Mannatech Inc.
Annual Report 2008

Plain-text annual report

Enriching Quality of LifeSM 2008 Annual Report 2 0 0 8 A N N U A L R E P O R T L E T T E R T O S H A R E H O L D E R S ‘‘ A company can outperform rivals only if it can establish a difference that it can preserve. —Michael Porter, Renowned Harvard Professor and Strategist ’’ Wayne Badovinus President, Chief Executive Offi cer and Board Member Dear Shareholders, During 2008 we continued to make significant and tangible strides in re-shaping our business. Focusing on the wellness industry was a process we started two years ago. In the spring, we launched BounceBackTM capsules, a product for anyone with an active lifestyle. Our Bounceback capsules have been proven to help relieve the soreness and stiff ness that follow exercise.* formulated I joined the company in June and immediately focused on expense control and re-energizing our great Associate base. The management team and I made some tough decisions to address expense levels. Now, a culture of expense accountability is taking hold throughout the organization. My second priority was to re-energize our Associate base. On 14 weekends, I traveled all across the U.S. and Canada attending regional meetings for an opportunity to listen and deliver the new message of Mannatech. This two-way communication has built excitement and enthusiasm among our Associates. In September we launched OsoLeanTM powder, a fat loss product,* which has been the biggest initial launch in the company’s history as a new product in this short amount of time. We believe that the launch of OsoLean powder was the key driver in the uptick in recruiting in the fourth quarter. With our recent settlement with the Texas Attorney General, we have concluded our last major outstanding litigation. This includes the class action litigation and derivative lawsuits that were all settled during 2008. Compliance and instructional training for Indepen- dent Associates is now a fi rmly estab- lished part of our business culture. Our founder, Sam Caster stepped down in early 2009 as Chairman and now works with me serving in a consultant capacity. We look forward to Sam’s insight supporting business growth for our Associates. Our long-standing lead director, Stanley Fredrick, was elected Chairman. We opened in South Africa and Singapore in 2008 and our 5-year strategic plan includes opening 5–10 more markets over the next fi ve years. We are seeing signs that the business is being revital- ized. We remain incredibly excited and encouraged about the future of our business. This is a new day and a new time for Mannatech. Wayne Badovinus President and CEO *These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. M A N N A T E C H To the Shareholders, As your new Chairman, my top priorities are to represent you the shareholder and to lead the Board in its continuing commitment to strong independent corporate governance. Our highly experienced Board members are passionate about this powerful business model and committed to enhancing shareholder value, while promoting the highest level of ethical standards. I am excited about the potential of Mannatech to make a diff erence in these diffi cult economic times. Our newly structured “Economic Stimulus Plan” is a business strategy that works well with our established wellness products. With so many peo- ple now searching for extra income, Mannatech can provide the answers — proprietary wellness products and business opportunity. We would like to acknowledge our gratitude to Sam Caster, our founder and former Chairman, for his vision and lead- ership in creating this great company. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS: Net sales Gross profi t Income/Loss before income taxes Net income/Loss EARNINGS PER SHARE: Basic Diluted Weighted-average common shares outstanding (in thousands) Basic Diluted FINANCIAL CONDITION: Total cash and investments Total working capital Total assets Total shareholders’ equity Cash fl ows from operations STATISTICS: Current ratio Inventory turnover ratio Debt to equity ratio Dividends paid per share He can now realize his desire to work more with our Independent Associates as a consultant to the com- pany as they transition to our new business opportunity strategy. We are proud of our many Independent Associates worldwide, and recognize their essential role in taking the new Mannatech vision throughout the world. We are fortunate to have attracted Wayne Badovinus as our CEO. We strongly support him and his team as they energize our core business, build the Mannatech brand and continue superior execution in serving our Associates and customers. To be- come “the world’s leading direct to consumer well- ness company” is our shared vision, which continues to drive us in our commitment to returning the company to growth, profi tability and increased shareholder value. J. Stanley Fredrick Chairman of the Board For the year ended December 31, 2008 2007 2006 (in millions, except per share information and ratios) $333 $135 $(18) $(13) $(0.48) $(0.48) 26,461 26,461 $31 $32 $124 $69 $(20) 1.7 1.8 0.03 $0.22 $413 $164 $10 $7 $0.25 $0.25 26,443 26,893 $60 $26 $152 $87 $18 1.5 2.5 0.2 $0.36 $410 $169 $48 $32 $1.22 $1.19 26,598 27,219 $71 $29 $152 $89 $40 1.6 2.7 0.1 $0.32 2 0 0 8 A N N U A L R E P O R T A N E W E R A A T M A N N A T E C H ‘‘ What would it be like to have not only color vision but culture vision, the ability to see the multiple worlds of others? —Mary Catherine Bateson, Peripheral Visions ’’ Mannatech is moving through a powerful evolutionary development. We are renewing our focus on the business-building oppor- tunity while expanding our presence in the wellness industry. Mannatech off ers a powerful combination of unique, proprietary and natural products with one of the highest commission rates in the industry. To support the new evolution, Mannatech is focusing on growing the leadership skills We are also developing programs to penetrate new consumer segments in the sports nutrition industry, specifi cally the sports fi tness category. Today, this category represents an $18 billion business. It is expected to continue to grow exponentially over the next decade. As part of this initiative, we continue to high- light accomplishments of our Team MannatechSM athletes. One of our key Team Mannatech mem- bers and role models is basketball Hall of Famer, of our Independent Associates. Associates can achieve success by Nancy Lieberman, who has greatly empowered our female utilizing key leadership skills to eff ectively manage their businesses. Associates to succeed in their own businesses. With new products such as OsoLean powder, a fat-loss product, and Our Team Mannatech members embody discipline in pursuing their BounceBack capsules, a natural way to reduce soreness after a work- goals every day. This discipline is further evidenced in their success out, Mannatech is laying the foundation for the new era.* in rapidly growing their own Mannatech businesses. In addition, our own Economic Stimulus Plan is creating excitement A new culture of optimism, accountability and determination exists throughout our Associate community. These lower-priced product throughout our company. We embrace this new era of Associate packs provide the perfect entry point for the new Associate business opportunity, keen attention to compliance and unique interested in building a business. products for the wellness market. *These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. M A N N A T E C H W E L L N E S S F O R T H E W O R L D Because we know that wellness is the constant, conscious pursuit of living life to its fullest, Mannatech offers solutions for everyday people looking for optimal physical and fi nancial health. Mannatech’s innovative, high-quality, dietary supplements off er unique benefi ts based on proprietary technologies. Since 1994, our complete line of science-based supplements has helped enrich lives. Over the years, our Intelligent SupplementationSM philos- ophy has enabled Mannatech to remain one of the foremost leaders in the wellness revolution. The Highest Quality At Mannatech, we are committed to creating only the highest-quality products. To that end, fi ve important factors help ensure we consistently meet customer, regulatory and industry standards: strict adherence to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), regulatory compliance, quality, evaluation and safety Health Mannatech is committed to supporting overall well-being through products designed to help people maintain good health. By harnessing the latest wellness technologies, our individual products target the body’s health needs in spe- cifi c areas such as digestive, immune support, antioxidant support, general nutrition and even children’s nutrition.* Weight and Fitness We have long recognized that maintaining a healthy, lean muscle-to-fat ratio is critical to achieving a more gratifying quality of life. Our Weight and Fitness products help people achieve a healthy, fi t body by supplying impor- tant nutrients to enhance fat loss and support workouts.* criteria ensure our Independent Associates and consumers receive only the best, every time. Skin Care Product Portfolio Not satisfi ed with supporting health on the “inside” only, Mannatech also off ers products that refl ect the wellness lifestyle through gor- Because we know that wellness is the constant, conscious pursuit geous, glowing skin. The Mannatech Optimal Skin Care System™ of living life to its fullest, Mannatech off ers solutions for everyday and Body Care products nourish, hydrate and revitalize skin while people looking for optimal physical and fi nancial health. improving its natural texture and beauty. Our product line consists of three important categories that are 100% Satisfaction Guarantee gaining considerable attention today: Health, Weight and Fitness, We guarantee the full satisfaction of customers and Associates with and Skin Care. each of our products through our 6-month (180-day) 100% guarantee. *These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. 2 0 0 8 A N N U A L R E P O R T P U R P O S E A N D P A S S I O N ‘‘ I encourage Associates to view themselves as the CEO of their own business. With our unique, proprietary products, seamless global structure and high commission rate, each Associate has an unmatched business-building opportunity and is positioned to help others improve their quality of life. —Wayne Badovinus ’’ Mannatech is proud to be a network marketing company. Networking ensures that our proprietary products are available only directly from our world-wide team of Independent Associates. Fueled by a passion for helping others, our Associates are experiencing not just physical but also fi nancial wellness by sharing our life- changing products and business opportunity with those they care about. Since the technology behind our cutting-edge products is so new, It might be a product experience that fi rst draws a customer we have found they are best shared through one-on-one relation- to Mannatech, or perhaps it’s the very real necessity of ships, with ample opportunities for questions. supplementing the family income. No matter what the need may be, our outstanding products can fi ll it. In addition, our high com- Our Associates encompass diverse groups of people from many mission rate and global seamless compensation structure help diff erent cultures, nationalities, ethnic groups, career paths and ages. ensure that the Mannatech family of business-builders is fi nan- From stay-at-home moms to former business executives, for the last cially rewarded for their eff orts all along the way. And now, with 15 years, hundreds of thousands of Associates all over the world our new, more economical $499 Product Packs and great new have discovered a deepening sense of purpose and fulfi llment as products like our OsoLean powder and BounceBack capsules, they help enrich the lives of family, friends and loved ones. Associates worldwide are re-energized and more committed to their businesses than ever. 2008 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K X ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 or TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from ________to ________ Commission File No. 000-24657 MANNATECH, INCORPORATED (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter) Texas (State or other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 75-2508900 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 600 S. Royal Lane, Suite 200, Coppell, Texas (Address of Principal Executive Offices) 75019 (Zip Code) Registrant’s Telephone Number, including Area Code: (972) 471-7400 Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share Title of each class Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No X Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes No X Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Sections 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No X Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer [ ] Accelerated filer X Non-accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No X At June 30, 2008, the aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was $85,313,436, based on the closing sale price of $5.44, as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market. The number of shares of the Registrant’s common stock outstanding as of March 6, 2009 was 26,460,788 shares. Documents Incorporated by Reference Mannatech incorporates information required by Part III (Items 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14) of this report by reference to its definitive proxy statement for its 2009 annual shareholders’ meeting to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A no later than 120 days after the end of its fiscal year. TABLE OF CONTENTS Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Item 15. Part I Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders Part II Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Part III Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accountant Fees and Services Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Signatures Part IV Page 1 3 22 31 31 31 31 32 35 36 58 59 59 60 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 64 Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements Certain disclosures and analysis in this Form 10-K, including information incorporated by reference, may include forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Opinions, forecasts, projections, guidance or other statements other than statements of historical fact are considered forward-looking statements and reflect only current views about future events and financial performance. Some of these forward-looking statements include statements regarding: • management’s plans and objectives for future operations; • existing cash flows being adequate to fund future operational needs; • • • • • • • • • • future plans related to budgets, future capital requirements, market share growth, and anticipated capital projects and obligations; the realization of net deferred tax assets; the ability to curtail operating expenditures; global statutory tax rates remaining unchanged; the impact of future market changes due to exposure to foreign currency translations; the possibility of certain policies, procedures, and internal processes minimizing exposure to market risk; the impact of new accounting pronouncements on financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows; the outcome of new or existing litigation matters; the outcome of new or existing regulatory inquiries or investigations; and other assumptions described in this report underlying such forward-looking statements. Although we believe that the expectations included in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, these forward-looking statements are subject to certain events, risks, assumptions, and uncertainties, including those discussed below and in the “Risk Factors” section in Item 1A of this Form 10-K, and elsewhere in this Form 10-K and the documents incorporated by reference herein. If one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results and developments could materially differ from those expressed in or implied by such forward-looking statements. For example, any of the following factors could cause actual results to vary materially from our projections: • • • • • • • • • • overall growth or lack of growth in the nutritional supplements industry; plans for expected future product development; changes in manufacturing costs; shifts in the mix of packs and products; the future impact of any changes to global associate career and compensation plans or incentives; the ability to attract and retain independent associates and members; new regulatory changes that may affect operations and/or products; the competitive nature of our business with respect to products and pricing; publicity related to our products or network-marketing; and the political, social, and economic climate. 1 Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by use of phrases or terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “approximates,” “predicts,” “projects,” “potential,” and “continues” or other similar words or the negative of such terms and other comparable terminology. Similarly, descriptions of Mannatech’s objectives, strategies, plans, goals, or targets contained herein are also considered forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned when considering these forward-looking statements to keep in mind these risks, assumptions, and uncertainties and any other cautionary statements in this report, as all of the forward-looking statements contained herein speak only as of the date of this report. Unless stated otherwise, all financial information throughout this report and in the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes include Mannatech, Incorporated and all of its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis and may be referred to herein as “Mannatech,” “the Company,” “its,” “we,” “our,” or “their.” Our products are not intended to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent any disease and any statements about our products contained in this report have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. 2 Item 1. Business Overview PART I Mannatech, Incorporated is a global wellness solution provider, which was incorporated and began operations in November 1993. We currently sell our products in the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Denmark, Germany, South Africa, and Singapore. We develop and sell innovative, high-quality, proprietary nutritional supplements, topical and skin care products, and weight-management products that target optimal health and wellness. We operate as a single business segment and primarily sell our products and starter and renewal packs through a network of independent associates and members. As of December 31, 2008, we had approximately 531,000 independent associates and members who have purchased our products within the last 12 months. We sell our products through network-marketing, which we feel is a very effective communication channel for information about both our business and our products. Today there are thousands of products that can be purchased by consumers through a vast array of channels including retail centers, mass marketing, the Internet, or network-marketing. We believe the network-marketing channel allows us to effectively communicate the potential benefits and unique properties of our proprietary products to our consumers. We also believe network-marketing effectively accelerates new product introduction into the global marketplace at a lower cost than other more conventional marketing methods such as expensive ad campaigns. In addition, network-marketing provides our business-building independent associates with an avenue to supplement their income and develop financial freedom by building their own businesses centered around our business philosophies and unique products. Since our initial public offering in February 1999, our common stock has traded on the NASDAQ Global Market (formerly the NASDAQ National Market) under the symbol “MTEX”. Information for each of our five most recent fiscal years, with respect to our net sales, results of operations, and identifiable assets is set forth in “Item 6. – Selected Financial Data” of this report. Available Information We make available free of charge, through our Internet website (www.mannatech.com), our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and certain other information filed or furnished with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing, or furnishing such material. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including Mannatech, Incorporated, that electronically file with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov. Additionally, such materials are available in print upon the written request of any shareholder to our principle executive office located at 600 S. Royal Lane, Suite 200, Coppell, Texas 75019, Attention: Investor Relations or by contacting our investor relations department at (972) 471-6512 or IR@mannatech.com. Business Segment, Products and Product Development Business Segment. We operate as a single business segment – primarily as a seller of nutritional supplements through network-marketing distribution channels in twelve countries. For more information with respect to the financial results and conditions of our business segment, including financial information about geographic areas, see Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements. Products. Scientists have discovered that a healthy body consists of many sophisticated components working in harmony to achieve optimal health and wellness and requires accurate cellular communication to function at an optimal level. In its most basic form, a body’s internal communication occurs at the cellular level and is referred to as cell-to-cell communication. Scientists also discovered that there are more than 200 monosaccharides, also called glyconutrients or sugar molecules, which form naturally. Eight of these specific monosaccharides are considered vital components for cellular communication in the human body. Furthermore, scientists discovered that these monosaccharides attach themselves to certain proteins, which then form a molecule called glycoprotein. Harper’s Biochemistry, a leading and nationally-recognized biochemistry reference source, recognizes that these eight sugar molecules are found in human glycoproteins and are believed to be essential in helping to promote and provide effective cell-to-cell communication in the human body. These eight monosaccharides are: 3 • • fucose; galactose; • glucose; • mannose; • N-acetylgalactosamine; • N-acetylglucosamine; • N-acetylneuraminic acid; and • xylose. The history of our proprietary ingredients is as follows: • • • • • • • In 1994, we developed and began selling our first products containing Manapol®, an ingredient that supports cell-to-cell communication. In 1996, we enhanced our products based on the study of glycoproteins and our scientists developed our own proprietary compound, Ambrotose® complex, which we patented. Our Ambrotose® complex is a blend of specific monosaccharides that help provide support for the immune system. In 2001, we broadened our proprietary ingredients by developing the Ambroglycin® blend, a balanced food- mineral matrix which helps deliver nutrients to the body and which is used in our proprietary Catalyst™ tablets and the Glycentials® products. In 2004, we introduced our proprietary blend of antioxidant nutrients, MTech AO Blend®, which is used in our proprietary antioxidant Ambrotose AO® product. In 2006, we introduced a unique blend of plant-based minerals, natural vitamins, and standardized phytochemicals for use in our proprietary PhytoMatrix® product. We also introduced a compound used in reformulated Advanced Ambrotose® complex. This compound allows a more potent concentration of the full range of mannose-containing polysaccharides occurring naturally in aloe to be produced in a stable powdered form. In 2007, we introduced into the United States market our skin care line of products that supports skin’s natural texture, beauty, and elasticity. We also launched our PhytoMatrix® caplets, Advanced Ambrotose® capsules and Manna•Bears™ supplement into international markets. In 2008, we launched some highly notable new products such as: (cid:2) Our BounceBack™ capsules, a proprietary proteolytic enzyme and phytosterol dietary supplement that supports the body’s natural recovery processes associated with physical activity. In a double- blind, placebo-controlled human clinical study, BounceBack™ was found to have significant, beneficial effects for aiding recovery after physical activity. (cid:2) Our OsoLean™ powder, a proprietary version of whey protein peptide technology which assists targeted fat loss when combined with exercise and a healthy diet. 4 Our product philosophy focuses on a full spectrum of quality nutritional and personal care products aimed at promoting and maintaining optimal health and wellness. We also offer our independent associates sales aids, including various enrollment and renewal packs, orientation and training programs, brochures, audio and videotapes, DVDs, web- based data management tools, and personalized website development. There are three major categories of our products: Optimal Health, which offers a variety of nutritional supplements that aid in optimizing overall health and wellness. This category includes a variety of daily nutritional supplements, health solutions for children, and additional nutrients to help keep specific body systems healthy. Optimal Weight and Fitness, which offers products designed to curb appetite and burn fat, build lean muscle tissue, and support recovery from overexertion. Optimal Skin, which offers several products designed to improve and strengthen the skin’s own natural texture, softness and elasticity including damaged areas, as well as help deliver vital antioxidants to the skin. The following table summarizes our products by category: Product Category Optimal Health Optimal Weight and Fitness Optimal Skin Representative Products Ambrotose® complex, Ambrotose AO®, Advanced Ambrotose®, PhytoMatrix®, Glyco-Bears®, MannaBears™, Catalyst™, PLUS™, Manna-C™, CardioBALANCE®, ImmunoSTART®, BounceBack™, MannaCLEANSE™, PhytAloe®, GI-Pro®, and GI-Zyme®. OsoLean™, Accelerator3™, FiberSlim®, GlycoSlim®, AmbroStart®, SPORT™, and EmPact®. Emprizone®, FIRM with Ambrotose®, Face Cleansing Cream, Skin Lotion, Skin Serum, Eye Cream, After Shave Milk, Cleansing Oil, and Skin Cream. Product Development. Our product committee continues to focus on potential new products and compounds that help target or promote overall health and wellness. When considering new products and compounds, our product committee considers the following criteria: • marketability and proprietary nature of the product; • demand for the product; • • • • competitors’ products; regulatory considerations; availability of ingredients; and existence of data supporting claims of efficacy and safety. To maintain a flexible operating strategy and the ability to increase production capacity, we contract with third- parties to manufacture all of our products, which allows us to effectively respond to fluctuations in demand with minimal investment and helps control our operating costs. We believe our suppliers and manufacturers are capable of meeting our current and projected inventory requirements over the next several years. However, as a safety measure, we have also identified and approved alternative suppliers and manufacturers to ensure that our global demands are met in a timely manner and to help minimize any risk of business interruption. 5 Industry Overview Nutrition Industry We operate in the nutritional supplement industry and distribute and sell our products through our own global network-marketing channel. The nutritional supplement industry is highly fragmented and intensely competitive. It includes companies that manufacture and distribute products that are generally intended to enhance the body’s performance and well being. Nutritional supplements include vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements, herbs, botanicals, and compounds derived therefrom. Prior to 1990, all dietary supplements in the United States were tightly regulated by the Food & Drug Administration (“FDA”) and only included essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and proteins. In 1990, the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act expanded the category to include “herbs or similar nutritional substances,” but the FDA maintained control over pre-market approval. However, in 1994, the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (“DSHEA”) was passed in the United States, drastically changing the dietary supplement marketplace. The DSHEA was instrumental in expanding the category of dietary supplements to further include herbal and botanical supplements and ingredients such as ginseng, fish oils, enzymes, and various mixtures of these ingredients. Under DSHEA, vendors of dietary supplements are now able to educate consumers regarding the effects of certain component ingredients. Nutritional supplements are sold through mass market retailers, drug stores, supermarkets, discount stores, health food stores, mail order companies, and direct sales organizations. Direct selling, of which network-marketing is a significant segment, has grown significantly and has been enhanced in the past decade as a distribution channel due to advancements in technology and communications resulting in improved product distribution and faster dissemination of information. The Nutrition Business Journal is a research, publishing and consulting company serving the nutrition, natural products, and alternative health care industries. According to the Nutrition Business Journal, Supplement Business Report 2008, the United States’ supplement sales to consumers in 2007 were $23.7 billion, which represented a sales growth of 5.8%. Also in the report was a forecast for a 4-6% compound annual sales growth rate for 2008 through 2017. Historical sales for 2007 and 2006, and growth forecasts for 2008 from the different sectors within the United States nutrition industry were as follows: Nutrition Industry Sector Functional foods Nutritional supplements Natural and organic foods Natural personal care Total nutrition industry Projected 2008 % 36 % 25 % 29 10 % 100 % 2007 37 % 25 % 28 % 10 % 100 % 2006 37 % 26 % 28 % 9 % 100 % Of the total reported annual revenues from the United States nutrition industry, sited above, the percentage of total annual revenues by sales outlet type for 2007 and 2006 were as follows: Nutrition Industry Sales Outlet Grocer, drug, mass merchandise or club Specialty retail Mail order Multi-level marketing/direct selling Practitioner Internet Total sales by sales outlet 2007 54 % 33 % 2 % 8 % 2 % 1 % 100 % 2006 54 % 33 % 2 % 8 % 2 % 1 % 100 % 6 The Nutrition Business Journal also reported that global nutritional industry sales for 2007 were $246.4 billion, which represented sales growth of 7.9%. Predictions for 2008 were that the global nutritional industry would grow 7.7%. The expected growth rate for the global nutrition industry is largely attributed to the following: • • • • • • the wide acceptance of the Internet and increased access to information by consumers; the rising cost of traditional health care; the growing acceptance and study of the concept of natural-based alternatives; the general aging of the population; the passage of regulatory acts in foreign markets similar to those in the United States, such as the DSHEA; and the innovation of products. Direct Selling/Network-Marketing Channel Since the 1990’s, the direct selling and network-marketing sales channel has grown in popularity and general acceptance, including acceptance by prominent investors and capital investment groups who have invested in direct-selling companies. This has provided direct selling companies with additional recognition and credibility in the growing global marketplace. In addition, many large corporations have diversified their marketing strategy by entering the direct selling arena. Several consumer-product companies have launched their own direct selling businesses with international operations often accounting for the majority of their revenues. Consumers and investors are beginning to realize that direct selling provides unique opportunities and a competitive advantage in today’s markets. Businesses are able to quickly communicate and develop strong relationships with their customers, by-pass expensive ad-campaigns, and introduce products and services that would otherwise be difficult to promote through traditional distribution channels such as retail stores. Direct selling is a channel of distribution with steady annual growth, healthy cash flow, high return on invested capital, and long-term prospects for global expansion. According to the worldwide direct sales data published by the World Federation of Direct Selling Association, in 2007 there were approximately 62.7 million sales people around the world who collectively generated annual retail sales of $114 billion. Operating Strengths 1. High-Quality, Innovative, Proprietary Products. Our product concept is based on the scientific belief that certain glyconutrients, also known as monosaccharides or sugar molecules, are essential for maintaining a healthy immune system. We believe the addition of effective nutritional supplements to a well-balanced diet, coupled with an effective exercise program, will enhance and help maintain optimal health and wellness. Our products are formulated with predominately naturally-occurring, plant-derived, carbohydrate-based safe ingredients that are designed to use nutrients working through normal physiology to help achieve and maintain optimal health and wellness, rather than developing common synthetic, carbohydrate-based products. We believe that our patented proprietary blend of Ambrotose® complex found in the majority of our products distinguishes us as a leader in the global nutritional supplements industry and that no other combination of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, or herbals can replace the glyconutrients found in our Ambrotose ® complex. We also believe the use of unique compounds found in our products allows us to effectively differentiate and distinguish our products from those of our competitors. 2. Research and Development Efforts. We are steadfast in our commitment to quality-driven research and development. We use systematic processes for the research and development of our unique proprietary product formulas, as well as the identification of quality suppliers and manufacturers. Our research and quality assurance programs are outlined on our corporate website, www.mannatech.com. Dr. Robert Sinnott, who we hired in August 2005, leads our team of experienced researchers and scientists. Our team of researchers continually reviews the latest published research data, attends scientific conferences, and draws upon its vast knowledge and expertise to develop new products and support existing ones. In addition, our research team works in collaboration with other research firms, universities, institutes, and scientists. Our products have been the focus of various clinical studies and research programs. 7 Some of our more recent collaborative research projects include: 1) 2) 3) A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study on our recently introduced BounceBack™ product, which showed a significant reduction in pain and inflammation biomarkers after strenuous physical activity. This research was conducted by Medicus Research (Northridge, CA). Preclinical research projects conducted with the University of Ghent (Belgium). These studies, which used a proprietary Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Environment (SHIME) system, demonstrated that both the Ambrotose® complex and Advanced Ambrotose® capsules had significant, quantifiable prebiotic activities. A double-blind, placebo-controlled human trial with a developmental version of Mannatech’s Empact® sports recovery drink. This research, conducted at Angelo State University, demonstrated that versions of the Empact® sports drink mix without creatine maintain beneficial effects for healthy biomarkers of exercise physiology. To support our research and development efforts, we have strategic alliances with our suppliers, consultants, and manufacturers, which allow us to effectively identify and develop high-quality, innovative, proprietary products that increase our competitive advantage in the marketplace. Our research and development efforts include developing and maintaining quality standards, supporting development efforts for new ingredients and compounds, and improving or enhancing existing products or ingredients. In addition, our research and development team identifies other quality-driven suppliers and manufacturers for both our global and regional needs. In 2008, 2007, and 2006, we invested approximately $5.0 million, $6.6 million, and $6.5 million, respectively, in research and development efforts and projects, and we plan to spend approximately $5.9 million in 2009. 3. Quality Assurance Program. We use qualified manufacturing contractors to produce, test, and package our finished products. These contractors must strictly adhere to our quality assurance program and when necessary be certified by the Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia (“TGA”). The TGA requires companies that manufacture complementary medicines to comply with its good manufacturing practices regulations. In addition to the TGA regulations, our quality assurance program is designed to comply with the following regulations: • • • the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practice (“GMP”) in manufacturing, packaging, labeling, or holding operations for dietary supplements; the FDA’s GMP for human food; the requirements of the Natural Health Products Directorate of Canada; and • Korean Food and Drug Administration. We have established a quality assurance program designed to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and to ensure that proper controls are maintained in the manufacturing, evaluation, packaging, storage, and distribution of our products. These controls include a comprehensive supplier quality program that requires frequent audits and surveillances, third-party certifications, and product monitoring. Our in-house quality assurance program is led by a team of professionals, many of whom have extensive experience in the pharmaceutical industry and continually monitor the quality assurance aspects of our products, including the production process. Our quality assurance professionals develop quality standards for raw material, components and products, and perform tests and inspections to ensure that products are safe and of high quality. We require our dietary supplements to be packaged with seals to help minimize the risk of tampering. We also perform stability studies under controlled and accelerated temperature storage conditions to ensure the accuracy of the shelf life of our products. 4. High-Caliber, Industry-Leading Independent Associates. Our global team of independent associates are comprised of very dedicated, hard working, high-caliber, compliance-oriented individuals, many of whom have been associated with the network-marketing industry for decades and have been loyal to us since our beginning in 8 1993. To capitalize on their wealth of knowledge and experience, we sponsor a panel of independent associates, called the “North American Associate Advisory Council”, and a panel of international independent associates, called the “Global Advisory Council” (collectively called the “Advisory Council”), which help identify and effectively relay the needs of our independent business-building associates to us. The members of the Advisory Council are elected by their peers and serve a three-year term. The Advisory Council meets periodically with our team of senior management to recommend changes, discuss issues, and provide new ideas or concepts, including a full spectrum of innovative ideas for additional quality-driven nutritional supplements aimed at maintaining optimal health and wellness. 5. Support Philosophy for Our Independent Associates and Members. We are fully committed to providing the highest level of support services to our independent associates and members and believe that we meet expectations and build customer loyalty through the following: • • • • • providing efficient order processing centers to support operations; offering highly-personalized and responsive customer service; offering a 100% satisfaction guarantee product return policy for the first 180 days following the product’s purchase; providing a comprehensive corporate website, which provides instant access to Internet ordering, marketing and educational information, and unique and innovative marketing tools; offering free personalized website development for our independent associates; • maintaining an extensive web-based downline management system called Success Tracker™ that provides access to web conferencing and downline organization reporting for our independent associates at minimal costs; • • • • offering updated training/orientation and compliance programs for our independent associates; providing strategically based distribution fulfillment centers to ensure products are shipped on time and at minimal cost; sponsoring comprehensive training about our products and promotional materials, and offering a full spectrum of comprehensive educational materials; and sponsoring several corporate events, which are designed to provide information, education, and motivation for our dedicated business-building associates and to help stimulate business development. These events provide an interactive venue for introducing new products and services and allow interaction between our management teams, outside researchers, and independent associates. 6. Flexible Operating Strategy. We believe efficiency, focus, and flexibility are paramount to our operations. For over a decade, we have contracted with third parties to produce our proprietary raw materials and to manufacture our proprietary products, which we believe allows us to minimize capital expenditures, capitalize on such parties’ expertise, and build additional resources for strategic alliances in the areas of distribution and logistics, product registration, and export requirements. By contracting with various suppliers and manufacturers and by outsourcing distribution for all of our foreign operations, except Europe, we believe we can quickly adapt operations to current demands in a timely, efficient, and cost-effective manner. We monitor the performance of our third party contractors to ensure they maintain a high quality of service. In addition, we identify alternative sources for our raw materials suppliers and finished goods manufacturers to help prevent any risk of interruption in production should any existing contractors become unable to perform satisfactorily. 7. Experience and Depth of Our Management Team. We believe our team of executives has extensive experience in all aspects of business operations and is highly-focused on our success. Our Board of Directors is composed of nine directors, including one executive officer and six independent directors. Our board members have a wealth of knowledge and experience in most aspects of our business operations and are especially well versed in network-marketing, finance, nutritional products, regulatory matters, and corporate governance. Our entire management team is committed to delivering high-quality products and superior service. 9 Business Strategy Our long-term goal is to be the world’s leading direct-to-consumer wellness brand founded on the best science- based proprietary products and a powerful global independent network distribution model. To achieve our goal, we believe we must focus on the following business priorities: • Attracting New Independent Associates and Retaining Existing Independent Associates. We continually examine our global associate career and compensation plan and periodically introduce new incentives, such as our annual travel incentives, in order to attract, motivate, and retain independent associates. We believe our global associate career and compensation plan encourages greater associate retention, motivation, and productivity. • Carefully Planning and Executing New Market Entries. In order to expand efficiently around the globe, we must continue to present maximum opportunity to our current associates as well as those who will join us in the future. • Developing New Products and Enhancing Existing Products. We continue to focus on new areas for future product development. We continue our research efforts and strive to ensure that all of our products are made from high-quality, effective ingredients that contain one or more of our proprietary compounds, which we believe contributes to our cutting-edge industry leader goals. We expect that any future products we develop will further complement and enhance our existing products. • Strengthening our Financial Results and Adding Value to Our Shareholders and Independent Associates. We believe we can continue to concentrate on improving financial results by focusing on ways to increase our revenues in both our domestic and foreign operations, and continuing to control operating costs. Intellectual Property Trademarks. We aggressively pursue registrations for all trademarks associated with our key products and protection of our legal rights concerning our trademarks. As of December 31, 2008, we had 30 registered trademarks in the United States and nine trademark applications pending with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. At December 31, 2008, we also had 386 registered trademarks in 21 countries and 60 trademark applications pending in 11 foreign jurisdictions. Globally, the protection available in foreign jurisdictions may not be as extensive as the protection available to us in the United States. Where available, we rely on common law trademark rights to protect our unregistered trademarks, even though such rights do not provide us with the same level of protection as afforded by a United States federal registration of a trademark. Common law trademark rights are limited to the geographic area in which the trademark is actually used. A United States federal trademark registration enables us to stop infringing use of the trademark by a third party anywhere in the United States provided the unauthorized third party user does not have superior common law rights in the trademark within a specific geographical area of a particular state or region prior to the date our mark federally registers. Patents. We applied for patent protection in various countries for formulations and use of compositions and methods that relate to our Ambrotose® complex. As of December 31, 2008, we had obtained 44 patents for technology related to the Ambrotose® formulation, five of which are in the United States and the remainder of which are in 29 foreign jurisdictions. We also have nine pending patent applications in the United States. Two United States pending patent applications relate to our Ambrotose® complex technology and three of our United States pending patent applications relate to our antioxidant technology. The other patent applications relate to i) PhytoMatrix®, a vitamin and mineral supplement; ii) our Rapid Saccharide Biomarker Assay; iii) our Processing of Natural Saccharide Polysaccharides (Probiotic and Prebiotic); and iv) Soluable Fiber patent. Depending on the jurisdiction, an issued patent grants us certain rights to prevent others from: making, offering to sell, using, importing and/or selling the patented subject matter for the term of the patent. The exclusionary rights of these patents are national in scope. Until a patent is approved and issued, we cannot exclude others from making, using, selling, offering to sell, or importing a product that falls within the scope of the claims in the application. 10 Associate Distribution System Overview. Our sales philosophy is to distribute our products through network-marketing channels where consumers purchase products for personal consumption or resale. Members purchase our products for personal use at a discounted retail value, but do not participate in our global associate career and compensation plan. Independent associates purchase our products at a discounted wholesale value and are eligible to participate in our global associate career and compensation plan. All of our associates are independent contractors. We provide each new independent associate with our policies and procedures that require the independent associates to comply with regulatory guidelines and act in a consistent and professional manner. Our revenues are heavily dependent upon the retention and productivity of independent associates to help us achieve long-term growth. We believe the introduction of new innovative incentives, such as travel incentives, will continue to motivate our independent associates and help expand our global purchasing base. We remain actively committed to expanding the number of our independent associates through recruitment, support, motivation, and incentives. Total independent associates and members purchasing our products within the 12 months ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 were approximately 531,000 and 575,000, respectively. To gain operating efficiencies, we offer a 10% discount to independent associates and a 5% discount to members who enroll in our automatic monthly order program. Our automatic monthly order program allows our independent associates to receive a standing order every four weeks and our members to receive a standing order once a month. Automatic monthly orders, on average, account for approximately 79% of our total orders placed during a calendar month. Independent Associate Development. Network-marketing consists of enrolling individuals who build a network of independent associates, members, and retail customers who purchase products. We support our independent associates by providing an array of support services that can be tailored to meet individual needs, including: • • • offering educational meetings and corporate-sponsored events that emphasize business-building and compliance-related information; sponsoring various informative and science-based conference calls, web casts, and seminars; providing automated services through the Internet and telephone that offer a full spectrum of information and business-building tools; • maintaining an efficient decentralized ordering and distribution system; • providing highly personalized and responsive order processing and customer service support accessable by multiple communication channels including telephone, Internet, or e-mail; • • • offering 24-hour, seven days a week access to information and ordering through the Internet; offering Success Tracker™, a customized business-building genealogy system, which contains graphs, maps, alerts, reports, and web video conferencing for our independent associates; and providing a wide assortment of business-building and educational materials to help stimulate product sales and simplify enrollment. Together with continuing independent associates, we provide training and education for new independent associates about our products and network-marketing. We offer a unique global orientation/training program that integrates audio, video, and graphics so that associates can customize their own individual, unique marketing and training program. This training program helps provide systematic and uniform training related to our products and related global regulatory requirements, global associate career and compensation plan, and various methods of conducting business including ethics and compliance. We also offer a variety of brochures, monthly newsletters, two magazines, and other promotional materials to associates to assist in their sales efforts, training, and continuing education. We continually update our training and promotional materials to provide our associates with the most current information and motivational tools. 11 Our global associate career and compensation plan consists of ten independent associate achievement levels. Independent associate achievement levels from lowest to highest include: • • • • • • • • • • active; qualified; regional; national; executive; presidential; bronze; silver; gold; and platinum. Independent associate achievement levels are determined by the growth and volume of direct and indirect commissionable net sales credited to the associate’s global organization. Global commissionable net sales are calculated based on certain product and pack sales, which are assigned a product point volume. Promotional materials and training aids are not assigned any point volume. Independent associates earn points, which in turn earn commissions from their direct and indirect global product sales, as well as points for expanding their networks. This point structure is referred to as our global seamless downline structure, which allows independent associates to build their global organization by expanding their existing downlines into all international markets rather than having to establish new downlines to qualify for higher levels of commissions within each new country. Our global associate career and compensation plan is designed to comply with all applicable governmental regulations that govern the various aspects of payments to independent associates in each country. Based upon our knowledge of industry-related network-marketing compensation plans, we believe our global associate career and compensation plan remains strong in the industry and is currently among the most financially rewarding plans offered. Together, our commissions and incentives range from 43% to 46% of our consolidated net sales, and we expect it to remain in the same percentage range in the future. Our global associate career and compensation plan pays various types of commissions and incentives based upon a point system that calculates a percentage of the independent associate’s commissionable direct and indirect net sales and the attainment of certain associate achievement levels. All payments to our independent associates are made after they have earned their commissions. We believe our global associate career and compensation plan fairly compensates our independent associates at every stage of building their business by quickly rewarding an independent associate for both the breadth and depth of their global seamless downline structure. Our global associate career and compensation plan identifies and pays 17 types of incentive commissions to our qualified independent associates, which are based on the following: • • • • • • generating product sales from an independent associate’s global downline to earn certain achievement levels; enrolling new independent associates or members who place a product order; obtaining certain achievement levels and enrolling other independent associates in a downline who place monthly automatic orders; obtaining and developing certain achievement levels within their downline organizations to qualify for additional bonuses; building a team of six qualified independent associates in their global downlines who order products regularly; and various other incentive programs, including periodic travel incentives. 12 Management of Independent Associates. We take an active role in monitoring our independent associates’ actions related to the sale of our products and the promotion of certain business opportunities by requiring our independent associates to abide by our policies and procedures. However, we have limited control over monitoring all of our independent associates. To aid in our monitoring efforts, we provide each independent associate with a copy of our policies and procedures prior to or upon signing up as an independent associate. We also use various media formats to distribute changes to our mandatory policies and procedures, posting the changes on our corporate website, and announcing policy and procedure changes on our conference calls, at educational meetings, corporate events, seminars, and in webcasts. Our legal/compliance department, in cooperation with other departments and associates, periodically evaluates the conduct of our independent associates and the need for new and/or revised policies and procedures. Our legal/compliance program assists in maintaining high ethical standards among our independent associates, which helps our independent associates in their sales efforts. We also sponsor continuing education to ensure that our independent associates understand and abide by our policies and procedures. To help manage our associates, our legal/compliance department periodically monitors independent associates’ websites for content. Associates may use our anonymous compliance reporting system to report non-compliant websites to the compliance department, which then further investigates such websites. In an effort to decrease the number of independent websites owned by our independent associates and to preserve and protect our trademarks, we offer a standardized personal Mannapages® Internet website, which helps our independent associates with their sales efforts and provides consistent, standardized information and education. Our legal/compliance program also relies upon our independent associates to self-regulate by providing a standardized complaint process. When a complaint is filed against an independent associate, our legal/compliance department conducts an investigation of the allegations by obtaining a written response from the independent associate and witness statements, if applicable. Depending on the nature of the violation, we may suspend and/or terminate the non- compliant associate’s agreement and/or may impose various sanctions, including written warnings, probation, withholding commissions, and termination of associate status. Product Return Policy. We stand behind our packs and products and believe we offer a reasonable and industry- standard product return policy to all of our customers. Refunds are not processed until proper approval is obtained. All refunds must be processed and returned in the same form of payment that was originally used in the sale. Each country in which we operate has specific product return guidelines. However, we generally allow our independent associates and members to exchange products as long as the products are unopened and in good condition. In addition, in August 2007, we changed our sales return policy from 90% to a 100% satisfaction guarantee policy for the first 180 days following the product’s purchase. We have three product return policies. Our return policies generally include a separate policy for our retail customers, our members, and our independent associates. • Retail Customer Product Return Policy. Our retail customer product return policy allows a retail customer to return any of our products to the original independent associate who sold the product. Such independent associate will provide the retail customer with a full 100% cash refund for the first 180 days following the product’s purchase. The independent associate may then return or exchange the product based on the independent associate product return policy. • Member Product Return Policy. Our member product return policy allows members to return an order for a full 100% refund within 180 days of the purchase date without termination. After 180 days from the purchase date, the member may not request a refund, and is allowed an exchange only, and may, if abuse of the return policy is found, be terminated as an active member. • Independent Associate Product Return Policy. Our independent associate product return policy allows our independent associates to return an order within one year of the purchase date upon terminating their associate account. We may also allow the independent associate to receive a full 100% refund for the first 180 days following the product’s purchase. After 180 days from the purchase date, the independent associate may not request a refund, and is allowed an exchange only. If we discover abuse of the refund policy, we may terminate the associate’s account unless we caused the error or problem. 13 Information Technology Systems Our information technology and e-commerce systems include a transaction-processing database, financial systems, an associate management system, and comprehensive management tools that are designed to: • minimize the time required to process orders and distribute products; • provide customized ordering information; • • • • quickly respond to information requests, including providing detailed and accurate information to independent associates about qualification and downline activity; provide detailed reports about paid commissions and incentives; support order processing and customer service departments; and help monitor, analyze, and report operating and financial results. To complement our transaction database, we developed a comprehensive management tool called Success Tracker™ that is used both internally and by our independent associates to manage and optimize their business organizations. With this tool, independent associates have constant access to graphs, maps, alerts, and reports on the status of their individual organizations, which helps to optimize their earnings. We also maintain a written service continuity disaster recovery plan that was developed using the guidelines published by the National Institute of Standards of Technology to minimize the risk of loss due to any interruption in business. Our disaster recovery plan encompasses all critical aspects of our business and identifies contacts and resources. Additionally, we perform daily backup procedures and proactively monitor various software, hardware, and network infrastructure systems. We also perform routine maintenance procedures and periodically upgrade our software and hardware to help ensure that our systems work efficiently and effectively and to minimize the risk of business interruption. Although we maintain an extensive disaster recovery plan, a long-term failure or impairment of any of our information technology systems could adversely affect our ability to conduct day-to-day business. Please see “Risk Factors – If our information technology system fails, our operations could suffer.” We continue to enhance our information technology, websites, and e-commerce platforms to remain competitive and efficient. At December 31, 2008 and 2007, net capitalized software cost balances were $21.3 million and $28.2 million, respectively. We are currently in the process of upgrading our website. Government Regulations Domestic Regulations. In the United States, governmental regulations, laws, administrative determinations, court decisions, and similar legal requirements at the federal, state, and local levels regulate companies and network-marketing activities. Such regulations address, among other things: • • • • • • • • • direct selling and network-marketing systems; transfer pricing and similar regulations affecting the amount of foreign taxes and customs duties paid; taxation of our independent associates and requirements to collect taxes and maintain appropriate records; how a company manufactures, packages, labels, distributes, imports, sells, and stores products; product ingredients; product claims; product labels; advertising; and the extent to which we may be responsible for claims made by our independent associates. The following governmental agencies regulate various aspects of our business and our products in the United States: 14 • • • • • • • • the FDA; the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”); the Consumer Product Safety Commission; the Department of Agriculture; the Environmental Protection Agency; the United States Postal Service; state attorney general offices; and various agencies of the states and localities in which our products are sold. The FDA regulates the formulation, manufacturing, packaging, storage, labeling, promotion, distribution, and sale of foods, dietary supplements, over-the-counter drugs, medical devices, and pharmaceuticals. In January 2000, the FDA issued a final rule called “Statements Made for Dietary Supplements Concerning the Effect of the Product on the Structure or Function of the Body”. In the rule and its preamble, the FDA distinguished between permitted claims under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act relating to the effect of dietary supplements on the structure or functions of the body, and impermissible direct or implied claims of the effect of dietary supplements on any disease. In June 2007, the FDA issued a rule, as authorized under the Act, that defined current Good Manufacturing Practices in the manufacture and holding of dietary supplements. Effective January 1, 2006, legislation required specific disclosures in labeling where a food, including a dietary supplement, contains an ingredient derived from any of eight named allergens. Legislation passed at the end of 2006 will require us, beginning in 2008, to report to the FDA any reports of “serious adverse events” associated with the use of a dietary supplement or an over-the-counter drug that is not covered by new drug approval reporting. The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, referred to as DSHEA, revised the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act concerning the composition and labeling of dietary supplements and statutorily created a new class entitled “dietary supplements.” Dietary supplements include vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, and other dietary substances used to supplement diets. A majority of our products are considered dietary supplements as outlined in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. This act requires us to maintain evidence that a dietary supplement is reasonably safe. A manufacturer of dietary supplements may make statements concerning the effect of a supplement or a dietary ingredient on the structure or any function of the body, in accordance with the regulations described above. As a result, we make such statements with respect to our products. In some cases, such statements must be accompanied by a statutory statement that the claim has not been evaluated by the FDA, and the product is not intended to treat, cure, mitigate, or prevent any disease, and the FDA must be notified of such claim within 30 days of first use. The FDA oversees product safety, manufacturing, and product information, such as claims on a product’s label, package inserts, and accompanying literature. The FDA has promulgated regulations governing the labeling and marketing of dietary and nutritional supplement products. The regulations include: • • • • • the identification of dietary or nutritional supplements and their nutrition and ingredient labeling; requirements related to the wording used for claims about nutrients, health claims, and statements of nutritional support; labeling requirements for dietary or nutritional supplements for which “high potency,” “antioxidant,” and “trans-fatty acids” claims are made; notification procedures for statements on dietary and nutritional supplements; and pre-market notification procedures for new dietary ingredients in nutritional supplements. We have a substantiation program that involves the compilation and review of scientific literature pertinent to the ingredients contained in each of our products. We periodically update our substantiation program for evidence for each of our product claims and notify the FDA of certain types of performance claims made in connection with our products. In certain markets, including the United States, specific claims made with respect to a product may change the regulatory status of a product. For example, a product sold as a dietary supplement but marketed as a treatment, prevention, or cure for a specific disease or condition would likely be considered by the FDA or other regulatory bodies as unapproved and thus an illegal drug. To maintain the product’s status as a dietary supplement, its labeling and marketing 15 must comply with the provisions in DSHEA and the FDA’s extensive regulations. As a result, we have procedures in place to promote and assure compliance by our employees and independent associates related to the requirements of DSHEA, the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, and various other regulations. Dietary supplements are also subject to the Nutrition, Labeling and Education Act and various other acts that regulate health claims, ingredient labeling, and nutrient content claims that characterize the level of nutrients in a product. These acts prohibit the use of any specific health claim for dietary supplements unless the health claim is supported by significant scientific research and is pre-approved by the FDA. The FTC and other regulators regulate marketing practices and advertising of a company and its products. In the past several years, regulators have instituted various enforcement actions against numerous dietary supplement companies for false and/or misleading marketing practices, as well as misleading advertising of products. These enforcement actions have resulted in consent decrees and significant monetary judgments against the companies and/or individuals involved. Regulators require a company to convey product claims clearly and accurately and further require marketers to maintain adequate substantiation for their claims. More specifically, the FTC requires such substantiation to be competent and reliable scientific evidence and requires a company to have a reasonable basis for the expressed and implied product claim before it disseminates an advertisement. A reasonable basis is determined based on the claims made, how the claims are presented in the context of the entire advertisement, and how the claims are qualified. The FTC’s standard for evaluating substantiation is designed to ensure that consumers are protected from false and/or misleading claims by requiring scientific substantiation of product claims at the time such claims are first made. The failure to have this substantiation violates the Federal Trade Commission Act. Due to the diverse scope of regulations applicable to our products and the various regulators enforcing these requirements, determining how to conform to all requirements is often open to interpretation and debate. However, our policy is to fully cooperate with any regulatory agency in connection with any inquiries or other investigations. We can make no assurances that regulators will not question any of our actions in the future, even though we have made continuing efforts to comply with all applicable regulations, inquiries, and investigations. International Regulations. We are also subject to extensive regulations in each country in which we operate. Currently we sell our products in Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Denmark, Germany, South Africa, and Singapore. Some of the country-specific regulations include the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • the National Provincial Laws, Natural Health Product Regulations of Canada, and the Federal Competition Act in Canada; the Therapeutic Goods Administration and the Trade Practices Act in Australia; federal and state regulations in Australia; national regulations including the Local Trading Standards Offices in the United Kingdom; regulations from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry in Japan; regulations from the Commerce Commission and the Fair Trade Act of 1993 in New Zealand; the Fair Trade Commission, which oversees the Door to Door Sales Act and the Health and Functional Food Act enforced by the Korea Food and Drug Administration in the Republic of Korea; the Fair Trade Law, which is enforced by the Taiwan Fair Trade Commission and the Administration of Food Hygiene, Health Food Products Administration Act enforced by the Taiwan Department of Health; the Danish Health Board, the Danish Marketing Practice Act, the Danish Executive Order on Dietary Supplements, and the Danish Act on Foodstuffs in Denmark; the German Unfair Competition Act, German Regulation on food supplements, and German Law on food and feed; regulations governing business practices in South Africa; and the Consumer Protection Act, the Sale of Food Act, and various regulations that are governed by the Ministry of Trade and Industry in Singapore. Regulations regarding Network-Marketing System and Our Products. Our network-marketing system and our global associate career and compensation plan are also subject to a number of governmental regulations including various federal and state statutes administered by the FTC, various state authorities, and foreign government agencies. The legal requirements governing network-marketing organizations are directed, in part, to ensure that product sales are ultimately 16 made to consumers. In addition, earnings within a network-marketing company must be based on the sale of products rather than compensation for i) the recruitment of distributors or associates, ii) investments in the organization, or iii) other non-retail sales-related criteria. For instance, some countries limit the amount associates may earn from commissions on sales by other distributors or independent associates that are not directly sponsored by that distributor or independent associate. Prior to expanding our operations into any foreign jurisdiction, we must first obtain regulatory approval for our network-marketing system in jurisdictions requiring such approval. To help ensure regulatory compliance, we also rely on the advice of our outside legal counsel and regulatory consultants in each specific country. As a network-marketing company, we are also subject to regulatory oversight, including routine inquiries and enforcement actions, from various United States state attorneys general offices. Each state has specific acts referred to as Little FTC Acts. Each state act is similar to the requirements of the federal laws. As a result, each state may perform its own inquiries about our organization and business practices, including allegations related to distributors or independent associates. To combat such industry-specific risk, we provide a copy of our published associate policies and procedures to each independent associate, publish these policies on our corporate website, and provide educational seminars and publications. In addition, we maintain a legal/compliance department to cooperate with all regulatory agencies and investigate allegations of improper conduct by our independent associates. In Canada, our network-marketing system is regulated by both national and provincial laws. Under Canada’s Federal Competition Act, we must make sure that any representations relating to compensation to our independent associates or made to prospective new independent associates constitute fair, reasonable, and timely disclosure and that such representations meet other legal requirements of the Federal Competition Act. All Canadian provinces and territories, other than Ontario, have legislation requiring that we register or become licensed as a direct seller within that province to maintain the standards of the direct selling industry and to protect consumers. Some other Canadian provinces require that both we and our independent associates be licensed as direct sellers. In Australia, our network-marketing system is subject to Australia’s federal and local regulations. Our global associate career and compensation plan is designed to comply with Australian law and the requirements of Australia’s Trade Practices Act. The Australian Trade Practices Administration and various other governmental entities regulate our business and trade practices, as well as those of our independent associates. Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Act, together with the Trade Practices Act, regulates any claims or representations relating to our products and our global associate career and compensation plan. An agreement to establish a joint scheme for the regulation of therapeutic products was signed by both the New Zealand and Australian governments in December 2003. The agency was initially expected to begin operating in July 2005, but that date was then postponed to July 2006 and has now been postponed indefinitely. On July 16, 2007, the New Zealand government announced that it will not proceed with legislation for the establishment of the joint agency because it does not have sufficient support of the New Zealand parliament. However, both the Australian and New Zealand governments remain committed to the vision of the joint agency and are expected to revisit it again in the future. The proposed harmonization of laws and regulatory bodies is anticipated to provide a more consistent approach to dietary supplement laws between the two countries. In New Zealand, our network-marketing system and our operations are subject to regulations of the Commerce Commission and the Ministry of Health, New Zealand Medical Devices Safety Authority, the Unsolicited Goods Act of 1975, the Privacy Act of 1993, and the Fair Trading Act of 1993. These regulations enforce specific kinds of business or trade practices and regulate the general conduct of network-marketing companies. The Commerce Commission also enforces the Consumer Guarantees Act, which establishes specific rights and remedies with respect to transactions involving the provisions of goods and services to consumers. Finally, the New Zealand Commerce Commission and the Ministry of Health both enforce the Door-to-Door Sales Act of 1967 and the NZ Medicines Act, which govern the conduct of our independent associates. 17 In the United Kingdom, our network-marketing system is subject to national regulations of the United Kingdom. Our global associate career and compensation plan is designed to comply with the United Kingdom’s national requirements, the requirements of the Fair Trading Act of 1973, the Data Protection Act of 1998, the Trading Schemes Regulations of 1997, and other similar regulations. The U.K. Code of Advertising and Sales Promotion regulates our business and trade practices and the activities of our independent associates, while the Trading Standards Office regulates any claims or representations relating to our operations. Our products are regulated by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. In Japan, our network-marketing system, overall business operations, trade practices, global associate career and compensation plan, and our independent associates are governed by Japan’s Door-to-Door Sales Law as enacted in 1976 by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. Our global associate career and compensation plan is designed to meet Japan’s governmental requirements. Our product claims are subject to the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law, which prohibits the making and publication of “drug effectiveness” claims regarding products that have not received approval from Japan’s Ministry of Health, Welfare and Labor. In the Republic of Korea, the primary body of law applicable to our operations is the Door-to-Door Sales Act, which governs the behavior of network-marketing companies and affiliated distributors. The Door-to-Door Sales Act is enforced by the Fair Trade Commission. In the Republic of Korea, our products are categorized as health and functional foods and are regulated by the Health and Functional Food Act of 2004, with which the Company complies. In Taiwan, our network-marketing system, overall operations and trade practices are governed by the Fair Trade Law and the Consumer Protection Law. Such laws contain a wide range of provisions covering trade practices. Our products are governed by the Taiwan Department of Health and various legislation in Taiwan including the Health Food Control Act of 1999. This Act was enacted to enhance the management and supervision of matters relating to health, food, protecting the health of people and safeguarding the rights and interests of consumers. In Denmark, the notion of door-to-door selling is generally prohibited. As a result, under Danish law, the trader is not allowed to contact the consumer at his home, place of work, or other non-public place in order to conclude a contract on certain subjects. However, the general prohibition has an exemption when the consumer asks the trader for a contract in writing or upon prior consent, which must also be in writing. In addition, the Danish Marketing Practices Act and the rules contained in the Danish Consumer Contracts Act govern our network-marketing system. In addition, there is no specific ban on our products in Denmark; however, certain medical products, such as vitamins and slimming preparations must have approval by the Danish Health Board before they can be sold. The rules for marketing and sales of dietary supplements are covered by the Danish Executive Order on Dietary Supplements, as well as by the Danish Act on Foodstuffs. Further, Denmark subjects the marketing of a company’s food supplements to a notification procedure or a pre-market approval process before a product may be lawfully marketed or sold in Denmark. In Germany, there is no specific legal regulation covering network-marketing company practices. However, under certain circumstances network-marketing systems may have to follow the German Unfair Competition Act. Our independent associates’ conduct is subject to the German statute that governs the conduct of a commercial agent. In addition, direct selling operations are governed by the Industrial Code, which requires direct sellers to hold itinerant trader’s cards. The German Regulation on food supplements and the German Law on food and feed govern vitamin and mineral substances and herbs and other substances, respectively. In South Africa, there are no specific regulations for the network marketing industry. In general, the Consumer Affairs Act 1988, the Competition Act 1998, and the Advertising Standards Authority Code of Advertising Practice (a voluntary code enforced by the media) govern business practices. The products are classified as complementary medicines for which there are no specific regulations. The Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act 1972, and the Medicines and Related Substances Act 1965, currently apply. In Singapore, the network marketing industry is governed by the Multi-Level Marketing and Pyramid Selling (Prohibition) (Amendment) Act and the accompanying Pyramid Selling (Excluded Schemes and Arrangements) Order 2000 and Order 2001. General business practices and advertising are regulated under the Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Act 2003, as amended, and its accompanying regulations. The products are classified as food and supplements of a food nature, which are governed by the Sale of Food Act and the Singapore Food Regulations. Cosmetics and products which rise to the level of medicinal and other health-related products are regulated under various regulations such as the Medicines Act, the Poisons Act, the Sale of Drugs Act, the Medicines (Advertisement and Sale) Act and the Misuse of Drug Regulations. 18 Other Regulations. Our operations are also subject to a variety of other regulations, including: • • • • • • • • • • • • social security taxes; value added taxes; goods and services taxes; sales taxes; consumption taxes; income taxes; customs duties; employee/independent contractor regulations; employment and severance pay requirements; import/export regulations; federal securities laws; and antitrust laws. In many markets, we are limited by the types of rules we can impose on our independent associates, including rules in connection with cooling off periods and termination criteria. If we do not comply with these requirements, we may be required to pay social security, unemployment benefits, workers’ compensation, or other tax or tax-type assessments on behalf of our independent associates and may incur severance obligations if we terminate one of our independent associates. In some countries, including the United States, we are also governed by regulations concerning the activities of our independent associates. Regulators may find that we are ultimately responsible for the conduct of our independent associates and may request or require that we take additional steps to ensure that our independent associates comply with these regulations. The types of conduct governed by these types of regulations may include: • • • claims made about our products; promises or claims of income or other promises or claims by our independent associates; and sales of products in markets where the products have not been approved or licensed. In some markets, including the United States, improper product claims by independent associates could result in our products being overly scrutinized by regulatory authorities. This review could result in our products being re-classified as drugs or classified into another product category that requires stricter regulations or labeling changes. We continuously research and monitor the laws governing the conduct of our independent associates, our operations, our global associate career and compensation plan, and our products and sales aids within each of the countries in which we sell our products. We provide education for our independent associates regarding acceptable business conduct in each market through our policies and procedures for independent associates’, seminars, and other training materials and programs. However, we cannot guarantee that our independent associates will always abide by our policies and procedures and/or act in a professional and consistent manner. 19 Competition Other Nutritional Supplement Companies. The nutritional supplement industry is steadily gaining momentum and is intensely competitive. Our current direct competitors selling similar nutritional products include: • Herbalife Ltd.; • Market America, Inc.; • Nature’s Sunshine Products, Inc.; • Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc.; • Reliv, International Inc; • Solgar Vitamin and Herb Company, Inc.; • Usana Health Sciences, Inc.; and • Weider Nutrition. Network-Marketing. Nutritional supplements are offered for sale in a variety of ways. Network-marketing has a limited number of individuals interested in participating in the industry, and we must compete for those types of individuals. We believe network-marketing is the best sales approach to sell our products due to the following factors: • • • • • our products can be introduced into the global marketplace at a much lower up-front cost than through conventional methods; our key ingredients and differential components found in our proprietary products can be explained better through network-marketing; the network-marketing approach can quickly and easily adapt to changing market conditions; consumers appreciate the convenience of ordering from home, through a sales person, by telephone, or on the Internet; and network-marketing enables independent associates to earn financial rewards. Even though we have been in business for fifteen years, we continue to compete with other direct selling and network-marketing companies for new independent associates and for retention of continuing independent associates. Some of our competitors have longer operating histories, are better known, or have greater financial resources. These companies include: • Amway Corporation; • Body Wise International, Inc.; • Envion International; • Forever Living Products, Inc.; • Herbalife International, Inc.; • Mary Kay, Inc.; • Nature’s Sunshine Products, Inc.; • New Vision International; • Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc.; • Reliv, International Inc.; • Shaklee Worldwide; and • Usana Health Sciences, Inc. 20 The availability of independent associates decreases when other network-marketing companies successfully recruit and retain independent associates for their operations. We believe we can successfully compete for independent associates by emphasizing the following: our unique patented, proprietary blend of high-quality products; our 15-year track record in the business of selling nutritional products; our policy of not requiring our independent associates to carry inventory or accounts receivable; our unique and financially rewarding global associate career and compensation plan; our innovative marketing and educational tools; and our easy and convenient delivery system. • • • • • • Employees At December 31, 2008, we employed 540 people around the world, as set forth below: 2008 2007 North America 380 443 Australia 39 44 United Kingdom 34 42 Japan 30 33 Republic of Korea 33 29 Taiwan 18 19 Switzerland 6 — Total 540 610 These numbers do not include our independent associates, who are independent contractors and are not considered employees. Our employees are not unionized, and we believe we maintain a good relationship with our employees. 21 Item 1A. Risk Factors In addition to the other risks described in this report, the following risk factors should be considered in evaluating our business and future prospects: 1. If we are unable to attract and retain independent associates, our business may suffer. Our future success depends largely upon our ability to attract and retain a large active base of independent associates and members who purchase our packs and products. We cannot give any assurances that the productivity of our independent associates will continue at their current levels or increase in the future. Several factors affect our ability to attract and retain a significant number of independent associates and members, including: • • • • • • • • • on-going motivation of our independent associates; general economic conditions; significant changes in the amount of commissions paid; public perception and acceptance of the wellness industry; public perception and acceptance of network-marketing; public perception and acceptance of our business and our products, including any negative publicity; the limited number of people interested in pursuing network-marketing as a business; our ability to provide proprietary quality-driven products that the market demands; and competition in recruiting and retaining independent associates. 2. The loss of key high-level independent associates could negatively impact our associate growth and our revenue. As of December 31, 2008, we had approximately 531,000 independent associates and members who purchased our products within the last 12 months. Approximately 294 independent associates occupied the highest associate level under our global compensation plan as of that date. These independent associates, together with their extensive networks of downlines, account for substantially all of our revenue. As a result, the loss of a high-level independent associate or a group of leading associates in the independent associates’ networks of downlines, whether by their own choice or through disciplinary actions by us for violations of our policies and procedures, could negatively impact our associate growth and our revenue. 3. If we incur substantial liability from litigation, complaints, or enforcement actions or incur liabilities or penalties resulting from misconduct by our independent associates, our financial condition could suffer. Routine enforcement actions and complaints are common in our industry. Although we fully cooperate with regulatory agencies and use various means to address misconduct by our independent associates, including maintaining policies and procedures to govern the conduct of our independent associates and conducting training seminars, it is still difficult to detect and correct all instances of misconduct. Violations of our policies and procedures by our independent associates could lead to litigation, formal or informal complaints, enforcement actions, and inquiries by various federal, state, or foreign regulatory authorities against us and/or our independent associates in each country. Because we have expanded into foreign countries, our policies and procedures for our independent associates differ due to the different legal requirements of each country in which we do business. Any future litigation, complaints, and enforcement actions involving us and/or our independent associates could consume considerable amounts of financial and other corporate resources, which could have a negative impact on our business, profitability, and growth prospects. 4. Challenges by private parties to the form of our network marketing system could harm our business. We may be subject to challenges by private parties, including our independent associates and members, to the form of our network marketing system or elements of our business. In the United States, the network marketing industry and regulatory authorities have generally relied on the implementation of distributor rules and policies designed to promote retail sales to protect consumers, prevent inappropriate activities, and distinguish between legitimate network marketing distribution plans and unlawful pyramid schemes. We have adopted rules and policies based on case law, rulings of the FTC, discussions with regulatory authorities in several states, and domestic and global industry standards. 22 Legal and regulatory requirements concerning network marketing systems, however, involve a high level of subjectivity, are inherently fact-based and are subject to judicial interpretation. Because of this, we can provide no assurance that we would not be harmed by the application or interpretation of statutes or regulations governing network marketing, particularly in any civil challenge by a current or former independent associate or member. 5. If we are unable to protect our proprietary rights of our products, our business could suffer. Our success and competitive position largely depends on our ability to protect the following proprietary rights: • Our Ambrotose® complex, a glyconutritional dietary supplement ingredient consisting of a blend of monosaccharides, or sugar molecules, used in the majority of our products; • The MTech AO Blend®, our proprietary, patent-pending antioxidant used in the Ambrotose AO® complex; and • A compound used in our reformulated Advanced Ambrotose® complex that allows for a more potent concentration of the full range of mannose-containing polysaccharides occurring naturally in aloe. We have filed patent applications for Ambrotose®, Phytomatrix®, and Ambrotose® complex in the United States and certain other countries, and as of December 31, 2008, we had received over 43 patents for Ambrotose® complex, five of which were issued in the United States and the remainder in 29 foreign jurisdictions. In addition, we have entered into confidentiality agreements with our independent associates, suppliers, manufacturers, directors, officers, and consultants to help protect our proprietary rights. Nevertheless, we continue to face the risk that our patent protection for each of these products will be denied or that the patent protection we are granted is more limited than originally requested. As a precaution, we consult with outside legal counsel and consultants to help ensure that we diligently protect our proprietary rights to minimize this risk. However, our business, profitability, and growth prospects could be adversely affected if we fail to receive adequate protection of our proprietary rights. 6. Adverse or negative publicity, including the publicity related to the lawsuit filed against us by the Texas Attorney General, could cause our business to suffer. Our business depends, in part, on the public’s perception of our integrity and the safety and quality of our products. Any adverse publicity could negatively affect the public’s perception about our industry, our products, or our reputation and could result in a significant decline in our operations and/or the number of our independent associates. Specifically, we are susceptible to adverse or negative publicity regarding: • • • • • • • • the nutritional supplements industry; skeptical consumers; competitors; the safety and quality of our products and/or our ingredients; regulatory investigations of our products or our competitors’ products; the actions of our independent associates; the direct selling/network-marketing industry; and scandals within the industries in which we operate. On July 5, 2007, the Texas Attorney General filed suit against us, MannaRelief Ministries, Samuel L.Caster, the Fisher Institute, and H. Reginald McDaniel alleging violations of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act and the Texas Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The lawsuit created a substantial amount of adverse publicity. The effects of that adverse publicity cannot be fully determined at this time, but the publicity may have had and may continue to have a negative impact on our business. On February 26, 2009, we reached an agreement with the Texas Attorney General’s office settling the enforcement action. Without admitting any wrongdoing, we have agreed to return up to $4 million to members only and have agreed to pay $2 million to cover fees and expenses of Texas regulators. The settlement does not include any fine or penalty against Mannatech. We have also taken a number of actions to address concerns raised by the Texas Attorney General’s action. 23 7. If we are exposed to product liability claims, we may be liable for damages and expenses, which could affect our overall financial condition. We could face financial liability due to certain product liability claims if the use of our products results in significant loss or injury. We make no assurances that we will not be exposed to any substantial future product liability claims. Such claims may include claims that our products contain contaminants, that we provide our independent associates and consumers with inadequate instructions regarding product use, or that we provide inadequate warnings concerning side effects or interactions of our products with other substances. We believe that our suppliers and manufacturers maintain adequate product liability insurance coverage. However, a substantial future product liability claim could exceed the amount of insurance coverage or could be excluded under the terms of an existing insurance policy, which could adversely affect our overall future financial condition. In recent years a discovery of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, or BSE, which is commonly referred to as “Mad Cow Disease”, has caused concern among the general public. As a result, some countries have banned the importation or sale of products that contain bovine materials sourced from locations where BSE has been identified. We have certain products that use a beef-based gelatin capsule. All of our gelatin capsules are currently produced in the United States or in Australia, which are considered BSE-free countries, although a few cases of BSE have been identified in the United States. Nonetheless, in 2006, we voluntarily began to switch most of our production to utilize non-bovine gelatin capsules that are vegetable-based rather than beef-based. However, future government action could require companies to use vegetable-based capsules or other capsules, and if required, the costs of vegetable-based or other capsules could increase our costs as compared to the costs of bovine-based capsules. The higher costs could affect our financial condition, results of operations, and our cash flows. 8. If our outside suppliers and manufacturers fail to supply products in sufficient quantities and in a timely fashion, our business could suffer. Outside manufacturers make all of our products. Our profit margins and timely product delivery are dependent upon the ability of our outside suppliers and manufacturers to supply us with products in a timely and cost-efficient manner. Our ability to enter new markets and sustain satisfactory levels of sales in each market depends on the ability of our outside suppliers and manufacturers to produce the ingredients and products and to comply with all applicable regulations. As a precaution, we have approved alternate suppliers and manufacturers for our products. However, the failure of our primary suppliers or manufacturers to supply ingredients or produce our products could adversely affect our business operations. We believe we have dependable suppliers for all of our ingredients and that we have identified alternative sources for all of our ingredients except Arabinogalactan, which is an important component used in the formulation of our Ambrotose® complex. Although we maintain good relationships with our suppliers and could produce or replace certain of our ingredients if our suppliers are unable to perform, any delay in replacing or substituting such ingredients could affect our business. The supplier of one of our major product components announced in February 2009 that the processing facility was closed and manufacturing of the component would cease. Mannatech owns extensive inventory of this component and believes that its needs for the next twelve months or more will be covered by this inventory. Alternate sources of supply for this component are currently being explored, but failure to secure another source of supply could adversely affect our business operations. 9. Our inability to develop and introduce new products that gain associate, member, and market acceptance could harm our business. A critical component of our business is our ability to develop new products that create enthusiasm among our independent associates and members. If we are unable to introduce new products planned for introduction, our associate productivity could be harmed. In addition, if any new products fail to gain market acceptance, are restricted by regulatory requirements or have quality problems, this would harm our results of operations. Factors that could affect our ability to continue to introduce new products include, among others, government regulations, the inability to attract and retain qualified research and development staff, the termination of third-party research and collaborative arrangements, proprietary protections of competitors that may limit our ability to offer comparable products, and the difficulties in anticipating changes in consumer tastes and buying preferences. 24 10. Our failure to appropriately respond to changing consumer preferences and demand for new products or product enhancements could significantly harm our relationship with independent associates and members, product sales, as well as our financial condition and operating results. Our business is subject to changing consumer trends and preferences, including rapid and frequent changes in demand for products, new product introductions, and enhancements. Our failure to accurately predict these trends could negatively impact consumer opinion of our products, which in turn could harm our independent associate and member relationships and cause the loss of sales. The success of our new product offerings and enhancements depends upon a number of factors, including our ability to: • • • • accurately anticipate consumer needs; innovate and develop new products or product enhancements that meet these needs; successfully commercialize new products or product enhancements in a timely manner; price our products competitively; • manufacture and deliver our products in sufficient volumes and in a timely manner; and • differentiate our product offerings from those of our competitors. If we do not introduce new products or make enhancements to meet the changing needs of our members in a timely manner, some of our products could be rendered obsolete, which could negatively impact our revenues, financial condition, and operating results. 11. The global nutrition industry is intensely competitive and the strengthening of any of our competitors could harm our business. The global nutrition industry is intensely fragmented and competitive. We compete for independent associates with other network-marketing companies outside the global nutrition industry. Many competitors have greater name recognition and financial resources, which may give them a competitive advantage. Our competitors may also be able to devote greater resources to marketing, promotional, and pricing campaigns that may influence our continuing and potential independent associates and members to buy products from competitors rather than from us. Such competition could adversely affect our business and current market share. 12. A downturn in the economy may affect consumer purchases of discretionary items such as the health and wellness products that we offer, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, profitability and cash flows. We appeal to a wide demographic consumer profile and offer a broad selection of health and wellness products. A downturn in the economy could adversely impact consumer purchases of discretionary items such as health and wellness products. Factors that could affect consumers’ willingness to make such discretionary purchases include general business conditions, levels of employment, interest rates and tax rates, the availability of consumer credit and disposable income. During calendar year 2008, the U.S. and global economies slowed dramatically as a result of a variety of serious problems, including turmoil in the credit and financial markets, concerns regarding the stability and viability of major financial institutions, the state of the housing markets and volatility in worldwide stock markets. Given the significance and widespread nature of these nearly unprecedented circumstances, the U.S. and global economies could remain significantly challenged in a recessionary state for an indeterminate period of time. These economic conditions, which are beyond our control, could cause many of our existing and potential associates to delay or reduce purchases of our products for some time, which in turn would harm our business by adversely affecting our revenues, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. We cannot predict the duration of these economic conditions or the impact they will have on our consumers or business. For additional information regarding current economic conditions and their impact on our results of operations, refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. 25 13. If our network-marketing activities do not comply with government regulations, our business could suffer. Many governmental agencies regulate our network-marketing activities. A government agency’s determination that our business or our independent associates have significantly violated a law or regulation could adversely affect our business. The laws and regulations regulating network-marketing generally intend to prevent fraudulent or deceptive schemes. Our business faces constant regulatory scrutiny due to the interpretive and enforcement discretion given to regulators, periodic misconduct by our independent associates, adoption of new laws or regulations, and changes in the interpretation of new or existing laws or regulations. In July 2007, the Texas Attorney General filed suit against us, MannaRelief Ministries, Samuel L.Caster, the Fisher Institute, and H. Reginald McDaniel alleging violations of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act and the Texas Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. On February 26, 2009, we reached an agreement with the Texas Attorney General’s office settling the enforcement action. Without admitting any wrongdoing, we have agreed to return up to $4 million to members only, and to pay $2 million to cover fees and expenses of Texas regulators. The settlement does not include any fine or penalty against Mannatech. We have also made and agreed to make certain corporate governance changes required by the Texas Attorney General’s office and agreed not to violate certain provisions of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act and Texas Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. If we are unable to comply fully with the provisions of the settlement, Texas regulators could pursue further remedies that may impact our business. In addition, in the past and as a result of the industry in which we operate, we have experienced inquiries regarding specific independent associates. We have complied and fully cooperated with all regulatory agencies in connection with such inquiries and are also required by regulatory authorities to disclose any on-going significant regulatory actions. 14. If government regulations regarding network-marketing change or are interpreted or enforced in a manner adverse to our business, we may be subject to new enforcement actions and material limitations regarding our overall business model. Network-marketing is always subject to extensive governmental regulations, including foreign, federal, and state regulations. Any detrimental change in legislation and regulations could affect our business. Furthermore, significant penalties could be imposed on us for failure to comply with various statutes or regulations. Violations may result from: • misconduct by us or our independent associates; • • • • ambiguity in statutes; regulations and related court decisions; the discretion afforded to regulatory authorities and courts interpreting and enforcing laws; and new regulations or interpretations of regulations affecting our business. 15. If we violate governmental regulations or fail to obtain necessary regulatory approvals, our operations could be adversely affected. Our operation is subject to extensive laws, governmental regulations, administrative determinations, court decisions, and similar constraints at the federal, state, and local levels in our domestic and foreign markets. These regulations primarily involve the following: • • • • • • • the formulation, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, distribution, importation, sale, and storage of our products; the health and safety of dietary supplements, cosmetics and foods; trade practice laws and network-marketing laws; our product claims and advertising by our independent associates; our network-marketing system; pricing restrictions regarding transactions with our foreign subsidiaries or other related parties and similar regulations that affect our level of foreign taxable income; the assessment of customs duties; 26 • • further taxation of our independent associates, which may obligate us to collect additional taxes and maintain additional records; and export and import restrictions. Any unexpected new regulations or changes in existing regulations could significantly restrict our ability to continue operations, which could adversely affect our business. For example, changes regarding health and safety, and food and drug regulations for our nutritional products could require us to reformulate our products to comply with such regulations. In some foreign countries, nutritional products are considered foods, while other countries consider them drugs. Future health and safety, or food and drug, regulations could delay or prevent our introduction of new products or suspend or prohibit the sale of existing products in a given country or marketplace. In addition, if we expand into other foreign markets, our operations or products could also be affected by the general stability of foreign governments and the regulatory environment relating to network-marketing and our products. If our products are subject to high customs duties, our sales and competitive position could suffer as compared to locally produced goods. Furthermore, import restrictions in certain countries and jurisdictions could limit our ability to import products from the United States. 16. Increased regulatory scrutiny of nutritional supplements as well as new regulations that are being adopted in some of our markets with respect to nutritional supplements could result in more restrictive regulations and harm our results if our supplements or advertising activities are found to violate existing or new regulations or if we are not able to effect necessary changes to our products in a timely and efficient manner to respond to new regulations. There has been an increasing movement in the United States and other markets to increase the regulation of dietary supplements, which will impose additional restrictions or requirements. In several of our markets, new regulations have been adopted or are likely to be adopted in the near-term that will impose new requirements, make changes in some classifications of supplements under the regulations, or limit the claims we can make. In addition, there has been increased regulatory scrutiny of nutritional supplements and marketing claims under existing and new regulations. In Europe for example, we are unable to market supplements that contain ingredients that have not been previously marketed in Europe (“novel foods”) without going through an extensive registration and approval process. Europe is also expected to adopt additional regulations this fall setting new limits on acceptable levels of nutrients. The FDA has implemented GMPs for the US nutritional supplement industry. Our operations could be harmed if new regulations require us to reformulate products or effect new registrations, if regulatory authorities make determinations that any of our products do not comply with applicable regulatory requirements, or if we are not able to effect necessary changes to our products in a timely and efficient manner to respond to new regulations. In addition, our operations could be harmed if governmental laws or regulations are enacted that restrict the ability of companies to market or distribute nutritional supplements or impose additional burdens or requirements on nutritional supplement companies. 17. If our international markets are not successful, our business could suffer. We currently sell our products in the international markets of Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Denmark, Germany, South Africa, and Singapore. Nonetheless, our international operations could experience changes in legal and regulatory requirements, as well as difficulties in adapting to new foreign cultures and business customs. If we do not adequately address such issues, our international markets may not meet growth expectations. Our international operations and future expansion plans are subject to political, economic, and social uncertainties, including: • • • • • • • • inflation; the renegotiation or modification of various agreements; increases in custom duties and tariffs; changes and limits in export controls; government regulations and laws; trademark availability and registration issues; changes in exchange rates; changes in taxation; 27 • wars and other hostilities; and • changes in the perception of network-marketing. Any negative changes related to these factors could adversely affect our business, profitability, and growth prospects. Furthermore, any negative changes in our distribution channels may force us to invest significant time and money related to our distribution and sales to maintain our position in certain international markets. 18. If our information technology system fails, our operations could suffer. Like many companies, our business is heavily dependent upon our information technology infrastructure to effectively manage and operate many of our key business functions, including: • • • • • • • order processing; supply chain management; customer service; product distribution; commission processing; cash receipts and payments; and financial reporting. These systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from fires, earthquakes, telecommunications failures and other events. They are also subject to break-ins, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism and similar misconduct. Although we maintain an extensive security system and disaster recovery program that was developed under the guidelines published by the National Institute of Standards of Technology, a long-term failure or impairment of any of our information technology systems could adversely affect our ability to conduct day-to-day business. 19. Currency exchange rate fluctuations could reduce our overall profits. In 2008 and 2007, we recognized 46.9% and 40.8%, respectively, of our net sales in markets outside of the United States. In preparing our consolidated financial statements, certain financial information is required to be translated from foreign currencies to the United States dollar using either the spot rate or the weighted-average exchange rate. If the United States dollar changes relative to applicable local currencies, there is a risk our reported sales, operating expenses, and net income could significantly fluctuate. We are not able to predict the degree of exchange rate fluctuations, nor can we estimate the effect any future fluctuations may have upon our future operations. However, to help mitigate this risk, our management monitors applicable exchange rates. To date we have not entered into any hedging contracts or participated in any hedging or derivative activities. 20. We may be held responsible for certain taxes or assessments relating to the activities of our independent associates, which could harm our financial condition and operating results. Our independent associates are subject to taxation and, in some instances, legislation or governmental agencies impose an obligation on us to collect taxes, such as value added taxes, and to maintain appropriate records. In addition, we are subject to the risk in some jurisdictions of being responsible for social security and similar taxes with respect to our distributors. In the event that local laws and regulations or the interpretation of local laws and regulations change to require us to treat our independent distributors as employees, or that our distributors are deemed by local regulatory authorities in one or more of the jurisdictions in which we operate to be our employees rather than independent contractors under existing laws and interpretations, we may be held responsible for social security and related taxes in those jurisdictions, plus any related assessments and penalties, which could harm our financial condition and operating results. 28 21. Our stock price is volatile and may fluctuate significantly. The price of our common stock is subject to sudden and material increases and decreases. Decreases could adversely affect investments in our common stock. The price of our common stock and the price at which we could sell securities in the future could significantly fluctuate in response to: • • • • • • • • • broad market fluctuations and general economic conditions; fluctuations in our financial results; future securities offerings; changes in the market’s perception of our products or our business, including false or negative publicity; governmental regulatory actions; the outcome of any lawsuits; financial and business announcements made by us or our competitors; the general condition of the industry; and the sale of large amounts of stock by insiders. In addition, the stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations in recent years that have significantly affected the quoted prices of the securities of many companies. The changes often appear to occur without regard to specific operating performance. The price of our common stock in the open market could fluctuate based on factors that have little or nothing to do with us or that are outside of our control. 22. Certain shareholders, directors, and officers own a significant amount of our stock, which could allow them to influence corporate transactions and other matters. As of December 31, 2008, our directors and executive officers, collectively with their families and affiliates, beneficially owned approximately 40.5% of our total outstanding common stock. As a result, if any of these shareholders choose to act together based on their current share ownership, they may be able to control a significant percentage of the total outstanding shares of our common stock, which could affect the outcome of a shareholder vote on the election of directors, the adoption of stock option plans, the adoption or amendment of provisions in our articles of incorporation and bylaws, or the approval of mergers and other significant corporate transactions. 23. We have implemented anti-takeover provisions that may help discourage a change of control. Certain provisions in our articles of incorporation, bylaws, and the Texas Business Corporation Act help discourage unsolicited proposals to acquire our company, even if the proposal may benefit our shareholders. Our articles of incorporation authorize the issuance of preferred stock without shareholder approval. Our Board of Directors has the power to determine the price and terms of any preferred stock. The ability of our Board of Directors to issue one or more series of preferred stock without shareholders’ approval could deter or delay unsolicited changes of control by discouraging open market purchases of our common stock or a non-negotiated tender or exchange offer for our common stock. Discouraging open market purchases may be disadvantageous to our shareholders who may otherwise desire to participate in a transaction in which they would receive a premium for their shares. In addition, other provisions may also discourage a change of control by means of a tender offer, open market purchase, proxy contest or otherwise. Our charter documents provide for three classes of directors on our Board of Directors with members of each class serving staggered three year terms. Also, the Texas Business Corporation Act restricts, subject to exceptions, business combinations with any “affiliated shareholder.” Any or all of these provisions could delay, deter or help prevent a takeover of our Company and could limit the price investors are willing to pay for our common stock. 29 24. We are not required to pay dividends, and our Board of Directors could decide not to declare a dividend or could reduce the amount of the dividend at any time. While we have historically paid dividends since 2004, the declaration of dividends on our common stock is solely within the discretion of our Board of Directors, subject to limitations under Texas law stipulating that dividends may not be paid if payment therefore would cause the corporation to be insolvent or if the amount of the dividend would exceed the surplus of the corporation. Our Board of Directors could at any time decide not to declare a dividend, or could reduce the level of our dividend payments, or we could be prevented from declaring a dividend because of legal or contractual restrictions. The failure to pay a dividend could reduce our stock price. 25. Concentration Risk A significant portion of our revenue is derived from our core Ambrotose® complex products which include the Ambrotose® products and Advanced Ambrotose® products. A decline in sales value of such legacy products could have a material adverse effect on our earnings, cash flows, and financial position. Revenue from the core Ambrotose® products were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 (in thousands, except percentages): Advanced Ambrotose® Ambrotose® Total 2008 2007 Sales by product 85,980 33,748 119,728 $ $ % of total net sales 25.8 % 10.1 % 35.9 % $ $ Sales by product 117,471 39,440 156,911 % of total net sales 28.5 9.6 38.1 % % % We are not exposed to customer concentration risk as no single independent associate has ever accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated net sales. Circumstances and conditions may change. Accordingly, additional risks and uncertainties not currently known, or that we currently deem not material, may also adversely affect our business operations. 30 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties We lease property at several locations for our headquarters and distribution facilities, including: Location Coppell, Texas (corporate headquarters) Coppell, Texas (distribution center) St. Leonards, Australia (Australian headquarters) Didcot, Oxfordshire (combined U.K. headquarters and distribution center) Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (Japanese headquarters) Kangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea (Republic of Korea headquarters) Taipei, Taiwan (Taiwan headquarters) Zug, Switzerland (Switzerland headquarters) Size 110,000 sq. feet 75,000 sq. feet 850 sq. meters 16,631 sq. feet 296 Tsubos(1) 625 Pyung (2) 254 pings (3) 680 sq. meters Original term 10 years 10 years 5 years 5 years 2 years 2 years 3 years 5 years Expiration date March 2017 March 2017 August 2013 November 2009 November 2010 June 2009 November 2010 October 2013 ______________________ (1) Approximately 10,538 square feet. (2) Approximately 22,190 square feet. (3) Approximately 9,021 square feet. Our main distribution facility is located in Coppell, Texas and consists of 75,000 square feet of leased space that houses an automated distribution system capable of processing up to 18,000 orders per day. In 2005, we opened a distribution facility in the United Kingdom, which is located in Didcot, Oxfordshire and is capable of processing up to 650 orders per day. Both distribution centers currently operate well below full capacity and are capable of supporting our planned sales volume growth in the foreseeable future. To maximize our operating strategy and minimize costs, we continue to contract with third-party distribution and fulfillment facilities in Canada, Australia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, and South Africa. By entering into these third-party distribution facility agreements, our smaller offices maintain flexible operating capacity, minimize shipping costs, and are able to process an order within 24-hours after order placement and receipt of payment. Item 3. Legal Proceedings See “Litigation” in Note 14 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statement, which is incorporated herein by reference. Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders None. 31 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market for Our Common Stock. On February 12, 1999, we completed our initial public offering and on February 16, 1999, our common stock began trading on the NASDAQ Global Market (formerly the NASDAQ National Market) under the symbol “MTEX.” On July 1, 2006, the NASDAQ National Market was renamed the NASDAQ Global Market. In conjunction with its renaming, NASDAQ Global Market created the new NASDAQ Global Select Market, a segment of the NASDAQ Global Market with the highest initial listing standards of any exchange in the world. Beginning July 3, 2006, NASDAQ moved our common stock to the NASDAQ Global Select Market. As of March 6, 2009, the total number of outstanding shares of our common stock was 26,460,788 and the closing price on such date was $2.82. Below are the high and low closing prices of Mannatech’s common stock as reported on the NASDAQ for each quarter of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007: 2008: First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter 2007: First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Low 5.09 5.44 3.48 1.88 13.81 13.97 6.25 5.89 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ High 8.49 7.39 6.96 4.41 16.34 15.93 16.06 9.36 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Holders. As of March 6, 2009, there were approximately 3,400 shareholders of record who held approximately 27% of our common stock directly and approximately 150 security brokers and dealers who held approximately 73% of our common stock on behalf of approximately 13,000 shareholders. Dividends. We began paying dividends in 2004. During 2008 and 2007, we declared and paid the following dividends on our common stock: Declared date November 19, 2008 August 26, 2008 April 30,2008 February 22, 2008 November 6, 2007 September 27, 2007 June 14, 2007 March 13, 2007 Date of record Date paid December 11, 2008 September 10, 2008 June 5, 2008 March 7, 2008 November 30, 2007 October 11, 2007 June 29, 2007 March 28, 2007 December 29, 2008 September 29, 2008 June 26, 2008 March 28, 2008 December 21, 2007 October 25, 2007 July 20, 2007 April 13, 2007 Total Amount of Dividends $ 0.5 million $ 0.5 million $ 2.4 million $ 2.4 million $ 2.4 million $ 2.4 million $ 2.4 million $ 2.4 million Dollar amount paid per common share $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 0.02 0.02 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 In August 2008, our Board of Directors decreased the quarterly cash dividend to $0.02 per common share. The decrease was a result of lower sales and associate recruiting in the second half of 2008. Our Board of Directors expects to continue to reevaluate our dividend policy based on our ongoing consolidated results of operations, cash requirements, and global economic conditions. Any payment of dividends is also subject to limitations under the Texas Business Corporation Act. See “Risk Factors—We are not required to pay dividends, and our Board of Directors could decide not to declare a dividend or could reduce the amount of the dividend at any time” in item 1A of this Form 10-K for further discussion related to future payment of dividends. 32 Stock Options. The following table provides information as of March 6, 2009 about our common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of stock options under our existing stock option plan. Plan Category Equity compensation plan Equity compensation plans not approved by Shareholders Total Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and rights (a) Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights (b) 1,578,920 $ 5.82 — 1,578,920 — Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c) 587,157 — 587,157 In February 2008, our Board of Directors approved our 2008 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2008 Plan”), which reserves, for issuance of stock options and restricted stock to our employees, board members, and consultants, up to 1,000,000 shares of our common stock plus any shares reserved under our then-existing, unexpired stock plans for which options had not been issued, and any shares underlying outstanding options under the then-existing stock option plans that terminate without having been exercised in full. The 2008 Plan was approved by our shareholders at our 2008 Annual Shareholders’ Meeting held on June 18, 2008. Currently, the 2008 Plan is our only active stock incentive plan. Sales of Unregistered Securities. None. Uses of Proceeds from Registered Securities. None. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. None. 33 Performance Graph. Our common stock began trading on the NASDAQ Global Market (formerly the NASDAQ National Market) on February 16, 1999. Set forth below is information comparing the cumulative total shareholder return and share price appreciation plus dividends on our common stock with the cumulative total return of the S&P Midcap Index and a market weighted index of publicly traded peers for the period from December 31, 2003 through December 31, 2008. The comparison assumes that $100 is invested in shares of our common stock, the S&P Midcap Index and an index of publicly traded peers on December 31, 2003, and that all dividends were reinvested. The publicly-traded companies in our peer group are Schiff Nutrition International, Inc. (NYSE Symbol WNI), Herbalife Ltd. (NYSE Symbol HLF) Nature’s Sunshine Products, Inc. (NYSE Symbol NATR.PK), USANA Health Sciences Inc.(NADSAQ Symbol USNA), and Nu Skin Enterprises Inc. (NYSE Symbol NUS).(cid:3) COMPARISON OF THE CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN OF MANNATECH, INCORPORATED, THE S&P MIDCAP INDEX AND MANNATECH’S PEER GROUP INDEX (Assumes $100 investment on December 31, 2003) S R A L L O D 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 MANNATECH INC PEER GROUP INDEX S&P MIDCAP INDEX Measurement Period December 31, 2003 December 31, 2004 December 31, 2005 December 30, 2006 December 31, 2007 December 31, 2008 Mannatech 100.00 178.31 132.62 144.51 64.23 25.92 $ $ $ $ $ $ S&P Midcap Index 100.00 116.48 131.11 144.64 156.18 99.59 $ $ $ $ $ $ Peer Group Index 100.00 141.78 164.78 192.63 181.37 120.04 $ $ $ $ $ $ 34 Item 6. Selected Financial Data The Selected Financial Data set forth below for each of the five years ended December 31, have been derived from and should be read in conjunction with (A) Our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes set forth in Item 15 of this report, beginning on page F-1, and (B) Our “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” set forth in Item 7 of this report. 2008(4) 2007(3) 2006(2) 2005 2004(1) Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: Net sales Gross profit Income (loss) from operations Net income (loss) Earnings (loss) Per Common Share: (in thousands, except per share amounts) $ 332,703 $ 412,678 $ 410,069 $ 389,383 $ 294,508 $ 134,544 $ 163,846 $ 169,393 $ 159,204 $ 117,430 44,074 $ 45,610 $ 26,537 $ 32,390 $ 28,647 $ 19,552 $ (14,499 ) $ (12,628 ) $ 7,609 $ 6,594 $ Basic Diluted $ $ (0.48 ) $ 0.25 $ 1.22 $ 1.06 $ (0.48 ) $ 0.25 $ 1.19 $ 1.03 $ 0.74 0.71 Weighted-Average Common Shares Outstanding: Basic Diluted Other Financial Data: Capital expenditures Dividends declared per common share Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Total assets 26,461 26,443 26,598 26,990 26,436 26,461 26,893 27,219 27,771 27,491 $ $ 5,633 $ 13,446 $ 27,216 $ 13,114 $ 7,241 0.22 $ 0.36 $ 0.32 $ 0.29 $ 0.27 $ 124,058 $ 152,454 $ 152,235 $ 122,795 $ 98,346 Long-term obligations, excluding current portion $ 9,813 $ 9,431 $ 11,402 $ 4,964 $ 2,218 ______________________________________ (1) We recorded a non-cash charge of $3.0 million related to the indirect benefit of the sale of 180,000 shares of our common stock by Mr. Caster, our Chairman and former Chief Executive Officer, to a former employee, Dr. Reg McDaniel, in a private sale for a price below the fair market value. Additionally, we recognized a tax benefit of $2.3 million associated with the release of our valuation allowance related to our deferred tax assets for our Japan operations. (2) We adopted FAS 123(R) and recorded a non-cash charge of $0.7 million related to unvested stock options and additional stock option grants. Additionally, we capitalized $18.4 million of costs related to our internally-developed software projects, which were completed in April 2007. In addition, we recognized an income tax benefit of $3.3 million associated with income tax credits for our research and experimentation activities. (3) We recorded $5.3 million of legal costs related to ongoing litigation matters. (4) We recorded $5.7 million of legal costs related to ongoing litigation matters. 35 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion is intended to assist in the understanding of our consolidated financial position and our results of operations for each of the three years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006. This discussion should be read in conjunction with “Item 15. – Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes,” beginning on page F-1 of this report and with other financial information included elsewhere in this report. Unless stated otherwise, all financial information presented below, throughout this report, and in the consolidated financial statements and related notes includes Mannatech and all of our subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. Company Overview Since November 1993, we have continued to develop innovative, high-quality, proprietary nutritional supplements, topical and skin care products, and weight-management products that are sold through a global network- marketing system operating in the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Denmark, Germany, South Africa, and Singapore. The United States location processes orders for the United States, Canada, and South Africa. The Australian location process orders for Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore. The United Kingdom location processes orders for the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Germany. The Switzerland office was created to manage certain day-to-day business needs of non-North American markets and coordinates our continued global expansion. We operate as a single business segment and primarily sell our products through a network of approximately 531,000 independent associates and members who have purchased our products and/or packs within the last 12 months, which we refer to as current independent associates and members. We operate as a seller of nutritional supplements through our network-marketing distribution channels operating in twelve different countries. We review and analyze our net sales by geographical location and further analyze our net sales by packs and by products. Each of our subsidiaries sells the same types of products and possesses similar economic characteristics, such as selling prices and gross margins. Because we sell our products through network-marketing distribution channels, the opportunities and challenges that affect us most are: recruitment and retention of independent associates and members, entry into new markets and growth of existing markets, niche market development, new product introduction, and investment in our infrastructure. Current Economic Conditions and Recent Developments. During calendar year 2008, the U.S. and global economies slowed dramatically as a result of a variety of serious problems, including turmoil in the credit and financial markets, concerns regarding the stability and viability of major financial institutions, the state of the housing markets, high unemployment rates, and volatility in worldwide stock markets. Harsh economic conditions significantly reduced consumers’ disposable income and impacted our customers’ spending practices, causing a decline in our revenues in the second half of 2008. In addition, during 2007 and 2008, we were subjected to certain negative publicity resulting from heightened litigation and regulatory activities. See Note 14 (“Litigation”) to the consolidated financial statements for a detailed discussion of such legal proceedings. The global financial crisis, combined with the steep decline in customer demand and uncertainties associated with the potential outcome of outstanding litigation, have intensified our need to accelerate cost-cutting measures and has forced us to reevaluate certain business priorities. During 2008 and early 2009, we implemented various initiatives to reduce expenses while staying committed to our strategic plan of developing new, innovative science-based products, strengthening financial results, reduction in expenses, and adding value to our shareholders and independent associates. In August 2008, our Board of Directors reduced the amount of our quarterly cash dividend to $0.02 per common share in response to lower sales and instability in the capital markets. The decrease represents a reduction of $0.07 per share from the dividend paid in the first and second quarters of 2008. With 26,460,788 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2008, this reduction allowed us to save approximately $3.7 million in dividend distributions. Strong liquidity is an important factor in our on-going efforts to weather the current economic downturn and we believe this initiative has made an important contribution. See “Risk Factors—We are not required to pay dividends, and our Board of Directors could decide not to declare a dividend or could reduce the amount of the dividend at any time” in item 1A of this Form 10-K for further discussion related to future payment of dividends. The uncertainty associated with the current macro-economic conditions led us to take steps to improve our operating cost structure. In July 2008, we eliminated approximately 60 employees, or 15% of our U.S. workforce in an effort to reduce expenses and improve profitability. In addition, in January 2009, we eliminated over 25 permanent and 36 contract positions. We anticipate roughly $4.5 million in annual future savings associated with these reductions. Depending on the severity and length of the financial crisis and its impact on our business, it may be prudent to take similar actions in the future. We also continue to eliminate non-essential costs and have postponed certain projects and international expansion plans in the near term. We continue to focus on new product development. In 2008, we introduced two new products in selected markets. In March 2008, we launched the Bounce-Back™ capsules, an all natural product that supports recovery after physical activity or over-exertion. In September 2008, we launched our OsoLean™ powder, a new fat-loss product. The OsoLean™ whey protein supplement is an all-natural powder product that mixes with a variety of food and beverages allowing consumers to easily add it to any weight management and fitness program. In order to reward our independent associates for their business building successes, we modified our global associate career and compensation plan by increasing opportunities for certain qualified independent associates to earn additional bonuses, including matching bonuses for enrollers. These changes became effective for all countries by the end of the second quarter of 2008. In addition, in March 2008, we launched a new global sales platform in the United States designed to assist our independent associates in their business-building efforts. We remain committed to adding value to our independent associates. In January 2009, we announced a new, simplified offering, which features a $499 Premium/All-Star Pack. This $499 Premium/All-Star Pack provides income opportunities for business builders seeking a second income stream along with our leading wellness products. Developed in response to the current economic crisis, this more affordable pack includes more than $600 of products including our new fat loss product OsoLean™ powder. The enhanced compensation plan allows independent sales associates to start their business building opportunity in the wellness industry at a lower cost while providing faster access to leadership qualification. During 2008, several of our core products were certified by NSF International, an independent, accredited testing laboratory. To date, we have received certifications from NSF for PhytoMatrix® caplets, PLUS™ caplets, Ambrotose AO® capsules, Advanced Ambrotose®, Ambrotose® complex, and Optimal Support Packets. The products were certified according to the NSF/ANSI 173 Dietary Supplement Standard, the only U.S. national standard for dietary supplements. We strive to ensure all of our products meet the strictest guidelines for purity, and these additional certifications from NSF exemplify our commitment to offering our customers the highest quality. We intend to carry the NSF certification mark on the supplements’ labels and promotional materials to demonstrate compliance. We will continue to seek NSF certification on our entire product line to demonstrate the ultimate value and quality when purchasing and consuming Mannatech products. We continue to focus our efforts on increasing operational efficiency. We have made certain changes to our management structure in 2008 to provide stronger foundation for growth and better align our organization with our long- term goals. We believe that efficiencies gained from the organization realignment will help us to improve cost controls and distinguish us in the marketplace by adding emphasis to brand management, associate recruitment, supply chain excellence, new product development, and international expansion. (cid:3) We expect a turbulent economy for the foreseeable future and we have undertaken several actions to address this environment. We believe our aggressive cost reduction actions and financial discipline will enable us to effectively manage through the challenging economy. We believe recent changes to our business model will position us to support future long-term profitable growth. 37 Results of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2008 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2007 The tables below summarize our consolidated operating results in dollars and as a percentage of net sales for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007. 2008 2007 Change Total Dollars % of Net Sales Total Dollars % of Net Sales Dollar Percentage $ 332,703 48,564 149,595 198,159 134,544 100.0 % $ 412,678 59,765 14.6 % 189,067 45.0 % 248,832 59.6 % 163,846 40.4 % 100.0 % $ (79,975 ) (11,201 ) 14.5 % (39,472 ) 45.8 % (50,673 ) 60.3 % (29,302 ) 39.7 % (19.4 )% (18.7 )% (20.9 )% (20.4 )% (17.9 )% Net sales Cost of sales Commissions and incentives Gross profit Operating expenses: Selling and administrative expenses Depreciation and amortization Other operating costs Total operating expenses Income (loss) from operations Interest income Other income (expense), net Income (loss) before income taxes (Provision) benefit for income taxes Net income (loss) 81,077 12,310 55,656 149,043 (14,499 ) 1,604 (5,303 ) (18,198 ) 5,570 $ (12,628 ) 24.4 % 3.7 % 16.7 % 44.8 % (4.4 )% 0.5 % (1.6 )% (5.5 )% 1.7 % (3.8 )% $ 84,298 10,236 61,703 156,237 7,609 2,700 180 10,489 (3,895 ) 6,594 (3,221 ) 20.4 % 2,074 2.5 % (6,047 ) 15.0 % (7,194 ) 37.9 % (22,108 ) 1.8 % (1,096 ) 0.7 % (5,483 ) 0.0 % (28,687 ) 2.5 % (0.9 )% 9,465 1.6 % $ (19,222 ) (3.8 )% 20.3 % (9.8 )% (4.6 )% (290.6 )% (40.6 )% (3046.1 )% (273.5 )% 243.0 % (291.5 )% For geographical purposes, consolidated net sales primarily shipped to customers by location for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 were as follows: Net Sales in Dollars and as a Percentage of Consolidated Net Sales United States Japan Republic of Korea Australia Canada South Africa New Zealand Taiwan United Kingdom Germany Denmark Totals 2008 2007 (in millions, except percentages) 53.1 % 13.5 % 10.7 % 7.8 % 7.1 % 1.7 % 1.6 % 1.6 % 1.4 % 1.1 % 0.4 % 100 % $ 244.5 42.3 44.0 29.4 27.4 — 6.9 5.4 6.7 4.6 1.5 $ 412.7 59.2 % 10.3 % 10.7 % 7.1 % 6.6 % — 1.7 % 1.3 % 1.6 % 1.1 % 0.4 % 100 % $ 176.9 44.8 35.7 26.1 23.6 5.5 5.2 5.2 4.7 3.8 1.2 $ 332.7 38 Net Sales For the year ended December 31, 2008, our operations outside of the United States accounted for approximately 46.9% of our consolidated net sales, whereas in the same period in 2007, our operations outside of the United States accounted for approximately 40.8% of our consolidated net sales. Consolidated net sales for the year ended December 31, 2008 decreased by $80 million, or 19.4%, to $332.7 million as compared to $412.7 million for the same period in 2007. Expanding our business to South Africa in the second quarter of 2008 accounted for net sales of $5.5 million. Operations in Japan continue to grow as seen by a $2.5 million increase in net sales for 2008 as compared to 2007. These increases were offset by a decrease in North America and international net sales of $71.4 million and $16.6 million, respectively, as compared to 2007. This decrease in net sales is a result of independent associate and member concerns about certain negative publicity as well as a weakened economy. Overall, the appreciation/depreciation of foreign currencies during 2008 had approximately a $0.1 million favorable impact on net sales in 2008, with a favorable first half impact essentially offset by unfavorable second half results. Our total sales and sales mix can be influenced by any of the following: • • • • • • • • • • changes in our sales prices; changes in consumer demand; changes in competitors’ products; changes in economic conditions; changes in regulations; announcements of new scientific studies and breakthroughs; introduction of new products; discontinuation of existing products; adverse publicity; and changes in our commissions and incentives programs. Our sales mix for the years ended December 31, was as follows: 2008 2007 Dollar Percentage Change Product sales Pack sales Other, including freight* Total net sales $ $ 260.5 57.7 14.5 332.7 $ 316.9 79.0 16.8 412.7 $ $ $ $ (56.4 ) (21.3 ) (2.3 ) (80.0 ) (17.8 )% (27.0 )% (13.7 )% (19.4 )% (in millions, except percentages) $ ____________________________ * In April 2007, we began operating our new ERP System, which allowed us to separately quantify deferred revenue associated with sales of packs and products that were shipped but not yet received by customers. As a result, in April 2007, we began recording deferred revenue related to packs with pack sales and deferred revenue associated with products with product sales. For the three months ended March 31, 2007, other sales included $1.9 million related to the change in deferred revenue for packs and products shipped but not yet received by customers, rather than in the applicable pack or product sales category. The decrease in our consolidated net sales consisted of a decrease in the volume of products and packs sold and a change in the mix of packs and products sold. Pack sales generally correlate to the number of new independent associates and members who purchase starter packs as well as the number of continuing independent associates who purchase upgrade or renewal packs. However, there is not a direct correlation between the number of new and continuing independent associates and members purchasing packs and the amount of product sales because independent associates and members may consume different products at different consumption levels. 39 Product Sales For the year ended December 31, 2008, product sales decreased $56.4 million, or 17.8%, to $260.5 million, as compared to $316.9 million for the same period in 2007. The $56.4 million decrease in product sales was comprised of a decrease in existing product sales of $54.1 million and a decrease attributable to the $2.3 million cost of introducing the new products set forth below. We believe the decrease in product sales was primarily related to the economic downturn and independent associate and member concerns over certain negative publicity and litigation. The following new products were introduced during 2008: PhytoMatrix® caplets in Japan, Taiwan, United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany, and South Korea; • Mannatech Optimal Skin Care System products in certain international markets; • A new sales kit in the United States; • • Bounce Back™ capsules in North America, Australia, and New Zealand; • OsoLean™ powder in North America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Korea; • HeartSmart™ tablets in Taiwan; • Various Optimal Health products in Singapore; and • Various Optimal Health and Optimal Weight and Fitness products in South Africa. Pack Sales We sell packs to our independent associates, which entitles them to purchase our products at wholesale prices. Members can also purchase packs, which enables them to purchase our products at a discount from published retail prices. Depending on the type of pack purchased, a pack may include certain products, promotional and educational information, and policies and procedures. Independent associates can also purchase upgrade packs, entitling the independent associate to additional promotional materials and additional commissions and incentives. Our business-building associates purchase annual renewal packs. The number of new and continuing independent associates and members, who purchased our packs during the years ended December 31, were as follows: New Continuing Total 2008 133,000 398,000 531,000 25 % 75 % 100 % 2007 191,000 384,000 575,000 33.2 % 66.8 % 100 % For the year ended December 31, 2008, the overall number of independent associates and members decreased by 44,000 or 7.7%, to 531,000 as compared to 575,000 for 2007. We experienced a decrease in the number of upgrade and renewal packs purchased by our continuing independent associates and a decrease in the number of new independent associates and members purchasing starter packs as compared to the same period in 2007. We believe the decrease in upgrade and renewal packs and starter packs purchased was related to the current economic conditions and independent associate and member concerns over certain negative publicity resulting from ongoing litigation. In 2008, we took the following actions to help increase the number of independent associates and members: • • • • • • • • • • registered our most popular products with the appropriate regulatory agencies in all countries of operations; focused on new product development; launched a new, aggressive marketing and educational campaign; explored and entered new international markets; strengthened compliance initiatives; initiated additional incentives; explored new advertising and educational tools to broaden name recognition; implemented changes to our global associate career and compensation plan; introduced new products; and introduced a $499 Premium/Allstar Pack in the U.S., Canada and South Africa in January 2009. 40 Pack sales associated with the number of independent associates and members can be further analyzed as follows, for the years ended December 31: 2008 2007 Number of independent associates and members Number of independent associates and members 133,000 398,000 Pack sales (in millions except percentages and independent associate information) 191,000 Pack sales 28.0 39.6 $ $ 531,000 $ 29.7 57.7 384,000 575,000 $ 39.4 79.0 Percentage and dollar change of pack sales $ (11.6 ) (9.7 ) $ (21.3 ) (29.3 )% (24.6 )% (27.0 )% New Continuing Total For the year ended December 31, 2008, our total pack sales decreased by $21.3 million, or 27.0%, to $57.7 million as compared to $79.0 million for the same period in 2007. The decrease in total pack sales was composed of an $11.6 million decrease due to a decline in the number of new independent associates and members purchasing starter packs and a decrease of $9.7 million due to a decline in the number of business-building independent associates purchasing renewal and upgrade packs. Other Sales Other sales consisted of the following: (cid:2) freight revenue charged to our independent associates and members; (cid:2) sales of promotional materials; (cid:2) training and event registration fees; (cid:2) monthly fees collected for Success Tracker™, a customized electronic business-building and educational materials database for our independent associates that helps stimulate product sales and provide business management; (cid:2) a reserve for estimated sales refunds and returns; and (cid:2) through March 31, 2007, deferred revenue that pertains to the timing of recognition of revenue for pack and product shipments. For the year ended December 31, 2008, other sales decreased by $2.3 million, or 13.7%, to $14.5 million as compared to $16.8 million for the same period in 2007. The decrease was primarily due to the decrease in product and pack shipments, which more than offset the increase in freight charged per shipment. The decrease in other sales is also related to the classification of deferred revenue of $1.9 million for pack and product sales, which was partially offset by an increase in income related to a transactional tax holiday for certain sales occurring in 2008. Gross Profit For the year ended December 31, 2008, gross profit decreased by $29.3 million, or 17.9%, to $134.5 million as compared to $163.8 million for the same period in 2007. The decrease was primarily due to a 19.4% decrease in net sales, which correlates to the 18.7% decrease in cost of sales, 19.6% decrease in commissions, and 39.5% decrease in incentives as compared to the same period in 2007. For the year ended December 31, 2008, gross profit as a percentage of net sales increased to 40.4% as compared to 39.7% for the same period in 2007. Cost of sales decreased during the year ended December 31, 2008 by 18.7%, or $11.2 million to $48.6 million as compared to $59.8 million for the same period in 2007. The decrease in cost of sales was primarily due to a decline in product cost of $9.8 million. The inventory write-offs and adjustments decreased by $0.9 million primarily due to the complimentary products shipped in 2007 as a result of the recall of the North American Optimal Restoring Serum. A decrease in freight cost was slightly offset by an increase in shipping supplies, which generated a net decrease of $0.5 million as compared to the same period in 2007. Cost of sales as a percentage of net sales increased slightly to 14.6% as compared to 14.5% for the same period in 2007. 41 Commission costs decreased for the year ended December 31, 2008, by 19.6%, or $34.6 million, to $142.1 million as compared to $176.7 million for the same period in 2007. The decrease in commissions was primarily related to the decrease in commissionable net sales. For the year ended December 31, 2008, commissions as a percentage of net sales remained relatively flat at 42.7% as compared to 42.8% for the same period of 2007. Incentive costs decreased for the year ended December 31, 2008, by 39.5%, or $4.9 million, to $7.5 million as compared to $12.4 million for the same period in 2007. The costs of incentives, as a percentage of net sales, decreased to 2.3% for the year ended December 31, 2008, as compared to 3.0% for the same period in 2007. The decrease in incentive costs was also the result of a decrease in the number of independent associates who qualified for annual travel incentives, which fell in 2008 by 33.0% to 889 as compared to 1,326 in 2007. Selling and Administrative Expenses Selling and administrative expenses include a combination of both fixed and variable expenses. These expenses consist of compensation and benefits for employees, temporary and contract labor, outbound shipping and freight, and marketing-related expenses, such as monthly magazine development costs and costs related to hosting our corporate- sponsored events. For the year ended December 31, 2008, overall selling and administrative expenses decreased $3.2 million, or 3.8%, to $81.1 million as compared to $84.3 million for the same period in 2007. Selling and administrative expenses, as a percentage of net sales for the year ended December 31, 2008, increased to 24.4%, as compared to 20.4% for the same period in 2007. Compensation and compensation-related costs increased by of $3.4 million, due to an increase in payroll and payroll-related costs of approximately $5.6 million. These compensation related costs were offset by a decrease in temporary and contract labor of approximately $1.8 million, as well as a decrease in stock option expense of $0.4 million, all of which were due to the conversion of a number of temporary and contract labor positions to permanent employees, normal merit increases, decreased capitalization of salaries for the development of our new Enterprise Resource Planning system, and costs related to staff reduction. This net increase was offset by a decrease in freight costs of $3.7 million due to a decrease in product and pack shipments, and a decrease in marketing costs of $2.9 million, which related to a change in distribution of an internal publication to associates, a reduction in cost related to corporate-sponsored events, and a reduction in the cost associated with advertising materials and printing. Other Operating Costs Other operating costs generally include travel, accounting/legal/consulting fees, royalties, credit card processing fees, banking fees, off-site storage fees, utilities, and other miscellaneous operating expenses. Generally, changes in other operating costs are associated with the changes in our net sales. For the year ended December 31, 2008, other operating costs decreased by $6.0 million, or 9.8%, to $55.7 million as compared to $61.7 million for the same period in 2007. For the year ended December 31, 2008, other operating costs as a percentage of net sales increased to 16.7% compared to 15.0 % for the same period in 2007. The decrease in other operating costs was primarily due to a $3.2 million decrease in general office expenses. There was also a $1.8 million decrease in travel cost, a $1.5 million decrease in credit card fees and royalties, and a $0.6 decrease in R&D costs. These reductions in other operating costs were partially offset by a $0.5 million increase in legal fees related to ongoing lawsuits, a $0.4 increase in accounting and consulting fees related to global expansion activities and the write-off of capitalized consulting fees associated with a sales software project, and a $0.2 million increase in repairs and maintenance costs. Included in legal costs in the fourth quarter of 2008 is a $5.5 million reversal of the estimated legal costs accrual related to the preliminary settlement of the Texas Attorney General complaint. Depreciation and Amortization Expense For the year ended December 31, 2008, depreciation and amortization expense increased by 20.3%, or $2.1 million, to $12.3 million as compared to $10.2 million for the same period in 2007. As a percentage of net sales, depreciation and amortization expense increased to 3.7% from 2.5% for the same period in 2007. The increase in depreciation and amortization expense primarily related to placing into service our ERP system, which cost approximately $34.0 million and is being amortized over 5 years. 42 Provision for Income Taxes Provision for income taxes include current and deferred income taxes for both our domestic and foreign operations. Our statutory income tax rates by jurisdiction are as follows, for the years ended December 31: Country Australia Canada Japan Republic of Korea South Africa Switzerland Taiwan United Kingdom United States 2008 30.0 % 33.0 % 42.0 % 27.5 % 28.0 % 16.2 % 25.0 % 28.0 % 37.5 % 2007 30.0 % 30.0 % 42.0 % 27.5 % N/A N/A 25.0 % 30.0 % 37.5 % Income from our international operations is subject to taxation in the countries in which we operate. Although we may receive foreign income tax credits that would reduce the total amount of income taxes owed in the United States, we may not be able to fully utilize our foreign income tax credits in the United States. We use the recognition and measurement provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109, “Accounting for Income Taxes”, (“FAS 109”), to account for income taxes. The provisions of FAS 109 require a company to record a valuation allowance when the “more likely than not” criterion for realizing net deferred tax assets cannot be met. Furthermore, the weight given to the potential effect of such evidence should be commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. As a result, we reviewed the operating results, as well as all of the positive and negative evidence related to realization of such deferred tax assets to evaluate the need for a valuation allowance in each tax jurisdiction. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, we maintained our valuation allowance for deferred tax assets in Taiwan totaling $0.9 million and $0.7 million, respectively, as we believe the “more likely than not” criterion for recognition and realization purposes, as defined in FAS 109, cannot be met. The dollar amount of the provisions for income taxes is directly related to our profitability and changes in taxable income among countries. For the year ended December 31, 2008, our effective income tax rate decreased to 30.6% from 37.1% for the same period in 2007. For 2008, the Company’s effective income tax rate was lower than what would be expected if the federal statutory income tax rate were applied to income before taxes primarily because of favorable differences from foreign operations. For 2007, the Company’s effective income tax rate was higher than what would be expected if the federal statutory income tax rate were applied to income before taxes primarily because of unfavorable permanent items from foreign operations. 43 Year Ended December 31, 2007 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2006 The tables below summarize our consolidated operating results in dollars and as a percentage of net sales for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006. Net sales Cost of sales Commissions and incentives Gross profit Operating expenses: Selling and administrative expenses Depreciation and amortization Other operating costs Total operating expenses Income from operations Interest income Other income (expense), net Income before income taxes Provision for income taxes Net income (loss) 2007 2006 Change Total Dollars % of net sales Total dollars % of net sales Dollar Percentage $ 412,678 59,765 189,067 248,832 163,846 84,298 10,236 61,703 156,237 7,609 2,700 180 10,489 (3,895 ) $ 6,594 (in thousands, except percentages) 100 % $ 14.3 % 44.4 % 58.7 % 41.3 % 100 % $ 410,069 58,461 14.5 % 182,215 45.8 % 240,676 60.3 % 169,393 39.7 % 2,609 1,304 6,852 8,156 (5,547 ) 71,892 20.4 % 4,960 2.5 % 48,467 15.0 % 125,319 37.9 % 44,074 1.8 % 2,513 0.7 % 1,101 0.0 % 47,688 2.5 % (0.9 )% (15,298 ) 1.6 % $ 32,390 12,406 17.6 % 5,276 1.2 % 13,236 11.8 % 30,918 30.6 % (36,465 ) 10.7 % 187 0.6 % (921 ) 0.3 % 11.6 % (37,199 ) (3.7 )% 11,403 7.9 % $ (25,796 ) 0.6 % 2.2 % 3.8 % 3.4 % (3.3 )% 17.3 % 106.4 % 27.3 % 24.7 % (82.7 )% 7.4 % (83.7 )% (78.0 )% 74.5 % (79.6 )% For geographical purposes, consolidated net sales primarily shipped to customers by location for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 were as follows: Net Sales in Dollars and as a Percentage of Consolidated Net Sales United States Republic of Korea Japan Australia Canada New Zealand United Kingdom Taiwan Germany Denmark Totals 2007 2006 $ 244.5 44.0 42.3 29.4 27.4 6.9 6.7 5.4 4.6 1.5 $ 412.7 (in millions, except percentages) $ 271.4 12.4 41.4 30.5 28.6 8.9 7.5 3.7 2.3 3.4 $ 410.1 59.2 % 10.7 % 10.3 % 7.1 % 6.6 % 1.7 % 1.6 % 1.3 % 1.1 % 0.4 % 100 % 66.2 % 3.0 % 10.1 % 7.4 % 7.0 % 2.2 % 1.8 % 0.9 % 0.6 % 0.8 % 100 % 44 Net Sales For the year ended December 31, 2007, our operations outside of the United States accounted for approximately 40.8% of our consolidated net sales, whereas in the same period in 2006, our operations outside of the United States accounted for approximately 33.8% of our consolidated net sales. Consolidated net sales for the year ended December 31, 2007, increased by $2.6 million or 0.6% as compared to the same period in 2006. International sales have experienced growth, which generated $29.5 million in incremental net sales for the year ended December 31, 2007 as compared to the same period in 2006. The international sales growth in 2007 was largely associated with greater sales volume in Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and Germany driven by the continued growth of our PhytoMatrix ® caplets and Mannatech Optimal Skin Care System sales, introduced in Japan and other Asian countries in 2006, as well as the introduction of Advanced Ambrotose ® products in Japan in 2007. However, net sales for the year ended December 31, 2007, for Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, and the United Kingdom decreased slightly compared to the same period in 2006. The overall increase in international net sales was offset by a decrease in domestic sales, which we believe was affected by independent associate and member concerns related to certain negative publicity from litigation and regulatory activities, and delays in processing orders caused by implementation issues in our ERP system. The decline in domestic sales was partially offset by the introduction of our Mannatech Optimal Skin Care System products and Optimal Support Packets into North America in late March 2007. Overall, the appreciation of foreign currencies had approximately a $5.1 million favorable impact on net sales in 2007. Our total sales and sales mix can be influenced by any of the following: • • • • • • • • • • changes in our sales prices; changes in consumer demand; changes in competitors’ products; changes in economic conditions; changes in regulations; announcements of new scientific studies and breakthroughs; introduction of new products; discontinuation of existing products; adverse publicity; and changes in our commissions and incentives programs. Our sales mix for the years ended December 31, was as follows: 2007 2006 Dollar Percentage Change Product sales Pack sales Other, including freight* Total net sales $ $ 316.9 79.0 16.8 412.7 $ (in millions, except percentages) $ 309.1 80.7 20.3 410.1 $ $ $ 7.8 (1.7 ) ($3.5 ) 2.6 2.5 % (2.1 )% (17.2 )% 0.6 % ______________________________________ * In April 2007, we began operating our new ERP system, which allowed us to separately quantify deferred revenue associated with sales of packs and products that were shipped but not yet received by customers. As a result, in April 2007, we began recording deferred revenue related to packs with pack sales and deferred revenue associated with products with product sales. For the three months ended March 31, 2007 and for the year ended December 31, 2006, we recorded deferred revenue of $1.9 million and $1.0 million, respectively, related to packs and products shipped but not yet received by customers in other sales rather than in the applicable pack or product sales category because our previous computer system could not separately differentiate deferred revenue associated with packs and products. The increase in our consolidated net sales consisted of a change in the mix of packs and products sold. Pack sales generally correlate to the number of new independent associates and members who purchase a starter pack and with the number of continuing independent associates who purchase upgrade or renewal packs. However, there is not a direct correlation between the number of new and continuing independent associates and members purchasing packs and the amount of product sales because independent associates and members may consume different products at different consumption levels. 45 Product Sales For the year ended December 31, 2007, product sales grew $7.8 million, or 2.5%, as compared to the same period in 2006. Of the $7.8 million increase in product sales, $19.8 million of the increase was attributable to the introduction of new products. The increase was offset by a decrease in existing product sales of $8.1 million and deferred revenue of $3.9 million, which was previously recorded in other sales. We believe existing product sales decreased primarily due to independent associate and member concerns over certain negative publicity and litigation and regulatory activities and the delays in order processing due to the implementation of our ERP system. The following new products were introduced during 2007: • Mannatech Optimal Skin Care System Products in North America and Australia; • Optimal Support Packets in North America; • Advanced Ambrotose ® capsules in international markets; and • PhytoMatrix ® capsules in Australia and New Zealand. Pack Sales We sell packs to our independent associates, which entitles them to purchase our products at wholesale prices. Members can also purchase a pack, which entitles them to purchase our products at a discount from published retail prices. Depending on the type of pack purchased, a pack may include certain products, promotional and educational information, and policies and procedures. Independent associates can also purchase upgrade packs, entitling the independent associate to additional promotional materials and additional commissions and incentives. Our business-building associates purchase annual renewal packs. The number of new and continuing independent associates and members, who purchased our packs during the years ended December 31, were as follows: New Continuing Total 2007 2006 191,000 384,000 575,000 33.2 % 66.8 % 100 % 203,000 341,000 544,000 37.4 % 62.6 % 100 % For the year ended December 31, 2007, the overall number of independent associates and members increased by 31,000 or 5.7%, as compared to 2006. Beginning in the second quarter of 2007, we recorded pack sale-related deferred revenue with pack sales, instead of with other sales, which decreased the pack sales presented for 2007. We have continued to experience an increase in the number of continuing independent associates who purchase our upgrade and renewal packs. However, we experienced a decrease in the number of new independent associates and members purchasing starter packs as compared to the same period in 2006. We believe the decrease in new independent associates and members purchasing starter packs may relate to certain negative publicity, customer difficulty adapting to our new ERP system, changes to our corporate website and independent associate and member concerns resulting from ongoing litigation and regulatory activities. Additional actions we took in 2007 to help increase the number of independent associates and members were: • • • • • • • • • • registered our most popular products in all countries of operations; focused on new product development; explored new international markets; launched an aggressive marketing and educational campaign; expanded our 2007 annual travel incentive for one additional business period; instituted a 100% satisfaction guarantee program; strengthened compliance initiatives; concentrated on publishing results of research studies and clinical trials related to our products; initiated additional incentives; and explored new advertising and educational tools to broaden name recognition. 46 Pack sales associated with the number of independent associates and members can be further analyzed as follows, for the years ended December 31: 2007 2006 Number of independent associates and members Pack sales Number of independent associates and members Pack sales Percentage and dollar change of pack sales New Continuing Total 191,000 384,000 575,000 (in millions except percentages and independent associate information) $ 203,000 51.5 39.6 $ 39.4 79.0 $ 341,000 544,000 29.2 80.7 $ ($11.9 ) 10.2 ($1.7 ) (23.1 )% 34.9 % (2.1 )% For the year ended December 31, 2007, our total pack sales decreased by $1.7 million, or 2.1%, to $79.0 million as compared to $80.7 million for the same period in 2006. The decrease in total pack sales was composed of an $11.9 million decrease related to a decrease in the number of new independent associates and members purchasing starter packs. This decrease was partially offset by an increase of $10.2 million related to an increase in the number of business-building independent associates purchasing renewal and upgrade packs. Other Sales Other sales consisted of the following: freight revenue charged to our independent associates and members; sales of promotional materials; training and event registration fees; • • • • monthly fees collected for Success Tracker™, a customized electronic business-building and educational materials database for our independent associates that helps stimulate product sales and provide business management; a reserve for estimated sales refunds and returns; and through March 31, 2007, deferred revenue that pertains to the timing of recognition of revenue for pack and product shipments. • • For the year ended December 31, 2007, other sales decreased by $3.5 million to $16.8 million from $20.3 million for the same period in 2006, primarily due to a decrease in freight revenue of $1.8 million and an increase in costs related to sales refunds of $1.7 million. Freight revenue decreased due to the change in the sales mix between countries in which freight is charged to customers and those in which it is not. The increase in costs related to sales refunds was due to a product recall in 2007, issues with shipments during the implementation of our Enterprise Resource Planning system, and a change in our sales return policy. Gross Profit For the year ended December 31, 2007, gross profit decreased by $5.5 million, or 3.3%, to $163.8 million as compared to $169.4 million for the same period in 2006. For the year ended December 31, 2007, gross profit as a percentage of net sales decreased to 39.7% as compared to 41.3% for the same period in 2006. The decrease in gross profit was primarily due to a 2.2% increase in costs of sales and a 3.8% increase in commissions and incentives, which was partially offset by a 0.6% increase in net sales. Cost of sales increased during the year ended December 31, 2007, by 2.2%, or $1.3 million, to $59.8 million as compared to $58.5 million for the same period in 2006. The increase in cost of sales was primarily due to an increase in inventory write-offs and adjustments of $1.5 million, an increase in freight and other costs of $0.6 million, offset by a decrease in the costs of finished goods of $0.8 million. The inventory write-offs and adjustments were for skin care, shrinkage in certain raw materials, and an increase in complimentary products shipped in connection with the recall of the North American Optimal Restoring Serum, and issues with shipments during the implementation of our ERP system. The increase in freight and other costs was due to increases in shipping rates and an increase in shipments to foreign countries, due to the change in sales among countries. The decrease in the costs of finished goods was due to changes in the sales mix between packs and products. Cost of sales as a percentage of net sales increased to 14.5% from 14.3%, which primarily related to the change in the mix of packs and products sold, increased freight costs, and an increase in inventory write-offs. 47 Commission costs increased for the year ended December 31, 2007, by 0.9%, or $1.6 million, to $176.7 million as compared to $175.1 million for the same period in 2006. The increase in commissions primarily related to the increase in commissionable net sales. For the year ended December 31, 2007, commissions as a percentage of net sales remained relatively flat at 42.8% as compared to 42.7% for the same period of 2006. Incentive costs increased for the year ended December 31, 2007, by 74.6%, or $5.3 million, to $12.4 million as compared to $7.1 million for the same period in 2006. The costs of incentives, as a percentage of net sales, increased to 3.0% for the year ended December 31, 2007, as compared to 1.7% for the same period in 2006. The increase was the result of an increase in the number of independent associates who qualified for annual travel incentives, which increased in 2007 by 10.3% to 1,326 as compared to 1,202 in 2006. The increase is also related to the increase in the number of independent associates in international countries who qualified for an annual travel incentive, as the international travel incentives are more expensive per person than domestic travel incentives. Additionally, new international incentives and contests were added during the year ended December 31, 2007, resulting in an increase in incentive costs. Selling and Administrative Expenses Selling and administrative expenses include a combination of both fixed and variable expenses. These expenses consist of compensation and benefits for employees, temporary and contract labor, outbound shipping and freight, and marketing-related expenses, such as monthly magazine development costs and costs related to hosting our corporate- sponsored events. For the year ended December 31, 2007, selling and administrative expenses increased $12.4 million, or 17.3%, to $84.3 million as compared to $71.9 million for the same period in 2006. Selling and administrative expenses, as a percentage of net sales for the year ended December 31, 2007, increased to 20.4%, as compared to 17.6% for the same period in 2006. The increase in selling and administrative expenses consists primarily of the following: • • a net increase of $11.0 million in compensation and compensation-related costs, which included an increase in payroll and payroll-related costs of approximately $6.9 million, an increase in temporary and contract labor of approximately $3.7 million, and an increase in stock option expense of $0.4 million, all of which were due to an increase in staffing levels, normal merit increases, and decreased capitalization of salaries for the ERP system; and an increase of approximately $1.2 million in marketing and marketing-related expenses due to marketing costs associated with new product introductions, an increase in magazine costs, and costs associated with increased attendance at our corporate-sponsored events. Other Operating Costs Other operating costs generally include travel, accounting/legal/consulting fees, royalties, credit card processing fees, banking fees, off-site storage fees, utilities, and other miscellaneous operating expenses. Generally, changes in other operating costs are associated with the changes in our net sales. For the year ended December 31, 2007, other operating costs increased by $13.2 million, or 27.3%, to $61.7 million as compared to $48.5 million for the same period in 2006. For the year ended December 31, 2007, other operating costs as a percentage of net sales increased to 15.0% compared to 11.8% for the same period in 2006. The increase in other operating costs was primarily due to a $10.2 million increase in accounting, legal, and consulting fees, a $0.7 million increase in various repairs and maintenance costs including purchases of noncapitalizable equipment, a $1.1 million increase in credit card fees, and a $1.2 million increase in bad debt expenses. Accounting, legal, and consulting fees increased by $10.2 million as compared to the same period in 2006, primarily due to legal fees and litigation costs associated with ongoing lawsuits and regulatory matters of approximately $6.4 million and accounting fees associated with tax related services of $2.6 million. The remaining increase of $1.2 million is the additional consulting fees associated with our new ERP system, global associate training, and global expansion activities. Credit card processing fees increased by $1.1 million as compared to the same period in 2006 due to an increase in international net sales, especially in South Korea. 48 Depreciation and Amortization Expense For the year ended December 31, 2007, depreciation and amortization expense increased by 106.4%, or $5.3 million, to $10.2 million as compared to $5.0 million for the same period in 2006. As a percentage of net sales, depreciation and amortization expense increased to 2.5% from 1.2% for the same period in 2006. The increase in depreciation and amortization expense primarily related to placing into service our ERP system, which cost approximately $34.0 million and is being amortized over 5 years. Provision for Income Taxes Provision for income taxes include current and deferred income taxes for both our domestic and foreign operations. Our statutory income tax rates by jurisdiction are as follows, for the years ended December 31: Country United States Australia United Kingdom Japan Republic of Korea Taiwan 2007 37.5 % 30 % 30 % 42 % 27.5 % 25 % 2006 37.5 % 30 % 30 % 42 % 27.5 % 25 % Income from our international operations is subject to taxation in the countries in which we operate. Although we may receive foreign income tax credits that would reduce the total amount of income taxes owed in the United States, we may not be able to fully utilize our foreign income tax credits in the United States. We use the recognition and measurement provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109, “Accounting for Income Taxes”, (“FAS 109”), to account for income taxes. The provisions of FAS 109 require a company to record a valuation allowance when the “more likely than not” criterion for realizing net deferred tax assets cannot be met. Furthermore, the weight given to the potential effect of such evidence should be commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. As a result, we reviewed the operating results, as well as all of the positive and negative evidence related to realization of such deferred tax assets to evaluate the need for a valuation allowance in each tax jurisdiction. As of December 31, 2007 and 2006, we maintained our valuation allowance for deferred tax assets in Taiwan totaling $0.7 million and $0.5 million, respectively, as we believe the “more likely than not” criterion for recognition and realization purposes, as defined in FAS 109, cannot be met. The Republic of Korea deferred tax assets carrying a valuation allowance of $0.6 million at December 31, 2006, were fully utilized in 2007. The dollar amount of the provisions for income taxes is directly impacted by our profitability and changes in taxable income among countries. For the year ended December 31, 2007, our effective income tax rate increased to 37.1% from 32.1% for the same period in 2006. For 2007, the Company’s effective income tax rate was higher than what would be expected if the federal statutory income tax rate were applied to income before taxes primarily because of unfavorable permanent items from foreign operations. The tax rate difference for 2006 was primarily due to filing for research and experimentation income tax credits totaling $1.6 million for 2002 through 2005 activities. Seasonality We believe the impact of seasonality on our consolidated results of operations is minimal. We have experienced and believe we will continue to experience variations on our quarterly results of operations in response to, among other things: • • • • • • the timing of the introduction of new products and incentives; our ability to attract and retain associates and members; the timing of our incentives and contests; the general overall economic outlook; government regulations; the outcome of certain lawsuits; 49 • • the perception and acceptance of network-marketing; and the consumer perception of our products and overall operations. As a result of these and other factors, our quarterly results may vary significantly in the future. Period-to-period comparisons should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance since we can give no assurances that revenue trends in new markets, as well as in existing markets, will follow our historical patterns. The market price of our common stock may also be adversely affected by the above factors. Liquidity and Capital Resources Our principal use of cash is to pay for operating expenses, including commissions and incentives, capital assets, inventory purchases, and international expansion and to pay quarterly cash dividends. We generally fund our business objectives, operations, and expansion of our operations through net cash flows from operations rather than incurring long- term debt. We plan to continue to fund our needs through net cash flows from operations. At December 31, 2008, we had $30.9 million in cash and cash equivalents that can be used, along with normal cash flows from operations, to fund any unanticipated shortfalls in future cash flows. Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments As of December 31, 2008, our cash and cash equivalents decreased by 34.3%, or $16.2 million, to $30.9 million from $47.1 million as of December 31, 2007. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents is related to the current period loss, adjusted for noncash items, the acquisition of additional inventory, purchases of property and equipment, the decrease in accrued expenses due to the timing of payments, the decrease in taxes payable due to our net tax benefit position, and the payment of dividends, which was offset by conversion of our long-term investments to cash and cash equivalents in 2008 and the favorable impact of foreign currency on our cash balances, primarily in Korea. As of December 31, 2008, our investments have all been converted to cash equivalents as compared to an investment balance of $13.0 million as of December 31, 2007. Working Capital Working capital represents total current assets less total current liabilities. At December 31, 2008, our working capital increased by $6.4 million, or 25.0%, to $32.0 million from $25.6 million at December 31, 2007. The increase in working capital primarily relates to a decrease in accrued expenses and taxes payable and an increase in inventory, partially offset by a decrease in cash and cash equivalents. Net Cash Flows Our net consolidated cash flows consist of the following, for the years ended December 31: Provided by (used in): Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities 2008 2007 2006 $ $ $ (19.9 ) 7.2 (5.9 ) (in millions) 17.8 (7.8 ) (9.4 ) $ $ $ $ $ $ 39.9 (35.7 ) (14.0 ) The operating, investing, and financing activities are described in more detail below. 50 Operating Activities For the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006, our net operating activities used cash of $19.9 million and provided cash of $17.8 million and $39.9 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006, net earnings adjusted for noncash activities used cash of $0.8 million and provided cash of $16.8 million and $44.0 million, respectively, and our working capital accounts used cash of $19.0 million, provided cash of $1.0 million, and used cash of $4.1 million, respectively. We expect that our net operating cash flows in 2009 will be sufficient to fund our current operations and future quarterly cash dividends. There can be no assurance, however, that we will continue to generate cash flows at or above current levels, or will continue to declare and pay dividends. Certain events, such as an unfavorable outcome against us with respect to current litigation, could impact our available cash or our ability to generate cash flows from operations. See “Risk Factors—We are not required to pay dividends, and our Board of Directors could decide not to declare a dividend or could reduce the amount of the dividend at any time” in Item 1A of this Form 10-K for further discussion related to future payment of dividends. Investing Activities For the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006, our net investing activities provided cash of $7.2 million and used cash of $7.8 million and $35.7 million, respectively. In 2008, we converted our long-term investments to cash and cash equivalents, providing cash of $13.0 million, which was partially offset by the acquisition of capital assets of $5.6 million. In 2007, we used cash of $13.4 million to purchase capital assets and $6.8 million as collateral for credit card payments in the Republic of Korea, which was partially offset by sales of investments of $12.4 million. In 2006, we used cash of $26.7 million to purchase capital assets, $8.0 million to purchase investments, and $3.6 million as collateral for credit card payments in the Republic of Korea, which was partially offset by releasing $2.6 million of restricted cash to operations related to the expiration of a letter of credit for our travel incentive. In 2009, we anticipate using cash of up to $5.0 million to purchase other capital assets for use in our operations, expansion of our corporate facilities and planned international expansion. In 2009, we anticipate using cash up to approximately $5.0 million for litigation settlement payments. Financing Activities In 2008, we used cash of $5.9 million to fund our net financing activities. During 2008, we used cash of $5.8 million to fund payment of quarterly cash dividends to our shareholders and used cash of $0.1 million to repay capital leases. In 2007, we used cash of $9.4 million to fund our net financing activities. During 2007, we used cash of $9.5 million to fund payment of quarterly cash dividends to our shareholders and used cash of $0.1 million to repay capital leases. These uses of cash were partially offset by receiving cash of $0.1 million and recording an income tax benefit of $0.1 million related to option holders exercising their stock options. In 2006, we used cash of $14.0 million to fund our net financing activities. During 2006, we used cash of $8.5 million to pay quarterly cash dividend payments to shareholders, used cash of $7.0 million to purchase our common stock in the open market, and used cash of $0.1 million to repay capital leases. These uses of cash were partially offset by receiving cash of $1.1 million and recording an income tax benefit of $0.5 million related to option holders exercising their stock options. General Liquidity and Cash Flows Historically, we generate positive cash flows from operations and believe our existing liquidity and cash flows from operations are adequate to fund our normal expected future business operations, our estimated payments of cash dividends, the repurchase of our common stock in the open market, and international expansion costs for the next 12 to 24 months. However, if our existing capital resources or cash flows become insufficient to meet current business plans, projections, and existing capital requirements, we will be required to modify our payment of future dividends and raise additional funds, which may not be available on favorable terms, if at all. See “Risk Factors—We are not required to pay dividends, and our Board of Directors could decide not to declare a dividend or could reduce the amount of the dividend at any time” in Item 1A of this Form 10-K for further discussion related to future payment of dividends. 51 Contractual Obligations. The following summarizes our future commitments and obligations associated with various agreements and contracts as of December 31, 2008, for the years ending December 31: 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Thereafter Total (in thousands) Capital lease obligations Purchase obligations Operating leases Post-employment royalty Employment agreements Total commitments and obligations $ 34 $ 125 $ 143 $ 305 27,446 2,535 11,218 1,196 2,952 492 3,202 — $ 15,181 $ 11,243 $ 6,715 $ 4,226 $ 2,639 $ 5,119 $ 45,123 3 $ — $ 1,050 1,097 492 — 2,100 2,527 492 — 9,090 2,849 492 2,607 7,715 2,338 492 573 4,956 1,211 492 22 — $ We have maintained purchase commitments with certain raw material suppliers to purchase minimum quantities and to ensure exclusivity of our raw materials and proprietorship of our products. Currently, we have four supply agreements that require minimum purchase commitments. We expect to exceed our minimum monthly-required purchase commitments. We also maintain other supply agreements and manufacturing agreements to protect our products, regulate product costs, and help ensure quality control standards. These agreements do not require us to purchase any set minimums. We have no present commitments or agreements with respect to acquisitions or purchases of any manufacturing facilities; however, management from time to time explores the possibility of the benefits of purchasing a raw material manufacturing facility to help control costs of our raw materials and help ensure quality control standards. Off–Balance Sheet Arrangements We do not have any special-purpose entity arrangements, nor do we have any off-balance sheet arrangements. Market Risks Please see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk” under Item 7A of this Form 10-K for additional information about our Market Risks. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The application of GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported values of assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements, the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period, and the related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. We use estimates throughout our financial statements, which are influenced by management’s judgment and uncertainties. Our estimates are based on historical trends, industry standards, and various other assumptions that we believe are applicable and reasonable under the circumstances at the time the consolidated financial statements are prepared. Our Audit Committee reviews our critical accounting policies and estimates. We continually evaluate and review our policies related to the portrayal of our consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations that require the application of significant judgment by our management. We also analyze the need for certain estimates, including the need for such items as allowance for doubtful accounts, inventory reserves, long-lived fixed assets and capitalization of internal-use software development costs, reserve for uncertain income tax positions and tax valuation allowances, revenue recognition, sales returns, and deferred revenues, accounting for stock-based compensation, and contingencies and litigation. Historically, actual results have not materially deviated from our estimates. However, we caution readers that actual results could differ from our estimates and assumptions applied in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. If circumstances change relating to the various assumptions or conditions used in our estimates, we could experience an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. We have identified the following applicable critical accounting policies and estimates as of December 31, 2008: 52 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Accounts receivable consists of receivables from manufacturers, independent associates, and members and are carried at their estimated collectible amounts. As of December 31, 2008, net accounts receivable totaled $0.3 million. We simultaneously receive payment for an order when the order ships. If the payment is rejected or if it does not match the order total, a receivable is created. We periodically review receivables for realizability and base collectability upon assumptions, historical trends, and recent account activities. If our estimates regarding estimated collectability are inaccurate or consumer trends change in an unforeseen manner, we may be exposed to additional write-offs or bad debts. As of December 31, 2008, we had an allowance for doubtful accounts of less than $0.1 million. Inventory Reserves Inventory consists of raw materials, work in progress, finished goods, and promotional materials that are stated at the lower of cost (using standard costs that approximate average costs) or market. We record the amounts charged by the vendors as the costs of inventory. Typically, the net realizable value of our inventory is higher than the aggregate cost. Determination of net realizable value can be complex and, therefore, requires a high degree of judgment. In order for management to make the appropriate determination of net realizable value, the following items are considered: inventory turnover statistics, current selling prices, seasonality factors, consumer demand, regulatory changes, competitive pricing, and performance of similar products. If we determine the carrying value of inventory is in excess of estimated net realizable value, we write down the value of inventory to the estimated net realizable value. We also review inventory for obsolescence in a similar manner and any inventory identified as obsolete is reserved or written off. Our determination of obsolescence is based on assumptions about the demand for our products, product expiration dates, estimated future sales, and general future plans. We monitor actual sales compared to original projections, and if actual sales are less favorable than those originally projected by us, we record an additional inventory reserve or write-down. Historically, our estimates have been close to our actual reported amounts. However, if our estimates regarding fair market value or obsolescence are inaccurate or consumer demand for our products changes in an unforeseen manner, we may be exposed to additional material losses or gains in excess of our established estimated inventory reserves. At December 31, 2008 and 2007, our inventory reserves were $0.7 million and $0.5 million, respectively. Long Lived Fixed Assets and Capitalization of Software Development Costs In addition to capitalizing long lived fixed asset costs, we also capitalize costs associated with internally developed software projects (collectively “fixed assets”) and amortize such costs over the estimated useful lives of such fixed assets. Fixed assets are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation computed using the straight-line method over the assets’ estimated useful lives. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the remaining lease terms or the estimated useful lives of the improvements. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. If a fixed asset is sold or otherwise retired or disposed of, the cost of the fixed asset and the related accumulated depreciation or amortization is written off and any resulting gain or loss is recorded in other operating costs in our consolidated statement of operations. We review our fixed assets for impairment whenever an event or change in circumstances indicates the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable, such as plans to dispose of an asset before the end of its previously estimated useful life. Our impairment review includes a comparison of future projected cash flows generated by the asset, or group of assets, with its associated net carrying value. If the net carrying value of the asset or group of assets exceeds expected cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges), an impairment loss is recognized to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. The fair value is determined by calculating the discounted expected future cash flows using an estimated risk-free rate of interest. Any identified impairment losses are recorded in the period in which the impairment occurs. The carrying value of the fixed asset is adjusted to the new carrying value and any subsequent increases in fair value of the fixed asset are not recorded. In addition, if we determine the estimated remaining useful life of the asset should be reduced from our original estimate, the periodic depreciation expense is adjusted prospectively, based on the new remaining useful life of the fixed asset. The impairment calculation requires us to apply judgment and estimates concerning future cash flows, strategic plans, useful lives, and discount rates. If actual results are not consistent with our estimates and assumptions, we may be exposed to an additional impairment charge, which could be material to our results of operations. In addition, if accounting standards change, or if fixed assets become obsolete, we may be required to write off any unamortized costs of fixed assets; or if estimated useful lives change, we would be required to accelerate depreciation or amortization periods and recognize additional depreciation expense in our consolidated statement of operations. 53 Historically, our estimates and assumptions related to the carrying value and the estimated useful lives of our fixed assets have not materially deviated from actual results. As of December 31, 2008, the estimated useful lives and net carrying values of fixed assets are as follows: Office furniture and equipment Computer hardware and software Automobiles Leasehold improvements Construction in progress Total net carrying value at December 31, 2008 Estimated useful life 5 to 7 years 3 to 5 years 3 to 5 years 2 to 10 years(1) 2 to 10 years(2) Net carrying value at December 31, 2008 $ $ 3.3 million 28.7 million 0.1 million 4.1 million 0.8 million 37.0 million _____________________________ (1) We amortize leasehold improvements over the shorter of the useful estimated life of the leased asset or the lease term. (2) Construction in process includes fixed assets, leasehold improvements and internally developed software costs. Once placed in service, leasehold improvements will be amortized over the shorter of an asset’s useful life or the remaining lease term. Once the internally-developed software is placed in service, it will be amortized over three to five years. The net carrying costs of fixed assets and construction in progress are exposed to impairment losses if our assumptions and estimates of their carrying values change, there is a change in estimated future cash flow, or there is a change in the estimated useful life of the fixed asset. Uncertain Income Tax Positions and Tax Valuation Allowances As of December 31, 2008, we recorded $0.5 million in taxes payable and $0.1 million in other long-term liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet related to uncertain income tax positions. As required by FIN 48, we use judgments and make estimates and assumptions related to evaluating the probability of uncertain income tax positions. We base our estimates and assumptions on the potential liability related to an assessment of whether the income tax position will “more likely than not” be sustained in an income tax audit. We are also subject to periodic audits from multiple domestic and foreign tax authorities related to income tax, sales and use tax, personal property tax, and other forms of taxation. These audits examine our tax positions, timing of income and deductions, and allocation procedures across multiple jurisdictions. As part of our evaluation of these tax issues, we establish reserves in our consolidated financial statements based on our estimate of current probable tax exposures. Depending on the nature of the tax issue, we could be subject to audit over several years. Therefore, our estimated reserve balances and liability related to uncertain income tax positions may exist for multiple years before the applicable statute of limitations expires or before an issue is resolved by the taxing authority. We believe our tax liabilities related to uncertain tax positions are based upon reasonable judgment and estimates; however, if actual results materially differ, our effective income tax rate and cash flows could be affected in the period of discovery or resolution. We also review the estimates and assumptions used in evaluating the probability of realizing the future benefits of our deferred tax assets and record a valuation allowance when we believe that a portion or all of the deferred tax assets may not be realized. If we are unable to realize the expected future benefits of our deferred tax assets, we are required to provide a valuation allowance. We use our past history and experience, overall profitability, future management plans, and current economic information to evaluate the amount of valuation allowance to record. As of December 31, 2008, we maintained a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets arising from our operations in Taiwan because they did not meet the “more likely than not” criteria as defined by the recognition and measurement provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109, “Accounting for Income Taxes.” In addition, as of December 31, 2008, we had deferred tax assets, after valuation allowance, totaling $8.1 million, which may not be realized if our assumptions and estimates change, which would affect our effective income tax rate and cash flows in the period of discovery or resolution. 54 Revenue Recognition and Deferred Revenue We derive revenues from sales of our products, sales of our starter and renewal packs, and shipping fees. Substantially all of our product and pack sales are made to independent associates at published wholesale prices. We also sell products to independent members at discounted published retail prices. We record revenue net of any sales taxes. Total deferred revenue consists of (i) revenue received from sales of packs and products shipped but not received by the customers at period end; (ii) revenue received for a one-year magazine subscription; (iii) revenue received from pack sales when the pack sale price exceeds the wholesale value of all individual components within the pack; and (iv) revenue received from prepaid registration fees from customers planning to attend a future corporate-sponsored event. We recognize deferred revenue from shipped packs and products upon receipt by the customer. We recognize deferred revenue related to future corporate-sponsored events when the event is held. All other deferred revenue is recognized over one year. At December 31, 2008, total deferred revenue was $3.5 million. Significant changes in the pricing structure of our packs or our shipping methods could result in additional revenue deferrals or cause us to recognize deferred revenue over a longer period of time. For example, if we were to decrease the number of items included in our packs while keeping the sales price of the packs the same, we would have to defer additional revenue and recognize the additional deferred revenue over one year. We have three different product return policies: (i) a policy for our retail customers, (ii) a policy for our independent members, and (iii) a policy for our independent associates. Retail customers may return any of our products, within 180 days of purchase, to the original independent associate who sold the product, and such associate is required to provide the retail customer with a full cash refund. The independent associate may receive a replacement product by forwarding proof of the refund to us. Independent members may return an order to us within 180 days of the purchase date without membership termination or restocking fees. After 180 days from the date of purchase, the independent member may not receive a refund and is allowed an exchange only, and may, if abuse of the return policy is found, have his or her membership terminated. Independent associates are allowed to return an order within one year of the purchase date upon terminating their associate accounts. If an independent associate returns a product unopened and in good salable condition, the independent associate returning the product may receive a full refund. We may also allow an independent associate to receive a full 100% refund for the first 180 days following a product’s purchase. After 180 days from the purchase date, an independent associate may not request a refund, and is allowed an exchange only; however, if abuse of the return policy is found, an independent associate may be terminated. Historically, sales returns estimates have not materially deviated from actual sales returns. Based upon our return policies, we estimate a sales return reserve for expected sales refunds based on our historical experience over a rolling six- month period. If actual results differ from our estimated sales returns reserves due to various factors, the amount of revenue recorded each period could be materially affected. Historically, our sales returns have not materially changed through the years as the majority of our customers who return their merchandise do so within the first 90 days after the original sale. Sales returns have averaged 1.5% or less of our gross sales and for the year ended December 31, 2008 were composed of the following (in thousands): Sales reserve as of December 31, 2007 Current provision related to sales made in 2008 Current provision related to sales made prior to 2008 Actual returns or credits in 2008 related to 2008 Actual returns or credits in 2008 related to prior periods Sales reserve as of December 31, 2008 Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation $ $ 572 4,339 359 (3,625 ) (926 ) 719 We grant stock options to our employees and board members. At the date of grant, we determine the fair value of a stock option award and recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of such stock option award, which is two to four years. The fair value of the stock option award is calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, (“calculated fair value”). The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires us to apply judgment and use highly subjective assumptions, including expected stock option life, expected volatility, expected average risk-free interest rates, and expected forfeiture rates. For the year ended December 31, 2008, our assumptions and estimates used for the calculated fair value of stock options granted in 2008 were as follows: 55 January 2008 grant February 2008 grant March 2008 grant June 2008 grant #1 June 2008 grant #2 August 2008 grant November 2008 grant #1 November 2008 grant #2 November 2008 grant #3 Estimated fair value per share of options granted: $ 2.11 $ 2.26 $ 2.81 $ 2.06 $ 2.06 $ 1.85 $ 1.03 $ 0.98 $ 1.06 Assumptions: Annualized dividend yield Risk-free rate of return Common stock price 6.08 % 3.06 % 5.63 % 2.67 % 4.83 % 2.48 % 5.96 % 3.17 % 5.97 % 3.57 % 3.48 % 2.97 % 3.20 % 1.76 % 3.20 % 1.76 % 3.16 % 1.90 % volatility 63.80 % 61.90 % 62.70 % 60.40 % 59.80 % 60.10 % 62.60 % 62.60 % 63.40 % Expected average life of stock options (in years) 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 Historically, our estimates and underlying assumptions have not materially deviated from our actual reported results and rates. However, the assumptions we use are based on our best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties based on market conditions that are outside of our control. If actual results are not consistent with the assumptions we use, the stock-based compensation expense reported in our consolidated financial statements may not be representative of the actual economic cost of stock-based compensation. For example, if actual employee forfeitures significantly differ from our estimated forfeitures, we may be required to make an adjustment to our consolidated financial statements in future periods. As of December 31, 2008, using our current assumptions and estimates, we anticipate recognizing $0.9 million in gross compensation expense through 2011 related to unvested stock options outstanding. If we grant additional stock options in the future, we would be required to recognize additional compensation expense over the vesting period of such stock options in our consolidated statement of operations. Gross compensation expense would equal the calculated fair value of such stock options, which is dependent on the assumptions used to calculate such fair value, but generally ranges between 34% to 69% of the exercise price multiplied by the number of stock options awarded. As of December 31, 2008, we had 596,224 shares available for grant in the future. Contingencies and Litigation Each quarter, we evaluate the need to establish a reserve for any legal claims or assessments. We base our evaluation on our best estimates of the potential liability in such matters. The legal reserve includes an estimated amount for any damages and the probability of losing any threatened legal claims or assessments. The legal reserve is developed in consultation with our general and outside counsel and is based upon a combination of litigation and settlement strategies. Although we believe that our legal reserves and accruals are based on reasonable judgments and estimates, actual results could differ, which may expose us to material gains or losses in future periods. If actual results differ, if circumstances change, or if we experience an unanticipated adverse outcome of any legal action, including any claim or assessment, we would be required to recognize the estimated amount that could reduce net income, earnings per share, and cash flows. Recent Accounting Pronouncements SFAS 157 In September 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157, Fair Value Measurements, or SFAS 157. The provisions of SFAS 157 define fair value, establish a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles and expand disclosures about fair value measurements. The provisions of SFAS 157 are effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007, with the exception of nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are not currently recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis, for which SFAS 157 is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008. Our adoption of SFAS 157 on January 1, 2008 did not have a significant effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. See Note 4 (“Fair Value”) to the consolidated financial statements included in this report for more information. SFAS 159 In February 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities – Including an amendment of FASB Statement No. 115”, (“SFAS 159”). SFAS 159 allows measurement at fair value of eligible financial assets and liabilities that are not otherwise measured at fair value. If the fair value option for an eligible item is elected, unrealized gains and losses on that item shall be reported in current earnings at each subsequent reporting date. SFAS 159 also establishes presentation and disclosure requirements designed to draw comparison between the different measurement attributes the company elects for similar types of assets and liabilities. SFAS 159 is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. As of January 1, 2008, we did not elect the fair value option for any items permitted under SFAS 159. 56 SFAS 141(R) In December 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 141(R), Business Combinations, or SFAS 141(R). SFAS 141(R) replaces SFAS No. 141 and establishes principles and requirements for how an acquirer recognizes and measures in its financial statements the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, any non controlling interest in the acquiree, and the goodwill acquired in an acquisition. SFAS 141(R), also establishes disclosure requirements which will enable users to evaluate the nature and financial effects of the business combination. SFAS 141(R) is effective for acquisitions in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008. We will apply SFAS 141(R) prospectively to business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after January 1, 2009. SFAS 160 In December 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 160, “Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements—an amendment of ARB No. 51” (“SFAS No. 160”). SFAS No. 160 changes the accounting and reporting for minority interests, which will be recharacterized as non- controlling interests and classified as a component of equity. As of December 31, 2008, the Company did not have any minority interests, therefore the adoption of SFAS No. 160 is not expected to have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. FSP 140-3 On February 20, 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position (“FSP”) on Financial Accounting Standards (“FSP 140-3”), “Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets and Repurchase Financing Transactions”. The FSP provides guidance on the accounting for a transfer of a financial asset and a repurchase financing. Repurchase financing is a repurchase agreement that relates to a previously transferred financial asset between the same counterparties (or consolidated affiliates of either counterparty), that is entered into contemporaneously with, or in contemplation of, the initial transfer. The FSP is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company does not currently utilize repurchase financing; therefore, the implementation of this FSP is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. SFAS 161 In March 2008, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 161, “Disclosure about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, an amendment of SFAS No. 133”, (“SFAS 161”). This statement requires that objectives for using derivative instruments be disclosed in terms of underlying risk and accounting designation. The Company currently does not participate in any derivative instruments or hedging activities as defined under SFAS 133 and, therefore, the adoption of SFAS 161 will not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. FSP 142-3 In April 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position on Financial Accounting Standard (“FSP”) No. 142-3, “Determination of the Useful Life of Intangible Assets”, which amends the factors that should be considered in developing renewal or extension assumptions used to determine the useful life of intangible assets under SFAS No. 142 “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets”. The intent of this FSP is to improve the consistency between the useful life of a recognized intangible asset under SFAS No. 142 and the period of the expected cash flows used to measure the fair value of the asset under SFAS No. 141 (revised 2007) “Business Combinations” and other U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. FSP 142-3 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2008. The Company will apply this FSP prospectively to intangible assets acquired after January 1, 2009. The adoption of FSP 142-3 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations. SFAS 162 In May 2008, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 162, “The Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles” (“SFAS 162”). SFAS 162 identifies the sources of accounting principles and the framework for selecting the principles used in the preparation of financial statements. SFAS 162 is effective 60 days following the SEC’s approval of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board amendments to AU Section 411, “The Meaning of Present Fairly in Conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”. The implementation of this standard will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations. From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standards setting bodies, which we adopt as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, we believe the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption. 57 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk We do not engage in trading market risk sensitive instruments and do not purchase investments as hedges or for purposes “other than trading” that are likely to expose us to certain types of market risk, including interest rate, commodity price, or equity price risk. Although we have investments, we believe there has been no material change in our exposure to interest rate risk. We have not issued any debt instruments, entered into any forward or futures contracts, purchased any options, or entered into any swap agreements. We are exposed to other market risks, including changes in currency exchange rates as measured against the United States dollar. Because the change in value of the United States dollar measured against foreign currency may affect our consolidated financial results, changes in foreign currency exchange rates could positively or negatively affect our results as expressed in United States dollars. For example, when the United States dollar strengthens against foreign currencies in which our products are sold or weakens against foreign currencies in which we may incur costs, our consolidated net sales and/or related costs and expenses could be adversely affected. We believe inflation has not had a material impact on our consolidated operations or profitability. We expanded into Canada in 1996, into Australia in 1998, into the United Kingdom in 1999, into Japan in 2000, into New Zealand in 2002, into the Republic of Korea in 2004, into Taiwan and Denmark in 2005, into Germany in 2006, and into South Africa and Singapore in 2008. Our United States location processes orders for the United States, Canada, and South Africa. The Australian location process orders for Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. The United Kingdom location processes orders for the United Kingdom, Denmark and Germany. We translate our revenues and expenses in foreign markets using either a current (spot) rate or average rate. We maintain policies, procedures, and internal processes in an effort to help monitor any significant market risks and we do not use any financial instruments to manage our exposure to such risks. We assess the anticipated foreign currency working capital requirements of our foreign operations and maintain a portion of our cash and cash equivalents denominated in foreign currencies sufficient to satisfy most of these anticipated requirements. We caution that we cannot predict with any certainty our future exposure to such currency exchange rate fluctuations or the impact, if any, such fluctuations may have on our future business, product pricing, operating expenses, and on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. However, to combat such market risk, we closely monitor our exposure to currency fluctuations. The foreign currencies in which we currently have exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk include the currencies of Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Denmark, Germany, South Africa, and Singapore. The current (spot) rate, average currency exchange rates, and the low and high of such currency exchange rates as compared to the United States dollar, for each of these countries as of and for the year ended December 31, 2008 were as follows: Country (foreign currency name) Australia (Dollar) Canada (Dollar) Denmark (Krone) Germany (Euro) Japan (Yen) New Zealand (Dollar) Republic of Korea (Won) Singapore (Dollar) South Africa (Rand) Switzerland (Franc) Taiwan (Dollar) United Kingdom (British Pound) Low 0.61270 0.77390 0.16800 1.24910 0.00893 0.52860 0.00066 0.65310 0.08769 0.81700 0.02981 1.44790 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ High 0.97760 1.02230 0.21390 1.59520 0.01134 0.81690 0.00108 0.74190 0.14910 1.01670 0.03332 2.03110 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Average 0.85297 0.94410 0.19734 1.47134 0.00970 0.71461 0.00093 0.70769 0.12327 0.92644 0.03175 1.85518 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Spot 0.69070 0.81830 0.18950 1.40970 0.01107 0.57910 0.00079 0.69350 0.10600 0.94730 0.03050 1.44790 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 58 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Our Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data required by this Item 8 are set forth in Item 15, beginning on page F-1 of this report. The following table sets forth our unaudited quarterly Consolidated Statements of Operations data for the periods indicated. In our opinion, this information has been prepared on the same basis as our audited consolidated financial statements set forth in this report and includes all adjustments that are considered necessary to present fairly this information in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The reader should read this information in conjunction with “Item 15. – Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes” – beginning on page F-1 of this report. Mar. 31, 2008 June 30, 2008(1) Sept. 30, 2008 Dec. 31, 2008(2) Mar. 31, 2007 June 30, 2007 Sept. 30, 2007 Dec. 31, 2007(3) Net sales Gross profit Income (loss) before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Net income (loss) Earnings (loss) per share: (in millions, except per share information) $ 91.5 $ 86.8 $ 78.0 $ 76.4 $ 104.9 $ 111.7 $ 96.9 $ 99.2 $ 36.1 $ 32.4 $ 34.5 $ 31.5 $ 43.2 $ 43.4 $ 38.8 $ 38.4 (4.7 ) $ (1.1 ) $ (3.6 ) $ (2.8 ) $ (16.9 ) $ (0.5 ) $ (6.4 ) $ (2.3 ) $ (10.5 ) $ 2.2 $ 10.5 $ 3.5 $ 1.6 $ 7.0 $ 0.6 $ (0.7 ) $ (0.3 ) $ (0.4 ) $ 2.6 $ 1.1 $ 1.5 $ 2.1 $ 0.4 $ 1.7 $ Basic Diluted $ (0.09 ) $ (0.40 ) $ (0.02 ) $ 0.02 $ 0.26 $ 0.06 $ 0.07 $ (0.13 ) $ (0.09 ) $ (0.40 ) $ (0.02 ) $ 0.02 $ 0.26 $ 0.06 $ 0.07 $ (0.13 ) __________________________________________ (1) We recorded $12.5 million of estimated legal costs related to ongoing litigation matters in the second quarter of 2008. (2) We reversed $5.4 million of estimated legal costs related to the preliminary settlement of litigation matters in the fourth quarter of 2008. (3) We recorded $4.7 million of estimated legal costs related to ongoing litigation matters in the fourth quarter of 2007. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure As disclosed in our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on October 18, 2007, and Amendment No. 1 thereto, filed on October 24, 2007, we dismissed Grant Thornton LLP as our independent registered public accountants and engaged BDO Seidman, LLP, effective October 18, 2007, to act as our independent registered public accountants. There were no disagreements with Grant Thornton LLP on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedures. On September 5, 2008, we disclosed in a Form 8-K and press release the receipt by us and our Chief Financial Officer and Chairman of the Audit Committee of notices, commonly referred to as “Wells Notices” from the Staff of the SEC relating to the timing and completeness of our October 2007 Form 8-K disclosure regarding our dismissal of Grant Thornton LLP as our independent registered public accountants. The Wells Notices stemmed from an informal inquiry commenced by the SEC with respect to the disclosure of the dismissal. In a letter dated October 31, 2008 and received on November 4, 2008, the Staff informed us that it has now concluded its investigation and has determined not to recommend enforcement action against us or the individuals. 59 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and our Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) have concluded, based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this report, that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13(a) and 15(d)-15(e)), is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in such reports is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting During the quarter ended December 31, 2008, there were no changes in our internal control over our financial reporting that we believe materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting. 60 REPORT OF MANAGEMENT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. Internal control over financial reporting is a process to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Internal control over financial reporting includes maintaining records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions; providing reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary for preparation of our consolidated financial statements; providing reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures of company assets are made in accordance with management authorization; and providing reasonable assurance that unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of company assets that could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements would be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our consolidated financial statements would be prevented or detected. Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2008. BDO Seidman, LLP has also audited our internal control over financial reporting and its report is included below. 61 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Board of Directors and Shareholders Mannatech, Incorporated Coppell, Texas We have audited Mannatech, Incorporated’s and subsidiaries (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO criteria). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Item 9A, Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, Mannatech, Incorporated maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheet of Mannatech, Incorporated and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 and the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity and comprehensive income, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2008 and our report dated March 11, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ BDO Seidman, LLP Dallas, Texas March 11, 2009 62 Item 9B. Other Information None. The information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 of Part III is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission no later than April 30, 2009. PART III PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules (a) Documents filed as a part of the report: 1. Consolidated Financial Statements The following financial statements and the Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms are filed as a part of this report on the pages indicated: Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-1 F-2 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 2. Financial Statement Schedule The financial statement schedule required by this item is included as an Exhibit to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Financial Statement Schedule. 3. Exhibit List See Index to Exhibits following our Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 63 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Dated: March 12, 2009 Mannatech, Incorporated /s/ Wayne L. Badovinus By: Wayne L. Badovinus President and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) POWER OF ATTORNEY The undersigned directors and officer of Mannatech, Incorporated hereby constitute and appoint Larry Jobe and Gerald Gilbert, and each of them, with the power to act without the other and with full power of substitution and resubstitution, our true and lawful attorneys-in fact and agents with full power to execute in our name and behalf in the capacities indicated below any and all amendments to this report and to file the same, with all exhibits and other documents relating thereto and hereby ratify and confirm all that such attorneys-in-fact, or either of them, or their substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated: Signature Title Date /s/ Wayne L. Badovinus Wayne L. Badovinus President and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) /s/ Stephen D. Fenstermacher Stephen D. Fenstermacher Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (principal accounting officer) March 12, 2009 March 12, 2009 /s/ J. Stanley Fredrick J. Stanley Fredrick /s/ Patricia A. Wier Patricia A. Wier /s/ Alan D. Kennedy Alan D. Kennedy /s/ Gerald E. Gilbert Gerald E. Gilbert /s/ Robert C. Blattberg, Ph.D. Robert C. Blattberg, Ph.D. /s/ Marlin Ray Robbins Marlin Ray Robbins /s/ Larry A. Jobe Larry A. Jobe /s/ Robert Toth Robert Toth Chairman of the Board March 12, 2009 March 12, 2009 March 12, 2009 March 12, 2009 March 12, 2009 March 12, 2009 March 12, 2009 March 12, 2009 Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 64 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity and Comprehensive Income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page F-2 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-1 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Board of Directors and Shareholders Mannatech, Incorporated Coppell, Texas We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Mannatech, Incorporated as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 and the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity and comprehensive income, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2008. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Mannatech, Incorporated and subsidiaries at December 31, 2008 and 2007 and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. As discussed in Notes 9 and 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has adopted FASB Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes – An Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109 effective January 1, 2007 and Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 157 Fair Value as of January 1, 2008. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Mannatech Incorporated's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated March 11, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ BDO Seidman, LLP Dallas, Texas March 11, 2009 F-2 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Board of Directors and Shareholders Mannatech, Incorporated We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity and comprehensive income, and cash flows of Mannatech, Incorporated (a Texas corporation) and subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2006. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the statements of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity and comprehensive income, and cash flows are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the statements of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity and comprehensive income, and cash flows. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the statements of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity and comprehensive income, and cash flows. We believe that our audit of the statements of income, changes in shareholders’ equity and comprehensive income, and cash flows provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the consolidated statements of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity and comprehensive income, and cash flows referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the results of operations and cash flows of Mannatech, Incorporated and subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2006 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. As discussed in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company also adopted FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 158, Employers’ Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans: An Amendment of FASB Statements No. 87, 88, 106, and 132R, effective December 31, 2006. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Mannatech, Incorporated and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated March 16, 2007 expressed an unqualified opinion on both management’s assessment of Mannatech, Incorporated’s internal control over financial reporting and on Mannatech, Incorporated’s internal control over financial reporting. /s/ Grant Thornton LLP Dallas, Texas March 16, 2007 F-3 MANNATECH, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except share and per share information) ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $23 and $877 in 2008 and 2007, respectively Income tax receivable Inventories, net Prepaid expenses and other current assets Deferred tax assets Total current assets Long-term investments Property and equipment, net Construction in progress Long-term restricted cash Other assets Long-term deferred tax assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current portion of capital leases Accounts payable Accrued expenses Commissions and incentives payable Taxes payable Current deferred tax liability Deferred revenue Total current liabilities Capital leases, excluding current portion Long-term royalties due to an affiliate Long-term deferred tax liabilities Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies December 31, 2008 2007 $ 30,945 $ 47,103 340 618 2,136 23,706 6,053 1,789 81,745 12,950 42,818 1,594 11,726 1,470 151 $ 124,058 $ 152,454 1,864 291 3,531 31,313 3,946 5,632 77,522 — 36,202 840 7,579 1,456 459 $ 131 $ 5,067 24,324 11,453 873 192 3,476 45,516 155 2,024 6,075 1,559 55,329 110 3,637 30,315 11,139 6,198 — 4,769 56,168 261 2,440 5,165 1,565 65,599 Shareholders’ equity: Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 1,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 99,000,000 shares authorized, 27,667,882 shares issued and 26,460,788 shares outstanding in 2008 and 27,667,882 shares issued and 26,460,788 shares outstanding in 2007 Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Less treasury stock, at cost, 1,207,094 shares in 2008 and 2007 Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity — — 3 40,753 44,170 (1,406 ) 83,520 (14,791 ) 68,729 3 40,146 62,620 (1,123 ) 101,646 (14,791 ) 86,855 $ 124,058 $ 152,454 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-4 MANNATECH, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (in thousands, except per share information) Net sales Cost of sales Commissions and incentives Gross profit Operating expenses: Selling and administrative expenses Depreciation and amortization Other operating costs Total operating expenses Income (loss) from operations Interest income Other income (expense), net Income (loss) before income taxes (Provision) benefit for income taxes Net income (loss) Earnings (loss) per common share: Basic Diluted 2008 For the years ended December 31, 2007 412,678 59,765 189,067 248,832 163,846 $ 332,703 $ 48,564 149,595 198,159 134,544 $ 81,077 12,310 55,656 149,043 (14,499 ) 1,604 (5,303 ) (18,198 ) 84,298 10,236 61,703 156,237 7,609 2,700 180 10,489 5,570 (12,628 ) $ (3,895 ) 6,594 (0.48 ) $ (0.48 ) $ 0.25 0.25 $ $ $ $ $ $ 2006 410,069 58,461 182,215 240,676 169,393 71,892 4,960 48,467 125,319 44,074 2,513 1,101 47,688 (15,298 ) 32,390 1.22 1.19 Weighted-average common shares outstanding: Basic Diluted 26,461 26,461 26,443 26,893 26,598 27,219 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-5 MANNATECH, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (in thousands, except per share information) Common Stock Outstanding Shares 26,738 $ 213 Par value 3 — — — — (541 ) — — — — 1,050 497 695 — — Additional paid in capital $ 36,699 $ 42,505 $ Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Treasury stock Shares Amounts Total shareholders’ equity — — (1,098 ) — 666 $ — (7,791 ) $ — 70,318 1,050 — — — 497 — (8,502 ) — — 541 — (7,000 ) — 695 (7,000 ) (8,502 ) — — — — (622 ) — — (622 ) — — — — — — — — — — 15 — — 32,390 (44 ) — — — — — — 26,410 51 3 — 38,941 157 66,393 — (1,749 ) 1,207 — — (14,791 ) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 948 — — — — — — — — (845 ) (9,522 ) — — — 6,594 — — — — — — 613 12 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Balance at December 31, 2005 Proceeds from stock options exercised Tax benefit from exercise of stock options Charge related to stock-based compensation Repurchase of common stock Declared dividends of $0.32 per share Components of comprehensive income: Foreign currency translation Unrealized gain from investments classified as available-for-sale, net of tax of $9 Charge related to adopting FAS 158, net of tax of $30 Net income Total comprehensive income Balance at December 31, 2006 Proceeds from stock options exercised Tax benefit from exercise of stock options Charge related to stock-based compensation Cumulative impact of a change in accounting for income tax uncertainties pursuant to FIN 48 Declared dividends of $0.36 per share Components of comprehensive income: Foreign currency translation Pension obligations, net of tax of $8 Unrealized gain from investments classified as available-for-sale, net of tax Net income Total comprehensive income Balance at December 31, 2007 26,461 3 40,146 62,620 (1,123 ) 1,207 (14,791 ) Tax shortfall from expiration of stock options Charge related to stock-based compensation Declared dividends of $0.22 per share Components of comprehensive loss: Foreign currency translation Pension obligations, net of tax of $26 Net loss Total comprehensive loss — — (120 ) — — — — — — — — — — — — — 727 — — (5,822 ) — — — — — (12,628 ) — — — — (318 ) — — — 35 — — — — — — — Balance at December 31, 2008 26,461 $ 3 $ 40,753 $ 44,170 $ (1,406 ) 1,207 $ (14,791 ) $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-6 15 (44 ) 32,390 31,739 88,797 157 100 948 (845 ) (9,522 ) 613 12 1 6,594 7,220 86,855 (120 ) 727 (5,822 ) (318 ) 35 (12,628 ) (12,911 ) 68,729 MANNATECH, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: $ (12,628 ) $ 6,594 $ 32,390 For the years ended December 31, 2008 2007 2006 Depreciation and amortization Provision for inventory losses Provision for doubtful accounts Loss on disposal of assets Accounting charge related to stock-based compensation expense Deferred income taxes Accrued interest on receivable Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable Income tax receivable Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets Other assets Accounts payable Accrued expenses and taxes payable Commissions and incentives payable Deferred revenue Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Acquisition of property and equipment Proceeds from sale of assets Change in restricted cash Sale of investments Purchase of investments Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Tax benefit from exercise of stock options Proceeds from stock options exercised Payment of cash dividends Repayment of capital lease obligation Repurchase of common stock Net cash used in financing activities Effect of currency exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at the end of year SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION: Income taxes paid, net Interest paid on capital leases Summary of non-cash investing and financing activities: Fixed assets acquired through capital leases Unrealized gains from investments 12,310 1,321 23 468 727 (3,062 ) — 316 (1,395 ) (9,512 ) 1,927 (9 ) 1,407 (10,848 ) 362 (1,295 ) (19,888 ) (5,614 ) 3 (139 ) 20,350 (7,400 ) 7,200 — — (5,822 ) (115 ) — (5,937 ) 2,467 (16,158 ) 47,103 $ 30,945 $ $ $ $ 1,266 17 30 — 10,236 568 877 39 948 (2,440 ) — (495 ) 28 (337 ) (1,730 ) (76 ) 276 5,646 (4,430 ) 2,072 17,776 (13,409 ) — (6,854 ) 12,424 — (7,839 ) 100 157 (9,522 ) (107 ) — (9,372 ) 837 4,960 320 150 127 695 5,360 (7 ) (441 ) (2,174 ) (4,456 ) (847 ) (228 ) (2,136 ) 7,318 (104 ) (1,015 ) 39,912 (26,720 ) 18 (973 ) — (8,011 ) (35,686 ) 497 1,050 (8,502 ) (78 ) (7,000 ) (14,033 ) (699 ) 1,402 45,701 $ 47,103 (10,506 ) 56,207 $ 45,701 $ 4,146 21 $ $ 14,139 17 $ $ $ 37 1 $ $ 496 15 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-7 MANNATECH, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTE 1: ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Mannatech, Incorporated (together with its subsidiaries, the “Company”), located in Coppell, Texas, was incorporated in the state of Texas on November 4, 1993 and is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “MTEX”. The Company develops, markets, and sells high-quality, proprietary nutritional supplements, skin care and topical products, and weight-management products that are primarily sold to independent associates and members located in the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Denmark, Germany, South Africa, and Singapore. Independent associates (“associates”) purchase the Company’s products at published wholesale prices to either sell to retail customers or consume personally. Members purchase the Company’s products at a discount from published retail prices primarily for personal consumption. The Company cannot distinguish its personal consumption sales from its other sales because it has no involvement in its products after delivery, other than usual and customary product warranties and returns. Only independent associates are eligible to earn commissions and incentives. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements and footnotes include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires the use of estimates that affect the reported value of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. These estimates are based on historical experience and various other factors. The Company continually evaluates the information used to make these estimates as the business and economic environment change. Historically, actual results have not varied materially from the Company’s estimates. The Company does not currently anticipate a significant change in its assumptions related to these estimates. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company includes in its cash and cash equivalents credit card receivables due from its credit card processor, as the cash proceeds from credit card receivables are generally received within 24 to 72 hours. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, credit card receivables were $3.3 million and $2.6 million, respectively. Additionally, as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, cash and cash equivalents held in bank accounts in foreign countries totaled $18.2 million and $40.6 million, respectively. Restricted Cash The Company is required to restrict cash for i) direct selling insurance premiums and credit card sales in the Republic of Korea, ii) reserve on credit card sales in North America, and iii) Australia building lease collateral. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, our total restricted cash was $9.4 million and $12.0 million, respectively. Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are carried at their estimated collectible amounts. Receivables are created upon shipment of an order if the credit card payment is rejected or does not match the order total. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, receivables consisted primarily of amounts due from members and associates. The Company periodically evaluates its receivables for collectability based on historical experience, recent account activities, and the length of time receivables are past due and writes-off receivables when they become uncollectible. At December 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company held an allowance for doubtful accounts of less than $0.1 million and $0.9 million, respectively. In addition, at December 31, 2007, accounts receivable included a receivable due from MannaRelief, a then-related party, of $0.1 million. F-8 Long-Term Investments The Company accounts for its investments in accordance with the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 115, “Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities” (“FAS 115”). Under FAS 115, debt securities that have readily determinable fair values are classified in three categories: held-to-maturity, trading, or available- for-sale. The Company’s investments are all categorized as available-for-sale and are recorded at fair value, which is determined based on quoted market prices with unrealized gains and losses included in shareholders’ equity, net of tax. Any decline in the market value of an investment that is deemed to be other-than-temporary results in an impairment to reduce the carrying amount to fair value, recorded to earnings and establishing a new cost basis for the investment. The Company records any realized gains and losses on sales of its investments in other income (expense), net in its accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations, based on the specific identification method. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each asset. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the improvements. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. The cost of property and equipment sold or otherwise retired and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in other operating costs in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. The estimated useful lives of fixed assets are as follows: Office furniture and equipment Computer hardware and software Automobiles Leasehold improvements Construction in progress Estimated useful life 5 to 7 years 3 to 5 years 3 to 5 years 2 to 10 years 2 to 10 years Property and equipment are reviewed for impairment whenever an event or change in circumstances indicates that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. The impairment review includes a comparison of future projected cash flows generated by the asset or group of assets with its associated net carrying value. If the net carrying value of the asset or group of assets exceeds expected cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges), an impairment loss is recognized to the extent the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value. Inventories Inventories consist of raw materials, work in progress, finished goods, and promotional materials that are stated at the lower of cost or market (using standard costs that approximate average costs). The Company periodically reviews inventories for obsolescence and any inventories identified as obsolete are reserved or written off. Other Assets As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, other assets of $1.5 million primarily consisted of deposits for building leases in various locations. Commissions and Incentives Independent associates earn commissions and incentives based on their direct and indirect commissionable net sales over 13 business periods. Each business period equals 28 days. The Company accrues commissions and incentives when earned by independent associates and pays commissions on product sales three weeks following the business period end and pays commissions on its pack sales five weeks following the business period end. F-9 Long-Term Royalty Liability In August 2003, the Company entered into a Long-Term Post-Employment Royalty Agreement with Dr. Bill McAnalley, the Company’s former Chief Science Officer, pursuant to which the Company is required to pay Dr. McAnalley, or his heirs, royalties for ten years beginning September 2005 through August 2015. Quarterly payments related to this Long-Term Post-Employment Royalty Agreement are based on certain applicable annual global product sales by the Company in excess of $105.4 million. At the time the Company entered into this Long-Term Post- Employment Royalty Agreement, it was considered a post-employment benefit and the Company was required to measure and accrue the present value of the estimated future royalty payments related to the post-employment royalty benefit and recognize it over the life of Dr. McAnalley’s employment agreement, which was two years. As of December 31, 2008, the Company’s liability related to this royalty agreement was $2.4 million, of which $0.4 million was currently due and included in accrued expenses. Other Long-Term Liabilities Certain operating leases for the Company’s regional office facilities contain a restoration clause that requires the Company to restore the premises to its original condition. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, accrued restoration costs related to these leases amounted to $0.4 million. At December 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company also recorded a long-term liability for an estimated deferred benefit obligation related to a deferred benefit plan for its Japan operations of $0.8 million and $0.5 million, respectively. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized as income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company evaluates the probability of realizing the future benefits of its deferred tax assets and provides a valuation allowance for the portion of any deferred tax assets where the likelihood of realizing an income tax benefit in the future does not meet the more likely than not criterion for recognition. Revenue Recognition The Company’s revenue is derived from sales of its products, sales of its starter and renewal packs, and shipping fees. Substantially all of the Company’s product sales are made to independent associates at published wholesale prices and to members at discounted published retail prices. The Company recognizes revenue upon receipt of packs and products by its customers. The Company records revenue net of any sales taxes and records a reserve for expected sales returns based on its historical experience. The Company defers certain components of its revenue. Total deferred revenue consists of revenue received from: i) sales of packs and products shipped but not received by the customers by period end; ii) one-year magazine subscriptions; iii) pack sales when the pack sale price exceeds the wholesale value of all individual components within the pack; and iv) prepaid registration fees from customers planning to attend a future corporate-sponsored event. The Company recognizes revenue from shipped packs and products upon receipt by the customer. Corporate-sponsored event revenue is recognized when the event is held. All other deferred revenue is recognized ratably over one year. Components of deferred revenue are as follows, as of December 31: Revenue related to undelivered packs and products Revenue related to one-year magazine subscription and pack sales exceeding the wholesale value of individual components sold Revenue related to future corporate-sponsored events Total deferred revenue 2008 2007 (in thousands) $ 3,228 $ 4,406 133 115 $ 3,476 141 222 $ 4,769 F-10 We estimate a sales return reserve for expected sales refunds based on our historical experience over a rolling six- month period. If actual results differ from our estimated sales returns reserves due to various factors, the amount of revenue recorded each period could be materially affected. Historically, our sales returns have not materially changed through the years as the majority of our customers return their merchandise within the first 90 days after the original sale. Sales returns have averaged 1.5% or less of our gross sales and for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, were composed of the following (in thousands): Sales reserve as of January 1 Provision related to sales made in current year Provision related to sales made in prior periods Actual returns or credits related to current year Actual returns or credits related to prior periods Sales reserve as of December 31 Shipping and Handling Costs 2008 2007 572 4,339 359 (3,625 ) (926 ) 719 $ $ 444 4,683 417 (4,111 ) (861 ) 572 $ $ The Company records freight and shipping fees collected from its customers as revenue. The Company records inbound freight as a component of inventory and cost of sales and records shipping and handling costs associated with shipping products to its customers as selling and administrative expenses. Total shipping and handling costs included in selling and administrative expenses were approximately $15.1 million, $18.8 million, and $18.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006, respectively. Advertising Costs The Company expenses advertising and promotions in selling and administrative expenses when incurred. Advertising and promotional expenses were approximately $8.6 million, $11.5 million, and $10.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006, respectively. Educational and promotional items, called sales aids, are sold to independent associates to assist in their sales efforts and are generally included in inventories and charged to cost of sales when sold. Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation The Company currently has one active stock-based compensation plan, which was approved by its shareholders at its 2008 Annual Shareholder’s meeting held on June 18, 2008. The Company generally grants stock options to its employees, consultants, and board members with an exercise price equal to the closing price of its common stock on the date of grant with a term no greater than 10 years. Generally, stock options vest over two or three years. Incentive stock options granted to shareholders who own 10% or more of the Company’s outstanding stock are granted at an exercise price that may not be less than 110% of the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant and have a term no greater than five years. At the date of grant, the Company determines the fair value of the stock option award and recognizes compensation expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the award. The fair value of the stock option award is calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Research and Development Costs The Company expenses research and development costs when incurred. Research and development costs related to new product development, enhancement of existing products, clinical studies and trials, Food and Drug Administration compliance studies, general supplies, internal salaries, third-party contractors, and consulting fees were approximately $5.0 million, $6.6 million, and $6.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006, respectively. Salaries and contract labor are included in selling and administrative expenses and all other research and development costs are included in other operating costs. F-11 Software Development Costs The Company capitalizes qualifying internal payroll and external contracting and consulting costs related to the development of internal use software that are incurred during the application development stage, which includes design of the software configuration and interfaces, coding, installation, and testing. Costs incurred during the preliminary project along with post-implementation stages of internal use software are expensed as incurred. The Company amortizes such costs over the estimated useful life of the software, which is three to five years once the software has been placed in service. Concentration Risk A significant portion of the Company’s revenue is derived from core Ambrotose® complex products, which include the Ambrotose® products and Advanced Ambrotose® products. For the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, revenue from the core Ambrotose® products accounted for 35.9% and 38.1% of the Company’s consolidated net sales, respectively. Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, investments, receivables, and restricted cash. The Company utilizes financial institutions that the Company considers to be of high credit quality. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The fair value of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, time deposits, investments, receivables, deferred revenues, payables, and accrued expenses, approximate their carrying values due to their relatively short maturities. See Note 4 (“Fair Value”) for more information. Comprehensive Income (loss) and Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from nonowner sources and includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. The Company’s comprehensive income (loss) consists of the Company’s net income (loss), foreign currency translation adjustments from its Japan, Republic of Korea, and Taiwan operations, changes in the pension obligation for its Japanese employees and unrealized gains/losses from investments classified as available-for-sale, and in the year ended December 31, 2006, a charge related to the adoption of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Statement No. 158, “Employers’ Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans” (“FAS 158”). Foreign Currency Translation The United States dollar is the functional currency for the majority of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries. As a result, nonmonetary assets and liabilities are translated at their approximate historical rates, monetary assets and liabilities are translated at exchange rates in effect at the end of the year, and revenues and expenses are translated at weighted- average exchange rates for the year. Transaction gains (losses) totaled approximately $(5.2) million, $0.2 million, and $1.1 million, for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006, respectively, and are included in other income (expense), net in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. The local currency is the functional currency of our subsidiaries in Japan, Republic of Korea, and Taiwan. These subsidiaries’ assets and liabilities are translated into United States dollars at exchange rates existing at the balance sheet dates, revenues and expenses are translated at weighted-average exchange rates, and shareholders’ equity and intercompany balances are translated at historical exchange rates. The foreign currency translation adjustment is recorded as a separate component of shareholders’ equity and is included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). F-12 NOTE 2: RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS SFAS 157 In September 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157, Fair Value Measurements, or SFAS 157. The provisions of SFAS 157 define fair value, establish a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles and expand disclosures about fair value measurements. The provisions of SFAS 157 are effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007, with the exception of nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are not currently recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis, for which SFAS 157 is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008. Our adoption of SFAS 157 on January 1, 2008 did not have a significant effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. See Note 4 (“Fair Value”) to the consolidated financial statements included in this report for more information. SFAS 159 In February 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities – Including an amendment of FASB Statement No. 115”, (“SFAS 159”). SFAS 159 allows measurement at fair value of eligible financial assets and liabilities that are not otherwise measured at fair value. If the fair value option for an eligible item is elected, unrealized gains and losses on that item shall be reported in current earnings at each subsequent reporting date. SFAS 159 also establishes presentation and disclosure requirements designed to draw comparison between the different measurement attributes the company elects for similar types of assets and liabilities. SFAS 159 is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. As of January 1, 2008, we did not elect the fair value option for any items permitted under SFAS 159. SFAS 141(R) In December 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 141(R), Business Combinations, or SFAS 141(R). SFAS 141(R) replaces SFAS No. 141 and establishes principles and requirements for how an acquirer recognizes and measures in its financial statements the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, any non controlling interest in the acquiree, and the goodwill acquired in an acquisition. SFAS 141(R) also establishes disclosure requirements which will enable users to evaluate the nature and financial effects of the business combination. SFAS 141(R) is effective for acquisitions in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008. We will apply SFAS 141(R) prospectively to business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after January 1, 2009. SFAS 160 In December 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 160, “Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements—an amendment of ARB No. 51” (“SFAS No. 160”). SFAS No. 160 changes the accounting and reporting for minority interests, which will be recharacterized as non- controlling interests and classified as a component of equity. As of December 31, 2008, the Company did not have any minority interests, therefore the adoption of SFAS No. 160 is not expected to have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. FSP 140-3 On February 20, 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position (“FSP”) on Financial Accounting Standards (“FSP 140-3”), “Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets and Repurchase Financing Transactions”. The FSP provides guidance on the accounting for a transfer of a financial asset and a repurchase financing. Repurchase financing is a repurchase agreement that relates to a previously transferred financial asset between the same counterparties (or consolidated affiliates of either counterparty), that is entered into contemporaneously with, or in contemplation of, the initial transfer. The FSP is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company does not currently utilize repurchase financing; therefore, the implementation of this FSP is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. SFAS 161 In March 2008, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 161, “Disclosure about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, an amendment of SFAS No. 133”, (“SFAS 161”). This statement requires that objectives for using derivative instruments be disclosed in terms of underlying risk and accounting designation. The Company currently does not participate in any derivative instruments or hedging activities as defined under SFAS 133 and, therefore, the adoption of SFAS 161 will not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. F-13 FSP 142-3 In April 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position on Financial Accounting Standard (“FSP”) No. 142-3, “Determination of the Useful Life of Intangible Assets”, which amends the factors that should be considered in developing renewal or extension assumptions used to determine the useful life of intangible assets under SFAS No. 142 “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets”. The intent of this FSP is to improve the consistency between the useful life of a recognized intangible asset under SFAS No. 142 and the period of the expected cash flows used to measure the fair value of the asset under SFAS No. 141 (revised 2007) “Business Combinations” and other U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. FSP 142-3 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2008. The Company will apply this FSP prospectively to intangible assets acquired after January 1, 2009. The adoption of FSP 142-3 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations. SFAS 162 In May 2008, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 162, “The Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles” (“SFAS 162”). SFAS 162 identifies the sources of accounting principles and the framework for selecting the principles used in the preparation of financial statements. SFAS 162 is effective 60 days following the SEC’s approval of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board amendments to AU Section 411, “The Meaning of Present Fairly in Conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”. The implementation of this standard will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations. From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standards setting bodies, which we adopt as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, we believe the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption. NOTE 3: INVESTMENTS The Company classifies its investments as available-for-sale. As of December 31, 2008, the Company had no investments. As of December 31, 2007, the Company’s investments consisted of the following: City, state, or federal agency backed obligations Total investments, classified as long-term Amortized cost December 31, 2007 Net unrealized gain (loss) Fair value $ $ 12,950 12,950 (in thousands) $ $ — $ — $ 12,950 12,950 Proceeds from the sale of investment securities were $13.0 million in first quarter of 2008. NOTE 4: FAIR VALUE The Company utilizes fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain financial assets and to determine fair value disclosures. SFAS 157 establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires the use of observable market data, when available, and prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value in the following categories: • Level 1—Quoted unadjusted prices for identical instruments in active markets. • Level 2—Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-derived valuations in which all observable inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets. • Level 3—Model derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable, including assumptions developed by the Company. F-14 The primary objective of the Company’s investment activities is to preserve principal while maximizing yields without significantly increasing risk. The investment instruments held by the Company are money market funds and interest bearing deposits for which quoted market prices are readily available. The Company considers these highly liquid investments to be cash equivalents. These investments are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued based on quoted market prices in active markets. The table below presents the recorded amount of financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2008. The Company does not have any material financial liabilities that were required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2008. Assets Money Market Funds – Fidelity, US Overnight Investment Sweep– Chase, US Interest bearing deposits – various banks, Korea Total assets Amounts included in: Cash and cash equivalents Long-term restricted cash Total NOTE 5: INVENTORIES Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $ $ $ $ 8,217 4,818 8,560 21,595 14,930 6,665 21,595 $ $ $ $ — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ 8,217 4,818 8,560 21,595 14,930 6,665 21,595 Inventories consist of raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods, including promotional materials. Work in progress includes raw materials shipped to a third-party manufacturer to process into certain finished goods. The Company provides an allowance for any slow-moving or obsolete inventories. Inventories as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, consisted of the following: Raw materials Work in progress Finished goods Inventory reserves for obsolescence 2008 2007 (in thousands) 13,715 — 18,275 (677 ) 31,313 $ $ 8,846 134 15,252 (526 ) 23,706 $ $ NOTE 6: PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, property and equipment consisted of the following: Office furniture and equipment Computer hardware Computer software Automobiles Leasehold improvements Less accumulated depreciation and amortization Property and equipment, net Construction in process F-15 2008 2007 (in thousands) $ 10,951 13,947 44,927 128 11,886 81,839 (45,637 ) 36,202 840 $ 37,042 $ $ 9,975 11,768 43,866 158 10,805 76,572 (33,754 ) 42,818 1,594 44,412 At December 31, 2008, construction in progress consisted of capitalized software costs of $0.5 million and $0.3 million for in-process leasehold improvements for its corporate facility. At December 31, 2007, construction in progress consisted of capitalized software costs of $1.2 million, computer hardware not yet placed in service of $0.2 million, and $0.2 million for in-process leasehold improvements for its corporate facility. NOTE 7: CAPITAL LEASE OBLIGATIONS As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, the net book value of leased assets was $0.4 million for equipment leased under five non-cancelable capital leases. The future minimum lease payments (in thousands) are as follows: 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total future minimum lease payments Less: Amounts representing interest (effective interest rate 5.8%) Present value of minimum lease payments Current portion of capital lease obligations Long-term portion of capital lease obligations NOTE 8: ACCRUED EXPENSES As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, accrued expenses consisted of the following: $ $ 143 125 34 3 305 (19 ) 286 (131 ) 155 Accrued inventory purchases Accrued compensation Accrued royalties Accrued sales and other taxes Other accrued operating expenses Customer deposits and sales returns Accrued travel expenses related to corporate events Fixed asset purchases Accrued legal and accounting fees NOTE 9: INCOME TAXES 2008 2007 (in thousands) $ 3,069 3,841 387 1,448 4,273 729 1,181 409 8,987 $ $24,324 $ $ 4,849 5,495 504 1,114 4,519 575 3,993 1,811 7,455 30,315 The components of the Company’s income (loss) before income taxes are attributable to the following jurisdictions for the years ended December 31: United States Foreign 2008 $ $ (20,297 ) 2,099 (18,198 ) 2007 (in thousands) 1,747 8,742 10,489 $ $ 2006 $ $ 49,455 (1,767 ) 47,688 F-16 The components of the Company’s income tax provision (benefit) for the years ended December 31 are as follows: Current provision (benefit): Federal State Foreign Deferred provision (benefit): Federal State Foreign 2008 2007 2006 $ $ (3,876 ) (95 ) 1,583 (2,388 ) (2,411 ) (299 ) (472 ) (3,182 ) (5,570 ) $ (in thousands) $ 3,022 362 2,995 6,379 (2,494 ) (182 ) 192 (2,484 ) 3,895 $ $ 8,838 708 327 9,873 5,693 417 (685 ) 5,425 15,298 A reconciliation of the Company’s effective income tax rate and the United States federal statutory income tax rate is summarized as follows, for the years ended December 31: Federal statutory income taxes State income taxes, net of federal benefit Difference in foreign and United States tax on foreign operations Effect of changes in valuation allowance for net operating loss carryforwards Research and experimentation income tax credits Effect of change in FIN 48 (net) Other 2008 35.0 % 0.4 (0.6 ) (1.1 ) — 5.5 (8.6 ) 30.6 % 2007 35.0 % 1.6 (0.6 ) (3.1 ) — 1.1 3.1 37.1 % 2006 35.0 % 1.5 (0.2 ) 0.8 (3.2 ) — (1.8 ) 32.1 % For 2008, the Company’s effective income tax rate was lower than what would be expected if the federal statutory income tax rate were applied to income before taxes primarily because of favorable differences from foreign operations. For 2007, the Company’s effective income tax rate was higher than what would be expected if the federal statutory income tax rate were applied to income before income taxes primarily because of unfavorable permanent items from foreign operations. The tax rate difference for 2006 was primarily due to filing for research and experimentation income tax credits totaling $1.6 million for 2002 through 2005 activities. F-17 Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following at December 31: Deferred tax assets: Current: Deferred revenue Inventory capitalization Inventory reserves Accrued expenses Net operating loss Other Total current deferred tax assets Noncurrent: Depreciation and amortization Net operating loss carryforward for its Taiwan subsidiary(1) Deferred royalty Non-cash accounting charges related to stock options and warrants Accrued expenses Other Total noncurrent deferred tax assets Total deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance Deferred tax liabilities: Current: Prepaid expenses Other Total current deferred tax liabilities Noncurrent: Internally-developed software Depreciation and amortization Other Total noncurrent deferred tax liabilities Total deferred tax liabilities 2008 2007 (in thousands) $ 63 554 128 4,314 152 1,407 6,618 — 932 904 386 28 156 2,406 9,024 (932 ) $ 8,092 $ 160 258 220 1,228 — 577 2,443 429 743 1,087 565 1,997 341 5,162 7,605 (743 ) $ 6,862 $ 789 406 1,195 $ 659 — 659 7,038 35 — 7,073 $ 8,268 9,428 — — 9,428 $ 10,087 ___________________________________________ (1) The net operating loss for the Company’s Taiwan subsidiary, totaling $0.9 million, will expire between the years 2011 and 2015. F-18 At December 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company’s valuation allowance was $0.9 million and $0.7 million, respectively. FAS 109 requires that a valuation allowance be established when the “more likely than not” criterion that all or a portion of net deferred tax assets will not be realized. A review of all positive and negative evidence of realizability must be considered in determining the need for a valuation allowance. Furthermore, the weight given to the potential effect of such evidence should be commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. The $0.9 million and $0.7 million valuation allowance at December 31, 2008 and 2007, represented a full reserve against the Company’s net deferred tax asset related to its Taiwan operations, as the Company believed the “more likely than not” criterion for recognition purposes could not be met. At December 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company did not record a provision for any United States or foreign withholding taxes on its undistributed earnings related to its foreign subsidiaries because it is the intention of the Company to reinvest its undistributed earnings indefinitely in its foreign operations. Generally, such earnings become subject to United States income tax upon the remittance of dividends and under certain other circumstances. At December 31, 2008, it is not practicable to estimate the amount of deferred tax liability on such undistributed earnings. Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) are classified in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets of December 31 as follows: 2008 2007 Current deferred tax assets Noncurrent deferred tax assets Current deferred tax liabilities Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax liabilities $ $ 5,632 459 (192 ) (6,075 ) (176 ) 1,789 151 — (5,165 ) (3,225 ) $ (in thousands) $ On January 1, 2007, the Company adopted FIN 48, which prescribes a comprehensive model for how a company should recognize, measure, present, and disclose in its financial statements, uncertain tax positions that it has taken or expects to take on a tax return. FIN 48 requires that a company recognize in its financial statements the impact of tax positions that meet a “more likely than not” threshold, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position should be measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. As of December 31, 2008, the Company recorded $0.5 million in taxes payable and $0.1 million in other long-term liabilities related to uncertain income tax positions and income tax reserves associated with various audits. At December 31, 2008, the Company had gross tax- affected unrecognized tax benefits of $0.6 million that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate. The Company recognizes penalties and interest charges related to unrecognized tax benefits in current tax expense. During the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company recorded interest related to unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $0.3 million to current tax expense and a reduction of $1.3 million due to expiration of statutes, for a total of $0.6 million recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows, for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007: 2008 2007* Balance as of January 1 Additions for tax positions related to the current year Additions for tax positions of prior years Reductions of tax positions of prior years Settlements Balance as of December 31 $ $ (in thousands) $ 1,592 17 254 (1,267 ) — 596 1,473 — 119 — — 1,592 $ __________________________________________ * The balance at January 1, 2007, consisted of $0.8 million recorded to retained earnings and other long-term liabilities for the adoption of FIN 48 and an additional $0.6 related to reserves for the examination of certain prior refund claims. F-19 The Company files income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2008, the tax years that remained subject to examination by a major tax jurisdiction for the Company’s most significant subsidiaries were as follows: Jurisdiction Japan Republic of Korea United States Switzerland Taiwan Open Years 2003-2008 2004-2008 2002-2008 2008 2004-2008 The Company anticipates that it is reasonably possible that the $0.6 million of unrecognized income tax benefits could decrease in 2009 due to the closure of tax years by expiration of the statute of limitations. The decrease may have a favorable impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. NOTE 10: TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PARTIES AND AFFILIATES Agreement with J. Stanley Fredrick In November 2003, the Company entered into a Lock-Up Agreement whereby the Company agreed to pay Mr. J. Stanley Fredrick, the Company’s Chairman of the Board and a major shareholder, $185,000 per year for his agreement not to sell or transfer his shares to an outside party unless approved by the Company’s Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, Mr. Fredrick beneficially owned 3,150,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. On March 6, 2009, the Lock-up Agreement was terminated by mutual agreement of the Company and Mr. Fredrick. Agreement with Fredrick Media, LLC On November 16, 2005, the Company entered into a consulting services agreement with Fredrick Media, LLC, which is owned by Mr. Landen Fredrick, son of Mr. J. Stanley Fredrick. Through May 2006, the Company paid Fredrick Media, LLC approximately $0.1 million related to this consulting agreement and then terminated the consulting agreement and hired Mr. Landen Fredrick as its Senior Director of Associate Initiatives. Clinical Studies with St. George’s Hospital St. George’s Hospital & Medical School, in London, England, employs Dr. John Axford, a former director of the Company, who resigned from the Company’s Board of Directors effective September 6, 2007. Dr. Axford serves as the principal investigator in the Company’s funded clinical trials for St. George’s Hospital & Medical School. Most recent agreement between the Company and St. George’s Hospital & Medical School was signed in January 2007 for a total amount of $0.5 million. The agreement is for a three-year clinical trial related to a dosing and optimization study on the Company’s Ambrotose® complex technology. Through December 2007, the Company paid $0.3 million in relation to this agreement. From time to time, Mannatech engages Dr. Axford to provide certain consulting services. Consulting fees paid by the Company during 2007 and 2006 were immaterial. Transactions involving Samuel Caster Mr. Caster, the Company’s founder, major stockholder, and former Chairman of the Board, founded MannaRelief in 1999 and served as its Chairman from 1999 through August 2007. MannaRelief is a 501(c)(3) charitable organization that provides charitable services for children. Donald Herndon, the Company’s former Vice President of Field Services, also served on MannaRelief’s Board of Directors through late 2007. F-20 Historically, the Company has made cash donations to MannaRelief, sold products to MannaRelief at cost plus shipping and handling charges, and shipped products purchased by MannaRelief to its chosen recipients. In addition, certain Company employees and consultants periodically volunteer to work or host various fund raising projects and events for MannaRelief at no cost to MannaRelief. The Company has made cash donations and sold products to MannaRelief as follows: Sold Products Contributed Cash Donations 2008 $ 0.8 million $ 0.8 million 2007 $ 1.0 million $ 0.9 million 2006 $ 1.4 million $ 0.7 million Certain Transactions with Ray Robbins Mr. Ray Robbins is a member of the Company’s Board of Directors and a major shareholder. Mr. Robbins holds positions in the Company’s associate global downline network-marketing system. The Company pays commissions and incentives to its independent associates and during 2008, 2007, and 2006, the Company paid commissions and incentives to Mr. Robbins totaling $3.4 million, $3.8 million, and $3.4 million, respectively. In addition, several of Mr. Robbins’ family members are independent associates and were paid associate commissions and earned aggregate incentives of approximately $0.5 million, $0.6 million, and $0.6 million for 2008, 2007, and 2006, respectively. All commissions and incentives paid to Mr. Robbins and his family members were paid in accordance with the Company’s global associate career and compensation plan. NOTE 11: EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS Employee Retirement Plan Effective May 9, 1997, the Company adopted a Defined Contribution 401(k) and Profit Sharing Plan (the “401(k) Plan”) for its United States employees. The 401(k) Plan covers all full-time employees who have completed three months of service and attained the age of twenty-one. United States employees can contribute up to 100 percent of their annual compensation but are limited to the maximum annual dollar amount allowable under the Internal Revenue Code. The 401(k) plan permits matching and discretionary employer contributions. The Company’s matching contributions for its United States employees vest ratably over a five-year period. During the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006, the Company contributed approximately $0.4 million, $0.5 million, and $0.4 million, respectively, to the 401(k) Plan for matching contributions. The Company also sponsors a non-U.S. defined benefit plan covering its employees in its Japan subsidiary (“the Benefit Plan”). Pension benefits under the Benefit Plan are based on years of service and annual salary. The Company utilizes actuarial methods required by Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 87, “Employers’ Accounting for Pensions” (“SFAS 87”). Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 88, “Employers’ Accounting for Settlements and Curtailments of Defined Benefit Pension Plans and for Termination Benefits” (“SFAS 88”) and Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 132, “Employers’ Disclosures about Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits—an amendment of SFAS No. 87, 88, and 106” (“SFAS 132 (R)”), to account for the Benefit Plan. As of December 31, 2006, the Company adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 158, “Employers’ Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans – an amendment of SFAS No. 87, 88, 106, and 132(R)” (“SFAS 158”). Inherent in the application of these actuarial methods are key assumptions, including, but not limited to, discount rates and expected long-term rates of return on plan assets. Changes in the related Benefit Plan costs may occur in the future due to changes in the underlying assumptions, changes in the number and composition of plan participants, and changes in the level of benefits provided. The Company uses a measurement date of December 31 to evaluate and record any post- retirement benefits related to the Benefit Plan. F-21 Projected Benefit Obligation and Fair Value of Plan Assets The Benefit Plan’s projected benefit obligation and valuation of plan assets are as follows for the years ended December 31: 2008 2007 (in thousands) $ Projected benefit obligation: Balance, beginning of year Service cost Interest cost Liability (gains) and losses Benefits paid to participants Foreign currency Balance, end of year Plan assets: Fair value, beginning of year Company contributions Benefits paid to participants Fair value, end of year $ $ $ $ 553 194 16 (56 ) (50 ) 135 792 — 50 (50 ) — 430 142 11 (17 ) (29 ) 16 553 — 29 (29 ) — $ $ $ Funded status of the Benefit Plan as of December 31: 2008 2007 Benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets Excess of benefit obligation over fair value of plan assets Amounts recognized in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of, as of December 31: Accrued benefit liability Transition obligation Net amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets Non-current liabilities $ $ $ $ $ (in thousands) $ (792 ) — (792 ) (553 ) — (553 ) $ 2008 2007 (in thousands) $ (783 ) (9 ) (792 ) (792 ) (496 ) (57 ) (553 ) (553 ) $ $ Other changes recognized in other comprehensive income (loss): Net periodic cost Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations Current year actuarial loss (gain) Current year prior service benefit Amortization of actuarial loss (gain) Amortization of transition obligation Total recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) Total F-22 Years Ended December 31, 2008 2007 2006 $ 215 — (56 ) — — (5 ) (61 ) 154 $ (in thousands) 157 $ — (17 ) — — (4 ) (21 ) 136 $ $ 109 — — — — — — $ 109 Amounts not yet reflected in net periodic benefit cost and included in accumulated other comprehensive gain/loss: Net actuarial gain/loss Transition obligation Total recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss As of December 31, 2008 2007 (in thousands) 57 (66) (9) $ — (57) $ (57) $ $ 2009 estimated amounts amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net into net periodic cost (in thousands): Transition obligation Aggregate Benefit Plan information and accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets: Projected benefit obligation Accumulated benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets $ (5 ) As of December 31, 2008 2007 (in thousands) $ 792 476 — $ 553 311 — The weighted-average assumptions to determine the benefit obligation and net cost are as follows: Discount rate Rate of increase in compensation levels Components of Expense 2008 2.5 % 3.0 % 2007 2.5 % 3.0 % Pension expense for the Benefit Plan is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and is comprised of the following for the years ended December 31: Service cost Interest cost Amortization of transition obligation Amortization of unrecognized loss Total pension expense Estimated Benefits and Contributions 2008 $ 194 16 5 — 215 $ 2007 (in thousands) 142 $ 11 4 — 157 $ $ $ 2006 The Company expects to contribute approximately $75,000 to the plan in 2009. As of December 31, 2008, benefits expected to be paid by the Benefit Plan for the next ten years is approximately as follows (in thousands): 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Next five years Total expected benefits to be paid F-23 $ $ 98 7 4 — 109 75 5 7 9 11 229 336 NOTE 12: STOCK OPTION PLAN Summary of Stock Plan The Company currently has one active stock-based compensation plan, which was approved by its shareholders. The Company generally grants stock options to its employees, consultants, and board members at the fair market value of its common stock, on the date of grant, with a term no greater than ten years. The stock options generally vest over two or three years. Shareholders who own 10% or more of the Company’s outstanding stock are granted incentive stock options at an exercise price that may not be less than 110% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant and have a term no greater than five years. In February 2008, the Company’s Board of Directors approved its 2008 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2008 Plan”), which reserves, for issuance of stock options and restricted stock to its employees, board members, and consultants, up to 1,000,000 shares of its common stock plus any shares reserved under the Company’s then-existing, unexpired stock plan for which options had not yet been issued plus any shares underlying outstanding options under the then-existing stock option plan that terminate without having been exercised in full. The 2008 Plan was approved by the Company’s shareholders at its 2008 Annual Shareholders’ Meeting held on June 18, 2008. As of December 31, 2008, the 2008 Plan has 596,224 stock options available for grant before the plan expires on February 20, 2018. A summary of changes in stock options outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2008, is as follows: Outstanding at beginning of year Granted Exercised Forfeited or expired Outstanding at end of year Options exercisable at year end 2008 Weighted average exercise price $ $ $ $ $ 7.41 4.82 — 8.64 6.22 6.69 Number of Options (in thousands) 1,300 576 — (306 ) 1,570 936 Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years) Aggregate intrinsic value (in thousands) 5.7 3.4 N/A* N/A* __________________________________________ * At December 31, 2008, all outstanding options were out-of-the-money. The Company generally issues new shares upon the exercise of options. Options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, had a total intrinsic value, calculated as the difference between the exercise date stock price and the exercise price of the option of approximately $0.6 million and $2.1 million, respectively. No options were exercised in 2008. Valuation and Expense Information Under FAS 123(R) Effective January 1, 2006, the Company adopted FAS 123(R) and selected the modified prospective method to initially report all of its related stock-based compensation expense in its consolidated financial statements. Under the modified prospective method, the Company was not required to restate its prior periods’ consolidated financial statements, but was required to estimate and disclose the fair value for all of its previously issued and outstanding stock options granted to employees and board members using a fair-value based option-pricing model. Under the provisions of FAS 123(R), the Company is also required to measure and recognize compensation expense related to any outstanding and unvested stock options previously granted, and thereafter recognize, in its consolidated financial statements, compensation expense related to any new stock options granted after implementation using a calculated fair-value based option-pricing model. F-24 The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to calculate the fair value of all of its stock options and its assumptions are based on historical information. The following assumptions were used to calculate the compensation expense and the calculated fair value of stock options granted each year: Dividend yield: Risk-free interest rate: Expected market price volatility: Average expected life of stock options: 2008 2007 2006 3.2 — 6.1 % 1.8 —3.6 % 2.3 — 4.9 % 4.2 — 4.7 % 59.8 — 63.8 % 67.7 — 68.3 % 2.6 % 4.3 % 62.0 % 4.5 years 4.5 years 4 years The computation of the expected volatility assumption used in the Black-Scholes calculations for new grants is based on historical volatilities of the Company’s stock. The expected life assumptions are based on the Company’s historical employee exercise and forfeiture behavior. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006 was $1.74, $4.39, and $5.55 per share, respectively. The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006 was $0.7 million, $0.9 million, and $0.6 million, respectively. The Company recorded the following amounts related to the expense of the fair values of options during the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006: Selling, general and administrative expenses and Income (loss) from operations before income taxes Provision/Benefit for income taxes Net income (loss) 2008 2007 (in thousands) 2006 $ $ 706 $ 1,060 $ (79 ) 785 $ 735 $ 325 682 256 426 As of December 31, 2008, the Company had approximately $0.9 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options currently outstanding, to be recognized in future years, ending December 31, as follows: 2009 2010 2011 Total gross unrecognized compensation expense Total tax benefit associated with unrecognized compensation expense Total net unrecognized compensation expense $ 0.5 0.3 0.1 $ 0.9 (in millions) $ 0.1 0.1 — $ 0.2 $ 0.4 0.2 0.1 $ 0.7 NOTE 13: COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Operating Leases The Company leases certain office space, automobiles, computer hardware, and warehouse equipment under various noncancelable operating leases. Some of these leases have renewal options. All of the Company’s leases expire at various times through December 2016. The Company also leases equipment under various month-to-month cancelable operating leases. For each year ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, total rent expense was approximately $4.1 million, and $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. F-25 Approximate future minimum rental commitments for non-cancelable operating leases (in millions) are as follows: Years ending December 31, 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Thereafter Purchase Commitments $ $ 2.9 2.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 2.5 11.2 The Company maintains supply agreements with its suppliers and manufacturers. Some of the supply agreements contain exclusivity clauses and/or minimum annual purchase requirements. Purchase agreements with suppliers that contain minimum purchase clauses are as follows: • • • • In May 2008, the Company entered into a Supply Agreement with Marinova PTY Limited to purchase raw materials used in its products through 2012. Under the terms of the Supply Agreement, the Company is required to purchase a minimum annual quantity over the four years of the agreement. As of December 31, 2008, the Company is required to purchase an aggregate of $8.4 million through 2012. In January 2006, the Company entered into a five-year Supply Agreement with Larex, Inc. to exclusively purchase Arabinogalactan, an important component used in the formulation of its Ambrotose® complex. In order to retain exclusive rights to purchase Arabinogalactan, the Company is required to purchase a minimum monthly quantity over the five year agreement. As of December 31, 2008, the Company is required to purchase an aggregate of $1.3 million through 2010. In March 2006, the Company entered into a ten-year supply agreement to purchase plant-derived mineral nutrition products from InB:Biotechnologies, Inc. As of December 31, 2008, the Company is required to purchase an aggregate of $7.4 million through 2016. In June of 2008, the company entered into a three-year supply agreement with Improve U.S.A. to purchase an aloe vera powder. As of December 31, 2008, under the terms of the agreement, the Company is required to purchase an aggregate of $10.3 million through 2011. Royalty and Consulting Agreements In 2001, the Company entered into a royalty agreement with a high level associate and shareholder, whereby the Company agreed to pay royalties totaling $1.6 million related to the sale of certain sales aids developed by the associate and sold by the Company. Pursuant to this royalty agreement, the Company has paid an aggregate of $1.4 million through December 31, 2008. The Company also utilizes royalty agreements with individuals and entities to provide compensation for items such as reprints of articles or speeches relating to the Company, sales of promotional videos featuring sports personalities, and promotional efforts used by the Company for product sales or attracting new associates. The Company paid royalties for such royalty agreements of approximately $0.3 million, $0.5 million, and $0.3 million in 2008, 2007, and 2006, respectively. Employment Agreements The Company has non-cancellable employment agreements with certain executives. If the employment relationships were terminated with these executives, as of December 31, 2008, the Company would continue to be indebted to the executives for $3.2 million, payable through 2011. F-26 NOTE 14: LITIGATION Securities Class Action Lawsuits Beginning in the third quarter of 2005, the Company was sued in three purported securities class actions, which were consolidated into a single cause of action styled Jonathan Crowell, et al. v. Mannatech, et al., and transferred to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, No. 3:07-cv-00238-K, as disclosed in the Company’s previous filings. These lawsuits remained pending at December 31, 2008. The consolidated complaint alleged violations of Sections 10(b), Rule 10b-5 and Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act through alleged artificial inflation of the value of the Company’s stock by knowingly allowing independent contractors to recklessly misrepresent the efficacy of the Company’s products during the purported class period. Without admitting any liability or wrongdoing of any kind, the Company entered into a settlement with the Lead Plaintiffs resolving all claims in the litigation, and agreed to authorize payment to the plaintiff class of $11.25 million. The Company paid $2.27 million in cash as part of the settlement, and the remainder was funded by our insurer. Preliminary approval of the settlement was granted by the Court on December 12, 2008. On March 10, 2009, the court granted final approval for the settlement and entered a final judgment. Shareholder Derivative Lawsuits Five purported derivative actions have also been brought by shareholders on the Company’s behalf against certain current and former directors, as disclosed in the Company’s previous filings. Two purported derivative actions were filed by shareholders Norma Middleton and Frances Nystrom on October 18, 2005 and January 13, 2006, respectively, in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas. In addition, three purported derivative actions were brought by shareholders Kelly Schrimpf, Duncan Gardner, and Frances Nystrom on January 11, 2006, April 25, 2007, and July 23, 2007, respectively, in the 44th and 162nd Judicial District Court of Dallas County, Texas. All five actions remained pending at December 31, 2008, but have since been settled with entry of final judgement or orders of dismissal. The first three derivative lawsuits made allegations similar to the allegations of the shareholder class action litigation described above. The last two derivative lawsuits made allegations with regard to our funding of various research projects. The Company’s Special Litigation Committee of the Board of Directors reviewed the allegations contained in each of the five derivative lawsuits and determined that they should be dismissed or compromised. On June 13, 2008, the Company announced that it had reached a final settlement with all derivative plaintiffs. This settlement resolves all the claims in each of the five pending derivative lawsuits. Without admitting any liability or wrongdoing of any kind, the Company has implemented, or agreed to implement certain corporate governance changes. The Company also agreed to cover the derivative plaintiffs’ counsels’ fees and expenses up to a sum of $850,000. This settlement payment would be funded by the Company’s insurer. Preliminary approval of the settlement was given on October 2, 2008, and notice of the settlement was subsequently distributed to shareholders. On January 13, 2009, the federal court held a hearing and granted final approval of the settlement and judgment dismissing the Middleton and Nystrom federal derivative actions. Pursuant to the settlement, the second Nystrom action was dismissed on January 13, 2009, the Gardner action was dismissed on February 2, 2009, and the Schrimpf action was dismissed on February 3, 2009 by the respective Texas state court. Texas Attorney General’s Lawsuit The Company was sued in an enforcement action by the Texas Attorney General’s Office on July 5, 2007. In that lawsuit, the State of Texas sued the Company, MannaRelief Ministries, Samuel L. Caster, the Fisher Institute, and Reginald McDaniel for alleged violations of the Texas Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act. The allegations, consistent with the allegations made by the securities class action and derivative plaintiffs, primarily concerned the marketing of our products by our independent associates. F-27 After extended negotiations, the Company announced that it reached a settlement on February 26, 2009 with the Attorney General’s Office regarding the enforcement action. Without admitting any wrongdoing or violations of Texas law, the Company agreed to refund up to $4 million to members only who purchased Mannatech products between September 1, 2002 and August 1, 2007, and to pay $2 million to cover fees and expenses of Texas regulators. The settlement does not include any fine or penalty against Mannatech. The settlement is reflected in our Agreed Final Judgment that was entered by the court on February 26, 2009. As part of the agreed settlement, Mannatech and its agents are enjoined from any future violations of certain provisions of the Texas Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act. The Company also implemented certain corporate governance changes required by the Texas Attorney General’s Office, and have agreed to implement certain additional changes and programs to provide for comprehensive monitoring and compliance regarding representations, advertisement, and labeling of our products and the research associated with those products. In addition, the Company has agreed to implement certain policies regarding the relationship between Mannatech and MannaRelief Ministries, and the conduct of Mannatech-sponsored events and web sites. The Company has also agreed to make certain periodic reports to the Texas Attorneys General’s Office regarding the implementation and results of the changes made pursuant to the agreed judgment. Mr. Caster, who resigned as Chairman on January 30, 2009, also entered into an agreed settlement on February 26, 2009 with the Attorney General’s Office settling the enforcement action against him. As part of that agreed judgment, Mr. Caster, without admitting any wrongdoing or violations of Texas law, has agreed to pay a fine of $1 million, and is enjoined from serving as an officer, director, or employee of Mannatech for a period of five years; provided, however, Mr. Caster is not prohibited by his settlement from acting as an independent consultant to the Company provided that he comply with the terms of the settlement between the Company and the Texas Attorney General, including that he report directly to the Company’s CEO. Pursuant to the requirements of the Company’s articles of incorporation and bylaws, the Company has agreed to indemnify Mr. Caster for the amount of the fine and for any other expenses relating to this matter. Potential SEC Enforcement Action In a letter dated August 29, 2008, otherwise known as a “Wells notice,” the Staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Staff”) indicated to the Company that they intended to recommend that a civil injunctive action or cease and desist proceeding be commenced against Mannatech, as well as Stephen Fenstermacher, the Chief Financial Officer, and Larry Jobe, the Chairman of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. The Staff asserted that the Company and the named individuals violated Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act of 1934 and Rules 13a-11 and 12b-20 thereunder, by failing to file an SEC Form 8-K within four days of the date of the termination of Grant Thornton, L.L.P. as the Company’s independent accountant. The receipt of the Wells notice was disclosed in a Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 5, 2008. The Company’s response to the Wells notice, along with the responses of Mr. Fenstermacher and Mr. Jobe, were submitted to the Staff on October 3, 2008. The Company, Mr. Fenstermacher, and Mr. Jobe were notified in letters dated October 31, 2008, that the Staff had completed its investigation and would not recommend that any enforcement action be taken by the SEC. Mannatech disclosed the termination of the SEC’s investigation in a Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 5, 2008. (cid:3) Patent Infringement Litigation The Company currently has the following one patent infringement suit on file: Mannatech, Inc. v. K.Y.C. Inc. d/b/a Techmedica Health Inc., Triton Nutra, Inc., Ionx Holdings, Inc., and John Does 1-30 The Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit against K.Y.C. Inc. d/b/a Techmedica Health, Inc. (“Techmedica”), Triton Nutra, Inc., Ionx Holdings, Inc. (“Ionx”), and John Does 1-30, pending in the United States District Court of the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division. The lawsuit alleges the defendants infringed United States Patent Nos. 6,929,807, 7,157,431, 7,196,064, 7,199,104, and 7,202,220, all entitled “Compositions of Plant Carbohydrates as Dietary Supplements,” and seeks to stop the manufacture, offer, and sale of defendants’ infringing glyconutritional products, as well as cessation of defendants’ false advertising about our products, including Ambrotose®. F-28 On May 5, 2006, the Company initiated the lawsuit against Techmedica, alleging infringement of the ‘807 Patent. After Techmedica claimed that Triton Nutra manufactured its glyconutritional products, the Company amended its complaint on February 6, 2007 to add Triton Nutra as a defendant, as well as infringement claims related to the newly issued ‘431 Patent against both Techmedica and Triton Nutra. When Triton Nutra failed to answer the Amended Complaint, the Company requested, and the Clerk of Court entered, default against Triton Nutra on May 3, 2007. On August 10, 2007, the Court stayed the case pending entry of judgment in the Company’s earlier patent infringement suit against Glycoproducts International, Inc. f/k/a Glycobiotics International, Inc. (“Glycobiotics”). During the stay, on February 28, 2008, a federal grand jury indicted Techmedica Health and its president for violations of federal drug distribution laws, wire and mail fraud, and money laundering. The government is seeking any property derived from these activities, including over $17 million in cash and various real estate and other property. After the indictment, Ionx purchased all of the assets of Techmedica, including its inventory of glyconutritional products, and began selling these products on the internet under the assumed name Micronutra Health. Following the Company’s successful prosecution of its patent infringement suit against Glycobiotics, on July 30, 2008, the Court granted its unopposed motion to lift the stay in this suit. The Company filed its Second Amended Complaint on September 18, 2008, adding Ionx and John Does 1-30 as defendants and infringement claims related to the ‘064, ‘104, and ‘220 Patents, and naming Activive as an additional infringing glyconutritional product. On October 13, 2008, Techmedica and Ionx filed identical answers and counterclaims, which claim that the Company’s patents-in-suit are invalid, unenforceable, or otherwise not infringed by defendants. The parties are currently following the schedule set by the Court in the Second Amended Scheduling Order. To date, the Company has served the defendants with its preliminary infringement contentions and the defendants have served the Company with their preliminary invalidity contentions. The parties have also exchanged a list of claim terms to be construed along with a proposed construction of each disputed claim term. In the Company’s preliminary infringement contentions, it identified nine infringing products: Nutratose, Activive, Candidol, Claritose, Lupazol, Respitrol, Rhumatol, Synaptol, and Viratrol. In its deposition on October 10, 2008, Techmedica’s corporate representative testified that all nine identified products are comprised of the same encapsulated ingredients. The Company will continue to vigorously prosecute this case. Given the precedent set by Mannatech v. Glycobiotics, the Company continues to believe the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is remote, and with no counterclaims seeking monetary damages, its potential loss is limited to an award of the defendants’ court costs. On December 12, 2008, the defendant filed a Special Appearance challenging the Court’s personal jurisdiction. On February 16, 2009, the Court heard oral argument and overruled the defendant’s special appearance, which will keep the case in Dallas County, Texas. The Company will continue to vigorously prosecute this case. The Company believes the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is remote, and with no counterclaims, any potential loss is limited to an award of the defendant’s court costs. Litigation in General (cid:3) The Company also has several other pending claims incurred in the normal course of business. In the Company’s opinion, such claims can be resolved without any material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. The Company maintains certain liability insurance; however, certain costs of defending lawsuits, such as those below the insurance deductible amount, are not covered by or only partially covered by its insurance policies, or its insurance carriers could refuse to cover certain of these claims in whole or in part. The Company accrues costs to defend itself from litigation as it is incurred or as it becomes determinable. F-29 The outcome of litigation may not be assured, and despite management’s views of the merits of any litigation, or the reasonableness of the Company’s estimates and reserves, the Company’s financial statements could nonetheless be materially affected by an adverse judgment. The Company believes it has adequately reserved for the contingencies arising from the above legal matters where an outcome was deemed to be probable, and the loss amount could be reasonably estimated. While it is not possible to predict with certainty what liability or damages the Company might incur in connection with any of the above-described lawsuits, based on the advice of counsel and a management review of the existing facts and circumstances related to these lawsuits, the Company has accrued $7.5 million as of December 31, 2008 for these matters, which is included in accrued expenses on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. During the fourth quarter of 2008, the Company revised its estimates of costs accrued for legal expenses based on the most recent information to date. This resulted in a reduction in the accrual of approximately $5.5 million which was recorded in the fourth quarter. NOTE 15: SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Preferred Stock On April 8, 1998, the Company amended its Articles of Incorporation to reduce the number of authorized shares of common stock from 100.0 million to 99.0 million and the Company authorized 1.0 million shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.01 per share. No shares of preferred stock have ever been issued or outstanding. Treasury Stock On June 30, 2004, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase, in the open market, up to 5% of its outstanding shares, or approximately 1.3 million shares, of its common stock to help manage any dilutive effects of its common stock in the open market. On August 28, 2006, a second program permitting the Company to purchase, in the open market, up to $20 million of its outstanding shares was approved by our Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2008, the Company had repurchased the following number of shares of its common stock in the open market: Month purchased May 2005 September 2005 October 2005 May 2006 June 2006 July 2006 August 2006 Total Number of common shares purchased in the open market 190,850 182,626 207,023 73,955 253,289 144,840 68,861 1,121,444 Approximate cost $ 3.0 million 2.0 million 2.0 million 1.0 million 3.0 million 2.0 million 1.0 million $ 14.0 million Average price paid per share $ 15.71 $ 10.95 $ 9.66 $ 13.52 $ 11.84 $ 13.81 $ 14.52 $ 12.48 As of December 31, 2008, the maximum number of shares available for repurchase under the June 2004 plan, previously approved by the Company’s Board of Directors, was 196,124. The Company is also authorized to purchase up to $20 million of its outstanding common stock, in the open market, under its August 2006 program. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net, which is displayed in the Consolidated Statement of Shareholder’s Equity, represents net earnings (loss) plus the results of certain shareholders’ equity changes not reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. Such items include unrealized gains/losses from investments, foreign currency translation, and certain pension and postretirement benefit obligations. F-30 The after-tax components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), are as follows: Unrealized Gain (Loss) From Investments Foreign Currency Translation Pension Postretirement Benefit Obligation Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net Balance as of December 31, 2005 Current-period change Balance as of December 31, 2006 Current-period change Balance as of December 31, 2007 Current-period change Balance as of December 31, 2008 $ (16 ) 15 (1 ) 1 — — — $ $ NOTE 16: EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE (in thousands) $ (1,082 ) (622 ) (1,704 ) 613 (1,091 ) (318 ) (1,409 ) $ — (44 ) (44 ) 12 (32 ) 35 3 $ $ (1,098 ) (651 ) (1,749 ) 626 (1,123 ) (283 ) (1,406 ) Basic Earnings (Loss) Per Share (“EPS”) calculations are based on the calculated weighted-average number of the Company’s common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS calculations are based on the calculated weighted-average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents outstanding during each period. The following data shows the amounts used in computing the Company’s EPS and their effect on the Company’s weighted-average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006. For 2008, approximately 1.3 million of the Company’s common stock options were excluded from its diluted EPS calculation using average close price of $5.37 per share, as their effect was anti-dilutive. For 2007, approximately 0.4 million of the Company’s common stock options were excluded from its diluted EPS calculation using an average close price of $11.60 per share, as their effect was anti-dilutive. For 2006, approximately 0.1 million of the Company’s common stock options were excluded from its diluted EPS calculation using an average close price of $15.87 per share, as their effect was anti-dilutive. The amounts are rounded to the nearest thousands, except per share amounts. 2008 2007 2006 Income/Loss (Numerator) Shares (Denominator) Per Share Amount) Income (Numerator) Shares (Denominator) Per Share Amount Income (Numerator) Shares (Denominator) Per Share Amount Basic EPS: Net income (loss) available to common shareholders Effect of dilutive securities – Stock options Stock warrants(1) Diluted EPS: Net income (loss) available to common shareholders plus assumed conversions $ (12,628 ) 26,461 $ (0.48 ) $ 6,594 26,443 $ 0.25 $ 32,390 26,598 $ 1.22 — — — — — — — — 354 96 — — — — 515 106 (0.03 ) — $ (12,628 ) 26,461 $ (0.48 ) $ 6,594 26,893 $ 0.25 $ 32,390 27,219 $ 1.19 _________________________ (1) In 2001, as part of a separation agreement, the Company granted an officer 213,333 stock warrants for common stock at exercise prices ranging from $1.75 to $4.00 per share. The stock warrants vested immediately and expired on February 28, 2008. F-31 The Company’s quarterly cash dividends were $0.09 per share for the first and second quarters of 2008 and $0.02 per share for the third and fourth quarters of 2008.The Company paid $0.09 and $0.08 per share in quarterly cash dividends in 2007 and 2006, respectively. The dividend policy is periodically re-evaluated based on consolidated results of operations, financial position, cash requirements, and other relevant factors. NOTE 17: SEGMENT INFORMATION The Company conducts its business within one industry segment. No single independent associate has ever accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s consolidated net sales. The Company aggregates all of its operating units because it operates as a single reportable segment as a seller of nutritional supplements and skin care products through its network-marketing distribution channels operating in eleven countries. In each country, the Company markets its products and pays commissions and incentives in similar market environments. The Company’s management reviews its financial information by country and focuses its internal reporting and analysis of revenues by packs and product sales. The Company sells its products through its independent associates and distributes its products through similar distribution channels in each country. Each of the Company’s operations sells similar packs and products and possesses similar economic characteristics, such as selling prices and gross margins. The Company operates in seven physical locations and sells product in twelve different countries around the world. The seven physical locations are the United States, Switzerland, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, the Republic of Korea (South Korea), and Taiwan. Each of the Company’s physical locations services different geographic areas. The United States location processes orders for the United States, Canada, and South Africa. The Australian location processes orders for Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore. The Company’s United Kingdom location processes orders for the United Kingdom, Denmark and Germany. The Company’s Switzerland office manages certain day-to-day business needs of non-North American markets and coordinates the Company’s continued global expansion. By country of operation, consolidated net sales shipped to customers in these locations, along with pack and product information for the years ended December 31, are as follows: United States Canada Australia United Kingdom Japan New Zealand Republic of Korea Taiwan Denmark Germany* South Africa** Totals 2008 2007 2006 (in millions, except percentages) $ 176.9 23.6 26.1 4.7 44.8 5.2 35.7 5.2 1.2 3.8 5.5 $ 332.7 53.1 % 7.1 % 7.8 % 1.4 % 13.5 % 1.6 % 10.7 % 1.6 % 0.4 % 1.1 % 1.7 % 100 % $ $ 244.5 27.4 29.4 6.7 42.3 6.9 44.0 5.4 1.5 4.6 — 412.7 59.2 % 6.6 % 7.1 % 1.6 % 10.3 % 1.7 % 10.7 % 1.3 % 0.4 % 1.1 % — 100 % $ 271.4 28.6 30.5 7.5 41.4 8.9 12.4 3.7 3.4 2.3 66.2 % 7.0 % 7.4 % 1.8 % 10.1 % 2.2 % 3.0 % 0.9 % 0.8 % 0.6 % — — $ 410.1 100 % __________________________________ * United Kingdom began shipping products to Germany in March 2006. ** South Africa began operations in May 2008. F-32 Consolidated product sales Consolidated pack sales Consolidated other, including freight* Total 2008 $ $ 260.5 57.7 14.5 332.7 2007 (in millions) $ 316.9 79.0 16.8 412.7 $ 2006 $ $ 309.1 80.7 20.3 410.1 ____________________________ * In April 2007, the Company began operating its new Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”) System, which allowed it to separately quantify deferred revenue associated with sales of packs and products that were shipped but not yet received by customers. As a result, in April 2007, the Company began recording deferred revenue related to packs with pack sales and deferred revenue associated with products with product sales. For the three months ended March 31, 2007 and the year ended December 31, 2006, other sales included $1.9 million and $1.0 million respectively, related to the change in deferred revenue for packs and products shipped but not yet received by customers, rather than in the applicable pack or product sales category. Long-lived assets, which include property and equipment and construction in progress for the Company and its subsidiaries, as of December 31, reside in the following countries, as follows: 2008 2007 Country Australia Japan Republic of Korea Switzerland Taiwan United Kingdom United States $ $ 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.1 34.8 37.0 (in millions) $ $ 0.3 0.2 1.0 — 0.1 0.3 42.5 44.4 NOTE 18: SUBSEQUENT EVENTS On February 26, 2009, Mannatech, Incorporated (“Mannatech”) announced that it reached a settlement with the Texas Attorney General’s office of an enforcement action filed by the Texas Attorney General in July 2007. The lawsuit related to regulatory compliance and sales practices that predominantly took place from 2002 to 2006. Under the proposed settlement, Mannatech will pay $6 million, of which $4 million is designated for restitution to consumers and $2 million is designated to cover fees and expenses of Texas regulators. The settlement does not include any fine or penalty. As part of the agreed final judgment, Mannatech and its agents are enjoined from any future violations of certain provisions of the Texas Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act. On January 30, 2009, Sam Caster, the founder of the Company, resigned from the Company’s Board of Directors. Mr. Caster served as the Chairman of the Board of the Company’s Board of Directors and as a member of the Company’s Science Committee. The Company’s Board of Directors has elected lead director Stan Fredrick to replace Mr. Caster as the Chairman of the Board. On February 18, 2009, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.02 per share of Mannatech’s common stock. The cash dividend is payable on Tuesday, March 26, 2009 to Mannatech’s shareholders of record as of the close of business on Monday, March 9, 2009. The supplier of one major product component announced in February 2009 that the processing facility was closed and manufacturing of the component would cease. Mannatech owns extensive inventory of this component and believes that its needs for the next twelve months or more will be covered by these stocks. Alternate sources of supply for this component are currently being explored. F-33 INDEX TO EXHIBITS Incorporated by Reference Exhibit Number 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 Exhibit Description Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Mannatech, dated Form File No. Exhibit (s) Filing Date May 19, 1998. S-1 333-63133 3.1 October 28, 1998 Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of Mannatech, dated August 8, 2001 (Corrected). 10-K 000-24657 3.2 March 16, 2007 First Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of Mannatech, effective November 30, 2007. 8-K 000-24657 3.1 December 6, 2007 Specimen Certificate representing Mannatech’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share. S-1 333-63133 4.1 October 28, 1998 Amended and Restated 1997 Stock Option Plan, dated August 7, 2004. 10-K 000-24657 10.1 March 15, 2004 Amended and Restated 1998 Incentive Stock Option Plan, dated August 7, 2004. Amended and Restated 2000 Option Plan, dated August 7, 2004. 2008 Stock Incentive Plan. Form of Indemnification Agreement between Mannatech and each member of the Board of Directors of Mannatech Korea Ltd., dated March 3, 2004. Form of Indemnification Agreement between Mannatech, and its 10-K 10-K DEF 14A 10.1 March 15, 2004 000-24657 000-24657 10.1 March 15, 2004 000-24657 Appendix B April 29, 2008 10-Q 000-24657 10.2 August 9, 2004 Board of Directors, dated September 10, 1998. S-1 333-63133 10.8 September 10, 1998 Commercial Lease Agreement between Mannatech and MEPC Quorum Properties II Inc., dated November 7, 1996, as amended by the First Amendment thereto dated May 29, 1997 and the Second Amendment thereto dated November 13, 1997. Second Amendment to the Commercial Lease Agreement between Mannatech and Texas Dugan Limited Partnership, dated September 22, 2005. Commercial Lease Agreement between Mannatech and MEPC Quorum Properties II Inc., dated May 29, 1997 as amended by the First Amendment thereto dated November 6, 1997. Third Amendment to the Commercial Lease Agreement between Mannatech and Texas Dugan Limited Partnership, dated September 22, 2005. Trademark License and Supply Agreement between Mannatech and Carrington Laboratories, Inc., dated January 25, 2007. (Portions of this exhibit were omitted pursuant to a confidential treatment request submitted pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Exchange Act.) Supply Agreement between Mannatech (International) Limited and Marinova Pty. Limited, effective August 9, 2007 and dated May 7, 2007, (Portions of this exhibit were omitted pursuant to a confidential treatment request submitted pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Exchange Act). Amendment to Purchase Agreement between Mannatech and Marinova PTY, Limited, dated May 6, 2008 (Portions of this exhibit were omitted pursuant to a confidential treatment request submitted pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Exchange Act). Purchase Agreement between Mannatech and Larex, Inc., dated January 1, 2006. (Portions of this exhibit were omitted pursuant to a confidential treatment request submitted pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Exchange Act.) Purchase Agreement between Mannatech and Wellness Enterprises, LLC, dated February 1, 2006. (Portions of this exhibit were omitted pursuant to a confidential treatment request submitted pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Exchange Act.) S-1 333-63133 10.13 September 10, 1998 10-Q 000-24657 10.1 November 9, 2005 S-1 333-63133 10.14 September 10, 1998 10-Q 000-24657 10.2 November 9, 2005 8-K 000-24657 10.1 January 31, 2007 10-Q 000-24657 10.3 May 10, 2007 10-Q 000-24657 10.4 August 11, 2008 10-K 000-24657 10.18 March 16, 2006 10-K 000-24657 10.19 March 16, 2006 i Exhibit Number 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24* 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 14.1 21* 23.1* 23.2* Exhibit Description Supply Agreement between Mannatech and Coradji PTY. Limited, dated March 29, 2004. (Portions of this exhibit were omitted pursuant to a confidential treatment request submitted pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Exchange Act.) Supply License Agreement between Mannatech and InB:Biotechnologies, Inc., dated March 22, 2006. (Portions of this exhibit were omitted pursuant to a confidential treatment request submitted pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Exchange Act.) Initial Commercial Supply and Manufacturing Agreement between Mannatech and Fine Chemetics, Inc., dated March 29, 2006. (Portions of this exhibit were omitted pursuant to a confidential treatment request submitted pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Exchange Act.) Supply Agreement between Mannatech, Incorporated, and Improve U.S.A., Inc., effective June 1, 2008, and executed May 2, 2008. (Portions of this exhibit were omitted pursuant to a confidential treatment request submitted pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Exchange Act.) Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between Terry L. Persinger and Mannatech, dated June 16, 2008. Employment Agreement between Robert A. Sinnott, Ph.D. and Mannatech, dated October 5, 2007. Employment Agreement between Mannatech and Mr. Samuel L. Caster, dated January 23, 2006. Employment Agreement between Stephen D. Fenstermacher and Mannatech, dated October 5, 2007. First Amendment to Employment Agreement between Stephen D. Fenstermacher and Mannatech, dated December 18, 2008. Employment Agreement between Terence L. O’Day and Mannatech, dated October 5, 2007. Employment Agreement between B. Keith Clark and Mannatech, dated October 5, 2007. Employment Agreement between Wayne L. Badovinus and Mannatech, dated June 4, 2008. Employment Agreement between Terri F. Maxwell and Mannatech, dated August 28, 2008. Lock-up Agreement between Mannatech and J. Stanley Fredrick, Incorporated by Reference Form File No. Exhibit (s) Filing Date 10-Q/A 000-24657 10.1 March 29, 2005 10-Q 000-24657 10.2 May 10, 2006 10-Q 000-24657 10.3 May 10, 2006 8-K 8-K 8-K 000-24657 10.1 May 8, 2008 000-24657 10.1 June 20, 2008 000-24657 10.3 October 11, 2007 10-K 000-24657 10.32 March 16, 2006 8-K 000-24657 10.2 October 11, 2007 * 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K * * * 000-24657 10.1 October 11, 2007 000-24657 10.4 October 11, 2007 000-24657 10.1 June 9, 2008 000-24657 10.1 September 2, 2008 dated November 6, 2003. 10-K 000-24657 10.36 March 15, 2004 Termination of Lock-up Agreement between Mannatech and J. Stanley Fredrick, dated March 6, 2009. Follow-Up Agreement to Letter of Intent Agreement between Mannatech and Jett, dated September 10, 2001. Letter of Understanding between Mannatech and Dr. John Axford, dated April 19, 2006. Extension of the Letter of Spokesperson Arrangement between Mannatech and Dr. John Axford, dated February 18, 2007. Employment Agreement between Alfredo Bala and Mannatech, effective October 1, 2007, dated September 18, 2007. Amendment to Employment Agreement between Alfredo Bala and Mannatech, dated October 11, 2007. Clinical Research Agreement dated January 3, 2007 by and between St. George’s Hospital Medical School (trading as St George’s, University of London), and Mannatech, Inc. Code of Ethics. List of Subsidiaries. Consent of BDO Seidman, LLP. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Financial Statement Schedule. ii 8-K 000-24657 10.1 March 10, 2009 10-Q 000-24657 10.4 November 14, 2001 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 10-K 10-K ∗ ∗ ∗ 000-24657 99.1 April 21, 2006 000-24657 000-24657 99.1 February 21, 2007 10.1 September 24, 2007 000-24657 10.1 October 17, 2007 000-24657 000-24657 ∗ ∗ 10.39 March 17,2008 14.1 March 16, 2007 ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ Incorporated by Reference Exhibit Number 23.3* Exhibit Description Consent of Grant Thornton LLP. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Form ∗ File No. ∗ Exhibit (s) ∗ 23.4* Financial Statement Schedule. 24* 31.1* 31.2* 32.1* 32.2* 99.3* Power of Attorney, which is included on the signature page of this annual report on Form 10-K. Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of the Chief Executive Officer of Mannatech. Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of the Chief Financial Officer of Mannatech. Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of the Chief Executive Officer of Mannatech. Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of the Chief Financial Officer of Mannatech. Financial Statement schedule regarding Valuation and Qualifying Accounts. * ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ * ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ * ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ * ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ Filing Date * Filed herewith. iii List of Subsidiaries Exhibit 21 The Company has twenty wholly-owned subsidiaries located throughout the world, as follows: 1. Mannatech Australia Pty Limited 2. Mannatech Japan, K.K. 3. Mannatech Korea, Ltd. 4. Mannatech Limited (a New Zealand Company) 5. Mannatech Limited (a UK Company) 6. Mannatech Taiwan Corporation 7. Mannatech Payment Services Incorporated 8. Mannatech Products Company Inc. 9. Internet Health Group, Inc. 10. Mannatech (International) Limited 11. Mannatech, Incorporated Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. 12. Mannatech Singapore Pte. Ltd. 13. Mannatech Canada Corporation 14. Mannatech South Africa (Pty) Ltd 15. Mannatech Bermuda Holdings Limited 16. Mannatech Denmark ApS 17. Mannatech (Gibraltar) Holdings Limited 18. Mannatech Swiss Holdings GmbH 19. Mannatech Swiss International GmbH 20. Mannatech Malaysia Trading Co. Sdn. Bhd. CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Exhibit 23.1 The Board of Directors and Shareholders Mannatech, Incorporated: We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statements of Mannatech, Incorporated and subsidiaries (the Company) on Forms S-8 (File No. 333-72767, effective February 22, 1999; File No. 333-77227, effective April 28, 1999; File No. 333-94519, effective January 12,2000; File No. 333-47752, effective October 11, 2000; File No. 333-113975, effective March 26, 2004 and File No. 333-153.199, effective August 26, 2008) of our reports dated March 11, 2009, relating to the consolidated financial statements and the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, which appear in this Form 10-K. We also consent to the incorporation by reference of our report dated March 11, 2009 relating to the financial statement schedule, which appears in this Form 10-K. /s/ BDO Seidman, LLP Dallas, Texas March 12, 2009 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM ON FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE Exhibit 23.2 Board of Directors and Shareholders Mannatech, Incorporated Coppell, Texas The audits referred to in our report dated March 11, 2009 relating to the consolidated financial statements of Mannatech, Incorporated and subsidiaries (the Company), which is contained in Item 15(a)(1) of this Form 10-K also included the audit of the financial statement schedule listed in Item 15(a)(2) of this Form 10-K. The financial statement schedule is the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on this financial statement schedule based on our audit. In our opinion such financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein. /s/ BDO Seidman, LLP Dallas, Texas March 11, 2009 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Exhibit 23.3 The Board of Directors and Shareholders Mannatech, Incorporated: We have issued our reports dated March 16, 2007, with respect to the 2006 consolidated financial statements and March 17, 2008, with respect to Schedule II for 2006 included in the Annual Report of Mannatech, Incorporated and subsidiaries on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008. We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference of said reports in the Registration Statements of Mannatech, Incorporated and subsidiaries on Forms S-8 (File No. 333-72767, effective February 22, 1999; File No. 333-77227, effective April 28, 1999; File No. 333-94519, effective January 12, 2000; File No. 333-47752, effective October 11, 2000; File No. 333-113975, effective March 26, 2004; and File No. 333-153199, effective August 26, 2008). /s/ Grant Thornton LLP Dallas, Texas March 17, 2008 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM ON FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE Exhibit 23.4 Board of Directors and Shareholders Mannatech, Incorporated We have audited in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) the consolidated financial statements of Mannatech, Incorporated and subsidiaries referred to in our report dated March 16, 2007, which is included in the annual report to shareholders and included in Part II of this form. Our audits of the basic financial statements included the financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15 for 2006, which is the responsibility of the Company’s management. In our opinion, this financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein. /s/ Grant Thornton LLP Dallas, Texas March 17, 2008 Exhibit 31.1 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 17 CFR 240.13a-14 PROMULGATED UNDER SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Wayne L. Badovinus, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Mannatech, Incorporated; 2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and we have: (a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared; (b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this annual report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 12, 2009 /s/ Wayne L. Badovinus Wayne L. Badovinus President and Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 31.2 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 17 CFR 240.13a-14 PROMULGATED UNDER SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Stephen D. Fenstermacher, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Mannatech, Incorporated; 2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and we have: (a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared; (b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this annual report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 12, 2009 /s/ Stephen D. Fenstermacher Stephen D. Fenstermacher Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32.1 In connection with the Annual Report of Mannatech, Incorporated (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ending December 31, 2008 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Wayne L. Badovinus, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002, that: 1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and 2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: March 12, 2009 /s/ Wayne L. Badovinus Wayne L. Badovinus President and Chief Executive Officer A SIGNED ORIGINAL OF THIS WRITTEN STATEMENT REQUIRED BY SECTION 906 HAS BEEN PROVIDED TO MANNATECH, INCORPORATED AND FURNISHED TO THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR ITS STAFF UPON REQUEST. CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32.2 In connection with the Annual Report of Mannatech, Incorporated (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ending December 31, 2008 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Stephen D. Fenstermacher, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: 1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and 2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: March 12, 2009 /s/ Stephen D. Fenstermacher Stephen D. Fenstermacher Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer A SIGNED ORIGINAL OF THIS WRITTEN STATEMENT REQUIRED BY SECTION 906 HAS BEEN PROVIDED TO MANNATECH, INCORPORATED AND FURNISHED TO THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR ITS STAFF UPON REQUEST. MANNATECH, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES SCHEDULE II — VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS Exhibit 99.3 Additions Balance at Beginning of Year Charged to Costs and Expenses Charged to other Accounts Deductions (In thousands) Balance at End of Year Year Ended December 31, 2006 Deducted from asset accounts: Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Allowance for Obsolete Inventories Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets $ $ — 387 $ — 5 — — — — $ — 392 662 $ 407 — — $ 1,069 Year Ended December 31, 2007 Deducted from asset accounts: Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Allowance for Obsolete Inventories Valuation allowance for deferred tax — $ 392 $ $ 877 134 — — — $ — $ 877 526 assets $ 1,069 $ (326 ) — — $ 743 Year Ended December 31, 2008 Deducted from asset accounts: Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Allowance for Obsolete Inventories Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets $ $ $ 877 $ 23 526 $ 1,321 — $ (877 ) $ — $ (1,170 ) $ 23 677 743 $ 189 — — $ 932 M A N N A T E C H C O R P O R A T E I N F O R M A T I O N Board of Directors J. Stanley Fredrick Chairman of the Board, Owner of Fredrick Consulting Services Wayne L. Badovinus President and CEO Marlin Ray Robbins Independent Associate, Mannatech, Incorporated Independent Board of Directors Robert C. Blattberg, PhD Timothy W. McGuire Distinguished Service Professor of Marketing at the Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University Gerald E. Gilbert Retired, Of Counsel, Hogan and Hartson, LLP Larry A. Jobe President and Founder of P 1 Resources, LLC, and Founder and Chairman of the Board of Legal Network, Ltd. Alan D. Kennedy Retired, President Worldwide for Tupperware Corporation Robert A. Toth Retired, President of Avon International Patricia A. Wier Owner of Patricia Wier, Inc. Annual Meeting Wednesday, June 10, 2009 Grapevine Convention Center 1209 S. Main Street Grapevine, Texas 76051 Shareholders The approximate number of record and benefi cial holders of the Company’s common stock was 3,400 and 13,000 respectively, as of March 6, 2009. Transfer Agent and Registrar Computershare Investor Services Shareholder Communications Department 2 LaSalle Street, 3rd Floor Chicago, Illinois 60602 877.498.8861 www.computershare.com Executive Offi cers Wayne L. Badovinus President and CEO Alfredo Bala Senior Vice President Global Sales Randy S. Bancino Senior Vice President Global Operations B. Keith Clark Senior Vice President and Global Chief Legal Offi cer Stephen D. Fenstermacher Executive Vice President and Global Chief Financial Offi cer Terri F. Maxwell Senior Vice President and Global Brand Development and Chief Marketing Offi cer Robert A. Sinnott, MNS, PhD Senior Vice President and Global Chief Science Offi cer Independent Public Accountant BDO Seidman, LLP Dallas, Texas Legal Counsel Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld, LLP Dallas, Texas Market Information Our common stock trades on The NASDAQ National Market System under the symbol “MTEX”. The following table con- tains the reported high and low sales prices for our common stock as reported on The NASDAQ National Market System for the periods indicated: 2008 2007 High Low High Low 1st Quarter $8.49 $5.09 $16.34 $13.81 2nd Quarter $7.39 $5.44 $15.93 $13.97 3rd Quarter $6.96 $3.48 $16.06 $6.25 4th Quarter $4.41 $1.88 $9.36 $5.89 600 S. Royal Lane, Suite 200, Coppell, TX 75019 mannatech.com ©2009 Mannatech, Incorporated. All rights reserved. Accelerator 3, Advanced Ambrotose, Ambrotose AO, BounceBack, EM•PACT, Enriching Quality of Life, GlycoSlim, Mannatech, Mannatech Optimal Skin Care System, OsoLean, PhytoMatrix, PLUS and SPORT are trademarks or registered trademarks of Mannatech, Incorporated. For distribution in the U.S. only. 

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