scenarios were considered to estimate the possible impact on modeled credit losses. A potential downside economic scenario assumed the unemployment rate averages 7.1% in the reasonable and supportable forecast period. The scenario also assumed gross domestic product contracts 2.3% in the first year of the reasonable and supportable forecast period before recovering to 1.7% growth in the second year and commercial real estate and residential real estate prices 82 cumulatively decline 20.1% and 14.3%, respectively, by the end of the reasonable and supportable forecast period. A potential upside economic scenario assumed the unemployment rate declines to approximately 3.5% for the duration of the reasonable and supportable forecast period. The scenario also assumes gross domestic product grows 3.4% in the initial year of the reasonable and supportable forecast period and 2.5% in the second year while commercial real estate prices cumulatively rise 6.6% and residential real estate prices cumulatively contract 0.2% over the two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period. The scenario analyses resulted in an additional $404 million of modeled credit losses under the assumptions of the downside economic scenario, whereas under the assumptions of the upside economic scenario a $176 million reduction in modeled credit losses could occur. These examples are only a few of the numerous possible economic scenarios that could be utilized in assessing the sensitivity of expected credit losses. The estimated impacts on credit losses in such scenarios pertain only to modeled credit losses and do not include consideration of other factors the Company may evaluate when determining its allowance for credit losses. As a result, it is possible that the Company may, at another point in time, reach different conclusions regarding credit loss estimates. The Company’s process for determining the allowance for credit losses undergoes quarterly and periodic evaluations by independent risk management personnel, which among many other considerations, evaluate the reasonableness of management’s methodology and significant assumptions. Further information about the Company’s methodology to estimate expected credit losses is included in note 5 of Notes to Financial Statements. Prior to 2020, the allowance for credit losses represented the amount that in management’s judgment reflected incurred credit losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The allowance was determined by management’s evaluation of the loan and lease portfolio based on such factors as the differing economic risks associated with each loan category, the current financial condition of specific borrowers, the current economic environment in which borrowers operate, the level of delinquent loans, the value of any collateral and, where applicable, the existence of any guarantees or indemnifications. The estimation of the allowance for credit losses prior to 2020 did not consider reasonable and supportable forecasts that could have affected the collectability of the reported amounts. A comparative allocation of the allowance for credit losses for each of the past five year-ends is presented in table 14. Amounts were allocated to specific loan categories based on information available to management at the time of each year-end assessment and using the methodologies described herein. Variations in the allocation of the allowance by loan category as a percentage of those loans reflect the impact of the new accounting rules effective January 1, 2020 as well as changes in management’s estimate of credit the Company’s allowance is general in nature and is available to absorb losses from any loan or lease category. Additional information about the allowance for credit losses is included in note 5 of Notes to Financial Statements. losses in light of economic developments. Furthermore, 83 Table 14 ALLOCATION OF THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES TO LOAN CATEGORIES December 31 2022 2021 2020 (Dollars in thousands) 2019 2018 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc............... $ 502,153 676,684 Commercial real estate.................................. 115,092 Residential real estate.................................... 631,402 Consumer ...................................................... — Unallocated ................................................... Total .......................................................... $1,925,331 $ 283,899 557,239 71,726 556,362 — $1,469,226 $ 405,846 670,719 103,590 556,232 — $1,736,387 $ 366,094 322,201 56,033 229,118 77,625 $1,051,071 $ 330,055 341,655 69,125 200,564 78,045 $ 1,019,444 As a Percentage of Loans and Leases Outstanding, Net of Unearned Discount Commercial, financial, leasing, etc............... Commercial real estate.................................. Residential real estate.................................... Consumer ...................................................... Total .............................................................. 1.20% 1.49 .48 3.07 1.46 1.21% 1.57 .45 3.10 1.58 1.47% 1.78 .62 3.36 1.76 1.54% .91 .35 1.49 1.16 1.44% .99 .40 1.44 1.15 Management believes that the allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2022 appropriately reflected expected credit losses inherent in the portfolio as of that date. The allowance for credit losses totaled $1.93 billion at December 31, 2022, $1.47 billion at December 31, 2021 and $1.74 billion at December 31, 2020. The allowance for credit losses was $1.18 billion at January 1, 2020 when the current expected credit loss guidance became effective. As a percentage of loans outstanding, the allowance was 1.46% at December 31, 2022, 1.58% at December 31, 2021 and 1.76% at December 31, 2020. Using the same methodology as described herein, the Company added $341 million to the allowance for credit losses related to the $35.8 billion of loans and leases obtained in the acquisition of People's United on April 1, 2022. The combined Company allowance for credit losses at April 1, 2022 as a percentage of loans and leases outstanding was 1.42%. The level of the allowance reflects management’s evaluation of the loan and lease portfolio using the methodology and considering the factors as described herein. Should the various economic forecasts and credit factors considered by losses change and should management’s management assessment of losses in the loan portfolio also change, the level of the allowance as a percentage of loans could increase or decrease in future periods. The reported level of the allowance reflects management’s evaluation of the loan and lease portfolio as of each respective date. in establishing the allowance for credit The ratio of the allowance for credit losses to total nonaccrual loans at the end of 2022, 2021 and 2020 was 79%, 71% and 92%, respectively. Given the Company’s general position as a secured lender and its practice of charging off loan balances when collection is deemed doubtful, that ratio and changes in the ratio are generally not an indicative measure of the adequacy of the Company’s allowance for credit losses, nor does management rely upon that ratio in assessing the adequacy of the Company’s allowance for credit losses. The Company had no concentrations of credit extended to any specific industry that exceeded loans at December 31, 2022, however residential real estate loans comprised 10% of total approximately 18% of the loan portfolio. Outstanding loans to foreign borrowers aggregated $319 million at December 31, 2022, or .24% of total loans and leases. 84 Other Income Other income totaled $2.36 billion in 2022, up from $2.17 billion and $2.09 billion in 2021 and 2020, respectively. The growth in 2022 as compared with 2021 reflects revenues associated with the acquired operations of People's United (predominantly increases reflected in trust income, service charges on deposit accounts and other revenues from operations, including credit-related fees), the $136 million gain on sale of MTIA and higher trust income from legacy operations. Those increases were partially offset by lower mortgage banking revenues and a planned reduction in insufficient funds fees reflected in service charges on deposit accounts. The acquisition of People's United contributed approximately $200 million to other income in the last three quarters of 2022. The rise in other income from 2020 to 2021 was largely attributable to higher trust income, service charges on deposit accounts, brokerage services income, merchant discount and credit card fees and letter of credit and other credit-related fees, partially offset by lower trading account and non-hedging derivative gains, higher valuation losses on investment securities and a decline in the level of distributions from BLG. Mortgage banking revenues aggregated $357 million in 2022, $571 million in 2021 and $567 million in 2020. Mortgage banking revenues are comprised of both residential and commercial mortgage banking activities. The Company’s involvement in commercial mortgage banking activities includes the origination, sales and servicing of loans under the multifamily loan programs of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Residential mortgage banking revenues, consisting of realized gains from sales of residential real estate loans and loan servicing rights, unrealized gains and losses on residential real estate loans held for sale and related commitments, residential real estate loan servicing fees, and other residential real estate loan-related fees and income, were $235 million in 2022, $406 million in 2021 and $424 million in 2020. The decline in residential mortgage banking revenues in 2022 as compared with 2021 and 2020 reflects the Company's decision late in the third quarter of 2021 to originate the majority of its residential real estate loans for retention in its loan portfolio rather than for sale. New commitments to originate residential real estate loans to be sold were approximately $314 million in 2022, compared with $3.9 billion in 2021 and $4.5 billion in 2020. Realized gains from sales of residential real estate loans and loan servicing rights and recognized net unrealized gains or losses attributable to residential real estate loans held for sale, commitments to originate loans for sale and commitments to sell loans aggregated to a loss of $2 million in 2022, compared with gains of $164 million in 2021 and $191 million in 2020. The Company expects to return to originating for sale the majority of its newly committed residential mortgage loans in the first quarter of 2023. Loans held for sale that were secured by residential real estate totaled $32 million and $474 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Commitments to sell residential real estate loans and commitments to originate residential real estate loans for sale at pre-determined rates totaled $53 million and $31 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022, $617 million and $233 million, respectively, at December 31, 2021 and $1.47 billion and $1.03 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2020. Net recognized unrealized losses on residential real estate loans held for sale, commitments to sell loans and commitments to originate loans for sale were $1 million at December 31, 2022, compared with net recognized unrealized gains of $10 million at December 31, 2021 and $52 million at December 31, 2020. Changes in such net unrealized gains are recorded in mortgage banking revenues and resulted in net decreases of $11 million and $16 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, and a net increase of $40 million in 2020. Revenues from servicing residential real estate loans for others totaled $237 million in 2022 compared with $242 million in 2021 and $233 million in 2020. Residential real estate loans serviced for others aggregated $118.4 billion at December 31, 2022, $97.9 billion at December 31, 2021 and $94.4 billion at December 31, 2020. Reflected in residential real estate loans serviced for others were loans sub-serviced for others of $96.0 billion, $74.7 billion and $68.1 billion at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Revenues earned for sub-servicing loans totaled $154 million in 2022, 85 compared with $153 million in 2021 and $129 million in 2020. The contractual servicing rights associated with loans sub-serviced by the Company were predominantly held by affiliates of BLG. Information about the Company’s relationship with BLG and its affiliates is included in note 25 of Notes to Financial Statements. Capitalized residential mortgage servicing assets totaled $194 million at December 31, 2022, compared with $217 million and $201 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Additional the Company’s capitalized residential mortgage servicing assets, including information about the calculation of estimated fair value, is presented in note 7 of Notes to Financial Statements. information about Commercial mortgage banking revenues totaled $122 million in 2022, compared with $165 million in 2021 and $143 million in 2020. Included in such amounts were revenues from loan origination and sales activities of $54 million in 2022, $89 million in 2021 and $84 million in 2020. The level of loan origination and sales activities revenues in 2022 as compared with 2021 and 2020 reflects lower volumes of commercial real estate loans originated for sale. Commercial real estate loans originated for sale to other investors totaled approximately $3.1 billion in 2022, compared with $4.0 billion in 2021 and $3.4 billion in 2020. Loan servicing revenues totaled $68 million in 2022, $76 million in 2021 and $59 million in 2020. The higher servicing revenues in 2021 were reflective of fees received from customers who repaid loans prior to maturity. Capitalized commercial mortgage servicing assets were $126 million at December 31, 2022 and $133 million at each of December 31, 2021 and 2020. Commercial real estate loans serviced for other investors totaled $26.0 billion at December 31, 2022, $23.7 billion at December 31, 2021 and $22.2 billion at December 31, 2020, and included $3.9 billion at December 31, 2022 and $4.0 billion at each of December 31, 2021 and 2020 of loan balances for which investors had recourse to the Company if such balances are ultimately uncollectable. Included in commercial real estate loans serviced for others were loans sub-serviced for others of $3.8 billion at December 31, 2022, $3.5 billion at December 31, 2021 and $3.3 billion at December 31, 2020. Commitments to sell commercial real estate loans and commitments to originate commercial real estate loans for sale aggregated $480 million and $349 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022, $751 million and $325 million, respectively, at December 31, 2021 and $641 million and $364 million, respectively, at December 31, 2020. Commercial real estate loans held for sale were $131 million, $425 million and $278 million at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The fluctuation in balances of commercial real estate loans held for sale at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 reflects the timing of loans originated later in each year that had not been delivered to investors by year end. Service charges on deposit accounts totaled $447 million in 2022, compared with $402 million in 2021 and $371 million in 2020. The increase in 2022 from 2021 reflects fees associated with the acquisition of People's United of $70 million and increased consumer activity, reduced by lower overdraft-related fees of approximately $40 million that reflect the Company's planned elimination, announced in February 2022, of certain non-sufficient funds fees and overdraft protection transfer charges from linked deposit accounts beginning in the second quarter of 2022. The Company also waived certain fees in the third and fourth quarters of 2022 following the conversion to the Company's deposit servicing system of People's United acquired customer deposit accounts in early September 2022. The impact of such temporary waivers was not material. The higher service charges in 2021 as compared with 2020 reflect increased consumer service charges, predominantly resulting from a reduction in COVID-19 related fee waivers and higher customer transaction activity. Trust income includes fees related to two significant businesses. The Institutional Client Services (“ICS”) business provides a variety of trustee, agency, investment management and administrative services for corporations and institutions, investment bankers, corporate tax, finance and legal executives, and other institutional clients who: (i) use capital markets financing structures; (ii) use independent trustees to hold retirement plan and other assets; and (iii) need investment and cash 86 trust, management services. The Wealth Advisory Services (“WAS”) business offers personal planning, fiduciary, asset management, family office and other services designed to help high net worth individuals and families grow, preserve and transfer wealth. Trust income aggregated $741 million in 2022, compared with $645 million in 2021 and $602 million in 2020. Trust income contributed from the acquisition of People's United totaled approximately $35 million in 2022. Revenues associated with the ICS business were $442 million in 2022 inclusive of $4 million of People's United-related revenue, compared with $375 million in 2021 and $342 million in 2020. The higher revenues in 2022 compared with 2021 were largely attributable to reduced fee waivers of $31 million resulting from higher rates on money market fund accounts and incremental fees from sales. As compared with 2020, ICS revenues in 2021 reflect sales activities and increased retirement services income resulting from growth in collective fund balances. Revenues generated by the Company's WAS business, inclusive of $27 million associated with People's United, totaled $290 million in 2022, up from $255 million in 2021 and $233 million in 2020. As compared with 2021, in addition to the impact of the People's United acquisition, WAS revenues in 2022 reflect reduced money market fee waivers of $6 million and sales activity partially offset by adverse market conditions in the equity markets. As compared with 2020, WAS revenue in 2021 reflected an increase related to equity market performance partially offset by fee waivers resulting from a low interest rate environment in 2021. Trust assets under management were $165.2 billion and $165.6 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Trust assets under management include the Company’s proprietary mutual funds’ assets of $13.0 billion at December 31, 2022 and $13.2 billion at December 31, 2021. Additional trust income from investment management activities was $9 million in 2022, compared with $15 million and $27 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively, and includes fees earned from retail customer investment accounts. Lower trust income from investment management activities in 2022 reflects the full-year impact of a change in June 2021 of product delivery to retail brokerage and certain trust customers related to the LPL Financial relationship described herein resulting in revenues previously recognized in trust income to be recorded as brokerage services income, partially offset by People's United-related revenue. In December 2022 Wilmington Trust, N.A. (a subsidiary of M&T) announced the sale of its Collective Investment Trust business to a private equity firm. That sale is expected to close in the first half of 2023. Revenues associated with that business and included in ICS trust income revenues described herein totaled approximately $165 million, $151 million and $105 million during 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. After considering expenses, the results of operations of that business were not material to M&T's net income in those years. Brokerage services income, which includes revenues from the sale of mutual funds and annuities and securities brokerage fees and, since June 2021, sales of select investment products of LPL Financial (as described below), totaled $88 million in 2022, compared with $63 million in 2021 and $47 million in 2020. The increase in brokerage services income in 2022 reflects the acquisition of People's United and the full-year impact of a change in June 2021 in product delivery to retail brokerage and certain trust customers related to the LPL Financial relationship. Revenues associated with the sale of investment products of LPL Financial, an independent financial services broker, are included in “brokerage services income.” Prior to the transition to LPL Financial’s product platform, revenues earned by the Company from providing those customers with proprietary trust products managed by the Company were reported as trust income. Trading account and non-hedging derivative activity resulted in gains of $27 million in 2022, $24 million in 2021 and $41 million in 2020. The modest increase in 2022 as compared with 2021 reflects higher revenues from interest rate swap agreements and foreign exchange transactions with commercial customers, offset by declines in the value of assets held in connection with deferred compensation and other non-qualified benefit plans. The lower gains in 2021 as compared with 2020 resulted predominantly from decreased activity related to interest rate swap agreements with commercial customers. The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements and foreign exchange contracts with customers who need such services and concomitantly enters into 87 offsetting trading positions with third parties to minimize the risks involved with these types of transactions. Information about the notional amount of interest rate, foreign exchange and other non- hedging contracts entered into by the Company is included in note 19 of Notes to Financial Statements and herein under the heading “Liquidity, Market Risk, and Interest Rate Sensitivity.” The Company recognized net losses on investment securities of $6 million, $21 million and $9 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Those losses reflect unrealized losses on investments in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac preferred stock and other equity securities. Other revenues from operations totaled $704 million (including $88 million associated with the acquisition of People's United) in 2022, compared with $483 million in 2021 and $471 million in 2020. In addition to the revenues associated with the People's United acquisition, the higher revenues in 2022 compared with 2021 resulted from the $136 million gain on the sale of MTIA and an increase in merchant discount and credit card fees driven by increased commercial and consumer spending, partially offset by decreases in insurance income reflecting the sale of MTIA and tax-exempt income from bank owned life insurance. Comparing 2021 with 2020, higher merchant discount, credit card interchange and letter of credit and credit-related fees, largely loan syndication fees, were partially offset by lower income received from BLG during 2021. Included in other revenues from operations were the following significant components. A $136 million gain on the sale of MTIA was recorded in the fourth quarter of 2022. Letter of credit and other credit-related fees totaled $165 million, $128 million and $109 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The rising level of such fees since 2020 resulted largely from higher loan syndication fees and, in 2022, the impact of acquired operations from the People's United transaction. Revenues from merchant discount and credit card fees were $169 million in 2022, $140 million in 2021 and $111 million in 2020. In addition to the impact of the People's United acquisition in 2022, the higher level of such revenues in 2022 and 2021 resulted from increased customer transaction activity reflecting lessened pandemic-related restrictions on business and customer activity. Tax-exempt income earned from bank owned life insurance, which includes increases in the cash surrender value of life insurance policies and benefits received, aggregated $44 million in 2022, $47 million in 2021 and $48 million in 2020. The Company owns both general account and separate account policies. To the extent market conditions change such that the market value of assets in a separate account bank owned life insurance policy becomes less than the previously recorded cash surrender value, an adjustment is recorded as a reduction to "other revenues from operations." The increase in interest rates during 2022 led to reductions of the market values of assets in some separate account bank owned life insurance policies below previously recorded cash surrender value. Those reductions in recognized cash surrender value were not material, but are, nevertheless, recognized as a reduction of revenues. Insurance-related sales commissions and other revenues totaled $48 million in each of 2022 and 2020, compared with $47 million in 2021. Automated teller machine usage fees aggregated $11 million in each of 2022 and 2021, up from $9 million in 2020. M&T’s investment in BLG resulted in cash distributions declared and paid by BLG that are included in “other revenues from operations” of $30 million in each of 2022 and 2021, compared with $53 million in 2020. During 2017, the operating losses of BLG resulted in M&T reducing the carrying value of its investment in BLG to zero. Subsequently, M&T has received cash distributions when declared by BLG that result in the recognition of income by M&T. M&T expects cash distributions from BLG in the future, but the timing and amount of those distributions cannot be estimated. BLG is entitled to receive distributions from its affiliates that provide asset management and other services that are available for distribution to BLG’s owners, including M&T. Information about the Company’s relationship with BLG and its affiliates is included in note 25 of Notes to Financial Statements. 88 Other Expense Other expense totaled $5.05 billion in 2022, compared with $3.61 billion in 2021 and $3.39 billion in 2020. Included in those amounts are expenses considered to be “nonoperating” in nature consisting of amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets of $56 million, $10 million and $15 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and merger-related expenses of $338 million and $44 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. No merger-related expenses were incurred in 2020. Exclusive of those nonoperating expenses, noninterest operating expenses aggregated $4.66 billion in 2022, $3.56 billion in 2021 and $3.37 billion in 2020. Approximately three-fourths of the increase in 2022 from 2021 is attributable to operating expenses associated with the acquisition of People's United. A $135 million contribution to The M&T Charitable Foundation in the fourth quarter of 2022 and higher salaries and benefits expense were other factors contributing to the rise in noninterest operating expenses in 2022 as compared with 2021. The higher level of noninterest operating expenses in 2021 as compared with 2020 reflected increased costs for salaries and employee benefits (predominantly incentive compensation), outside data processing and software, FDIC assessments, and professional services expenses. Salaries and employee benefits expense aggregated $2.79 billion in 2022, compared with $2.05 billion and $1.95 billion in 2021 and 2020, respectively. Excluding nonoperating expenses, predominantly severance and related costs, salaries and employee benefits expense aggregated $2.69 billion in 2022. The higher level of operating expenses in 2022 as compared with 2021 reflect higher staffing levels, including the addition of People's United employees at the beginning of the second quarter, higher salaries resulting from merit increases and a rise in incentive compensation. Stock- based compensation totaled $111 million in 2022, compared with $85 million in 2021 and $80 million in 2020. The number of full-time equivalent employees were 22,509 at December 31, 2022, compared with 17,421 and 17,076 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increase in staffing levels since December 31, 2021 was predominantly the result of the acquisition of People's United. The Company provides pension and other postretirement benefits for its employees, including pension, retirement savings and post-retirement benefit plans. Expenses related to such benefits totaled $62 million in 2022, $128 million in 2021 and $118 million in 2020. The amounts recorded in salaries and employee benefits expense and other costs of operations, respectively, from the preceding sentence were as follows: $149 million and ($87 million) in 2022; $125 million and $3 million in 2021; $118 million and less than $1 million in 2020. The Company sponsors both defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans. Pension expense for those plans was a net benefit of $23 million in 2022, compared with expense of $68 million in 2021 and $60 million in 2020. Components of pension expense included in other costs of operations reflect the amortization of net unrecognized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income. Prior to 2022, such net unrecognized gains and losses were amortized over the average remaining service periods of active participants in the plan. If all or substantially all of the plan’s participants are inactive, GAAP provides for the average remaining life expectancy of the participants to be used instead of average remaining service periods. Substantially all of the participants in the Company’s qualified defined benefit pension plan were inactive and, beginning in 2022, the average remaining life expectancy was utilized to amortize the net unrecognized gains and losses of the Plan. The change increased the amortization period by approximately sixteen years beginning in 2022 and, accordingly, reduced the amount of amortization of unrecognized losses recorded in the 2022 net periodic pension expense that otherwise would have been recorded by approximately $36 million. Information about the Company’s pension plans, including significant assumptions utilized in completing actuarial calculations for the plans, is included in note 13 of Notes to Financial Statements. The Company’s retirement savings plan (“RSP”) is a defined contribution plan in which eligible employees of the Company may defer up to 50% of qualified compensation via contributions to the plan. Including the impact of employees associated with the People's United acquisition, RSP expense 89 reflecting the Company’s employer matching contribution increased to $84 million in 2022, compared with $63 million in 2021 and $62 million in 2020. Excluding the nonoperating expense items already noted, nonpersonnel operating expenses were $1.97 billion in 2022, $1.51 billion in 2021 and $1.42 billion in 2020. Approximately 70% of the increase in 2022 as compared with 2021 can be attributed to People's United-related nonpersonnel operating expenses. Other factors contributing to the year-over-year increase were higher charitable contributions and outside data processing and software expenses, partially offset by lower defined benefit pension-related expenses included in other costs of operations. The increase in nonpersonnel operating expenses in 2021 as compared with 2020 reflects a rise in expenditures for outside data processing and software, FDIC assessments and professional services, partially offset by a reduction in the valuation allowance for capitalized mortgage servicing rights as compared with an increase in 2020. On October 18, 2022, the FDIC finalized a rule that increases initial base deposit insurance assessment rates by 2 basis points, beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. The Company expects that regulatory change could increase FDIC assessments by approximately $35 million in 2023. Income Taxes The provision for income taxes was $619 million in 2022, $596 million in 2021 and $416 million in 2020. The effective tax rates were 23.7% in 2022, 24.3% in 2021 and 23.5% in 2020. The effective tax rate is affected by the level of income earned that is exempt from tax relative to the overall level of pre-tax income, the level of income allocated to the various state and local jurisdictions where the Company operates, because tax rates differ among such jurisdictions, and the impact of any large discrete or infrequently occurring items. The Company’s effective tax rate in future periods will also be affected by any change in income tax laws or regulations and interpretations of income tax regulations that differ from the Company’s interpretations by any of the various tax authorities that may examine tax returns filed by M&T or any of its subsidiaries. Information about amounts accrued for uncertain tax positions and a reconciliation of income tax expense to the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to pre-tax income is provided in note 14 of Notes to Financial Statements. International Activities Assets and revenues associated with international activities represent less than 1% of the Company’s consolidated assets and revenues. International assets included $319 million and $197 million of loans to foreign borrowers at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Loans at M&T Bank’s commercial banking office in Ontario, Canada included in international assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 totaled $284 million and $153 million, respectively. Deposits at that office were $34 million and $32 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company also offers trust-related services in Europe. Revenues from providing such services were approximately $36 million in each of 2022 and 2020, compared with $38 million in 2021. Liquidity, Market Risk, and Interest Rate Sensitivity As a financial intermediary, the Company is exposed to various risks, including liquidity and market risk. Liquidity refers to the Company’s ability to ensure that sufficient cash flow and liquid assets are available to satisfy current and future obligations, including demands for loans and deposit withdrawals, funding operating costs, and other corporate purposes. Liquidity risk arises whenever the maturities of financial instruments included in assets and liabilities differ. The most significant source of funding for the Company is core deposits, which are generated from a large base of consumer, corporate and institutional customers. That customer base has, over the past several years, become more geographically diverse as a result of expansion of the Company’s 90 businesses. Nevertheless, the Company faces competition in offering products and services from a large array of financial market participants, including banks, thrifts, mutual funds, securities dealers and others. Core deposits financed 85% of the Company’s earning assets at December 31, 2022, compared with 90% at December 31, 2021 and 88% at December 31, 2020. The Company supplements funding provided through core deposits with various short-term and long-term wholesale borrowings, including overnight federal funds purchased, short-term advances from the FHLB of New York, brokered deposits and longer-term borrowings. At December 31, 2022, M&T Bank had short-term and long-term credit facilities with the FHLBs aggregating $23.1 billion. Outstanding borrowings under FHLB credit facilities totaled $3.2 billion at December 31, 2022 and $2 million at December 31, 2021. Such borrowings were secured by loans and investment securities. M&T Bank had an available line of credit with the FRB of New York that totaled approximately $14.3 billion at December 31, 2022. The amount of that line is dependent upon the balances of loans and securities pledged as collateral. There were no borrowings outstanding under such line of credit at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Senior notes issued and outstanding totaled $2.5 billion at December 31, 2022 and $2.4 billion at December 31, 2021. In November 2022 M&T Bank issued $500 million of fixed rate senior notes that pay a rate of 5.4% semi-annually and mature in November 2025. In August 2022 M&T issued $500 million of senior notes that mature in August 2028 and pay a fixed rate of 4.553% semi- annually until August 2027 after which the SOFR plus 1.78% will be paid quarterly until maturity. In April 2022, M&T Bank redeemed $650 million of fixed rate senior notes that were due to mature on May 18, 2022. During May 2022, $250 million of variable rate senior notes of M&T Bank matured. As of April 1, 2022, long-term borrowings assumed in the People's United acquisition totaled $494 million and included $483 million of fixed-rate subordinated notes and $11 million of FHLB advances. In January 2023 M&T issued $1.0 billion of fixed rate to floating rate senior notes that mature in January 2034 and M&T Bank issued $1.3 billion and $1.2 billion of fixed rate senior notes that mature in January 2026 and January 2028, respectively. The Company has, from time to time, issued subordinated capital notes and junior subordinated debentures associated with trust preferred securities to provide liquidity and enhance regulatory capital ratios. Those borrowings are generally considered Tier 2 capital and are includable in total regulatory capital. Information about the Company’s borrowings is included in note 9 of Notes to Financial Statements. The Company has also benefited from the placement of brokered deposits. The Company has brokered savings and interest-bearing checking deposit accounts that aggregated $3.8 billion and $3.2 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Brokered time deposits totaled $4.1 billion at December 31, 2022. There were no brokered time deposits outstanding at December 31, 2021. The Company’s ability to obtain funding from these sources could be negatively impacted should the Company experience a substantial deterioration in its financial condition or its debt ratings, or should the availability of short-term funding become restricted due to a disruption in the financial markets. The Company attempts to quantify such credit-event risk by modeling scenarios that estimate the liquidity impact resulting from a short-term ratings downgrade over various grading levels. Such impact is estimated by attempting to measure the effect on available unsecured lines of credit, available capacity from secured borrowing sources and securitizable assets. Information about the credit ratings of M&T and M&T Bank is presented in table 15. Additional information regarding the terms and maturities of all of the Company’s short-term and long-term borrowings is provided in note 9 of Notes to Financial Statements. In addition to deposits and borrowings, other sources of liquidity include maturities of investment securities and other earning assets, repayments of loans and investment securities, and cash generated from operations, such as fees collected for services. 91 Table 15 DEBT RATINGS M&T Bank Corporation Senior debt................................................................................................... Subordinated debt........................................................................................ M&T Bank Short-term deposits ..................................................................................... Long-term deposits...................................................................................... Senior debt................................................................................................... Subordinated debt........................................................................................ Moody’s Standard and Poor’s Fitch A3 A3 Prime-1 Aa3 A3 A3 BBB+ BBB A-2 A- A- BBB+ A A- F1 A+ A A- Certain customers of the Company obtain financing through the issuance of variable rate demand bonds (“VRDBs”). The VRDBs are generally enhanced by letters of credit provided by M&T Bank. M&T Bank oftentimes acts as remarketing agent for the VRDBs and, at its discretion, may from time- to-time own some of the VRDBs while such instruments are remarketed. When this occurs, the VRDBs are classified as trading account assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Nevertheless, M&T Bank is not contractually obligated to purchase the VRDBs. The value of VRDBs in the Company’s trading account was not material at December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021. The total amount of VRDBs outstanding backed by M&T Bank letters of credit was $604 million and $662 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. M&T Bank also serves as remarketing agent for most of those bonds. Table 16 MATURITY DISTRIBUTION OF LOANS AND LEASES (a) December 31, 2022 Demand 2023 2024 - 2027 (In thousands) 2028 - 2037 After 2037 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ........ Commercial real estate ............................ Residential real estate.............................. Consumer ................................................ Total .................................................... Floating or adjustable interest rates: Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ...... Commercial real estate .......................... Residential real estate............................ Consumer .............................................. Fixed or predetermined interest rates: Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ...... Commercial real estate .......................... Residential real estate............................ Consumer .............................................. Total .................................................... $ 7,759,439 $ 9,159,466 $22,594,918 $ 2,228,022 $ 184,784 119,095 23,423,257 9,903,512 3,720,803 4,430,311 6,612,916 $ 8,457,395 $27,637,298 $56,351,894 $22,527,344 $14,637,702 15,541,094 1,119,155 1,817,583 4,731,726 8,653,364 6,914,232 106,008 6,510 585,438 $15,522,770 $ 18,239,874 1,038,390 921,124 888,419 $ 3,052,566 2,710,252 381,460 12,126 76,222 3,677,101 3,287,264 7,072,148 5,183,383 2,682,413 5,691,792 172,658 1,339,603 42,873 1,679,160 6,226,411 5,943,112 1,143,047 6,532,772 $56,351,894 $22,527,344 $14,637,702 (a) The data reflects contractual paydowns, but excludes nonaccrual loans. 92 The Company enters into contractual obligations in the normal course of business that require future cash payments. The contractual amounts and timing of those payments as of December 31, 2022 are summarized in table 17. Off-balance sheet commitments to customers may impact liquidity, including commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, commercial letters of credit, financial guarantees and indemnification contracts, and commitments to sell real estate loans. Because many of these commitments or contracts expire without being funded in whole or in part, the contract amounts are not necessarily indicative of future cash flows. Further discussion of these commitments is provided in note 22 of Notes to Financial Statements. Table 17 summarizes the Company’s other commitments as of December 31, 2022 and the timing of the expiration of such commitments. Table 17 CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND OTHER COMMITMENTS December 31, 2022 Less Than One Year One to Three Years Three to Five Years Over Five Years Total (In thousands) Payments due for contractual obligations Time deposits ............................. $ Short-term borrowings ............... Long-term borrowings................ Operating leases ......................... Other........................................... Total............................................ $ Other commitments Commitments to extend credit (a) .................................. $ Standby letters of credit.............. Commercial letters of credit........................................ Financial guarantees and 6,017,181 $ 3,554,951 744,127 133,439 491,047 10,940,745 $ 3,962,262 $ — 1,741,010 230,899 126,435 6,060,606 $ 122,102 $ — 764,874 155,048 21,758 1,063,782 $ — $ 10,101,545 3,554,951 — 3,964,537 714,526 709,201 189,815 653,364 14,124 918,465 $ 18,983,598 21,956,366 $ 1,407,362 9,760,976 $ 10,768,871 $ 5,062,333 $ 47,548,546 2,376,644 589,707 276,893 102,682 14,458 4,377 45,243 988 65,066 indemnification contracts ........ 99,800 363,658 710,825 2,848,149 4,022,432 Commitments to sell real estate loans .............................. Total............................................ $ 271,090 533,458 23,749,076 $ 10,965,782 $ 11,817,136 $ 8,014,152 $ 54,546,146 247,064 15,304 — (a) Amounts exclude discretionary funding commitments to commercial customers of $11.7 billion that the Company has the unconditional right to cancel prior to funding. M&T’s primary source of funds to pay for operating expenses, shareholder dividends and treasury stock repurchases has historically been the receipt of dividends from its banking subsidiaries, which are subject to various regulatory limitations. Dividends from any bank subsidiary to M&T are limited by the amount of earnings of the subsidiary in the current year and the two preceding years. For purposes of that test, at December 31, 2022 approximately $1.07 billion was available for payment of dividends to M&T from banking subsidiaries. M&T also may obtain funding through long-term borrowings. Outstanding senior notes of M&T at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were $1.22 billion and $766 million, respectively. Junior subordinated debentures of M&T associated with trust preferred securities outstanding at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 totaled $536 million and $532 million, respectively. In January 2023 M&T issued $1.0 billion of fixed rate to floating rate senior notes that mature in January 2034. 93 Table 18 MATURITY AND TAXABLE-EQUIVALENT YIELD OF INVESTMENT SECURITIES December 31, 2022 Investment securities available for sale (a) U.S. Treasury and federal agencies Carrying value ................................................. Yield ............................................................. Mortgage-backed securities (b) Government issued or guaranteed Carrying value ............................................. Yield ......................................................... Other debt securities Carrying value ................................................. Yield ............................................................. Total investment securities available for sale Carrying value ................................................. Yield ............................................................. Investment securities held to maturity U.S. Treasury and federal agencies Carrying value ................................................. Yield ............................................................. Obligations of states and political subdivisions Carrying value ................................................. Yield ............................................................. Mortgage-backed securities (b) Government issued or guaranteed Carrying value ............................................. Yield ......................................................... Privately issued Carrying value ............................................. Yield ......................................................... Other debt securities Carrying value ................................................. Yield ............................................................. Total investment securities held to maturity Carrying value ................................................. Yield ............................................................. Equity and other securities Equity securities Carrying Value................................................. Yield ............................................................. Other investment securities Carrying Value................................................. Yield ............................................................. Total investment securities Carrying value ................................................. Yield ............................................................. One Year or Less One to Five Years Five to Ten Years Over Ten Years Total (Dollars in thousands) $ 124,399 $ 7,546,561 $ .94% 2.57% — $ — — $ 7,670,960 — 2.55% 401,619 2.53% 1,558,051 2.53% 522,244 2.51% 422,503 2,904,417 2.50% 2.53% 2,212 1.87% 82,018 3.79% 61,938 1.99% 27,416 6.02% 173,584 3.49% 528,230 2.16% 9,186,630 2.58% 584,182 2.46% 449,919 10,748,961 2.72% 2.56% 109,941 1.83% 27,913 2.14% 944,094 2.47% — — — — 1,054,035 2.40% 113,217 1,092,875 1,343,073 2,577,078 2.59% 3.17% 3.88% 3.50% 427,570 2.81% 1,779,496 2,947,757 4,692,526 9,847,349 2.81% 2.81% 2.79% 2.80% 3,289 7.97% — — 13,164 7.97% 16,462 7.97% — — — — 16,827 7.78% 1,765 4.73% 49,742 7.91% 1,765 4.73% 568,713 2.62% 2,849,971 4,057,094 6,054,191 13,529,969 2.71% 2.92% 3.05% 2.92% 151,458 3.20% 780,483 2.15% $ 1,096,943 $ 12,036,601 $ 4,641,276 $ 6,504,110 $ 25,210,871 2.39% 2.61% 2.86% 3.02% 2.74% (a) (b) Investment securities available for sale are presented at estimated fair value. Yields on such securities are based on amortized cost. Maturities are reflected based upon contractual payments due. Actual maturities are expected to be significantly shorter as a result of loan repayments in the underlying mortgage pools. 94 Table 19 MATURITY OF TIME DEPOSITS WITH BALANCES OVER $250,000 December 31, 2022 (In thousands) 3 months or less .................................................................................................................................. $ 224,399 Over 3 through 6 months .................................................................................................................. 143,968 Over 6 through 12 months................................................................................................................ 328,142 Over 12 months................................................................................................................................... 346,223 Total ................................................................................................................................................. $ 1,042,732 Management closely monitors the Company’s liquidity position on an ongoing basis for compliance with internal policies and believes that available sources of liquidity are adequate to meet funding needs anticipated in the normal course of business. Management does not anticipate engaging in any activities, either currently or in the long term, for which adequate funding would not be available and would therefore result in a significant strain on liquidity at either M&T or its subsidiary banks. Market risk is the risk of loss from adverse changes in the market prices and/or interest rates of the Company’s financial instruments. The primary market risk the Company is exposed to is interest rate risk. Interest rate risk arises from the Company’s core banking activities of lending and deposit- taking, because assets and liabilities reprice at different times and by different amounts as interest rates change. As a result, net interest income earned by the Company is subject to the effects of changing interest rates. The Company measures interest rate risk by calculating the variability of net interest income in future periods under various interest rate scenarios using projected balances for earning assets, interest-bearing liabilities and derivatives used to hedge interest rate risk. Management’s philosophy toward interest rate risk management is to limit the variability of net interest income. The balances of financial instruments used in the projections are based on expected growth from forecasted business opportunities, anticipated prepayments of loans and investment securities, and expected maturities of investment securities, loans and deposits. Management uses a “value of equity” model to supplement the modeling technique described above. Those supplemental analyses are based on discounted cash flows associated with on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments. Such analyses are modeled to reflect changes in interest rates and provide management with a long-term interest rate risk metric. The Company has entered into interest rate swap agreements to help manage exposure to interest rate risk. At December 31, 2022, the aggregate notional amount of interest rate swap agreements entered into for interest rate risk management purposes that were currently in effect was $12.75 billion. In addition, the Company has entered into $4.65 billion of forward-starting interest rate swap agreements. Information about interest rate swap agreements entered into for interest rate risk management purposes is included herein under the heading “Net Interest Income/Lending and Funding Activities” and in note 19 of Notes to Financial Statements. The Company’s Asset-Liability Committee, which includes members of executive management, monitors the sensitivity of the Company’s net interest income to changes in interest rates with the aid of a computer model that forecasts net interest income under different interest rate scenarios. In modeling changing interest rates, the Company considers different yield curve shapes that consider both parallel (that is, simultaneous changes in interest rates at each point on the yield curve) and non- parallel (that is, allowing interest rates at points on the yield curve to vary by different amounts) shifts in the yield curve. In utilizing the model, market-implied forward interest rates over the subsequent twelve months are generally used to determine a base interest rate scenario for the net interest income simulation. That calculated base net interest income is then compared with the income calculated under 95 the varying interest rate scenarios. The model considers the impact of ongoing lending and deposit- gathering activities, as well as interrelationships in the magnitude and timing of the repricing of financial instruments, including the effect of changing interest rates on expected prepayments and maturities. When deemed prudent, management has taken actions to mitigate exposure to interest rate risk through the use of on- or off-balance sheet financial instruments and intends to do so in the future. Possible actions include, but are not limited to, changes in the pricing of loan and deposit products, modifying the composition of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and adding to, modifying or terminating existing interest rate swap agreements or other financial instruments used for interest rate risk management purposes. Table 20 displays as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 the estimated impact on net interest income in the base scenario described above resulting from parallel changes in interest rates across repricing categories during the first modeling year. Table 20 SENSITIVITY OF NET INTEREST INCOME TO CHANGES IN INTEREST RATES Changes in interest rates Calculated Increase (Decrease) in Projected Net Interest Income December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 (In thousands) +200 basis points....................................................................................... +100 basis points....................................................................................... -100 basis points........................................................................................ -200 basis points........................................................................................ $ 224,555 158,020 (216,202) (439,512) 533,317 297,573 (204,760) — (a) (a) The Company did not analyze this scenario as of December 31, 2021. The Company utilized many assumptions to calculate the impact that changes in interest rates may have on net interest income. The more significant of those assumptions included the rate of prepayments of mortgage-related assets, cash flows from derivative and other financial instruments, loan and deposit volumes and pricing, and deposit maturities. In the scenarios presented, the Company also assumed gradual changes in interest rates during a twelve-month period as compared with the base scenario. In the declining rate scenario, the rate changes may be limited to lesser amounts such that interest rates remain at or above zero on all points of the yield curve. Changes in the amounts presented since December 31, 2021 reflect higher balances of earnings assets obtained in the People's United acquisition, changes in portfolio composition, the level of market-implied forward interest rates and hedging actions taken by the Company. The assumptions used in interest rate sensitivity modeling are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the Company cannot precisely predict the impact of changes in interest rates on net interest income. Actual results may differ significantly from those presented due to the timing, magnitude and frequency of changes in interest rates and changes in market conditions and interest rate differentials (spreads) between maturity/repricing categories, as well as any actions, such as those previously described, which management may take to counter such changes. Table 21 presents cumulative totals of net assets (liabilities) repricing on a contractual basis within the specified time frames, as adjusted for the impact of interest rate swap agreements entered into for interest rate risk management purposes. Management believes that this measure does not appropriately depict interest rate risk since changes in interest rates do not necessarily affect all categories of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities equally nor, as assumed in the table, on the contractual maturity or repricing date. Furthermore, this static presentation of interest rate risk fails to consider the effect of ongoing lending and deposit gathering activities, projected changes in balance sheet composition or any subsequent interest rate risk management activities the Company is likely to implement. 96 Table 21 CONTRACTUAL REPRICING DATA December 31, 2022 Three Months or Less Four to Twelve Months One to Five Years After Five Years Total (Dollars in thousands) Loans and leases, net ......................... $ Investment securities ......................... Other earning assets........................... Total earning assets..................... 74,203,489 298,876 25,078,633 99,580,998 $ Savings and interest- checking deposits ........................... Time deposits ................................... 87,911,463 2,335,630 Total interest- bearing deposits........................ Short-term borrowings....................... Long-term borrowings ....................... 90,247,093 3,554,951 171 Total interest- 6,927,190 383,060 933 7,311,183 — 3,681,551 3,681,551 — 743,956 $ 27,037,309 9,206,305 — 36,243,614 $ 23,396,175 15,322,630 — 38,718,805 $131,564,163 25,210,871 25,079,566 181,854,600 — 4,084,364 4,084,364 — 2,505,884 — — 87,911,463 10,101,545 — — 714,526 98,013,008 3,554,951 3,964,537 bearing liabilities...................... 93,802,215 4,425,507 6,590,248 714,526 105,532,496 Interest rate swap agreements..................................... Periodic gap...................................... $ Cumulative gap................................. Cumulative gap as a % of total earning assets...................... (8,900,000) (3,121,217) (3,121,217) $ (1,150,000) 1,735,676 (1,385,541) $ 10,050,000 39,703,366 38,317,825 $ — 38,004,279 76,322,104 — (1.7)% (0.8)% 21.1% 42.0% A significant amount of the Company’s earning assets, interest-bearing liabilities, preferred equity instruments and interest rate swap agreements have contractual repricing terms that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). Publication of certain tenors of LIBOR has already ceased and complete cessation of LIBOR publication is expected by June 30, 2023. Effective December 31, 2021, the Company essentially discontinued entering into new LIBOR-based contracts. The Company's enterprise-wide LIBOR transition program is monitored by executive management as well as the Risk Committee of the Board of Directors. At December 31, 2022 the Company had LIBOR-based commercial loans and leases and commercial real estate loans of $32.1 billion and residential mortgage and consumer loans of $4.1 billion outstanding. Approximately 85% of the loans either mature before June 30, 2023 or have been amended to include appropriate alternative language to be effective upon cessation of LIBOR publication. Approximately $732 million of borrowings and $1.1 billion of M&T's preferred stock reference LIBOR as of December 31, 2022. Upon cessation of LIBOR after June 30, 2023 dividends on M&T’s preferred stock and interest payments on variable rate preferred capital securities will be paid based on SOFR plus a pre-determined static spread (dependent on the tenor of LIBOR for each series of preferred stock and each preferred capital security) as proposed by the Board of Governors of the FRB. The Company’s interest rate swap agreements primarily reference LIBOR. In October 2020, the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. published the IBOR Fallbacks Supplement (“Supplement”) and the IBOR Fallback Protocol (“Protocol”). The Protocol enables market participants to incorporate certain revisions into their legacy non-cleared derivative trades with other counterparties that also choose to adhere to the Protocol. M&T adhered to the Protocol in November 2020 and is continuing the process of remediating its interest rate swap transactions with its end-user customers. With respect to the Company’s cleared interest rate swap agreements that reference LIBOR, clearinghouses have adopted the same relevant SOFR benchmark alternatives of the Supplement and Protocol. As loans mature and new originations occur a larger percentage of the Company’s variable-rate loans are expected to reference SOFR or other indexes, including the Bloomberg Short Term Bank Yield Index (“BSBY”). At December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $28.7 billion and 97 $212 million of outstanding loan balances that reference SOFR and BSBY, respectively. Additionally, as of December 31, 2022 the Company had $12.1 billion of notional amount of interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of commercial real estate loans, including $4.7 billion of forward-starting interest rate swap agreements that become effective in 2023, and notional amounts of $6.0 billion of non-hedging derivative interest rate contracts that are referenced to SOFR. The Company continues to work with its customers and other counterparties to remediate LIBOR-based agreements which expire after June 30, 2023 by incorporating alternative language, negotiating new agreements, or other means. The discontinuation of LIBOR and uncertainty relating to the emergence of one or more alternative benchmark indexes to replace LIBOR could materially impact the Company’s interest rate risk profile and its management thereof. In addition to the effect of interest rates, changes in fair value of the Company’s financial instruments can also result from a lack of trading activity for similar instruments in the financial markets. That impact is most notable on the values assigned to some of the Company’s investment securities. Information about the fair valuation of investment securities is presented in notes 3 and 21 of Notes to Financial Statements. The Company enters into interest rate and foreign exchange contracts to meet the financial needs of customers that it includes in its financial statements as non-hedging derivatives within other assets and other liabilities. Financial instruments utilized for such activities consist predominantly of interest rate swap agreements and forward and futures contracts related to foreign currencies. The Company generally mitigates the foreign currency and interest rate risk associated with customer activities by entering into offsetting positions with third parties that are also included in other assets and other liabilities. The fair values of non-hedging derivative positions associated with interest rate contracts and foreign currency and other option and futures contracts are presented in note 19 of Notes to Financial Statements. As with any non-government guaranteed financial instrument, the Company is exposed to credit risk associated with counterparties to the Company’s non-hedging derivative activities. Although the notional amounts of these contracts are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheet, the unsettled fair values of those financial instruments are recorded in the consolidated balance sheet. The fair values of such non-hedging derivative assets and liabilities recognized on the balance sheet were $380 million and $1.3 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2022 and $418 million and $83 million, respectively, at December 31, 2021. The fair value of asset and liability amounts at December 31, 2022 have been reduced by contractual settlements of $1.1 billion and $29 million, respectively, and at December 31, 2021 by contractual settlements of $54 million and $305 million, respectively. The values associated with the Company's non-hedging derivative activities at December 31, 2022 as compared with December 31, 2021 reflect changes in values associated with the interest rate swap agreements entered into with commercial customers that are not subject to periodic variation margin settlement payments. Trading account assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were $118 million and $50 million and included assets related to deferred compensation plans aggregating $23 million and $21 million. Changes in the fair values of such assets are recorded as “trading account and non-hedging derivative gains” in the consolidated statement of income. Included in “other liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $29 million and $24 million, respectively, of liabilities related to deferred compensation plans. Changes in the balances of such liabilities due to the valuation of allocated investment options to which the liabilities are indexed are recorded in “other costs of operations” in the consolidated statement of income. Also included in trading account assets were investments in mutual funds and other assets that the Company was required to hold under terms of certain non-qualified supplemental retirement and other benefit plans that were assumed by the Company in various acquisitions. Those assets totaled $95 million at December 31, 2022, and $29 million at December 31, 2021. The increase at December 31, 2022 as compared with December 31, 2021 reflects assets obtained in the acquisition of the People's United non-qualified supplemental retirement and other benefit plans. 98 Given the Company’s policies, limits and positions, management believes that the potential loss exposure to the Company resulting from market risk associated with trading account and non-hedging derivative activities was not material, however, as previously noted, the Company is exposed to credit risk associated with counterparties to transactions related to the Company’s actions to mitigate foreign currency and interest rate risk associated with customer activities. Additional information about the Company’s use of derivative financial instruments is included in note 19 of Notes to Financial Statements. Capital Shareholders’ equity was $25.3 billion at December 31, 2022 and represented 12.61% of total assets, compared with $17.9 billion or 11.54% at December 31, 2021 and $16.2 billion or 11.35% at December 31, 2020. The increase in shareholders' equity from December 31, 2021 reflects the issuance of 50,325,004 M&T common shares and other common equity consideration totaling $8.4 billion for the acquisition of People's United and the conversion of People's United preferred stock into 10,000,000 shares of Series H Perpetual Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-cumulative Preferred Stock of M&T ("Series H Preferred Stock") amounting to $261 million. Included in shareholders’ equity was preferred stock with financial statement carrying values of $2.01 billion at December 31, 2022, compared with $1.75 billion at December 31, 2021, and $1.25 billion at December 31, 2020. On April 1, 2022, the Company closed the acquisition of People's United resulting in the issuance of 10,000,000 shares of Series H Preferred Stock, par value $1.00 per share and liquidation preference of $25.00 per share, valued at $261 million. Through December 14, 2026, holders of the Series H Preferred Stock are entitled to receive, only when, as and if declared by M&T's Board of Directors, non-cumulative cash dividends at an annual rate of 5.625%, payable quarterly in arrears. Subsequent to December 14, 2026, holders will be entitled to receive, only when, as and if declared by M&T's Board of Directors, non-cumulative cash dividends at a variable rate as described in note 10 of Notes to Financial Statements. The Series H preferred stock may be redeemed at M&T's option, in whole or in part, from time to time, on or after April 1, 2027 or, in whole but not in part, at any time within 90 days following a regulatory treatment event whereby the full liquidation value of the shares no longer qualifies as "additional Tier 1 capital". The Series H Preferred Stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol MTBPrH. On August 17, 2021, M&T issued 50,000 shares of Series I Perpetual Fixed-Rate Reset Non-cumulative Preferred Stock, par value $1.00 and liquidation preference of $10,000 per share. Through August 31, 2026 holders of the Series I preferred stock are entitled to receive, only when, as and if declared by M&T’s Board of Directors, non-cumulative cash dividends at an annual rate of 3.5%, payable semiannually in arrears. Subsequent to August 31, 2026 holders will be entitled to receive, only when, as and if declared by M&T’s Board of Directors, non- cumulative cash dividends at an annual rate of the five-year U.S. Treasury Rate plus 2.679%, payable semiannually in arrears. The Series I preferred stock may be redeemed at M&T’s option, in whole or in part, on any dividend payment date on or after September 1, 2026 or, in whole but not in part, at any time within 90 days following a regulatory capital treatment event whereby the full liquidation value of the shares no longer qualifies as “additional Tier 1 capital." Common shareholders’ equity totaled $23.3 billion, or $137.68 per share, at December 31, 2022, compared with $16.2 billion, or $125.51 per share, at December 31, 2021 and $14.9 billion, or $116.39 per share, at December 31, 2020. Tangible equity per common share, which excludes goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets and applicable deferred tax balances, was $86.59 at December 31, 2022, compared with $89.80 and $80.52 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company’s ratio of tangible common equity to tangible assets was 7.63% at December 31, 2022, compared with 7.68% and 7.49% at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Reconciliations of total common shareholders’ equity and tangible common equity and total assets and tangible assets as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are presented in table 2. During 2022, 2021 and 2020, the ratio 99 of average total shareholders’ equity to average total assets was 12.51%, 11.08% and 11.80%, respectively. The ratio of average common shareholders’ equity to average total assets was 11.49%, 10.13% and 10.88% in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Shareholders’ equity reflects accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, which includes the net after-tax impact of unrealized gains or losses on investment securities classified as available for sale, remaining unrealized losses on held-to-maturity securities transferred from available for sale that have not yet been amortized, gains or losses associated with interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges, foreign currency translation adjustments and adjustments to reflect the funded status of defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. Net unrealized losses on investment securities reflected in shareholders’ equity, net of applicable tax effect, were $329 million, or $1.94 per common share, at December 31, 2022, compared with net unrealized gains of $78 million, or $.60 per common share, at December 31, 2021, and $145 million, or $1.13 per common share, at December 31, 2020. Changes in unrealized gains and losses on investment securities are predominantly reflective of the impact of changes in interest rates on the values of such securities. Information about unrealized gains and losses as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is included in note 3 of Notes to Financial Statements. Reflected in the carrying amount of available-for-sale investment securities at December 31, 2022 were pre-tax effect unrealized gains of $515,000 on securities with an amortized cost of $135 million and pre-tax effect unrealized losses of $445 million on securities with an amortized cost of $11.1 billion. Information concerning the Company’s fair valuations of investment securities is provided in notes 3 and 21 of Notes to Financial Statements. Each reporting period the Company reviews its available-for-sale investment securities for declines in value that might be indicative of credit-related losses through an analysis of the creditworthiness of the issuer or the credit performance of the underlying collateral supporting the bond. If the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of a debt security a credit loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of income. A loss is also recognized if the Company intends to sell a bond or it more likely than not will be required to sell a bond before recovery of the amortized cost basis. As of December 31, 2022, based on a review of each of the securities in the available-for-sale investment securities portfolio, the Company concluded that it expected to realize the amortized cost basis of each security. As of December 31, 2022, the Company did not intend to sell nor is it anticipated that it would be required to sell any securities for which fair value was less than the amortized cost basis of the security. The Company intends to continue to closely monitor the performance of its securities because changes in their underlying credit performance or other events could cause the amortized cost basis of those securities to become uncollectable. Accounting guidance requires investment securities held to maturity to be presented at their net carrying value that is expected to be collected over their contractual term. The Company estimated no material allowance for credit losses for its investment securities classified as held-to-maturity at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The amortized cost basis and fair value of obligations of states and political subdivisions in the held-to-maturity portfolio totaled $2.6 billion and $2.5 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2022. Those municipal securities were predominantly obtained in the acquisition of People's United. At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had in its held-to-maturity portfolio privately issued mortgage-backed securities with an amortized cost basis of $50 million and $62 million, respectively, and a fair value of $51 million and $57 million, respectively. At December 31, 2022, 83% of the mortgage-backed securities were in the most senior tranche of the securitization structure. The mortgage-backed securities are generally collateralized by residential and small-balance commercial real estate loans originated between 2004 and 2008. After considering the repayment structure and estimated future collateral cash flows of each individual bond, the Company has concluded that as of December 31, 2022, it expected to recover the amortized cost basis of those privately issued mortgage-backed securities. Nevertheless, it is possible that adverse 100 changes in the estimated future performance of mortgage loan collateral underlying such securities could impact the Company’s conclusions. Adjustments to reflect the funded status of defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans, net of applicable tax effect, reduced accumulated other comprehensive income by $202 million, or $1.19 per common share, at December 31, 2022, $267 million, or $2.08 per common share, at December 31, 2021 and $481 million, or $3.75 per common share, at December 31, 2020. Information about the funded status of the Company’s pension and other postretirement benefit plans is included in note 13 of Notes to Financial Statements. On January 20, 2021, M&T’s Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase plan to repurchase up to $800 million of shares of M&T’s common stock subject to all applicable regulatory limitations. There were no repurchases pursuant to that authorization during 2021 and in February 2022 the Board reaffirmed that plan. In the second quarter of 2022, M&T repurchased 3,505,946 shares of its common stock for $600 million under that plan. On July 19, 2022, M&T's Board of Directors authorized a new stock purchase program to repurchase up to $3.0 billion of common shares subject to all applicable regulatory reporting limitations. The plan authorized in July 2022 replaced the previous plan. In the last two quarters of 2022, M&T repurchased 6,947,336 shares of its common stock for $1.2 billion under the new program resulting in a total of 10,453,082 common shares repurchased for $1.8 billion in 2022. Pursuant to previously approved capital plans and authorizations by M&T’s Board of Directors, M&T repurchased 2,577,000 common shares for $374 million in 2020. During the fourth quarter of 2021, M&T’s Board of Directors authorized an increase in the quarterly common stock dividend to $1.20 per common share from the previous rate of $1.10 per common share. Cash dividends declared on M&T’s common stock totaled $788 million in 2022, compared with $584 million and $569 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively. Dividends per common share totaled $4.80 in 2022, compared with $4.50 and $4.40 in 2021 and 2020, respectively. Dividends of $97 million in 2022, $73 million in 2021 and $68 million in 2020 were declared on preferred stock in accordance with the terms of each series. M&T and its subsidiary banks are required to comply with applicable capital adequacy standards established by the federal banking agencies. Pursuant to those regulations, the minimum capital ratios are as follows: • • • • 4.5% Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) to risk-weighted assets (each as defined in the capital regulations); 6.0% Tier 1 capital (that is, CET1 plus Additional Tier 1 capital) to risk-weighted assets (each as defined in the capital regulations); 8.0% Total capital (that is, Tier 1 capital plus Tier 2 capital) to risk-weighted assets (each as defined in the capital regulations); and 4.0% Tier 1 capital to average consolidated assets as reported on consolidated financial statements (known as the “leverage ratio”), as defined in the capital regulations. Capital regulations require buffers in addition to the minimum risk-based capital ratios noted above. M&T is subject to a stress capital buffer requirement that is determined through the Federal Reserve’s supervisory stress tests and M&T’s bank subsidiaries are subject to a 2.5% capital conservation buffer requirement. The buffer requirement must be composed entirely of CET1 and for each entity was 2.5% of risk-weighted assets through September 30, 2022. In June 2022, the Federal Reserve released the results of its most recent supervisory stress tests. Based on those results, on October 1, 2022, M&T's stress capital buffer of 4.7% became effective. The federal bank regulatory agencies have issued rules that allow banks and bank holding companies to phase-in the impact of adopting the expected credit loss accounting model on regulatory capital. Those rules allow banks and bank holding companies to delay for two years the day one impact 101 on retained earnings of adopting the expected loss accounting standard and 25% of the cumulative change in the reported allowance for credit losses subsequent to the initial adoption through the end of 2021, followed by a three-year transition period. The regulatory capital amounts and ratios of M&T and its bank subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022 are presented in note 24 of Notes to Financial Statements. A detailed discussion of the regulatory capital rules is included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-K under the heading “Capital Requirements.” The Company is subject to the comprehensive regulatory framework applicable to bank and financial holding companies and their subsidiaries, which includes examinations by a number of regulators. Regulation of financial institutions such as M&T and its subsidiaries is intended primarily for the protection of depositors, the Deposit Insurance Fund of the FDIC and the banking and financial system as a whole, and generally is not intended for the protection of shareholders, investors or creditors other than insured depositors. Changes in laws, regulations and regulatory policies applicable to the Company’s operations can increase or decrease the cost of doing business, limit or expand permissible activities or affect the competitive environment in which the Company operates, all of which could have a material effect on the business, financial condition or results of operations of the information concerning this Company and in M&T’s ability to pay dividends. For additional comprehensive regulatory framework, refer to Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-K. Fourth Quarter Results Net income in the fourth quarter of 2022 was $765 million, compared with $458 million in the year- earlier quarter. Diluted and basic earnings per common share were $4.29 and $4.32, respectively, in the final 2022 quarter, compared with diluted and basic earnings per common share of $3.37 in the corresponding quarter of 2021. The annualized rates of return on average assets and average common shareholders’ equity for the final quarter of 2022 were 1.53% and 12.59%, respectively, compared with 1.15% and 10.91%, respectively, in the corresponding quarter of 2021. Net operating income during 2022’s fourth quarter was $812 million, compared with $475 million in the year-earlier quarter. Diluted net operating earnings per common share were $4.57 and $3.50 in the fourth quarters of 2022 and 2021, respectively. The annualized net operating returns on average tangible assets and average tangible common equity in the final three months of 2022 were 1.70% and 21.29%, respectively, compared with 1.23% and 15.98%, respectively, in the similar 2021 period. Reconciliations of GAAP results with non-GAAP results for the quarterly periods of 2022 and 2021 are provided in table 23. Taxable-equivalent net interest income aggregated $1.84 billion in the final quarter of 2022, compared with $937 million in the year-earlier period. That increase reflects a 148 basis point expansion of the net interest margin to 4.06% from 2.58% in the year-earlier quarter and the impact of earning assets associated with the acquisition of People's United. Average earning assets increased to $179.9 billion in 2022’s fourth quarter as compared with $144.4 billion in the final quarter of 2021. The $35.5 billion increase in average earning assets was driven by a $36.2 billion increase in average outstanding loans and an $18.5 billion increase in average investment securities, partially offset by a $19.2 billion decline in deposit balances at the FRB of New York and other banks. Loans acquired from People's United totaled $35.8 billion on the April 1, 2022 acquisition date and consisted of approximately $13.6 billion of commercial loans and leases, $13.5 billion of commercial real estate loans, $7.1 billion of residential real estate loans and $1.6 billion of consumer loans. Average balances of commercial loans and leases were $40.0 billion in the recent quarter, up $17.7 billion or 79% from $22.3 billion in the fourth quarter of 2021. That increase was largely attributable to acquired balances from the People's United acquisition and loan growth, partially offset by decreased average balances of PPP loans, due to loan repayments by the Small Business Administration. PPP loans averaged $141 million in 2022’s final quarter, compared with $1.6 billion in the year-earlier quarter. Average commercial real estate loan balances aggregated $45.7 billion in the final quarter of 2022, up $9.0 102 billion or 24% from $36.7 billion in the year-earlier quarter. Partially offsetting the increase in commercial real estate loans from the acquisition of People's United was a reduction in balances of construction and permanent mortgage loans, reflecting repayments by customers. Included in those totals were average balances of loans held for sale of $299 million in the final quarter of 2022, compared with $535 million in the corresponding period of 2021. Average residential real estate loan balances increased $7.0 billion to $23.3 billion in the fourth quarter of 2022 from $16.3 billion in the year-earlier quarter, reflecting loans obtained in the acquisition of People's United and the Company's decision in the third quarter of 2021 to retain rather than sell most originated residential mortgage loans. Consumer loans averaged $20.3 billion in the last three months of 2022, $2.4 billion or 14% higher than in the year-earlier quarter reflecting the impact of loans obtained in the acquisition of People's United (that consisted predominantly of outstanding balances of home equity lines of credit) and growth in average recreational finance loans (consisting predominantly of loans secured by recreational vehicles and boats). The net interest spread expanded in the fourth quarter of 2022 to 3.62%, up 110 basis points from 2.52% in the corresponding quarter of 2021. The yield on earning assets in the last three months of 2022 was 4.60%, up 196 basis points from 2.64% in the year-earlier quarter. The rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities in the 2022’s final quarter was .98%, up 86 basis points from .12% in the similar quarter of 2021. The contribution of net interest-free funds to the Company’s net interest margin was .44% and .06% in the fourth quarters of 2022 and 2021, respectively. The provision for credit losses was $90 million in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared with a recapture of provision of $15 million in the year-earlier period. Net loan charge-offs were $40 million in the last three months of 2022, representing an annualized .12% of average loans and leases outstanding, compared with $31 million or .13% during the similar 2021 period. Net charge-offs in the fourth quarters of 2022 and 2021 included: net charge-offs of commercial loans of $8 million in 2022 and $25 million in 2021; net charge-offs of commercial real estate loans of $8 million in 2022 compared with net recoveries of $7 million in 2021; net charge-offs of residential real estate loans of less than $1 million in 2022 and $2 million in 2021; and net charge-offs of consumer loans of $24 million in 2022 and $11 million in 2021. Other income rose to $682 million in the fourth quarter of 2022 from $579 million in the similar 2021 period. The increase reflects the impact of the acquired operations of People's United (predominantly increases in trust income, services charges on deposit accounts and credit-related fees) and higher trust income from legacy operations, as well as the $136 million gain on the sale of MTIA. Those increases were partially offset by a decline in mortgage banking revenues resulting from lower volumes of residential and commercial real estate loans originated for sale, lower income recorded from the Company's investment in Bayview Lending Group, and a planned reduction of insufficient funds fees reflected in service charges on deposit accounts. Other expense totaled $1.41 billion during the recent quarter, compared with $928 million in the final quarter of 2021. Included in such amounts are expenses considered to be “nonoperating” in nature consisting of amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets of $18 million and $2 million during the quarters ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and merger-related expenses of $45 million in fourth quarter of 2022 and $21 million in the similar 2021 period. Exclusive of those nonoperating expenses, noninterest operating expenses were $1.35 billion in the fourth quarter of 2022 and $904 million in the corresponding 2021 quarter. The higher level of expenses in the recent quarter as compared with the fourth quarter of 2021 was predominantly due to the impact of operations obtained in the People's United acquisition and the $135 million contribution to The M&T Charitable Foundation. Higher salaries and employee benefits expenses were offset by lower defined benefit pension-related expenses included in other costs of operations. The Company’s efficiency ratio during the final quarters of 2022 and 2021 was 53.3% and 59.7%, respectively. Table 23 includes a 103 reconciliation of other expense to noninterest operating expense and the calculation of the efficiency ratio for each of the quarters of 2022 and 2021. Segment Information In accordance with GAAP, the Company’s reportable segments have been determined based upon its internal profitability reporting system, which is organized by strategic business unit. Certain strategic business units have been combined for segment information reporting purposes where the nature of the products and services, the type of customer, and the distribution of those products and services are similar. The reportable segments are Business Banking, Commercial Banking, Commercial Real Estate, Discretionary Portfolio, Residential Mortgage Banking and Retail Banking. The financial information of the Company’s segments was compiled utilizing the accounting policies described in note 23 of Notes to Financial Statements. The management accounting policies and processes utilized in compiling segment financial information are highly subjective and, unlike financial accounting, are not based on authoritative guidance similar to GAAP. As a result, reported segments and the financial information of the reported segments are not necessarily comparable with similar information reported by other financial institutions. Furthermore, changes in management structure or allocation methodologies and procedures may result in changes in reported segment financial data. The Company continues to evaluate its indirect fixed and variable expenses included within the “All Other” category to determine if the expenses may be allocated to the Company’s various segments to support strategic business decisions by the Company’s executive leadership. As a result, in the fourth quarter of 2022 the Company implemented the following: an additional allocation of incentive compensation; a refinement of consumption-driven services allocations including cybersecurity and modeling functions; an expanded allocation of franchise-type services such as risk management, data services and legal services; and a refinement in allocation of technology application costs in support of business activities. Additionally, certain lending relationships within the hospitality sector that had previously received oversight within the Commercial Banking segment were realigned to the Commercial Real Estate segment. Accordingly, prior period financial information for 2021 and information on a comparable basis. Financial 2020 has been reclassified to provide segment information about the Company’s segments is presented in note 23 of Notes to Financial Statements. The Business Banking segment provides a wide range of services to small businesses and professionals within markets served by the Company through the Company’s branch network, business banking centers and other delivery channels such as telephone banking, Internet banking and automated teller machines. Services and products offered by this segment include various business loans and leases, including loans guaranteed by the SBA, business credit cards, deposit products, and financial services such as cash management, payroll and direct deposit, merchant credit card and letters of credit. The Business Banking segment recorded net income of $313 million in 2022, compared with $207 million in 2021. That 51% rise in net income reflected a nine-month impact of the People’s United acquisition and was predominantly attributable to increases of $193 million in net interest income, $17 million in service charges on deposit accounts and $10 million in merchant discount and credit card fees, partially offset by a rise in centrally-allocated costs associated with data processing, risk management and other support services provided to the Business Banking segment of $53 million and higher personnel-related costs of $13 million. The growth in net interest income reflected an increase in average outstanding deposit balances of $5.4 billion and a widening of the net interest margin on deposits of 99 basis points, partially offset by a narrowing of the net interest margin on loans of 101 basis points that reflected a lower level of PPP fee income resulting from repayment of loans by the SBA. The Business Banking segment contributed net income of $154 million in 2020. The 34% increase in 2021 as compared with 2020 resulted from higher net interest income of $56 million, a $15 million decline in the provision for credit losses and higher merchant discount and credit card fees of $12 million, partially offset by higher personnel-related costs of $11 million. The higher net interest 104 income reflected a 127 basis point widening of the net interest margin on loans and higher average deposit balances of $3.3 billion, partially offset by a 57 basis point narrowing of the net interest margin on deposits. The widening margin on loans resulted from a higher level of PPP fee income resulting from the repayment of loans by the SBA. The increase in average deposits resulted from a continued desire by the customers of the Business Banking segment to maintain liquidity during the pandemic and amid the low interest rate environment. The Commercial Banking segment provides a wide range of credit products and banking services for middle-market and large commercial customers, mainly within the markets served by the Company. Services provided by this segment include commercial lending and leasing, letters of credit, deposit products, and cash management services. Net income for the Commercial Banking segment was $730 million in 2022, compared with $499 million in 2021. The 46% rise in net income was predominantly due to an increase in net interest income of $506 million, reflecting a widening of the net interest margin on deposits of 97 basis points and higher average outstanding balances in loans and deposits of $13.4 billion and $1.2 billion, respectively (including the nine-month impact of the People’s United acquisition), an increase of $56 million in credit-related fees, higher service charges on deposit accounts of $13 million and a rise in merchant discount and credit card fees of $9 million. Those favorable factors were offset, in part, by increases in centrally-allocated costs associated with data processing, risk management and other support services provided to the Commercial Banking segment of $125 million, personnel-related costs of $105 million and other costs of operations of $31 million (all largely reflecting the nine-month impact of the People’s United acquisition). Net income for the Commercial Banking segment totaled $476 million in 2020. The most significant factors contributing to the rise in net income from 2020 to 2021 included higher letter of credit and other credit-related fees of $22 million, an increase in merchant discount and credit card fees of $13 million and a lower provision for credit losses of $10 million, partially offset by an increase of $13 million in centrally- allocated costs associated with data processing, risk management and other support services provided to the Commercial Banking segment. The Commercial Real Estate segment provides credit and deposit services to its customers. Commercial real estate loans may be secured by apartment/multifamily buildings, hotels, office, retail and industrial space or other types of collateral. Activities of this segment also include the origination, sales and servicing of commercial real estate loans through the Fannie Mae DUS program and other programs. Commercial real estate loans held for sale are included in this segment. The Commercial Real Estate segment recorded net income of $446 million in 2022, up 26% from $354 million in 2021. That rise reflects a $116 million decrease in the provision for credit losses due to lower net charge-offs and higher net interest income of $72 million. Also contributing to higher net income were increases in credit-related fees of $8 million and non-hedging derivative gains of $7 million resulting mainly from increased activity related to interest rate swap transactions executed on behalf of commercial customers. Partially offsetting those positive factors was a decline in commercial mortgage banking revenues reflecting lower commercial real estate loan origination and sales activity, and higher centrally-allocated costs associated with data processing, risk management and other support services provided to the Commercial Real Estate segment of $57 million. The increase in net interest income reflected a widening of the net interest margin on deposits of 89 basis points and higher average balances of loans and deposits of $3.4 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively, partially offset by a tightening of the net interest margin on loans of 31 basis points. Net income for this segment was $400 million in 2020. The decline from 2020 to 2021 was primarily attributable to a $45 million decrease in net interest income, reflecting a 58 basis point narrowing of the net interest margin on deposits and lower average loan balances of $266 million. Additionally, lower non-hedging derivitive gains of $12 million resulting from decreased activity related to interest rate swap agreements executed on behalf of commercial customers, increased amortization of capitalized commercial mortgage servicing rights of $7 million, higher FDIC assessments and personnel related costs of $6 million each and a $5 million 105 increase in centrally-allocated costs associated with data processing, risk management and other support services provided to the Commercial Real Estate segment were partially offset by a $17 million increase in commercial mortgage servicing income. The Discretionary Portfolio segment includes investment securities, residential real estate loans and other assets, short-term and long-term borrowed funds, brokered deposits, and, through June 2021, Cayman Islands office deposits. This segment also provides foreign exchange services to customers. Net income of the Discretionary Portfolio segment amounted to $17 million in 2022 and $287 million in 2021. The decline in net income can be attributed to lower net interest income reflecting reduced income from interest rate swap agreements entered into for interest rate risk management purposes. Intersegment fees paid to the Residential Mortgage Banking segment during 2022 increased $41 million and centrally-allocated costs associated with data processing, risk management and other support services provided to the Discretionary Portfolio segment increased $8 million. Partially offsetting those unfavorable factors was a $16 million reduction in unrealized valuation losses on equity investment securities as compared with 2021. The Discretionary Portfolio segment recorded net income of $321 million in 2020. The 11% decline in the 2021’s net income as compared with 2020 reflects a $21 million increase in intersegment fees related to the transfer of residential mortgage loans to the Discretionary Portfolio segment from the Residential Mortgage Banking segment and a $12 million decrease in the value of equity securities. The Residential Mortgage Banking segment originates and services residential mortgage loans and sells substantially all of those loans in the secondary market to investors or to the Discretionary Portfolio segment. The Company periodically purchases the rights to service loans and also sub- services residential real estate loans for others. Residential real estate loans held for sale are included in this segment. The Residential Mortgage Banking segment generated $21 million of net income in 2022, compared with $169 million in 2021. The decline compared with 2021 was largely due to a decrease in revenues (including intersegment revenues) resulting from lower mortgage origination and sales activities of $135 million, lower net interest income of $52 million and a $14 million rise in centrally-allocated costs associated with data processing, risk management and other support services provided to the Residential Mortgage Banking segment, partially offset by an increase of $15 million in revenues associated with servicing residential real estate loans (including intersegment revenues). The decrease in net interest income was driven by a decline in average outstanding balances of loans and deposits of $1.7 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively. Net income for the Residential Mortgage Banking segment increased 31% to $169 million in 2021 from $129 million in 2020. That year-over- year increase was attributable to higher net interest income of $40 million, reflecting higher average loan balances of $1.3 billion, and increased revenues associated with servicing and sub-servicing residential real estate loans (including intersegment revenues) of $9 million. The Retail Banking segment offers a variety of services to consumers through several delivery channels which include branch offices, automated teller machines, telephone banking and Internet banking. The Company has branch offices in New York State, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. Credit services offered by this segment include consumer installment loans, automobile and recreational finance loans (originated both directly and indirectly through dealers), home equity loans and lines of credit, and credit cards. The segment also offers to its customers deposit products, including demand, savings and time accounts, investment products, including mutual funds and annuities and other services. Net income for the Retail Banking segment was $631 million in 2022, up from $324 million in 2021. The improvement from 2021 reflected higher net interest income of $873 million and higher consumer service charges on deposit accounts of $12 million. Those favorable factors were partially offset by higher personnel-related costs of $181 million, a rise in centrally- allocated expenses associated with support services provided to the Retail Banking segment of $128 million, an increase in equipment and net occupancy costs of $85 million, higher professional services 106 expense of $25 million, and an increase in the provision for credit losses of $24 million (all reflecting the nine-month impact of the People’s United acquisition). The increase in net interest income reflected a 94 basis point widening of the net interest margin on deposits and higher average outstanding deposit and loan balances of $19.3 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively. Retail Banking segment net income aggregated $324 million in 2021 compared with $332 million in 2020. Factors contributing to the decline in net income in 2021 included a decrease of $78 million in net interest income and increased centrally-allocated costs, largely associated with data processing, risk management and other support services provided to the Retail Banking segment. The net interest income decline reflected a narrowing of the net interest margin on deposits of 49 basis points, partially offset by higher average outstanding balances of deposits and loans of $5.1 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively. The unfavorable factors were partially offset by a $53 million decrease in the provision for credit losses, a $22 million decrease in personnel-related costs (reflecting lower staffing levels), a $20 million rise in service charges on deposit accounts and an $8 million increase in merchant discount and credit card fees. The “All Other” category reflects other activities of the Company that are not directly attributable to the reported segments. Reflected in this category are the amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets from the acquisitions of financial institutions, distributions from BLG, merger-related expenses related to acquisitions (when incurred) and the net impact of the Company’s allocation methodologies for internal transfers for funding charges and credits associated with the earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities of the Company’s reportable segments and the provision for credit losses. The “All Other” category also includes trust income of the Company that reflects the ICS and WAS business activities. The various components of the “All Other” category resulted in a net loss of $165 million in 2022 compared with net income of $20 million in 2021. The net loss in 2022 as compared with 2021’s net income resulted from an increase in the provision for credit losses, increases in expenses resulting from the acquisition of People’s United (inclusive of merger-related expenses) and higher contributions to The M&T Charitable Foundation. Those unfavorable factors were partially offset by higher net interest income reflecting the favorable impact from the Company’s allocation methodologies for internal transfers for funding charges and credits associated with earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities of the Company’s reportable segments, the $136 million gain on sale of MTIA (recorded in the fourth quarter of 2022) and an increase in trust income of $96 million (inclusive of People’s United-related revenues of $35 million). The various components of the “All Other” category resulted in a net loss of $459 million in 2020. The improvement in 2021 resulted from a $795 million decrease in the provision for credit losses, the favorable impact from the Company’s allocation methodologies for internal transfers for funding charges and credits associated with earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities of the Company’s reportable segments, and increased trust income. Those favorable factors were partially offset by higher professional services expenses and increased personnel-related costs. Recent Accounting Developments A discussion of recent accounting developments is included in note 27 of Notes to Financial Statements. Forward-Looking Statements Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and other sections of this annual report contain forward-looking statements regarding the Company within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Any statement that does not describe historical or current facts is a forward-looking statement, including statements based on current expectations, estimates and projections about the Company’s business, management’s beliefs and assumptions made by management. 107 Statements regarding the potential effects of events or factors specific to the Company and/or the financial industry as a whole, as well as national and global events generally, including economic conditions, on the Company’s business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations may constitute forward-looking statements. Such statements are subject to the risk that the actual effects may differ, possibly materially, from what is reflected in those forward-looking statements due to factors and future developments that are uncertain, unpredictable and in many cases beyond the Company’s control. Statements regarding expectations or predictions relating to the Company's acquisition of People's United are also forward-looking statements, including statements regarding expected financial results, prospects, targets, goals and outlook. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “target,” “estimate,” “continue,” “positions,” “prospects” or “potential,” by future conditional verbs such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” or “may,” or by variations of such words or by similar expressions. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions (“Future Factors”) which are difficult to predict. Therefore, actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed or forecasted in such forward- looking statements. Future Factors include risks, predictions and uncertainties relating to: the impact of the People's United transaction; economic conditions, including inflation and market volatility; the impact of international conflicts and other events; the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; changes in interest rates, spreads on earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and interest rate sensitivity; prepayment speeds, loan originations, credit losses and market values on loans, collateral securing loans, and other assets; sources of liquidity; common shares outstanding; common stock price volatility; fair value of and number of stock-based compensation awards to be issued in future periods; the impact of changes in market values on trust-related revenues; legislation and/or regulations affecting the financial services industry, or M&T and its subsidiaries individually or collectively, including tax policy; regulatory supervision and oversight, including monetary policy and capital requirements; governmental and public policy changes; the outcome of pending and future litigation and governmental proceedings, including tax-related examinations and other matters; changes in accounting policies or procedures as may be required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, regulatory agencies or legislation; increasing price, product and service competition by competitors, including new entrants; rapid technological developments and changes; the ability to continue to introduce competitive new products and services on a timely, cost-effective basis; the mix of products and services; containing costs and expenses; protection and validity of intellectual property rights; reliance on large customers; technological, implementation and cost/financial risks in large, multi-year contracts; continued availability of financing; financial resources in the amounts, at the times and on the terms required to support M&T and its subsidiaries' future businesses; and material differences in the actual financial results of merger, acquisition and investment activities compared with M&T's initial expectations, including the full realization of anticipated cost savings and revenue enhancements. Further details regarding these Future Factors and risks and uncertainties related to the Company are described in the "Risk Factors" section of this annual report. These are representative of the Future Factors that could affect the outcome of the forward-looking statements. In addition, such statements could be affected by general industry and market conditions and growth rates, general economic and political conditions, either nationally or in the states in which M&T and its subsidiaries do business, including interest rate and currency exchange rate fluctuations, changes and trends in the securities markets, and other Future Factors. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made and the Company assumes no duty to update forward-looking statements. 108 Table 22 QUARTERLY TRENDS Earnings and dividends Amounts in thousands, except per share Interest income (taxable-equivalent basis) ........... Interest expense .................................... Net interest income................................. Less: provision for credit losses ..................... Other income ...................................... Less: other expense................................. Income before income taxes ........................ Applicable income taxes............................ Taxable-equivalent adjustment...................... Net income ........................................ Net income available to common shareholders-diluted ............................. Basic earnings ................................. Diluted earnings................................ Cash dividends................................. Basic .......................................... Diluted ........................................ Average common shares outstanding Per common share data Performance ratios, annualized Return on Average assets ................................. Average common shareholders’ equity .......... Net interest margin on average earning assets (taxable-equivalent basis) ......................... Nonaccrual loans to total loans and leases, net of unearned discount ............................... Net operating (tangible) results (a) Net operating income (in thousands) ................ Diluted net operating income per common share ..... Annualized return on Average tangible assets......................... Average tangible common shareholders’ equity Efficiency ratio (b) ................................. Balance sheet data In millions, except per share Average balances Total assets (c) ................................. Total tangible assets (c)......................... Earning assets.................................. Investment securities ........................... Loans and leases, net of unearned discount ...... Deposits ....................................... Common shareholders’ equity (c) ............... Tangible common shareholders’ equity (c)....... Total assets (c) ................................. Total tangible assets (c)......................... Earning assets.................................. Investment securities ........................... Loans and leases, net of unearned discount ...... Deposits ....................................... Common shareholders’ equity (c) ............... Tangible common shareholders’ equity (c)....... Equity per common share....................... Tangible equity per common share .............. At end of quarter Fourth Third Second First Fourth Third Second First 2022 Quarters 2021 Quarters $ 2,085,594 244,835 1,840,759 90,000 681,537 1,408,288 1,024,008 245,252 13,385 765,371 $ 1,793,340 102,822 1,690,518 115,000 563,079 1,279,253 859,344 200,921 11,827 646,596 1,475,868 53,425 1,422,443 302,000 571,100 1,403,154 288,389 60,141 10,726 217,522 931,490 24,082 907,408 10,000 540,887 959,741 478,554 113,146 3,234 362,174 962,081 24,725 937,356 (15,000) 578,637 927,500 603,493 141,962 3,563 457,968 996,649 25,696 970,953 (20,000) 569,126 899,334 660,745 161,582 3,703 495,460 974,090 28,018 946,072 (15,000) 513,633 865,345 609,360 147,559 3,732 458,069 1,020,695 35,567 985,128 (25,000) 505,598 919,444 596,282 145,300 3,733 447,249 $ $ $ 739,126 620,554 192,236 339,590 434,171 475,961 438,759 428,093 4.32 4.29 1.20 3.55 3.53 1.20 1.08 1.08 1.20 2.63 2.62 1.20 3.37 3.37 1.20 3.70 3.69 1.10 3.41 3.41 1.10 171,187 172,149 174,609 175,682 177,367 178,277 128,945 129,416 128,698 128,888 128,689 128,844 128,671 128,842 3.33 3.33 1.10 128,537 128,669 1.53 % 12.59 % 1.28 % 10.43 % .42 % 3.21 % .97 % 8.55 % 1.15 % 10.91 % 1.28 % 12.16 % 1.22 % 11.55 % 1.22 % 11.57 % 4.06 % 3.68 % 3.01 % 2.65 % 2.58 % 2.74 % 2.77 % 2.97 % 1.85 % 1.89 % 2.05 % 2.32 % 2.22 % 2.40 % 2.31 % 1.97 % $ $ 812,359 4.57 700,030 3.83 577,622 3.10 375,999 2.73 475,477 3.50 504,030 3.76 462,959 3.45 457,372 3.41 1.70 % 21.29 % 53.3 % 1.44 % 17.89 % 53.6 % 1.16 % 14.41 % 58.3 % 1.04 % 12.44 % 64.9 % 1.23 % 15.98 % 59.7 % 1.34 % 17.54 % 57.7 % 1.27 % 16.68 % 58.4 % 1.29 % 17.05 % 60.3 % $ $ 198,592 189,934 179,914 25,297 129,406 163,468 23,335 14,677 200,730 192,082 181,855 25,211 131,564 163,515 23,307 14,659 137.68 86.59 201,131 192,450 182,382 23,945 127,525 167,271 23,654 14,973 197,955 189,281 178,351 24,604 128,226 163,845 23,245 14,571 134.45 84.28 208,865 200,170 189,755 22,384 127,599 174,683 24,079 15,384 204,033 195,344 185,109 22,802 128,486 170,358 23,784 15,095 135.16 85.78 151,648 147,053 138,624 7,724 92,159 128,055 16,144 11,549 149,864 145,269 137,237 9,357 91,808 126,319 16,126 11,531 124.93 89.33 157,722 153,125 144,420 6,804 93,250 134,444 15,863 11,266 155,107 150,511 141,990 7,156 92,912 131,543 16,153 11,557 125.51 89.80 154,037 149,439 140,420 6,019 95,314 131,255 15,614 11,016 151,901 147,304 138,527 6,448 93,583 128,701 15,779 11,182 122.60 86.88 150,641 146,041 136,951 6,211 98,610 128,413 15,321 10,721 150,623 146,023 137,171 6,143 97,113 128,269 15,470 10,870 120.22 84.47 148,157 143,554 134,355 6,605 99,356 125,733 15,077 10,474 150,481 145,879 137,367 6,611 99,299 128,476 15,197 10,595 118.12 82.35 (a) (b) (c) Excludes amortization and balances related to goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets and merger-related expenses which, except in the calculation of the efficiency ratio, are net of applicable income tax effects. A reconciliation of net income and net operating income appears in Table 23. Excludes impact of merger-related expenses and net securities transactions. The difference between total assets and total tangible assets, and common shareholders’ equity and tangible common shareholders’ equity, represents goodwill, core deposit and other intangible assets, net of applicable deferred tax balances. A reconciliation of such balances appears in Table 23. 109 Table 23 RECONCILIATION OF QUARTERLY GAAP TO NON-GAAP MEASURES Fourth Third 2022 Quarters Second First Fourth Third Second First 2021 Quarters $ 765,371 646,596 217,522 362,174 457,968 495,460 458,069 447,249 13,559 33,429 812,359 14,141 39,293 700,030 14,138 345,962 577,622 933 12,892 375,999 1,447 16,062 475,477 2,028 6,542 504,030 2,023 2,867 462,959 2,034 8,089 457,372 4.29 .08 .20 4.57 3.53 .08 .22 3.83 1.08 .08 1.94 3.10 2.62 .01 .10 2.73 3.37 .01 .12 3.50 3.69 .02 .05 3.76 3.41 .02 .02 3.45 3.33 .02 .06 3.41 $ $ $ $ 1,408,288 1,279,253 1,403,154 959,741 927,500 899,334 865,345 919,444 (17,600) (45,113) $ 1,345,575 (18,384) (53,027) 1,207,842 (18,384) (222,809) 1,161,961 (1,256) (17,372) 941,113 (1,954) (21,190) 904,356 (2,738) (8,826) 887,770 (2,737) (3,893) 858,715 (2,738) (9,951) 906,755 $ $ 3,670 2,294 2,193 5,258 2,953 28,745 45,113 — 45,113 $ 13,094 2,106 2,277 2,177 651 32,722 53,027 — 53,027 $ 85,299 502 716 1,199 2,460 132,633 222,809 242,000 464,809 $ $ 1,345,575 $ 1,840,759 681,537 1,207,842 1,690,518 563,079 1,161,961 1,422,443 571,100 87 1,807 252 628 722 13,876 17,372 — 17,372 941,113 907,408 540,887 112 340 250 337 186 19,965 21,190 — 21,190 904,356 937,356 578,637 $ $ 60 1 625 505 730 6,905 8,826 — 8,826 $ 4 — 244 24 2,049 1,572 3,893 — 3,893 $ — — — — — 9,951 9,951 — 9,951 887,770 970,953 569,126 858,715 946,072 513,633 906,755 985,128 505,598 (3,773) $ 2,526,069 (1,108) 2,254,705 (62) 1,993,605 (743) 1,449,038 1,426 1,514,567 291 1,539,788 (10,655) 1,470,360 (12,282) 1,503,008 53.3% 53.6% 58.3% 64.9% 59.7% 57.7% 58.4% 60.3% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 198,592 (8,494) (218) 54 189,934 25,346 (2,011) 23,335 (8,494) (218) 54 14,677 200,730 (8,490) (209) 51 192,082 25,318 (2,011) 23,307 (8,490) (209) 51 14,659 201,131 (8,501) (236) 56 192,450 25,665 (2,011) 23,654 (8,501) (236) 56 14,973 197,955 (8,501) (227) 54 189,281 25,256 (2,011) 23,245 (8,501) (227) 54 14,571 208,865 (8,501) (254) 60 200,170 26,090 (2,011) 24,079 (8,501) (254) 60 15,384 204,033 (8,501) (245) 57 195,344 25,795 (2,011) 23,784 (8,501) (245) 57 15,095 151,648 (4,593) (3) 1 147,053 17,894 (1,750) 16,144 (4,593) (3) 1 11,549 149,864 (4,593) (3) 1 145,269 17,876 (1,750) 16,126 (4,593) (3) 1 11,531 157,722 (4,593) (5) 1 153,125 17,613 (1,750) 15,863 (4,593) (5) 1 11,266 155,107 (4,593) (4) 1 150,511 17,903 (1,750) 16,153 (4,593) (4) 1 11,557 154,037 (4,593) (7) 2 149,439 17,109 (1,495) 15,614 (4,593) (7) 2 11,016 151,901 (4,593) (6) 2 147,304 17,529 (1,750) 15,779 (4,593) (6) 2 11,182 150,641 (4,593) (10) 3 146,041 16,571 (1,250) 15,321 (4,593) (10) 3 10,721 150,623 (4,593) (9) 2 146,023 16,720 (1,250) 15,470 (4,593) (9) 2 10,870 148,157 (4,593) (13) 3 143,554 16,327 (1,250) 15,077 (4,593) (13) 3 10,474 150,481 (4,593) (12) 3 145,879 16,447 (1,250) 15,197 (4,593) (12) 3 10,595 Income statement data (in thousands, except per share) Net income Net income ................................... Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets (a).......................... Merger-related expenses (a).................... Net operating income....................... Earnings per common share Diluted earnings per common share ............ Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets (a).......................... Merger-related expenses (a).................... Diluted net operating earnings per common share ............................ Other expense Other expense................................. Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets ............................. Merger-related expenses ....................... Noninterest operating expense .............. Merger-related expenses Salaries and employee benefits................. Equipment and net occupancy.................. Outside data processing and software........... Advertising and marketing..................... Printing, postage and supplies.................. Other costs of operations ...................... Other expense.............................. Provision for credit losses...................... Total ...................................... Efficiency ratio Noninterest operating expense (numerator) ..... Taxable-equivalent net interest income ......... Other income ................................. Less: Gain (loss) on bank investment securities .................................... Denominator............................... Efficiency ratio................................ Balance sheet data (in millions) Average assets Average assets ................................ Goodwill ..................................... Core deposit and other intangible assets ........ Deferred taxes................................. Average tangible assets..................... Average common equity Average total equity ........................... Preferred stock ................................ Average common equity.................... Goodwill ..................................... Core deposit and other intangible assets ........ Deferred taxes................................. Average tangible common equity ........... At end of quarter Total assets Total assets ................................... Goodwill ..................................... Core deposit and other intangible assets ........ Deferred taxes................................. Total tangible assets........................ Total common equity Total equity................................... Preferred stock ................................ Common equity............................ Goodwill ..................................... Core deposit and other intangible assets ........ Deferred taxes................................. Total tangible common equity .............. (a) After any related tax effect. 110 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Incorporated by reference to the discussion contained in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” under the captions “Liquidity, Market Risk, and Interest Rate Sensitivity” (including Table 20) and “Capital.” Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data consist of the financial statements as indexed and presented below and Table 22 “Quarterly Trends” presented in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Index to Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting............................................................................. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.................................................................. Consolidated Balance Sheet — December 31, 2022 and 2021............................................................. Consolidated Statement of Income — Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 ............. Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income — Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 ....................................................................................................................................................... Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows — Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 ..... Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity — Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 .................................................................................................................................. Notes to Financial Statements....................................................................................................................... 112 113 117 118 119 120 121 122 111 Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting at M&T Bank Corporation and subsidiaries (“the Company”). Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on criteria described in “Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that assessment, management concluded that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. Management has excluded processes and controls of People’s United that have not yet been converted to M&T's systems or processes from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting for the year ended December 31, 2022. Assets and liabilities associated with those processes and procedures as of December 31, 2022 include loans and leases of $5.8 billion, other assets of $107 million and other liabilities of $184 million. Approximately $280 million of total revenues for the nine months ended December 31, 2022 was contributed from business activities of People's United that have not yet been converted to M&T's systems or processes. The financial consolidated by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, that was engaged to express statements. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP was also engaged to assess the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP follows this report. fairness of presentation of an opinion as such financial the Company statements to the audited been have of M&T BANK CORPORATION René F. Jones Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Darren J. King Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 112 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of M&T Bank Corporation Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of M&T Bank Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of income, of comprehensive income, of changes in shareholders' equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. Change in Accounting Principle As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for the allowance for credit losses as of January 1, 2020. Basis for Opinions The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and 113 evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. As described in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management has excluded certain elements of the internal control over financial reporting of People's United Financial, Inc. (“People’s United”) from its assessment of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 because it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination during 2022. Subsequent to the acquisition, certain elements of People's United’s internal control over financial reporting and related processes were integrated into the Company’s existing systems and internal control over financial reporting. Those controls that were not integrated have been excluded from management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. We have also excluded these elements of the internal control over financial reporting of People's United from our audit of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The excluded elements represent controls over approximately $5.9 billion of the Company's consolidated total assets of $200.7 billion, $184 million of the Company's consolidated total liabilities of $175.4 billion, and $280 million of the Company's consolidated total interest and other income of $8.6 billion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. 114 Acquisition of People's United Financial, Inc. - Fair Value of Acquired Commercial Real Estate Loans As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, on April 1, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of People's United Financial, Inc. (“People’s United”). The People’s United transaction has been accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting and, accordingly, assets acquired, liabilities assumed and preferred stock converted were recorded at estimated fair value on the acquisition date. As disclosed by management, the fair value of loans acquired from People’s United totaled $35.8 billion as of April 1, 2022, of which $13.5 billion were commercial real estate loans. The fair values of loans were generally based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered market interest rates, expected credit losses, prepayment assumptions and other market factors for loans with similar characteristics including loan type, collateral, fixed or variable interest rate and credit risk characteristics. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the fair value of acquired commercial real estate loans in the acquisition of People’s United is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment and estimation by management in developing the market interest rate, expected credit losses, and prepayment assumptions used in estimating the fair value of the acquired commercial real estate loans, (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s development of market interest rates, expected credit losses, and prepayment assumptions, and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s fair value of the acquired commercial real estate loans. These procedures also included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying acquired commercial real estate loan data provided by management that was used to develop the fair value of acquired commercial real estate loans, and the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in evaluating the reasonableness of management’s estimate by developing independent ranges of fair value for the acquired commercial real estate loans using independently developed market losses, and prepayment assumptions and comparing the independent ranges to management’s estimate. interest rates, expected credit Allowance for Credit Losses – Adjustments to model forecasts As described in Notes 1 and 5 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s allowance for credit losses of $1.9 billion reflects management's expected credit losses in the loan and lease portfolio of $131.6 billion as of December 31, 2022. For purposes of determining the level of the allowance for credit losses, management evaluates the Company’s loan and lease portfolio by type. Management utilizes statistically developed models to project principal balances over the remaining contractual lives of the loan portfolios and to determine estimated credit losses through a reasonable and supportable forecast period. Model forecasts may be adjusted for inherent limitations or biases that have been identified through independent validation and back-testing of model performance to actual realized results. Management also considered the impact of portfolio concentrations, changes in underwriting practices, product expansions into new markets, imprecision in its economic forecasts, geopolitical conditions and other risk factors that might influence the loss estimation process. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the allowance for credit losses, specifically certain adjustments to model forecasts, is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management in determining the adjustments to model forecasts, (ii) a high 115 degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and in evaluating audit evidence related to management’s determination of these adjustments to model forecasts, and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the Company’s allowance for credit losses estimation process, including controls relating to the allowance for credit losses estimation process for certain adjustments to model forecasts. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process for determining the allowance for credit losses and these adjustments to model forecasts, including evaluating the appropriateness of management’s methodology, testing the data utilized by management and evaluating the reasonableness of significant assumptions relating to these adjustments to model forecasts. Evaluating significant assumptions relating to these adjustments to model forecasts involved evaluating portfolio composition and concentration, as well as relevant market data. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of management’s methodology and the reasonableness of significant assumptions relating to these adjustments to model forecasts. Buffalo, New York February 22, 2023 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1984. 116 M&T BANK CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Balance Sheet (Dollars in thousands, except per share) Assets Cash and due from banks.................................................................................................. Interest-bearing deposits at banks....................................................................................... Federal funds sold ........................................................................................................... Trading account .............................................................................................................. Investment securities Available for sale (cost: $11,193,152 at December 31, 2022; $3,849,347 at December 31, 2021) .............................................................................. Held to maturity (fair value: $12,375,420 at December 31, 2022; $2,771,290 at December 31, 2021) .............................................................................. Equity and other securities (cost: $933,766 at December 31, 2022; $461,516 at December 31, 2021) ................................................................................. Total investment securities........................................................................................ Loans and leases ............................................................................................................. Unearned discount....................................................................................................... Loans and leases, net of unearned discount .................................................................... Allowance for credit losses ........................................................................................... Loans and leases, net ................................................................................................. Premises and equipment ................................................................................................... Goodwill ....................................................................................................................... Core deposit and other intangible assets .............................................................................. Accrued interest and other assets........................................................................................ Total assets ............................................................................................................ Liabilities Noninterest-bearing deposits ............................................................................................. Savings and interest-checking deposits................................................................................ Time deposits ................................................................................................................. Total deposits ......................................................................................................... Short-term borrowings ..................................................................................................... Accrued interest and other liabilities................................................................................... Long-term borrowings ..................................................................................................... Total liabilities........................................................................................................ Shareholders' equity Preferred stock, $1.00 par, 20,000,000 shares authorized; Issued and outstanding: Liquidation preference of $1,000 per share: 350,000 shares at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021; Liquidation preference of $10,000 per share: 140,000 shares at December 31, 2022 and 2021; Liquidation preference of $25 per share: 10,000,000 shares at December 31, 2022 ................................... Common stock, $.50 par, 250,000,000 shares authorized, 179,436,779 shares issued at December 31, 2022 and 159,741,898 shares issued at December 31, 2021 ............................................................... Common stock issuable, 14,031 shares at December 31, 2022; 15,769 shares at December 31, 2021 ................................................................................ Additional paid-in capital ................................................................................................. Retained earnings............................................................................................................ Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net............................................................ Treasury stock — common, at cost — 10,165,419 shares at December 31, 2022; 31,052,845 shares at December 31, 2021 .......................................................................... Total shareholders’ equity......................................................................................... Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity ..................................................................... December 31, 2022 2021 $ 1,517,244 24,958,719 3,000 117,847 $ 1,337,577 41,872,304 — 49,745 10,748,961 3,955,804 13,529,969 2,734,674 931,941 25,210,871 132,074,156 (509,993) 131,564,163 (1,925,331) 129,638,832 1,653,628 8,490,089 209,374 8,930,237 $ 200,729,841 $ 65,501,860 87,911,463 10,101,545 163,514,868 3,554,951 4,377,495 3,964,537 175,411,851 465,382 7,155,860 93,136,678 (224,226) 92,912,452 (1,469,226) 91,443,226 1,144,765 4,593,112 3,998 7,506,573 $ 155,107,160 $ 60,131,480 68,603,966 2,807,963 131,543,409 47,046 2,127,931 3,485,369 137,203,755 2,010,600 1,750,000 89,718 79,871 1,112 10,002,891 15,753,978 (790,030) 1,212 6,635,000 14,646,448 (127,578) (1,750,279) 25,317,990 $ 200,729,841 (5,081,548) 17,903,405 $ 155,107,160 See accompanying notes to financial statements. 117 M&T BANK CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statement of Income (In thousands, except per share) Interest income Loans and leases, including fees ............................................................... $ 5,237,405 Investment securities 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 $ 3,748,988 $ 3,975,053 Fully taxable......................................................................................... Exempt from federal taxes .................................................................... Deposits at banks...................................................................................... Other........................................................................................................ Total interest income ........................................................................ Interest expense Savings and interest-checking deposits...................................................... Time deposits ........................................................................................... Deposits at Cayman Islands office ............................................................ Short-term borrowings.............................................................................. Long-term borrowings .............................................................................. Total interest expense ....................................................................... Net interest income ................................................................................... Provision for credit losses ......................................................................... Net interest income after provision for credit losses................................... Other income Mortgage banking revenues ...................................................................... Service charges on deposit accounts.......................................................... Trust income ............................................................................................ Brokerage services income ....................................................................... Trading account and non-hedging derivative gains .................................... Gain (loss) on bank investment securities.................................................. Other revenues from operations ................................................................ Total other income............................................................................ 447,646 51,113 509,030 1,926 6,247,120 270,765 23,867 — 19,426 111,106 425,164 5,821,956 517,000 5,304,956 356,636 446,604 740,717 87,877 26,786 (5,686) 703,669 2,356,603 Other expense Salaries and employee benefits ................................................................. 2,787,351 Equipment and net occupancy................................................................... 474,316 Outside data processing and software........................................................ 376,493 FDIC assessments..................................................................................... 90,274 Advertising and marketing........................................................................ 90,748 Printing, postage and supplies ................................................................... 55,570 Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets............................ 55,624 Other costs of operations .......................................................................... 1,120,060 Total other expense........................................................................... 5,050,436 Income before taxes.................................................................................. 2,611,123 Income taxes ............................................................................................ 619,460 Net income ............................................................................................... $ 1,991,663 Net income available to common shareholders Basic ................................................................................................ $ 1,891,469 Diluted ............................................................................................. 1,891,480 Net income per common share Basic ................................................................................................ $ Diluted ............................................................................................. 11.59 11.53 See accompanying notes to financial statements. $ $ $ 141,046 116 47,491 1,143 3,938,784 32,998 18,635 201 7 62,165 114,006 3,824,778 (75,000) 3,899,778 571,329 402,113 644,716 62,791 24,376 (21,220) 482,889 2,166,994 2,045,677 326,698 291,839 69,704 64,428 36,507 10,167 766,603 3,611,623 2,455,149 596,403 1,858,746 $ 176,469 183 32,956 8,051 4,192,712 146,701 66,280 4,054 28 109,332 326,395 3,866,317 800,000 3,066,317 566,641 370,788 601,884 47,428 40,536 (9,421) 470,588 2,088,444 1,950,692 322,037 258,480 53,803 61,904 39,869 14,869 683,586 3,385,240 1,769,521 416,369 1,353,152 1,776,977 $ 1,776,987 1,279,066 1,279,068 $ 13.81 13.80 9.94 9.94 118 M&T BANK CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (In thousands) Year Ended December 31 2021 2022 2020 Net income ................................................................................................. $ 1,991,663 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax and reclassification adjustments: (406,793) Net unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities.......................... (314,831) Cash flow hedges adjustments ............................................................... (5,787) Foreign currency translation adjustments .............................................. 64,959 Defined benefit plans liability adjustments............................................ Total other comprehensive income (loss) .......................................... (662,452) Total comprehensive income ............................................................. $ 1,329,211 $ 1,858,746 $1,353,152 (66,977) (210,626) (862) 213,919 (64,546) $ 1,794,200 107,222 172,787 2,284 (138,645) 143,648 $1,496,800 See accompanying notes to financial statements. 119 M&T BANK CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (In thousands) Cash flows from operating activities Net income....................................................................................................... $ Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Provision for credit losses ................................................................................. Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment ........................................... Amortization of capitalized servicing rights ............................................................ Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets.............................................. Provision for deferred income taxes...................................................................... Asset write-downs .......................................................................................... Net gain on sales of assets ................................................................................. Net change in accrued interest receivable, payable .................................................... Net change in other accrued income and expense ...................................................... Net change in loans originated for sale .................................................................. Net change in trading account and non-hedging derivative assets and liabilities .................. Net cash provided by operating activities ............................................................... Cash flows from investing activities Proceeds from sales of investment securities Equity and other securities................................................................................. Proceeds from maturities of investment securities Available for sale ........................................................................................... Held to maturity............................................................................................. Purchases of investment securities Available for sale ........................................................................................... Held to maturity............................................................................................. Equity and other securities................................................................................. Net (increase) decrease in loans and leases.................................................................. Net (increase) decrease in interest-bearing deposits at banks............................................. Capital expenditures, net....................................................................................... Net (increase) decrease in loan servicing advances ........................................................ Acquisition, net of cash consideration Bank and bank holding company ......................................................................... Other, net......................................................................................................... Net cash provided (used) by investing activities........................................................ Cash flows from financing activities Net increase (decrease) in deposits ........................................................................... Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings .......................................................... Proceeds from long-term borrowings ........................................................................ Payments on long-term borrowings .......................................................................... Purchases of treasury stock .................................................................................... Dividends paid — common ................................................................................... Dividends paid — preferred ................................................................................... Proceeds from issuance of Series I preferred stock ........................................................ Other, net......................................................................................................... Net cash provided (used) by financing activities ....................................................... Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash ................................... Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period ....................................... Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period............................................... $ Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information Interest received during the period ........................................................................... $ Interest paid during the period ................................................................................ Income taxes paid during the period ......................................................................... Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities Real estate acquired in settlement of loans .................................................................. $ Additions to right-of-use assets under operating leases.................................................... Loans held for sale transferred to loans held for investment.............................................. Acquisition of bank and bank holding company Common stock issued ...................................................................................... Common stock awards converted......................................................................... Fair value of Assets acquired (noncash) ............................................................................. Liabilities assumed ..................................................................................... Preferred stock converted.............................................................................. Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 1,991,663 $ 1,858,746 $ 1,353,152 517,000 282,056 96,463 55,624 (29,987) 8,471 (153,491) (122,755) (69,993) 771,458 1,227,231 4,573,740 (75,000) 224,274 89,767 10,167 87,159 8,431 (10,308) 65,724 52,540 (163,623) 567,082 2,714,959 800,000 220,598 84,821 14,869 (31,291) 21,014 (19,441) (132,252) (418,752) (542,078) (561,453) 789,187 242,596 17,654 67,036 795,157 1,515,623 1,433,793 615,201 1,614,557 911,555 (7,221,885) (1,889,954) (456,024) (3,639,040) 26,106,931 (214,388) 1,578,825 393,923 (619,028) 16,592,736 (20,993,952) 2,613,036 998,540 (907,240) (1,800,000) (784,089) (96,927) — (13,177) (20,983,809) 182,667 1,337,577 1,520,244 6,134,684 428,772 487,618 31,376 137,998 — 8,286,515 104,810 63,757,316 55,499,314 260,600 (677,916) (1,601,698) (30,153) 5,676,670 (18,208,494) (149,213) (197,141) — (510,302) (13,631,599) 11,737,671 (12,436) 9,500 (853,091) — (580,260) (68,200) 495,000 (26,710) 10,701,474 (215,166) 1,552,743 1,337,577 3,976,804 139,164 314,295 8,851 57,760 330,188 $ $ $ — — — — — (7,581) (11,993) (29,004) (7,231,694) (16,473,656) (172,289) (754,823) — 67,411 (22,020,481) 25,037,167 (2,881) — (2,665,023) (373,750) (568,112) (68,256) — (11,413) 21,347,732 116,438 1,436,305 1,552,743 4,135,990 372,291 275,558 20,646 70,754 — $ $ $ — — — — — See accompanying notes to financial statements. 120 M&T BANK CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity Dollars in thousands, except per share Preferred Stock Common Stock Common Stock Issuable Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net Treasury Stock Total 2020 Balance — January 1, 2020 ......... $1,250,000 Cumulative effect of change in 79,871 1,566 6,593,539 12,820,916 (206,680) (4,822,563) $15,716,649 accounting principle — credit losses ......................... Total comprehensive income........ Preferred stock cash dividends...... Purchases of treasury stock.......... Stock-based compensation transactions, net..................... — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (91,925) 1,353,152 (68,228) — — 143,648 — — — — — (373,750) (91,925) 1,496,800 (68,228) (373,750) (222) 23,865 (411) — 53,581 76,813 Common stock cash dividends — $4.40 per share .................. — Balance — December 31, 2020..... $1,250,000 2021 Total comprehensive income........ Preferred stock cash dividends...... Issuance of Series I preferred — — stock.................................. Stock-based compensation transactions, net..................... 500,000 — Common stock cash dividends — $4.50 per share .................. — Balance — December 31, 2021..... $1,750,000 2022 Total comprehensive income........ Acquisition of People's United — Financial, Inc.: Common stock issued ............ Common stock awards converted ........................ Conversion of Series H preferred stock .................. Preferred stock cash dividends...... Purchases of treasury stock.......... Stock-based compensation transactions, net..................... — — 260,600 — — — — 79,871 — 1,344 — 6,617,404 (569,076) 13,444,428 — (63,032) — (569,076) (5,142,732) $16,187,283 — — — — — 79,871 — 9,824 — — — — 23 — — — — — 1,858,746 (72,915) (64,546) — (5,000) (132) 22,596 — (844) — — — — — 1,794,200 (72,915) 495,000 61,184 82,804 — 1,212 — 6,635,000 (582,967) 14,646,448 — (127,578) — (582,967) (5,081,548) $17,903,405 — — — — — — — 1,991,663 (662,452) — 1,329,211 3,256,821 104,810 — — — — — — (96,587) — — 5,019,870 8,286,515 — — 104,810 — — — — — (1,800,000) 260,600 (96,587) (1,800,000) (100) 6,260 (1,301) — 111,399 116,281 Common stock cash dividends — $4.80 per share .................. — Balance — December 31, 2022..... $2,010,600 — 89,718 — 1,112 — 10,002,891 (786,245) 15,753,978 — (790,030) — (786,245) (1,750,279) $25,317,990 See accompanying notes to financial statements. 121 M&T BANK CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Financial Statements 1. Significant accounting policies M&T Bank Corporation (“M&T”) is a bank holding company headquartered in Buffalo, New York. Through subsidiaries, M&T provides individuals, corporations and other businesses, and institutions with commercial and retail banking services, including loans and deposits, trust, mortgage banking, asset management, insurance and other financial services. Banking activities are largely focused on consumers residing in New York State, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia and on small and medium-size businesses based in those areas. Certain subsidiaries also conduct activities in other areas. The accounting and reporting policies of M&T and subsidiaries (“the Company”) are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and general practices within the banking industry. Following the acquisition of People's United Financial, Inc. ("People's United") on April 1, 2022 and conformance of financial statement presentation, certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform with current period presentation. The reclassifications had no effect on the previously reported total assets, total liabilities, shareholders' equity or net income. Specifically, the fair values of interest rate and foreign exchange derivative contracts not designated as hedging instruments as presented in note 19 have been included in other assets and other liabilities rather than in trading account assets and liabilities. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The significant accounting policies are as follows: Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include M&T and all of its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions of consolidated subsidiaries have been eliminated in consolidation. The financial statements of M&T included in note 26 report investments in subsidiaries under the equity method. Information about some limited purpose entities that are affiliates of the Company but are not included in the consolidated financial statements appears in note 20. Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows For purposes of this statement, cash and due from banks and federal funds sold are considered cash and cash equivalents. Securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase Securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase are treated as collateralized financing transactions and are recorded at amounts equal to the cash or other consideration exchanged. It is generally the Company’s policy to take possession of collateral pledged to secure agreements to resell. Trading account Financial instruments used for trading purposes are stated at fair value. Realized gains and losses and unrealized changes in fair value of financial instruments utilized in trading activities are included in “trading account and non-hedging derivative gains” in the consolidated statement of income. 122 Investment securities Investments in debt securities are classified as held to maturity and stated at amortized cost when management has the positive intent and ability to hold such securities to maturity. Investments in other debt securities are classified as available for sale and stated at estimated fair value with unrealized changes in fair value included in “accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net.” Investments in equity securities having readily determinable fair values are stated at fair value and unrealized changes in fair value are included in earnings. Investments in equity securities that do not have readily determinable fair values are stated at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts for investment securities available for sale and held to maturity are included in interest income. Other securities are stated at cost and include stock of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of New York. GAAP requires an allowance for credit losses be deducted from the amortized cost basis of financial assets, including investment securities held to maturity, to present the net carrying value at the amount that is expected to be collected over the contractual term. In cases where fair value of an available-for-sale debt security is less than its amortized cost basis and the Company does not intend to sell the available-for-sale debt security and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis, the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost basis is separated into (a) the amount representing the credit loss and (b) the amount related to all other factors. The amount related to the credit loss is recognized as an allowance for credit losses while the amount related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable income taxes. If the Company intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not to be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis, the security is written down to fair value with the entire amount recognized in earnings. Subsequently, the Company accounts for the debt security as if the security had been purchased on the measurement date of the write down at an amortized cost basis equal to the previous amortized cost basis less the amount of the write down recognized in earnings. Realized gains and losses on the sales of investment securities are determined using the specific identification method. Loans and leases The Company’s accounting methods for loans depends on whether the loans were originated or acquired by the Company. Originated loans and leases Loan fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred and recognized as an interest yield adjustment over the life of the loan. Net deferred fees have been included in unearned discount as a reduction of loans outstanding. Interest income on loans is accrued on a level yield method. Loans are placed on nonaccrual status and previously accrued interest thereon is charged against income when it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement or when principal or interest is delinquent 90 days. Certain loans greater than 90 days delinquent continue to accrue interest if they are well-secured and in the process of collection. Loans less than 90 days delinquent are deemed to have an insignificant delay in payment and generally continue to accrue interest. Interest received on loans placed on nonaccrual status is generally applied to reduce the carrying value of the loan or, if principal is considered fully collectable, recognized as interest income. Nonaccrual commercial loans and commercial real estate loans are returned to accrual status when borrowers have demonstrated an ability to repay their loans and there are no delinquent principal and interest payments. Loans secured by residential real estate are returned to accrual status when they are deemed to have an insignificant delay in payments of 90 days or less. Consumer loans 123 not secured by residential real estate are returned to accrual status when all past due principal and interest payments have been paid by the borrower. Loan balances are charged off when it becomes evident that such balances are not fully collectable. For commercial loans and commercial real estate loans, charge-offs are recognized after an assessment by credit personnel of the capacity and willingness of the borrower to repay, the estimated value of any collateral, and any other potential sources of repayment. A charge-off is recognized when, after such assessment, it becomes evident that the loan balance is not fully collectable. For loans secured by residential real estate, the excess of the loan balances over the net realizable value of the property collateralizing the loan is charged-off when the loan becomes 150 days delinquent. Consumer loans are generally charged-off when the loans are 91 to 180 days past due, depending on whether the loan is collateralized and the status of repossession activities with respect to such collateral. During the normal course of business, the Company modifies loans to maximize recovery efforts. If a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and a concession to the terms of the loan agreement is granted that the Company would not otherwise consider, the modification is considered a troubled debt restructuring and such loans are classified as either nonaccrual or renegotiated loans. Due to the direct and indirect effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (“COVID-19”) pandemic, a dramatic reduction in economic activity severely hampered the ability for businesses and consumers to meet their repayment obligations. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (collectively “CARES Act”), in addition to providing financial assistance to both businesses and consumers, created a forbearance program for federally-backed mortgage loans, protected borrowers from negative credit reporting due to loan accommodations related to the pandemic, and provided financial institutions the option to temporarily suspend certain requirements under GAAP related to troubled debt restructurings to account for the effects of COVID- 19. The bank regulatory agencies likewise issued guidance encouraging financial institutions to work prudently with borrowers who were unable to meet their contractual payment obligations because of the effects of COVID-19. The guidance, with concurrence of the Financial Accounting Standards Board, and provisions of the CARES Act allowed modifications made on a good faith basis in response to COVID-19 to borrowers who were current with their payments prior to any relief, to not be treated as troubled debt restructurings nor be reported as past due. Modifications included payment deferrals (including maturity extensions), covenant waivers and fee waivers. The Company worked with its customers affected by COVID-19 and granted modifications across many of its loan portfolios. To the extent that such modifications met the criteria described, the modified loans were not classified as troubled debt restructurings nor reported as past due. Commitments to sell real estate loans are utilized by the Company to hedge the exposure to changes in fair value of real estate loans held for sale. The carrying value of hedged real estate loans held for sale recorded in the consolidated balance sheet includes changes in estimated fair value during the hedge period, typically from the date of close through the sale date. Valuation adjustments made on these loans and commitments are included in “mortgage banking revenues.” Acquired loans and leases Expected credit losses for purchased loans with credit deterioration are initially recognized as an allowance for credit losses and are added to the purchase price to determine the amortized cost basis of the loans. Any non-credit discount or premium resulting from acquiring such loans is recognized as an adjustment to interest income over the remaining lives of the loans. Subsequent changes in the amount of expected credit losses on such loans are recognized in the allowance for credit losses in the same manner as originated loans. For all other acquired loans, the difference between the fair value and outstanding principal balance of the loans is recognized as an adjustment to interest income over the lives of those loans. Those loans are then accounted for in a manner that is similar to originated loans. 124 Allowance for credit losses On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted amended accounting guidance which requires an allowance for credit losses to be deducted from the amortized cost basis of financial assets to present the net carrying value at the amount that is expected to be collected over the contractual term of the asset considering relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. In estimating expected losses in the loan and lease portfolio, borrower-specific financial data and macro-economic assumptions are utilized to project losses over a reasonable and supportable forecast period. Assumptions and judgment are applied to measure amounts and timing of expected future cash flows, collateral values and other factors used to determine the borrowers’ abilities to repay obligations. Subsequent to the forecast period, the Company utilizes longer-term historical loss experience to estimate losses over the remaining contractual life of the loans. Assets taken in foreclosure of defaulted loans Assets taken in foreclosure of defaulted loans are primarily comprised of commercial and residential real property and are included in “other assets” in the consolidated balance sheet. An in-substance repossession or foreclosure occurs and a creditor is considered to have received physical possession of real estate property collateralizing a mortgage loan upon either (i) the creditor obtaining legal title to the residential real estate property upon completion of a foreclosure or (ii) the borrower conveying all interest in the residential real estate property to the creditor to satisfy that loan through completion of a deed in lieu of foreclosure or through a similar legal agreement. Upon acquisition of assets taken in satisfaction of a defaulted loan, the excess of the remaining loan balance over the asset’s estimated fair value less costs to sell is charged-off against the allowance for credit losses. Subsequent declines in value of the assets are recognized as “other costs of operations” in the consolidated statement of income. Premises and equipment Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is computed principally using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Capitalized servicing rights Capitalized servicing assets are included in “other assets” in the consolidated balance sheet. Separately recognized servicing assets are initially measured at fair value. The Company uses the amortization method to subsequently measure servicing assets. Under that method, capitalized servicing assets are charged to expense in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income. To estimate the fair value of servicing rights, the Company considers market prices for similar assets and the present value of expected future cash flows associated with the servicing rights calculated using assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future servicing income and expense. Such assumptions include estimates of the cost of servicing loans, loan default rates, an appropriate discount rate, and prepayment speeds. For purposes of evaluating and measuring impairment of capitalized servicing rights, the Company stratifies such assets based on the predominant risk characteristics of the underlying financial instruments that are expected to have the most impact on projected prepayments, cost of servicing and other factors affecting future cash flows associated with the servicing rights. Such factors may include financial asset or loan type, note rate and term. The amount of impairment recognized is the amount by which the carrying value of the capitalized servicing rights for a stratum exceeds estimated fair value. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance. 125 Sales and securitizations of financial assets Transfers of financial assets for which the Company has surrendered control of the financial assets are accounted for as sales. Interests in a sale of financial assets that continue to be held by the Company, including servicing rights, are initially measured at fair value. The fair values of retained debt securities are generally determined through reference to independent pricing information. The fair values of retained servicing rights and any other retained interests are determined based on the present value of expected future cash flows associated with those interests and by reference to market prices for similar assets. Securitization structures typically require the use of special-purpose trusts that are considered variable interest entities. A variable interest entity is included in the consolidated financial statements if the Company has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the variable interest entity’s economic performance and has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the variable interest entity that could potentially be significant to that entity. Goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquired entity over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather is tested for impairment at least annually at the reporting unit level, which is either at the same level or one level below an operating segment. Other acquired intangible assets with finite lives, such as core deposit intangibles, are initially recorded at estimated fair value and are amortized over their estimated lives. Core deposit and other intangible assets are generally amortized using accelerated methods over estimated useful lives, which are generally three to seven years. The Company periodically assesses whether events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of core deposit and other intangible assets may be impaired. Derivative financial instruments The Company accounts for derivative financial instruments at fair value. If certain conditions are met, a derivative may be specifically designated as (i) a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment, (ii) a hedge of the exposure to variable cash flows of a forecasted transaction or (iii) a hedge of the foreign currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation, an unrecognized firm commitment, an available-for-sale security, or a foreign currency denominated forecasted transaction. The Company utilizes interest rate swap agreements as part of the management of interest rate risk to modify the repricing characteristics of certain portions of its portfolios of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. For such agreements, amounts receivable or payable are recognized as accrued under the terms of the agreement and the net differential is recorded as an adjustment to interest income or expense of the related asset or liability. Interest rate swap agreements may be designated as either fair value hedges or cash flow hedges. In a fair value hedge, the fair values of the interest rate swap agreements and changes in the fair values of the hedged items are recorded in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet with the corresponding gain or loss recognized in current earnings. The difference between changes in the fair values of interest rate swap agreements and the hedged items represents hedge ineffectiveness and is recorded in the same income statement line item that is used to present the earnings effect of the hedged item in the consolidated statement of income. In a cash flow hedge, the derivative’s unrealized gain or loss is initially recorded as a component of other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction affects earnings. The Company utilizes commitments to sell real estate loans to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of real estate loans held for sale. Commitments to originate real estate loans to be held for sale and commitments to sell real estate loans are generally recorded in the consolidated balance 126 sheet at estimated fair value. Valuation adjustments made on these commitments are included in “mortgage banking revenues.” Derivative instruments not related to mortgage banking activities, including financial futures commitments and interest rate swap agreements, that do not satisfy the hedge accounting requirements are recorded at fair value and are generally classified as other assets or other liabilities with resultant changes in fair value being recognized in “trading account and non-hedging derivative gains” in the consolidated statement of income. Revenue from contracts with customers A significant amount of the Company’s revenues are derived from net interest income on financial assets and liabilities, mortgage banking revenues, trading account and non-hedging derivative gains, investment securities gains, loan and letter of credit fees, income from bank-owned life insurance, and certain other revenues that are generally excluded from the scope of accounting guidance for revenue from contracts with customers. For other noninterest income revenue streams, the Company generally recognizes the expected amount of consideration as revenue when the performance obligations related to the services under the terms of a contract are satisfied. The Company’s contracts generally do not contain terms that necessitate significant judgment to determine the amount of revenue to recognize. Stock-based compensation Compensation expense is recognized over the vesting period of stock-based awards based on estimated grant date value, except that the recognition of compensation costs is accelerated for stock-based awards granted to retirement-eligible employees and employees who will become retirement-eligible prior to full vesting of the award because the Company’s incentive compensation plan allows for vesting at the time an employee retires. Income taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax effects attributable to differences between the financial statement value of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates and laws. The Company evaluates uncertain tax positions using the two-step process required by GAAP. The first step requires a determination of whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. Under the second step, a tax position that meets the more-likely- than-not recognition threshold is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company accounts for its investments in qualified affordable housing projects using the proportional amortization method. Under that method, the Company amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received and recognizes the net investment performance in the income statement as a component of income tax expense. Earnings per common share Basic earnings per common share exclude dilution and are computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (exclusive of shares represented by the unvested portion of restricted stock and restricted stock unit grants) and common shares issuable under deferred compensation arrangements during the period. Diluted earnings per common share reflect shares represented by the unvested portion of restricted stock and restricted stock unit grants and the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in earnings. Proceeds assumed to have been received on such exercise 127 or conversion are assumed to be used to purchase shares of M&T common stock at the average market price during the period, as required by the “treasury stock method” of accounting. GAAP requires that unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) shall be considered participating securities and shall be included in the computation of earnings per common share pursuant to the two-class method. The Company has issued stock-based compensation awards in the form of restricted stock and restricted stock units that contain such rights and, accordingly, the Company’s earnings per common share are calculated using the two-class method. Treasury stock Repurchases of shares of M&T common stock are recorded at cost as a reduction of shareholders’ equity. Reissuances of shares of treasury stock are recorded at average cost. 2. Acquisition and divestitures Acquisition On April 1, 2022, M&T completed the acquisition of People's United. Through subsidiaries, People's United provided commercial banking, retail banking and wealth management services to individual, corporate and municipal customers through a network of branches located in Connecticut, southeastern New York, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine. Following the merger, People's United Bank, National Association, a national banking association and a wholly owned subsidiary of People's United, merged with and into Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company ("M&T Bank"), the principal banking subsidiary of M&T, with M&T Bank as the surviving entity. The results of operations acquired from People's United have been included in the Company's financial results since April 1, 2022. Pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement dated February 22, 2021, People’s United shareholders received consideration valued at .118 of an M&T common share in exchange for each common share of People’s United. The purchase price totaled approximately $8.4 billion (with the price based on M&T’s closing price of $164.66 per share as of April 1, 2022). M&T issued 50,325,004 common shares in completing the transaction. Additionally, People’s United outstanding preferred stock was converted into new shares of Series H Preferred Stock of M&T. The acquisition of People's United expanded the Company's geographical footprint and management expects the Company will benefit from greater geographical diversity and the advantages of scale associated with a larger company. The People’s United transaction has been accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting and, accordingly, assets acquired, liabilities assumed and preferred stock converted were recorded at estimated fair value on the acquisition date. The consideration paid for People’s United common equity and the preliminary amounts of identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and preferred stock converted as of the acquisition date follows. 128 Consideration: Common stock issued (50,325,004 shares)............................................................................... $ Common stock awards converted ............................................................................................. Cash........................................................................................................................................... Total consideration.............................................................................................................. 8,286,515 104,810 1,824 8,393,149 (In thousands) Net assets acquired: Identifiable assets Cash and due from banks .......................................................................................................... Interest-bearing deposits at banks ............................................................................................. Investment securities................................................................................................................. Loans and leases........................................................................................................................ Core deposit and other intangible assets ................................................................................... Other assets ............................................................................................................................... Total identifiable assets acquired .................................................................................................. Liabilities and preferred stock Deposits..................................................................................................................................... Borrowings................................................................................................................................ Other liabilities.......................................................................................................................... Total liabilities assumed...................................................................................................... Preferred stock .......................................................................................................................... Total liabilities and preferred stock............................................................................................... Net assets acquired........................................................................................................................ Goodwill........................................................................................................................................ $ 395,747 9,193,346 11,574,689 35,840,648 261,000 2,979,388 60,244,818 52,967,915 1,389,012 1,142,387 55,499,314 260,600 55,759,914 4,484,904 3,908,245 The following is a description of the methodologies used to estimate the fair values of the significant assets acquired, liabilities assumed and preferred stock converted at the acquisition date: Cash and due from banks and interest-bearing deposits in banks: Given the short-term nature of these assets, the carrying amount was determined to be a reasonable estimate of fair value. Investment securities: Investment securities have been determined using quoted market prices, if available. If quoted market prices were not available, investment securities were valued by reference to quoted prices for similar securities or through model-based techniques. Loans and leases: The fair values of loans and leases were generally based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered market losses, prepayment interest assumptions and other market factors for loans with similar characteristics including loan type, collateral, fixed or variable interest rate and credit risk characteristics. Expected credit losses were determined based on credit characteristics and other factors such as default and recovery rates of similar products. rates, expected credit Core deposit and other intangible assets: The core deposit intangible asset represents the value of certain customer deposit relationships. The fair value of the core deposit intangible asset was based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered expected customer attrition rates, costs associated with maintaining the deposit relationships and alternative funding costs. Other intangible assets were also valued using expected and contractual cash flows. Deposits: The fair value of deposits with no maturity date was determined to be the amount payable on demand at the acquisition date. The fair value of time deposits was determined by discounting contractual cash flows using market interest rates for instruments with like remaining maturities. Borrowings: The fair value of borrowings was determined using quoted market prices for the instrument, if available. If quoted market prices for the instrument were not available, similar instruments with quoted market prices were referenced. 129 Preferred stock: The fair value of preferred stock converted was determined using quoted market prices. GAAP requires loans and leases obtained through an acquisition that have experienced a more- than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination be considered purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”). The Company considered several factors in the determination of PCD loans, including loan grades assigned to acquired commercial loans and leases and commercial real estate loans utilizing the Company's loan grading system and delinquency status and history for acquired loans backed by residential real estate. For PCD loans and leases the initial estimate of expected credit losses of $99 million was established through an adjustment to increase both the initial carrying value and allowance for credit losses. GAAP also provides that an allowance for credit losses on loans acquired, but not classified as PCD, also be recognized above and beyond the impact of forecasted losses used in determining fair value. Accordingly, the Company recorded $242 million of provision for credit losses for non-PCD acquired loans and leases at the acquisition date. The following table reconciles the unpaid principal balance to the fair value of loans and leases at April 1, 2022: PCD Non-PCD (in thousands) Unpaid principal balance ................................................................................. $ Allowance for credit losses at acquisition ....................................................... Other discount.................................................................................................. Fair value ..................................................................................................... $ 3,410,506 (a) $ 32,896,454 — (260,498) (b) (99,000) (a) (106,814) 3,204,692 $ 32,635,956 (a) (b) The unpaid principal balance and allowance for credit losses at acquisition is net of charge-offs of $33 million recognized on the PCD loans. Includes approximately $242 million of principal balances not expected to be collected. In connection with the acquisition, the Company recorded approximately $3.9 billion of goodwill, which represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired, and $261 million of core deposit and other intangible assets. The core deposit and other intangible assets are being amortized over periods of three to seven years. Information regarding the allocation of goodwill recorded as a result of the acquisition to the Company’s reportable segments, as well as the carrying amounts and amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets, is provided in note 8. Due to the integration of People's United operating systems and activities with those of the Company, the Company's ability to report on the former operations of People's United is inherently limited. The Company estimates that included in the Consolidated Statement of Income from the acquisition date through December 31, 2022 are total revenues of approximately $1.6 billion and net income of approximately $165 million related to the acquisition of People's United. The following table presents certain pro forma information as if People’s United had been acquired on January 1, 2021. These results combine the historical results of People’s United into the Company’s consolidated statement of income and, while adjustments were made for the estimated impact of certain fair valuation adjustments and other acquisition-related activity, they are not indicative of what would have occurred had the acquisition taken place as indicated. For example, merger-related expenses noted below are included in the periods where such expenses were incurred. Additionally, the Company expects to achieve operating cost savings and other business synergies as a result of the acquisition which are not reflected in the pro forma amounts that follow: Total revenues (a) ...................................................................................................... Net income ................................................................................................................ $ 8,631,283 $ 2,158,047 8,075,955 2,391,034 (a) Represents the total of net interest income and other income. Pro forma (Unaudited) 2022 2021 (In thousands) 130 In connection with the People’s United acquisition, the Company incurred merger-related expenses related to systems conversions and other costs of integrating and conforming acquired operations with and into the Company. Those expenses consisted largely of professional services, temporary help fees and other costs associated with actual or planned systems conversions and/or integration of operations and the introduction of the Company to its new customers; costs related to termination of existing contractual arrangements for various services; initial marketing and promotion expenses designed to introduce M&T Bank to its new customers; severance (for former People’s United employees); travel costs; legal expenses; printing costs associated with communications with shareholders and customers; and other costs of completing the transaction and commencing operations in new markets and offices. The Company does not expect to incur any material People's United merger-related expenses during 2023. A summary of merger-related expenses included in the consolidated statement of income follows. 2022 2021 (In thousands) Salaries and employee benefits................................................................................ $ Equipment and net occupancy ................................................................................. Outside data processing software............................................................................. Advertising and marketing....................................................................................... Printing, postage and supplies.................................................................................. Other cost of operations ........................................................................................... Other expense..................................................................................................... $ 102,150 $ 6,709 5,438 9,262 6,786 207,976 338,321 $ 176 341 1,119 866 2,965 38,393 43,860 The Company also recognized a $242 million provision for credit losses on acquired loans that were not deemed to be PCD on April 1, 2022. GAAP requires that acquired loans be recorded at estimated fair value, which includes the use of interest rate and expected credit loss assumptions to forecast estimated cash flows. GAAP also provides that an allowance for credit losses on loans acquired, but not classified as PCD also be recognized above and beyond the impact of forecasted losses used in determining the fair value of acquired loans. Accordingly, the Company recorded a $242 million provision for credit losses related to such loans obtained in the People's United transaction. Divestitures On September 29, 2022 M&T Bank announced it had entered into a definitive agreement to sell M&T Insurance Agency, Inc. ("MTIA"), a wholly owned insurance agency subsidiary of M&T Bank to Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. The transaction was completed on October 31, 2022. The Company recognized a pre-tax gain on the sale of $136 million ($98 million after-tax). MTIA had assets of $18 million and shareholders' equity of $6 million at the time of the divestiture. Prior to the sale, MTIA recorded revenues of $34 million in 2022 and $37 million in each of 2021 and 2020. After considering expenses, the results of operations from MTIA were not material to the Company's consolidated results of operations in any of 2022, 2021 and 2020. On December 19, 2022 Wilmington Trust, National Association, a wholly owned subsidiary of M&T, announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to sell its Collective Investment Trust ("CIT") business to a private equity firm. That sale is expected to close in the first half of 2023 and result in recognition of a gain at that time. The Company estimated that the CIT business contributed approximately $165 million, $151 million and $105 million to trust income in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. After considering expenses, the results of operations from the CIT business were not material to the Company's consolidated results of operations in any of 2022, 2021 and 2020. 131 Investment securities 3. The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities were as follows: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses (In thousands) Estimated Fair Value $ 7,913,932 $ 200 $ 243,172 $ 7,670,960 594,779 2,501,334 183,107 11,193,152 1,054,035 2,577,078 912,431 8,934,918 49,742 1,765 13,529,969 $ 24,723,121 $ 153,283 $ 780,483 933,766 $ — 65 250 515 — 4 20,480 171,281 9,773 444,706 45,747 116,512 574,299 2,330,118 173,584 10,748,961 1,008,288 2,460,570 — 1,451 8,833 — 10,288 10,803 $ 2,120 $ — 2,120 $ 808,903 103,528 8,045,306 891,063 50,588 7,987 1,765 — 1,164,837 12,375,420 1,609,543 $ 23,124,381 3,945 $ — 3,945 $ 151,458 780,483 931,941 682,267 $ 229 $ 3,806 $ 678,690 3,042,771 124,309 3,849,347 3,052 177 2,667,328 61,555 2,562 2,734,674 6,584,021 $ 73,774 $ 387,742 461,516 $ 113,102 1,974 115,305 — 2 49,221 10,520 — 59,743 175,048 $ 4,460 $ — 4,460 $ 561 4,481 8,848 9 — 3,155,312 121,802 3,955,804 3,043 179 8,376 14,742 — 23,127 31,975 $ 2,708,173 57,333 2,562 2,771,290 6,727,094 594 $ — 594 $ 77,640 387,742 465,382 December 31, 2022 Investment securities available for sale: U.S. Treasury and federal agencies................. Mortgage-backed securities: Government issued or guaranteed: Commercial............................................. Residential............................................... Other debt securities........................................ Investment securities held to maturity: U.S. Treasury and federal agencies................. Obligations of states and political subdivisions Mortgage-backed securities: Government issued or guaranteed: Commercial............................................. Residential............................................... Privately issued ........................................... Other debt securities........................................ Total debt securities ........................................ Equity and other securities: Readily marketable equity — at fair value Other — at cost ........................................... Total equity and other securities ..................... December 31, 2021 Investment securities available for sale: U.S. Treasury and federal agencies................. Mortgage-backed securities: Government issued or guaranteed: Residential............................................... Other debt securities........................................ Investment securities held to maturity: U.S. Treasury and federal agencies................. Obligations of states and political subdivisions Mortgage-backed securities: Government issued or guaranteed: Residential............................................... Privately issued ........................................... Other debt securities........................................ Total debt securities ........................................ Equity and other securities: Readily marketable equity — at fair value Other — at cost ........................................... Total equity and other securities ..................... 132 $ $ $ $ $ $ No investment in securities of a single non-U.S. Government, government agency or government guaranteed issuer exceeded ten percent of shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the latest available investment ratings of all obligations of states and political subdivisions, privately issued mortgage-backed securities and other debt securities were: Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value A or Better BBB (In thousands) BB B or Less Not Rated Average Credit Rating of Fair Value Amount Obligations of states and political subdivisions ............ $ 2,577,078 $ 2,460,570 $ 2,450,795 $ — $ — $ — $ 9,775 Privately issued mortgage- backed securities .................. Other debt securities................. 49,742 184,872 50,588 175,349 — 15,044 — 63,361 — 35,741 379 — 50,209 61,203 The amortized cost and estimated fair value of collateralized mortgage obligations included in mortgage-backed securities were as follows: December 31 2022 2021 (In thousands) Collateralized mortgage obligations: Amortized cost ...................................................................................................... $ 372,373 $ Estimated fair value.............................................................................................. 327,981 61,980 57,763 There were no significant gross realized gains or losses from sales of investment securities in 2022, 2021 or 2020. At December 31, 2022, the amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity were as follows: Debt securities available for sale: Due in one year or less.............................................................................................. $ Due after one year through five years....................................................................... Due after five years through ten years ...................................................................... Due after ten years .................................................................................................... Mortgage-backed securities available for sale .......................................................... $ Debt securities held to maturity: Due in one year or less.............................................................................................. $ Due after one year through five years....................................................................... Due after five years through ten years ...................................................................... Due after ten years .................................................................................................... Mortgage-backed securities held to maturity............................................................ $ Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value (In thousands) 131,291 $ 126,611 7,628,579 7,870,319 61,938 65,429 27,416 30,000 7,844,544 8,097,039 3,096,113 2,904,417 11,193,152 $ 10,748,961 137,854 $ 136,564 1,011,114 1,057,311 1,068,369 1,092,875 1,254,576 1,344,838 3,470,623 3,632,878 9,897,091 8,904,797 13,529,969 $ 12,375,420 133 A summary of investment securities that as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than twelve months and those that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer follows: Less Than 12 Months Fair Value Unrealized Losses 12 Months or More Fair Value Unrealized Losses (In thousands) December 31, 2022 Investment securities available for sale: U.S. Treasury and federal agencies.............................. $ 6,706,413 $ Mortgage-backed securities: 183,760 $ 841,945 $ 59,412 Government issued or guaranteed: Commercial.......................................................... Residential............................................................ Other debt securities..................................................... Investment securities held to maturity: U.S. Treasury and federal agencies.............................. Obligations of states and political subdivisions........... Mortgage-backed securities: Government issued or guaranteed: Commercial.......................................................... Residential............................................................ Privately issued ........................................................ 574,299 2,295,873 93,458 9,670,043 1,008,288 2,449,420 808,903 6,292,462 — 10,559,073 20,480 169,489 3,604 377,333 45,747 116,512 103,528 619,403 — 885,190 — 28,305 73,280 943,530 — — — 1,319,300 35,661 1,354,961 Total ............................................................................. $ 20,229,116 $ 1,262,523 $ 2,298,491 $ — 1,792 6,169 67,373 — — — 271,660 7,987 279,647 347,020 December 31, 2021 Investment securities available for sale: U.S. Treasury and federal agencies.............................. $ Mortgage-backed securities: Government issued or guaranteed: Residential............................................................ Other debt securities..................................................... Investment securities held to maturity: U.S. Treasury and federal agencies.............................. Mortgage-backed securities: Government issued or guaranteed: Residential............................................................ Privately issued ........................................................ 598,566 $ 3,806 $ — $ — 10,111 3,760 612,437 54 74 3,934 20,824 66,419 87,243 3,043 9 — 507 4,407 4,914 — 1,372,236 — 1,375,279 8,356 — 8,365 12,299 $ 1,251 43,692 44,943 132,186 $ 20 14,742 14,762 19,676 Total ............................................................................. $ 1,987,716 $ The Company owned 4,273 individual debt securities with aggregate gross unrealized losses of $1.6 billion at December 31, 2022. Based on a review of each of the securities in the investment securities portfolio at December 31, 2022, the Company concluded that it expected to recover the amortized cost basis of its investment. As of December 31, 2022, the Company does not intend to sell nor is it anticipated that it would be required to sell any of its impaired investment securities at a loss. At December 31, 2022, the Company has not identified events or changes in circumstances which may 134 have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the $780 million of cost method investment securities. The Company estimated no material allowance for credit losses for its investment securities classified as held-to-maturity at December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, investment securities with carrying values of $7.9 billion (including $567 million related to repurchase transactions) and $5.1 billion (including $96 million related to repurchase transactions), respectively, were pledged to secure borrowings, lines of credit and governmental deposits as described in note 9. 4. Loans and leases Total loans and leases outstanding were comprised of the following: December 31 2022 2021 (In thousands) Loans Commercial, financial, etc. .............................................................................. $ Commercial real estate..................................................................................... Residential real estate....................................................................................... Consumer ......................................................................................................... Total loans ..................................................................................................... 39,695,189 $ 45,444,010 23,773,842 20,579,263 129,492,304 22,524,542 35,473,884 16,077,275 17,964,331 92,040,032 Leases Commercial .................................................................................................... Total loans and leases .......................................................................................... Less: unearned discount ....................................................................................... Total loans and leases, net of unearned discount ................................................. $ 2,581,852 132,074,156 (509,993) 131,564,163 $ 1,096,646 93,136,678 (224,226) 92,912,452 One-to-four family residential mortgage loans held for sale were $32 million at December 31, 2022 and $474 million at December 31, 2021. Commercial real estate loans held for sale were $131 million at December 31, 2022 and $425 million at December 31, 2021. The amount of foreclosed property held by the Company, predominantly consisting of residential real estate, was $41 million and $24 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There were $201 million and $151 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, in loans secured by residential real estate that were in the process of foreclosure. Of all loans in the process of foreclosure at December 31, 2022, approximately 42% were government guaranteed. Borrowings by directors and certain officers of M&T and its banking subsidiaries, and by associates of such persons, exclusive of loans aggregating less than $60,000, amounted to $102 million and $113 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During 2022, new borrowings by such persons amounted to $7 million (including any borrowings of new directors or officers that were outstanding at the time of their election) and repayments and other reductions (including reductions resulting from individuals ceasing to be directors or officers) were $18 million. At December 31, 2022, approximately $10.5 billion of commercial loans and leases, $16.3 billion of commercial real estate loans, $19.5 billion of one-to-four family residential real estate loans, $2.4 billion of home equity loans and lines of credit and $10.7 billion of other consumer loans were pledged to secure outstanding borrowings and available lines of credit from the FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as described in note 9. 135 A summary of current, past due and nonaccrual loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 follows: Current 30-89 Days Past Due Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More (In thousands) Nonaccrual Total December 31, 2022 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ............................ $ 40,982,398 $ 448,462 $ 72,502 $ 347,204 $ 41,850,566 Real estate: Commercial .......................... Residential builder and developer ........................... Other commercial construction ....................... Residential ............................ Residential — limited documentation ................... Consumer: 34,972,627 311,188 67,696 1,396,662 36,748,173 1,304,798 8,703 — 1,229 1,314,730 6,936,661 21,491,506 239,521 595,897 549 345,402 124,937 272,090 7,301,668 22,704,895 950,782 22,456 — 77,814 1,051,052 Home equity lines and loans Recreational finance ............. Automobile ........................... Other ..................................... 4,891,311 8,974,171 4,393,206 1,958,196 Total.......................................... $ 126,855,656 $ 30,787 54,593 44,486 22,961 1,779,054 $ — — — 4,869 491,018 $ 84,788 44,630 39,584 49,497 5,006,886 9,073,394 4,477,276 2,035,523 2,438,435 $ 131,564,163 December 31, 2021 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ............................ $ 23,101,810 $ 142,208 $ 8,284 $ 221,022 $ 23,473,324 Real estate: Commercial .......................... Residential builder and developer ........................... Other commercial construction ....................... Residential ............................ Residential — limited documentation ................... Consumer: 24,712,643 319,099 31,733 1,069,280 26,132,755 1,400,437 2,904 — 3,005 1,406,346 7,722,049 13,294,872 17,175 239,561 — 920,080 111,405 355,858 7,850,629 14,810,371 1,124,520 16,666 — 122,888 1,264,074 Home equity lines and loans Recreational finance ............. Automobile ........................... Other ..................................... Total.......................................... $ 3,476,617 7,985,173 4,604,772 1,620,147 89,043,040 $ 15,486 40,544 40,064 12,223 845,930 $ — — — 3,302 963,399 $ 70,488 27,811 34,037 44,289 3,562,591 8,053,528 4,678,873 1,679,961 2,060,083 $ 92,912,452 At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had $19 million and $1.2 billion, respectively, of outstanding loan balances, consisting predominantly of residential real estate loans, for which COVID- 19 related payment deferrals were granted. Those loans meet the criteria described in note 1 and, as such, are not considered past due or otherwise in default of loan terms as of the dates presented. Included in those loan balances were $8 million and $974 million of government-guaranteed loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During the normal course of business, the Company modifies loans to maximize recovery efforts. If the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and a concession is granted, the Company considers such modifications as troubled debt restructurings and classifies those loans as either nonaccrual loans 136 or renegotiated loans. The types of concessions that the Company grants typically include principal deferrals and interest rate concessions, but may also include other types of concessions. The tables that follow summarize the Company’s loan modification activities that were considered troubled debt restructurings for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020: Year Ended December 31, 2022 Number Post-modification (a) Pre- modification Recorded Investment Principal Deferral Interest Rate Reduction (Dollars in thousands) Other Combination of Concession Types Total Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. Real estate: Commercial ........................... Residential builder and developer Other commercial construction ... Residential ............................. Residential — limited documentation...................... Consumer: Home equity lines and loans....... Recreational finance ................. Automobile ............................ Other .................................... Total......................................... Year Ended December 31, 2021 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. Real estate: Commercial ........................... Residential builder and developer Other commercial construction ... Residential ............................. Residential — limited documentation...................... Consumer: Home equity lines and loans....... Recreational finance ................. Automobile ............................ Other .................................... Total......................................... Year Ended December 31, 2020 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. Real estate: Commercial ........................... Residential builder and developer Other commercial construction ... Residential ............................. Residential — limited documentation...................... Consumer: Home equity lines and loans....... Recreational finance ................. Automobile ............................ Other .................................... Total......................................... 193 $ 87,873 $ 53,219 $ 455 $ 983 $ 34,791 89,448 50 1 1 274 8 144 729 2,092 149 3,641 $ 34,972 60 100 71,165 1,398 10,146 27,517 41,540 1,426 276,197 $ 14,037 57 — 54,519 1,216 9,372 27,510 41,510 1,426 202,866 $ — — — — — — — — — 455 $ 2,223 — — — — — — — — 3,206 $ 18,358 — 100 19,022 34,618 57 100 73,541 193 1,409 841 — — — 73,305 10,213 27,510 41,510 1,426 $ 279,832 284 $ 185,458 $ 46,806 $ — $ 40,558 $ 95,516 $ 182,880 99 1 3 373 21 89 281 807 362 2,320 $ 202,878 3 542 108,325 2,920 6,430 9,931 14,668 2,597 533,752 $ 67,387 3 532 95,769 2,865 6,054 9,931 14,654 2,597 246,598 $ — — — — — — — — — — $ 31,202 — — — — — — — — 71,760 $ 102,248 — — 12,866 200,837 3 532 108,635 — 2,865 321 — 14 — 210,965 6,375 9,931 14,668 2,597 $ 529,323 394 $ 246,479 $ 70,671 $ 298 $ 31,605 $ 97,344 $ 199,918 161 1 2 631 30 259 428 2,249 1,095 5,250 310,578 91 13,602 202,985 204,591 — 13,573 183,878 7,413 7,100 17,228 16,392 39,951 7,788 862,507 $ 5,882 16,388 39,949 3,383 545,415 $ $ 505 — — — — — — — — 803 $ 4,874 — — — — — — — — 36,479 $ 85,261 90 — 23,639 295,231 90 13,573 207,517 1,232 8,332 11,372 4 2 4,405 223,349 17,254 16,392 39,951 7,788 $ 806,046 (a) Financial effects impacting the recorded investment included principal payments or advances, charge-offs and capitalized escrow arrearages. The present value of interest rate concessions, discounted at the effective rate of the original loan, was not material. 137 Loans that were modified as troubled debt restructurings during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 and for which there was a subsequent payment default during the respective year were not material. The Company’s loan and lease portfolio includes commercial lease financing receivables consisting of direct financing and leveraged leases for machinery and equipment, railroad equipment, commercial trucks and trailers, and aircraft. Certain leases contain payment schedules that are tied to variable interest rate indices. In general, early termination options are provided if the lessee is not in default, returns the leased equipment and pays an early termination fee. Additionally, options to purchase the underlying asset by the lessee are generally at the fair market value of the equipment. A summary of lease financing receivables follows: Commercial leases: Direct financings: Lease payments receivable ................................................................................... $ 2,174,730 $ Estimated residual value of leased assets ............................................................. Unearned income .................................................................................................. Investment in direct financings ....................................................................... 262,354 (144,916) 2,292,168 873,089 75,140 (68,456) 879,773 Leveraged leases: December 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) Lease payments receivable ................................................................................... Estimated residual value of leased assets ............................................................. Unearned income .................................................................................................. Investment in leveraged leases........................................................................ 75,003 73,414 (25,374) 123,043 Total investment in leases................................................................................................ $ 2,415,247 $ 1,002,816 56,759 Deferred taxes payable arising from leveraged leases..................................................... $ 71,371 73,397 (21,689) 123,079 51,974 $ Included within the estimated residual value of leased assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $93 million and $29 million, respectively, in residual value associated with direct financing leases that are guaranteed by the lessees or others. At December 31, 2022, the minimum future lease payments to be received from lease financings were as follows: Year ending December 31: (In thousands) 2023................................................................................................................................................. $ 2024................................................................................................................................................. 2025................................................................................................................................................. 2026................................................................................................................................................. 2027................................................................................................................................................. Later years ..................................................................................................................................... 756,544 621,629 410,540 255,292 129,624 72,472 $ 2,246,101 138 5. Allowance for credit losses Effective January 1, 2020 the Company adopted amended accounting guidance which requires an allowance for credit losses be deducted from the amortized cost basis of financial assets to present the net carrying value at the amount that is expected to be collected over the contractual term of the asset considering relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The new guidance replaced the previous incurred loss model for determining the allowance for credit losses. Changes in the allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were as follows: Commercial, Financial, Leasing, etc. Real Estate Commercial Residential Consumer Unallocated Total (In thousands) 2022 Beginning balance ..........................$ Allowance on acquired PCD loans...... Provision for credit losses (a) ............ Net charge-offs Charge-offs (b) .......................... Recoveries................................ Net charge-offs .............................. Ending balance ..............................$ 2021 Beginning balance ..........................$ Provision for credit losses................. Net charge-offs Charge-offs............................... Recoveries................................ Net charge-offs .............................. Ending balance ..............................$ 2020 Beginning balance ..........................$ Adoption of new accounting standard Provision for credit losses................. Net charge-offs Charge-offs............................... Recoveries................................ Net charge-offs .............................. Ending balance ..............................$ 283,899 41,003 235,702 (117,223) 58,772 (58,451) 502,153 405,846 (40,378) (122,651) 41,082 (81,569) 283,899 366,094 (61,474) 220,544 (135,083) 15,765 (119,318) 405,846 $ $ $ $ $ $ 557,239 55,812 100,445 (61,641) 24,829 (36,812) 676,684 670,719 (42,825) (101,306) 30,651 (70,655) 557,239 322,201 23,656 356,203 (35,891) 4,550 (31,341) 670,719 $ $ $ $ $ $ 71,726 1,833 43,574 (11,783) 9,742 (2,041) 115,092 103,590 (29,817) (10,904) 8,857 (2,047) 71,726 56,033 53,896 (3,172) (10,283) 7,116 (3,167) 103,590 $ $ $ $ $ $ 556,362 352 137,279 (112,310) 49,719 (62,591) 631,402 556,232 38,020 (103,293) 65,403 (37,890) 556,362 229,118 194,004 226,425 (152,250) 58,935 (93,315) 556,232 $ $ $ $ $ $ — — — — — — — $ 1,469,226 99,000 517,000 (302,957) 143,062 (159,895) 1,925,331 — $ — 1,736,387 (75,000) — — — — $ (338,154) 145,993 (192,161) 1,469,226 $ 77,625 (77,625) — 1,051,071 132,457 800,000 — — — — $ (333,507) 86,366 (247,141) 1,736,387 ________________________________________________ (a) (b) Includes $242 million related to non-PCD acquired loans recorded on April 1, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2022, net charge-offs do not reflect $33 million of charge-offs related to PCD loans acquired on April 1, 2022. Despite the allocation in the preceding tables, the allowance for credit losses is general in nature and is available to absorb losses from any loan or lease type. In determining the allowance for credit losses, accruing loans with similar risk characteristics are generally evaluated collectively. The Company utilizes statistically developed models to project principal balances over the remaining contractual lives of the loan portfolios and to determine estimated credit losses through a reasonable and supportable forecast period. Individual loan credit quality indicators, including loan grade and borrower repayment performance, can inform the models, which have been statistically developed based on historical correlations of credit including unemployment, gross domestic product and real estate prices. Model forecasts may be adjusted for inherent limitations or biases that have been identified through independent validation and back-testing of model performance to actual realized results. At each of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company utilized a reasonable and supportable forecast period of two years. Subsequent to this losses with prevailing economic metrics, 139 forecast period the Company reverted, ratably over a one-year period, to historical loss experience to inform its estimate of losses for the remaining contractual life of each portfolio. The Company also considered the impact of portfolio concentrations, changes in underwriting practices, product expansions into new markets, imprecision in its economic forecasts, geopolitical conditions and other risk factors that might influence its loss estimation process. The Company also estimates losses attributable to specific troubled credits identified through both normal and targeted credit review processes. The amounts of specific loss components in the Company’s loan and lease portfolios are determined through a loan-by-loan analysis of larger balance commercial loans and commercial real estate loans that are in nonaccrual status. Such loss estimates are typically based on expected future cash flows, collateral values and other factors that may impact the borrower’s ability to pay. To the extent that those loans are collateral-dependent, they are evaluated based on the fair value of the loan’s collateral as estimated at or near the financial statement date. As the quality of a loan deteriorates to the point of classifying the loan as “criticized,” the process of obtaining updated collateral valuation information is usually initiated, unless it is not considered warranted given factors such as the relative size of the loan, the characteristics of the collateral or the age of the last valuation. In those cases where current appraisals may not yet be available, prior appraisals are utilized with adjustments, as deemed necessary, for estimates of subsequent declines in values as determined by line of business and/or loan workout personnel. Those adjustments are reviewed and assessed for reasonableness by the Company’s credit risk personnel. Accordingly, for real estate collateral securing larger nonaccrual commercial loans and commercial real estate loans, estimated collateral values are based on current appraisals and estimates of value. For non-real estate loans, collateral is assigned a discounted estimated liquidation value and, depending on the nature of the collateral, is verified through field exams or other procedures. In assessing collateral, real estate and non-real estate values are reduced by an estimate of selling costs. For residential real estate loans, including home equity loans and lines of credit, the excess of the loan balance over the net realizable value of the property collateralizing the loan is charged-off when the loan becomes 150 days delinquent. That charge-off is based on recent indications of value from external parties that are generally obtained shortly after a loan becomes nonaccrual. Loans to consumers that file for bankruptcy are generally charged-off to estimated net collateral value shortly after the Company is notified of such filings. When evaluating individual home equity loans and lines of credit for charge off and for purposes of estimating losses in determining the allowance for credit losses, the Company gives consideration to the required repayment of any first lien positions related to collateral property. Modified loans, including smaller balance homogenous loans, that are considered to be troubled debt restructurings are evaluated for impairment giving consideration to the impact of the modified loan terms on the present value of the loan’s expected cash flows. Information with respect to loans and leases that were considered nonaccrual at the beginning and end of the reporting period and the interest income recognized on such loans for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 follows. 140 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ........................... Real estate: Commercial ........................................................ Residential builder and developer.......................... Other commercial construction ............................. Residential .......................................................... Residential — limited documentation .................... Consumer: Amortized Cost with Allowance Amortized Cost without Allowance Total December 31, 2022 $ 173,350 $ 173,854 (In thousands) 347,204 $ Amortized Cost January 1, 2022 Interest Income Recognized Year Ended December 31, 2022 $ 221,022 $ 22,336 404,661 1,229 58,834 147,461 47,711 992,001 — 66,103 124,629 30,103 1,396,662 1,229 124,937 272,090 77,814 1,069,280 3,005 111,405 355,858 122,888 Home equity lines and loans ................................. Recreational finance............................................. Automobile ......................................................... Other .................................................................. Total....................................................................... 42,699 36,256 35,139 49,389 $ 996,729 42,089 8,374 4,445 108 $1,441,706 84,788 44,630 39,584 49,497 $ 2,438,435 70,488 27,811 34,037 44,289 $2,060,083 $ January 1, 2021 $ 306,827 Year Ended December 31, 2021 11,865 $ Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ........................... Real estate: Commercial ........................................................ Residential builder and developer.......................... Other commercial construction ............................. Residential .......................................................... Residential — limited documentation .................... Consumer: $ 110,790 December 31, 2021 $ $ 110,232 242,078 613 30,229 198,560 79,777 827,202 2,392 81,176 157,298 43,111 221,022 1,069,280 3,005 111,405 355,858 122,888 775,894 1,094 114,039 365,729 147,170 Home equity lines and loans ................................. Recreational finance............................................. Automobile ......................................................... Other .................................................................. Total....................................................................... 32,269 21,476 29,314 44,122 $ 789,228 38,219 6,335 4,723 167 $1,270,855 70,488 27,811 34,037 44,289 $ 2,060,083 79,392 25,519 39,404 38,231 $1,893,299 $ January 1, 2020 $ 346,743 Year Ended December 31, 2020 11,269 $ Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. ........................... Real estate: Commercial ........................................................ Residential builder and developer.......................... Other commercial construction ............................. Residential .......................................................... Residential — limited documentation .................... Consumer: $ 226,897 December 31, 2020 $ 79,930 $ 364,110 1,094 20,992 159,006 84,568 411,784 — 93,047 206,723 62,602 306,827 775,894 1,094 114,039 365,729 147,170 173,796 4,708 35,881 322,504 114,667 Home equity lines and loans ................................. Recreational finance............................................. Automobile ......................................................... Other .................................................................. Total....................................................................... 61,031 19,434 34,044 3,606 $ 974,782 18,361 6,085 5,360 34,625 $ 918,517 79,392 25,519 39,404 38,231 $ 1,893,299 65,039 14,308 21,293 35,394 $1,134,333 $ The Company utilizes a loan grading system to differentiate risk amongst its commercial loans and commercial real estate loans. Loans with a lower expectation of default are assigned one of ten possible “pass” loan grades and are generally ascribed lower loss factors when determining the allowance for credit losses. Loans with an elevated level of credit risk are classified as “criticized” and are ascribed a higher loss factor when determining the allowance for credit losses. Criticized loans may be classified as “nonaccrual” if the Company no longer expects to collect all amounts according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement or the loan is delinquent 90 days or more. 141 18,117 2,195 3,411 25,146 557 4,333 657 144 354 77,250 15,872 973 596 23,772 528 3,780 637 186 531 58,740 7,821 1,694 8,457 18,069 634 4,092 626 186 1,369 54,217 Line of business personnel in different geographic locations with support from and review by the Company’s credit risk personnel review and reassign loan grades based on their detailed knowledge of individual borrowers and their judgment of the impact on such borrowers resulting from changing conditions in their respective regions. Factors considered in assigning loan grades include borrower- specific information related to expected future cash flows and operating results, collateral values, geographic location, financial condition and performance, payment status, and other information. The Company’s policy is that, at least annually, updated financial information be obtained from commercial borrowers associated with pass grade loans and additional analysis performed. On a quarterly basis, the Company’s centralized credit risk department reviews all criticized commercial loans and commercial real estate loans greater than $1 million to determine the appropriateness of the assigned loan grade, including whether the loan should be reported as accruing or nonaccruing. The following table summarizes the loan grades applied at December 31, 2022 to the various classes of the Company’s commercial loans and commercial real estate loans by origination year. 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Term Loans by Origination Year (In thousands) Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Revolving Loans Total Commercial, financial, leasing, etc.: Loan grades: Pass ...................... Criticized accrual ......... Criticized nonaccrual...... Total commercial, financial, leasing, etc........ $ 8,575,130 247,626 18,379 $ 8,841,135 4,952,758 222,861 52,067 2,024,603 190,368 37,608 1,796,047 116,881 36,241 817,569 71,485 35,689 1,970,947 246,846 59,146 19,444,247 768,497 100,972 40,471 17,026 7,102 $ 39,621,772 1,881,590 347,204 5,227,686 2,252,579 1,949,169 924,743 2,276,939 20,313,716 64,599 $ 41,850,566 Real estate: Commercial: Loan grades: Pass ...................... Criticized accrual ......... Criticized nonaccrual...... Total commercial real estate ...................... Residential builder and developer: Loan grades: Pass ...................... Criticized accrual ......... Criticized nonaccrual...... Total residential builder and developer .............. Other commercial construction: Loan grades: Pass ...................... Criticized accrual ......... Criticized nonaccrual...... Total other commercial construction................ $ 4,136,890 324,652 11,541 3,379,900 463,484 22,459 3,388,590 467,557 183,986 4,557,065 688,239 297,106 3,293,380 937,421 170,382 10,905,956 1,890,297 688,079 869,981 48,099 23,109 — $ 30,531,762 4,819,749 — 1,396,662 — $ 4,473,083 3,865,843 4,040,133 5,542,410 4,401,183 13,484,332 941,189 — $ 36,748,173 $ 680,705 2,969 57 230,079 28,472 654 $ 683,731 259,205 11,280 9,952 — 21,232 22,111 108,968 518 131,597 12,812 15,069 — 27,881 $ 1,032,774 37,893 — 1,080,141 145,199 9,992 1,225,845 320,463 44,037 1,185,685 1,025,371 35,841 366,686 299,350 10,542 $ 1,070,667 1,235,332 1,590,345 2,246,897 676,578 9,865 — — 9,865 297,355 144,394 22,099 463,848 150,404 30,815 — 181,219 15,575 — 2,426 18,001 — $ — — 1,117,256 196,245 1,229 — $ 1,314,730 — $ — — 5,204,061 1,972,670 124,937 — $ 7,301,668 Increases to criticized commercial and commercial real estate loans since December 31, 2021 were predominantly attributable to the acquisition of People's United. 142 The Company considers repayment performance a significant indicator of credit quality for its residential real estate loan and consumer loan portfolios. A summary of loans in accrual and nonaccrual status at December 31, 2022 for the various classes of the Company’s residential real estate loans and consumer loans by origination year is as follows. 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Term Loans by Origination Year (In thousands) Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Revolving Loans Total Residential: Current .................. $ 5,071,379 30-89 days past due...... 59,477 Accruing loans past due 90 days or more ....... Nonaccrual .............. 12,012 5,686 Total residential............. $ 5,148,554 Residential - limited documentation: Current .................. $ 30-89 days past due...... Accruing loans past due 90 days or more ....... Nonaccrual .............. Total residential - limited documentation ............ $ Consumer: Home equity lines and loans: Current .................. $ 30-89 days past due...... Accruing loans past due 90 days or more ....... Nonaccrual .............. Total home equity lines and loans ...................... $ — — — — — 930 — — — 930 Recreational finance: Current .................. $ 2,842,091 30-89 days past due...... 8,648 Accruing loans past due 90 days or more ....... Nonaccrual .............. — 3,533 $ 2,854,272 Total recreational finance Automobile: Current .................. $ 1,491,076 30-89 days past due...... 6,926 Accruing loans past due 90 days or more ....... Nonaccrual .............. — 2,493 Total automobile............ $ 1,500,495 Other: Current...................... 30-89 days past due...... $ Accruing loans past due 90 days or more ....... Nonaccrual .............. Total other .................. $ 274,530 3,783 — 2,745 281,058 Total loans and leases at December 31, 2022 ....... $ 24,853,925 — — — — — 2,109 — — 15 4,001,652 51,308 39,934 10,865 4,103,759 2,717,371 40,337 20,067 2,583 2,780,358 1,392,866 21,849 14,050 9,860 1,438,625 753,908 23,126 14,007 4,650 795,691 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 7,523,890 399,301 245,332 231,093 8,399,616 950,782 22,456 — 77,814 1,051,052 30,440 499 — 7,353 38,292 — — — — — — $ 21,491,506 595,897 — 345,402 — — 272,090 — $ 22,704,895 — $ — 950,782 22,456 — — — 77,814 — $ 1,051,052 2,441 — — — 15,361 171 — 536 23,321 126 — 334 97,282 2,030 — 6,458 3,262,533 — 1,487,334 28,460 $ 4,891,311 30,787 — 2,799 — 74,646 — 84,788 2,124 2,441 16,068 23,781 105,770 3,265,332 1,590,440 $ 5,006,886 2,280,627 9,525 — 7,440 2,297,592 1,557,676 13,324 — 10,698 1,581,698 172,238 1,450 — 830 174,518 1,587,629 12,412 — 9,427 1,609,468 702,711 7,284 — 7,372 717,367 58,339 326 — 332 58,997 963,907 8,387 — 7,625 979,919 378,962 7,239 — 7,520 393,721 38,439 386 — 371 39,196 486,964 5,202 — 5,344 497,510 167,438 5,464 — 5,620 178,522 8,217 141 — 120 8,478 812,953 10,419 — 11,261 834,633 95,343 4,249 — 5,881 105,473 23,163 569 226 465 24,423 — — — — — — — — — — — $ — 8,974,171 54,593 — — — $ — 44,630 9,073,394 — $ — 4,393,206 44,486 — — — $ — 39,584 4,477,276 1,375,049 15,655 4,643 44,449 1,439,796 8,221 651 — 185 9,057 1,958,196 22,961 4,869 49,497 2,035,523 $ $ 18,747,757 13,072,920 12,737,602 7,534,367 26,755,951 26,197,545 1,664,096 $ 131,564,163 143 The following table summarizes the loan grades applied at December 31, 2021 to the various classes of the Company’s commercial loans and commercial real estate loans by origination year. 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Term Loans by Origination Year (In thousands) Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Revolving Loans Total Commercial, financial, leasing, etc.: Loan grades: Pass.................... Criticized accrual ....... Criticized nonaccrual ... Total commercial, financial, leasing, etc........ $ 4,798,052 196,680 19,462 $ 5,014,194 1,916,072 98,595 23,229 1,476,786 107,010 17,114 951,881 73,126 39,908 500,615 36,232 20,927 1,398,775 185,935 33,698 10,993,461 484,755 60,175 18,699 15,628 6,509 $ 22,054,341 1,197,961 221,022 2,037,896 1,600,910 1,064,915 557,774 1,618,408 11,538,391 40,836 $ 23,473,324 Real estate: Commercial: Loan grades: Pass.................... Criticized accrual ....... Criticized nonaccrual ... Total commercial real estate ...................... Residential builder and developer: Loan grades: Pass.................... Criticized accrual ....... Criticized nonaccrual ... Total residential builder and developer .............. Other commercial construction: Loan grades: Pass.................... Criticized accrual ....... Criticized nonaccrual ... Total other commercial construction................ $ 3,413,587 133,133 21,587 2,662,999 480,146 133,560 3,682,178 685,701 195,084 2,648,388 1,068,552 83,857 2,076,155 468,530 76,628 5,232,790 1,743,798 520,473 728,948 38,570 38,091 — $ 20,445,045 4,618,430 — 1,069,280 — $ 3,568,307 3,276,705 4,562,963 3,800,797 2,621,313 7,497,061 805,609 — $ 26,132,755 $ 786,983 2,055 — 106,510 5,356 — 75,287 117,258 2,910 $ 789,038 111,866 195,455 47,587 13,637 — 61,224 4,680 630 — 5,310 $ 957,947 24,103 — 1,781,603 54,191 — 2,022,276 675,226 71,613 832,547 583,428 3,303 152,669 228,739 12,263 $ 982,050 1,835,794 2,769,115 1,419,278 393,671 12,450 — 95 12,545 273,556 114,158 19,970 407,684 230,017 891 — 230,908 38,781 — 4,256 43,037 — $ — — 1,263,514 139,827 3,005 — $ 1,406,346 — $ — — 6,059,379 1,679,845 111,405 — $ 7,850,629 144 A summary of loans in accrual and nonaccrual status at December 31, 2021 for the various classes of the Company’s residential real estate loans and consumer loans by origination year follows. 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Term Loans by Origination Year (In thousands) Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Revolving Loans Total Residential: Current .................. $ 3,057,118 30-89 days past due...... 15,245 Accruing loans past due 90 days or more ....... Nonaccrual .............. 10,924 3,359 Total residential............. $ 3,086,646 Residential - limited documentation: Current .................. $ 30-89 days past due...... Accruing loans past due 90 days or more ....... Nonaccrual .............. Total residential - limited documentation ............ $ Consumer: Home equity lines and loans: Current .................. $ 30-89 days past due...... Accruing loans past due 90 days or more ....... Nonaccrual .............. Total home equity lines and loans ...................... $ — — — — — 304 — — — 304 Recreational finance: Current .................. $ 2,890,111 30-89 days past due...... 5,929 Accruing loans past due 90 days or more ....... Nonaccrual .............. — 1,341 $ 2,897,381 Total recreational finance Automobile: Current .................. $ 2,220,061 30-89 days past due...... 8,508 Accruing loans past due 90 days or more ....... Nonaccrual .............. — 1,588 Total automobile............ $ 2,230,157 Other: Current .................. $ 30-89 days past due...... Accruing loans past due 90 days or more ....... Nonaccrual .............. Total other .................. $ 244,346 2,937 — 2,051 249,334 Total loans and leases at December 31, 2021 ....... $ 18,817,411 — — — — — 777 — — — 777 2,088,342 8,912 — 4,646 2,101,900 1,097,684 6,615 — 4,390 1,108,689 96,945 404 — 326 97,675 1,672,090 12,535 100,581 19,858 1,805,064 1,075,896 9,886 28,512 7,119 1,121,413 466,040 6,132 31,996 4,577 508,745 1,037,958 33,097 205,318 5,890 1,282,263 — — — — — 2,793 — — — — — — — — 1,730 21 — — — — — — — 1,944 — — — 5,913,461 162,666 542,749 314,792 6,933,668 1,124,520 16,666 — 122,888 1,264,074 72,309 — — 263 72,572 — — — — — — $ 13,294,872 239,561 — 920,080 — — 355,858 — $ 14,810,371 — $ 1,124,520 16,666 — — — — 122,888 — $ 1,264,074 38,015 698 — 5,750 2,348,279 346 1,082,775 14,421 $ 3,476,617 15,486 — 4,951 — 59,787 — 70,488 2,793 1,751 1,944 44,463 2,353,576 1,156,983 $ 3,562,591 1,267,929 8,317 — 4,871 1,281,117 662,000 8,936 — 7,847 678,783 73,586 472 — 326 74,384 646,883 5,074 — 4,918 656,875 341,655 7,161 — 7,867 356,683 24,424 255 — 193 24,872 445,868 5,189 — 4,039 455,096 211,774 5,715 — 6,882 224,371 16,924 101 — 104 17,129 646,040 7,123 — 7,996 661,159 71,598 3,129 — 5,463 80,190 14,321 5,712 3,302 353 23,688 — — — — — — — — — — — $ 7,985,173 40,544 — — — — 27,811 — $ 8,053,528 — $ 4,604,772 40,064 — — — — 34,037 — $ 4,678,873 1,148,096 1,908 — 40,807 1,190,811 1,505 434 — 129 2,068 $ 1,620,147 12,223 3,302 44,289 $ 1,679,961 12,376,366 12,286,933 7,895,140 5,558,871 18,542,940 16,234,904 1,199,887 $ 92,912,452 The Company’s reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures was not material at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. 145 6. Premises and equipment The detail of premises and equipment was as follows: Land............................................................................................................................ $ Buildings .................................................................................................................... Leasehold improvements .......................................................................................... Furniture and equipment — owned ......................................................................... Furniture and equipment — capital leases .............................................................. Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization Owned assets........................................................................................................ Capital leases ....................................................................................................... Right of use assets — operating leases.................................................................... Premises and equipment, net .................................................................................... $ December 31 2022 2021 (In thousands) 148,905 $ 653,983 386,303 1,004,127 115 2,193,433 1,155,811 76 1,155,887 616,082 1,653,628 $ 93,862 512,988 304,825 880,153 115 1,791,943 1,026,842 38 1,026,880 379,702 1,144,765 The right-of-use assets and lease liabilities relate to banking offices and other space occupied by the Company and use of certain equipment under noncancelable operating lease agreements. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized $709 million and $431 million respectively, of operating lease liabilities as a component of “accrued interest and other liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheet. In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company utilized its incremental secured borrowing rate based on lease term. The Company’s noncancelable operating lease agreements expire at various dates over the next 19 years. Real estate leases generally consist of fixed monthly rental payments with certain leases containing escalation clauses. Any variable lease payments or payments for nonlease components are recognized in the consolidated statement of income as a component of “equipment and net occupancy” expense based on actual costs incurred. Some leases contain lessee options to extend the term. Those options are included in the lease term when it is determined that it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised. The Company has noncancelable operating lease agreements for certain equipment related to ATMs, servers, printers and mail machines that are used in the normal course of operations. The ATM leases are either based on the rights to a specific square footage or a license agreement whereby the Company has the right to operate an ATM in a landlord's location. The lease terms generally contain both fixed payments and variable payments that are transaction-based. Given the transaction-based nature of the variable payments, such payments are excluded from the measurement of the right-of-use asset and lease liability and are recognized in the consolidated statement of income as a component of “equipment and net occupancy” expense when incurred. 146 The following table presents information about the Company’s lease costs for operating leases recorded in the consolidated balance sheet, cash paid toward lease liabilities, and the weighted-average remaining term and discount rates of the operating leases. Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2022 Lease cost Operating lease cost ........................................................... $ Short-term lease cost .......................................................... Variable lease cost.............................................................. Total lease cost............................................................... $ Other information Right-of-use assets: Obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities ...................................... $ Acquired in business combination .................................. Cash paid toward lease liabilities....................................... Weighted-average remaining lease term............................ Weighted-average discount rate......................................... $ $ $ 138,836 8,269 3,743 150,848 137,998 226,037 143,029 7 years $ $ $ 101,353 111 4,103 105,567 57,760 — 106,586 6 years 104,158 198 1,565 105,921 70,754 — 104,396 7 years 2.97% 2.51% 2.74% Minimum lease payments under noncancelable operating leases are summarized in the following table. Year ending December 31: (In thousands) 2023 ..................................................................................................................................................$ 2024 .................................................................................................................................................. 2025 .................................................................................................................................................. 2026 .................................................................................................................................................. 2027 .................................................................................................................................................. Later years ........................................................................................................................................ Total lease payments ............................................................................................................................ Less: imputed interest ........................................................................................................................... Total......................................................................................................................................................$ 149,061 139,820 118,110 97,979 75,220 212,036 792,226 83,025 709,201 All other operating leasing activities were not material to the Company’s consolidated results of operations. Minimum lease payments required under capital leases are not material. 7. Capitalized servicing assets Changes in capitalized servicing assets were as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, Residential Mortgage Loans 2021 2020 2022 Commercial Mortgage Loans 2021 2020 2022 (In thousands) Beginning balance............. $ 241,053 $ 231,204 $ 244,411 $ 132,604 $ 133,429 $ 130,636 Originations ........................ 29,306 Acquired in business 24,401 33,068 45,101 65,723 6,998 combination..................... Amortization....................... — (26,513) 133,429 Valuation allowance ......... — Ending balance, net........... $ 194,335 $ 217,053 $ 201,204 $ 126,391 $ 132,604 $ 133,429 — (55,874) 241,053 — (24,000) — (58,308) 231,204 (30,000) — (30,614) 126,391 — — (33,893) 132,604 — 12,133 (65,849) 194,335 147 Residential mortgage loans serviced for others were $22.4 billion at December 31, 2022, $23.2 billion at December 31, 2021 and $26.3 billion at December 31, 2020. Excluded from residential mortgage loans serviced for others were loans sub-serviced for others of $96.0 billion, $74.7 billion and $68.1 billion at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. In conjunction with the acquisition of People's United on April 1, 2022, the Company acquired servicing rights for residential real estate loans that had outstanding principal balances at that date of $1.1 billion. The fair value of such servicing rights at that date was $12 million. Commercial mortgage loans serviced for others were $22.2 billion at December 31, 2022, $20.2 billion at December 31, 2021 and $18.9 billion at December 31, 2020. Excluded from commercial mortgage loans serviced for others were loans sub- serviced for others of $3.8 billion at December 31, 2022, $3.5 billion at December 31, 2021 and $3.3 billion at December 31, 2020. rates of 12.29% and 9.8% at December 31, 2022 and 2021, The estimated fair value of capitalized residential mortgage loan servicing assets was approximately $336 million at December 31, 2022 and $257 million at December 31, 2021. The fair value of capitalized residential mortgage loan servicing assets was estimated using weighted-average discount respectively, and contemporaneous prepayment assumptions that vary by loan type. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the discount rate represented a weighted-average option-adjusted spread (“OAS”) of 881 basis points (hundredths of one percent) and 894 basis points, respectively, over market implied forward London Interbank Offered Rates (“LIBOR”). The estimated fair value of capitalized residential mortgage loan servicing rights may vary significantly in subsequent periods due to changing interest rates and the effect thereof on prepayment speeds. The estimated fair value of capitalized commercial mortgage loan servicing assets was approximately $156 million at December 31, 2022 and $160 million at December 31, 2021. An 18% discount rate was used to estimate the fair value of capitalized commercial mortgage loan servicing rights at December 31, 2022 and 2021 with no prepayment assumptions because, in general, the servicing agreements allow the Company to share in customer loan prepayment fees and thereby recover the remaining carrying value of the capitalized servicing rights associated with such loan. The Company’s ability to realize the carrying value of capitalized commercial mortgage servicing rights is more dependent on the borrowers’ abilities to repay the underlying loans than on prepayments or changes in interest rates. The key economic assumptions used to determine the fair value of significant portfolios of capitalized servicing rights at December 31, 2022 and the sensitivity of such value to changes in those assumptions are summarized in the table that follows. Those calculated sensitivities are hypothetical and actual changes in the fair value of capitalized servicing rights may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein. The effect of a variation in a particular assumption on the fair value of the servicing rights is calculated without changing any other assumption. In reality, changes in one factor may result in changes in another which may magnify or counteract the sensitivities. The changes in assumptions are presumed to be instantaneous. Residential Commercial (Dollars in thousands) Weighted-average prepayment speeds...................................................... Impact on fair value of 10% adverse change ..................................... $ Impact on fair value of 20% adverse change ..................................... Weighted-average OAS................................................................................ Impact on fair value of 10% adverse change ..................................... $ Impact on fair value of 20% adverse change ..................................... Weighted-average discount rate ................................................................. Impact on fair value of 10% adverse change ..................................... Impact on fair value of 20% adverse change ..................................... 7.27% (8,471) (16,417) 8.81% (10,226) (19,830) $ 18.00% (6,467) (12,498) 148 8. Goodwill and other intangible assets The Company does not amortize goodwill, however, core deposit and other intangible assets are amortized over the estimated life of each respective asset. A summary of total amortizing intangible assets follows. Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization (In thousands) Net Carrying Amount December 31, 2022 Core deposit ................................................................ $ Other ............................................................................. Total .............................................................................. $ December 31, 2021 Core deposit ................................................................ $ Other ............................................................................. Total .............................................................................. $ 218,000 $ 43,000 261,000 $ 131,664 $ 6,757 138,421 $ 40,875 $ 10,751 51,626 $ 177,125 32,249 209,374 127,746 $ 6,677 134,423 $ 3,918 80 3,998 Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets was generally computed using accelerated methods over original amortization periods of three to seven years. The weighted-average original amortization period was approximately six years. Amortization expense for core deposit and other intangible assets was $56 million, $10 million and $15 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Estimated amortization expense in future years for such intangible assets is as follows: Year ending December 31: 2023................................................................................................................................................... $ 2024................................................................................................................................................... 2025................................................................................................................................................... 2026................................................................................................................................................... 2027................................................................................................................................................... Later years........................................................................................................................................ 62,044 52,992 37,939 26,887 17,835 11,677 $ 209,374 (In thousands) The Company completed annual goodwill impairment tests as of October 1, 2022, 2021 and 2020. For purposes of testing for impairment, the Company assigned all recorded goodwill to the reporting units originally intended to benefit from past business combinations, which has historically been the Company’s core relationship business reporting units. Goodwill was generally assigned based on the implied fair value of the acquired goodwill applicable to the benefited reporting units at the time of each respective acquisition. The implied fair value of the goodwill was determined as the difference between the estimated incremental overall fair value of the reporting unit and the estimated fair value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit as of each respective acquisition date. To test for goodwill impairment at each evaluation date, the Company compared the estimated fair value of each of its reporting units to their respective carrying amounts and certain other assets and liabilities assigned to the reporting unit, including goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets. The methodologies used to estimate fair values of reporting units as of the acquisition dates and as of the evaluation dates were similar. For the Company’s core customer relationship business reporting units, fair value was estimated as the present value of the expected future cash flows of the reporting unit. Based on the results of the goodwill impairment tests, the Company concluded that the amount of recorded goodwill was not impaired at the respective testing dates. 149 A summary of goodwill assigned to each of the Company’s reportable segments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 for purposes of testing for impairment is as follows: December 31, 2021 2022 Transactions (a) (In thousands) December 31, 2022 Business Banking...................................................................... $ Commercial Banking ................................................................ Commercial Real Estate............................................................ Discretionary Portfolio.............................................................. Residential Mortgage Banking.................................................. Retail Banking........................................................................... All Other ................................................................................... Total .......................................................................................... $ 864,366 $ 1,401,873 654,389 — — 1,309,191 363,293 4,593,112 $ 693,905 $ 2,686,253 291,217 — — 221,196 4,406 3,896,977 $ 1,558,271 4,088,126 945,606 — — 1,530,387 367,699 8,490,089 (a) All increases relate to the acquisition of People's United on April 1, 2022. The increase in "All Other" was partially offset by an $11 million decrease representing goodwill allocated to the M&T Insurance Agency sold in October 2022. Further information regarding those transactions is provided in note 2. 9. Borrowings The amounts and interest rates of short-term borrowings were as follows: Federal Funds Purchased and Repurchase Agreements Other Short-term Borrowings (Dollars in thousands) Total At December 31, 2022 Amount outstanding ................................................................... $ Weighted-average interest rate.................................................. 354,670 $ 3,200,281 $ 3,554,951 1.01% 4.59% 4.24% For the year ended December 31, 2022 Highest amount at a month-end ................................................ $ Daily-average amount outstanding ........................................... Weighted-average interest rate.................................................. 633,684 368,326 0.20% $ 3,200,283 567,654 $ 3.29% 935,980 2.08% At December 31, 2021 Amount outstanding ................................................................... $ Weighted-average interest rate.................................................. 47,046 $ 0.01% For the year ended December 31, 2021 Highest amount at a month-end ................................................ $ Daily-average amount outstanding ........................................... Weighted-average interest rate.................................................. 103,548 68,073 $ 0.01% At December 31, 2020 Amount outstanding ................................................................... $ Weighted-average interest rate.................................................. 59,482 $ 0.01% For the year ended December 31, 2020 Highest amount at a month-end ................................................ $ Daily-average amount outstanding ........................................... Weighted-average interest rate.................................................. 82,893 61,551 $ 0.05% — $ — — — $ — — $ — — — $ — 47,046 0.01% 68,073 0.01% 59,482 0.01% 61,551 0.05% Short-term borrowings have a stated maturity of one year or less at the date the Company enters into the obligation. In general, federal funds and repurchase agreements mature on the next business day and other short-term borrowings are set to mature in February 2023. 150 At December 31, 2022, M&T Bank had lines of credit under formal agreements as follows: (In thousands) Outstanding borrowings ................................................................................................................ $ Unused............................................................................................................................................ 3,205,807 34,250,872 At December 31, 2022, M&T Bank had borrowing facilities available with the FHLBs whereby M&T Bank could borrow up to approximately $23.1 billion. Additionally, M&T Bank had an available line of credit with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York totaling approximately $14.3 billion at December 31, 2022. M&T Bank is required to pledge loans and investment securities as collateral for these borrowing facilities. Long-term borrowings were as follows: December 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) Senior notes of M&T: Variable rate due 2023 ................................................................................... $ 3.55% due 2023.............................................................................................. 4.55% fixed/variable due 2028...................................................................... 249,961 $ 493,960 477,044 Senior notes of M&T Bank: Variable rate due 2022 ................................................................................... 2.50% due 2022.............................................................................................. 5.40% due 2025.............................................................................................. 2.90% due 2025.............................................................................................. — — 499,317 749,824 Advances from FHLB: Fixed rates....................................................................................................... 5,183 Subordinated notes of M&T: 5.75% due 2024.............................................................................................. 77,337 Subordinated notes of M&T Bank: 4.00% due 2024.............................................................................................. 3.40% due 2027.............................................................................................. 403,569 462,727 Junior subordinated debentures of M&T associated with preferred capital securities: Fixed rates: BSB Capital Trust I — 8.125%, due 2028 ............................................. Provident Trust I — 8.29%, due 2028 .................................................... Southern Financial Statutory Trust I — 10.60%, due 2030 .................. 15,798 31,267 6,999 Variable rates: First Maryland Capital I — due 2027 ..................................................... First Maryland Capital II — due 2027.................................................... Allfirst Asset Trust — due 2029 ............................................................. BSB Capital Trust III — due 2033.......................................................... Provident Statutory Trust III — due 2033 .............................................. Southern Financial Capital Trust III — due 2033.................................. Other ..................................................................................................................... 149,479 151,932 97,365 15,464 59,132 8,644 9,535 3,964,537 $ $ 249,893 516,173 — 249,961 653,903 — 749,740 1,578 — — 522,867 15,775 30,103 6,912 148,945 151,270 97,220 15,464 57,547 8,448 9,570 3,485,369 The variable rate senior notes of M&T pay interest quarterly at a rate that is indexed to the three- month LIBOR. The contractual interest rates for those notes were 5.00% at December 31, 2022 and .81% at December 31, 2021. 151 The variable rate senior notes of M&T Bank were repaid in 2022 and paid interest quarterly at a rate that was indexed to the three-month LIBOR. The contractual interest rate was .61% at December 31, 2021. Long-term fixed rate advances from the FHLB had weighted-average contractual interest rates of 2.34% at December 31, 2022 and 5.82% at December 31, 2021. Advances from the FHLB outstanding at December 31, 2022 have maturity dates that range from 2023 to 2039 and are secured by residential real estate loans, commercial real estate loans and investment securities. The fixed and variable rate junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures of M&T (“Junior Subordinated Debentures”) are held by various trusts and were issued in connection with the issuance by those trusts of preferred capital securities (“Capital Securities”) and common securities (“Common Securities”). The proceeds from the issuances of the Capital Securities and the Common Securities were used by the trusts to purchase the Junior Subordinated Debentures. The Common Securities of each of those trusts are wholly owned by M&T and are the only class of each trust’s securities possessing general voting powers. The Capital Securities represent preferred undivided interests in the assets of the corresponding trust. Under the Federal Reserve Board’s risk-based capital guidelines, the Capital Securities qualify for inclusion in Tier 2 regulatory capital. The variable rate Junior Subordinated Debentures pay interest quarterly at rates that are indexed to the three-month LIBOR or, upon the expected cessation of LIBOR after June 30, 2023, at rates that are indexed to the three-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). Those rates ranged from 5.08% to 7.69% at December 31, 2022 and from .98% to 3.47% at December 31, 2021. The weighted-average variable rates payable on those Junior Subordinated Debentures were 5.66% at December 31, 2022 and 1.53% at December 31, 2021. Holders of the Capital Securities receive preferential cumulative cash distributions unless M&T exercises its right to extend the payment of interest on the Junior Subordinated Debentures as allowed by the terms of each such debenture, in which case payment of distributions on the respective Capital Securities will be deferred for comparable periods. During an extended interest period, M&T may not pay dividends or distributions on, or repurchase, redeem or acquire any shares of its capital stock. In general, the agreements governing the Capital Securities, in the aggregate, provide a full, irrevocable and unconditional guarantee by M&T of the payment of distributions on, the redemption of, and any liquidation distribution with respect to the Capital Securities. The obligations under such guarantee and the Capital Securities are subordinate and junior in right of payment to all senior indebtedness of M&T. The Capital Securities will remain outstanding until the Junior Subordinated Debentures are repaid at maturity, are redeemed prior to maturity or are distributed in liquidation to the trusts. The Capital Securities are mandatorily redeemable in whole, but not in part, upon repayment at the stated maturity dates (ranging from 2027 to 2033) of the Junior Subordinated Debentures or the earlier redemption of the Junior Subordinated Debentures in whole upon the occurrence of one or more events set forth in the indentures relating to the Capital Securities, and in whole or in part at any time after an optional redemption prior to contractual maturity contemporaneously with the optional redemption of the related Junior Subordinated Debentures in whole or in part, subject to possible regulatory approval. 152 Long-term borrowings at December 31, 2022 mature as follows: Year ending December 31: 2023 ................................................................................................................................................. $ 2024 ................................................................................................................................................. 2025 ................................................................................................................................................. 2026 ................................................................................................................................................. 2027 ................................................................................................................................................. Later years....................................................................................................................................... $ (In thousands) 744,127 490,411 1,250,599 628 764,246 714,526 3,964,537 10. Shareholders’ equity M&T is authorized to issue 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock. Preferred shares outstanding rank senior to common shares both as to dividends and liquidation preference, but have no general voting rights. Issued and outstanding preferred stock of M&T as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is presented below: December 31, 2022 Shares Issued and Outstanding Carrying Value December 31, 2021 Shares Issued and Outstanding Carrying Value (Dollars in thousands) Series E (a) Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock $1,000 liquidation preference per share............................. 350,000 $ 350,000 350,000 $ 350,000 Series F (b) Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock $10,000 liquidation preference per share........................... 50,000 $ 500,000 50,000 $ 500,000 Series G (c) Fixed-Rate Reset Non-cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock $10,000 liquidation preference per share........................... 40,000 $ 400,000 40,000 $ 400,000 Series H (d) Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock $25 liquidation preference per share ................................. 10,000,000 $ 260,600 — — Series I (e) Fixed-Rate Reset Non-cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock $10,000 liquidation preference per share........................... 50,000 $ 500,000 50,000 $ 500,000 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Dividends, if declared, are paid semi-annually at a rate of 6.45% through February 14, 2024 and thereafter will be paid quarterly at a rate of the three-month LIBOR plus 361 basis points. Upon the expected cessation of LIBOR after June 30, 2023 dividends are estimated to be paid quarterly at a rate of three-month SOFR plus 387 basis points. The shares are redeemable in whole or in part on or after February 15, 2024. Notwithstanding M&T’s option to redeem the shares, if an event occurs such that the shares no longer qualify as Tier 1 capital, M&T may redeem all of the shares within 90 days following that occurrence. Declared dividends per share were $64.50 in each of 2022, 2021 and 2020. Dividends, if declared, are paid semi-annually at a rate of 5.125% through October 31, 2026 and thereafter will be paid quarterly at a rate of the three-month LIBOR plus 352 basis points. Upon the expected cessation of LIBOR after June 30, 2023 dividends are estimated to be paid quarterly at a rate of three-month SOFR plus 378 basis points. The shares are redeemable in whole or in part on or after November 1, 2026. Notwithstanding M&T’s option to redeem the shares, if an event occurs such that the shares no longer qualify as Tier 1 capital, M&T may redeem all of the shares within 90 days following that occurrence. Declared dividends per share were $512.50 in each of 2022, 2021 and 2020. Dividends, if declared, are paid semi-annually at a rate of 5.0% through July 31, 2024 and thereafter will be paid semi-annually at a rate of the five-year U.S. Treasury rate plus 3.174%. The shares are redeemable in whole or in part on or after August 1, 2024. Notwithstanding M&T’s option to redeem the shares, if an event occurs such that the shares no longer qualify as Tier 1 capital, M&T may redeem all of the shares within 90 days following that occurrence. Declared dividends per share were $500.00 in each of 2022 and 2021, and $500.694 in 2020. Dividends, if declared, are paid quarterly at a rate of 5.625% through December 14, 2026 and thereafter will be paid quarterly at a rate of the three-month LIBOR plus 402 basis points. Upon the expected cessation of LIBOR after June 30, 2023 dividends are estimated to be paid quarterly at a rate of three-month SOFR plus 428 basis points. The shares are redeemable in whole or in part on or after April 1, 2027. Notwithstanding M&T's option to redeem the shares, if an event occurs such that the shares no longer qualify as Tier 1 capital, M&T may redeem all of the shares within 90 days following that occurrence. Dividends declared per share were $1.0547 in 2022. Dividends, if declared, are paid semi-annually at a rate of 3.5% through August 31, 2026 and thereafter will be paid semi-annually at a rate of the five-year U.S. Treasury rate plus 2.679%. The shares are redeemable in whole or in part on or after September 1, 2026. Notwithstanding M&T’s option to redeem the shares, if an event occurs such that the shares no longer qualify as Tier 1 capital, M&T may redeem all of the shares within 90 days following that occurrence. Dividends declared per share were $356.806 in 2022 and $94.306 in 2021. 153 11. Revenue from contracts with customers The Company generally charges customer accounts or otherwise bills customers upon completion of its services. Typically the Company’s contracts with customers have a duration of one year or less and payment for services is received at least annually, but oftentimes more frequently as services are the Company had $74 million and $68 million, provided. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, of amounts receivable related to recognized revenue from the sources in the accompanying tables. Such amounts are classified in “accrued interest and other assets” in the consolidated balance sheet. In certain situations the Company is paid in advance of providing services and defers the recognition of revenue until its service obligation is satisfied. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had deferred revenue of $48 million and $45 million, respectively, related to the sources in the accompanying tables recorded in “accrued interest and other liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheet. The following tables summarize sources of the Company’s noninterest income during 2022, 2021 and 2020 that are subject to the revenue recognition guidance. Year Ended December 31, 2022 (In thousands) Business Banking Commercial Banking Commercial Real Estate Discretionary Portfolio Residential Mortgage Banking Retail Banking All Other Total Classification in consolidated statement of income Service charges on deposit accounts Trust income............................... Brokerage services income .............. Other revenues from operations: $ 71,057 6 — Merchant discount and credit card fees ...................... Other.................................... 62,040 — $ 133,103 Year Ended December 31, 2021 Classification in consolidated statement of income Service charges on deposit accounts Trust income............................... Brokerage services income .............. Other revenues from operations: $ 53,816 — — Merchant discount and credit card fees ...................... Other.................................... Year Ended December 31, 2020 Classification in consolidated statement of income Service charges on deposit accounts Trust income............................... Brokerage services income .............. Other revenues from operations: Merchant discount and credit card fees ...................... Other.................................... 52,343 — $ 106,159 $ $ 50,119 18 — 40,475 — 90,612 111,238 — — 67,433 14,358 193,029 98,880 — — 55,164 5,968 160,012 92,720 442 — 45,528 9,408 148,098 14,569 — — 3,924 10,183 28,676 11,853 — — 2,661 7,304 21,818 10,252 — — 2,221 6,218 18,691 — — — — 91 91 — — — — 1,359 1,359 — — — — 1,625 1,625 — — — 243,871 — — 5,869 740,711 87,877 $ 446,604 740,717 87,877 — 3,401 3,401 24,454 23,796 292,121 1,405 38,118 873,980 159,256 89,947 $1,524,401 — — — 232,279 — — 5,285 644,716 62,791 $ 402,113 644,716 62,791 — 6,166 6,166 20,850 22,878 276,007 387 39,973 753,152 131,405 83,648 $1,324,673 — — — 211,858 — — 5,839 601,424 47,428 $ 370,788 601,884 47,428 — 4,732 4,732 13,481 20,813 246,152 767 41,815 697,273 102,472 84,611 $1,207,183 Service charges on deposit accounts include fees deducted directly from customer account balances, such as account maintenance, insufficient funds and other transactional service charges, and also include debit card interchange revenue resulting from customer initiated transactions. Account maintenance charges are generally recognized as revenue on a monthly basis, whereas other fees are recognized after the respective service is provided. Trust income includes fees related to the Institutional Client Services (“ICS”) business and the Wealth Advisory Services (“WAS”) business. Revenues from the ICS business are largely derived from a variety of trustee, agency, investment, cash management and administrative services, whereas revenues 154 from the WAS business are mainly derived from asset management, fiduciary services, and family office services. Trust fees may be billed in arrears or in advance and are recognized as revenues as the Company’s performance obligations are satisfied. Certain fees are based on a percentage of assets invested or under management and are recognized as the service is performed and constraints regarding the uncertainty of the amount of fees are resolved. Brokerage services income includes revenues from the sale of mutual funds and annuities and securities brokerage fees. Such revenues are generally recognized at the time of transaction execution. Mutual fund and other distribution fees are recognized upon initial placement of customer funds as well as in future periods as such customers continue to hold amounts in those mutual funds. Other revenues from operations include merchant discount and credit card fees that are generally recognized when the cardholder’s transaction is approved and settled. Also included in other revenues from operations are insurance commissions, ATM surcharge fees, and advisory fees. Insurance commissions are recognized at the time the insurance policy is executed with the customer. Insurance renewal commissions are recognized upon subsequent renewal of the policy. ATM surcharge fees are included in revenue at the time of the respective ATM transaction. Advisory fees are generally recognized at the conclusion of the advisory engagement when the Company has satisfied its service obligation. 12. Stock-based compensation plans Stock-based compensation expense was $111 million in 2022, $85 million in 2021 and $80 million in 2020. The Company recognized income tax benefits related to stock-based compensation of $26 million in 2022, $16 million in 2021 and $17 million in 2020. The Company’s equity incentive compensation plan allows for the issuance of various forms of stock-based compensation, including stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units, including performance-based awards. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, there were 1,650,696 and 2,299,502 shares available for future grant under the Company’s equity incentive compensation plan. Stock awards Stock awards granted to employees are comprised of restricted stock and restricted stock units. Stock awards generally vest over three years. The Company may issue shares from treasury stock to the extent available or issue new shares. There were no restricted shares issued in 2022, 2021 or 2020. The number of restricted stock units issued was 548,926 in 2022, 636,956 in 2021 and 480,949 in 2020, with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $93 million, $84 million and $81 million, respectively. Unrecognized compensation expense associated with restricted stock and restricted stock units, inclusive of those awards assumed in the acquisition of People's United, was $38 million as of December 31, 2022 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately one year. A summary of restricted stock and restricted stock unit activity follows: Restricted Stock Units Outstanding Weighted- Average Grant Price Restricted Stock Outstanding Weighted- Average Grant Price Unvested at January 1, 2022 .................................. Granted ....................................................................... Assumed in business combination ....................... Vested ......................................................................... Cancelled.................................................................... Unvested at December 31, 2022 ........................... 1,038,692 $ 147.32 169.13 164.66 156.21 155.72 156.23 548,926 252,820 (628,130) (44,726) 1,167,582 4,076 $ — 173,204 (100,017) (2,257) 75,006 $ 162.35 — 164.66 164.57 164.66 164.65 155 Stock option awards Stock options granted to employees generally vest over three years and are exercisable over terms not exceeding ten years and one day. The Company granted 138,825, 178,441 and 187,088 stock options in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted was $6 million in 2022 and $5 million in each of 2021 and 2020. The Company used an option pricing model to estimate the grant date present value of stock options granted. A summary of stock option activity follows: Stock Options Outstanding Weighted-Average Exercise Price Life (In Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In thousands) Outstanding at January 1, 2022 .................................. Granted ............................................................................. Assumed in business combination ............................. Exercised.......................................................................... Expired ............................................................................. Outstanding at December 31, 2022............................ Exercisable at December 31, 2022............................. 635,864 $ 138,825 1,857,739 (278,336) (14,030) 2,340,062 $ 1,840,243 $ 162.73 169.38 141.58 142.36 157.47 148.78 147.61 5.9 $ 5.2 $ 18,797 15,797 For 2022, 2021 and 2020 M&T received $37 million, $305,000 and $3 million, respectively, in cash from the exercise of stock options. The intrinsic value of stock options exercised and the related tax benefit realized by the Company were not material in any of those three years. As of December 31, 2022, the amount of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options was not material. The total grant date fair value of stock options vested during 2022, 2021 and 2020 was not material. Upon the exercise of stock options, the Company may issue shares from treasury stock to the extent available or issue new shares. Stock purchase plan The stock purchase plan provides eligible employees of the Company with the right to purchase shares of M&T common stock at a discount through accumulated payroll deductions. In connection with the employee stock purchase plan, shares of M&T common stock issued were 75,232 in 2022, 95,147 in 2021 and 77,170 in 2020. As of December 31, 2022, there were 2,063,202 shares available for issuance under the plan. M&T received cash for shares purchased through the employee stock purchase plan of $11 million in each of 2022 and 2021, and $12 million in 2020. Compensation expense recognized for the stock purchase plan was not material in 2022, 2021 or 2020. Deferred bonus plan The Company provided a deferred bonus plan pursuant to which eligible employees could elect to defer all or a portion of their annual incentive compensation awards and allocate such awards to several investment options, including M&T common stock. Participants could elect the timing of distributions from the plan. Such distributions are payable in cash with the exception of balances allocated to M&T common stock which are distributable in the form of M&T common stock. Shares of M&T common stock distributable pursuant to the terms of the deferred bonus plan were 11,725 and 13,319 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The obligation to issue shares is included in “common stock issuable” in the consolidated balance sheet. 156 Directors’ stock compensation programs The Company maintains compensation programs for members of the Company’s boards of directors and its regional director advisory councils that provides for a portion of their compensation to be received in shares or restricted stock units. In 2022 and 2021, 22,068 and 28,646 shares, respectively, were granted under such programs. Through acquisitions, the Company assumed obligations to issue shares of M&T common stock related to deferred directors' compensation plans. Shares of common stock issuable under such plans were 2,306 and 2,450 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The obligation to issue shares is included in “common stock issuable” in the consolidated balance sheet. 13. Pension plans and other postretirement benefits The Company provides defined pension and other postretirement benefits (including health care and life insurance benefits) to qualified retired employees. The Company uses a December 31 measurement date for all of its plans. Net periodic pension expense for defined benefit plans consisted of the following: 2022 Year Ended December 31 2021 (In thousands) 2020 Service cost ......................................................................................... $ Interest cost on benefit obligation ....................................................... Expected return on plan assets ............................................................ Amortization of prior service cost....................................................... Recognized net actuarial loss .............................................................. Net periodic pension cost (benefit) ..................................................... $ 17,660 $ 82,467 (187,609) 516 19,895 (67,071) $ 20,513 $ 61,873 (143,448) 553 89,017 28,508 $ 19,944 71,421 (125,512) 557 58,096 24,506 Net other postretirement benefits expense for defined benefit plans consisted of the following: 2022 Year Ended December 31 2021 (In thousands) 2020 Service cost ......................................................................................... $ Interest cost on benefit obligation ....................................................... Amortization of prior service credit .................................................... Recognized net actuarial gain ............................................................. Net other postretirement benefits ........................................................ $ 2,604 $ 2,188 (2,772) (1,481) 539 $ 1,014 $ 1,311 (4,738) (1,295) (3,708) $ 970 1,741 (4,738) (1,236) (3,263) Service cost is reflected in salaries and employee benefits expense. The other components of net periodic benefit expense are reflected in other costs of operations. Prior to 2022, net actuarial losses were generally amortized over the average remaining service periods of active participants in the Company’s defined benefit pension plan. If all or substantially all of the plan’s participants are inactive, GAAP provides for the average remaining life expectancy of the participants to be used instead of average remaining service period in determining such amortization. Substantially all of the participants in the Company’s defined benefit pension plan were inactive and beginning in 2022 the average remaining life expectancy is now utilized prospectively to amortize the net unrecognized losses. The change increased the amortization period by approximately sixteen years and reduced the amount of amortization of unrecognized losses recorded for the year ended December 31, 2022 from what would have been recorded without such change in amortization period by $36 million. 157 Data relating to the funding position of the defined benefit plans were as follows: Pension Benefits 2022 2021 (In thousands) Other Postretirement Benefits 2021 2022 Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation at beginning of year .......... $ Service cost ..................................................... Interest cost ..................................................... Plan participants’ contributions ...................... Actuarial (gain) loss........................................ Plan amendment.............................................. Business combinations.................................... Medicare Part D reimbursement ..................... Benefits paid ................................................... Benefit obligation at end of year..................... 2,420,213 $ 17,660 82,467 — (636,220) — 632,855 — (137,987) 2,378,988 2,521,292 $ 20,513 61,873 — (69,230) — — — (114,235) 2,420,213 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year ......................................... Actual return on plan assets ............................ Employer contributions................................... Business combinations.................................... Plan participants’ contributions ...................... Medicare Part D reimbursement ..................... Benefits paid ................................................... Fair value of plan assets at end of year ........... Funded status ...................................................... $ Prepaid asset recognized in the 2,595,838 (385,823) 14,397 855,555 — — (137,987) 2,941,980 2,420,582 278,260 11,231 — — — (114,235) 2,595,838 562,992 $ 175,625 $ 51,846 $ 2,604 2,188 2,433 (21,735) 13,260 14,859 506 (5,600) 60,361 — — 2,661 — 2,433 506 (5,600) — (60,361) $ 55,281 1,014 1,311 2,553 (2,232) — — 540 (6,621) 51,846 — — 3,528 — 2,553 540 (6,621) — (51,846) consolidated balance sheet............................... 715,418 332,197 — — Accrued liability recognized in the consolidated balance sheet............................... (152,426) (156,572) (60,361) (51,846) Net accrued asset (liability) recognized in the consolidated balance sheet .................................................... $ Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) were: Net loss (gain)................................................. $ Net prior service cost (credit) ......................... Pre-tax adjustment to AOCI ........................... Taxes............................................................... Net adjustment to AOCI ................................. $ 562,992 $ 175,625 $ (60,361) $ (51,846) 309,039 $ 208 309,247 (80,095) 229,152 $ 391,721 $ 724 392,445 (101,447) 290,998 $ (34,892) $ (1,499) (36,391) 9,425 (26,966) $ (14,638) (17,531) (32,169) 8,316 (23,853) The Company has an unfunded supplemental pension plan for certain key executives and others. The projected benefit obligation and accumulated benefit obligation included in the preceding data related to such plan were $152 million as of December 31, 2022 and $157 million as of December 31, 2021. The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $2.4 billion at each of December 31, 2022 and 2021. 158 GAAP requires an employer to recognize in its balance sheet as an asset or liability the overfunded or underfunded status of a defined benefit postretirement plan, measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation. For a pension plan, the benefit obligation is the projected benefit obligation; for any other postretirement benefit plan, such as a retiree health care plan, the benefit obligation is the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation. Gains or losses and prior service costs or credits that arise during the period, but are not included as components of net periodic benefit expense, are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income. Amortization of net gains and losses is included in annual net periodic benefit expense if, as of the beginning of the year, the net gain or loss exceeds 10% of the greater of the benefit obligation or the market-related fair value of the plan assets. As indicated in the preceding table, as of December 31, 2022 the Company recorded a minimum liability adjustment of $273 million ($309 million related to pension plans and ($36 million) related to other postretirement benefits) with a corresponding reduction of shareholders’ equity, net of applicable deferred taxes, of $202 million. In aggregate, the benefit plans realized a net gain during 2022 that resulted in a decrease to the minimum liability adjustment from that which was recorded at December 31, 2021 of $87 million. The net gain in 2022 was mainly the result of increasing the discount rate used to measure the benefit obligation of all plans to 5.00% at December 31, 2022 from 2.75% used at the prior year-end offset, in part, by a return on plan assets that was lower than the assumed expected return and by the amortization of actuarial losses. The table below reflects the changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income related to the Company’s postretirement benefit plans. Pension Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans (In thousands) Total 2022 Net loss (gain)............................................................................................ $ Net prior service cost ................................................................................. Amortization of prior service (cost) credit ................................................ Amortization of actuarial (loss) gain ......................................................... Total recognized in other comprehensive income, (62,787) $ — (516) (19,895) (21,735) $ 13,260 2,772 1,481 (84,522) 13,260 2,256 (18,414) pre-tax..................................................................................................... $ (83,198) $ (4,222) $ (87,420) 2021 Net loss (gain)............................................................................................ $ (204,042) $ Amortization of prior service (cost) credit ................................................ Amortization of actuarial (loss) gain ......................................................... Total recognized in other comprehensive income, (553) (89,017) (2,232) $ (206,274) 4,185 4,738 (87,722) 1,295 pre-tax..................................................................................................... $ (293,612) $ 3,801 $ (289,811) The Company also provides a qualified defined contribution pension plan to eligible employees who were not participants in the defined benefit pension plan as of December 31, 2005 and to other employees who have elected to participate in the defined contribution plan. The Company makes contributions to the defined contribution plan each year in an amount that is based on an individual participant’s total compensation (generally defined as total wages, incentive compensation, commissions and bonuses) and years of service. Company contributions to the plan are discretionary for participants for which eligibility occurred after January 1, 2020. Participants do not contribute to the defined contribution pension plan. Pension expense recorded in 2022, 2021 and 2020 associated with the defined contribution pension plan was $45 million, $40 million and $35 million, respectively. 159 Assumptions The assumed weighted-average rates used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 were: Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits 2022 2021 2022 2021 Discount rate ............................................................................................ Rate of increase in future compensation levels........................................ 5.00% 3.33% 2.75% 3.35% 5.00% — 2.75% — The assumed weighted-average rates used to determine net benefit expense for the years ended December 31 were: Pension Benefits 2021 2020 2022 Other Postretirement Benefits 2021 2020 2022 Discount rate....................................................... Long-term rate of return on plan assets .............. Rate of increase in future compensation 2.75% 6.25% 2.50% 6.25% 3.25% 6.50% 2.75% — 2.50% — 3.25% — levels ................................................................ 3.35% 3.37% 4.29% — — — The discount rate used by the Company to determine the present value of the Company’s future benefit obligations reflects specific market yields for a hypothetical portfolio of highly rated corporate bonds that would produce cash flows similar to the Company’s benefit plan obligations and the level of market interest rates in general as of the year-end. The expected long-term rate of return assumption as of each measurement date was developed through analysis of historical market returns, current market conditions, anticipated future asset allocations, the funds’ past experience, and expectations on potential future market returns. The expected rate of return assumption represents a long-term average view of the performance of the plan assets, a return that may or may not be achieved during any one calendar year. The Company’s defined benefit pension plan is sensitive to the long-term rate of return on plan assets and the discount rate. To demonstrate the sensitivity of pension expense to changes in these assumptions, with all other assumptions held constant, 25 basis point increases in: the rate of return on plan assets would have resulted in a decrease in pension expense of approximately $6 million; and the discount rate would have resulted in a decrease in pension expense of approximately $2 million. Decreases of 25 basis points in those assumptions would have resulted in similar changes in amount, but in the opposite direction from the changes presented in the preceding sentence. Additionally, an increase of 25 basis points in the discount rate would have decreased the benefit obligation by $64 million and a decrease of 25 basis points in the discount rate would have increased the benefit obligation by $67 million at December 31, 2022. For measurement of other postretirement benefits, a 6.50% annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered health care benefits was assumed for 2022. The rate was assumed to decrease to 5.00% over six years. Plan assets The Company’s policy is to invest the pension plan assets in a prudent manner for the purpose of providing benefit payments to participants and mitigating reasonable expenses of administration. The Company’s investment strategy is designed to provide a total return that, over the long-term, places an emphasis on the preservation of capital. The strategy attempts to maximize investment returns on assets at a level of risk deemed appropriate by the Company while complying with applicable regulations and laws. The investment strategy utilizes asset diversification as a principal determinant for establishing an appropriate risk profile while emphasizing total return realized from capital appreciation, dividends and interest income. The target allocations for plan assets are generally 25 to 60 percent equity 160 securities, 10 to 65 percent debt securities, and 5 to 60 percent money-market investments/cash equivalents and other investments, although holdings could be more or less than these general guidelines based on market conditions at the time and actions taken or recommended by the investment managers providing advice to the Company. Assets are managed by a combination of internal and external investment managers. Equity securities may include investments in domestic and international equities, through individual securities, mutual funds and exchange-traded funds. Debt securities may include investments in corporate bonds of companies from diversified industries, mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by government agencies and U.S. Treasury securities through individual securities and mutual funds. Additionally, the Company’s defined benefit pension plan held $633 million (22% of total assets) of real estate funds, private investments, hedge funds and other investments at December 31, 2022. Returns on invested assets are periodically compared with target market indices for each asset type to aid management in evaluating such returns. Furthermore, management regularly reviews the investment policy and may, if deemed appropriate, make changes to the target allocations noted above. The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021, by asset category, were as follows: Fair Value Measurement of Plan Assets At December 31, 2022 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Total Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) (In thousands) Asset category: Money-market investments............. $ Equity securities: M&T............................................ Domestic (a) ................................ International (b)........................... Mutual funds: Domestic (a) ............................ International (b)....................... Debt securities: Corporate (c) ............................... Government................................. International ................................ Mutual funds: Domestic (d)............................ Other: Diversified mutual fund .............. Real estate partnerships............... Private equity / debt .................... Hedge funds ................................ Guaranteed deposit fund ............. Total (e)........................................... $ 89,829 $ 52,005 $ 37,824 $ 118,285 449,466 18,510 279,299 477,194 1,342,754 199,728 236,199 14,777 422,615 873,319 118,285 449,466 18,510 279,299 477,194 1,342,754 — — — 422,615 422,615 108,483 26,953 211,098 276,367 9,601 632,502 2,938,404 $ 108,483 6,651 — 108,957 — 224,091 2,041,465 $ — — — — — — 199,728 236,199 14,777 — 450,704 — — — — — — 488,528 $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — 20,302 211,098 167,410 9,601 408,411 408,411 161 Asset category: Money-market investments............. $ Equity securities: M&T............................................ Domestic (a) ................................ International (b)........................... Mutual funds: Domestic (a) ............................ International (b)....................... Debt securities: Corporate (c) ............................... Government................................. International ................................ Mutual funds: Domestic (d)............................ Other: Diversified mutual fund .............. Real estate partnerships............... Private equity / debt .................... Hedge funds ................................ Guaranteed deposit fund ............. Total (e)........................................... $ Fair Value Measurement of Plan Assets At December 31, 2021 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Total Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) (In thousands) 82,751 $ 43,616 $ 39,135 $ 134,447 369,283 14,835 280,347 461,304 1,260,216 178,528 206,540 12,933 315,424 713,425 134,447 369,283 14,835 280,347 461,304 1,260,216 — — — 315,424 315,424 108,239 16,620 151,550 250,691 10,041 537,141 2,593,533 $ 108,239 5,264 — 74,599 — 188,102 1,807,358 $ — — — — — — 178,528 206,540 12,933 — 398,001 — — — — — — 437,136 $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — 11,356 151,550 176,092 10,041 349,039 349,039 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) This category is mainly comprised of equities of companies primarily within the small-cap, mid-cap and large-cap sectors of the U.S. economy and range across diverse industries. This category is comprised of equities in companies primarily within the mid-cap and large-cap sectors of international markets mainly in developed and emerging markets in Europe and the Pacific Rim. This category represents investment grade bonds of U.S. issuers from diverse industries. Approximately 73% of the mutual funds were invested in investment grade bonds and 27% in high-yielding bonds at December 31, 2022. Approximately 72% of the mutual funds were invested in investment grade bonds and 28% in high- yielding bonds at December 31, 2021. The holdings within the funds were spread across diverse industries. Excludes dividends and interest receivable totaling $4 million and $2 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Pension plan assets included common stock of M&T with a fair value of $118 million (4% of total plan assets) at December 31, 2022 and $134 million (5% of total plan assets) at December 31, 2021. No investment in securities of a non-U.S. Government or government agency issuer exceeded ten percent of plan assets at December 31, 2022. 162 The changes in Level 3 pension plan assets measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis during the year ended December 31, 2022 were as follows: Balance – January 1, 2022 Net Purchases (Sales) Total Realized/ Unrealized Gains (Losses) Balance – December 31, 2022 (In thousands) Other Real estate partnerships........................................................ $ Private equity/debt ............................................................... Hedge funds ......................................................................... Guaranteed deposit fund ...................................................... Total ................................................................................. $ 11,356 $ 151,550 176,092 10,041 349,039 $ 6,062 $ 66,393 (2,714) 819 70,560 $ 2,884 $ (6,845) (5,968) (1,259) (11,188) $ 20,302 211,098 167,410 9,601 408,411 The Company makes contributions to its funded qualified defined benefit pension plan as required by government regulation or as deemed appropriate by management after considering factors such as the fair value of plan assets, expected returns on such assets and the present value of benefit obligations of the plan. The Company is not required to make contributions to the qualified defined benefit plan in 2023, however, subject to the impact of actual events and circumstances that may occur in 2023, the Company may make contributions, but the amount of any such contributions has not been determined. The Company regularly funds the payment of benefit obligations for the supplemental defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans because such plans do not hold assets for investment. Payments made by the Company for supplemental pension benefits were $14 million and $11 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Payments made by the Company for postretirement benefits were $3 million and $4 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Payments for supplemental pension and other postretirement benefits for 2023 are not expected to differ from those made in 2022 by an amount that will be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position. Estimated benefits expected to be paid in future years related to the Company’s defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefits plans are as follows: Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (In thousands) Year ending December 31: 2023 ......................................................................................................................... $ 2024 ......................................................................................................................... 2025 ......................................................................................................................... 2026 ......................................................................................................................... 2027 ......................................................................................................................... 2028 through 2032................................................................................................... 145,705 $ 150,676 155,164 158,433 163,737 833,186 3,910 3,925 4,342 4,278 4,226 19,943 The Company has a retirement savings plan (“RSP”) that is a defined contribution plan in which eligible employees of the Company may defer up to 50% of qualified compensation via contributions to the plan. The RSP provides for employer matching contributions of 100% of an employee's qualified compensation up to 5%. Employees’ accounts, including employee contributions, employer matching contributions and accumulated earnings thereon, are at all times fully vested and nonforfeitable. Employee benefits expense resulting from the Company’s contributions to the RSP totaled $84 million, $63 million and $62 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. 163 Income taxes 14. The components of income tax expense were as follows: 2022 Year Ended December 31 2021 (In thousands) 2020 Current Federal..................................................................................................... $ 367,028 $ State and local ......................................................................................... Total current ...................................................................................... 143,012 510,040 331,714 $ 267,550 85,354 98,431 365,981 417,068 Deferred Federal..................................................................................................... State and local ......................................................................................... Total deferred .................................................................................... Amortization of investments in qualified affordable housing projects ........ (18,444) (11,543) (29,987) 139,407 Total income taxes applicable to pre-tax income .............................. $ 619,460 $ 71,880 15,279 87,159 92,176 (22,894) (8,397) (31,291) 81,679 596,403 $ 416,369 The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return reflecting taxable income earned by all domestic subsidiaries. In prior years, applicable federal tax law allowed certain financial institutions the option of deducting as bad debt expense for tax purposes amounts in excess of actual losses. In accordance with GAAP, such financial institutions were not required to provide deferred income taxes on such excess. Recapture of the excess tax bad debt reserve established under the previously allowed method will result in taxable income if M&T Bank fails to maintain bank status as defined in the Internal Revenue Code or charges are made to the reserve for other than bad debt losses. At December 31, 2022, M&T Bank’s tax bad debt reserve for which no federal income taxes have been provided was $137 million. No actions are planned that would cause this reserve to become wholly or partially taxable. Income taxes attributable to gains or losses on bank investment securities were not material in any of 2022, 2021 and 2020. Total income taxes differed from the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to pre-tax income as follows: 2022 Year Ended December 31 2021 (In thousands) 2020 Income taxes at statutory federal income tax rate...................................... Increase (decrease) in taxes: Tax-exempt income.............................................................................. State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax effect ............ Qualified affordable housing project tax credits, net ........................... Other..................................................................................................... $ 548,336 $ 515,581 $ 371,599 (37,170) 109,903 (22,524) 20,915 619,460 $ (20,605) 101,046 (14,542) 14,923 596,403 $ (22,806) 71,127 (14,826) 11,275 416,369 $ 164 Deferred tax assets (liabilities) were comprised of the following at December 31: 2022 2021 (In thousands) 2020 Losses on loans and other assets .................................................................. $ Operating lease liabilities ............................................................................. Retirement benefits ...................................................................................... Postretirement and other employee benefits ................................................ Incentive and other compensation plans ...................................................... Unrealized losses.......................................................................................... Interest on loans ........................................................................................... Losses on cash flow hedges ......................................................................... Stock-based compensation ........................................................................... Other............................................................................................................. Gross deferred tax assets ........................................................................ Right of use assets and other leasing transactions........................................ Unrealized gains........................................................................................... Retirement benefits ...................................................................................... Capitalized servicing rights.......................................................................... Postretirement and other employee benefits ................................................ Depreciation and amortization ..................................................................... Interest on loans ........................................................................................... Gains on cash flow hedges ........................................................................... Other............................................................................................................. Gross deferred tax liabilities................................................................... Net deferred tax asset ................................................................................... $ 640,520 $ 182,638 — — 33,936 115,024 53,792 87,164 51,366 81,498 1,245,938 (367,137) — (87,486) (51,273) (29,230) (155,048) — — (69,314) (759,488) 486,450 $ 395,784 $ 110,023 — 31,760 24,713 — — — 32,675 52,351 647,306 (249,209) (27,066) (45,402) (53,219) — (93,103) (6,690) (22,820) (88,053) (585,562) 61,744 $ 471,767 121,216 26,185 28,004 18,984 — — — 29,507 66,763 762,426 (285,311) (50,785) — (50,235) — (95,684) (8,113) (97,004) (62,581) (649,713) 112,713 The Company believes that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized through taxable earnings or alternative tax strategies. The income tax credits shown in the statement of income of M&T in note 26 arise principally from operating losses before dividends from subsidiaries. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits follows: Federal, State and Local Tax Unrecognized Income Tax Benefits Accrued Interest (In thousands) Gross unrecognized tax benefits at January 1, 2020.............................. $ Increases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years ...................... Decreases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years..................... Gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2020........................ Increases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years ...................... Decreases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years..................... Gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2021........................ Increases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years ...................... Unrecognized tax benefits assumed in a business combination ............ Decreases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years..................... Gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2022........................ $ Less: Federal, state and local income tax benefits ................................. Net unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2022 that, if recognized, would impact the effective income tax rate ................. 58,969 $ — (10,107) 48,862 — (11,351) 37,511 — 3,788 (11,090) 30,209 $ 7,199 $ 2,800 (2,384) 7,615 2,560 (2,766) 7,409 3,090 1,205 (3,958) 7,746 66,168 2,800 (12,491) 56,477 2,560 (14,117) 44,920 3,090 4,993 (15,048) 37,955 (7,285) $ 30,670 The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income taxes in the consolidated statement of income. The balance of accrued interest at 165 December 31, 2022 is included in the table above. The Company’s federal, state and local income tax returns are routinely subject to examinations from various governmental taxing authorities. Such examinations may result in challenges to the tax return treatment applied by the Company to specific transactions. Management believes that the assumptions and judgment used to record tax-related assets or liabilities have been appropriate. Should determinations rendered by tax authorities ultimately indicate that management’s assumptions were inappropriate, the result and adjustments required could have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations. Examinations by the Internal Revenue Service of the Company’s federal income tax returns have been largely concluded through 2021, although under statute the income tax returns from 2018 through 2021 could be adjusted. The Company also files income tax returns in over forty states and numerous local jurisdictions. Substantially all material state and local matters have been concluded for years through 2014. It is not reasonably possible to estimate when examinations for any subsequent years will be completed. 15. Earnings per common share The computations of basic earnings per common share follow: 2022 Year Ended December 31 2021 (In thousands, except per share) 2020 Income available to common shareholders: Net income ............................................................................................ $ 1,991,663 $ 1,858,746 $ 1,353,152 (68,228) Less: Preferred stock dividends............................................................. Net income available to common equity............................................... 1,284,924 Less: Income attributable to unvested stock-based (72,915) 1,785,831 (96,587) 1,895,076 compensation awards ......................................................................... (5,858) Net income available to common shareholders......................................... $ 1,891,469 $ 1,776,977 $ 1,279,066 Weighted-average shares outstanding: (3,607) (8,854) Common shares outstanding (including common stock issuable) and unvested stock-based compensation awards ................ Less: Unvested stock-based compensation awards ............................... Weighted-average shares outstanding ....................................................... 163,489 (315) 163,174 129,539 (890) 128,649 129,404 (766) 128,638 Basic earnings per common share ............................................................. $ 11.59 $ 13.81 $ 9.94 The computations of diluted earnings per common share follow: 2022 Year Ended December 31 2021 (In thousands, except per share) 2020 Net income available to common equity.................................................... $ 1,895,076 $ 1,785,831 $ 1,284,924 Less: Income attributable to unvested stock-based compensation awards .......................................................................... Net income available to common shareholders ......................................... Adjusted weighted-average shares outstanding: Common and unvested stock-based compensation awards ................... Less: Unvested stock-based compensation awards................................ Plus: Incremental shares from assumed conversion of stock-based compensation awards and warrants to purchase common stock ...................................................................... Adjusted weighted-average shares outstanding ......................................... (3,596) (5,856) $ 1,891,480 $ 1,776,987 $ 1,279,068 (8,844) 163,489 (315) 129,539 (890) 129,404 (766) 856 164,030 163 128,812 66 128,704 Diluted earnings per common share........................................................... $ 11.53 $ 13.80 $ 9.94 166 GAAP defines unvested share-based awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) as participating securities that shall be included in the computation of earnings per common share pursuant to the two-class method. The Company has issued stock-based compensation awards in the form of restricted stock and restricted stock units, which, in accordance with GAAP, are considered participating securities. Stock-based compensation awards and warrants to purchase common stock of M&T representing common shares of 453,000 in 2022, 461,000 in 2021 and 474,000 in 2020 were not included in the computations of diluted earnings per common share because the effect on those years would have been antidilutive. 16. Comprehensive income The following tables display the components of other comprehensive income (loss) and amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to net income: Balance — January 1, 2022....................................... Other comprehensive income before reclassifications: Unrealized holding losses, net ................................ Foreign currency translation adjustment ..................... Unrealized losses on cash flow hedges....................... Current year benefit plans gains .............................. Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications.................................................. Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income that (increase) decrease net income: Amortization of unrealized holding losses on held-to-maturity securities ........................ Accretion of net gain on terminated cash flow hedges.................................................... Net yield adjustment from cash flow hedges currently in effect............................................. Amortization of prior service credit ........................... Amortization of actuarial losses ............................... Total other comprehensive income (loss) ........................ Balance — December 31, 2022................................... Balance — January 1, 2021....................................... Other comprehensive income before reclassifications: Unrealized holding losses, net ................................. Foreign currency translation adjustment ...................... Unrealized losses on cash flow hedges........................ Current year benefit plans gains ............................... Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications.................................................. Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income that (increase) decrease net income: Amortization of unrealized holding losses on held-to-maturity securities ........................ Gains realized in net income................................... Accretion of net gain on terminated cash flow hedges.................................................... Net yield adjustment from cash flow hedges currently in effect............................................. Amortization of prior service credit ........................... Amortization of actuarial losses ............................... Total other comprehensive income (loss) ........................ Balance — December 31, 2021................................... Investment Securities Defined Benefit Plans Total Amount Before Tax Other (In thousands) Income Tax Net $ 104,691 $ (360,276) $ 83,531 $ (172,054) $ 44,476 $ (127,578) (550,648) — — — — — — 71,262 — (7,845) (461,033) — (550,648) (7,845) (461,033) 71,262 142,546 2,058 119,360 (18,309) (408,102) (5,787) (341,673) 52,953 (550,648) 71,262 (468,878) (948,264) 245,655 (702,609) 1,765 — — — — (120) 1,765 (a) (456) 1,309 (120) (c) 31 (89) — — — (548,883) $ (444,192) — (2,256) 18,414 87,420 $ (272,856) 36,338 — — (432,660) $ (349,129) 36,338 (a) (2,256) (d) 18,414 (d) (894,123) $ (1,066,177) $ 195,386 $ (650,087) $ 369,558 $ (85,143) (95,114) — — — — — — 206,274 — (1,218) (32,292) — (95,114) (1,218) (32,292) 206,274 $ $ (9,407) 579 (4,731) 231,671 276,147 26,931 (1,677) 13,683 (662,452) $ (790,030) 22,111 $ (63,032) 24,870 356 8,410 (54,016) (70,244) (862) (23,882) 152,258 (95,114) 206,274 (33,510) 77,650 (20,380) 57,270 4,427 (8) — — — — — — 4,427 (a) (8) (b) (1,154) 2 (120) (120) (c) 32 3,273 (6) (88) — — — (90,695) 104,691 — (4,185) 87,722 289,811 $ (360,276) (252,397) — — (286,027) 83,531 (252,397) (a) (4,185) (d) 87,722 (d) (86,911) $ (172,054) $ $ 65,741 1,095 (22,971) 22,365 44,476 (186,656) (3,090) 64,751 (64,546) $ (127,578) $ 167 Balance — January 1, 2020....................................... Other comprehensive income before reclassifications: Unrealized holding gains, net.................................. Foreign currency translation adjustment ...................... Unrealized gains on cash flow hedges ........................ Current year benefit plans losses .............................. Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications.................................................. Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income that (increase) decrease net income: Amortization of unrealized holding losses on held-to-maturity securities ........................ Gains realized in net income................................... Accretion of net gain on terminated cash flow hedges.................................................... Net yield adjustment from cash flow hedges currently in effect............................................. Amortization of prior service credit ........................... Amortization of actuarial losses ............................... Total other comprehensive income (loss) ........................ Balance — December 31, 2020................................... Investment Securities Defined Benefit Plans Total Amount Before Tax Other (In thousands) Income Tax Net $ 50,701 $ (464,548) $ 133,888 $ (279,959) $ 73,279 $ (206,680) 141,081 — — — — — — (238,218) — 2,724 505,042 — 141,081 2,724 505,042 (238,218) (36,498) (440) (130,432) 60,208 104,583 2,284 374,610 (178,010) 141,081 (238,218) 507,766 410,629 (107,162) 303,467 3,606 (2) — — — — — — 3,606 (a) (2) (b) (125) (125) (c) (966) 1 34 2,640 (1) (91) — — — 144,685 195,386 — (4,181) 56,860 (185,539) $ (650,087) (271,971) — — 235,670 369,558 $ (271,971) (a) (4,181) (d) 56,860 (d) 194,816 (85,143) $ $ 70,239 1,057 (14,371) (51,168) 22,111 (201,732) (3,124) 42,489 143,648 (63,032) $ $ (a) (b) (c) (d) Included in interest income. Included in gain (loss) on bank investment securities. Included in interest expense. Included in other costs of operations. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net consisted of the following: Investment Securities Defined Benefit Plans Other Total (In thousands) Balance at January 1, 2020................................ Net gain (loss) during 2020............................... Balance at December 31, 2020.......................... Net gain (loss) during 2021............................... Balance at December 31, 2021.......................... Net gain (loss) during 2022............................... Balance at December 31, 2022.......................... $ $ 37,380 107,222 144,602 (66,977) 77,625 (406,793) (329,168) $ $ (342,419) (138,645) (481,064) 213,919 (267,145) 64,959 (202,186) $ $ 98,359 175,071 273,430 (211,488) 61,942 (320,618) (258,676) $ $ (206,680) 143,648 (63,032) (64,546) (127,578) (662,452) (790,030) 17. Other income and other expense The following items, which exceeded 1% of total interest income and other income in the respective period, were included in either “other revenues from operations” or “other costs of operations” in the consolidated statement of income: 2022 Year Ended December 31 2021 (In thousands) 2020 Other income: Gain on MTIA divestiture .................................................................. $ Credit-related fee income ................................................................... Credit card interchange fee income.................................................... Merchant discount fee income ........................................................... 136,331 129,833 $ 70,387 90,816 $ 69,963 61,442 Other expense: Professional services .......................................................................... Charitable contributions ..................................................................... Amortization of capitalized mortgage servicing rights ...................... 469,776 178,137 96,463 348,360 240,047 89,767 84,821 168 International activities 18. The Company engages in limited international activities including certain trust-related services in Europe, foreign currency transactions associated with customer activity, providing credit to support the international activities of domestic companies, holding certain loans to foreign borrowers and, prior to June 2021, collecting Eurodollar deposits for a Cayman Islands office. Assets and revenues associated with international activities represent less than 1% of the Company’s consolidated assets and revenues. International assets included $319 million and $197 million of loans to foreign borrowers at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Deposits at M&T Bank’s office in Ontario, Canada were $34 million at December 31, 2022 and $32 million at December 31, 2021. Revenues from providing international trust-related services were approximately $36 million in each of 2022 and 2020, compared with $38 million in 2021. 19. Derivative financial instruments As part of managing interest rate risk, the Company enters into interest rate swap agreements to modify the repricing characteristics of certain portions of the Company’s portfolios of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The Company designates interest rate swap agreements utilized in the management of interest rate risk as either fair value hedges or cash flow hedges. Interest rate swap agreements are generally entered into with counterparties that meet established credit standards and most contain master netting, collateral and/or settlement provisions protecting the at-risk party. Based on adherence to the Company’s credit standards and the presence of the netting, collateral or settlement provisions, the Company believes that the credit risk inherent in these contracts was not material as of December 31, 2022. The net effect of interest rate swap agreements was to decrease net interest income by $26 million in 2022 and to increase net interest income by $287 million in 2021 and $312 million in 2020. Information about interest rate swap agreements entered into for interest rate risk management purposes summarized by type of financial instrument the swap agreements were intended to hedge follows: Notional Amount (In thousands) Average Maturity (In years) Weighted- Average Rate Estimated Fair Value Fixed Variable Gain (Loss) (a) (In thousands) December 31, 2022 Fair value hedges: Fixed rate long-term borrowings (b).................................. $ 1,500,000 3.3 2.98% 4.52% $ (833) Cash flow hedges: Interest payments on variable rate commercial real estate loans (b) (c) .................................................................... Total ............................................................................. December 31, 2021 Fair value hedges: 15,900,000 $ 17,400,000 1.4 1.6 1.91% 4.38% (7,059) (7,892) $ Fixed rate long-term borrowings (b).................................. $ 1,650,000 2.3 2.86% 0.74% $ 41 Cash flow hedges: Interest payments on variable rate commercial real estate loans (b) (d).................................................................... Total ............................................................................. 21,700,000 $ 23,350,000 0.6 0.7 1.24% 0.09% $ (248) (207) (a) Certain clearinghouse exchanges consider payments by counterparties for variation margin on derivative instruments to be settlements of those positions. The impact of such payments for interest rate swap agreements designated as fair value hedges was a net settlement of losses of $65.0 million at December 31, 2022 and a net settlement of gains of $43.5 million at December 31, 2021. The impact of such payments on interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges was a net settlement of losses of $329.7 million at December 31, 2022 and a net settlement of gains of $88.2 million at December 31, 2021. (b) Under the terms of these agreements, the Company receives settlement amounts at a fixed rate and pays at a variable rate. (c) (d) Includes notional amount and terms of $4.7 billion of forward-starting interest rate swap agreements that become effective in 2023. Includes notional amount and terms of $8.4 billion of forward-starting interest rate swap agreements that became effective in 2022. 169 The notional amount of interest rate swap agreements entered into for risk management purposes that were outstanding at December 31, 2022 mature as follows: Year ending December 31: 2023 .................................................................................................................................................. $ 2025 .................................................................................................................................................. 2027 .................................................................................................................................................. $ (In thousands) 7,350,000 9,050,000 1,000,000 17,400,000 The Company utilizes commitments to sell residential and commercial real estate loans to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of real estate loans held for sale. Such commitments have generally been designated as fair value hedges. The Company also utilizes commitments to sell real estate loans to offset the exposure to changes in fair value of certain commitments to originate real estate loans for sale. Other derivative financial instruments not designated as hedging instruments included interest rate contracts, foreign exchange and other option and futures contracts. Interest rate contracts not designated as hedging instruments had notional values of $45.1 billion and $32.6 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The notional amounts of foreign currency and other option and futures contracts not designated as hedging instruments aggregated $1.7 billion and $1.1 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Information about the fair values of derivative instruments in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and consolidated statement of income follows: Asset Derivatives Fair Value Liability Derivatives Fair Value December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 (In thousands) Derivatives designated and qualifying as hedging instruments (a) Interest rate swap agreements ................................................. $ Commitments to sell real estate loans ...................................... Derivatives not designated and qualifying as hedging instruments (a) Mortgage banking: 1,202 $ 3,037 4,239 258 $ 4,044 4,302 9,094 $ 9 9,103 465 548 1,013 Mortgage-related commitments to originate real estate loans for sale ......................................................................... Commitments to sell real estate loans .................................. 452 51,410 11,728 8,137 46,025 14 Other: Interest rate contracts (b) .................................................... Foreign exchange and other option and futures contracts........ Total derivatives.................................................................... $ 355,806 24,062 431,730 435,969 $ 410,056 8,230 438,151 442,453 $ 1,355,326 $ 1,278,180 22,004 1,346,223 5,288 4,108 76,278 7,156 92,830 93,843 (a) (b) Asset derivatives are reported in other assets and liability derivatives are reported in other liabilities. The impact of variation margin payments at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was a reduction of the estimated fair value of interest rate contracts not designated as hedging instruments in an asset position of $1.1 billion and $54.4 million, respectively, and in a liability position of $29.2 million and $305.1 million, respectively. 170 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized Year Ended December 31, 2021 Year Ended December 31, 2020 Derivative Hedged Item Derivative Hedged Item Derivative Hedged Item (In thousands) Derivatives in fair value hedging relationships Interest rate swap agreements: Fixed rate long-term borrowings (a) .......... $(109,319) $108,920 $ (58,599) $ 57,716 $ 57,611 $ (57,686) Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments Interest rate contracts (b)................................ $ 27,391 Foreign exchange and other option and futures contracts (b)..................................... 14,284 Total................................................................ $ 41,675 $ 11,486 9,064 $ 20,550 $ 27,734 7,363 $ 35,097 (a) (b) Reported as an adjustment to interest expense. Reported as trading account and non-hedging derivative gains. Carrying Amount of the Hedged Item Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Increasing (Decreasing) the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Item December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 (In thousands) Location in the Consolidated Balance Sheet of the Hedged Items in Fair Value Hedges Long-term debt ..................................................... $ 1,433,731 $ 1,692,943 $ (65,310) $ 43,610 The amount of interest income recognized in the consolidated statement of income associated with derivatives designated as cash flow hedges was a decrease of $36 million for 2022 and an increase of $252 million for 2021. As of December 31, 2022, the unrealized loss recognized in other comprehensive income related to cash flow hedges was $337 million, of which $33 million and $304 million relate to interest rate swap agreements maturing in 2023 and 2025, respectively. The Company also has commitments to sell and commitments to originate residential and commercial real estate loans that are considered derivatives. The Company designates certain of the commitments to sell real estate loans as fair value hedges of real estate loans held for sale. The Company also utilizes commitments to sell real estate loans to offset the exposure to changes in the fair value of certain commitments to originate real estate loans for sale. As a result of these activities, net unrealized pre-tax gains related to hedged loans held for sale, commitments to originate loans for sale and commitments to sell loans were approximately $8 million and $24 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Changes in unrealized gains and losses are included in mortgage banking revenues and, in general, are realized in subsequent periods as the related loans are sold and commitments satisfied. The Company does not offset derivative asset and liability positions in its consolidated financial statements. The Company’s exposure to credit risk by entering into derivative contracts is mitigated through master netting agreements and collateral posting or settlement requirements. Master netting agreements covering interest rate and foreign exchange contracts with the same party include a right to set-off that becomes enforceable in the event of default, early termination or under other specific conditions. 171 The aggregate fair value of derivative financial instruments in a liability position, which are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements, was less than $1 million and $35 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company was required to post $33 million as collateral as of December 31, 2021. No collateral was posted for those positions at December 31, 2022. Certain of the Company’s derivative financial instruments contain provisions that require the Company to maintain specific credit ratings from credit rating agencies to avoid higher collateral posting requirements. If the Company’s debt ratings were to fall below specified ratings, the counterparties of the derivative financial instruments could demand immediate incremental collateralization on those instruments in a net liability position. The aggregate fair value of all derivative financial instruments with such credit risk-related contingent features in a net liability position on December 31, 2022 was not material. The aggregate fair value of derivative financial instruments in an asset position with counterparties, which are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements, was $314 million and $7 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Counterparties posted collateral relating to those positions of $312 million and $6 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Interest rate swap agreements entered into with customers are subject to the Company’s credit risk standards and often contain collateral provisions. In addition to the derivative contracts noted above, the Company clears certain derivative transactions through a clearinghouse, rather than directly with counterparties. Those transactions cleared through a clearinghouse require initial margin collateral and variation margin payments depending on the contracts being in a net asset or liability position. The amount of initial margin collateral posted by the Company was $205 million and $132 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The fair value asset and liability amounts of derivative contracts have been reduced by variation margin payments treated as settlements as described herein. Variation margin on derivative contracts not treated as settlements continues to represent collateral posted or received by the Company. 20. Variable interest entities and asset securitizations The Company’s securitization activity has consisted of securitizing loans originated for sale into government issued or guaranteed mortgage-backed securities. The Company has not recognized any losses as a result of having securitized assets. As described in note 9, M&T has issued junior subordinated debentures payable to various trusts that have issued Capital Securities. M&T owns the common securities of those trust entities. The Company is not considered to be the primary beneficiary of those entities and, accordingly, the trusts are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. At each of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company included the junior subordinated debentures as “long-term borrowings” in its consolidated balance sheet and recognized $22 million and $23 million, respectively, in other assets for its “investment” in the common securities of the trusts that will be concomitantly repaid to M&T by the respective trust from the proceeds of M&T’s repayment of the junior subordinated debentures associated with preferred capital securities described in note 9. The Company has invested as a limited partner in various partnerships that collectively had total assets of approximately $9.2 billion at December 31, 2022 and $3.0 billion at December 31, 2021. Those partnerships generally construct or acquire properties for which the investing partners are eligible to receive certain federal income tax credits in accordance with government guidelines. Such investments may also provide tax deductible losses to the partners. The partnership investments also assist the Company in achieving its community reinvestment initiatives. As a limited partner, there is no recourse to the Company by creditors of the partnerships. However, the tax credits that result from the Company’s investments in such partnerships are generally subject to recapture should a partnership fail to comply with the respective government regulations. The Company’s carrying amount of its 172 investments in such partnerships was $1.5 billion, including $545 million of unfunded commitments, at December 31, 2022 and $933 million, including $361 million of unfunded commitments, at December 31, 2021. Contingent commitments to provide additional capital contributions to these partnerships were not material at December 31, 2022. The Company has not provided financial or other support to the partnerships that was not contractually required. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from its investments in such partnerships as of December 31, 2022 was $1.9 billion, including possible recapture of certain tax credits. Management currently estimates that no material losses are probable as a result of the Company’s involvement with such entities. The Company, in its position as limited partner, does not direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the partnerships and, therefore, in accordance with the accounting provisions for variable interest entities, the partnership entities are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company’s investment in qualified affordable housing projects is amortized to income taxes in the consolidated statement of income as tax credits and other tax benefits resulting from deductible losses associated with the projects are received. The Company serves as investment advisor for certain registered money-market funds. The Company has no explicit arrangement to provide support to those funds, but may waive portions of its allowable management fees as a result of market conditions. 21. Fair value measurements GAAP permits an entity to choose to measure eligible financial instruments and other items at fair value. The Company has not made any fair value elections at December 31, 2022. Pursuant to GAAP, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level hierarchy exists in GAAP for fair value measurements based upon the inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability. • • • Level 1 — Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. Level 2 — Valuation is determined from quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active or by model-based techniques in which all significant inputs are observable in the market. Level 3 — Valuation is derived from model-based and other techniques in which at least one significant input is unobservable and which may be based on the Company’s own estimates about the assumptions that market participants would use to value the asset or liability. When available, the Company attempts to use quoted market prices in active markets to determine fair value and classifies such items as Level 1 or Level 2. If quoted market prices in active markets are not available, fair value is often determined using model-based techniques incorporating various assumptions including interest rates, prepayment speeds and credit losses. Assets and liabilities valued using model-based techniques are classified as either Level 2 or Level 3, depending on the lowest level classification of an input that is considered significant to the overall valuation. The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured on a recurring basis at estimated fair value. Trading account Mutual funds held in connection with deferred compensation and other arrangements have been classified as Level 1 valuations. Valuations of investments in municipal and other bonds can generally be obtained through reference to quoted prices in less active markets for the same or similar securities 173 or through model-based techniques in which all significant inputs are observable and, therefore, such valuations have been classified as Level 2. Investment securities available for sale and equity securities The majority of the Company’s available-for-sale investment securities have been valued by reference to prices for similar securities or through model-based techniques in which all significant inputs are observable and, therefore, such valuations have been classified as Level 2. Certain investments in mutual funds and equity securities are actively traded and, therefore, have been classified as Level 1 valuations. Real estate loans held for sale The Company utilizes commitments to sell real estate loans to hedge the exposure to changes in fair value of real estate loans held for sale. The carrying value of hedged real estate loans held for sale includes changes in estimated fair value during the hedge period. Typically, the Company attempts to hedge real estate loans held for sale from the date of close through the sale date. The fair value of hedged real estate loans held for sale is generally calculated by reference to quoted prices in secondary markets for commitments to sell real estate loans with similar characteristics and, accordingly, such loans have been classified as a Level 2 valuation. Commitments to originate real estate loans for sale and commitments to sell real estate loans The Company enters into various commitments to originate real estate loans for sale and commitments to sell real estate loans. Such commitments are accounted for as derivative financial instruments and, therefore, are carried at estimated fair value on the consolidated balance sheet. The estimated fair values of such commitments were generally calculated by reference to quoted prices in secondary markets for commitments to sell real estate loans to certain government-sponsored entities and other parties. The fair valuations of commitments to sell real estate loans generally result in a Level 2 classification. The estimated fair value of commitments to originate real estate loans for sale is adjusted to reflect the Company’s anticipated commitment expirations. The estimated commitment expirations are considered significant unobservable inputs contributing to the Level 3 classification of commitments to originate real estate loans for sale. Significant unobservable inputs used in the determination of estimated fair value of commitments to originate real estate loans for sale are included in the accompanying table of significant unobservable inputs to Level 3 measurements. Interest rate swap agreements used for interest rate risk management The Company utilizes interest rate swap agreements as part of the management of interest rate risk to modify the repricing characteristics of certain portions of its portfolios of earning assets and interest- bearing liabilities. The Company generally determines the fair value of its interest rate swap agreements using externally developed pricing models based on market observable inputs and, therefore, classifies such valuations as Level 2. The Company has considered counterparty credit risk in the valuation of its interest rate swap agreement assets and has considered its own credit risk in the valuation of its interest rate swap agreement liabilities. Other non-hedging derivatives Other non-hedging derivatives consist primarily of interest rate contracts and foreign exchange contracts with customers who require such services with offsetting positions with third parties to minimize the Company's risk with respect to such transactions. The Company generally determines the fair value of its other non-hedging derivative assets and liabilities using externally developed pricing models based on market observable inputs and, therefore, classifies such valuations as Level 2. 174 The following tables present assets and liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021 measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis: December 31, 2022 Trading account ........................................................ Investment securities available for sale: U.S. Treasury and federal agencies....................... Mortgage-backed securities: Government issued or guaranteed Commercial................................................... Residential..................................................... Other debt securities ............................................. Equity securities........................................................ Real estate loans held for sale................................... Other assets (a).......................................................... Total assets............................................................ Other liabilities (a) .................................................... Total liabilities ...................................................... December 31, 2021 Trading account ........................................................ Investment securities available for sale: U.S. Treasury and federal agencies....................... Mortgage-backed securities: Government issued or guaranteed Residential..................................................... Other debt securities ............................................. Equity securities........................................................ Real estate loans held for sale................................... Other assets (a).......................................................... Total assets............................................................ Other liabilities (a) .................................................... Total liabilities ...................................................... Fair Value Measurements Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 (In thousands) $ 117,847 $ 117,847 $ — $ 7,670,960 — 7,670,960 574,299 2,330,118 173,584 10,748,961 151,458 162,393 435,969 $11,616,628 1,355,326 $ 1,355,326 $ 49,745 $ $ $ 574,299 — 2,330,118 — — 173,584 — 10,748,961 6,169 145,289 162,393 — 435,517 — $11,353,040 263,136 — 1,309,301 — $ 1,309,301 49,545 $ 200 678,690 — 678,690 3,155,312 121,802 3,955,804 77,640 899,282 442,453 $ 5,424,924 93,843 93,843 $ — — — 68,850 — — 118,395 — — $ 3,155,312 121,802 3,955,804 8,790 899,282 430,725 $ 5,294,801 88,555 88,555 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ — — — — — — — — 452 452 46,025 46,025 — — — — — — — 11,728 11,728 5,288 5,288 (a) Comprised predominantly of interest rate swap agreements used for interest rate risk management (Level 2), interest rate and foreign exchange contracts not designated as hedging instruments (Level 2), commitments to sell real estate loans (Level 2) and commitments to originate real estate loans to be held for sale (Level 3). 175 The changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were as follows: Investment Securities Available for Sale Privately Issued Mortgage-Backed Securities Other Assets and Other Liabilities (In thousands) 2022 Balance — January 1, 2022.................................................................... $ Total gains realized/unrealized: Included in earnings ......................................................................... Transfers out of Level 3 ......................................................................... Balance — December 31, 2022.............................................................. $ Changes in unrealized gains included in earnings related to assets still held at December 31, 2022 ................................ $ 2021 Balance — January 1, 2021.................................................................... $ Total gains realized/unrealized: Included in earnings ......................................................................... Settlements ............................................................................................. Transfers out of Level 3 ......................................................................... Balance — December 31, 2021.............................................................. $ Changes in unrealized gains included in earnings related to assets still held at December 31, 2021 ................................ $ 2020 Balance — January 1, 2020.................................................................... $ Total gains realized/unrealized: Included in earnings ......................................................................... Transfers out of Level 3 ......................................................................... Balance — December 31, 2020.............................................................. $ Changes in unrealized gains included in earnings related to assets still held at December 31, 2020 ................................ $ — $ — — — $ — $ 16 $ — (16) — — $ — $ 16 $ — — 16 $ — $ 6,440 (34,396) (a) (17,617) (b) (45,573) (45,758) (a) 43,234 126,223 (a) — (163,017) (b) 6,440 8,619 (a) 10,740 194,469 (a) (161,975) (b) 43,234 42,597 (a) (a) (b) Reported as mortgage banking revenues in the consolidated statement of income and includes the fair value of commitment issuances and expirations. Transfers out of Level 3 consist of interest rate locks transferred to closed loans. The Company is required, on a nonrecurring basis, to adjust the carrying value of certain assets or provide valuation allowances related to certain assets using fair value measurements. The more significant of those assets follow. Loans Loans are generally not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Periodically, the Company records nonrecurring adjustments to the carrying value of loans based on fair value measurements for partial charge-offs of the uncollectable portions of those loans. Nonrecurring adjustments also include certain impairment amounts for collateral-dependent loans when establishing the allowance for credit losses. Such amounts are generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral supporting the loan and, as a result, the carrying value of the loan less the calculated valuation amount does not necessarily represent the fair value of the loan. Real estate collateral is typically valued using appraisals or other indications of value based on recent comparable sales of similar properties or assumptions generally 176 observable in the marketplace and the related nonrecurring fair value measurement adjustments have generally been classified as Level 2, unless significant adjustments have been made to the valuation that are not readily observable by market participants. Non-real estate collateral supporting commercial loans generally consists of business assets such as receivables, inventory and equipment. Fair value estimations are typically determined by discounting recorded values of those assets to reflect estimated net realizable value considering specific borrower facts and circumstances and the experience of credit personnel in their dealings with similar borrower collateral liquidations. Such discounts were generally in the range of 15% to 90% with a weighted-average of 39% at December 31, 2022. As these discounts are not readily observable and are considered significant, the valuations have been classified as Level 3. Automobile collateral is typically valued by reference to independent pricing sources based on recent sales transactions of similar vehicles and the related nonrecurring fair value measurement adjustments have been classified as Level 2. Collateral values for other consumer installment loans are generally estimated based on historical recovery rates for similar types of loans, which at December 31, 2022 was 62%. As these recovery rates are not readily observable by market participants, such valuation adjustments have been classified as Level 3. Loans subject to nonrecurring fair value measurement were $853 million at December 31, 2022 ($329 million and $524 million of which were classified as Level 2 and Level 3, respectively), $574 million at December 31, 2021 ($340 million and $234 million of which were classified as Level 2 and Level 3, respectively), and $652 million at December 31, 2020 ($339 million and $313 million of which were classified as Level 2 and Level 3, respectively). Changes in fair value recognized during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 for partial charge- offs of loans and loan impairment reserves on loans held by the Company at the end of each of those years were decreases of $191 million, $53 million and $222 million, respectively. Assets taken in foreclosure of defaulted loans Assets taken in foreclosure of defaulted loans are primarily comprised of commercial and residential real property and are generally measured at the lower of cost or fair value less costs to sell. The fair value of the real property is generally determined using appraisals or other indications of value based on recent comparable sales of similar properties or assumptions generally observable in the marketplace, and the related nonrecurring fair value measurement adjustments have generally been classified as Level 2. Assets taken in foreclosure of defaulted loans subject to nonrecurring fair value measurement were not material at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Changes in fair value recognized during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 for foreclosed assets held by the Company at the end of each of those years were not material. 177 Capitalized servicing rights Capitalized servicing rights are initially measured at fair value in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. The Company utilizes the amortization method to subsequently measure its capitalized servicing assets. In accordance with GAAP, the Company must record impairment charges, on a nonrecurring basis, when the carrying value of certain strata exceed their estimated fair value. To estimate the fair value of servicing rights, the Company considers market prices for similar assets, if available, and the present value of expected future cash flows associated with the servicing rights calculated using assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future servicing income and expense. Such assumptions include estimates of the cost of servicing loans, loan default rates, an appropriate discount rate and prepayment speeds. For purposes of evaluating and measuring impairment of capitalized servicing rights, the Company stratifies such assets based on the predominant risk characteristics of the underlying financial instruments that are expected to have the most impact on projected prepayments, cost of servicing and other factors affecting future cash flows associated with the servicing rights. Such factors may include financial asset or loan type, note rate and term. The amount of impairment recognized is the amount by which the carrying value of the capitalized servicing rights for a stratum exceed estimated fair value. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance. The determination of fair value of capitalized servicing rights is considered a Level 3 valuation. Capitalized servicing rights related to residential mortgage loans of $138 million required a valuation allowance of $24 million at December 31, 2021. There was no valuation allowance required at December 31, 2022. Significant unobservable inputs used in this Level 3 valuation included weighted-average prepayment speeds of 14.64% and a weighted-average option-adjusted spread of 900 basis points at December 31, 2021. Changes in fair value recognized for impairment of capitalized servicing rights were decreases in the valuation allowance of $24 million in 2022 and $6 million in 2021, compared with an increase of $23 million in 2020. Significant unobservable inputs to Level 3 measurements The following tables present quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements for Level 3 assets and liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021: Valuation Technique Unobservable Inputs / Assumptions Range (Weighted- Average) Fair Value (In thousands) December 31, 2022 Recurring fair value measurements Net other assets (liabilities) (a)........................................ $ (45,573) Discounted cash flow Commitment expirations 0% - 97% (3%) December 31, 2021 Recurring fair value measurements Net other assets (liabilities) (a)........................................ $ 6,440 Discounted cash flow Commitment expirations 0% - 80% (10%) (a) Other Level 3 assets (liabilities) consist of commitments to originate real estate loans. Sensitivity of fair value measurements to changes in unobservable inputs An increase (decrease) in the estimate of expirations for commitments to originate real estate loans would generally result in a lower (higher) fair value measurement. Estimated commitment expirations are derived considering loan type, changes in interest rates and remaining length of time until closing. 178 Disclosures of fair value of financial instruments The carrying amounts and estimated fair value for financial instrument assets (liabilities) are presented in the following tables: Financial assets: Cash and cash equivalents................................. Interest-bearing deposits at banks ...................... Federal funds sold............................................ Trading account ............................................... Investment securities ........................................ Loans and leases: Commercial loans and leases ......................... Commercial real estate loans.......................... Residential real estate loans ........................... Consumer loans............................................ Allowance for credit losses ............................ Loans and leases, net ................................. Accrued interest receivable ............................... Financial liabilities: December 31, 2022 Carrying Amount Estimated Fair Value Level 1 (In thousands) Level 2 Level 3 $ 1,517,244 24,958,719 3,000 117,847 25,210,871 1,517,244 24,958,719 3,000 117,847 24,056,322 1,371,688 145,556 — 24,958,719 3,000 — 117,847 — 23,860,445 145,289 — — — — 50,588 41,850,566 45,364,571 23,755,947 20,593,079 (1,925,331) 129,638,832 646,250 41,139,985 43,214,646 21,780,214 20,093,523 — 126,228,368 646,250 — — — — — — — 130,652 7,049,540 — 41,139,985 43,083,994 14,730,674 — 20,093,523 — — 119,048,176 7,180,192 — 646,250 Noninterest-bearing deposits ............................. Savings and interest-checking deposits............... Time deposits .................................................. Short-term borrowings...................................... Long-term borrowings...................................... Accrued interest payable................................... $ (65,501,860) (87,911,463) (10,101,545) (3,554,951) (3,964,537) (81,356) (65,501,860) (87,911,463) (10,143,110) (3,554,951) (3,926,489) (81,356) — (65,501,860) — (87,911,463) — (10,143,110) — (3,554,951) — (3,926,489) (81,356) — — — — — — — Other financial instruments: Commitments to originate real estate loans for sale................................................. Commitments to sell real estate loans................. Other credit-related commitments...................... Interest rate swap agreements used for interest rate risk management .................... Interest rate and foreign exchange contracts not designated as hedging instruments ...................................... $ (45,573) 54,424 (148,772) (45,573) 54,424 (148,772) (7,892) (7,892) (920,316) (920,316) — — — — — — 54,424 — (7,892) (920,316) (45,573) — (148,772) — — 179 December 31, 2021 Carrying Amount Estimated Fair Value Financial assets: Cash and cash equivalents................................. $ 1,337,577 Interest-bearing deposits at banks ...................... 41,872,304 Trading account ............................................... 49,745 Investment securities ........................................ 7,155,860 Loans and leases: Commercial loans and leases ......................... Commercial real estate loans.......................... Residential real estate loans ........................... Consumer loans............................................ Allowance for credit losses ............................ Loans and leases, net ................................. Accrued interest receivable ............................... 23,473,324 35,389,730 16,074,445 17,974,953 (1,469,226) 91,443,226 335,162 1,337,577 41,872,304 49,745 7,192,476 23,285,224 34,730,191 16,160,799 18,121,363 — 92,297,577 335,162 Financial liabilities: Noninterest-bearing deposits ............................. $(60,131,480) Savings and interest-checking deposits............... (68,603,966) Time deposits .................................................. (2,807,963) Short-term borrowings...................................... (47,046) Long-term borrowings...................................... (3,485,369) Accrued interest payable................................... (40,866) (60,131,480) (68,603,966) (2,810,143) (47,046) (3,562,223) (40,866) Other financial instruments: Commitments to originate real estate loans for sale................................................. $ Commitments to sell real estate loans................. Other credit-related commitments...................... Interest rate swap agreements used for interest rate risk management .................... Interest rate and foreign exchange contracts not designated as hedging instruments............. 6,440 7,525 (123,032) 6,440 7,525 (123,032) (207) (207) 334,852 334,852 Level 1 (In thousands) Level 2 Level 3 1,205,269 — 49,545 68,850 132,308 41,872,304 200 7,066,293 — — — 57,333 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 425,010 4,524,018 — 23,285,224 34,305,181 11,636,781 — 18,121,363 — — 87,348,549 4,949,028 — 335,162 (60,131,480) (68,603,966) (2,810,143) (47,046) (3,562,223) (40,866) — — — — — — — 7,525 — (207) 334,852 6,440 — (123,032) — — With the exception of marketable securities, certain off-balance sheet financial instruments and mortgage loans originated for sale, the Company’s financial instruments are not readily marketable and market prices do not exist. The Company, in attempting to comply with the provisions of GAAP that require disclosures of fair value of financial instruments, has not attempted to market its financial instruments to potential buyers, if any exist. Since negotiated prices in illiquid markets depend greatly upon the then present motivations of the buyer and seller, it is reasonable to assume that actual sales prices could vary widely from any estimate of fair value made without the benefit of negotiations. the value of financial Additionally, changes in market instruments in a short period of time. interest rates can dramatically impact The Company does not believe that the estimated information presented herein is representative of the earnings power or value of the Company. The preceding analysis, which is inherently limited in depicting fair value, also does not consider any value associated with existing customer relationships nor the ability of the Company to create value through loan origination, deposit gathering or fee generating activities. Many of the estimates presented herein are based upon the use of highly subjective information and assumptions and, accordingly, the results may not be precise. Management believes that fair value estimates may not be comparable between financial institutions due to the wide range of permitted valuation techniques and numerous estimates which must be made. Furthermore, because the disclosed fair value amounts were estimated as of the balance sheet date, the amounts actually realized or paid upon maturity or settlement of the various financial instruments could be significantly different. 180 22. Commitments and contingencies In the normal course of business, various commitments and contingent liabilities are outstanding. The following table presents the Company’s significant commitments. Certain of these commitments are not included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 (In thousands) Commitments to extend credit Home equity lines of credit ................................................................................... $ Commercial real estate loans to be sold ................................................................ Other commercial real estate ................................................................................. Residential real estate loans to be sold .................................................................. Other residential real estate ................................................................................... Commercial and other ........................................................................................... Standby letters of credit............................................................................................. Commercial letters of credit ...................................................................................... Financial guarantees and indemnification contracts.................................................. Commitments to sell real estate loans ....................................................................... 8,261,560 348,701 5,776,116 31,208 505,121 32,625,840 2,376,644 65,066 4,022,432 533,458 $ 5,693,045 324,943 4,998,631 233,257 924,211 22,145,057 2,151,595 31,981 4,211,797 1,367,523 Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to customers, generally having fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses that may require payment of a fee. In addition to the amounts presented in the preceding table, the Company had discretionary funding commitments to commercial customers of $11.7 billion and $10.8 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, that the Company had the unconditional right to cancel prior to funding. Standby and commercial letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Standby letters of credit generally are contingent upon the failure of the customer to perform according to the terms of the underlying contract with the third party, whereas commercial letters of credit are issued to facilitate commerce and typically result in the commitment being funded when the underlying transaction is consummated between the customer and a third party. The credit risk associated with commitments to extend credit and standby and commercial letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved with extending loans to customers and is subject to normal credit policies. Collateral may be obtained based on management’s assessment of the customer’s creditworthiness. Financial guarantees and indemnification contracts are predominantly comprised of recourse obligations associated with sold loans and other guarantees and commitments. Included in financial guarantees and indemnification contracts are loan principal amounts sold with recourse in conjunction with the Company’s involvement in the Fannie Mae Delegated Underwriting and Servicing program. The Company’s maximum credit risk for recourse associated with loans sold under this program totaled approximately $3.9 billion and $4.0 billion at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the Company estimated that the recourse obligations described above were not material to the Company’s consolidated financial position. There have been no material losses incurred as a result of those credit recourse arrangements. Since many loan commitments, standby letters of credit, and guarantees and indemnification contracts expire without being funded in whole or in part, the contract amounts are not necessarily indicative of future cash flows. The Company utilizes commitments to sell real estate loans to hedge exposure to changes in the fair value of real estate loans held for sale. Such commitments are accounted for as derivatives and along with commitments to originate real estate loans to be held for sale are recorded in the consolidated balance sheet at estimated fair market value. The Company is contractually obligated to repurchase previously sold residential real estate loans investor sale criteria related to underwriting procedures or loan that do not ultimately meet 181 documentation. When required to do so, the Company may reimburse loan purchasers for losses incurred or may repurchase certain loans. The Company reduces residential mortgage banking revenues by an estimate for losses related to its obligations to loan purchasers. The amount of those charges is based on the volume of loans sold, the level of reimbursement requests received from loan purchasers and estimates of losses that may be associated with previously sold loans. At December 31, 2022, the Company believes that its obligation to loan purchasers was not material to the Company’s consolidated financial position. M&T and its subsidiaries are subject in the normal course of business to various pending and threatened legal proceedings and other matters in which claims for monetary damages are asserted. On an on-going basis management, after consultation with legal counsel, assesses the Company’s liabilities and contingencies in connection with such proceedings. For those matters where it is probable that the Company will incur losses and the amounts of the losses can be reasonably estimated, the Company records an expense and corresponding liability in its consolidated financial statements. To the extent the pending or threatened litigation could result in exposure in excess of that liability, the amount of such excess is not currently estimable. Although not considered probable, the range of reasonably possible losses for such matters in the aggregate, beyond the existing recorded liability, was between $0 and $25 million at December 31, 2022. Although the Company does not believe that the outcome of pending litigations will be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position, it cannot rule out the possibility that such outcomes will be material to the consolidated results of operations for a particular reporting period in the future. 23. Segment information Reportable segments have been determined based upon the Company’s internal profitability reporting system, which is organized by strategic business unit. Certain strategic business units have been combined for segment information reporting purposes where the nature of the products and services, the type of customer and the distribution of those products and services are similar. The reportable segments are Business Banking, Commercial Banking, Commercial Real Estate, Discretionary Portfolio, Residential Mortgage Banking and Retail Banking. The financial information of the Company’s segments was compiled utilizing the accounting policies described in note 1 with certain exceptions. The more significant of these exceptions are described herein. The Company allocates interest income or interest expense using a methodology that charges users of funds (assets) interest expense and credits providers of funds (liabilities) with income based on the maturity, prepayment and/or repricing characteristics of the assets and liabilities. A provision for credit losses is allocated to segments in an amount based largely on actual net charge- offs incurred by the segment during the period plus or minus an amount necessary to adjust the segment’s allowance for credit losses due to changes in loan balances. In contrast, the level of the consolidated provision for credit losses is determined using the methodologies described in notes 1 and 5. The net effects of these allocations are recorded in the “All Other” category. Indirect fixed and variable expenses incurred by certain centralized support areas are allocated to segments based on actual usage (for example, volume measurements) and other criteria. Certain types of administrative expenses and bankwide expense accruals (including amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets associated with acquisitions of financial institutions) are generally not allocated to segments. Income taxes are allocated to segments based on the Company’s marginal statutory tax rate adjusted for any tax-exempt income or non-deductible expenses. Equity is allocated to the segments based on regulatory capital requirements and in proportion to an assessment of the inherent risks associated with the business of the segment (including interest, credit and operating risk). 182 The management accounting policies and processes utilized in compiling segment financial information are highly subjective and, unlike financial accounting, are not based on authoritative guidance similar to GAAP. As a result, reported segment results are not necessarily comparable with similar information reported by other financial institutions. Furthermore, changes in management structure or allocation methodologies and procedures may result in changes in reported segment financial data. The Company continues to evaluate its indirect fixed and variable expenses included within the “All Other” category to determine if the expenses may be allocated to the Company’s various segments to support strategic business decisions by the Company’s executive leadership. As a result, in 2022 the Company performed the following: an allocation of incentive compensation; a refinement of consumption-driven services allocations including cybersecurity and modeling functions; an expanded allocation of franchise-type services such as risk management, data services and legal services; and a refinement in allocation of technology application costs in support of business activities. Additionally, certain lending relationships within the hospitality sector that had previously received oversight within the Commercial Banking segment were realigned to the Commercial Real Estate segment. Accordingly, financial information presented herein for 2021 and 2020 has been reclassified to provide segment information on a comparable basis, as noted in the following tables. Net Interest Income as Previously Reported Impact of Changes Net Interest Income as Reclassified Provision for Credit Losses as Previously Reported Impact of Changes Provision for Credit Losses as Reclassified Other Noninterest Expense as Previously Reported Impact of Changes Other Noninterest Expense as Reclassified Net Income (Loss) as Previously Reported Impact of Changes Net Income (Loss) as Reclassified For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 (In thousands) 643,415 854,264 $ 518,940 Business Banking Commercial Banking ........... Commercial Real Estate .............. Discretionary Portfolio ........... Residential Mortgage Banking 92,706 Retail Banking....... 1,125,953 All Other ............ 105,876 Total................. $3,824,778 483,624 — 518,940 $ 10,928 — 10,928 $ 341,751 8,514 350,265 $ 213,464 (6,316) 207,148 (21,605) 832,659 101,060 (42,996) 58,064 384,505 7,063 391,568 493,723 5,279 499,002 21,605 665,020 67,405 42,996 110,401 276,791 12,235 289,026 372,326 (18,684) 353,642 — 483,624 3,622 — 92,706 — 1,125,953 105,876 — — 3,824,778 $ (562) 55,692 (313,145) (75,000) — — — — — 3,622 64,122 2,368 66,490 288,766 (1,757) 287,009 332,491 (562) 804,762 55,692 1,082,993 (313,145) (75,000) $ 3,287,415 5,907 24,120 (60,207) 338,398 828,882 1,022,786 172,960 341,486 (23,979) — 3,287,415 $1,858,746 (4,292) (17,893) 43,663 168,668 323,593 19,684 — 1,858,746 Net Interest Income as Previously Reported Impact of Changes Net Interest Income as Reclassified Provision for Credit Losses as Previously Reported Impact of Changes Provision for Credit Losses as Reclassified Other Noninterest Expense as Previously Reported Impact of Changes Other Noninterest Expense as Reclassified Net Income (Loss) as Previously Reported Impact of Changes Net Income (Loss) as Reclassified For the Year Ended December 31, 2020 (In thousands) 673,894 864,149 $ 462,614 Business Banking Commercial Banking ........... Commercial Real Estate .............. Discretionary Portfolio ........... Residential Mortgage Banking 52,712 Retail Banking....... 1,204,309 All Other ............ 121,808 Total................. $3,866,317 486,831 — 462,614 $ 25,928 — 25,928 $ 322,868 6,455 329,323 $ 159,220 (4,765) 154,455 (36,509) 827,640 73,099 (4,867) 68,232 375,769 7,053 382,822 508,472 (32,799) 475,673 36,509 710,403 107,210 4,867 112,077 256,428 12,099 268,527 381,828 18,625 400,453 — 486,831 1,508 1,785 — 52,712 108,268 — 1,204,309 — 482,202 121,808 — 3,866,317 $ 800,000 — — — — — 1,508 54,339 8,516 62,855 327,291 (6,290) 321,001 332,028 1,785 764,262 108,268 482,202 959,258 800,000 $ 3,064,952 6,361 45,407 (85,891) 338,389 809,669 873,367 133,652 365,261 (522,572) — 3,064,952 $1,353,152 (4,700) (33,531) 63,460 128,952 331,730 (459,112) — 1,353,152 183 Information about the Company’s segments is presented in the accompanying table. Income statement amounts are in thousands of dollars. Balance sheet amounts are in millions of dollars. Business Banking 2021 2022 2020 For the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 Commercial Real Estate 2021 Commercial Banking 2021 2020 2022 2020 2022 Discretionary Portfolio 2021 2020 2022 Net interest income (a) .........$712,207 $518,940 $462,614 $1,338,552 $ 832,659 $ 827,640 $ 736,791 $ 665,020 $ 710,403 $ 163,695 $ 483,624 $ 486,831 Noninterest income (b)......... 150,298 (1,735) 485,096 862,505 1,508 17,154 406,708 1,745,260 72,200 294,172 1,126,831 58,064 270,772 1,098,412 68,232 207,280 944,071 (5,621) (38,638) 444,986 3,622 (69,077) 94,618 5,156 214,386 924,789 112,077 226,991 892,011 110,401 123,854 642,794 10,928 103,837 566,451 25,928 — — — Provision for credit losses...... Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets.... Depreciation and other amortization.................. 1,097 5,638 Other noninterest expense...... 421,052 667,282 Income (loss) before taxes ..... 423,202 1,000,140 Income tax expense (benefit) 110,575 270,323 Net income (loss) ..............$312,627 $207,148 $154,455 $ 729,817 $ 499,002 $ 475,673 $ 445,983 $ 353,642 $ 400,453 $ Average total assets (in millions) (b) ..............$ Capital expenditures (in millions) ..................$ 1,106 350,265 280,495 73,347 1,482 329,323 209,718 55,263 2,362 391,568 674,837 175,835 2,421 382,822 644,937 169,264 35,623 289,026 455,901 102,259 28,187 268,527 514,938 114,485 32,900 343,205 573,587 127,604 27,091 $ 27,172 $ 30,599 $ 28,958 $ 27,096 $ 40,930 $ 8,152 $ 8,007 $ 7,597 $ — $ 1,060 1,060 — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1 $ 1 $ 1 $ — — — — — — — 285 194 111 62,855 66,490 77,996 420,448 374,680 11,355 (5,181) 99,447 87,671 16,536 $ 287,009 $ 321,001 42,657 $ 22,262 $ 27,726 — $ — $ — Residential Mortgage Banking 2021 2020 2022 Retail Banking 2021 2022 Net interest income (a) .........$ 41,137 $ 92,706 $ 52,712 $1,998,501 $1,125,953 $1,204,309 $ 831,073 $ 105,876 $ 121,808 $5,821,956 $3,824,778 $3,866,317 Noninterest income (b)......... 391,127 2,088,444 5,954,761 432,264 800,000 (1,569) 725,472 2,356,603 847,280 8,178,559 517,000 482,202 2,166,994 5,991,772 (75,000) 307,178 2,305,679 79,921 260,163 1,464,472 108,268 290,610 1,416,563 55,692 963,089 1,794,162 349,759 746,240 852,116 (313,145) 523,765 616,471 (562) 515,549 568,261 1,785 2020 2022 2020 2022 2020 All Other 2021 Total 2021 — — — Provision for credit losses...... Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets.... Depreciation and other amortization.................. 67,994 60,129 Other noninterest expense...... 343,947 338,389 Income (loss) before taxes ..... 21,892 167,958 Income tax expense (benefit) 964 39,006 Net income (loss) ..............$ 20,928 $168,668 $128,952 $ 630,824 $ 323,593 $ 331,730 $ (165,052) $ Average total assets (in millions) (b) ..............$ Capital expenditures (in millions) ..................$ 140,372 1,522,006 (273,599) (108,547) 130,407 1,240,805 854,546 223,722 57,716 338,398 220,919 52,251 93,159 828,882 438,830 115,237 95,936 809,669 450,599 118,869 16,438 $ 17,897 $ 20,312 $ 44,171 $ 4,038 $ 6,463 $ 3,986 $ 55,624 122 $ — $ 91 $ 34 $ 53 $ — $ 1 $ — — — 9,107 13,809 55,624 10,167 14,869 305,419 123,881 3,064,952 1,022,786 1,769,521 9,487 (10,197) 416,369 19,684 $(459,112) $1,991,663 $1,858,746 $1,353,152 116,979 378,519 873,367 4,616,293 (639,077) 2,611,123 619,460 (179,965) 314,041 3,287,415 2,455,149 596,403 43,853 $ 22,996 $ 190,252 $ 152,669 $ 135,480 93 $ 138 $ 214 $ 149 $ 172 (a) (b) Net interest income is the difference between actual taxable-equivalent interest earned on assets and interest paid on liabilities by a segment and a funding charge (credit) based on the Company’s internal funds transfer pricing methodology. Segments are charged a cost to fund any assets (e.g. loans) and are paid a funding credit for any funds provided (e.g. deposits). The taxable-equivalent adjustment aggregated $39,172,000 in 2022 , $14,731,000 in 2021 and $17,288,000 in 2020 and is eliminated in “All Other” net interest income and income tax expense (benefit). Alignment of segment business activity also resulted in a reclassification of noninterest income from the Commercial Banking segment to the Commercial Real Estate segment of $8.8 million in 2021 and $6.0 million in 2020. Average total assets reclassified from the Commercial Banking segment to the Commercial Real Estate segment relating to lending relationships in the hospitality sector totaled $1.46 billion and $1.38 billion in 2021 and 2020, respectively. 184 The Business Banking segment provides deposit, lending, cash management and other financial services to small businesses and professionals through the Company’s banking office network and several other delivery channels, including business banking centers, telephone banking, Internet banking and automated teller machines. The Commercial Banking segment provides a wide range of credit products and banking services to middle-market and large commercial customers, mainly within the markets the Company serves. Among the services provided by this segment are commercial lending and leasing, letters of credit, deposit products and cash management services. The Commercial Real Estate segment provides credit services which are secured by various types of multifamily residential and commercial real estate and deposit services to its customers. Activities of this segment include the origination, sales and servicing of commercial real estate loans. Commercial real estate loans held for sale are included in the Commercial Real Estate Segment. The Discretionary Portfolio segment includes securities; residential real estate loans and other assets; short-term and long-term borrowed funds; brokered deposits; and, through June 2021, Cayman Islands branch deposits. This segment also provides foreign exchange services to customers. The Residential Mortgage Banking segment originates and services residential real estate loans for consumers and sells substantially all originated loans in the secondary market to investors or to the Discretionary Portfolio segment. The segment periodically purchases servicing rights to loans that have been originated by other entities. Residential real estate loans held for sale are included in the Residential Mortgage Banking segment. The Retail Banking segment offers a variety of services to consumers through several delivery channels that include banking offices, automated teller machines, and telephone, mobile and Internet banking. The “All Other” category includes other operating activities of the Company that are not directly attributable to the reported segments; the difference between the provision for credit losses and the calculated provision allocated to the reportable segments; goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets resulting from acquisitions of financial institutions; merger-related gains and expenses resulting from acquisitions; the net impact of the Company’s internal funds transfer pricing methodology; eliminations of transactions between reportable segments; certain nonrecurring transactions; and the residual effects of unallocated support systems and general and administrative expenses. The amount of intersegment activity eliminated in arriving at consolidated totals was included in the “All Other” category as follows: 2022 Year Ended December 31 2021 (In thousands) 2020 Revenues ................................................................................................... $ (52,865) $ (55,556) $ (47,604) Expenses.................................................................................................... (14,038) Income taxes ............................................................................................ (8,824) Net income................................................................................................ (24,742) (15,273) (9,736) (27,856) (13,599) (10,846) (31,111) The Company conducts substantially all of its operations in the United States. There are no transactions with a single customer that in the aggregate result in revenues that exceed ten percent of consolidated total revenues. 185 24. Regulatory matters Payment of dividends by M&T’s banking subsidiaries is restricted by various legal and regulatory limitations. Dividends from any banking subsidiary to M&T are limited by the amount of earnings of the banking subsidiary in the current year and the preceding two years. For purposes of this test, at December 31, 2022, approximately $1.07 billion was available for payment of dividends to M&T from banking subsidiaries. M&T may pay dividends and repurchase stock only in accordance with a capital plan that the Federal Reserve Board has not objected to. Banking regulations prohibit extensions of credit by the subsidiary banks to M&T unless appropriately secured by assets. Securities of affiliates are not eligible as collateral for this purpose. M&T and its subsidiary banks are required to comply with applicable capital adequacy regulations established by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements. Pursuant to the rules in effect as of December 31, 2022, the required minimum and well capitalized capital ratios are as follows: M&T (Consolidated) Common equity Tier 1 ("CET1") to risk-weighted assets ........................................... Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets................................................................................ Total capital to risk-weighted assets ................................................................................. Leverage — Tier 1 capital to average total assets, as defined .................................... Bank Subsidiaries CET1 to risk-weighted assets ............................................................................................. Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets................................................................................ Total capital to risk-weighted assets ................................................................................. Leverage — Tier 1 capital to average total assets, as defined .................................... Minimum Capitalized Well 4.5% 6.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 4.0% Minimum Capitalized Well 6.5% 4.5% 6.0% 8.0% 8.0% 10.0% 5.0% 4.0% Capital regulations require buffers in addition to the minimum risk-based capital ratios noted above. M&T is subject to a stress capital buffer requirement that is determined through the Federal Reserve’s supervisory stress tests and M&T’s bank subsidiaries are subject to a 2.5% capital conservation buffer requirement. The buffer requirement must be composed entirely of CET1 and for each entity was 2.5% of risk-weighted assets through September 30, 2022. In June 2022, the Federal Reserve released the results of its most recent supervisory stress tests. Based on those results, on October 1, 2022, M&T's stress capital buffer of 4.7% became effective. 186 The capital ratios and amounts of the Company and its banking subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are presented below: M&T (Consolidated) M&T Bank (Dollars in thousands) Wilmington Trust, N.A. December 31, 2022: CET1 capital Amount .......................................................................... $ 15,562,037 Ratio(a) .......................................................................... 10.44% $ 16,673,578 $ 11.23% 585,968 254.50% Tier 1 capital Amount .......................................................................... Ratio(a) .......................................................................... 17,572,586 16,673,578 11.79% 11.23% 585,968 254.50% Total capital Amount .......................................................................... Ratio(a) .......................................................................... 20,259,735 18,887,691 13.60% 12.72% 586,879 254.90% Leverage Amount .......................................................................... Ratio(b) .......................................................................... 17,572,586 16,673,578 9.23% 8.77% 585,968 85.73% December 31, 2021: CET1 capital Amount .......................................................................... $ 11,844,833 Ratio(a) .......................................................................... 11.42% $ 12,378,354 $ 779,521 11.98% 31.22% Tier 1 capital Amount .......................................................................... Ratio(a) .......................................................................... 13,594,782 12,378,354 13.11% 11.98% 779,521 31.22% Total capital Amount .......................................................................... Ratio(a) .......................................................................... 15,902,833 14,170,434 15.33% 13.71% 780,791 31.27% Leverage Amount .......................................................................... Ratio(b) .......................................................................... 13,594,782 12,378,354 779,521 8.87% 8.11% 6.23% (a) (b) The ratio of capital to risk-weighted assets, as defined by regulation. The ratio of capital to average assets, as defined by regulation. 25. Relationship with Bayview Lending Group LLC and Bayview Financial Holdings, L.P. M&T holds a 20% minority interest in Bayview Lending Group LLC (“BLG”), a privately-held commercial mortgage company. That investment had no remaining carrying value at December 31, 2022 as a result of cumulative losses recognized and cash distributions received in prior years. Cash distributions now received from BLG are recognized as income by M&T and included in other revenues from operations. That income totaled $30 million in each of 2022 and 2021, compared with $53 million in 2020. Bayview Financial Holdings, L.P. (together with its affiliates, “Bayview Financial”), a privately- held specialty financial company, is BLG’s majority investor. In addition to their common investment in BLG, the Company and Bayview Financial conduct other business activities with each other. The Company has obtained loan servicing rights for mortgage loans from BLG and Bayview Financial having outstanding principal balances of $1.4 billion and $1.6 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Revenues from those servicing rights were $8 million, $9 million and $10 million during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company sub-services residential mortgage loans for Bayview 187 Financial having outstanding principal balances of $96.0 billion and $74.7 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Revenues earned for sub-servicing loans for Bayview Financial were $154 million, $153 million and $129 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In addition, the Company held $50 million and $62 million of mortgage-backed securities in its held-to-maturity portfolio at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, that were securitized by Bayview Financial. At December 31, 2022, the Company held $368 million of Bayview Financial’s $2.3 billion syndicated loan facility. In 2021 the Company purchased $965 million of delinquent FHA guaranteed mortgage loans, including past due accrued interest, from Bayview Financial for $1.0 billion. The servicing rights for such loans were retained by Bayview Financial, but the Company continues to sub-service the loans. 26. Parent company financial statements Condensed Balance Sheet Assets Cash in subsidiary bank..................................................................................... $ Due from consolidated bank subsidiaries: December 31 2022 2021 (In thousands) 130,311 $ 92,836 Money-market savings................................................................................. Current income tax receivable.................................................................... Total due from consolidated bank subsidiaries................................. 1,690,157 3,501 1,693,658 1,335,857 754 1,336,611 Investments in consolidated subsidiaries: Banks................................................................................................................ Other................................................................................................................. Investments in trust preferred entities (note 20) .......................................... Other assets .......................................................................................................... 17,533,772 220,496 22,672 98,010 Total assets................................................................................................ $ 27,324,373 $ 19,304,397 25,005,239 379,906 22,457 92,802 Liabilities Accrued expenses and other liabilities........................................................... $ Long-term borrowings....................................................................................... Total liabilities ......................................................................................... Shareholders’ equity........................................................................................ 103,242 1,297,750 1,400,992 17,903,405 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity ........................................... $ 27,324,373 $ 19,304,397 1,834,382 2,006,383 25,317,990 172,001 $ 188 Condensed Statement of Income 2022 Year Ended December 31 2021 (In thousands, except per share) 2020 Income Dividends from consolidated subsidiaries ....................................... $ 2,508,083 $ 1,025,000 $ 708,500 Income from Bayview Lending Group LLC................................... 52,940 Other income .......................................................................................... 5,110 766,550 Total income ..................................................................................... 30,000 (6,952) 2,531,131 30,000 2,530 1,057,530 Expense Interest on short-term borrowings ..................................................... Interest on long-term borrowings ...................................................... Other expense......................................................................................... Total expense .................................................................................... Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries ...................................................................... Income tax credits ................................................................................. Income before equity in undistributed income of 6,024 57,565 50,016 113,605 - 24,073 35,406 59,479 - 31,924 33,704 65,628 2,417,526 22,477 998,051 6,052 700,922 1,984 subsidiaries.......................................................................................... 2,440,003 1,004,103 702,906 Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries Net income of subsidiaries .................................................................. 1,879,643 1,358,746 Less: dividends received...................................................................... (708,500) 650,246 Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries .............................. Net income .............................................................................................. $ 1,991,663 $ 1,858,746 $1,353,152 Net income per common share 2,059,743 (2,508,083) (1,025,000) 854,643 (448,340) Basic ................................................................................................... $ Diluted................................................................................................ 11.59 $ 11.53 13.81 $ 13.80 9.94 9.94 189 Condensed Statement of Cash Flows 2022 Year Ended December 31 2021 (In thousands) 2020 Cash flows from operating activities Net income ............................................................................................. $ 1,991,663 $1,858,746 $ 1,353,152 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries........................ Provision for deferred income taxes........................................... Net change in accrued income and expense ............................. Net cash provided by operating activities ................................. Cash flows from investing activities Net investment in consolidated subsidiaries .................................. Acquisition, net of cash consideration............................................. Other, net................................................................................................ Net cash provided (used) by investing activities ..................... Cash flows from financing activities Repayment of short-term borrowings assumed in acquisition Proceeds from long-term borrowings .............................................. Purchases of treasury stock ................................................................ Dividends paid — common ............................................................... Dividends paid — preferred............................................................... Proceeds from issuance of Series I 448,340 7,487 7,742 2,455,232 53,958 537,978 24,401 616,337 (854,643) 10,356 (23,047) 991,412 (199,000) — (2,777) (201,777) (650,246) 1,079 (24,206) 679,779 125,654 — 50,396 176,050 (500,000) 499,250 (1,800,000) (784,089) (96,927) — — — — — (373,750) (568,112) (68,256) (580,260) (68,200) preferred stock ................................................................................... Other, net................................................................................................ Net cash used by financing activities ......................................... Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents .................. Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year............................ Cash and cash equivalents at end of year........................................ $ 1,820,468 $1,428,693 $ Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information Interest received during the year....................................................... $ Interest paid during the year .............................................................. Income taxes received during the year ............................................ 1,972 (2,679,794) 391,775 1,428,693 — 495,000 (7,551) — (5,992) (161,011) (1,016,110) (160,281) 628,624 960,350 800,069 800,069 1,493 30,913 11,528 49,419 28,153 20,457 53,067 1,332 $ 1,165 $ 190 Changes to Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity Issuer’s Accounting for Certain Modifications or Exchanges of Freestanding Equity-Classified Written Call Options Lessor’s Accounting for Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments 27. Recent accounting developments The following table provides a description of accounting standards that were adopted by the Company in 2022 as well as standards that are not effective that could have an impact to M&T’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption. Standard Description Standards Adopted in 2022 The amendments reduce the number of accounting models for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred stock. The amendments also reduce form-over- substance-based guidance for the derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity. Required date of adoption January 1, 2022 Effect on consolidated financial statements At January 1, 2022 the Company did not have the types of instruments affected by the amended guidance and, therefore, the adoption had no impact on its consolidated financial statements. The amendments clarify and reduce diversity in an issuer’s accounting for modifications or exchanges of freestanding equity-classified written call options (for example, warrants) that remain equity classified after modification or exchange. January 1, 2022 At January 1, 2022 the Company did not have the types of instruments affected by the amended guidance and, therefore, the adoption had no impact on its consolidated financial statements. January 1, 2022 The Company adopted the amended guidance effective January 1, 2022 using a prospective transition method. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The amendments update the classification guidance for lessors. Under the amended guidance lessors should classify and account for a lease with variable lease payments that do not depend on a reference index or a rate as an operating lease if both of the following criteria are met: 1. The lease would have been classified as a sales-type lease or a direct financing lease. 2. The lessor would have otherwise recognized a day- one loss. When a lease is classified as operating, the lessor does not recognize a net investment in the lease, does not derecognize the underlying asset, and, therefore, does not recognize a selling profit or loss. 191 Standard Description Standards Not Yet Adopted as of December 31, 2022 The amendments require that an entity (acquirer) recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with specified revenue recognition guidance. At the acquisition date, an acquirer should account for the related revenue contracts as if it had originated the contracts and may assess how the acquiree applied the revenue guidance to determine what to record for such contracts. The guidance is generally expected to result in an acquirer recognizing and measuring the acquired contract assets and contract liabilities consistent with how they were recognized and measured in the acquiree’s financial statements. The amendments allow multiple hedged layers to be designated for a single closed portfolio of financial assets or one or more beneficial interests secured by a portfolio of financial instruments. If multiple hedged layers are designated, the amendments require an analysis to be performed to support the expectation that the aggregate amount of the hedged layers is anticipated to be outstanding for the designated hedge periods. Only closed portfolios may be hedged under the portfolio layer method (that is, no assets can be added to the closed portfolio once established), however designating new hedging relationships and dedesignating existing hedging relationships associated with the closed portfolio any time after the closed portfolio is established is permitted. Required date of adoption January 1, 2023 Early adoption permitted January 1, 2023 Early adoption permitted Effect on consolidated financial statements The amendments should be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendments. However, if early adoption is elected, the amendments should be applied (1) retrospectively to all business combinations for which the acquisition date occurs on or after the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period of early application and (2) prospectively to all business combinations that occur on or after the date of initial application. The Company does not expect the guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. The amendments should be applied on a modified retrospective basis by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings on the initial application date. The Company does not expect the guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. The amendments (1) eliminate the accounting guidance for TDRs and require enhanced disclosure for certain loan refinancings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and (2) require disclosure of current- period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases within credit loss disclosures. January 1, 2023 Early adoption permitted January 1, 2024 Early adoption permitted The amendments clarify that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also clarify that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. In addition, the amendments require the following disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions: 1. The fair value of equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions reflected in the balance sheet; 2. The nature and remaining duration of the restriction(s); and 3. The circumstances that could cause a lapse in the restriction(s). The amendments should be applied prospectively, except for the amendments related to the recognition and measurement of TDRs for which an option is permitted to apply a modified retrospective transition method. Under the amended guidance the Company will no longer be required to identify TDRs and apply specialized accounting to such loans. The Company does not expect the guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements outside of the modified disclosure requirements. The amendments should be applied prospectively with any adjustments from the adoption of the amendments recognized in earnings and disclosed on the date of adoption. The Company does not expect the guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers in a Business Combination Fair Value Hedging of Multiple Hedge Layers under Portfolio Layer Method Accounting for Troubled Debt Restructurings (TDRs) and Expansion of Vintage Disclosures Applicable to Credit Losses Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions 192 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. (a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon their evaluation of the effectiveness of M&T’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act rules 13a- 15(e) and 15d-15(e)), René F. Jones, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, and Darren J. King, Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that M&T’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2022. (b) Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting. Included under the heading “Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” at Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (c) Attestation report of the registered public accounting firm. Included under the heading “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” at Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (d) Changes in internal control over financial reporting. M&T regularly assesses the adequacy of its internal control over financial reporting and enhances its controls in response to internal control assessments and internal and external audit and regulatory recommendations. No changes in internal control over financial reporting have been identified in connection with the evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or reporting. are reasonably likely to materially affect, M&T’s internal control over Management has excluded processes and controls of People’s United that have not yet been converted to M&T's systems or processes from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting for the year ended December 31, 2022. Assets and liabilities associated with those processes and procedures as of December 31, 2022 include loans and leases of $5.8 billion, other assets of $107 million and other liabilities of $184 million. Approximately $280 million of total revenues for the nine months ended December 31, 2022 was contributed from business activities of People's United that have not yet been converted to M&T's systems or processes. financial Item 9B. Other Information. None. Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections. None. PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. The information required to be furnished pursuant to Items 401, 405, 406 and 407(c)(3), (d)(4) and (d)(5) of Regulation S-K will be included in M&T’s Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of 2022 (the “2023 Proxy Statement”). The information concerning M&T’s directors will appear under the caption “NOMINEES FOR DIRECTOR” in the 2023 Proxy Statement. The information concerning M&T’s Code of Ethics for CEO and Senior Financial Officers will appear under the caption “CORPORATE GOVERNANCE OF M&T BANK CORPORATION” in the 2023 193 Proxy Statement. The information regarding the procedures by which shareholders can recommend director nominees as well as M&T’s Audit Committee, including “audit committee financial experts,” will also appear under the caption “CORPORATE GOVERNANCE OF M&T BANK CORPORATION.” The information concerning compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act if necessary, under the caption “STOCK OWNERSHIP INFORMATION.” Such will appear, information is incorporated herein by reference. The information concerning M&T’s executive officers is presented under the caption “Executive Officers of the Registrant” contained in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 11. Executive Compensation. The information required to be furnished pursuant to Items 402 and 407(e)(4) and (e)(5) of Regulation S-K will appear under the captions “COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS,” “EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION,” “DIRECTOR COMPENSATION,” “COMPENSATION AND HUMAN CAPITAL COMMITTEE INTERLOCKS AND INSIDER PARTICIPATION,” and “COMPENSATION AND HUMAN CAPITAL COMMITTEE REPORT” in the 2023 Proxy Statement. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. The information required to be furnished pursuant to Item 403 of Regulation S-K will appear under the caption “STOCK OWNERSHIP INFORMATION” in the 2023 Proxy Statement. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. The information required to be furnished pursuant to Item 201(d) concerning equity compensation plans is presented under the caption “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities” contained in Part II, Item 5 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. The information required to be furnished pursuant to Items 404 and 407(a) of Regulation S-K will appear under the caption “TRANSACTIONS WITH DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS” and “CORPORATE GOVERNANCE OF M&T BANK CORPORATION” in the 2023 Proxy Statement. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services. The information required to be furnished by Item 9(e) of Schedule 14A will appear under the caption “PROPOSAL TO RATIFY THE APPOINTMENT OF PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS LLP AS THE INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM OF M&T BANK CORPORATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 2023” in the 2023 Proxy Statement. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. 194 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules. (a) Financial statements and financial statement schedules filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. See Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Financial statement schedules are not required or are inapplicable, and therefore have been omitted. (b) Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K. The exhibits listed have been previously filed, are filed herewith or are incorporated herein by reference to other filings. 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of February 21, 2021, by and between M&T Bank Corporation, Bridge Merger Corp. and People’s United Financial, Inc. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of M&T Bank Corporation’s Form 8-K dated February 25, 2021 (File No. 1-9861). Amendment No. 1 to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated February 21, 2021, by and among M&T Bank Corporation, Bridge Merger Corp., a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of M&T Bank Corporation, and People’s United Financial, Inc. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K of M&T Bank Corporation filed on February 25, 2021. (File No. 1-9861). Restated Certificate of Incorporation of M&T Bank Corporation, effective November 16, 2022. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 8-K dated November 18, 2022 (File No. 1-9861). Amended and Restated Bylaws of M&T Bank Corporation, effective November 15, 2022. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Form 8-K dated November 18, 2022 (File No. 1-9861). There are no instruments with respect to long-term debt of M&T Bank Corporation and its subsidiaries that involve securities authorized under the instrument in an amount exceeding 10 percent of the total assets of M&T Bank Corporation and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. M&T Bank Corporation agrees to provide the SEC with a copy of instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of M&T Bank Corporation and its subsidiaries on request. Description of Registrant’s Securities. Filed herewith. M&T Bank Corporation Annual Executive Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.3 to the Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1998 (File No. 1- 9861).* M&T Bank Corporation Supplemental Pension Plan, as amended and restated. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 (File No. 1-9861).* Amendment No. 1 to M&T Bank Corporation Supplemental Pension Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of M&T Bank Corporation’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (File No. 1-9861).* Amendment No. 2 to M&T Bank Corporation Supplemental Pension Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of M&T Bank Corporation’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation Supplemental Retirement Savings Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 (File No. 1-9861).* 195 Amendment No. 1 to M&T Bank Corporation Supplemental Retirement Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of M&T Bank Corporation’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (File No. 1-9861).* Amendment No. 2 to M&T Bank Corporation Supplemental Retirement Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of M&T Bank Corporation’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation Deferred Bonus Plan, as amended and restated. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation 2019 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan. Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Proxy Statement of M&T Bank Corporation dated March 7, 2019 (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation Form of Performance Share Unit Award Agreement. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to M&T Bank Corporation’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation Form of Performance Share Unit Award Agreement. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to M&T Bank Corporation’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 (File No. 1-9861).* Amendment No. 3 to M&T Bank Corporation Supplemental Pension Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to M&T Bank Corporation’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation Leadership Retirement Savings Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to M&T Bank Corporation’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation Form of Performance-Hurdled Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to M&T Bank Corporation’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation Form of Stock Option Agreement. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to M&T Bank Corporation’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation Form of Directors’ Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to M&T Bank Corporation’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021 (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation Form of Directors’ Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (one-year vesting). Filed herewith.* M&T Bank Corporation Voluntary Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to M&T Bank Corporation’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. (File No. 1-9861).* Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement, dated as of February 21, 2021, by and between John P. Barnes and People’s United Financial, Inc. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K of M&T Bank Corporation filed on April 4, 2022. (File No. 1-9861).* Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement, dated as of February 21, 2021, by and between Kirk W. Walters and People’s United Financial, Inc. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Current Report on Form 8-K of M&T Bank Corporation filed on April 4, 2022. (File No. 1-9861).* M&T Bank Corporation Form of Performance Share Unit Award Agreement. Filed herewith.* 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 196 11.1 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 Statement re: Computation of Earnings Per Common Share. Incorporated by reference to note 15 of Notes to Financial Statements filed herewith in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Subsidiaries of the Registrant. Incorporated by reference to the caption “Subsidiaries” contained in Part I, Item 1 hereof. Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP re: Registration Statements on Form S-3 (No. 333-259888) and Form S-8 (Nos.33-32044, 333-43175, 333-16077, 333-40640, 333- 84384, 333-127406, 333-150122, 333-164015, 333-163992, 333-160769, 333-159795, 333-170740, 333-189099, 333-184504, 333-189097, 333-184411, 333-231217, 333- 254786, 333-264099, 333-254962 and 333-264392). Filed herewith. Certification of Chief Executive Officer under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith. Certification of Chief Financial Officer under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith. Certification of Chief Executive Officer under 18 U.S.C. §1350 pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith. Certification of Chief Financial Officer under 18 U.S.C. §1350 pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith. 101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. 101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema. Filed herewith. 101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase. Filed herewith. 101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase. Filed herewith. 101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase. Filed herewith. 101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase. Filed herewith. 104 The cover page from M&T Bank Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 has been formatted in Inline XBRL. * Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. (c) Additional financial statement schedules. None. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary. None. 197 Signatures Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on the 22nd day of February, 2023. M&T BANK CORPORATION By: /s/ René F. Jones René F. Jones Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Principal Executive Officer: Title Date /s/ René F. Jones René F. Jones Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer February 22, 2023 Principal Financial Officer: /s/ Darren J. King Darren J. King Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 22, 2023 Principal Accounting Officer: /s/ Michael R. Spychala Michael R. Spychala Executive Vice President and Controller February 22, 2023 A majority of the board of directors: /s/ John P. Barnes John P. Barnes /s/ Robert T. Brady Robert T. Brady /s/ Carlton J. Charles Carlton J. Charles /s/ Jane Chwick Jane Chwick 198 February 22, 2023 February 22, 2023 February 22, 2023 February 22, 2023 /s/ William F. Cruger, Jr. William F. Cruger, Jr. /s/ T. Jefferson Cunningham III T. Jefferson Cunningham III /s/ Gary N. Geisel Gary N. Geisel /s/ Leslie V. Godridge Leslie V. Godridge Richard H. Ledgett, Jr. /s/ Melinda R. Rich Melinda R. Rich /s/ Robert E. Sadler, Jr. Robert E. Sadler, Jr. /s/ Denis J. Salamone Denis J. Salamone /s/ John R. Scannell John R. Scannell /s/ Rudina Seseri Rudina Seseri /s/ Kirk W. Walters Kirk W. Walters /s/ Herbert L. Washington Herbert L. Washington February 22, 2023 February 22, 2023 February 22, 2023 February 22, 2023 February 22, 2023 February 22, 2023 February 22, 2023 February 22, 2023 February 22, 2023 February 22, 2023 February 22, 2023 February 22, 2023 199

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