2024
Annual Report
Morningstar, Inc.
Letter to Shareholders
3
Company Goals Update
Delivering insights across asset classes to public- and
6
private-market investors
Leveraging advances in artificial intelligence to drive innovation
8
across internal and external products and services
Driving operational excellence and scalability to support
9
growth targets
Building an amazing culture that supports exceptional talent
11
2024 Financial Highlights
12
People Transitions
17
Closing Thoughts
19
US Securities and Exchange Commission Form 10-K
21
Part I
23
Part II
75
Part III
148
Part IV
149
Additional Information
154
Letter to Shareholders
1
1
Financial Highlights
(1) Free cash flow, which we define as cash provided by operating activities less capital expenditures, is considered a non-GAAP financial measure.
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
3.8%
15.6%
17.9%
22.3%
10.1%
80.5%
–5.2%
27.1%
–12.1%
13.5%
19.4%
135.2%
21.6%
20.9%
13.2%
$788.8
$798.6
$911.7
$1,019.9
$1,179.0
$1,389.5
$1,699.3
$1,870.6
$2,038.6 $2,275.1
Revenue ($M)
Operating Income ($M)
Free Cash Flow ($M)
$241.5
$213.7
$250.1
$314.8
$334.4
$384.3
$449.9
$297.8
$316.4
$591.6
$184.2
$150.9
$183.5
$238.7
$254.4
$307.6
$348.1
$168.3
$197.3
$448.9
(57.3)
(62.8)
(66.6)
(76.1)
(80.0)
(76.7)
(101.8)
(129.5)
(119.1)
(142.7)
Cash Flows
Cash provided by operating
activities
Capital expenditures
Free cash flow
(1)
37.4%
17.2%
11.6%
110.2%
$184.2
$150.9
$183.5
$238.7
$254.4
$307.6
$348.1
$168.3
$197.3
$448.9
127.5%
–6.0%
–34.7%
–—18.1%
30.1%
6.6%
–51.7%
1.2%
14.2%
11.9%
9.0%
$190.6
$180.8
$169.8
$215.8
$189.6
$215.2
$257.0
$167.8
$230.6
$484.8
–18.1%
Letter to Shareholders
2
Model portfolio, ETF, and mutual fund counts as of January 2025. PitchBook tracked
investments and privately held company counts as of December 2024.
Morningstar Data Universe—
Selected Coverage
Model
Portfolios
5,200
ETFs
28,000
Public
Companies
40,000
Mutual Fund
Share Classes
300,000
Private-Market Investments
2,500,000
Privately Held Companies
5,200,000
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report
3
Dear fellow shareholders,
Investors face an ever-expanding menu of investment choices. But the combination
of new (and yet-to-be-tested) investment vehicles and high expectations brings elevated
risks for all participants. Investors of all sizes will need guidance, and Morningstar
is ready to provide it. The depth of our data, research, and tools positions us to assist
investors and advisors and help asset managers turn these new opportunities into
successful investor experiences. This is what we’ve done for four decades. It’s our mission.
And we are ready for the challenge ahead.
As we enter 2025, our teams are particularly focused on anticipating investor needs as the
convergence of public and private markets accelerates. By June 2024, private
markets had grown to more than $15.5 trillion in assets. Companies are staying private
longer and at times reaching the scale of public firms, further expanding the investor
base. Advisors and asset managers are increasingly looking to private markets for diver-
sification and opportunity. This is accelerating demand for semiliquid fund structures like
interval funds, business development companies, and real estate investment trusts,
particularly in private credit, whose growth is accelerating at a breakneck pace and now
tops $1.8 trillion in assets. As more institutional and retail investors hold private
investments alongside public investments in their portfolios, they will need transparency
on portfolio exposures and risks. We believe that we’ve got great building blocks in
Letter to Shareholders
4
place to meet this moment. Our teams’ deep expertise in building portfolio analytics
and tools provides us an opportunity to construct a common language of investing across
public and private markets.
We’re dialed into the growth of private credit, building on our 2022 acquisition of
Leveraged Commentary & Data. In 2024, PitchBook launched PitchBook Credit,
a centralized resource on the PitchBook platform that combines PitchBook’s proprietary
data with LCD news, research, and tools to streamline credit workflows. PitchBook
continued to expand its data coverage, which now encompasses leveraged loan and
high-yield bond news and analysis as well as business development company portfolio
holdings and collateralized loan obligations, delivering transparency on historically
opaque debt deals and fund disclosures. These enhancements helped support the
migration of LCD clients to the PitchBook platform; that process is nearly complete, with
close to 90% of clients transitioned. And, in early March, we announced our
acquisition of Lumonic’s private credit portfolio monitoring and management product,
which will empower clients to easily monitor their assets alongside PitchBook’s best-in-
class reference data and analytical suite.
At the same time, Morningstar Credit is meeting the increased demand for credit ratings
on private debt in sectors ranging from esoteric asset-backed securities and
US Public Market Capitalization
vs. Global Private Fund AUM
US Public Market Cap
Global Private Fund AUM
$55.3 trillion*
$15.5*
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
$15.2
$50.8
$14.9
$40.5
$14.4
$52.3
$11.2
$40.7
$9.5
$33.9
$8.3
$30.4
$7.3
$6.4
$31.8
$27.4
$5.7
$25.1
Source: PitchBook and Sibler Research
As of June 30, 2024
*
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report
5
asset-based lending to investment-grade and non-investment-grade private-placement
corporate transactions. In 2024, we estimate that private-market ratings accounted for
roughly a quarter of our ratings revenue, up from roughly 18% in 2022.
Since our founding, our analyst teams and research capabilities have been central to our
ability to evolve and meet the demands of a changing market. They are integral to
our efforts as we work to expand our coverage and insights across public and private
markets. Today more than 1,000 researchers across the firm cover stocks, credit
ratings, private-market investments, managed investments, and sustainability. We also
leverage their expertise in constructing portfolios for clients of Morningstar Retirement,
Morningstar Wealth, and Morningstar Indexes. Those analysts are keepers of our
mission. They aren’t afraid to stake out sometimes contrarian views on the latest market
trend. For example, while new vehicles, like the recently approved SPDR SSGA IG
Public & Private Credit ETF, promise to give retail investors access to private markets in a
more accessible and lower-cost manner than what’s currently available, our analysts have
also raised questions about how they will work in practice, especially should they
face meaningful outflows. Finally, our analysts are essential advisors as our teams create
processes to link our public and private data and develop new categories for private-
market investments.
$1.8
$1.7
$1.6
$1.4
$1.1
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Private Debt AUM
$1.0
$0.9
$0.7
$0.6
Debt Other*
Mezzanine
Distressed Debt
Direct Lending
Debt Other” includes bridge financing, credit special situations, infrastructure debt,
real estate debt, and venture debt.
*“
** As of June 30, 2024
Source: PitchBook
$1.8 trillion**
Letter to Shareholders
6
Company Goal
No. 1
Company Goals Update
Our company goals guide our work of helping investors make sense of the increasingly
complex investment ecosystem. In 2024, we made progress across multiple fronts.
Delivering insights across asset classes to public- and private-market investors
Beyond its work to expand its private credit offering, PitchBook continued to build out its
dataset and make enhancements to the PitchBook platform. In 2024, we added
data on 80,000 new transactions in Europe as well as 4,500 new funds across Asia-Pacific
and Europe. The count of public and private companies on the PitchBook platform crossed
the 5 million mark, up from 3.8 million as of the end of 2023. As of February 2025,
PitchBook covered more than 2.5 million private-market investments, 500,000 investors,
and 140,000 funds globally.
PitchBook also introduced new capabilities to address our clients’ key use cases.
We expanded access to public equity data and research, which help support core valua-
tion and due diligence workflows, with the introduction of third-party equity research
to complement the Morningstar institutional equity research available on the
platform. We also unveiled significant enhancements to PitchBook’s Research Center,
including advanced search and filtering capabilities and improved reader view tools, to
streamline market analysis and due diligence workflows.
Morningstar Indexes and PitchBook jointly developed investable indexes designed to
help investors gain exposure to private markets, with two key recent launches. In January
2025, we launched a new investable Morningstar PitchBook Unicorn 30 Index, which
tracks the 30 most liquid late-stage venture capital-backed private companies valued at
$1 billion or more. This provides investors with access to some of the most innovative
and fastest-growing companies across developed global markets. In February 2025, we
introduced the Morningstar PitchBook Buyout Replication Index, which draws on
PitchBook’s data on buyout funds and transactions and tracks publicly traded small- and
mid-cap stocks that resemble companies targeted by private equity funds.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report
7
Our Data and Analytics team had a busy year as it prepared for a key product launch
and made important updates to existing products. In January 2025, we launched
Direct Advisory Suite, which represents the next generation of our advisor offering. Its
updated, modern interface offers a connected suite of tools spanning proposal
creation, investment research, and portfolio analysis. We will offer it globally, targeting
the broker/dealers who have traditionally been Advisor Workstation clients as well
as registered investment advisors. Morningstar Advisor Workstation clients are expected
to be enabled and updated to Direct Advisory Suite in 2025 and 2026 so that they
can take full advantage of these enhanced capabilities.
In Direct, we introduced enhancements with an emphasis on creating an improved and
streamlined user experience. Continuing the momentum from 2023, we refined
Morningstar Direct’s user interface and expanded the Direct Lens experience. Direct Lens,
designed to integrate and unify portfolio-creation capabilities, now offers expanded
features such as portfolio creation and analysis, list building, investment search
capabilities, asset flows, and the integration of an AI-powered research assistant to more
efficiently help users make the most of Direct Lens’ features. We enhanced
Morningstar Direct’s equity data by incorporating consensus estimates and more
comprehensive fundamental equity data. This development broadens the application of
Morningstar Direct by showing users detailed equity insights alongside traditional
use cases. Morningstar Direct’s data coverage now extends to private investments, public
investments outside of mutual funds, and individual securities.
In 2024, Morningstar Sustainalytics introduced significant enhancements to several key
products, including its flagship ESG Risk Ratings product, and made updates to its
suite of regulatory products and services, including an extension of its EU Sustainable
Finance Action Plan Solutions Suite. Highlights included a dedicated resource
to support alignment with new fund-naming guidelines from the European Securities and
Markets Authority and the next iteration of its EU Taxonomy solution that enhances
coverage, quality, and presentation of its data.
Letter to Shareholders
8
Finally, our analyst teams continued their essential work to deliver differentiated insights
to our clients. Our Manager Research team introduced an important enhancement
of the Morningstar Medalist Ratings, which refined our framework for assigning ratings.
Using historical data, the updated framework introduced a more precise assess-
ment of how much value a managed investment can add before fees, compared with its
assigned benchmark.
Leveraging advances in artificial intelligence to drive innovation across internal
and external products and services
We introduced a companywide AI goal with a straightforward objective: remake
internal and external workflows to get users the answers they want faster and without all
those annoying clicks. We’re focused on three primary use cases: using AI as a
tool to improve our teams’ productivity, using AI to improve the quality and efficiency of
our operations, and using AI to get better, faster, and targeted insights and
experiences to our clients.
Our data teams have long used automation and artificial intelligence in their processes,
and today a large percentage of the structured data we ingest (think expense
ratios) is largely untouched by a data analyst unless there’s an anomaly. The big oppor-
tunity with generative AI is to help process the growing reams of unstructured data
that we take in, including via PDFs and regulatory documents or scraped from websites.
We deployed our first generative AI solution in a human-in-the-loop workflow for
analysts in late 2023 and continued to roll that out over the course of 2024. As we intro-
Company Goal
No. 2
Morningstar Credit
PitchBook
Home Equity Investments—
A Primer
Derek Moran, Stephen Buteau,
Quincy Tang
Margin Compression
Remains a Key Challenge for
Private Borrowers
Michael Dimler
Morningstar Sustainalytics
Morningstar Indexes
Voice of the Asset Owner
Survey 2024 Quantitative
Analysis
Thomas Kuh
The Truth About Election
Results and Stock Market
Performance
Dan Lefkovitz
Morningstar
Manager Research
Interval Funds: Are They
Worth What You Give Up?
Brian Moriarty
Mutual Fund Managers
Are Wrong More
Than They Are Right
Jack Shannon
Morningstar
Equity Research
Obesity Drugs: The Next Wave
of GLP-1 Competition
Karen Andersen, Kazi Helal,
Damien Conover
Industry Landscape:
Semiconductors
Eric Compton, Brian Colello,
William Kerwin,
Kazunori Ito, Javier Correonero,
Phelix Lee
Research Highlights
2025 US Private Equity Outlook
Tim Clarke, Garrett Hinds,
Jinny Choi, Kyle Walters
2025 US Venture Capital Outlook
Kyle Stanford, Emily Zheng
Kaidi Gao, Susan Hu
Collin Anderson
PitchBook Global M&A Report
Garrett Hinds, Jinny Choi,
Kyle Walters, Aaron DeGagne,
Nicolas Moura
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report
9
duce these solutions, analysts move from doing data entry to overseeing the process and
addressing issues, helping us get to quality at scale.
We also enhanced our AI capabilities in our products, including releasing AI Insights
transcription in PitchBook, which enables users to extract and summarize key
insights from earnings call transcripts, and upping our investment research assistant
Mo’s game. We have an ongoing focus on improving the quality of Mo’s responses—an
effort that any firm deploying generative AI will recognize. Mo also developed
new skills: Mo can help an Advisor Workstation user create an investment proposal and
can point a Direct Compass client asking a relevant question to our screener, help
to populate the screening criteria, and run the screen itself. On Morningstar.com, Mo can
now answer product support questions, which represent about half of the questions it’s
asked. When we launched Direct Advisory Suite, it came with all these capabilities
as well as a new Insights tool, which provides the latest from our research teams on
a list of securities or a portfolio, delivered in a concise summary.
Driving operational excellence and scalability to support growth targets
Driving efficiency and scaling our business effectively are central to our ability to
generate long-term durable growth.
We are keeping a close eye on revenue per employee at the consolidated level as well as
across our operating segments. In 2024, our teams demonstrated good discipline:
Average revenue per employee increased to roughly $200,000 from $170,000 in 2023.
Our commitment to building for scale drove the streamlining of our product portfolio
in a couple of key areas in 2024. This included refocusing Morningstar Wealth on
areas that require less capital to scale, enabling more efficient and sustainable growth.
In December, we closed on the sale of customer assets in our US turnkey asset
management platform (TAMP) to AssetMark, part of a broader strategic alliance with that
firm. We weren’t getting to scale fast enough with the US TAMP, nor did we see an
end to ongoing investments (something that even the largest players in the space have
Company Goal
No. 3
Letter to Shareholders
10
yet to figure out). In the US, our teams are now focused on Morningstar Model Portfolios
offered on third-party platforms, including AssetMark’s, whose advisors were mostly not
users of our TAMP.
In February 2025, we announced that we will be retiring Morningstar Office after 20
years and providing a streamlined transition for interested clients to SS&C’s Black
Diamond Wealth Platform, which will integrate our new Direct Advisory Suite product and
allow advisors to continue using the Morningstar data and research they’ve loved
in Office. With the introduction of Direct Advisory Suite and the integration with Black
Diamond, we’re excited to elevate our game with advisors. Outside the US, we remain
focused on the opportunity ahead for our International Wealth Platform.
In our Data and Analytics segment, we sold our commodity and energy data business
to Zema Global Data in a transaction that closed in September. While we were pleased with
the product’s performance during our ownership, we found that the buyer base
remained distinct from our core client segments, and we hadn’t found a good opportunity
to cross-sell with our other investment data. As we look to drive growth and scale in
Data and Analytics, that business didn’t have a clear place.
4%
Morningstar Employees
by Geography
As of Dec. 31, 2024
4% Other
41% India
10% Continental Europe
7% United Kingdom
30% United States
8% Canada
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report
11
By contrast, we see good opportunities to scale in other parts of the business, including
Morningstar Model Portfolios, where we’re able to support growth in assets under
management without making significant new investments, and Morningstar Retirement,
which is already at scale with the highest adjusted operating margins in the business.
For PitchBook and Morningstar Data and our platforms in Data and Analytics,
we have developed products that can be widely sold across various customer segments
and geographies. Finally, as we crossed the five-year anniversary of the 2019 DBRS
acquisition, Morningstar Credit is beginning to scale its existing credit rating capabilities
into new geographies, leveraging existing methodologies. With those methodologies in
place, the teams can focus on executing and meeting demand for credit rating products.
Building an amazing culture that supports exceptional talent
Those of you who have followed Morningstar over the years know that whenever
I’m asked what keeps me up at night, I always answer that it’s the next person we hire at
Morningstar. We want to make sure that person feels as strongly as we do about winning,
contributing to our culture, and supporting our mission. To attract and retain great
employees, we continue to focus on providing a performance-based environment where
people who power our mission know their ideas are welcome, their voices heard,
and their contributions rewarded. We expect a lot from them, and it’s fair for them to
expect the same from our organization.
We offer a variety of educational and career development programs to ensure ongoing
growth opportunities for all colleagues across levels, job fields, and locations. These
include our annual employee educational stipends, which employees can spend on their
choice of professional development resources, and our Morningstar Development
Company Goal
No. 4
Company Values
Champion the
Investor
Dream Big
Drive Change
Execution
Is Everything
Growth Mindset
One Team
Letter to Shareholders
12
Program, the primary entry point for recent college graduates. In 2024, we introduced a
new Manager Academy, which provides training and development for our colleagues who
have been newly promoted into manager roles. Also new in 2024, our High Performer
Program offers individuals personalized development programs in a cohort setting as
they grow into leadership positions. In 2024, 54% of our open roles were filled by
internal candidates, demonstrating the value we place on developing, recognizing, and
rewarding internal talent. Kudos to Amanda Kelly and her team; in her still-short
Morningstar career, Amanda is making a huge difference in our talent development
processes and programs.
Finally, we’re pleased to be winning accolades across markets. In 2024, we were named a
Certified Great Place to Work by the Great Place to Work Institute for the seventh
year in a row, in 2024, obtaining a score of 72, which continues to exceed the institute’s
average company score of 57.
2024 Financial Highlights
Consolidated revenue increased 11.6% to $2.3 billion, or 11.8% on an organic basis, with
contributions from across most of the business.
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Reported Revenue
Organic
Revenue Growth
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
17.6%
Revenue Growth
8.2%
10.8%
7.5%
11.8%
Organic revenue growth is a non-GAAP measure.
Please see reconciliation table at the end of this report.
$2,500 million
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report
13
We generally benefited from a favorable market environment. The Morningstar US
Moderate Target Allocation Index—a benchmark for 60/40 portfolios—increased 13.0% in
2024, primarily driven by gains in public equities as stock markets across most
regions globally generated gains. Bonds were generally flat, with the average fund in the
US intermediate core bond Morningstar Category up 1.7%. Meanwhile, for the trailing
12 months ended September 2024, PitchBook reported average private equity fund returns
of 11.6% and average private debt fund returns of 8.7%.
The economic environment and healthy market returns created tailwinds for our business,
especially for our more economically sensitive segments. Against the backdrop of
three Federal Reserve rate cuts, bond issuance and credit rating activity surged across
asset classes in all regions, supported by pent-up demand coming into the year.
That drove a 35.1% increase in Morningstar Credit revenue in 2024 compared with 2023
and a 15.9-percentage-point increase in adjusted operating margin to 26.0%. Increased
residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities issuance and demand for
corporate credit ratings played an important role. A special shoutout to all our credit
ratings analysts globally and the Morningstar DBRS business development team headed
by Sean O’Connor, who worked lights-out to deliver this strong outcome.
Morningstar Credit’s strong growth also reflected the team’s efforts in recent years
to build a more diversified revenue base that’s less reliant on structured finance ratings.
In 2021, revenue from ratings on CMBS, RMBS, and ABS accounted for roughly 67%
of Morningstar Credit revenue. The share of Morningstar Credit revenue coming from
structured finance ratings declined to 61% in 2024. That’s thanks to the team’s
ongoing efforts to expand into private- and middle-market corporates in the US and
Europe and the impact of a small but growing data business, which benefits from our
expanding coverage. Even within structured finance, we’ve seen a shift toward a
higher proportion of revenue coming from ABS and RMBS, benefiting from the work we’ve
done to build out teams and methodologies in both areas over the past few years.
Letter to Shareholders
14
Morningstar Wealth and Morningstar Retirement also benefited from tailwinds as
positive market returns contributed to 12.3% and 19.7% increases in assets under
management and advisement, respectively, in 2024 compared with 2023, supported by
positive net inflows. Morningstar Retirement’s flagship managed accounts program
experienced steady growth, making it one of the fastest-growing managed account
providers by assets under management in 2024. That reflected the success of our multi-
faceted distribution channel, which includes a Morningstar-branded option, a
white-label version, and our advisor-managed accounts. We were especially pleased
with a double-digit percentage increase in net flows to advisor managed accounts, which
we offer through registered investment advisors who help employers select retire-
ment plans. We’re also ramping up our work with broker/dealers, who provide an
important connection to the growing number of micro retirement plans that are expected
to drive growth in the retirement plan market in the years to come.
As primarily license-based businesses, PitchBook and Morningstar Data and
Analytics don’t tend to be as sensitive to changes in the macroeconomic environment.
PitchBook revenue increased 12.0%, or 12.1% on an organic basis, and Data and Analytics
revenue increased 5.5%, or 5.8% on an organic basis, in 2024 compared with 2023.
PitchBook followed a fairly consistent trajectory over the course of the year, with good
growth dynamics in core private equity and venture capital clients. That was offset
by a more challenging environment for noncore client segments with more limited
use cases, including smaller corporates. Meanwhile, Morningstar Direct and Morningstar
Data continued to be the primary drivers of increased revenue for Morningstar Data
and Analytics, with growth across geographies. Increases in managed investment (fund)
data and Morningstar Essentials helped drive Morningstar Data growth for the year,
while we saw some softness in our exchange market data product, which offers real-time
streaming market data from roughly 200 global exchanges.
While most parts of the business grew in 2024—including Morningstar Indexes, which
benefited from higher assets under management for key products, largely driven by
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report
15
market gains—Morningstar Sustainalytics had a more challenging year. Revenue
declined modestly compared with 2023. This was largely due to softness in our flagship
ESG Risk Ratings product, where vendor consolidation and softness in parts of the
retail asset and wealth client segments has hurt, in licensed ratings, where we’ve shifted
our approach, and in second-party opinions.
Companywide profitability also grew meaningfully during the year. Consolidated
operating income increased 110.2% to $484.8 million in 2024, including the impact of a
$64.0 million gain associated with the sale of customer assets from our US TAMP to
AssetMark. Adjusted operating income, which excludes intangible amortization expenses
and M&A-related activities (including the gain related to the US TAMP asset sale),
increased 51.2%. Operating and adjusted operating margins increased to 21.3% and
21.7%, respectively. We remain focused on increasing adjusted operating income and
margins as our business scales.
Morningstar Credit and PitchBook made significant contributions to consolidated
adjusted operating income growth. Morningstar Credit adjusted operating income
increased 248.4% to $75.6 million in 2024. As we’ve noted before, the credit business is
one with significant operating leverage, and that was apparent in its 2024 results.
PitchBook adjusted operating income increased 25.9% to $186.4 million in 2024 with an
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Annual
Operating Margin
25
20
15
10
5
0
Adjusted Operating
Margin
Operating Margin
Adjusted operating margin is a non-GAAP measure.
Please see reconciliation table at the end of this report.
%
22.8%
21.3%
16.0%
16.0%
21.7%
15.5%
15.1%
9.0%
11.3%
21.3%
Letter to Shareholders
16
accompanying increase in adjusted operating margin to 30.1%, driven in part
by lower stock-based compensation due to the cancellation of the PitchBook plan after
founder John Gabbert’s departure. Given the opportunities we see in private equity
and credit markets, we’re continuing to invest here, but it’s good to see our growing scale
reflected in profitability.
While Morningstar Wealth remained unprofitable in 2024, its adjusted operating loss
narrowed considerably, supported by targeted reorganizations in the business
in 2023 and careful attention to expenses. We remain focused on growing that business to
profitability. Expenses incurred during the transition period following the closing
of our strategic alliance with AssetMark, as we wind down our US TAMP, are expected to
have a temporarily negative impact on profitability. However, we expect to see a
positive run-rate impact on adjusted operating income from that transaction once the
transition period has concluded.
Our increased profitability supported higher operating and free cash flows. Cash
provided by operating activities increased 87.0% from 2023 to $591.6 million in 2024, and
free cash flow increased 127.5% to $448.9 million. In 2023, operating and free cash
flow were suppressed by several items related to the repurchase of our brand in Japan,
Free Cash Flow
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
$307.6
$348.1
$168.3
$197.3
$448.9
Free cash flow is a non-GAAP measure.
Please see reconciliation table on page 1 of this report.
400
300
200
100
0
$500 million
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report
17
severance related to the transition and shift of our China operations, and payment of the
final contingent amount for the LCD acquisition. Excluding these items, which
totaled $90.8 million, and $1.8 million in severance related to the sale of the US TAMP
assets in 2024, operating cash flow and free cash flow would have increased by 45.7% and
56.4%, respectively.
During the year, we continued prioritizing debt repayment. We reduced debt by $273.8
million, which together with improved profitability lowered our consolidated funded
indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA ratio as defined in our financial covenants
to 0.9 from 1.7. Paying down debt in the years following large acquisitions is consistent
with our prudent approach to managing our balance sheet and maintaining financial
flexibility, and it has helped reduce interest expense.
We bought back $11.6 million of our shares during the year at an average price of $347.51
and paid $69.3 million in dividends. In December, we announced a 12.3% increase in our
quarterly dividend to 45.5 cents per share.
People Transitions
Over the past year, our team saw several important transitions.
In December, Jason Dubinsky stepped down as our chief financial officer. Jason was
my key partner in helping to strengthen and diversify Morningstar’s financial
and business profile over the years. I am grateful for Jason’s leadership, stewardship,
and friendship.
After a thorough process, we selected Michael Holt as Jason’s successor, effective Jan. 1,
2025. Mike made a significant impact on our business as our chief strategy officer
and president of research and investments, driving our M&A strategy and centralizing and
scaling our research and investment capabilities. He is a talented individual
who cuts through the noise and gets things done.
Letter to Shareholders
18
Earlier in the year, PitchBook founder John Gabbert left the company. John was a
special leader and created immense value for all stakeholders. He left behind a topnotch
team, now led by Rod Diefendorf, who has served as PitchBook’s chief operating
officer since 2016 and took over as president following John’s departure. Rod is off to a
strong start, and his team has been responding well.
Also in 2024, several colleagues who helped make Morningstar what it is today retired.
John Rekenthaler was hired by Joe Mansueto and Don Phillips in 1988 and made a
career in multiple leadership roles on our research and investment management teams.
Together with Don, John helped design the Morningstar Style Box and the first
Morningstar Categories. For the past two decades, he authored the Rekenthaler Report,
which has become one of the most popular and widely cited columns in all of investing
and personal finance. He helped build the Morningstar voice and was one of my
inspirations. If you enjoy reading John’s column, you can follow him on Substack as he
tackles a wider range of topics.
Pat Fay also retired from Morningstar at the end of 2024, after five years as chief
operating officer for Morningstar Indexes and, more recently, Morningstar Sustainalytics.
Although his time with the business was shorter, he’s had a huge impact and will be
missed. I offered Pat the opportunity to reduce his hours and work part-time for 40 hours
a week, but he was strangely uninterested in the offer.
Finally, while he remains with us in a consulting role, Doug Turnbull retired as head of
Morningstar DBRS in Canada. Doug led what I believe to be the moatiest part of our
business and did a terrific job in the role for nearly 10 years. Doug’s successor is Richard
Sibthorpe, who joined us after a long stint at BMO Capital Markets. In a short time,
Richard has already had a meaningful effect—he’s out with clients, focused on widening
our moat, and thinking deeply about how we grow even further into private markets. I
expect he will have a very positive impact in the years ahead.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report
19
Closing Thoughts
I look forward to welcoming you to our annual shareholders’ meeting on May 9 in
Chicago, where we take live questions from shareholders and have the opportunity to
engage with you. We’ve got Rod and Detlef Scholz, who leads Morningstar DBRS,
on tap for business deep dives, and we’ll of course take all your questions. I do hope you
can make it!
Best regards,
Kunal
Letter to Shareholders
20
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 000-51280
MORNINGSTAR, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
Illinois 22 West Washington Street 36-3297908
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Chicago, Illinois 60602 (I.R.S. Employer
Incorporation or Organization) (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code) Identification Number)
(312) 696-6000
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class Trading Symbol(s) Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common stock, no par value MORN The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or
for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this
chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See
the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting
standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under
Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an
error to previously issued financial statements.
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s
executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No
The aggregate market value of shares of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2024 was $8.0 billion. As of February 21, 2025, there were 42,839,680 shares of
the registrant’s common stock, no par value, outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Certain parts of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed not later than 120 days after the registrant’s fiscal year ended
December 31, 2024, are incorporated into Part III of this Form 10-K.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 21
Table of Contents
Part I 23
Item 1. Business 23
Item 1A. Risk Factors 53
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 72
Item 1C. Cybersecurity 72
Item 2. Properties 74
Item 3. Legal Proceedings 74
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 74
Part II 75
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 75
Item 6. [Reserved] 75
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 76
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 101
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 102
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 145
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures 145
Item 9B. Other Information 146
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections 147
Part III 148
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance 148
Item 11. Executive Compensation 148
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 148
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 148
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 148
Part IV. 149
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 149
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary 152
2024 10-K: Part I
22
Part I
Item 1. Business
Our Mission
Our mission is to empower investor success. The investing ecosystem is complex, and navigating it with confidence requires a
trusted, independent voice. We deliver our perspective to institutions, advisors, and individuals with a single-minded purpose: to
empower every investor with conviction that they can make better-informed decisions and realize success on their own terms.
Our Business
Morningstar, Inc. is a leading global provider of independent investment insights. Our core competencies are data, research, design,
and technology, and we employ each of these to create products built on the depth and breadth of our data that are designed to
clearly convey complex investment information. We offer a variety of products and solutions that serve a wide range of market
participants, including individual and institutional investors in public and private capital markets; financial advisors and wealth
managers; alliances and redistributors; asset managers; retirement plan providers, advisors and sponsors; and issuers of fixed-
income securities. We also leverage our investing expertise to manage assets for clients who value the guidance of professional
portfolio management teams.
We structure our business to help investors in three key areas. First, our products support individuals, financial advisors and wealth
managers, asset managers, and institutions who make their own investment decisions. Through our Morningstar Data and Analytics
and PitchBook segments and Morningstar Sustainalytics products, our customers have access to a wide selection of investment
data, fundamental equity research, manager research, private capital markets research, environmental, social, and governance
ratings and data, fund ratings, and indexes directly on our proprietary desktop or web-based software platforms, or through direct
data feeds, direct shares, streaming capabilities and application programming interfaces (APIs).
Second, through our Morningstar Wealth and Morningstar Retirement segments, we provide investment management services and
advisor tools and platforms. Morningstar Wealth’s managed portfolio offerings help advisors deliver investor-friendly products based
on our valuation-driven, fundamentals-based approach to investing, applying Morningstar’s expertise in asset allocation, investment
selection, and portfolio construction. Through Morningstar Retirement, we help retirement plan sponsors and retirement specialist
advisors build high-quality savings programs for employees. In addition, we provide investable solutions to build portfolios based
on unique Morningstar intellectual property through our Morningstar Indexes products. Investors also use our indexes as benchmarks,
to create investable products based off our proprietary research, or to construct portfolios using customized indexes.
Finally, through our Morningstar Credit segment, we provide investors with credit ratings, research, data, and credit analytics solutions
that we believe contribute to the transparency of international and domestic credit markets. Morningstar DBRS is the fourth largest
credit rating agency in the world, offering a wide range of credit rating services and products for financial institutions, corporate
and sovereign entities, and structured finance products and instruments.
While other companies may offer research, ratings, data, software products, indexes, or investment management services, we believe
that we are one of the few companies that can deliver all of these in alignment with our mission of empowering investor success.
We believe that our focus on putting investors first, paired with the way we use design and technology to communicate complex
financial information, sets us apart from our peers in the financial services industry.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 23
Our Data, Research, and Ratings
Morningstar’s trusted data, research, and ratings underpin everything we do across our business. Our data covers a wide range of
investment offerings, including managed investment products, publicly listed companies, private companies, fixed-income securities,
private credit, and bank loans.
We focus our data, research, and ratings efforts on several areas:
Manager research (including mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), separately-managed accounts, and other vehicles)
We have been providing independent analyst research on managed investment strategies since the mid-1980s. In 2023, we united
our two forward-looking managed investment ratings—the Morningstar Analyst Rating and the Morningstar Quantitative Ratings
for funds—into a single rating: the Morningstar Medalist Rating. The Morningstar Medalist Rating blends human and machine-
driven research and analysis that have long underpinned our qualitative and quantitative ratings approaches, simplifying strategy
search, selection, and workflow monitoring. The Medalist Rating covers more than 64,000 distinct mutual funds, ETFs, separately
managed accounts, and model portfolios and more than 450,000 share classes worldwide. It augments other quantitative ratings
and analytics, such as the Morningstar Rating for funds (the “star rating”), which ranks managed investment strategies such as
mutual funds based on their past risk-adjusted performance versus their Morningstar category peers. We also publish research and
ratings on state-sponsored college-savings plans, target-date funds, and health-savings accounts.
In addition, the Morningstar Style Box visually depicts a strategy’s underlying investment style, making it easier to compare
investments and build portfolios. The star rating and style box have become important tools that millions of investors and advisors
use to make investment decisions.
As of December 31, 2024, we had more than 130 manager research analysts globally, including teams in North America, Europe,
Australia, and Asia.
Public company and private market research
As part of our research efforts on individual stocks, we popularized the concepts of economic moat, a measure of competitive advantage
originally developed by Warren Buffett, and margin of safety, which reflects the size of the discount in a stock’s price relative to its
estimated value. The Morningstar Rating for stocks is based on the stock’s current price relative to our analyst-generated fair value
estimates, as well as the company’s level of business risk and economic moat. Our analysts cover approximately 1,600 companies
using a consistent, proprietary methodology that focuses on fundamental analysis, competitive advantage assessment, and intrinsic
value estimation. Morningstar’s data and research on publicly traded companies is used extensively in our products and solutions,
such as institutional equity research, Morningstar Indexes such as the Morningstar Wide Moat Focus Index, our Global Market
Barometer, and as a basis for equity portfolio strategies used in Morningstar Managed Portfolios.
PitchBook’s Institutional Research Group is a provider of investment strategy, fund performance and industry research. The group
leverages PitchBook’s proprietary data, such as valuations, deal multiples, and fund returns, to deliver analysis that allows clients
to quickly gauge trends, price transactions, assess risks and identify notable company sets in the private capital markets. As of
December 31, 2024, the team provides coverage of the private equity, venture capital, real assets, leveraged loan, high-yield bond,
and private credit asset classes. PitchBook also provides full-time analyst coverage of emerging technology industries, delivering
comprehensive assessments of disruptive sectors to help clients better segment and size markets, understand company and investor
landscapes, evaluate opportunities, and develop conviction around the growth trajectories of emerging industries.
2024 10-K: Part I
24
As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 130 public equity researchers and more than 30 private markets researchers globally,
making us one of the largest providers of independent equity research. In addition to our analyst-driven coverage, we provide
quantitative ratings and reports for approximately 40,000 publicly traded companies across Morningstar’s solutions and cover
approximately 5.2 million privately-held companies through the PitchBook platform.
Credit ratings
Morningstar DBRS provides global credit ratings as the world’s fourth largest credit rating agency. We rate more than 4,000 issuers
and 60,000 securities worldwide, providing independent credit ratings for financial institutions, corporate and sovereign entities,
and structured finance products and instruments. Our goal is to bring more clarity, diversity, and responsiveness to the ratings
process. We believe that our approach and size provide the agility to respond to customers’ needs with the necessary expertise
and resources.
As of December 31, 2024, we had more than 500 credit rating analysts and analytical support staff based in the United States (US),
Canada, Europe, and India.
ESG Risk Ratings
Morningstar Sustainalytics’ ESG Risk Ratings look to provide investors with tools to assess financially material environmental, social
and governance risks that could affect the long-term performance of their investments at the security, fund, and portfolio levels.
The ratings introduce a single measurement unit to assess these risks across 22 different material issues (MEIs). Morningstar
Sustainalytics’ ESG Risk Ratings are designed to provide insight into a company’s absolute ESG risk that is comparable across peers
and sub-industries while allowing for aggregation at the portfolio level.
As of December 31, 2024, Morningstar Sustainalytics rated more than 16,000 companies globally and employed more than
190 research analysts based in the US, Canada, Europe, and Asia.
Our Segments and Products
We operate our business through five reportable segments: Morningstar Data and Analytics, PitchBook, Morningstar Wealth,
Morningstar Credit, and Morningstar Retirement. All remaining operating segments and business activities that are not significant
enough to require separate reportable segment disclosure are referred to as, and included in, Corporate and All Other in our
Consolidated Financial Statements.
Morningstar Data and Analytics
Morningstar Data and Analytics provides investors comprehensive data, research and insights, and investment analysis to empower
investment decision-making. Morningstar Data and Analytics includes Morningstar Data, Morningstar Direct, Morningstar Advisor
Workstation, Profiles and Morningstar Direct Reporting, Direct Web Services, and Morningstar Research Distribution. These products
are designed to provide seamless access to Morningstar’s managed investment, public equities, and fixed-income data, with a focus
on making the work of portfolio managers, product developers, marketers, advisors, and analysts more efficient and effective.
In 2024, we sold our Commodity and Energy Data business, which was included in the Morningstar Data and Analytics segment.
Morningstar Data’s licensed data gives asset managers, redistributors, and wealth managers independent, comprehensive, and
timely data and research they can use to empower investor success. Our offering spans managed investments (including mutual
funds, ETFs, separate accounts, collective investment trusts, and model portfolios), equities, and fixed-income securities and is
available globally. Morningstar Data’s largest products include managed investment data, Morningstar Essentials, exchange market
data, and equity data.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 25
We are well-known for enriching raw data on managed investments with research-driven intellectual property to offer investors the
ability to compare investments across asset classes and to better assess investments with easy-to-understand yet insightful and
actionable insights. We distribute our proprietary statistics, including the Morningstar Category, Morningstar Style Box, and
Morningstar Rating, through licensed data feeds. We also offer a wide range of other data sets, including information on investment
performance, risk analytics, full historical portfolio holdings, operations data (such as managed investments’ fees and expenses),
cash flows, financial statement data, consolidated industry statistics, and investment ownership.
Clients license Morningstar Data to build transparent products and services that investors, from those just starting out to sophisticated
and high net worth individuals, can understand and use to reach their investing goals. Morningstar Data is used to serve retail
investors and their intermediaries, supporting a variety of investor communications, including websites, print publications, and
marketing fact sheets, as well as for internal research and product development. Morningstar also serves redistributors who ultimately
serve the asset and wealth client management segments. These clients use our data as inputs to their risk models or analytics
alongside their own data to serve clients with products ranging from advisor tools to public financial sites. Smaller redistributor
clients use vendor data for personal wealth apps or advisor-facing tools.
Demand for Morningstar Data has increased as clients build digital solutions, prepare for regulatory requirements, and incorporate
automation, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and other forms of data analytics into their workflows. We’re committed to
covering our clients’ whole portfolios and offering the data they need to make informed investment decisions.
Our goal is to offer clients data that is available quickly and in the format most appropriate for their workflows. Our data feeds
enable our clients to discover the data that they need, and to schedule delivery in S3, FTP, CSV, XML, JSON, Text, and TSV output
formats. We provide access to Morningstar Data utilizing an API format to download and process large data files. The Morningstar
Data team applies emerging methods in AI to regression, classification, deep learning, natural language processing, and optical
character recognition to extract data from structured and unstructured content. The Morningstar Data team uses a “human in the
loop” approach where machine inferences are presented to a data analyst for validation. Validated data is published in Morningstar
products and used to retrain and continuously improve the Morningstar Data team’s machine learning models. This approach
enables Morningstar to produce data faster without compromising the quality of data that our clients use in making sound
investment decisions.
Pricing is based on the data package being licensed, the level of distribution, and the use-case.
In 2024, Morningstar Data’s largest markets were North America and Europe.
Our main global competitors for mutual fund data include FE fundinfo and LSEG (Refinitiv). We also compete against smaller players
that focus on local or regional information.
For market and equity data, we primarily compete with Bloomberg, FactSet, ICE Data Services, LSEG (Refinitiv), and S&P Global.
We estimate that the annual revenue renewal rate for Morningstar Data was 100% in 2024 versus 104% in 2023. In 2024, the annual
revenue renewal rate calculation included exchange market data, which was not included in the prior-year period.
2024 10-K: Part I
26
Morningstar Direct is an investment analysis and reporting application that delivers data and analytics across asset classes and
streamlines report creation and distribution to client-facing groups and internal teams. Built on Morningstar’s global database of
registered and non-registered securities and data from third-party providers, the application helps asset managers with market
research, product positioning, competitive analysis, and distribution strategies. Wealth managers use the tool to assist with manager
research, fund selection, and the construction, monitoring, and distribution of model portfolios.
In 2024, Morningstar Direct saw significant enhancements, with an emphasis on creating an improved and streamlined user
experience. Continuing the momentum from 2023, we refined Morningstar Direct’s user interface and expanded the Direct Lens
experience. Direct Lens, designed to integrate and unify portfolio-creation capabilities, now offers expanded features, such as portfolio
creation and analysis, list building, investment search capabilities, asset flows, and the integration of an AI-powered research
assistant to more-efficiently help users to make the most of Direct Lens’ features. We enhanced Morningstar Direct’s equity data by
incorporating consensus estimates and more comprehensive fundamental equity data. This development broadens the application
of Morningstar Direct by showing users detailed equity insights alongside traditional use cases.
Morningstar Direct remains, we believe, a leading solution for analyzing and comparing investment data and showing the results
of that research with robust reporting and data distribution capabilities. Expanded datasets and workflow improvements position
Morningstar Direct as a multi-asset portfolio analytics application that combines proprietary research, data, and analytics, with data
coverage that now extends to private investments, public investments outside of mutual funds, and individual securities. Morningstar
Direct further evolved to meet the needs of investors in 2024 by introducing new datapoints, calculations, and portfolio-level insights,
and enhancing coverage across fixed income, ETFs, model portfolios, and alternatives. Investors are adopting increasingly complex
and dynamic investment strategies, and Morningstar Direct seeks to empower users with the tools, insights, and data they need to
thrive in a rapidly changing industry.
Morningstar Direct is a desktop application that is installed locally on users’ computers. The Morningstar Direct desktop application
connects over the internet to databases and application servers hosted primarily in Morningstar data centers, with some use of
cloud (Amazon Web Services) infrastructure. A large portion of Morningstar Direct’s features and functionality are delivered using
modern web components and frameworks delivered within the legacy application.
Pricing for Morningstar Direct is based on the number of licenses purchased, and our simplified licensing model eliminates charges
for add-on features to maximize the customer experience and allow users to extract more value.
Morningstar Direct’s primary markets are North America and Europe.
Morningstar Direct’s primary competitors are Bloomberg, eVestment Alliance, FactSet Research System’s Cognity and SPAR, LSEG’s
(Refinitiv) Eikon, Strategic Insight’s Simfund, and Zephyr.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 27
We estimate that our annual revenue renewal rate for Morningstar Direct was approximately 101% in 2024 and 2023.
Morningstar Advisor Workstation is a connected suite of tools spanning proposal creation, investment research, investment planning,
and more designed to help our clients provide great advice to their clients. It is powered by Morningstar’s data, research, investor
profiling tools, and robust portfolio analytics.
The software is typically sold through an enterprise contract and is primarily for retail advisors because of its strong ties and
integration with home-office applications and processes and a library of Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) reviewed
reports that meet compliance needs. It allows advisors to build and maintain a client portfolio database that can be fully connected
with the home-office firm’s back-office technology and resources. This helps advisors present and illustrate their portfolio investment
strategies, show the value of their advice, and meet existing and emerging regulatory requirements, all at scale.
In 2024, we continued to enhance Morningstar Advisor Workstation. We launched and won our first clients for a new proprietary
model offering that allows our clients who are building model portfolios in Morningstar Direct to directly publish them to their
advisors in Advisor Workstation. As firm models grow in popularity due to their ability to allow more-scalable investment plan
personalization and align to US regulations, we expect more clients to seek out this offering. Additionally, we launched the insights
dashboard in Enterprise Analytics, an add-on for Advisor Workstation that gives firms visibility into firmwide advisor activity. The
new insights dashboard provides home offices with analytics to assess the quality, scope, and volume of advice with month-over-
month analysis of proposal value, frequently proposed assets and asset classes, risk scores, and more. We also made several upgrades
to Mo, Morningstar’s AI assistant in Advisor Workstation, including the ability to create filtered investment lists from natural-language
prompts and generate personalized client talking points.
In 2024, due to low adoption, we reassessed our strategy for AppHub, a two-sided digital marketplace initially introduced into Advisor
Workstation in 2022 where clients could access additional third-party applications. We transitioned to a strategic partnership
approach with a focus on building relationships and integrations with firms aligned to more common advisor workflows.
Morningstar Advisor Workstation is primarily sold through an enterprise contract, and we can license single seats for individual
advisors as well. It is offered in the US and Canada, spanning over 225 firms and 170,000 advisors.
Morningstar Direct Licenses
US
Non-US
16,388
2020
2021
2022
17,421
8,566
7,822
9,236
9,185
2023
2024
18,421
18,562
9,096
9,665
9,072
9,490
9,020
8,401
18,761
2024 10-K: Part I
28
In January 2025, we expanded our advisor offering with the launch of Morningstar Direct Advisory Suite. Morningstar Direct Advisory
Suite is a connected suite of capabilities spanning proposal creation, investment research, and investment planning with an updated,
modern interface built for the advisor workflow.
Competitors for Morningstar Advisor Workstation include CapIntel, Orion, Riskalyze, and YCharts. Increasingly, broker/dealers and
custodians are also building their own internal tools and attempting to bring their advisors’ practice management tools in-house,
as with Pershing’s Wove platform.
We estimate that our annual revenue renewal rate for Morningstar Advisor Workstation was approximately 93% in 2024 and 2023.
PitchBook
PitchBook provides investors with access to a broad collection of data and research covering the private capital markets, including
venture capital, private equity, private credit and bank loans, and merger and acquisition (M&A) activities, as well as Morningstar’s
data and research on public equities, all delivered through the PitchBook platform. In addition, PitchBook makes data available in
flexible à la carte solutions via formats such as APIs and feeds, as part of its direct data product, which is included in our reporting
of the PitchBook product area. The PitchBook segment also includes our Morningstar Institutional Equity Research product.
The PitchBook platform is an all-in-one web-hosted solution for investment and research professionals, including venture capital
and private equity firms, corporate development teams, investment banks, limited partners, lenders, law firms, accounting firms,
and asset managers. Clients rely on PitchBook for a central, easy-to-use platform that provides access to what we believe is the
broadest and most in-depth collection of data and research covering the private capital markets, as well as Morningstar’s data and
research on public equities. To accommodate our clients’ diverse needs, the platform offers data and analytical tools including
company profiles for both private and public companies, advanced search functionality, and other intellectual property (IP) tools
that help to inform discovery and research and optimize workflow by surfacing relevant information and insights. Our clients source
deals, conduct due diligence, raise capital, build buyer lists, benchmark funds, and network with the PitchBook platform. Licensed
PitchBook platform users also have access to a mobile application, customer relationship management (CRM) integrations, and
Excel and PowerPoint plug-ins.
In 2024, PitchBook remained focused on expanding its delivery of actionable data and insights across private and public markets,
while empowering better investment decisions and outcomes through comprehensive research, proprietary tools, and timely
intelligence. Key enhancements included the expansion of our private credit data and capabilities on the PitchBook platform following
the completion of the Leveraged Commentary & Data (LCD) acquisition, the addition of third-party aftermarket research to the
platform, enhancements to the Research Center, and ongoing investment in AI and machine learning tools and capabilities.
PitchBook also launched PitchBook Credit, a centralized resource on the PitchBook platform that combines PitchBook’s proprietary
data with LCD’s news, research, and tools to streamline credit workflows. PitchBook Credit includes a credit dashboard that enables
users to easily navigate to PitchBook’s core credit offering, comprised of breaking credit news, institutional research, a complete
database of debt and lenders data, screeners, loan and bond forward calendars, and details on the Morningstar LSTA Leveraged
Loans Index family. PitchBook also integrated LCD’s BDC (business development company) portfolio holdings data and CLO
(collateralized loan obligation) data into PitchBook Credit, which combined with its existing coverage, delivers transparency into
historically opaque debt deals and fund disclosures.
In 2024, PitchBook also introduced access to aftermarket research from an initial list of nine third-party equity research providers
on the PitchBook platform. These third-party insights complement the Morningstar Institutional Equity Research also available on
the platform, which offers fundamental valuations, ratings, and analysis on over 1,600 public companies worldwide and
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 29
comprehensive sector and thematic research. Along with the integration of third-party research, PitchBook unveiled significant
enhancements to its Research Center, including advanced search and filtering capabilities and improved reader view tools,
streamlining market analysis and due diligence workflows. These capabilities included the release of AI Insights Transcripts, which
enables users to extract and summarize key insights from earnings calls, including analyst Q&A sessions.
Pricing for the PitchBook platform is based on the number of seats, with standard base license fees per user and customized prices
for large enterprises, boutiques, and startup firms.
In 2024, PitchBook’s largest markets were North America and Europe.
PitchBook’s main competitors are CB Insights, Preqin (BlackRock), and S&P Global Market Intelligence, as well as certain smaller,
niche competitors.
In 2024, we estimate that our annual revenue renewal rate for the PitchBook platform was approximately 107% versus 112% in 2023.
PitchBook had 125,491 licensed users worldwide as of December 31, 2024.
Morningstar Credit
Morningstar Credit provides investors with credit ratings, research, data, and credit analytics solutions that, we believe, contribute
to the transparency of international and domestic credit markets. Morningstar Credit includes Morningstar DBRS and Morningstar
Credit data and credit analytics.
Morningstar DBRS is the fourth largest credit rating agency in the world, offering a wide range of credit rating services and products.
Morningstar DBRS generates its revenue from providing independent credit ratings on financial institutions, corporates, and
sovereigns, as well as on securitizations and other structured finance instruments, such as asset-backed securities (ABS), residential
mortgage-backed securities (RMBS), commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS), and CLOs. The credit analysis and the
assignment of credit ratings can take place on issuance of new bonds or on a continuous basis for existing credit exposures. The
fees to the issuer are based on the type of issuance, the size of the transaction, and the complexity of the analysis.
PitchBook Platform Licenses*
52,288
2020
94,628
2022
107,840
2023
125,491
2024
73,940
2021
*Includes the impact of legacy LCD clients who have migrated to the PitchBook platform with the primary impact in 2024.
2024 10-K: Part I
30
Credit ratings are forward-looking opinions on credit risk that reflect the creditworthiness of a company or fixed-income security.
They are determined within the framework of a ratings committee that represents a collective assessment of Morningstar DBRS’s
opinion rather than the opinion of an individual analyst. These credit ratings are based on information that incorporates both global
and local considerations and the use of approved methodologies and are determined in compliance with policies and procedures
designed to avoid or manage conflicts of interest. Morningstar DBRS’s credit rating methodologies are publicly available and support
the objectivity and integrity of the credit rating process. Morningstar DBRS also offers a micro-website dedicated to environmental,
social and governance factors deemed relevant to credit ratings analysis.
In addition to ratings and research opinions, Morningstar DBRS also offers data products derived from its ratings activities and
analytical tools. These include ratings data feeds that can be integrated into companies’ internal databases, web-based research,
and analytical tools.
In 2024, Morningstar DBRS’s largest markets by revenue were the US, followed by Canada and Europe, Middle East, and Africa (EMEA).
Morningstar DBRS competes with several other firms, including Fitch Ratings, Kroll Bond Ratings, Moody’s Ratings, and
S&P Global Ratings.
Morningstar Wealth
Morningstar Wealth’s mission is to empower both advisors and investors to succeed. Bringing together Investment Management,
including our model portfolios and the International Wealth Platform, data aggregation and enrichment capabilities via ByAllAccounts,
and our individual investor platform, Morningstar.com, we offer a comprehensive suite of solutions globally. These products are
designed to streamline workflows and help advisors deliver scalable, customized advice, ultimately supporting clients in achieving
their long-term financial goals. As of December 31, 2024, Morningstar Wealth assets under management and advisement (AUMA)
totaled $62.3 billion.
In February 2025, we announced that we plan to retire Morningstar Office, our practice and portfolio management software for registered
investment advisors (RIAs). Clients will have the option of transitioning to SS&C’s BlackDiamond Wealth Platform, which will be integrated
with the newly launched Morningstar Direct Advisory Suite, a product in the Morningstar Data and Analytics segment.
Investment Management’s flagship offering is Morningstar Model Portfolios (also referred to as Morningstar® Managed Portfolios),
an advisor service consisting of model portfolios designed for fee-based independent financial advisors. Our core markets are the
US, UK, South Africa, and Australia. We target like-minded advisors who hire us to manage a portion of their client’s assets in
alignment with our principles of putting investors first, keeping costs low, and investing for the long term. We build our multi-asset
strategies using mutual funds, ETFs, and individual securities, and tailor them to meet specific investment time horizons, risk levels,
and projected outcomes.
Morningstar Model Portfolios are available through two core distribution channels: the Morningstar International Wealth Platform,
which offers fee-based discretionary asset management services, and strategist models on third-party managed account platforms.
We offer the International Wealth Platform in the UK and select international markets. We serve as a fund and model provider in
Australia, South Africa, the UK, and the US. In 2024, we sold customer assets from the US Morningstar Wealth Turnkey Asset
Management Platform (TAMP) to AssetMark and announced that we would be retiring our US TAMP in 2025 to concentrate on the
distribution of our investment products on third-party platforms in that market. AssetMark now offers a selection of Morningstar
Model Portfolios on its platform.
The International Wealth Platform offers a comprehensive suite of features designed to enhance the client experience and streamline
advisor operations. The platform emphasizes efficiency with paperless applications and acceptance of digital signatures via DocuSign
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 31
and AdobeSign, eliminating the need for physical paperwork. Its portfolio management capabilities accommodate both model
portfolios (separately managed accounts) and bespoke portfolios (individually managed accounts), allowing multiple portfolios per
client across different tax wrappers. The customizable adviser portal enables advisors to tailor their interface, including branding
with their own logo and color scheme, while providing clients with view-only access to essential portfolio information and documents.
Leveraging machine learning and AI, the platform offers insights to help advisors anticipate client needs, such as potential advisor
switches or significant life events, facilitating timely and personalized engagement.
In 2024, net flows were approximately $2.0 billion across Morningstar Model Portfolios and the International Wealth Platform.
In addition to Morningstar Model Portfolios and the International Wealth Platform, we also offer institutional asset-management
(e.g., act as a subadvisor) and asset-allocation services for asset managers, broker/dealers, and insurance providers. We offer these
services through a variety of registered entities in Australia, Canada, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), France, Japan, South Africa,
the UK, and the US.
We charge asset-based program fees for Morningstar Model Portfolios, which are typically based on the distribution channel and
the products contained within the portfolios. We base pricing for institutional asset-management and asset-allocation services on
the scope of work, our degree of investment discretion, and the level of service required. For most of our contracts, we receive asset-
based fees.
Our primary model portfolio offering competitors are BlackRock, Fidelity, and Clark Capital in the US. We face competition from
Brooks Macdonald, LGT Wealth Management, and Tatton in EMEA, and Elston, Lonsec, and Russell in Australia. Our primary
competitors for the Morningstar International Wealth Platform are abrdn, Aviva, Nucleus, and Parmenion. We also compete with in-
house research teams at independent broker/dealers who build proprietary portfolios for use on brokerage firm platforms, as well
other RIAs that provide investment strategies or models on these platforms.
Investment Management
Assets Under Management/Advisement ($bil)
Institutional Asset Management
Asset Allocation
28.6
11.2
6.9
2020
52.2
32.6
9.8
8.5
46.7
32.4
11.8
8.0
2022
2021
50.9
38.7
7.7
9.1
43.8
7.0
11.5
2023
55.5
2024
62.3
*
*
*
Following the 2022 acquisition of Praemium’s US and international business, includes assets on the International Wealth Platform
in 2022
obal markets that year.
*
2024 10-K: Part I
32
Morningstar.com helps individual investors discover, evaluate, and monitor stocks, ETFs, and mutual funds; build and monitor
portfolios; and monitor the markets. Revenue is generated from paid memberships for Morningstar Investor/Morningstar Premium,
and internet advertising sales. Morningstar Investor is the successor to Morningstar Premium in the US and Australia.
Our Morningstar Investor offering is focused on providing transparency into investment choices to enable investors to make informed
decisions about their portfolios. Members have access to proprietary Morningstar research, ratings, data, and tools, including analyst
reports, portfolio management tools (such as Portfolio X-Ray), and stock and fund screeners. We offer Investor and Premium
memberships in Australia, Canada, Italy, the UK, and the US.
Our advertising business is entirely sold direct to clients, unlike many media websites where advertising is sold via programmatic
platforms. This approach allows us to build meaningful relationships with our advertisers, maintain pricing, and helps us protect
the integrity of our brand. The result is that Morningstar is seen as a trusted partner and critical platform for the world’s largest
asset managers and financial companies for reaching advisors and investors globally.
In 2024, we redesigned Morningstar.com and unified it with Morningstar Investor to create a better experience for the millions of
individual investors, advisors, and professionals visiting our site monthly. The redesign places more emphasis on our research, data,
and editorial. We simplified the site navigation making it easier to navigate our new markets area, sector pages, investing ideas,
and articles. We also bolstered our Investor subscription with new data, functionality, and additional asset allocation x-ray details
within our portfolio tool; expanded screening capabilities; and added a new notifications feed to provide investors with timely updates
about changes that have occurred for securities in their portfolios and watchlists.
We charge a monthly or annual subscription fee for Morningstar Investor and Morningstar Premium.
Morningstar.com primarily competes with trading platforms that concurrently offer research and investing advice, such as Fidelity,
Schwab, and TD Ameritrade. Research sites, such as Seeking Alpha, The Motley Fool, and Zacks Investment Research, also compete
with us for paid membership. In addition, free or “freemium” websites, such as Dow Jones/Marketwatch and Yahoo Finance, are also
competitors for some customers. Kiplinger, TheStreet.com, and The Wall Street Journal all compete for the advertising dollars of
entities wishing to reach an engaged audience of investors.
As of December 31, 2024, Morningstar.com had 97,311 paid Morningstar Investor members in the US plus an additional approximately
12,000 Premium and Morningstar Investor members across other global markets.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 33
Morningstar Retirement
Morningstar Retirement offers products designed to help individuals reach their retirement goals. Its offerings include managed
retirement accounts (MRA), fiduciary services, Morningstar Lifetime Allocation funds, and custom models. As of December 31,
2024, Morningstar Retirement AUMA totaled $275.9 billion. MRA represented more than half of those assets and accounted for
the majority of revenue in 2024. Fiduciary services is the second largest product, accounting for approximately a quarter of overall
assets under management.
Morningstar Retirement offers three distinct types of managed accounts—our branded version (Retirement Manager), a white-
labeled version, and an advisor managed accounts service geared toward advisors. These products were developed to address
different distribution channels within the market. In all three instances, our objective is to help retirement plan participants define,
track, and achieve their retirement goals. As part of this service, we (or a third-party in the case of some of our advisor managed
accounts and our white-labeled versions) deliver personalized recommendations for a target retirement income goal, a recommended
contribution rate to help achieve that goal, a portfolio mix based on our Total Wealth methodology, and specific investment
recommendations. We then manage the participant’s investment portfolio, assuming full discretionary control. Within the advisor
managed accounts service, we enable advisor firms to specify and assume fiduciary responsibility for the underlying portfolios that
are used within MRA and the user experience is co-branded. We do not hold assets in custody for the MRA we provide. Our white-
labeled version relies on our technology and methodologies with the client providing the user experience and assuming responsibility
for the allocation of available investment options. All three versions can be used in defined-contribution (DC) retirement plans as
well as with individual retirement accounts (IRAs) and health savings accounts (HSAs).
In our fiduciary services offering, we help plan sponsors build out and manage an appropriate investment lineup for their participants
while helping to mitigate their fiduciary risk. Advisors use the service to reduce the time and resources needed to continually oversee
and monitor the investments within each client’s retirement plan lineup. Within the broker dealer space some advisors aren’t allowed
by their home offices to sell retirement plans without using a third-party fiduciary service provider or an internal solution. Our
fiduciary service offering is also integrated into Pooled Employer Plans in order deliver a single plan at scale to multiple employers.
We also offer a practice-managed platform called Plan Advantage that helps advisors manage their retirement book of business
using our underlying fiduciary services compliance and investment infrastructure.
Morningstar Investor Memberships (US)*
113,320
2020
108,405
2022
100,111
2023
97,311
2024
115,541
2021
In 2022, Morningstar Investor was launched as the successor to Morningstar.com Premium.
*
2024 10-K: Part I
34
With our custom models, we offer two different services. We work with retirement plan recordkeepers to design scalable solutions
for their investment lineups, including target maturity models and risk-based models. We also provide custom model services direct
to large plan sponsors, creating target date funds that are customized around a plan’s participant demographics and investment
menus. We also serve as a non-discretionary subadvisor and index provider for the Morningstar Lifetime Allocation Funds, a series
of target-date collective investment trusts (CITs) offered by Benefit Trust to retirement plan sponsors.
In 2024, we added around 339 plans and 15,378 participants across the 19 RIAs and one asset manager on our advisor managed
accounts network.
For both managed accounts and fiduciary services, we are facing increasing competition from incumbents as well as some
newcomers. On the managed accounts front, our most significant competitor in the large plan space is Edelman Financial Engines.
In the small end of the market, we face competition from firms such as Smart Retirement and iJoin. One notable development in the
managed accounts space has been the emergence of services that enable advisors to manage a client’s retirement accounts using
screen-scraping technology. Although not a direct competitor to our managed accounts service, it is a development that could make
it more difficult for us to engage with individuals with large retirement balances who use an advisor to manage their wealth assets.
Our fiduciary services product faces competition from some of the more traditional players like Mesirow and Wilshire, as well as
from Leafhouse, a relative newcomer that is using a more direct-to-advisor model to distribute their services. Within our custom
models business, our main competitors are off-the-shelf target-date funds and consultant-built custom target-date funds. For the
Lifetime Allocation Funds, we compete with other providers of target-date funds.
Pricing for Morningstar Retirement is generally asset-based and depends on several factors, including the level of services offered
(including whether the services involve acting as a fiduciary under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, or ERISA), the
number of participants, the level of systems integration required, total assets under management or advisement, and the availability
of competing products.
Morningstar Retirement
Assets Under Management/Advisement ($bil)
Managed retirement accounts
Fiduciary services
Custom models/CIT
89.2
55.0
36.0
2020
212.9
109.3
50.4
34.9
180.2
111.1
60.2
41.6
2022
2021
194.6
134.8
56.2
39.4
160.4
65.8
49.7
2023
230.4
2024
275.9
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 35
Corporate and All Other
Corporate and All Other includes unallocated corporate expenses as well as financial results from Morningstar Sustainalytics and
Morningstar Indexes.
Morningstar Sustainalytics provides environmental, social, and governance data, research, and ratings to institutional investors
globally, covering equity, fixed income, and sovereign asset classes. Our flagship ESG Risk Ratings service helps investors assess
financially material risks that could affect the long-term performance of their investments. The Morningstar Sustainalytics Low-
Carbon Transition Ratings (LCTR) provides a forward-looking, science-based evaluation of a company’s alignment with a net-zero
pathway. Morningstar Sustainalytics also serves corporate issuers and banking institutions through its corporate solutions products
and is a leading provider of Second Party Opinions (SPOs) for the sustainable fixed income market.
In addition to our risk management products, Morningstar Sustainalytics provides a range of sustainable-investing solutions for
investors and financial professionals. We offer products such as our European Union (EU) Taxonomy solution, designed to help
investors respond to emerging regulatory reporting requirements surrounding sustainability. Our data allows values-based investors
to limit their exposure to controversial areas by applying exclusions to personalize their portfolios.
In 2024, Morningstar Sustainalytics introduced significant enhancements to several key products, including its flagship ESG Risk
Ratings product, upgrading the corporate governance methodology and strengthening three material risk measures. Morningstar
Sustainalytics also made significant updates to its suite of regulatory products and services, including an extension of its EU
Sustainable Finance Action Plan Solutions Suite. Highlights included a new Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD)
aligned data offering which maps Sustainalytics data to emerging regulatory reporting requirements, a dedicated resource to support
alignment with a new European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) fund naming guidelines solution, and the next iteration of
its EU Taxonomy Solution enhancing coverage, quality and presentation of its data.
Morningstar Sustainalytics operates on a subscription-based pricing model for its research products, which supports a recurring
revenue model. The corporate solutions unit deploys a model that combines one-time revenue with subscription-based recurring
licensing revenue.
In 2024, Morningstar Sustainalytics’ largest markets were EMEA and North America.
Major competitors for Morningstar Sustainalytics include ISS STOXX, Moody’s, MSCI, and S&P Global. While the traditional research
market in this area continues to consolidate, we expect that the market will evolve as new entrants emerge and investors acquire
data of this type from new distributors (for example, directly from stock exchanges). Large asset managers like BlackRock, State
Street, UBS, and JP Morgan are also investing to build in-house capabilities and sustainable investing products. New technologies,
specifically those that employ AI, are facilitating these trends by accelerating the sourcing and use of unstructured data.
We estimate that our annual revenue renewal rate for Morningstar Sustainalytics’ license-based products was approximately 89%
in 2024 versus 97% in 2023.
Morningstar Indexes offers a broad range of market indexes that can be used as performance benchmarks and as the basis for
investment products and other portfolio strategies for a wide range of retail and institutional investor clients. Combining Morningstar’s
intellectual property with our industry leading index methodology, our global family of indexes tracks major global regions, strategies,
and asset classes, including equity, fixed income, and multi-asset as well as private markets and sustainability.
2024 10-K: Part I
36
In 2024, Morningstar Indexes continued to build on its global capabilities to further grow its client reach and service operations and
completed a number of important infrastructure projects. These included the successful completion of a project to take our fixed-
income index administration and processing in-house and the extension of our index calculation and back testing capabilities. In
terms of product innovation, Morningstar Indexes launched the new Consensus Thematic index family, created a new investable
Unicorn Index measuring the late-stage venture capital market in collaboration with PitchBook, and continued to drive record client
assets into the successful Moat index franchise with Morningstar Equity Research. Morningstar Indexes also collaborated with
Morningstar Sustainalytics to introduce the Morningstar Low Carbon Transition Leaders Indexes in March 2024.
We license Morningstar Indexes to numerous institutions to use as the basis for ETFs, mutual funds, derivatives and separately
managed accounts. Firms license Morningstar Indexes for product creation (where we typically receive the greater of a minimum
fee or basis points tied to assets under management) and data licensing (where we typically receive annual licensing fees). In both
cases, pricing varies based on the level of distribution, the type of user, and the specific indexes licensed. In addition, Morningstar
Indexes offers index calculation and administration services through its growing Index Services business.
In 2024, Morningstar Indexes’ largest markets were North America and EMEA.
Major competitors for Morningstar Indexes include Bloomberg Indices, FTSE Russell, MSCI, and S&P Dow Jones Indices (offered
through S&P Global).
Our Strategy
Our strategy is to deliver insights and experiences that make us essential to investor workflow. Proprietary data sets, meaningful
analytics, independent research, and effective investment strategies are at the core of the powerful digital solutions that investors
across our client segments rely on. We have a keen focus on innovation across data, research, product, and delivery so that we can
effectively cater to the evolving needs and expectations of investors globally.
We believe that our intangible assets, including the strength of our brand and our unique intellectual property, are difficult for
competitors to replicate. Additionally, we strive to provide our customers with demonstrable value from our solutions, making them
reluctant to undertake the cost of switching to other providers.
Asset Value Linked to
Morningstar Indexes ($bil)
80.6
2020
176.7
2023
210.9
2024
147.7
2022
147.0
2021
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 37
We are currently focused on the following four strategic priorities:
Deliver differentiated insights across asset classes to public and private market investors
Shifting investor needs and expectations, the convergence of public and private markets, innovative investment approaches and
technologies, and a changing political and regulatory environment continue to drive the evolution of the financial services industry.
We remain committed to empowering the modern investor with new data, research, and analytics. This includes:
F Expanding our data, research, and analytics to deliver unique, personalized, and impactful insights to investors across asset
classes in public and private markets alike.
F Optimizing our advisor platform and service position and partnerships by driving innovation and delivering exceptional investment
solutions to advisors, facilitating great outcomes for the clients they serve around the world.
F Providing regulatory and compliance solutions for our wealth, buy-side, and asset management clients to help them navigate
the dynamic regulatory environment with an ecosystem of data, research, content, tools, and analytics.
F Pursuing actionable information and developing workflow tools to serve core use cases of sourcing private market investment
opportunities, raising and allocating capital, valuing companies and investments, buying/selling a company, and monitoring and
reporting on relative portfolios.
Leverage advances in AI to drive innovation across internal and external products and services
Morningstar has always been at the forefront of technology, and we believe that AI is a significant technology that will redefine the
investment landscape. We use the Intelligence Engine—the core for all Morningstar’s AI developments—across our teams to get
better and faster at our work, by speeding up our data collection processes, detecting data errors and system outages, increasing
our support team’s responsiveness, and improving our client interactions throughout the entire buying journey. This includes:
F Combining the breadth of Morningstar’s data, research, and analytical capabilities with the latest advances in AI to provide better,
faster, and targeted insights to investors.
F Utilizing AI to improve the quality and efficiency of data collection, synthesis, and dissemination processes.
F Modernizing Morningstar’s employee experience with AI as a tool to improve business productivity and enable team members
to focus on more high-value work.
Drive operational excellence and scalability to support growth targets
Morningstar has grown significantly in the last few years, and as we have continued to focus on growth in 2024 and beyond, we are
emphasizing execution and scalability in our operations, processes, and technology. This includes:
F Creating a secure, robust, and scalable infrastructure that leverages advanced technology in our data, research, and product
quality and delivery efforts.
F Achieving operational maturity and alignment across Morningstar’s demand generation functions and driving client coverage
transformation in global sales, customer success, and customer support functions to optimize sales effectiveness.
F Scaling corporate systems to create resilient and more integrated platforms that enable growth of business areas while reducing
legacy system fragmentation.
2024 10-K: Part I
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Build an inclusive culture that drives exceptional talent engagement and development
Morningstar’s people and culture strategy is centered on providing a focused and differentiated approach to human capital driven
by business needs. We are committed to cultivating a culture that develops talent and drives innovation. This includes:
F Strengthening the organization by investing in the people we have today and boosting resilience in our teams by reimagining
the bench of talent for the future. To drive a high-performance culture, we are focused on building the next generation of leaders
at Morningstar with programs focused on our high-potential performers, supporting and developing our managers, and
modernizing our performance and talent management processes.
F Driving operational scale by continued enhancements to our integrated talent strategy focused on workforce, location, talent
development, and early career programs; automating processes as appropriate; and leveraging clear, timely, and personalized
internal communications expertise to drive global employee engagement.
F Monitoring organizational well-being, including globally operationalizing workforce metrics to promote the development and
performance of all members of our workforce.
Our People
At Morningstar, our people are our most important asset. We are committed to fostering an environment where the people who
power our mission know their ideas are welcome, their voices are heard, and their contributions are rewarded.
Our human capital management efforts are managed by the chief people officer and implemented with support from leaders across
the company, with oversight from our chief executive officer (CEO) and board of directors. The compensation committee of our board
of directors approves incentive plan design and performance goals and reviews emerging compensation policies, practices, and
potential risks. In addition, human capital management efforts are implemented by leaders across the company.
In 2024, in conjunction with the company’s 40th anniversary, we updated Morningstar’s values which are foundational to our company.
We seek to align our employees around this shared set of values as we use them to guide our business. The updated values are
Champion the Investor; Dream Big, Drive Change; Execution is Everything; Growth Mindset; and One Team.
Our People
We believe that teams composed of colleagues from a broad range of backgrounds, beliefs, and experiences make Morningstar a
stronger firm. Our development of teams helps us understand businesses and markets and engage customers around the world. As
a global employer, our goal is to foster inclusive environments that encourage open dialogue, spark creativity, and fuel innovation
that may lead to better business outcomes.
As of December 31, 2024, we had 11,085 permanent, full-time employees around the world. Approximately 41% of our employees
work in India, 30% in the US, 10% in Continental Europe, 8% in Canada, 7% in the UK, and the remainder in Australia, Asia (ex-India),
and other regions.
Employee Engagement
Morningstar’s global turnover decreased to 17% in 2024, down from 22% in 2023. Involuntary turnover decreased to 4% in 2024 from
10% in 2023, while voluntary turnover increased from 12% in 2023 to 13% in 2024.
In addition to tracking and analyzing retention, our organization’s people analytics team actively monitors and shares quarterly metrics
related to the employee experience, including employee satisfaction, intent to stay, discretionary effort, and enablement. We also
evaluate perceptions of managers, psychological safety, and overall well-being through surveys, focus groups, and exit interviews.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 39
Based on our average measurement across the year, Morningstar’s overall engagement score declined to 64% versus 69% in 2023. In
the second quarter of 2024, the engagement score decline stabilized and the engagement score rose through the second half of the
year in response to actions taken by management and improving business performance. Our people and culture team in partnership
with our executive leadership remain committed to monitoring feedback and implementing changes to support employees.
Morningstar’s efforts to reward and support our colleagues reflect our belief that people are central to our success. We offer a variety
of benefits through a total rewards package that supports the financial, physical, emotional, and social well-being of our colleagues.
In 2024, we piloted a peer-to-peer rewards and recognition system in India that was adopted with enthusiasm.
Professional Growth
Morningstar offers a variety of educational and career development programs to ensure ongoing growth opportunities for all
colleagues. Our goal is to provide a meaningful set of development options and experiences for colleagues at all levels, in all relevant
job fields, and in all locations across the company. Notably, we offer our employees annual educational stipends to spend on their
choice of professional development resources, while also providing financial support for continuing education and the pursuit of
professional certifications. In 2024, 54% of our open roles were filled by internal candidates, demonstrating the value we place on
developing, recognizing, and rewarding internal talent.
We also offer learning and growth programs for colleagues at every level within our organization. The Morningstar Development
Program is the primary entry point to Morningstar for recent college graduates. Through this program, we place new hires into many
different entry roles and offer the flexibility to explore and learn through guided placements into subsequent roles.
For those more advanced in their careers, Morningstar offers targeted development and learning opportunities. For example, our
Manager Academy (new in 2024) provides training and development for colleagues who have been newly promoted into manager
roles. Also new in 2024, our High Performer Program offers selected individuals personalized development programs in a cohort
setting as they grow into leadership positions.
Major Customer Groups
Given our strategy and core capabilities discussed above, we focus on eight primary customer groups, listed below. Note that some
of our clients may have activities that are classified in more than one of these groups.
F Advisors and wealth managers (including independent financial advisors and those affiliated with RIAs, broker/dealers or other
intermediaries)
F Alliances and redistributors
F Asset managers (including fund companies, insurance companies, and other companies that build and manage portfolios of
securities for their clients)
F Fixed-income security issuers and arrangers
F Individual investors
F Institutional asset owners and consultants
F Private market investors
F Retirement (including retirement plan providers, advisors, and sponsors)
Advisors and wealth managers
Financial advisors are professionals who offer guidance on different aspects of personal finance, aiding individuals and businesses
in making more informed investment decisions to reach their financial goals. They can work independently or within financial services
2024 10-K: Part I
40
firms and often possess certifications or licenses like Certified Financial Planner (CFP), Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA), or Series 7,
based on the services they provide and the regulatory standards in their area.
This customer group typically includes independent advisors at RIA firms, advisors affiliated with independent broker/dealers, dually
registered advisors (who have the ability to offer brokerage services and investment advisory services), and advisors who are
employees of a broker/dealer. These broker/dealers include wirehouses, regional broker/dealers, and banks, which together with
RIA firms help comprise the wealth manager component of this customer group.
The advisor landscape is broad in both the US and in other parts of the world where we focus. Our largest market is the US, where
there were more than 321,000 financial advisors in 2023 according to recent data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. We believe
our deep understanding of individual investors’ needs allows us to work with advisors to help them make more efficient use of their
time and deliver better investment outcomes for their clients.
The main products we offer for asset management firms include Model Portfolios (in Investment Management) and Morningstar
Office in our Morningstar Wealth segment, Morningstar Advisor Workstation in our Morningstar Data and Analytics segment, and
advisor managed accounts in our Morningstar Retirement segment.
Alliances and redistributors
Through our partnership with clients in our alliances and redistributors customer group, we are focused on expanding Morningstar’s
reach and partnerships with financial organizations and technology providers to distribute Morningstar’s data, research, software,
and investment products to a broader audience through strategic alliances and redistribution agreements.
Morningstar collaborates with global fintech firms that focus on providing solutions across multiple areas, including: advisor
solutions, asset management solutions, government/regulatory solutions, index providers, institutional research, media, retirement
solutions, risk and compliance solutions, and TAMP/wealth technology.
These partnerships allow Morningstar to leverage its expertise in investment data and analytics to enhance the services offered by
its partners. In return, the partners can offer their clients access to Morningstar’s comprehensive data, research, and analytics to
power and enhance their solutions.
Overall, our alliances and redistributors partnerships extend Morningstar’s presence across a wider array of financial services and
platforms, enhancing both product distribution and user engagement in a global financial ecosystem.
Asset management firms
Asset management firms manufacture financial products and manage and distribute investment portfolios. This customer group
includes individuals involved in sales, marketing, product development, business intelligence, and distribution, as well as investment
management (often referred to as the “buy side”), which includes portfolio management and research.
Our asset management offerings help companies connect with their clients because of Morningstar’s strong brand presence with
both financial advisors and individual investors. We offer a global reach and have earned investors’ trust with our independent
approach, investor-centric mission, and thought leadership.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 41
We serve asset managers through our Morningstar Data and Analytics, Morningstar Credit, and PitchBook segments, as well as
through Morningstar Indexes and Morningstar Sustainalytics. The main products we offer for asset management firms include
Morningstar Direct, Morningstar Data, and Morningstar Indexes. For the buy side, the main products include Morningstar Data,
Morningstar DBRS, Morningstar Direct, Morningstar Research Distribution, and Morningstar Sustainalytics.
Fixed-income security issuers, arrangers, and investors
We serve fixed-income security issuers, arrangers, and investors through our Morningstar Credit segment. Morningstar DBRS typically
issues credit ratings in response to requests from issuers, intermediaries, or investors. Morningstar DBRS credit ratings are requested
for corporate short and long-term fixed income obligations, sovereign debt, single project financings and structured finance programs,
including securitization of receivables, such as auto loans, credit cards, residential real estate loans and commercial real estate
loans. In addition, claims-paying-ability credit ratings are issued for life, property/casualty, financial guaranty, title, and mortgage
insurance companies.
We estimate that the global ratings market totaled approximately $8.2 billion as of year-end 2023 and $11.1 billion as of year-end
2024 driving an increase in the 10-year compound annual growth rate to 5.7%.
Credit markets continue to evolve with companies using structured products as a key avenue for raising capital. Overall demand for
structured products by institutional investors, including banks in the US and Europe, remains high.
As of December 31, 2024, we provided ratings for more than 4,000 issuers of debt.
Individual investors
We offer tools and content for individual investors who invest to build wealth and save for other goals, such as retirement or college
tuition. According to Statista, in 2024 approximately 62% of adults in the US invest in the stock market either directly, through mutual
funds, or self-directed retirement plans. We design products for individual investors who are actively involved in the investing process
and want to take charge of their own investment decisions. We also reach individuals who want to learn more about investing or
want to validate the advice they receive from brokers or financial advisors.
We serve this market through our Morningstar Wealth segment. We offer three products for individual investors. Our largest based
on engagement is our investing media site Morningstar.com, which offers data, editorial and research content available for free to
registered customers and visitors. Our second product is Morningstar Investor (Morningstar Premium outside of the US and Australia),
which provides access to Morningstar’s research, advanced screening tools and portfolio management tools. The third product is a
set of investment newsletters based on different investment types and investing strategies.
Institutional asset owners and investment consultants
Institutional asset owners operate in a fiduciary capacity on behalf of their beneficiaries, overseeing large pools of capital, which
according to WTW 2024 Global Pension Study, in aggregate exceed $100 trillion in assets under management across public pension
funds, sovereign wealth funds, endowments, foundations, corporate pensions, and insurance general accounts.
Investment consultants serve these organizations in an advisory capacity, aiding in the development of investment policy, conducting
manager due diligence, risk management and performance reporting.
We offer a range of solutions to this diverse set of sponsoring entities, investors, and advisors across multiple geographies, including
through the Morningstar Data and Analytics and PitchBook segments. Our primary products for this customer group include
Morningstar Direct (in Morningstar Data and Analytics), Morningstar Indexes, Morningstar Sustainalytics, and PitchBook.
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Private market participants
PitchBook covers the full lifecycle of venture capital, private equity, private credit, and M&A activities, including the corporates,
limited partners, investment funds, lenders, and service providers involved. We serve this customer group through our PitchBook
segment, primarily through the PitchBook platform, an all-in-one research and analysis web-hosted solution that gives clients the
ability to access data, inform investment strategies, and conduct research on potential investment opportunities.
As of December 31, 2024, PitchBook served over 10,600 clients, including investment and research firms, venture capital and private
equity firms, investment banks, limited partners, lenders, law firms, accounting firms, and asset managers. We also served corporate
development teams at firms across industry sectors.
Retirement market participants
In the US, 401(k) and other types of DC plans are the dominant retirement savings vehicle that employers offer. According to the
Investment Company Institute, there were $12.5 trillion in assets in DC plans at end of the third quarter of 2024, versus $3.4 trillion
in private-sector defined benefit (DB) plans and $8.8 trillion in government DB plans. Retirement assets across all markets totaled
$42.4 trillion at the end of that same period.
We serve this market through our Morningstar Retirement segment. Although we continue to look for ways to expand our retirement
services into international markets, our main focus is the US as that market continues to demonstrate healthy growth. Additionally,
many of our services are not easily adapted to international markets due to significant differences in regulatory frameworks that
govern retirement saving and investing.
Our core retirement products (managed retirement accounts, advisor managed accounts, fiduciary services, and custom models)
primarily reach individual investors through employers (plan sponsors) that offer DC plans for their employees. As of December 31,
2024, we served 86 retirement service providers, broker dealers, asset managers, plan sponsors, and RIAs, representing about 275,000
retirement plans.
Recordkeepers, advisors, consultants, and asset managers are the main distribution channels for our services. Within the advisor
channel, we provide services through the home offices of RIAs and broker dealers, with the former more focused on mid- to large-
sized plans and the latter more focused on smaller retirement plans.
Revenue Types
We leverage our proprietary data and research to sell products and services across our portfolio that generate revenue in three
primary ways:
License-based: The majority of our research, data, and proprietary platforms are accessed via subscription services that grant access
on either a per user or enterprise-basis for a specified period of time. License-based revenue represented 71.4% of our 2024
consolidated revenue compared to 74.4% in 2023 and 71.2% in 2022.
Asset-based: We charge basis points and other fees for AUMA. Asset-based revenue represented 14.6% of our 2024 consolidated
revenue compared to 13.7% in 2023 and 14.4% in 2022.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 43
Transaction-based: Represents revenue that is one time in nature and related Morningstar Credit recurring revenue primarily derived
from surveillance and research. Transaction-based revenue represented 14.0% of our 2024 consolidated revenue compared to 11.9%
in 2023 and 14.4% in 2022.
Largest Customer
In 2024, our largest customer accounted for less than 3% of our consolidated revenue.
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Since our founding in 1984, we’ve supported our organic growth by introducing new products and services and expanding our
existing offerings. From 2006 through 2024, we also completed 44 acquisitions to support our growth objectives. We had two
divestitures and no acquisitions in 2024.
For more information about our acquisitions and divestitures, refer to Notes 9 and 10, respectively, of the Notes to our Consolidated
Financial Statements.
International Operations
We conduct our business operations outside of the US through wholly-owned subsidiaries located in each of the following
31 countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Cayman Islands, Chile, China, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Italy,
Japan, Jersey, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Romania, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, UAE, and the UK. See Note 6 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for
additional information concerning revenue from customers and assets from our business operations outside the US.
Intellectual Property and Other Proprietary Rights
We treat our brand name and logo, product names, databases and related content, software, technology, know-how, and the like as
proprietary. We seek to protect this intellectual property through a combination of: (i) trademark, copyright, patent and trade secrets
laws; (ii) licensing and nondisclosure agreements; and (iii) other security and related technical measures designed to restrict
unauthorized access and use. For example, we generally provide our intellectual property to third parties using standard licensing
agreements, which define the extent and duration of any third-party usage rights and provide for our continued ownership in any
intellectual property furnished.
Because of the value of our brand name and logo, we generally seek to register one or both as trademarks in the relevant
international classes in any jurisdiction in which we have business offices or significant operations. We registered the Morningstar
name and/or logo in approximately 50 jurisdictions, including the EU. In some jurisdictions, we may also choose to register one or
more product names.
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“Morningstar” and the Morningstar logo are both registered marks of Morningstar in the US. The table below includes some of the
trademarks and service marks referenced in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this Report):
Morningstar® Advisor WorkstationSM Morningstar® Plan AdvantageSM
Morningstar Analyst RatingTM Morningstar® Portfolio X-Ray®
Morningstar® ByAllAccounts® Morningstar RatingTM
Morningstar® Data Morningstar® Retirement ManagerSM
Morningstar DirectSM Morningstar Style BoxTM
Morningstar® Direct Web ServicesSM Morningstar Sustainability RatingTM
Morningstar® Indexes Morningstar.com®
Morningstar® Managed PortfoliosSM PitchBook®
Morningstar Market BarometerSM DBRS®
Morningstar Office CloudSM Sustainalytics®
In addition to trademark registrations, we hold several US patents, either directly or through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Morningstar
Investment Management LLC, and are applying for several additional patents in various jurisdictions around the world, including
the US. Our existing patents include those for coordinate-based document processing/data entry, portfolio management analysis,
lifetime asset allocation, and asset allocation with annuities.
License agreements
We license our products and related intellectual property to our customers, generally for a fee. As a rule, we use our standard agreement
forms, and we do not provide our products and services to customers or other users without having an agreement in place.
We maintain licensing agreements with most of our larger Morningstar operating companies around the world to allow them to
access our intellectual property, including, without limitation, our products, trademarks, databases and content, technology, and
know-how. We put these agreements in place to allow our operating companies to both market standard Morningstar products and
services in their operating territories and to develop and sell territory-specific variants of those products under the Morningstar
name in their specific territories.
In the ordinary course of our business, we obtain and use intellectual property from a variety of sources, including, without limitation,
licensing it from third-party providers, developing it internally, and gathering it through publicly available sources (e.g., regulatory filings).
Seasonality
We believe our business has a minimal amount of seasonality. We sell most of our products with subscription terms of at least one
year and we recognize revenue ratably over the term of each subscription agreement. This tends to mitigate most of the seasonality
in our business.
We believe market movements and general market conditions have more influence on our performance than seasonality. The revenue
we earn from asset-based fees depends on the value of assets on which we provide advisory services, and the size of our asset base
can increase or decrease along with trends in market performance. In addition, our credit ratings business is subject to market
effects on the level of fixed income issuance.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 45
Competitive Landscape
The economic and financial information industry includes a few large firms, as well as numerous smaller companies, including
startup firms. Some of these companies have financial resources that are significantly greater than ours. We also compete with a
variety of other companies of varying sizes in specific areas of our business. We discuss some of the key competitors in each area
in the “Our Segments and Products” section of Part I, Item 1. Business of this Report.
We believe the most important competitive factors in our industry are brand and reputation, data accuracy and quality, technology,
breadth of data coverage, quality of investment and credit research and analytics, design, product reliability, and value of the products
and services provided.
Research and Development
A key aspect of our growth strategy is to expand our investment and credit research capabilities and enhance our existing products
and services. We strive to adopt new technology that can improve our products and services. As a general practice, we manage our
own websites and build our own software rather than relying on outside vendors. This allows us to control our technology development
and better manage costs, enabling us to respond quickly to market changes and to meet customer needs efficiently.
Government Regulation
In addition to generally applicable laws and regulations, certain subsidiaries of Morningstar are subject to laws and regulations
specific to the business activities they engage in. These laws and regulations are most pervasive across all or most of the markets
in which we operate our credit ratings, investment management, investment research, ESG research, ratings and data, and indexes
businesses. Regulatory bodies or agencies that regulate our subsidiaries that are engaged in these activities often have broad
administrative powers, including powers to prohibit or restrict engaging in regulated business activities in addition to powers to
censure, impose fines, and require remedial undertakings in cases of noncompliance. The rules governing the regulation of these
subsidiaries are detailed and technical. Accordingly, the discussion below, which is general in nature, does not purport to be complete
and is subject to change based on future legislative, enforcement, and supervisory activities. Additional legislation and regulations,
including those not tied to currently regulated activities or changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws and rules
may adversely affect our business and profitability.
Morningstar Credit
United States
Morningstar DBRS’s US credit rating entity, DBRS, Inc., is registered with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as a
Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (NRSRO) and is authorized to rate classes of credit ratings in structured finance
instruments, corporate credit issuers, sovereign entities, insurance companies, and financial institutions. As an NRSRO, DBRS, Inc.
is subject to certain requirements and regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act). These
requirements primarily relate to record-keeping, reporting, governance, and conflicts of interest. As part of its NRSRO registration,
DBRS, Inc. is subject to annual examination by the SEC. DBRS, Inc.’s affiliated rating agencies, DBRS Limited, DBRS Ratings Limited,
and DBRS Ratings GmbH, are each also registered with the SEC as credit rating affiliates of DBRS, Inc.
Canada
Morningstar DBRS’s Canadian credit rating entity, DBRS Limited, is designated as a Designated Rating Organization (DRO) in Canada
with the Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) as its principal regulator. DBRS Limited provides independent credit rating services
in structured finance instruments, corporate credit issuers, governments, insurance companies, and financial institutions. As a DRO,
DBRS Limited is subject to certain requirements and regulations under National Instrument 25-101. These requirements primarily
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relate to record-keeping, reporting, governance, and conflicts of interest. As part of its DRO registration, DBRS Limited is subject to
examination by the OSC. DBRS Limited’s affiliated rating agencies, DBRS, Inc., DBRS Ratings Limited, and DBRS Ratings GmbH, are
each also designated as DRO affiliates in Canada.
United Kingdom
Morningstar DBRS’s credit rating entity located in the UK, DBRS Ratings Limited, is registered with, and regulated by, the UK Financial
Conduct Authority (FCA) as a credit rating agency. DBRS Ratings Limited provides independent credit rating services in sovereign
and public finance, structured finance, and corporate finance, including financial institutions, corporate credit issuers, and insurance
undertakings. As a UK registered credit rating agency, DBRS Ratings Limited is subject to certain regulatory requirements in the UK
primarily relating to record-keeping, reporting, governance, and conflicts of interest.
European Union
Morningstar DBRS’s credit rating entity in the EU, DBRS Ratings GmbH (located in Frankfurt, Germany), which together with its
branches, DBRS Ratings GmbH Sucursal en España (located in Madrid, Spain) and DBRS Ratings GmbH, Branch India (located in
Mumbai, India) is registered with, and regulated by the ESMA as a credit rating agency. DBRS Ratings GmbH is registered to provide
independent credit rating services in sovereign and public finance, structured finance, and corporate finance, including financial
institutions, corporate credit issuers, and insurance undertakings. As a registered credit rating agency, DBRS Ratings GmbH is subject
to certain regulatory requirements under Regulation (EC) No 1060/2009, as amended. These requirements primarily relate to record-
keeping, reporting, governance, and conflicts of interest.
Investment Management and Investment Research
United States
Investment advisory and broker-dealer businesses are subject to extensive regulation in the US at both federal and state levels, as
well as by self-regulatory organizations. The SEC is responsible for enforcing the federal securities laws and oversees federally
registered investment advisers and broker-dealers (among other areas).
Three of our subsidiaries, Morningstar Investment Management LLC (Morningstar Investment Management), Morningstar Investment
Services LLC, and Morningstar Research Services LLC, are registered as investment advisers with the SEC under the Investment
Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (Advisers Act). As registered investment advisers, these companies are subject to the requirements
and regulations of the Advisers Act, including certain fiduciary duties to clients. The fiduciary duties of a registered investment
adviser to its clients include an obligation of good faith and full and fair disclosure of all facts material to the client’s engagement
of the advisor, an obligation to provide investment advice suitable for the particular client, an obligation to have a reasonable,
independent basis for investment recommendations, an obligation when directing client brokerage transactions to seek the best
execution for the client, and an obligation to vote client proxies in the best interests of the client. Other requirements primarily relate
to record-keeping and reporting, as well as general anti-fraud prohibitions. As registered investment advisers, these subsidiaries
are subject to examination by the SEC, which may include on-site examinations.
Morningstar Funds Trust (the Trust) is registered with the SEC as an open-end management investment company under the Investment
Company Act of 1940, as amended (Investment Company Act). Morningstar Investment Management serves as the sponsor and
investment adviser of the Trust, and therefore is subject to the requirements of the Investment Company Act. These requirements
relate primarily to record-keeping, reporting, standards of care, valuation, and distribution. As sponsor and investment adviser to the
Trust, Morningstar Investment Management is subject to examinations by the SEC, which may include on-site examinations.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 47
Connected with the Trust, Morningstar Investment Management is registered with the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission
(CFTC) as a commodity pool operator (CPO) and a member of the National Futures Association (NFA). As such, Morningstar Investment
Management is subject to the requirements and regulations applicable to CPOs under the Commodity Exchange Act. These
requirements primarily relate to record-keeping and reporting. As a CPO, Morningstar Investment Management is subject to
examinations by the NFA and/or the CFTC, which may include on-site examinations.
In cases where these subsidiaries provide investment advisory services to retirement plans and their participants, they may be
acting as fiduciaries under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). As fiduciaries under ERISA, they have
duties of loyalty and prudence, as well as duties to diversify investments and to follow plan documents to comply with the applicable
portions of ERISA.
Morningstar Investment Services LLC (Morningstar Investment Services) is a broker-dealer registered under the Exchange Act and
a member of the Financial Industry Regulation Authority (FINRA). The regulation of broker-dealers has, to a large extent, been
delegated by the federal securities laws to self-regulatory organizations, including FINRA. Subject to approval by the SEC, FINRA
adopts rules that govern its members. FINRA and the SEC conduct periodic examinations of the brokerage operations of Morningstar
Investment Services.
Broker-dealers are subject to regulations that cover all aspects of their securities business, including sales practices, capital structure,
record-keeping, and the registration and conduct of directors, officers, and employees. As a registered broker-dealer, Morningstar
Investment Services is subject to certain net capital requirements under the Exchange Act. These requirements are designed to
regulate the financial soundness and liquidity of broker-dealers.
Australia
Morningstar Australasia Pty Limited and Morningstar Investment Management Australia Limited are subsidiaries that provide
financial services that include investment management, asset allocation, portfolio construction and investment research services
in Australia. They are each registered under an Australian Financial Services license and subject to oversight by the Australian
Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). The licenses require them to maintain positive net asset levels and minimum capital
requirements, and to comply with the audit requirements of ASIC. Morningstar Investment Management Australia Limited is
additionally the Responsible Entity and the issuer of units in managed funds for superannuation funds, institutions, platform
distributors, financial advisers, and individuals within the Australian market.
United Kingdom
Both Morningstar Investment Management Europe Limited and Smart Investment Management Limited are authorized and regulated
by the FCA to provide certain financial services. Those regulatory permissions allow Morningstar Investment Management Europe
Limited and Smart Investment Management Limited to advise, arrange, deal and manage investments across a range of financial
instruments. Related services are delivered through managed portfolios, manager selection, segregated mandates and UK authorized
fund offerings. As authorized firms, both Morningstar Investment Management Europe Limited and Smart Investment Management
Limited are subject to the applicable requirements of the FCA Handbook of rules and guidance.
Morningstar Wealth Administration Limited and Morningstar Wealth Retirement Services Limited are authorized and regulated by
the FCA to provide certain financial services. Those regulatory permissions allow Morningstar Wealth Administration Limited to
arrange, deal, manage, safeguard and administer a range of investment instruments and for Morningstar Wealth Retirement Services
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Limited to arrange, deal and operate a personal pension scheme. Related services are delivered through an investment platform. As
authorized firms, both Morningstar Wealth Administration Limited and Morningstar Wealth Retirement Services Limited are subject
to the applicable requirements of the FCA Handbook of rules and guidance.
United Arab Emirates
Morningstar Wealth Administration Limited operates a branch office in Dubai, pursuant to the applicable requirements and regulations
defined in the Dubai Financial Services Authority Rulebook. The office is located in the Dubai International Financial Centre.
Channel Islands
Morningstar Wealth International Limited is authorized and regulated by the Jersey Financial Services Commission to provide certain
financial services. Those regulatory permissions allow Morningstar Wealth International Limited to deal in investments, delivering
the related services through an investment platform. As a regulated firm, Morningstar Wealth International Limited is subject to the
applicable requirements and regulations set out in the Jersey Financial Services Commission Handbooks and Codes of Practice.
South Africa
Morningstar Investment Management South Africa (Pty) Ltd is an authorized financial services provider, authorized and regulated
by the South African Financial Sector Conduct Authority to provide certain financial services. Specifically, Morningstar Investment
Management South Africa (Pty) Ltd is permitted to undertake activity under both Category I (advisory) and Category II (discretionary)
licenses. The related advisory and discretionary activities are delivered pursuant to the associated product approvals, granted by
the Financial Sector Conduct Authority.
Other Regions
We have a variety of other entities (including in Hong Kong, India, Japan, and Singapore) that are registered with their respective
regulatory bodies; however, the amount of regulated business activity conducted by these entities remains relatively small to date
(although this may change).
Morningstar Sustainalytics
In 2022, via its subsidiary GES International AB, Morningstar Sustainalytics notified the Swedish Finansinspektionen under Section 3
of the Act on Proxy Advisors of its business activity as a proxy advisor in Sweden. In accordance with the UK Proxy Advisors
(Shareholders’ Rights) Regulations 2019, Sustainalytics UK Ltd. was added to the FCA’s list of Proxy Advisors in early 2022. These
regulations require disclosure of information regarding the methodologies applied in the preparation of voting recommendations
and certain governance information such as a code of conduct and policies on managing conflicts of interest.
Morningstar Sustainalytics also provides SPOs on green and sustainability linked bonds. The EU Green Bond Regulation, which
became effective in December 2024, requires providers of SPOs in respect of green bonds (as defined by the regulation), to register
with and be authorized by ESMA. We continue to monitor market appetite for green bonds issued in accordance with the regulation.
The provision of ESG ratings and data is the subject of both pending and proposed legislation and regulation. Regulation (EU)
2024/3005 on the transparency and integrity of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) rating activities (EU ESG Rating Provider
Regulation) will apply beginning in July 2026, and the UK is proposing to extend its regulatory perimeter to bring ESG ratings within
the purview of the FCA within the next four years. A program of regulatory readiness is currently underway aimed at adapting
Morningstar Sustainalytics’ business model, operational processes, and corporate organization for the purposes of the EU ESG Rating
Provider Regulation.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 49
Morningstar Indexes
Morningstar Indexes Limited has historically been registered with the FCA and authorized as a UK benchmark administrator. In
connection with ongoing work to optimize the provision of Morningstar’s index services across the UK and EU, in the course of
2024, the administration of UK benchmarks was transferred to Morningstar Indexes GmbH and application was submitted to the
FCA to cancel the UK’s authorization of Morningstar Indexes Limited. Notification to the FCA of the provision of benchmarks in the
UK by Morningstar Indexes GmbH on the basis of UK Treasury’s equivalence determination in respect of the EU Benchmarks
Regulation is pending.
Morningstar Indexes GmbH is registered with, and regulated by, the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) and is
authorized to act as an EU benchmark administrator.
Authorization as a benchmark administrator imposes compliance responsibilities and costs, including specified governance and
oversight arrangements, outsourcing limitations, specified items in a code of conduct, key information disclosures, and required
systems and controls governing data, complaints and record-keeping.
Supplemental regulations under the EU Benchmark Regulation contain further operational and administrative requirements. Effective
January 2026, however, amendments to the EU Benchmark Regulation will remove all benchmarks other than those benchmarks
with significant economic relevance for the EU market or that contribute to key EU policies, from the regulation’s scope. The
implications of the amendments for Morningstar Indexes’ benchmarks are currently being assessed.
Information about our Executive Officers
As of January 1, 2025, our executive officers were the following individuals*:
Name Age Position
Joe Mansueto 68 Executive Chairman and Chairman of the Board
Kunal Kapoor 49 Chief Executive Officer
Michael Holt 45 Chief Financial Officer
Danny Dunn 49 Chief Revenue Officer
* Effective December 31, 2024, our former chief financial officer, Jason Dubinsky, ceased employment with the company.
Joe Mansueto
Joe Mansueto founded Morningstar in 1984 and became executive chairman in 2017. He has served as chairman of the board of
directors from the company’s inception, and as chief executive officer from 1984 to 1996 and again from 2000 to 2016.
Under Mansueto’s leadership, Morningstar was recognized as a top employer from the Chicago Tribune and Fortune, a fast-growing
company from Crain’s Chicago Business, and a leader in design from AIGA Chicago Chapter. Mansueto has been named to lists of
influencers and innovators by Chicago Magazine, InvestmentNews, MutualFundWire.com, and SmartMoney. He has received awards
from PlanSponsor, Tiburon, and the University of Chicago.
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Before founding Morningstar, Mansueto was a securities analyst at Harris Associates. He holds a bachelor’s degree in business
administration from the University of Chicago and a master’s degree in business administration from the University of Chicago Booth
School of Business. Mansueto owns two soccer teams, Chicago Fire FC and FC Lugano, and invests in several media companies, real
estate properties and other business and philanthropic ventures. He previously served on the board of directors of Whole Foods
Market, Inc.
Kunal Kapoor
Kunal Kapoor, CFA, is chief executive officer of Morningstar. Before assuming his current role in 2017, he served as president,
responsible for product development and innovation, sales and marketing, and driving strategic prioritization across the firm.
Since joining Morningstar in 1997 as a data analyst, Kapoor has held a variety of roles at the firm, including leadership positions in
research and innovation. He served as director of mutual fund research and was part of the team that launched Morningstar
Investment Services, Inc., before moving on to other roles including director of business strategy for international operations, and
later, president and chief investment officer of Morningstar Investment Services. During his tenure, he also led Morningstar.com®
and the firm’s data business as well as its global products and client solutions group.
Kapoor holds a bachelor’s degree in economics and environmental policy from Monmouth College and a master’s degree in business
administration from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. He also holds the Chartered Financial Analyst® designation,
is a member of the CFA Society of Chicago, and served on the board of PitchBook, prior to its acquisition by Morningstar in late 2016.
Kapoor is also a member of the board of directors of Wealth Enhancement Group, a privately-owned independent wealth management
firm, a member of the Council on Chicago Booth, and serves on the boards of several Chicago non-profit organizations. In 2010,
Crain’s Chicago Business named him to its annual 40 Under 40 class, a list that includes professionals from a variety of industries
who are contributing to Chicago’s business, civic, and philanthropic landscape.
Michael Holt
Michael Holt, CFA, is chief financial officer of Morningstar, responsible for controllership, tax, internal audit, financial planning and
analysis, procurement, treasury, real estate and facilities, and investor relations.
Before assuming his current role in 2025, Holt served as Morningstar’s chief strategy officer for seven years and, in 2023, was also
named president of Morningstar’s Research and Investments group, overseeing the 400-person team responsible for Morningstar’s
rigorous, independent equity and managed investment analysis and ratings as well as portfolio construction for the company’s
investment management capabilities.
Holt first joined Morningstar in 2008 as an equity analyst, and his strengths in assessing company value and competitive advantage
earned him progressively more senior roles over the following six years. He led the global equity research team from 2014 to 2018,
before he assumed the corporate strategy position, in which he played an important role in growing Morningstar’s revenue profile
and set of capabilities through capital allocation and acquisitions.
He holds the Chartered Financial Analyst® designation, a master’s degree in business administration from the University of Chicago
Booth School of Business, and a bachelor’s degree in business from Indiana University.
Daniel (Danny) Dunn
Danny Dunn is chief revenue officer of Morningstar. He is responsible for the firm’s global revenue and client-facing functions
including global marketing, sales, client solutions, customer success, field operations, services and support.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 51
Before joining Morningstar in 2016, Dunn was vice president of IBM’s Midwest enterprise unit. He was responsible for marketing,
strategy, sales, channels, and customer service for the complete IBM portfolio, including Cloud, Software, Services, Systems, and
IBM Credit, LLC in the region. Prior to that, he was the Chicago territory director for IBM and held numerous other sales leadership
roles. Before joining IBM in 2007, he led sales, account management and client service at Neology, a software and technology services
subsidiary of SmithBucklin Corporation.
Dunn holds a bachelor’s degree from the University of Vermont and a master’s degree in business administration, with concentrations
in marketing, strategy, and managerial economics, from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University.
Company Information
Morningstar, Inc. was incorporated in Illinois on May 16, 1984. Our corporate headquarters is located at 22 West Washington Street,
Chicago, Illinois, 60602.
We maintain a corporate website at http://www.morningstar.com/company. Shareholders and other interested parties may access
our investor relations website at http://shareholders.morningstar.com, which we use as a primary channel for disclosing key
information to our investors, some of which may contain material and previously non-public information. Our annual report on
Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to any of these documents are available
free of charge on this site as soon as reasonably practicable after the reports are filed with or furnished to the SEC. We also post
quarterly press releases on our financial results and other documents containing additional information related to Morningstar on
this site. We provide this website and the information contained in or connected to it for informational purposes only. That information
is not part of this Report.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
Risk Factor Summary
Below is a summary of the principal risk factors that could impact our business, financial condition, or operating results. Additional
discussion of the risks summarized in this risk factor summary, and other risks that we face, can be found after this summary, and
should be carefully considered.
F Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
F Failing to maintain and protect our brand, independence, and reputation may harm our business
F Failing to create innovative, proprietary and insightful product and service offerings, keep pace with new investor
requirements, technology developments, and trends, or anticipate our clients’ changing needs may negatively affect our
competitive position and business results
F Prolonged volatility or downturns affecting the financial sector, global financial markets, and the global economy may
impact our financial results
F Risks Related to Our Information Technology and Security
F We could face significant reputational and financial consequences relating to cybersecurity and the protection of
confidential information, including personal information about individuals
F AI technologies may present business, legal and reputational risks as they are incorporated into our products and tools
F Our operational risk management and business continuity programs may not be adequate to address materially
disruptive events.
F We could face liability for failing to properly protect or use the information and data we collect, store, use, create, and
distribute or the reports and other documents we publish or that are produced by our software products
F Failure to protect our intellectual property rights, or claims of intellectual property infringement against us, could harm
our brand, our financial performance and our ability to compete effectively
F Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters
F Compliance failures, regulatory action, or changes in laws could adversely affect our business
F Several of our businesses are highly regulated throughout the world and the regulatory environment is increasingly
complicated and rapidly evolving
F Environmental, social, and governance considerations could result in enhanced regulatory obligations and expose us to
potential liabilities and increased costs
F Errors in our automated advisory tools may subject us to liability for any losses that result
F Risks Related to Our Operations
F Our future success depends on our ability to recruit, develop, and retain qualified employees
F We are dependent on third-party service providers in our operations
F Our business is complex and has experienced significant growth in recent years which could strain our resources and
infrastructure, and if we are unable to effectively scale our operations and increase productivity, we may not be able to
successfully implement our business plan
F Our strategic transactions, acquisitions and investments in companies or technologies may not result in the expected
business or financial benefits, ultimately having an adverse effect on our operating results and our ability to deliver long-
term value to our shareholders
F The goodwill of our business and other intangible assets from our acquisitions could be impaired as a result of business
conditions in the future, requiring us to record substantial impairments that would impact our operating income
F Changes in geopolitics and the regulatory landscape could adversely affect our ability to expand (and the demand for)
our product and service offerings
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F As a global taxpayer, we face challenges due to increasing complexities in accounting for taxes (e.g., base erosion, minimum
taxes, and tax transparency), which are high priorities in jurisdictions in which we operate and could materially affect our
tax obligations and effective tax rate
F Our revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates
F Our indebtedness could adversely affect our cash flow and financial flexibility. Our variable rate indebtedness could subject
us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly
F Our insurance coverage may be inadequate or expensive
F Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
F The concentrated ownership position of Joe Mansueto could adversely affect our other shareholders
F Future sales of our common stock and fluctuations in our operating results may negatively affect our stock price
F We cannot guarantee we will pay dividends in the future or make any repurchases of our common stock under our
repurchase program
Risk Factors
You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and all of the other information included in this Report
when deciding whether to invest in our common stock or otherwise evaluating our business. If any of the following risks or
uncertainties materialize, our business, financial condition, or operating results could suffer. In that case, the trading price of our
common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Our operations could also be affected by other risks
and uncertainties that are not presently known to us or that we currently consider to be immaterial to our operations.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
Failing to maintain and protect our brand, independence, and reputation may harm our business. Our reputation and business may
also be negatively impacted by allegations made about possible conflicts of interest, or by other negative publicity or media reports.
We believe that the reputation of our company and our brand generally, as well as the perception of our research and ratings products
and services, is based on the trust that users of our products and services have in our commitment to our mission to empower
investor success underscored by principles of independence, transparency and long-term focus. Any failures by us to instill in our
employees the expectation of independence and integrity may devalue our reputation over time and negatively affect both hiring
and retention efforts. Any failure to uphold these standards, and any real or perceived failure of our customers to have consistently
positive experiences with us could damage our reputation. Our reputation may also be harmed if any errors are found in our products
or services.
As our business has evolved, we have entered, and may in the future enter into, lines of business and business arrangements that
may give rise to allegations of conflicts of interest or perceived failures of our independence and objectivity. For example, we
provide ratings, analyst research, and investment recommendations on mutual funds, ETFs and other investment products offered
by our institutional clients. While we don’t charge asset management firms for their products to be rated, we do charge licensing
fees for the use of our ratings. We also provide investment advisory and investment management services, including through our
own series of mutual funds, which expose us to the claim that we are acting as both a referee and a player in the investment
management industry. In our credit ratings business and Morningstar Sustainalytics’ Sustainable Finance Solutions products we
are participants in an issuer-pay business model under which we receive payments from issuers for our ratings rather than from
the investors who consume such ratings. These payments may create the perception that our ratings and research in these areas
are not independently determined.
Certain of our product offerings such as those offered by Morningstar Sustainalytics have, and may in future, put us at the center of
public debate over a variety of issues surrounding sustainability, social concerns, and corporate governance. Scrutiny over
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sustainability, social concerns and corporate governance may impact the demand for our products. This could lead to negative
media coverage, reputational harm or increased government or regulatory scrutiny. Failure to successfully navigate these issues as
they arise may have an adverse effect on our reputation and our business. In addition our methodology may be scrutinized or may
attract negative publicity.
Our reputation may also be harmed by factors outside of our control, such as news reports about our clients, consultants, or suppliers,
regulatory scrutiny, and adverse publicity about certain types of investment and ratings products generally. Scrutiny of our
competitors could damage the reputation of the industries that we operate in, which could harm the reputation of the company or
certain of our products and services. We may also suffer brand dilution as our brand becomes associated with an increasingly broad
array of products and services that may align less directly with our corporate mission.
Failing to create innovative, proprietary and insightful product and service offerings, keep pace with new investor requirements,
technology developments, and trends, or anticipate our clients’ changing needs may negatively affect our competitive position and
business results.
We believe innovation in financial information services and investable products available to investors and the various advisers and
other intermediaries who serve them continues to accelerate. Developments in technology are fundamentally changing the ways
investors, financial intermediaries, and other market participants access data and content, allowing for greater personalization of
products customized to individual investor profiles and interests. These developments can render our existing products less
competitive, obsolete or unmarketable. As a result, our future success will continue to depend upon our ability to identify and develop
new products and enhancements that address the future needs of our current and target markets and to deliver them in ways that
support our customers’ investing needs and business models, and on our ability to keep pace with the competitive landscape for
our products.
Our core competencies are data, research, design, and technology, and we employ each of these to create products built on the
depth and breadth of our data that are designed to clearly convey complex investment information. Our customers have access to
our research, data and ratings directly on our proprietary desktop or web-based software platforms, or through subscriptions, data
feeds, and third-party distributors. Our financial technology solutions also allow advisors to serve investors at all stages of the
investing process. Morningstar’s managed portfolio offerings help advisors outsource investment selection and asset allocation
through proprietary portfolio strategies based on Morningstar’s valuation-driven, fundamentals-based approach to investing.
Applying its expertise in asset allocation, investment selection, and portfolio construction, our global investment team creates long-
term investment strategies built on Morningstar’s data and ratings. We also help retirement plan sponsors build high-quality savings
programs for employees and advise participants in retirement plans on saving for retirement and choosing plan investments. We
believe the breadth and depth of our current service offerings set us apart from our competitors, which we believe is a significant
competitive advantage.
If we fail to continuously innovate, incorporate, deploy and develop, as applicable, new datasets, research, methodologies, AI
technologies, content or software to meet the needs of our customers, or fail to successfully communicate such innovations and
developments in our offerings to our customers, our competitive position and business results may suffer. In addition, our reputation
could be harmed if we are perceived as not moving quickly enough to meet the changing needs of investors or their financial advisors
and may sacrifice new business opportunities or renewals from existing customers. These changing needs include a greater
expectation that advice be delivered with a high degree of personalization. Investors are also increasingly focused on the security
of data we collect from them, as well as the sharing of their data with third parties. Increased interest in alternative asset classes,
including a focus on private market offerings, has also created a need for applicable datasets, research and analytical expertise.
Our competitive position and business results may suffer if other companies have greater breadth of product offerings or are able
to successfully and more quickly introduce innovative, proprietary research tools and software, including through the application of
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AI technologies. Further, despite our investments in, and commitment of resources to, leveraging AI in our products and activities,
we may not be successful in generating revenues, creating efficiencies in our processes or generating cost savings from these efforts.
The development of any new or updated products or capabilities can involve material investment, execution risks and challenges
and we cannot guarantee that we will successfully adapt our product offerings to meet evolving customer needs or that the transition
to such new offerings will be seamless. If we are unable to manage these investments and transitions successfully, our business,
financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
As our financial intermediary customers further automate their business processes, their need for our products may change and
the technological flexibility and interoperability of our systems may become more important. In addition, there has been an increasing
focus on technology not merely supplying additional tools for users, but also offering solutions to specific client problems, such as
those we are seeking to address for wealth advisors through bringing together our multiple wealth management capabilities around
asset management, data aggregation and client portfolio management software. We have a myriad of potential technology
investments across our product lines and need to prioritize scarce technology development resources to focus on products that best
anticipate the needs and priorities of our customers. For example, in 2024 we made a strategic decision to sunset the Morningstar
Wealth TAMP which was expected to require significant resources to maintain and improve, and instead have turned our focus to
marketing our professionally managed investments products to more advisors across the US.
Our technology is also heavily dependent on the quality and comprehensiveness of our data and our ability to successfully build
analytics, research, and other intellectual property around that data. For example, in order to provide the personalized holistic advice
that clients value, we need to collect and organize large, heterogeneous datasets and synthesize and effectively analyze the insights
offered by this data. We are investing significant resources in consolidating our various data assets and improving their usability
and deliverability across our platform of products. Our competitive position and business results may suffer if we fail to realize the
value and potential of our data assets.
Prolonged volatility or downturns affecting the financial sector, global financial markets, and the global economy may impact our
financial results.
Our business results are partly driven by factors outside of our control including, but not limited to, general economic and financial
market trends which may be impacted by availability of credit, changes in laws, trade barriers, currency exchange rates and controls,
and national and international geopolitical circumstances and uncertainties. Prolonged economic and financial downturns, sustained
volatility in the financial markets, interest and inflation rate fluctuations and periods of stagflation, among other conditions impacting
investor sentiment can reduce investor interest and investment activity and have, and may in the future, decrease demand for our
software, data, analyst ratings, research products, and decrease net flows of funds into our investment management products. We
cannot predict the occurrence, timing or duration of any economic cycle generally or in the markets in which our businesses operate.
Fluctuations in interest rates and rate uncertainty brought on by central bank decisions that have reduced credit issuance in prior
periods may in the future put negative pressure on our credit ratings business.
Our credit ratings business, as well as our SPO business, have been, and may again be, impacted by volatility in US and international
financial markets due to their dependence on the number and dollar volume of debt securities issued in the capital markets. Market
disruptions, rising interest rates, widening credit spreads, and economic slowdowns historically have impacted and may in the future
impact the volume of debt securities issued in global capital markets and the demand for credit ratings. Demand for credit ratings
can also be negatively affected by negative publicity about the credit ratings business, regulatory and political developments, growth
in the use of alternative sources of credit, and defaults by significant issuers. Our ability to reduce costs in the event of such adverse
developments can be negatively impacted by, among other things, our obligations to monitor and maintain outstanding ratings.
Declines or other changes in the markets for debt securities may materially and adversely affect our business, operating results,
and financial condition.
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For our license-based businesses, many of our customers are asset management and financial advisory firms and other financial-
services companies, who are also subject to global market trends. The ascendance of passive investment strategies may affect both
the profitability of asset managers that focus on actively managed strategies, on whose success we in part depend, and the perceived
value of our research regarding actively managed such strategies. A sustained global recession or other financial downturn or crisis
would likely lead to material spending cutbacks among certain of our clients, and create longer sales cycles. Consolidation in the
financial services sector reduces the number of potential clients for our products and services. Further, clients may discontinue their
use of our products and services should they fail and/or merge with or become acquired by other entities that are not our clients or
that use fewer of our products and services. These trends could impact demand for our products and services or change the financial
services landscape in which we operate, resulting in lower revenue and operating income.
Our PitchBook business is also subject to cyclical trends specific to the private capital markets. Many of PitchBook’s clients are
investment banks and other participants in the capital and M&A markets, which are subject to periodic business downturns driven
by changes in such markets. During these downturns, they often seek to reduce spending on third-party services, as well as the
number of employees, which would directly and adversely affect the number of prospective users for the PitchBook platform.
The amount of asset-based revenue we earn primarily depends on the value of assets on which we provide advisory services, and
the size of our asset base can increase or decrease based on market performance. Our revenue from asset-based fees has been, and
may in the future be, adversely affected by market declines. Asset levels can also be affected if inflows into the portfolios for which
we provide investment advisory services drop or if these portfolios experience redemptions. A drop in inflows or an increase in
redemptions can result from a variety of factors, including overall market conditions or uncompetitive investment performance. If
the level of assets on which we provide investment advisory or investment management services declines, we would expect our fee-
based revenue to show a corresponding decline. The industrywide trend toward lower asset-based fees may also impact our fee-based
revenue. A shift by investors to non-traditional asset classes such as cryptocurrencies, private debt, real estate, structured products,
and collectibles may affect our assets under management if we are unable to incorporate them into our investment strategies or if
they fail to perform in the manner that our research anticipates.
Risks Related to Our Information Technology and Security
We could face significant reputational and financial consequences relating to cybersecurity and the protection of confidential
information, including personal information about individuals.
Our business requires that we securely collect, process, store, and transmit confidential information, including personal information,
relating to our operations, customers, employees, and other third parties. We continuously invest in systems, processes, controls,
and other security measures designed to guard against the risk of improper access to or release of such information. However, these
measures do not guarantee absolute security, and improper access to or the release of confidential information may still occur
through employee error or malfeasance, system error, inadvertent release, failure to properly purge and protect data, failure to apply
consistent security measures throughout our business, or cyberattack.
We may also be subject to specific obligations relating to personal information and personal financial information. In certain cases,
our products and websites collect, store, process, and transmit personal information about an individual, including financial
information such as portfolio holdings, account numbers, and credit card information. Our business also operates across national
borders and routinely moves personal information from one jurisdiction to another. Regulators and political leaders in various
countries are increasingly interested in restricting cross-border data transfers that they perceive as problematic. We are and our
customers often are subject to federal, state, and foreign laws relating to privacy, cybersecurity, and data protection. The scope of
applicable laws may be uncertain and require practices that may be inconsistent with laws of other jurisdictions. In addition, the
proliferation of personal information privacy regimes across the globe has made scalable and comprehensive compliance practices
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more complex and costly to implement. Consequently, our business is subject to a variety of continuously evolving and possibly
conflicting regulations and customer requirements. Our compliance with these changing and increasingly burdensome regulations
and requirements may cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices, which may impact our
financial results. If we fail to timely or adequately comply with these regulations or requirements, we may be exposed to litigation
expenses and possible significant liability, fees, or fines.
One of our core strengths is our ability to collect data and enrich it with data from another part of our business to provide valuable
information and insights to investors. As data is accessible across our products, consistent data privacy practices and disclosure
becomes more important and challenging. Failure to comply with our public statements or to adequately disclose our privacy or
data protection practices could result in costly investigations by governmental authorities, litigation, and fines, as well as reputational
damage and customer loss.
We may be targeted by actors who are more sophisticated and have more resources than the actors our security program is designed
to protect against. These actors may seek to attack our products and services or penetrate our network infrastructure to gain access
to intellectual property, confidential or personal information, or to facilitate distributed denial of service attacks. While we have
dedicated resources responsible for cybersecurity and have implemented systems and processes intended to help identify
cyberattacks and protect and remediate security issues in our software and network infrastructure, these attacks have become
increasingly frequent, sophisticated, and difficult to detect. Even in cases where an attack is ultimately detected, based on industry
data, incidents may go undetected for several months. Our measures may not be adequate or designed to prevent all eventualities
or all types or sources of attacks, and we may be vulnerable to circumvention of security systems, denial of service attacks or other
cyberattacks, hacking including “hacktivism”, “phishing” or other social engineering attacks, computer viruses, ransomware or
malware, employee or insider error, employee or vendor malfeasance, physical breaches or other malicious actions. We offer a hybrid
work environment, which provides employees with the flexibility to work remotely (and use personal devices) which introduces
additional and unique risk management challenges.
We may also be impacted by a cyberattack targeting one of our vendors or within our technology supply chain or infrastructure,
including cloud providers. Our information technology systems interact with those of customers, vendors, and service providers and
collect an increasing amount of confidential and other proprietary data as we expand our product and service offerings. As a result,
inadequacies of third-party security technologies and practices introduce additional risk to our business in the event of ineffective
cybersecurity programs and/or monitoring by these third parties.
From time to time, we have acquired, and may in the future acquire, other businesses, and while we conduct due diligence on the
technology systems and practices of these companies, there can be no assurance that acquired companies have not suffered data
breaches or system intrusions prior to and potentially continuing after our acquisition for which we may be liable. We may face
potential identified or unknown security vulnerabilities in acquired products that expose us to additional security risks and penalties,
or that delay our ability to integrate the product into our service offerings; difficulties in increasing or maintaining at an acceptable
cost the security standards for acquired technology consistent with our other services; difficulty in transitioning the acquired
technology onto our existing platforms and customer acceptance of multiple platforms on a temporary or permanent basis; and
challenges augmenting the acquired technologies and platforms to the levels that are consistent with our brand and reputation. In
addition, acquired businesses may not have invested as heavily in security measures or data privacy controls as we have, and they
may introduce additional cybersecurity and data privacy risks as their systems are integrated with ours.
Any failure to safeguard confidential information or any material cybersecurity failures or incidents in our systems (or the systems
of a customer, vendor, or service provider which stores or processes confidential information for which we are responsible, including
cloud providers) could result in reputational harm, loss of customers, regulatory actions, sanctions or other statutory penalties,
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litigation, or financial losses and increased expenses related to addressing or mitigating the risks associated with any such material
cybersecurity failures or incidents, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.
AI technologies may present business, legal, and reputational risks as they are incorporated into our products and tools.
We use, and may continue to expand our use of, machine learning and AI technologies into certain of our products and processes. If
we fail to keep pace with rapidly evolving AI technological developments or if other firms implement AI technologies more effectively
than we do, our competitive position and business results may suffer. As AI technology is highly complex and rapidly evolving, and
our ability to foresee all the legal, operational or technological risks that may arise from our use of AI is limited. Use of AI is also the
subject to an evolving governmental and regulatory landscape, which may subject the company to additional scrutiny.
The introduction of AI technologies, particularly generative AI, into new or existing offerings may result in errors and new or expanded
risks and liabilities, including enhanced compliance obligations and regulatory scrutiny, litigation, ethical concerns, confidentiality
or security risks, that could adversely affect our business, reputation, and financial results. For example, AI technologies can lead to
unintended consequences and errors, including generating content that appears correct but is factually inaccurate, misleading or
otherwise flawed, or that results in unintended biases and discriminatory outcomes, which could harm our reputation and expose
us to liability. Laws, regulations or industry standards that develop in response to the use of AI may be burdensome or may
significantly restrict the deployment of AI, particularly generative AI technologies, in our products or processes.
We have taken steps designed to manage risks related to our adoption of AI; however, these steps may not sufficiently mitigate these
risks, which include but are not limited to risks related to employee error or malfeasance, the loss of intellectual property, claims of
bias or discrimination, or product liability claims.
We may be subject to specific obligations relating to the use of AI technologies in our operations or the incorporation of AI
technologies in our products and services, including the EU Artificial Intelligence Act (EU AI Act). We expect that regulators in the
various global locations we do business in will pursue new rules governing AI, whether through regulations specific to AI or through
updating existing laws to incorporate new AI-specific provisions. This evolving regulatory environment may cause us to incur
substantial costs or require us to change our business practices, which may impact our financial results. Any failure to timely or
adequately address these regulations, or any future changes to or expanded regulations, may expose us to significant compliance
costs, potential liabilities or fines.
AI technologies may use or incorporate data from third-party sources, which may expose us to risks associated with data rights and
protection and may also lead to the unintended consequences of using AI discussed above. Current laws and court decisions
governing intellectual property ownership and license rights may not address new questions relating to AI technologies, which may
negatively affect our ability to safeguard our intellectual property, as well as increase the compliance costs associated with navigating
an uncertain legal and regulatory environment. The use or adoption of AI technologies into our products may expose us to claims of
copyright infringement or other intellectual property misappropriation by third parties, which may require us to pay compensation
or license fees.
In addition to the implementation of AI in our tools and products, there is risk associated with the implementation of AI technologies
by competitors or disruptors. The value of our products and services may be negatively affected by the increasing amount of
information and external tools that are available for free, or at low cost, through Internet sources that use AI to scrape data—including
our own content—from the Internet. These technologies integrate machine learning abilities and other AI systems to process and
organize large data sets aggregated from products that previously were paid for, posing an external risk to our product suite. The
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rapidly evolving regulatory environment for AI technologies may also impact our ability to protect our own data and intellectual
property against infringement through these AI external tools.
We could face liability for failing to properly protect or use the information and data we collect, store, use, create, and distribute or
the reports and other documents we publish or that are produced by our software products.
We may be subject to claims for securities law violations, defamation (including libel and slander), negligence, or other claims
relating to the information we publish, including our research and ratings. For example, investors may take legal action against us
if they rely on published information that contains an error, or a company may claim that we have made a defamatory statement
about it or its employees. In addition, in our business unit containing our credit ratings offerings, we have access to significant
amounts of material nonpublic information on issuers of securities and if such information is inadvertently disclosed or
misappropriated by employees or others, we could be exposed to various liabilities under securities and other laws. Less significant
errors could still require us to remove ratings, research, or data temporarily which could diminish the perceived value of the product
or cause us to be deficient in our service-level agreements with clients that require us to meet certain obligations for delivering
time-sensitive, up-to-date data and information.
Some of our products support the investment processes or the client account reporting practices and other activities of our clients
who manage significant assets of other parties. Use of our products as part of such activities creates the risk that clients, or the
parties whose assets are managed by our clients, may pursue claims against us for losses that may have some connection to our
products, and we may be subject to investigation of our products and their use by government regulators who regulate the business
of our clients. In the case of software products, even though most of our contracts for such products contain limitations of our
liability in such cases, we may be required to compensate such clients or their customers for losses in order to maintain our
business relationships. We could also be subject to claims based on the content that is accessible from our website through links
to other websites.
Products and enhancements we develop or license have contained, and in the future may contain, undetected errors or defects
despite testing or other quality assurance practices. Use of our products or services as part of the investment process and other
activities creates the risk that our customers, investors, the companies that we rate or assess across our products, or the shareholders
of those companies, may pursue claims against us based on even a small error in our data, calculations, methodologies, input, or
analysis, or a malfunction or failure in our systems, products or services.
We could be subject to claims by providers of data and information we compile from websites and other sources that we have
improperly obtained that data in violation of the source’s copyrights or terms of use. We could also be subject to claims from third
parties, such as securities exchanges from which we license and redistribute data and information, that we have used or redistributed
the data or information in ways not permitted by our license rights or that we have inadequately permissioned our clients to use
such data. The agreements with such exchanges and other data providers give them extensive data use audit rights, and such audits
can be expensive and time consuming and potentially result in substantial fees becoming payable. We could also be subject to
claims from regulators that we have mishandled private ratings or nonpublic data and information, in particular in our business
unit containing our credit ratings products. These regulatory bodies have audit rights regarding our data use which could have
similar adverse consequences in terms of time, expense, or fines. Defending claims based on the information we publish could be
expensive and time-consuming and could adversely impact our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Additionally, we use and incorporate open-source code in our software development and our products, which could expose us to
additional security risks, impede our ability to commercialize our products and services, and lead to additional costs. Security
vulnerabilities with the use of open-source software could impact our products and services, which may result in the need for change
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control, testing and potential re-engineering efforts that could increase costs and impact our software development and products.
Generally, open-source licenses will not contain warranties against infringement claims, or covering the quality or security of the
code, and some licenses contain provisions requiring the public release of our proprietary source code if it is combined with the
open-source code in a certain manner. The public release of our proprietary source code will put us at a competitive disadvantage,
allowing competitors to develop similar products in less time and with minimal development efforts. In addition, many open-source
licenses contain provisions which are ambiguous and have not been interpreted by US or other courts. Any unanticipated restrictions
or conditions on our ability to use, or claims involving our use of, open-source licenses could require us to seek alternative third-
party licenses at increased costs or reduced scope, re-engineer products or systems, or discontinue the licensing of certain products.
Finally, our global business regularly seeks to optimize our data storage in order to improve information accuracy and streamline
the technology, which supports our business operations. These efforts may be constrained by data privacy legislation, such as the
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which includes obligations regarding storage, transfer, and use of personal information
from and about individuals, and which may limit the processing of information about individuals outside their home jurisdictions.
Legislation aimed at protecting material nonpublic information or mitigating potential conflicts of interest further define how certain
information can be accessed and retained which may result in less efficient or higher cost technological processes and infrastructure.
Failure to protect our intellectual property rights, or claims of intellectual property infringement against us, could harm our brand,
our financial performance and our ability to compete effectively.
We rely primarily on patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret rights, as well as contractual protections and technical safeguards,
to protect our intellectual property rights and proprietary information. However, these steps may not be adequate to safeguard our
brand, proprietary information and competitive advantage, and third parties may still be able to challenge, invalidate, or circumvent
our rights or improperly obtain our proprietary information. Further, we may not be able to effectively utilize trademark, copyright,
and trade secret protection in every country in which we offer our services or utilize our intellectual property.
We believe our trademark rights with respect to the “Morningstar” name and logo, along with our subsidiaries’ names and logos
represent materially valuable intangible assets. We have encountered and may continue to encounter jurisdictions in which one or
more third parties have a pre-existing trademark registration in certain relevant international trademark classes that may prevent
us from registering these or other marks in those jurisdictions. Our continued ability to use the “Morningstar” name or logo, either
on a stand-alone basis or in association with certain products or services, could be compromised in those jurisdictions because of
these pre-existing registrations. Similarly, we have encountered and may continue to encounter situations in certain jurisdictions
where one or more third parties are already using the “Morningstar” name, either as part of a registered corporate name, a registered
domain name, or otherwise. Our ability to effectively market certain products and/or services or obtain adequate trademark protection
in those locations could be adversely affected by these pre-existing usages.
We have been and may continue to be subject to claims by third parties alleging infringement of their intellectual property rights.
Such claims can also be alleged against clients, customers, or distributors of our products or services whom we have agreed to
indemnify against third party claims of infringement. The defense of such claims can be costly and consume valuable management
time and attention. We may be forced to settle such claims on unfavorable terms, which can include the payment of damages, the
entry into royalty or licensing arrangements on commercially unfavorable terms, or the suspension of our ability to offer affected
products or services. If litigation were to arise from any such claim, there can be no certainty we would prevail in it. If any of these
risks were to materialize, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or reputation.
In addition, we are and continue to be susceptible to website spoofing attacks, where fraudulent websites are created to closely
resemble our brand, products and offerings and are designed to lure potential clients to share personal sensitive information, such
as login credentials, social security numbers, credit card information, bank account numbers, and in some instances send money
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 61
to individuals portraying to be associated with our entities and brands. In addition to individual losses triggered by these attacks,
these spoofing attacks could harm our brand and reputation, and negatively impact our ability to attract new clients and customers.
Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters
Compliance failures, regulatory action, or changes in laws could adversely affect our business.
The laws, rules, and regulations, and their interpretations, applicable to our business are extensive, may change in the future and
may be inconsistent or vary by jurisdiction. We have not always been able to, and in the future may not be able to, comply with
changes or variances in the laws, rules and regulations applicable to our businesses without making extensive changes to our
business practices. In the recent past, the scope and pace of global regulatory change has both increased and involved shorter
compliance time frames, which has increased the risk that we may fail to properly and timely identify, and adequately respond to
the regulatory changes applicable to our operations. Regulations aimed at increasing transparency for investors or providing
individuals greater control over their own data may devalue the investments we have made in our data sets or reduce their use
cases. In addition, the broad, diverse and global scope of our business operations makes it more difficult to monitor areas that may
be subject to regulatory and compliance risk, as well as monitor and implement changes that may vary by jurisdiction. If we fail to
comply with any applicable law, rule, or regulation, we could be fined, sanctioned, or barred from providing certain products and
services in the future, which could adversely affect our reputation, business and financial results.
We are subject to various anti-corruption laws that prohibit improper payments or benefits or offers of payments or benefits to
foreign governments and their officials and, in some cases, to employees of a business for the purpose of directing, obtaining or
retaining business. We conduct business in countries and regions with anti-corruption laws that may vary in substance, complexity
and application when compared to that of the US, which could result in unauthorized payments or offers of payments by our
employees or agents that may be in violation of anti-corruption laws. While we have implemented policies and trainings to prohibit
these types of practices by our employees and agents, they may prove to be less than fully effective, and our employees or agents
may engage in conduct for which we might be held responsible. If employees violate our policies or we fail to maintain adequate
record-keeping and internal accounting practices to accurately record our transactions, we may be subject to regulatory fines,
sanctions, damages or other penalties or costs, and may incur expenses relating to government investigations, inquires, or subpoenas,
which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial condition and may damage our brand
and reputation.
Additionally, as we engage in global business activities, we are subject to international trade restraints, including economic and
financial sanction laws and embargoes administered by the US Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls, which
prohibit or restrict the sale or supplying of certain products and services to embargoed or sanctioned countries, regions, governments,
individuals, and entities. Although we have policies and procedures in place to promote compliance with such laws, there can be no
assurance that they will be followed at all times or effectively detect and prevent all violations of such laws. These restraints have
impacted, and may in the future impact our ability to continue to market and/or sell our products and services in these geographies,
resulting in loss in revenue, and subject us to significant fines and penalties or cause us to incur expenses relating to government
investigations, inquiries, or subpoenas if we fail to comply. While we have established policies and trainings aimed at preventing
these types of activities, they may be ineffective. Furthermore, new, and additional trade restrictions may be introduced at any time
and may require us to change our operations and increase our risk of noncompliance, and may expose us to increased compliance
costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, and financial results.
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Several of our businesses are highly regulated throughout the world and the regulatory environment is increasingly complicated
and rapidly evolving.
The expansion of our business over time, including through acquisitions, has resulted in greater exposure to governmental regulation
across our product lines. In some cases, such as with our credit ratings business, interactions with regulators are extensive and
continuous, which is increasingly costly and resource intensive to manage. To the extent any of those interactions result in a finding
of noncompliance, they could pose a significant reputational risk to us, expose us to fines, sanction and penalties and negatively
impact our business. Regardless of source, allegations of improper conduct, whether the ultimate outcome is favorable or unfavorable
to us, as well as negative publicity or media reports about Morningstar and its relationships with third parties, whether valid or not,
may harm our brand and reputation and damage our business.
Morningstar DBRS, our credit ratings business, operates in a highly regulated environment in Canada, the US, the UK, and the EU,
requiring substantial ongoing compliance obligations with laws and regulations that govern credit ratings. At times, the scope,
interpretation, and administration of these laws and regulations may also be uncertain, inconsistent across geographies and difficult
to fully reconcile in a cost-efficient manner. Further, many aspects of credit ratings agency policies and practices and their compliance
with applicable law, regulations, contracts and license arrangements are not the subject of definitive regulatory guidance or case
law. Maintaining compliance with any expanded requirements that may be imposed by these laws and regulations can be time
consuming and require significant resources. Morningstar DBRS is also subject to regular regulatory examinations and occasional
investigations, which are time consuming and can impact day-to-day operations.
Three of our subsidiaries, Morningstar Investment Management LLC (MIM), Morningstar Investment Services LLC, and Morningstar
Research Services LLC, are registered as investment advisers with the SEC under the Advisers Act, which subjects them to
requirements related to record-keeping, reporting and standards of care, in addition to fiduciary obligations owed to their clients.
Morningstar Investment Services is also a broker/dealer registered under the Exchange Act and is subject to the rules of FINRA. The
Morningstar Funds Trust is a registered open-end mutual fund for which MIM acts as the investment advisor under an investment
management agreement, and, as a result, also subjects MIM to regulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the
Commodity Exchange Act. As registered investment advisers, these subsidiaries are subject to on-site examination by the SEC. In
addition, in cases where these subsidiaries provide investment advisory services to retirement plans and their participants, they
may be acting as fiduciaries under ERISA, which requires them to meet and uphold various fiduciary obligations. We may face
liabilities for actual or claimed breaches of our fiduciary duties, particularly in areas where we provide retirement or investment
advice and managed retirement accounts. In some of our retirement contracts, we act as an ERISA fiduciary by, for example, selecting
and monitoring a broad range of diversified plan options. We also provide a managed account service for retirement plan participants
who elect to have their accounts managed by our programs. Such activities are, and in the future may again be, the subject of class
action litigation, including one such proceeding in which we have been named. Many of our asset management and financial advisor
clients are similarly regulated. If our license products and services fail to satisfy the regulatory requirements applicable to these
clients, we may lose their business.
Our regulated investment services operations are subject to regulation in markets outside the US. Post Brexit, we made a strategic
decision to restrict the provision of regulated investment management activity to EU domiciled clients in part to reduce regulatory
risk. The UK-based Morningstar Wealth Platform (Platform) has regulatory compliance obligations related to, among other things,
the safeguarding and administration of client monies and assets, due to the offering of regulated products and services in the UK.
The Platform business has offices in Jersey, South Africa, and the United Arab Emirates, all of which are or have been subject to
the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) grey list. Increased regulatory scrutiny in Jersey, which was recently removed from the FATF
grey list, and South Africa, which is currently on the FATF grey list, increase compliance costs and exposes us to potential
reputational harm.
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Our index business, Morningstar Indexes, is subject to regulations related to the oversight of the provision of benchmark
administration services in the UK and EU. Specifically, the EU Benchmarks Regulation seeks to improve governance and controls
over the benchmark process, in order to ensure that administrators effectively manage conflicts of interest. Furthermore, the
regulations require administrators to improve the quality of input data and methodologies and ensure that contributors to
benchmarks and the data they provide are subject to adequate controls. In addition, Morningstar Indexes has continued to monitor
previously identified developments whereby the SEC sought comment on whether index providers, model portfolio providers and
pricing services should be regulated as investment advisers or outsourced service providers in the US. These potential developments
could increase regulatory exposure and compliance costs if and when adopted.
Our Morningstar Sustainalytics business could be negatively affected by enhanced regulation of its research, ratings and data
activities and other reporting requirements. The EU regulation for registering and supervising companies acting as external reviewers
for green bonds aligned with the European Green Bond Standards (EuGBS) framework,and the EU legislation for registering and
supervising companies that provide ESG ratings both require significant investments to build, implement and maintain appropriate
operational and governance structures, internal controls and compliance processes. As legislation is evolving in the EU, other
jurisdictions are also running consultation processes to put in place regulatory frameworks for these ratings, data and/or SPO
providers, which contemplate governance policies, quality assurance and other internal control program requirements that may not
be consistent with the EU. The final form of any of these regulations or other measures is still uncertain. Such regulatory regimes
could impose significant compliance burdens and costs on Morningstar Sustainalytics and, as with all new regulation, could be
subject to ambiguous interpretation that could result in inadvertent noncompliance. Furthermore, as our Morningstar Sustainalytics
business operates globally we may be subject to additional future regulation in multiple jurisdictions, which may be inconsistent.
Conversely, deregulation could lead to reduced demand for our Morningstar Sustainalytics products, which could impact our
operating results and financial condition.
Compliance failures by any of these highly regulated businesses could lead to negative publicity, fines, settlements, and/or temporary
or permanent operating restrictions, which could have a material adverse impact on our operating results or financial condition.
New and changing laws, regulations and regulatory implementation guidance may also affect the day-to-day operation of these
businesses and our customers, including by imposing new or expanded requirements. Any failure to timely or adequately address
these changes could have a material adverse impact on our business, operations and financial results.
Environmental, social, and governance considerations could result in enhanced regulatory obligations and expose us to potential
liabilities and increased costs.
In response to market demand we offer products, including those offered by Morningstar Sustainalytics, that could expose us to
potential liability and increased regulatory costs. We are subject to laws, regulations, and other measures that govern a wide range
of topics, including those related to matters beyond our core business. New laws, regulations, policies, and international agreements
relating to environmental, social and governance matters are being developed, formalized and amended or revoked in the EU, the
US, and elsewhere globally, which requires us to comply with specific, target-driven frameworks, disclosure and other requirements
in jurisdictions. For instance, the European Union Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), in its current form, applies to
both EU and non-EU in-scope entities and requires such entities to provide expansive disclosures on various sustainability topics
including climate change, biodiversity, workforce, supply chain, and business ethics. We expect CSRD will apply to our operations
in the future. As such, we have assessed our obligations under CSRD, and we expect that compliance with CSRD will require significant
effort in future years.
In contrast, the future of any US regulation of sustainability matters is uncertain and if adopted may not align with the disclosures
required by CSRD or other legal and regulatory requirements. Similarly, a number of US states have passed, or are in the process of
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adopting, broad climate change disclosure requirements. We believe we have implemented reporting frameworks and principles
that we are currently subject to.
We have also announced a number of goals and initiatives with the advice from external consultants, including on our decarbonization
efforts, in accordance with standards, including, but not limited to, Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosure (TCFD),
Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). Morningstar has committed to decarbonize
50% of our scope 1 and scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and to publicly disclose our emissions annually. The practical
implementation of initiatives, as well as compliance with emerging or amended mandatory regulations may require the expenditure
of unanticipated or significant resources, management time and expense. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply fully
with mandatory ESG laws and regulations could harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Errors in our automated advisory tools may subject us to liability for any losses that result.
We rely on automated investment technology for our retirement advice and managed retirement accounts services. The Wealth
Forecasting Engine is our core advice and managed accounts engine that determines appropriate asset allocations for retirement
plan participants and assigns individuals to portfolios. We also rely on automated portfolio construction tools. As these become
more interconnected with other product offerings, including the technology of clients and other third parties, the increasing
complexity of the technology requires more expertise and efforts to manage and test. Problems could arise if these programs do not
work as intended, particularly if we failed to detect program errors over an extended period and are found to be liable for such errors,
which may include liability for breach of our fiduciary duty or applicable law. Such program errors may not be detected despite our
quality assurance practices. There is a need to continually invest in training to develop and maintain in-house expertise to manage
these systems effectively and to educate recordkeeper and retirement plan clients and participants in the capabilities, proper use,
and competitive differentiation of these offerings, which can be costly and time consuming.
We seek to constantly innovate and improve our retirement services offering, for example to add new capabilities around modeling
and advising on income generating products, and in doing so, we regularly release new versions of the technology and update our
methodology. Additional customer support may be needed to ensure that clients implement the new versions and updates properly
and understand the implications for their plan participants, including issues concerning suitability of certain strategies. More
resources may also be required to continue to support legacy versions of the Wealth Forecasting Engine that continue to be used by
certain clients. If we make an error, we may be subject to potentially large liabilities for make-whole payments and/or litigation.
Risks Related to Our Operations
Our future success depends on our ability to recruit, develop, and retain qualified employees.
Our ability to identify, attract, hire, and on-board new qualified employees is integral to our continued success. Many of our key
product offerings require employees with specific skills sets in a variety of disciplines such as engineering, research, quantitative,
fixed income data and credit analysis as well as in emerging areas of strategic focus. As many of these skill sets are widely and
highly sought after, we experience competition for talent from other companies. The development, maintenance, and support of our
products and services are also dependent upon the knowledge, skills, experience, and abilities of our existing employees.
As a global business with a broad workforce location strategy, we have experienced and may continue to experience recruiting
challenges in nearly all our global locations. Maintaining a global workforce also introduces inherent challenges, including the
ability to effectively manage employees over large geographic distances, as well external factors such as geopolitical unrest in
countries where our employees work, resulting in the need to implement appropriate systems, policies, benefits and compliance
programs. Additionally, we have been and may continue to be exposed to rising wage scales in many of the employment markets in
which our facilities are located, which negatively affect our compensation costs. Inflationary pressures, strong stock performance
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 65
in our sector, immigration policy, regulatory changes and shortages of applicants with certain skills put upward pressure on wages
and may make it difficult to retain and attract adequately skilled and qualified employees.
We invest in the continued growth and development of our employees through various programs such as learning tools and educational
stipends and are thoughtful about employee engagement. Changes in the labor markets, such as a move by some companies to fully
remote work, or hybrid work models, or away from remote work or hybrid work models, may make it more difficult for us to retain
existing employees. Similarly, the integration of new businesses we acquire or the sunsetting of existing brands may impact our
workplace as the culture of the acquired businesses or the values of the sunset brands are diminished and polices are updated to
align with our current company policies, which may impact the morale of retained employees and may result in unforeseen attrition.
We believe the continued and future success of our business relies upon the continued service of our executive officers, including
Joe Mansueto, our executive chairman, and Kunal Kapoor, our chief executive officer, senior business and functional leaders and
other key employees. However, the talents and experience of these individuals make them attractive candidates to many of our
competitors, as well as to early-stage companies that can offer the potential for outsize financial rewards if they are successful.
Thus, the loss of such business leaders or our failure to adequately plan for such a loss, could pose substantial challenges to our
business. We may not be able to retain these leaders and employees or to develop and retain similar highly qualified personnel in
the future, which may cause us to lose potential or existing clients, and which could adversely impact our operating results and
financial condition.
We are dependent on third-party service providers in our operations.
We rely on a variety of outside parties as the original sources for the information we use in our published data and research. These
sources include securities exchanges, fund companies, hedge funds, transfer agents, issuers, and other data providers. We also
incorporate data from a variety of third-party sources for many of our products. There is a sole source dependency risk on certain
data suppliers for data feeds that are not diversified. A degradation in their service could have a negative impact on our products,
exposing us to downstream risk in the event of their failure. In addition, these external data sources may contain errors, which could
impact the accuracy and quality of our products, which could in turn have the potential to erode customer confidence and our brand.
Our ability to continue to innovate and develop new products is reliant on the products of other vendors, including data, software
and services vendors. Some of our products and offerings are dependent upon obtaining updates from data vendors as well as
dependent on continuing access to current and historical data. Furthermore, many of our vendors are also competitors, and our
ability to continue to provide our products and develop new products could be impacted if the vendors terminate our agreements
with them or decide to change the terms or restrict use of the data and products, which could materially harm our business.
We use AI technologies from third parties, which may include open-source software. If we are unable to maintain rights to use these
AI technologies on commercially reasonable terms, we may be forced to acquire or develop alternate AI technologies, which may
limit or delay our ability to provide competitive offerings and may increase our costs.
We utilize numerous third-party service providers in our operations, including for the provision of contract labor in several locations
and backup facilities for our data. A failure by a third-party service provider could expose us to an inability to provide contractual
services to our clients in a timely manner. Additionally, if a third-party service provider is unable to provide these services, we may
incur significant costs to either internalize some of these services or find a suitable alternative. We are subject to regulatory
expectations for the oversight of vendors and service providers, including the EU’s Digital Operational Resilience Act, which further
increase our compliance obligations and costs. A failure in the performance of our due diligence processes and controls related to
the supervision and oversight of these firms in detecting and addressing conflicts of interest, fraudulent activity, data breaches and
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cyberattacks or noncompliance with relevant securities and other laws could cause us to suffer financial loss, expose us to regulatory
sanctions or damage to our reputation.
Our business is complex and has experienced significant growth in recent years which could strain our resources and
infrastructure, and if we are unable to effectively scale our operations and increase productivity, we may not be able to successfully
implement our business plan.
Our business has and continues to experience significant growth in our wide array of products and services and operational scale,
which has placed a strain on and in the future may stress the capabilities of our management, administrative, operational and
financial infrastructure. Significant additional investments, both in terms of management attention and one-time and annual costs,
have been and are expected to continue to be required to effectively scale our operations and increase productivity across our
organization, to address the needs of our customers, to further develop and enhance our products and services, to expand into new
geographic areas, and to increase our operating margin over time. Such additional investments will increase our cost base, making
it more difficult for us to offset any future revenue shortfalls by reducing expenses in the short term. We may not be able to make
these investments as quickly or effectively as necessary to successfully and competitively scale our operations.
Additionally, we have and may continue to dispose of businesses and reallocate resources to our other businesses and products we
believe will help scale our business. In 2024, we made the decision to sunset our US TAMP and enter into a strategic alliance with
AssetMark where they own the technology platform, allowing us to reallocate resources that would otherwise be used to maintain
and improve our platform, to the expansion of our professionally managed investments products to more advisors across the US,
which we believe is the best way to scale our business in the US. In 2024, we also made a strategic decision to dispose of our
Commodity and Energy Data business, as we believed it was not a strategic focus for our business, allowing us to focus on other
areas of our business. While we believe these strategic decisions will allow us to best scale our business, we cannot be certain that
such reallocations will be successful in doing so.
We regularly upgrade or replace our various software and data offerings and our operating systems and processes. If
implementations are delayed, or if we encounter unforeseen problems with our upgraded or new offerings, systems and processes
or in migrating away from existing offerings, systems and processes, our operations and our ability to manage our business could
be negatively impacted.
Our growth also places increasing demands on our functional resources to scale and optimize globally and to balance global
consistency with local flexibility. Our sales and marketing teams are focused on multi-product-based strategies to bring the breadth
of our offerings and the full value of our intellectual property to our customers. However, such sales efforts can breed customer
confusion, implicate regulatory limits on how certain products or services can be sold and by whom in certain jurisdictions, and if
coupled with misaligned incentive structures, can create opportunities for misconduct or excessive risk taking. Additional complexity
also creates a need for clear responsibilities and ownership across various global teams within our company, which we may not be
successful in implementing. We cannot be certain that growth or profitability will be at the same or higher level given the headwinds
of deglobalization and political, regulatory, and cultural fragmentation.
Our success will depend in part upon the ability of our senior management—including the senior management of any companies
we acquire—to manage our business and strategies efficiently. To do so, we must continue to increase the productivity and
effectiveness of our existing employee base and to hire, train and manage new employees who can meet or exceed our standards.
If we fail to successfully scale our operations and increase productivity, we may be unable to execute our business plan and the
value of our company could decline. The investment we make and additional resources we use to expand our operations, target new
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 67
international customers and expand our presence globally may not produce desired levels of revenue or profitability, which could
adversely affect our business and operating results.
Our strategic transactions, acquisitions and investments in companies or technologies may not result in the expected business
or financial benefits, ultimately having an adverse effect on our operating results and our ability to deliver long-term value to
our shareholders.
As a means to implement our business strategy, we periodically evaluate and make investments in, or acquisitions of, complementary
businesses, services and technologies, and intellectual property rights, and expect to continue to make such investments and
acquisitions in the future. However, there can be no assurance we can identify suitable investment or acquisition candidates at
acceptable prices. In addition, although we conduct robust due diligence through cross-functional teams when making an acquisition,
each acquisition presents potential challenges and risks, including the following:
F difficulties in assimilating, integrating, or retraining acquired employees;
F differences between our values and those of our acquired companies, as well as disruptions to our workplace culture;
F diversion of financial and managerial resources from existing operations;
F challenges relating to the potential entry into new markets in which we have little experience or where competitors may have
stronger market positions;
F difficulties in integrating acquired operations, including challenges with the acquired company’s customers and partners;
F challenges with the acquired company’s third-party service providers;
F challenges with integrating the acquired companies’ technology, and
F challenges and costs relating to known and potential unknown liabilities, technology or security vulnerabilities or regulatory
investigations associated with the acquired businesses.
From time to time, we engage in dispositions and divestitures of assets and entities, as a means to implement our business strategy,
including the recent disposal of certain of our US TAMP assets and the sale of our Commodity and Energy Data business in 2024.
The strategic transactions we ultimately pursue may be subject to various closing conditions, including review or approval by foreign
and domestic regulatory authorities, which we may not obtain on a timely basis or at all, which could adversely impact our financial
and operating results. In addition, strategic transactions may present financial, managerial and operational challenges such as
diversion of managerial resources from core business functions, increased expenses associated with the transaction, potential
disputes with customers, suppliers, or acquirers of disposed assets, and failure to achieve the expected economic benefits of the
transaction, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
We also have made, and expect to continue to make, various investments in companies where we do not have or obtain a controlling
interest. Such investments are motivated both by their prospective financial return and the access they give us to certain new
technologies, products, business ideas, and management teams. While we obtain various rights in connection with such investments,
the future value of such investments is highly dependent on the management skill of the managers of those companies, among
other factors.
Our ability to acquire or dispose of other businesses or technologies, make strategic investments or integrate acquired businesses
effectively may be impaired by trade tensions and increased global scrutiny of foreign investments and acquisitions and investments
in the technology sector. For example, several countries, including the US and countries in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region, are
considering or have adopted restrictions of varying kinds on transactions involving foreign investments. Antitrust authorities in a
number of countries have also reviewed acquisitions and investments in the technology industry with increased scrutiny.
Governments may continue to adopt or tighten restrictions of this nature, and such restrictions or government actions could negatively
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impact our acquisition and investment opportunities, business and financial results. Acquisitions or divestitures may expose us to
litigation from our shareholders or other third parties, which, even if unsuccessful, could be costly to defend and serve as a distraction
to management.
The goodwill of our business and other intangible assets from our acquisitions could be impaired as a result of business conditions
in the future, requiring us to record substantial impairments that would impact our operating income.
We assess the recoverability of recorded goodwill amounts on an annual basis or when evidence of potential impairment exists.
Intangible assets are evaluated when events or changes in circumstances arise that indicate the carrying value of the asset may be
unrecoverable. The impairment testing is based on several factors which require judgement from management. In general, changes
in our business condition or changes in fair market valuations and our operating performance may result in future impairments of
goodwill or intangible assets which could have a material adverse impact on our operating results. Additionally, our goodwill and
intangible assets may become impaired if we fail to obtain our anticipated operating efficiencies associated with our acquisitions.
Changes in geopolitics and the regulatory landscape could adversely affect our ability to expand (and the demand for) our product
and service offerings.
Morningstar’s business plan involves, in part, expansion into new and adjacent product lines to anticipate and meet our customers’
needs. Our ability to realize those opportunities in one of our businesses, however, may be hindered by regulatory requirements
governing different businesses within the Morningstar group. In certain cases, regulatory sanctions against one of our businesses
could affect our ability to continue to operate in unrelated regulated areas. In addition, the day-to-day sharing and optimization of
the value of our intellectual property across our product lines can be affected by regulatory concerns. Similarly, differences in data
privacy regimes and governmental surveillance rights applicable in specific countries significantly affect our workforce location
strategy and technology infrastructure in relation to cross-border processing of personally identifiable information of customers,
employees and other third parties. Such limitations, which seem likely to proliferate as global consensus regarding regulatory
principles wanes, may impact our ability to execute on our strategy.
The dynamics of today’s geopolitical discourse may also impact business opportunities across different markets. European markets
have more rapidly adopted environmental, social and governance focused products than in other parts of the world, and there is more
agreement on these taxonomies, methodologies, and acceptable sources of data in that market. This has in part been driven by
developing mandatory sustainable finance disclosure and anti-greenwashing regimes in the EU and UK. In the US, legislation, litigation,
investigations or regulatory action or enforcement activities aimed at curbing these investing practices or penalizing institutions
perceived as prioritizing these considerations could reduce the marketability of our products and adversely affect our ability to expand
our product and service offerings. Stakeholder and customer opinions about such products, or preferences regarding their methodology
or approach, are at times impacted by regional or national political trends which may differ significantly. Preferred terminology and
information sources may similarly differ from place to place. In such an environment, Morningstar may struggle to maintain its
reputation for methodological transparency and consistency which underpins the value and reputation of our research. The already
fragmented global landscape of sustainable finance and ESG regulation is facing further disruption. The EU’s plan to review and
potentially revise its core sustainable finance and ESG frameworks adds another layer of complexity. These potential regulatory shifts
could, depending on the final form they take, lead to a decrease in demand for certain of our products, including those offered by
Morningstar Sustainalytics, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.
Increasingly, different stakeholder groups have divergent views on ESG matters, which increases the risk that any action or lack
thereof will be perceived negatively by at least some stakeholders and adversely impact our reputation. As we continue to evaluate
our own policies based on emerging regulations, the perceived failure to take actions at the company level that are, or seem,
inconsistent with our own sustainability and corporate risk data, could adversely impact our brand and reputation.
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As a global taxpayer, we face challenges due to increasing complexities in accounting for taxes (e.g., base erosion, minimum taxes,
and tax transparency), which are high priorities in jurisdictions in which we operate and could materially affect our tax obligations
and effective tax rate.
Our effective tax rate is based on the mix of income and losses in our US and non-US operations, statutory tax rates, and tax-planning
opportunities available in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. We could be subject to changes in our tax rates, the adoption
of new US or non-US tax legislation or exposure to additional tax liabilities. Due to economic and political conditions, tax rates in
various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change. Our future effective tax rates could be affected by changes in the mix of
earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates including, impacts related to transfer pricing, changes in the valuation of
deferred tax assets and liabilities, or changes in tax laws or their interpretation by relevant authorities. Significant judgment is
required to evaluate our tax positions.
Corporate tax reform, base-erosion efforts, and tax transparency continue to be high priorities in many jurisdictions in which we
operate. In October 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) agreed to a two-pillar approach to
global taxation focusing on global profit allocation (Pillar One) and a global minimum tax rate (Pillar Two). In December 2022, the
EU member states agreed to implement the OECD’s global corporate minimum tax rate of 15% under Pillar Two to be effective in
January 2024. Other countries are also considering changes to their tax laws to adopt certain parts of the OECD’s proposals. This
legislation represents a significant change in the international tax regime and could result in increases to our effective tax rate as a
result of the imposition of minimum taxes. While the Pillar Two minimum tax requirement is not anticipated to have a material
impact on our current effective tax rate, we continue to monitor developments and administrative guidance in addition to evaluating
the potential impact on our consolidated financial statements for future periods.
Our revenues, expenses, assets, and liabilities are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
As a business with international business activities, we are subject to risks related to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange
rates. Movements in the exchange rates can impact the US dollar reported value of our revenues, expenses, assets, and liabilities
denominated in non-US dollar currencies or where the currency of such items is different than the functional currency of the entity
where these items were recorded. In addition, the value of assets in indexed investment products can fluctuate significantly over
short periods of time and such volatility may be further impacted by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
We incur expenses for employee compensation and other operating expenses at our non-US locations in the local currency. In the
future, if there is an increase or decrease in our international business activities that recorded in local currencies, our exposure to
fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may correspondingly increase or decrease, which could materially adversely affect
our business, financial condition, or operating results. Although we may in the future decide to undertake foreign exchange hedging
transactions, to date, we have not engaged in currency hedging, and we do not currently have any positions in derivative instruments
to hedge our currency risk.
Our indebtedness could adversely affect our cash flow and financial flexibility. Our variable rate indebtedness could subject us to
interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.
For an overview of our current outstanding indebtedness, refer to Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources below. Our long-term debt was $698.6 million at December 31,
2024. While our business has historically generated strong cash flow and we are in compliance with all of our debt covenants,
borrowings under our current credit facility are floating rate. As a result, our annual debt service requirements are affected by rising
interest rates and we cannot provide assurance that we will generate and maintain cash flows sufficient to permit us to service our
indebtedness. Our ability to make payments on our indebtedness and to fund planned capital expenditures depends on our ability
to generate and access cash in the future, which, in turn, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, regulatory, tax and
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other factors, many of which are beyond our control. If we cannot refinance or otherwise pay our obligations as they mature and
fund our liquidity needs, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity, ability to obtain financing and
ability to compete in our industry could be materially adversely affected.
In addition, any borrowings under our current credit facility bear interest at fluctuating interest rates based on the Secured Overnight
Financing Rate (SOFR) which replaced London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) as the reference rate under our credit facility. While
SOFR is a secured rate, LIBOR was an unsecured rate, thus, there can be no assurance that SOFR will perform in the same way as
LIBOR would have at any time, which may result in increased volatility in the interest rates payable under our credit facility and
potentially increase our funding costs.
Furthermore, the terms of our debt agreements include restrictive covenants that limit, among other things, our and our subsidiaries’
financial flexibility and ability to implement certain transactions. If we are unable to comply with the restrictions and covenants in
our debt agreements, there could be a default that, in some cases, if continuing, could result in the accelerated payment of our debt
obligations or the termination of borrowing commitments on the part of the lenders under our Credit Agreement. Additionally, our
current credit facility matures in September 2027. We may not be able to renegotiate or obtain additional or new financing on a
timely basis or on terms favorable or acceptable to us. If we are unable to refinance or otherwise fund our liquidity needs, our
business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity, and ability to compete in our industry could be materially
adversely affected. Refer to Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources for a description of the restrictive covenants in our debt agreements.
Our insurance coverage may be inadequate or expensive.
We maintain voluntary and required insurance coverage, including, among others, general liability, property, director and officer,
errors and omissions, network cybersecurity and privacy, employee practices liability, fidelity bond and fiduciary liability insurance
and insurance required under ERISA at a significant annual cost, which is generally expected to increase over time. Further, while
we endeavor to maintain coverage that we feel is appropriate to operations, size and general assessment of our risk, we are unable
to predict with certainty the frequency, nature or magnitude of claims under these policies and our claims recovery experience. Our
business may be negatively affected if insurance coverage proves to be inadequate or unavailable on acceptable terms or at all.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
The concentrated ownership position of Joe Mansueto could adversely affect our other shareholders.
As of December 31, 2024, Joe Mansueto, our Executive Chairman and Chairman of the Board, owned approximately 35.8% of our
outstanding common stock. While Joe has reduced his percentage ownership of the company in recent years as part of a personal
plan to diversify his assets, his concentrated ownership position gives him substantial influence over substantially all matters
submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the election and removal of directors and any merger, consolidation, or sale
of our assets. This concentration of ownership may disincentivize other shareholders from proposing the election of other persons
to our board of directors, delay or prevent a change in control, impede a merger, consolidation, takeover, or other business combination
involving Morningstar, discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of the
company, or result in actions that may be opposed by other shareholders.
Future sales of our common stock and fluctuations in our operating results may negatively affect our stock price.
We believe our business has relatively high fixed costs, principally for compensation and benefits, and low variable costs, which
has historically heightened the impact of revenue fluctuations on our operating results. As a result, a decline in our revenue may
lead to a proportionally larger decline in operating income. Additionally, as a result of managing our business with a long-term
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 71
perspective, we generally don’t make significant adjustments to our strategy or cost structure in response to short-term factors. For
example, if the US economy were to experience current inflationary pressures over a prolonged period, increased compensation and
other expenses could adversely impact our operating results. In addition, as we do not provide earnings guidance and our executive
team generally doesn’t take one-on-one meetings with investors and research analysts, and given limited analyst coverage of our
stock, our stock price may not, now or in the future, reflect the intrinsic value of our business and assets. If our operating results or
other operating metrics fail to meet the expectations of outside research analysts and investors, the market price and trading volume
of our common stock may decline.
Additionally, our stock price may be susceptible to decline if our significant shareholders, including Joe Mansueto, were to sell
substantial amounts of our common stock. A significant reduction in ownership by Joe or any other large shareholder over a short
period of time could cause the market price of our common stock to fall.
We cannot guarantee we will pay dividends in the future or make any repurchases of our common stock under our
repurchase program.
We have historically paid cash dividends on our common stock, but there is no guarantee that such dividends will continue in the
future. Whether our Board authorizes future dividends will depend on a number of factors, including, our results of operations,
financial condition, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law, and other factors. Moreover, our Board may
determine not to repurchase shares of our common stock pursuant to the share repurchase program we authorized on December 6,
2022. Refer to Note 18 of our Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding our share repurchase
program. Any failure to repurchase stock after we have announced our intention to do so may adversely impact our reputation and
investor confidence in us and may adversely impact our stock price.
The existence of our share repurchase program could cause our stock price to be higher than it otherwise would and could potentially
reduce the market liquidity for our stock. Repurchase programs are also subject to potential excise tax as under the Inflation Reduction
Act of 2022.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
We do not have any unresolved comments from the Staff of the SEC regarding our periodic or current reports under the Exchange Act.
Item 1C. Cybersecurity
The purpose of our information security program is to enable the business to effectively identify, assess, prioritize and manage
cybersecurity risk in order to support our long-term corporate objectives and to protect our employees, customers, and company
assets from threats to our information systems. Cybersecurity is a critical component of our enterprise risk management and the
company has identified cybersecurity as one of the key risk categories it faces.
Risk Management and Strategy
Morningstar takes a risk-based approach for managing its cybersecurity program. The program is evaluated periodically, including
against the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, most recently in 2024. The outcome of these reviews, as well as any changes implemented
as a result of these reviews, are reported to the audit committee of our board of directors (the Audit Committee).
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Morningstar deploys various safeguards to help protect against cybersecurity threats, including but not limited to, anti-malware
(EDR) tools, email security, web filtering, multi-factor authentication and single-sign-on, regular patch cadence and vulnerability
management, and hardened laptops with full disk encryption and admin permissions removed. For in-house developed software,
Morningstar deploys various security tools to detect vulnerabilities, including but not limited to, static application security and
dynamic application security testing, software composition analysis tooling, cloud security posture management and central logging.
We engage a third-party to conduct a NIST CSF assessment to measure the completeness and readiness of our cybersecurity program
and have a third-party perform a security assessment of our network annually. Additionally, we have application security assessments
and SOC 2 certifications performed by a third-party on products where we deem them beneficial.
The company’s team of information security professionals (InfoSec Team), conducts vulnerability scans and third-party security
assessments of operating systems, network devices, and web-facing applications. We require all Morningstar products to follow
enterprise-wide Disaster Recovery (DR) standards. Identified vulnerabilities and DR tasks are assigned to appropriate owners and
on a weekly basis we produce a cybersecurity scorecard for each Morningstar product. These scorecards are disseminated to the
relevant leadership team.
The InfoSec Team, under the supervision of the chief information security officer (CISO), has also implemented processes to evaluate
cybersecurity controls of third-party service providers. As part of the company’s processes for engaging vendors, subcontractors
and other third-parties, the InfoSec Team evaluates any such entities that may process confidential information prior to conducting
business with them. We also evaluate the security status of our critical third parties periodically to determine whether they continue
to meet our security standards.
Employees undergo annual security awareness training, and a quarterly phishing exercise is conducted. Quarterly security incident
tabletop exercises are conducted with appropriate stakeholders to practice response procedures, and an annual tabletop exercise
is conducted with the executive leadership team to test our enterprise resilience. The enterprise resilience team manages both
disaster recovery as well as business continuity plans in preparation to recover from high-impact incidents.
We believe that currently we have not encountered a cybersecurity event that has had a material impact on our business, financial
condition, or results of our operation. We continue to invest in our IT security infrastructure, InfoSec Program and to enhance our
internal controls and processes to help protect our business from cybersecurity threats. For a discussion of the risks cybersecurity
threats pose to our business strategy, results of operations and financial condition, please see “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related
to Our Information Technology and Security” in this Report.
Governance
Our experienced InfoSec Team is headed by our CISO, who reports to a member of our executive leadership team. Our CISO holds a
Ph.D. in Computer Science with a focus on Cybersecurity and Privacy and has more than 15 years of information security experience.
The InfoSec Team is responsible for assessing and managing cybersecurity risks and threats. The InfoSec Team manages our
Information Security Program (InfoSec Program), which has oversight of IT risk governance, IT third-party risk management, software
and product security, security operations and incident management, IT compliance, technical disaster recovery, and establishing
enterprise-wide information security policies and procedures.
Our CISO also meets regularly with senior leaders from the IT, Legal, Audit, and Compliance departments to discuss environmental,
regulatory, and technological changes and associated risks to the security and confidentiality of our information.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 73
Our Board of Directors has delegated oversight of cybersecurity risks to the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee reviews and
discusses with management risks relating to our cybersecurity and data privacy practices and has oversight of our cybersecurity
risks. Our Chief Information Officer (CIO) and CISO provide an update to the Audit Committee at each of its regular meetings, which
covers recent trends, identifies emergent risks to our technology infrastructure, DR plan statistics, employee training metrics, and
major updates on security assessments and threat landscape as needed. The Audit Committee is also provided a summary of events
and reporting on how any such events were resolved.
Cybersecurity Event Management
We have instituted a specific event management process for the monitoring, prevention, detection, identification, mitigation, and
remediation of cybersecurity incidents. Cybersecurity incidents are responded to and managed by our 24-hour Security Operations
Center (SOC), and technical outages/accidental occurrences are reviewed and managed by operational teams at the relevant Morningstar
product and by the SOC. Upon resolution of a cybersecurity incident, we conduct a retrospective analysis to inform our security and
operational efforts going forward. We engage third parties, such as incident response service providers, as appropriate, based on the
severity of the cybersecurity event and/or the work required to remediate. Upon identification of a cybersecurity event, we assign a
significance rating to the event. All cybersecurity events that meet or exceed designated criteria are escalated to the CISO or CIO.
Cybersecurity events which may be significant are further escalated to the Cyber Incident Disclosure Committee (Cyber Committee).
The Cyber Committee consists of the CIO, the CISO, the chief privacy officer, the chief legal officer, the head of corporate
communications, representatives of the affected business unit and/or their respective delegates.
Item 2. Properties
As of December 31, 2024, we leased approximately 527,000 square feet of office space for our US operations, with approximately
half of the space for our corporate headquarters located in Chicago, Illinois. We also lease approximately 727,000 square feet of
office space in 22 other countries around the world, including approximately 360,000 square feet in Mumbai, India and approximately
95,000 square feet in Toronto, Canada. We believe that our existing and planned office facilities, which are used by all of our segments,
are adequate for our needs and that additional or substitute space is available to accommodate growth and expansion.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We incorporate by reference the information regarding legal proceedings set forth in Note 17 of the Notes to our Consolidated
Financial Statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Report.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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Part II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of
Equity Securities
Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “MORN.”
As of February 21, 2025, there were 527 shareholders of record of our common stock. The actual number of stockholders is greater
than this number of record holders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name
by brokers and other nominees.
We paid four quarterly dividends during 2024. In the fourth quarter of 2024, we announced an increase of our quarterly cash dividend
from 40.5 cents per share to 45.5 cents per share. While subsequent dividends will be subject to board approval, we expect to pay a
regular quarterly dividend of 45.5 cents per share in 2025.
Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will be dependent upon our
results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law, and other factors deemed
relevant by the board of directors. Future indebtedness and loan facilities could also prohibit or restrict our ability to pay dividends
and make distributions to our shareholders.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Subject to applicable law, we may repurchase shares at prevailing market prices directly on the open market or in privately negotiated
transactions in amounts that we deem appropriate.
The table below presents information related to repurchases of common stock we made during the three months ended December 31,
2024. Refer to Note 18 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding our share repurchase program:
Approximate
Total number dollar value of
of shares shares that
Total purchased as may yet be
number Average part of publicly purchased
of shares price paid announced under the
Period purchased per share programs programs (a)
October 1, 2024 - October 31, 2024 — $ — — $ 498,550,338
November 1, 2024 - November 30, 2024 15,300 345.27 15,300 493,267,705
December 1, 2024 - December 31, 2024 18,000 349.42 18,000 486,978,224
Total 33,300 $ 347.51 33,300
(a) Repurchases will only be effected pursuant to the $500.0 million share repurchase program authorized by our board of directors and announced publicly on December 6, 2022, which
commenced on January 1, 2023 and which will expire on December 31, 2025.
Item 6. [Reserved]
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The discussion included in this section, as well as under “Item 1—Business” and other sections of this Report, contains forward-looking
statements as that term is used in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are based on our current
expectations about future events or future financial performance. Forward-looking statements by their nature address matters that are,
to different degrees, uncertain, and often contain words such as “aim,” “committed,” “consider,” “estimate,” “future,” “goal,” “is designed
to,” “maintain,” “may,” “might,” “objective,” “ongoing,” “could,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “seek,” “anticipate,” “believe,”
“estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “prospects”, “continue,” “seek,” “strategy,” “strive,” “will,” “would,” “determine,” “evaluate,” or the negative
thereof, and similar expressions. These statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that may cause the events we
discuss not to occur or to differ significantly from what we expect. For us, these risks and uncertainties include, among others:
F failing to maintain and protect our brand, independence, and reputation;
F failure to prevent and/or mitigate cybersecurity events and the failure to protect confidential information, including personal
information about individuals;
F compliance failures, regulatory action, or changes in laws applicable to our regulated businesses;
F failing to innovate our product and service offerings or meet or anticipate our clients’ changing needs;
F impact of AI technologies on our business and reputation, and the legal risks as they are incorporated into our products and tools;
F failure to detect errors in our products or failure of our products to perform properly due to defects, malfunctions or similar problems;
F failing to recruit, develop, and retain qualified employees;
F prolonged volatility or downturns affecting the financial sector, global financial markets, and the global economy and the effect
on our revenue from asset-based fees and credit ratings business;
F failing to scale our operations and increase productivity in order to implement our business plans and strategies;
F liability for any losses that result from errors in our automated advisory tools or errors in the use of the information and data
we collect;
F inadequacy of our operational risk management and business continuity programs to address materially disruptive events;
F failure of our strategic transaction, acquisitions, divestitures and investments in companies or technologies to yield expected
business or financial benefits, negatively impacting our operating results and our ability to deliver long-term value to shareholders;
F failing to maintain growth across our businesses due to changes in geopolitics and the regulatory landscape;
F liability relating to the information and data we collect, store, use, create, and distribute or the reports that we publish or are
produced by our software products;
F the potential adverse effect of our indebtedness on our cash flow and financial and operational flexibility;
F liability, costs and reputational risks relating to environmental, social and governance considerations;
F our dependence on third-party service providers in our operations;
F inadequacy of our insurance coverage;
F challenges in accounting for tax complexities in the global jurisdictions we operate in could materially affect our tax obligations
and tax rates;
F the potential and impact of vendor consolidation and clients’ strategic decisions to replace our products and services with in-
house products and services;
F our ability to build and maintain short-term and long-term shareholder value and pay dividends to our shareholders;
F our ability to maintain existing business and renewal rates and to gain new business;
F the impact of recently issued accounting pronouncements on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures;
F impact on our stock price due to future sales of our common stock and fluctuations in our operating results; and
F failing to protect our intellectual property rights or claims of intellectual property infringement against us.
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A more complete description of these risks and uncertainties, among others, can be found in Item 1A—Risk Factors of this Report. If
any of these risks and uncertainties materialize, our actual future results and other future events may vary significantly from what we
expect. We do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise,
except as may be required by law. You are, however, advised to review any further disclosures we make on related subjects, and about
new or additional risks, uncertainties, and assumptions in our future filings with the SEC on Forms 10-K, 10-Q, and 8-K.
This section includes comparisons of certain 2024 financial information to the same information for 2023. Year-to-year comparisons
of the 2023 financial information to the same information for 2022 can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended
December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024.
All dollar and percentage comparisons, which are often accompanied by words such as “increase,” “decrease,” “grew,” “declined,” “was
up,” “was down,” “was flat,” or “was similar” refer to a comparison with the prior year unless otherwise stated.
Understanding Our Company
Key Business Characteristics
Our mission is to empower investor success. The investing ecosystem is complex, and navigating it with confidence requires a
trusted, independent voice. We deliver our perspective to institutions, advisors, and individuals with a single-minded purpose: to
empower every investor with conviction that they can make better-informed decisions and realize success on their own terms.
Our strategy is to deliver insights and experiences that make us essential to investor workflow. Proprietary data sets, meaningful
analytics, independent research, and effective investment strategies are at the core of the powerful digital solutions that investors
across our client segments rely on. We have a keen focus on innovation across data, research, product, and delivery so that we can
effectively cater to the evolving needs and expectations of investors globally.
Segments
The company has seven operating segments which are presented as the following five reportable segments: Morningstar Data and
Analytics, PitchBook, Morningstar Wealth, Morningstar Credit, and Morningstar Retirement. The operating segments of Morningstar
Sustainalytics and Morningstar Indexes do not individually meet the quantitative segment reporting thresholds and have been
combined and presented as part of Corporate and All Other, which is not a reportable segment. Prior-period segment information is
presented on a comparable basis to the basis on which current period segment information is presented and reviewed by the chief
operating decision maker (CODM). For additional information about our segment reporting, refer to Note 6 of the Notes to our
Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II of this Report.
Revenue
We offer an extensive line of investment-related products and services for individual and institutional investors in public and private
capital markets; financial advisors and wealth managers; alliances and redistributors; asset managers; retirement plan providers,
advisors and sponsors; and issuers of fixed-income securities.
Our segments sell many of our research and data products and services through license agreements on either a per user or enterprise-
basis. Morningstar Data and Analytics and PitchBook generate most of our license-based revenue. Our license agreements typically
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 77
range from one to three years and are accounted for as subscription services available to customers and not as licenses under the
accounting guidance.
Our Morningstar Wealth and Morningstar Retirement segments generate most of our asset-based revenue where basis points and
other fees are charged for assets under management or advisement (AUMA). Our asset-based arrangements typically range from
one to three years.
Our transaction-based revenue includes revenue that is one time in nature and related Morningstar Credit recurring revenue primarily
derived from surveillance and research.
Deferred Revenue
We invoice some of our clients and collect cash in advance of providing services or fulfilling subscription services to our customers.
Deferred revenue totaled $563.2 million, of which $540.8 million was classified as a current liability with an additional $22.4 million
included in long-term liabilities, at the end of 2024. We expect to recognize this deferred revenue in future periods as we fulfill the
service obligations under our license and subscription agreements.
Operating Expense
We classify our operating expense into separate categories for cost of revenue, sales and marketing, general and administrative,
and depreciation and amortization, as described below.
F Cost of revenue. This category includes compensation expense for employees who produce the products and services we deliver
to our customers. For example, this category covers production teams and analysts who write investment research reports. It
also includes compensation expense for programmers, designers, and other employees who develop new products and enhance
existing products. In some cases, we capitalize the compensation costs associated with certain software development projects
resulting in reduced expense that we would otherwise report in this category. Cost of revenue also includes other expenses, such
as third-party data purchases and data lines as well as professional fees for third-party development activities.
F Sales and marketing. This category includes compensation expense for our sales teams, product managers, and marketing
professionals. We also include the cost of advertising, digital marketing campaigns, and other marketing and promotion efforts
in this category.
F General and administrative. This category includes compensation expense for our management team and other corporate
functions, including employees in our compliance, finance, human resources, and legal departments. It also includes costs for
corporate systems and facilities.
F Depreciation and amortization. Our capital expenditures mainly relate to capitalized software development costs, information
technology equipment, and leasehold improvements. We amortize capitalized software development costs over their estimated
economic life, generally three years. We depreciate property and equipment using the straight-line method based on the useful
lives of the assets, which range from three to seven years. We amortize leasehold improvements over the lease term or their
useful lives, whichever is shorter. We also include amortization related to identifiable intangible assets, which is mainly driven
by acquisitions, in this category. We amortize intangible assets using the straight-line method over their estimated economic
useful lives, which range from one to twenty years.
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International Operations
As of December 31, 2024, we had wholly-owned subsidiaries in 31 countries outside of the US and included their results of operations
and financial condition in our consolidated financial statements. We also have investments outside of the US, and where we have
significant influence, we apply the equity method of accounting.
How We Evaluate Our Business
When our analysts evaluate a stock, they focus on assessing the company’s estimated intrinsic value, which is based on estimated
future cash flows, discounted to their value in today’s dollars. Our approach to evaluating our own business works the same way.
Our goal is to increase the intrinsic value of our business over time, which we believe is the best way to create value for our
shareholders. We do not make public financial forecasts for our business because we want to avoid creating any incentives for our
management team to make speculative statements about our financial results that could influence our stock price or take actions
that help us meet short-term forecasts, but may not build long-term shareholder value.
We provide the following measures that can help investors generate their own assessment of how our intrinsic value has changed
over time:
F Revenue (including organic revenue);
F Operating income (including adjusted operating income);
F Operating margin (including adjusted operating margin); and
F Free cash flow.
Organic revenue, adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margin, and free cash flow are not measures of performance set
forth under US generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).
We define organic revenue as consolidated revenue excluding acquisitions, divestitures, adoption of new accounting standard
changes (accounting changes), and foreign currency translations. We present organic revenue because we believe it helps investors
better compare our period-to-period results, and our management team uses this measure to evaluate the performance of our
business and product areas. We exclude revenue from businesses acquired or divested from organic revenue for a period of 12 months
after we complete the acquisition or divestiture. Organic revenue is not equivalent to any measure required under GAAP and may
not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.
We define adjusted operating income as operating income excluding all mergers and acquisitions (M&A)-related expenses and gains
(related to merger, acquisition, and divestiture activity including earn-outs), intangible amortization, and expenses related to the
significant reduction and shift of the company’s operations in China. We define adjusted operating margin as operating margin
excluding all M&A-related expenses and gains, intangible amortization, and expenses related to the significant reduction and shift
of the company’s operations in China. We present these measures because we believe they better reflect period-over-period
comparisons and improves overall understanding of the underlying performance of the business absent the impact of M&A and the
shift of the company’s operations in China.
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We define free cash flow as cash provided by or used for operating activities less capital expenditures. Free cash flow is presented
solely as a supplemental disclosure to help investors better understand how much cash is available after making capital expenditures.
Our management team uses free cash flow to evaluate the health of our business. Free cash flow is not equivalent to any measure
required under GAAP and should not be considered an indicator of liquidity. Moreover, the free cash flow definition we use may not
be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.
In addition to the measures described above, we calculate revenue renewal rates to evaluate how successful we’ve been in
maintaining existing business for products and services that have revenue associated with periodic renewals. We use the annual
contract value method, which tracks the dollar value of renewals compared with the total dollar value of contracts up for renewal
during the period. We include changes in the contract value in the renewal amount. We use the actual revenue for the previous
comparable fiscal period as the base rate for calculating the renewal percentage. The renewal rate excludes setup and customization
fees and contract renewals that were pending as of January 31, 2025.
Regulatory Trends Affecting Our Business
In addition to the industry developments described under Part I, Item 1. Business—”Our Strategy,” there are several longer-term
regulatory trends we consider relevant to our business, as summarized below and as described in more detail in Part I, Item 1.
Business—”Government Regulation” and in Part I, Item 1A—”Risk Factors” of this Report. The increased complexity and extent of
regulation globally is a challenge for both Morningstar and its clients, and we continue to invest in our compliance organization,
processes and controls. Additionally, current regulatory uncertainty in the US—including changes and the pace of changes enacted
by the current presidential administration and related leadership changes at US government agencies such as the US Securities
and Exchange Commission, as well as recent and potential future US Supreme Court rulings—may impact our business.
EU and UK Regulatory Divergence
For our regulated businesses in the UK and EU, following the UK’s Financial Services and Markets Act 2023, there is a growing risk
of divergence as between the specifics of the EU and UK regulatory regimes, as the UK continues to adapt its post-Brexit financial
services regulatory framework and to tailor its rules to suit the UK market, while seeking to strengthen its position in wholesale
markets more generally.
With respect to our credit ratings and indexes business, divergence risks further increase the costs and complexity of regulatory compliance.
In relation to investment management, any divergence risk remains to be seen pending the next iteration of the UK Financial Conduct
Authority’s three-year strategy.
Increased ESG Regulation and Anti-ESG Scrutiny
Interest from investors, regulators and other relevant stakeholders in firms adopting ESG-related business and operational risk
strategies persists. Morningstar is impacted by these trends on a corporate level, as a US public company with international
operations, and on a business level. Specifically, we anticipate that this area will experience further regulatory developments likely
to have long term impacts on our delivery of products and services, customer interactions, physical operations, technology systems,
and dependencies on third parties.
Morningstar is monitoring proposed ESG legislation in the US, EU, and in other jurisdictions relevant to its business activities. The
future of any US regulation of sustainability matters is uncertain and may not align with current or future regulations in other
jurisdictions, including the EU. These and other potential regulations may impact not only the scope of our disclosure obligations
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and the products and services we provide to customers but also present an opportunity to guide and inform investors who are looking
to understand the regulations and develop their own workflows to ensure their compliance with new requirements.
The politicization of ESG-related business activities and investments has increased in recent years, particularly in the US. This
politicization may result in Morningstar facing heightened scrutiny in this regard, and may result in the company incurring increased
costs in addressing related inquiries. Morningstar continues to closely monitor the ESG and anti-ESG landscape.
Cybersecurity, Data Privacy and Artificial Intelligence
Data privacy regulation continues to proliferate, as numerous national and state jurisdictions have adopted or are considering new
data privacy regulations. As a related matter, issues of cybersecurity as they relate to the identification and mitigation of cyber
threats also continue to grow in prominence and laws governing data breaches continue to proliferate globally. Financial regulators
have also increased their scrutiny of the data protection practices of the entities, such as Morningstar, that they oversee.
The introduction of the EU’s Digital Operational Resilience Act corresponds with a growing concern among financial services regulators
as to the increasing influence of information technology service providers, and the risks to financial stability posed by dependency on
those firms. Ensuring resiliency necessarily captures group (rather than individual entity) arrangements and is therefore both costly
and complex. Morningstar is monitoring related developments in other countries that may follow the EU’s lead.
Regulators in various global jurisdictions have adopted or are considering regulations governing AI technologies, such as the EU AI
Act. Additionally, regulators have sought to clarify that existing regulations apply to novel use cases involving AI technologies.
Combined, this regulatory activity creates a complex and potentially costly compliance environment as Morningstar deploys AI
technologies in its products and in tools used in the workplace.
Other Regulatory Trends
Finally, our company is impacted by government regulation and policies focused on macroeconomic trends such as inflation, trade,
and unemployment. Central banks’ increases in interest rates to combat inflationary pressures increases our interest expense on
our variable rate indebtedness, while the volatile rate environment can impact credit issuance volumes, impacting our credit rating
business, as well as M&A activity more broadly. Our compensation expense reflects rising wage scales in many of the markets where
we operate as unemployment rates remain low. Overall, our business, balance sheet, technological infrastructure, and teams have
shown resilience and flexibility navigating global macroeconomic trends.
Consolidated Results
Key metrics (in millions) 2024 2023 Change
Revenue $ 2,275.1 $ 2,038.6 11.6%
Operating income 484.8 230.6 110.2%
Operating margin 21.3% 11.3% 10.0pp
Cash provided by operating activities $ 591.6 $ 316.4 87.0%
Capital expenditures (142.7) (119.1) 19.8%
Free cash flow $ 448.9 $ 197.3 127.5%
Cash used for investing activities $ (21.3) $ (81.9) (74.0)%
Cash used for financing activities $ (384.4) $ (278.4) 38.1%
pp—percentage points
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 81
Consolidated Revenue
Revenue by type (1)
(in millions) 2024 2023 Change
Morningstar Data and Analytics
License-based $ 786.7 $ 745.5 5.5%
Asset-based — — —%
Transaction-based 1.4 1.7 (17.6)%
Morningstar Data and Analytics total $ 788.1 $ 747.2 5.5%
PitchBook
License-based $ 611.6 $ 551.9 10.8%
Asset-based — — —%
Transaction-based 6.8 — NMF
PitchBook total $ 618.4 $ 551.9 12.0%
Morningstar Credit
License-based $ 16.4 $ 11.7 40.2%
Asset-based — — —%
Transaction-based 274.7 203.7 34.9%
Morningstar Credit total $ 291.1 $ 215.4 35.1%
Morningstar Wealth
License-based $ 80.4 $ 80.8 (0.5)%
Asset-based 142.3 122.6 16.1%
Transaction-based 25.7 26.5 (3.0)%
Morningstar Wealth total $ 248.4 $ 229.9 8.0%
Morningstar Retirement
License-based $ 1.8 $ 1.7 5.9%
Asset-based 125.3 108.5 15.5%
Transaction-based — 0.3 NMF
Morningstar Retirement total $ 127.1 $ 110.5 15.0%
Corporate and All Other (2)
License-based $ 128.2 $ 125.9 1.8%
Asset-based 65.6 48.5 35.3%
Transaction-based 8.2 9.3 (11.8)%
Corporate and All Other total $ 202.0 $ 183.7 10.0%
License-based $ 1,625.1 $ 1,517.5 7.1%
Asset-based 333.2 279.6 19.2%
Transaction-based 316.8 241.5 31.2%
Consolidated revenue $ 2,275.1 $ 2,038.6 11.6%
NMF—Not meaningful
(1) Starting with the quarter ended March 31, 2024, revenue from PitchBook media sales product was reclassified from license-based to transaction-based. Prior periods have not been
restated to reflect the updated classifications.
(2) Corporate and All Other provides a reconciliation between revenue from our reportable segments and consolidated revenue. Corporate and All Other includes Morningstar Sustainalytics
and Morningstar Indexes as sources of revenues. Revenue from Morningstar Sustainalytics was $117.3 million in 2024 and $118.2 million in 2023. Revenue from Morningstar Indexes was
$84.7 million in 2024 and $65.5 million in 2023.
2024 10-K: Part II
82
In 2024, our consolidated revenue rose $236.5 million, or 11.6%. Foreign currency movements increased revenue by $1.3 million in 2024.
License-based revenue, which represents subscription services available to customers, increased 7.1%, or 7.6% on an organic basis,
during 2024. Reported and organic revenue growth was primarily driven by strong demand for PitchBook and Morningstar Data and
Analytics products.
Asset-based revenue increased 19.2%, on both a reported and organic basis, during 2024. Reported and organic revenue growth
was primarily driven by increases in Morningstar Wealth, Morningstar Indexes, and Morningstar Retirement.
Transaction-based revenue increased 31.2%, or 28.8% on an organic basis, during 2024. Reported and organic revenue was primarily
driven by Morningstar Credit.
Organic revenue
Organic revenue is considered a non-GAAP financial measure.
We exclude revenue from acquired businesses from our organic revenue growth calculation for a period of 12 months after we
complete the acquisition. For divestitures, we exclude revenue in the prior period for which there is no comparable revenue in the
current period. We will exclude revenue related to our Commodity and Energy Data business, which we divested in the third quarter
of 2024, as well as revenue and interim service fees associated with the sale of customer assets from the US Morningstar Wealth
Turnkey Asset Management Platform (TAMP) to AssetMark (sale of US TAMP assets), which we divested in the fourth quarter of 2024,
from our organic revenue growth calculation for a period of 12 months after we complete the divestitures.
Excluding revenue from acquisitions, divestitures, accounting changes, and the impact of foreign currency translations, organic
revenue increased 11.8% in 2024. Morningstar Credit, PitchBook, and Morningstar Data and Analytics were the largest drivers of
the increase in organic revenue during 2024.
Contributors to Revenue Growth
Acquisitions/divestitures/adoption
of accounting change
Foreign currency translations
Organic growth
Total
9.5%
0.2%
8.2%
17.9%
1.7%
(0.2%)
7.5%
2.0%
(2.7%)
10.8%
9.0%
(0.2%)
0.0%
11.8%
11.6%
10.1%
2020
22.3%
2.8%
1.9%
17.6%
22.3%
17.9%
2021
9.0%
2022
2023
2024
10.1%
11.6%
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 83
The tables below reconcile consolidated revenue to organic revenue:
(in millions) 2024 2023 Change
Consolidated revenue $ 2,275.1 $ 2,038.6 11.6%
Acquisitions — — —%
Divestitures (1.3) (5.3) NMF
Accounting changes — — —%
Effect of foreign currency translations (1.3) — NMF
Organic revenue $ 2,272.5 $ 2,033.3 11.8%
Revenue by geographical area
(in millions) 2024 2023 Change
United States $ 1,638.8 $ 1,470.6 11.4%
Asia 49.6 49.3 0.6%
Australia 62.4 58.4 6.8%
Canada 140.4 116.3 20.7%
Continental Europe 203.8 185.5 9.9%
United Kingdom 167.4 148.0 13.1%
Other 12.7 10.5 21.0%
Total International 636.3 568.0 12.0%
Consolidated revenue $ 2,275.1 $ 2,038.6 11.6%
International revenue comprised approximately 28% of our consolidated revenue in 2024 and 2023. Approximately 58% of
international revenue was generated from Continental Europe and the UK in 2024. Revenue from international operations increased
$68.3 million, or 12.0%, in 2024 driven by strong demand for Morningstar Data and Analytics, Morningstar Wealth, and Morningstar
Credit products.
Revenue Renewal Rates
As discussed in How We Evaluate Our Business, we calculate revenue renewal rates to help measure how successful we’ve been in
maintaining existing business for products and services that have renewable revenue. The figures for license-based products includes
the effect of price changes; increasing client bases upon contract renewal; any loss of clients due to cancellations; and changes to
the contract value upon renewal (such as increased users). These factors, therefore, can result in renewal rate percentages greater
or lower than 100%.
2024 10-K: Part II
84
Our revenue renewal rate calculation includes only those products that we consider to be license-based. These are primarily weighted
toward Morningstar Data and Analytics and PitchBook products, but also includes other license-based products and services. For
these license-based products and services, we estimate that our annual renewal rate was approximately 100% in 2024 versus 103%
in 2023.
Consolidated Operating Results
(in millions) 2024 2023 Change
Cost of revenue $ 895.7 $ 843.5 6.2%
% of revenue 39.4% 41.4% (2.0) pp
Sales and marketing 441.0 423.8 4.1%
% of revenue 19.4% 20.8% (1.4) pp
General and administrative 327.2 355.8 (8.0)%
% of revenue 14.4% 17.5% (3.1) pp
Depreciation and amortization 190.4 184.9 3.0%
% of revenue 8.3% 9.1% (0.8) pp
Total operating expense $ 1,854.3 $ 1,808.0 2.6%
% of revenue 81.5% 88.7% (7.2) pp
Cost of revenue
Cost of revenue is our largest category of operating expense, representing about one-half of our total operating expense. Our business
relies heavily on human capital, and cost of revenue includes the compensation expense for employees who produce our products
and services. We include compensation expense for approximately 76% of our employees in this category.
Cost of revenue increased $52.2 million, or 6.2%, in 2024. Higher compensation expense of $35.8 million was the largest contributor
to the increase, primarily driven by higher bonus expense due to favorable performance compared to plan targets. The company
Revenue Renewal Rates for License-Based Products and Services
99%
2020
104%
2021
105%*
2022
103%*
2023
100%*
2024**
Morningstar Sustainalytics, the 2024, 2023,
and 2022 renewal rates would have been largely unchanged at 101%, 104%, and 105% respectively.
In 2024, the annual revenue renewal rate calculation excludes t
which was sold in 2024.
*
**
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 85
updated its definition of compensation expense to incorporate commissions, severance, and stock-based compensation, in addition
to salaries, bonus, employee benefits, and payroll taxes, which were all included in the earlier definition. Compensation expense for
prior periods has been retroactively adjusted for the updated definition. Technology infrastructure costs consisting of expenses
related to SaaS-based software subscriptions and cloud computing of $14.0 million were also a driver in higher operating expense
during 2024 due to the company’s investment in and renewal of various SaaS-based platforms across the business.
Sales and marketing
Sales and marketing expense increased $17.2 million, or 4.1%, in 2024. Higher compensation expense of $5.5 million was the largest
contributor, primarily due to the factors noted above relating to cost of revenue. Advertising and marketing costs increased $5.4 million
during 2024 due to higher advertising and marketing campaign expense.
General and administrative
General and administrative expense decreased $28.6 million, or 8.0%, in 2024. A decline in professional fees and the 2023 DBRS, Inc.
SEC-related settlement expenses of $15.8 million and $8.0 million, respectively, were the largest contributors to the decline in general
and administrative expense. Professional fees decreased due to lower expenses for third-party resources supporting M&A activity
and the transition of the company’s China-based activities as well as a decrease in the use of outside professional services. In
addition, professional fees in 2023 reflected the impact of higher legal fees primarily associated the SEC-related settlement.
On September 29, 2023, DBRS, Inc. entered into two settlements with the SEC requiring DBRS, Inc. to pay an aggregate of $8.0 million
in civil monetary penalties. The DBRS, Inc. SEC settlements resulted in a $6.0 million civil monetary penalty to the SEC to resolve the
investigation related to record-keeping, and a $2.0 million civil monetary penalty to the SEC to resolve the investigation related to
commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) ratings methodologies, both in early October 2023.
Facilities-related expenses also declined $6.4 million during 2024 partially due to reduction of office space in certain geographies.
These decreases were partially offset by higher compensation expense primarily due to an increase in company-sponsored benefits
and bonus expense.
Depreciation and amortization
In 2024, depreciation and amortization increased $5.5 million, or 3.0%, primarily due to an increase in depreciation expense which
was partially offset by a decrease in intangible amortization expense.
Depreciation expense increased $12.2 million in 2024, due primarily to higher capitalized software costs for product enhancements
in prior periods, as well as the impact of accelerated depreciation related to the sale of US TAMP assets.
Intangible amortization expense decreased $6.0 million in 2024, as certain intangible assets from some of our earlier acquisitions
became fully amortized.
Gain on sale of customer assets
In 2024, we recorded a $64.0 million gain on sale of US TAMP assets. Refer to Note 10 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial
Statements for additional information.
2024 10-K: Part II
86
Consolidated Operating Income and Operating Margin
(in millions) 2024 2023 Change
Operating income $ 484.8 $ 230.6 110.2%
Operating margin 21.3% 11.3% 10.0 pp
Consolidated operating income increased $254.2 million in 2024, or a 110.2% increase from 2023, reflecting an increase in revenue
of $236.5 million and a $64.0 million gain related to the company’s sale of US TAMP assets offset by an increase in operating expense
of $46.3 million. Operating margin was 21.3% in 2024, an increase of 10.0 percentage points compared with 2023. Excluding the
gain on sale of US TAMP assets, reported operating income would have increased 82.5%. The sale of US TAMP assets had a
2.8 percentage point impact on operating margin.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We reported adjusted operating income of $493.8 million in 2024 compared with $326.5 million in 2023, which excludes intangible
amortization expense, M&A-related expenses and gains, and expenses related to the significant reduction and shift of the company’s
operations in China. Adjusted operating income is a non-GAAP financial measure; the table below shows a reconciliation to the most
directly comparable GAAP financial measure.
(in millions) 2024 2023 Change
Operating income $ 484.8 $ 230.6 110.2%
Intangible amortization expense (1) 64.5 70.5 (8.5)%
M&A-related expenses (2) 8.5 9.8 (13.3)%
M&A-related gains (3) (64.0) — NMF
Severance and personnel expenses (4) — 5.5 NMF
Transformation costs (4) — 7.0 NMF
Asset impairment costs (4) — 3.1 NMF
Adjusted operating income $ 493.8 $ 326.5 51.2%
Key Metrics ($mil)
238.7
Consolidated revenue
Operating income
1,870.6
167.8
2,038.6
230.6
2,275.1
484.8
1,699.3
257.0
1,389.5
215.2
2024
2022
2023
2021
2020
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 87
(in millions) 2024 2023 Change
Morningstar Data and Analytics $ 355.4 $ 339.8 4.6%
PitchBook 186.4 148.1 25.9%
Morningstar Credit 75.6 21.7 248.4%
Morningstar Wealth (9.3) (40.4) NMF
Morningstar Retirement 65.6 54.1 21.3%
Corporate and All Other (5) (179.9) (196.8) NMF
Adjusted operating income $ 493.8 $ 326.5 51.2%
We reported adjusted operating margin of 21.7% in 2024 and 16.0% in 2023, which excludes intangible amortization expense, M&A-
related expenses and gains, and expenses related to the significant reduction and shift of the company’s operations in China. Adjusted
operating margin is a non-GAAP financial measure; the table below shows a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP
financial measure.
2024 2023 Change
Operating margin $ 21.3% $ 11.3% 10.0 pp
Intangible amortization expense (1) 2.8% 3.5% (0.7) pp
M&A-related expenses (2) 0.4% 0.4% — pp
M&A-related gains (3) (2.8)% —% (2.8) pp
Severance and personnel expenses (4) —% 0.3% (0.3) pp
Transformation costs (4) —% 0.3% (0.3) pp
Asset impairment costs (4) —% 0.2% (0.2) pp
Adjusted operating margin $ 21.7% $ 16.0% 5.7 pp
(1) Excludes finance lease amortization expense of $0.5 million in 2024 and $1.2 million in 2023.
(2) Reflects non-recurring expenses related to merger, acquisition, and divestiture activity such as pre-deal due diligence, transaction costs, severance, and post-close integration costs.
(3) Reflects gain on sale of US TAMP assets.
(4) Reflects costs associated with the significant reduction of the company’s operations in Shenzhen, China and the shift of work related to its global business functions to other
Morningstar locations.
Severance and personnel expenses include severance charges, incentive payments related to early signing of severance agreements, transition bonuses, and stock-based compensation
related to the accelerated vesting of restricted stock unit (RSU) and market stock unit (MSU) awards. In addition, the reversal of accrued sabbatical liabilities is included in this category.
Transformation costs include professional fees and the temporary duplication of headcount. As the company hired replacement roles in other markets and shifted capabilities, it employed
certain Shenzhen-based staff through the transition period, which resulted in elevated compensation costs on a temporary basis.
Asset impairment costs include the write-off or accelerated depreciation of fixed assets in the Shenzhen, China office that were not redeployed, in addition to lease abandonment costs as
the company downsized its office space prior to the lease termination date.
(5) Corporate and All Other includes unallocated corporate expenses of $181.4 million in 2024 and $153.5 million in 2023, as well as adjusted operating income/loss from Morningstar
Sustainalytics and Morningstar Indexes. Unallocated corporate expenses include finance, human resources, legal, and other management-related costs that are not considered when
segment performance is evaluated.
Segment Results
Segment adjusted operating income reflects the impact of direct segment expenses as well as certain allocated centralized costs,
such as technology, investment research, sales, facilities, and marketing.
Morningstar Data and Analytics
The following table presents the results for Morningstar Data and Analytics:
(in millions) 2024 2023 Change
Revenue $ 788.1 $ 747.2 5.5%
Adjusted operating income $ 355.4 $ 339.8 4.6%
Adjusted operating margin 45.1% 45.5% (0.4) pp
2024 10-K: Part II
88
Morningstar Data and Analytics total revenue increased $40.9 million, or 5.5%, in 2024. Revenue grew 5.8% on an organic basis,
driven primarily by increases in Morningstar Direct and Morningstar Data. Organic revenue growth excludes revenue associated
with the Commodity and Energy Data business beginning in the fourth quarter and foreign currency impact.
Morningstar Direct contributed $22.1 million to Morningstar Data and Analytics revenue growth, with revenue increasing 10.9%, or
10.8%, on an organic basis, reflecting growth across all major geographies. Morningstar Direct licenses increased 1.1%.
Morningstar Data contributed $19.4 million to Morningstar Data and Analytics revenue growth, with revenue increasing 6.9%, or
6.6% on an organic basis. Increases in managed investment (fund) data and Morningstar Essentials helped drive Morningstar Data
growth, partially offset by softness in exchange market data.
Morningstar Data and Analytics adjusted operating income increased $15.6 million, or 4.6%, and adjusted operating margin decreased
0.4 percentage points in 2024. Increased revenue was partially offset by higher compensation costs, reflecting growth in bonuses,
merit increases, and higher headcount; increased spending on sales and marketing; and the impact of the sale of the company’s
Commodity and Energy Data business.
Morningstar Data and Analytics depreciation expense was $37.9 million and $31.0 million for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
PitchBook
The following table presents the results for PitchBook:
(in millions) 2024 2023 Change
Revenue $ 618.4 $ 551.9 12.0%
Adjusted operating income $ 186.4 $ 148.1 25.9%
Adjusted operating margin 30.1% 26.8% 3.3 pp
PitchBook total revenue increased $66.5 million, or 12.0%, in 2024. Revenue grew 12.1% on an organic basis.
Revenue for the PitchBook platform, direct data, and Leveraged Commentary & Data (LCD) combined contributed $66.7 million to
PitchBook revenue growth, with revenue increasing 12.3%, or 12.4% on an organic basis. Growth was primarily driven by the PitchBook
platform with licensed users growing 16.4%, reflecting both new client users and expansion with existing clients, as well as variability
driven by user maintenance activities and updates to user lists when enterprise clients renew. PitchBook clients who were not
previously LCD clients drove the majority of the increase in licensed users, although growth continued to reflect the impact of legacy
LCD clients who have moved to the PitchBook platform and are now reflected in licensed user counts. PitchBook platform growth
drivers reflected strength in PitchBook’s core investor and advisor client segments, including venture capital, private equity, and
investment banks. This was partially offset by continued softness in the corporate client segment, especially with smaller firms with
more limited use cases.
PitchBook adjusted operating income increased $38.3 million, or 25.9%, and adjusted operating margin increased 3.3 percentage
points in 2024. The increase in margin was partially driven by the forfeiture of stock in the now-terminated PitchBook management
bonus plan, which was a compensation vehicle designed primarily to incentivize PitchBook’s former CEO.
PitchBook depreciation expense was $31.8 million and $26.8 million for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 89
Morningstar Credit
The following table presents the results for Morningstar Credit:
(in millions) 2024 2023 Change
Revenue $ 291.1 $ 215.4 35.1%
Adjusted operating income $ 75.6 $ 21.7 248.4%
Adjusted operating margin 26.0% 10.1% 15.9 pp
Morningstar Credit total revenue increased $75.7 million, or 35.1%, in 2024. Revenue increased 35.3% on an organic basis. Ratings
related revenue increased across asset classes and geographies as ratings activity rebounded compared to a relatively soft prior
year, with particular strength in commercial mortgage-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities, and corporate
ratings-related revenue. Recurring revenue, which is derived primarily from surveillance, research, and other transaction-related
revenue, and also includes data licensing revenue, represented 41% of total Morningstar Credit revenue.
Morningstar Credit adjusted operating income increased $53.9 million, or 248.4%, and adjusted operating margin increased
15.9 percentage points in 2024. Adjusted operating income and margin growth in 2024 was driven by increased revenue, partially
offset by higher bonus expense in the year reflecting strong performance versus plan targets and the comparison to relatively low
bonus expense in 2023. Prior-year operating expenses included $8.0 million related to the DBRS, Inc. SEC settlements and $1.7 million
in severance related to targeted reorganizations.
Morningstar Credit depreciation expense was $8.9 million and $9.1 million for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Morningstar Wealth
The following table presents the results for Morningstar Wealth:
(in millions) 2024 2023 Change
Revenue $ 248.4 $ 229.9 8.0%
Adjusted operating income (loss) $ (9.3) $ (40.4) NMF
Adjusted operating margin (3.7)% (17.6)% 13.9 pp
Morningstar Wealth total revenue increased $18.5 million, or 8.0%, in 2024. Revenue grew 8.1% on an organic basis, primarily driven
by growth in Investment Management. Organic revenue growth excludes platform revenue from the US TAMP from prior year starting
in December, interim service fees received from AssetMark associated with the sale of US TAMP assets, and foreign currency impact.
Asset-based revenue is based on quarter-end, prior quarter-end, or average asset levels during each quarter, which are often reported
on a one-quarter lag for certain Investment Management products including Morningstar Model Portfolios (also known as Morningstar
Managed Portfolios). The timing of this client asset reporting and the structure of our contracts often results in a lag between market
movements and the impact on revenue. The following table summarizes our approximate Morningstar Wealth AUMA:
As of December 31,
(in billions) 2024 2023 Change
Morningstar Model Portfolios $ 43.8 $ 38.7 13.2%
Institutional Asset Management 7.0 7.7 (9.1)%
Asset Allocation Services 11.5 9.1 26.4%
Investment Management (total) $ 62.3 $ 55.5 12.3%
2024 10-K: Part II
90
Investment Management contributed $19.7 million to Morningstar Wealth revenue growth, with revenue increasing 16.1% on a
reported or 16.3% on an organic basis. Growth was primarily supported by higher revenue for Morningstar Model Portfolios. Reported
AUMA, calculated using the most recently available average quarterly or monthly data, increased 12.3% to $62.3 billion compared
with the prior year, helped by strong market performance which drove higher asset values and positive net flows to Morningstar
Model Portfolios on third-party platforms and to the International Wealth Platform.
Morningstar Wealth adjusted operating loss decreased $31.1 million and adjusted operating margin increased 13.9 percentage
points in 2024. In 2024, the adjusted operating loss excludes the gain on sale of US TAMP assets, as well as related expenses. Prior-
year period operating expenses included $1.8 million in severance related to targeted reorganizations in Morningstar Wealth.
Morningstar Wealth depreciation expense was $18.5 million and $15.8 million for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Morningstar Retirement
The following table presents the results for Morningstar Retirement:
(in millions) 2024 2023 Change
Revenue $ 127.1 $ 110.5 15.0%
Adjusted operating income $ 65.6 $ 54.1 21.3%
Adjusted operating margin 51.6% 49.0% 2.6 pp
Morningstar Retirement total revenue increased $16.6 million, or 15.0%, on both a reported and organic basis, in 2024. AUMA,
calculated using the most recently available average quarterly or monthly data, increased 19.7% to $275.9 billion compared with
the prior year, reflecting market gains and positive net flows, supported by strong growth in traditional and Advisor Managed
Accounts, fiduciary services, and custom models.
Asset-based revenue is based on quarter-end, prior quarter-end, or average asset levels during each quarter, which are often reported
on a one-quarter lag. The timing of this client asset reporting and the structure of our contracts often results in a lag between market
movements and the impact on revenue. The following table summarizes our approximate Morningstar Retirement AUMA:
As of December 31,
(in billions) 2024 2023 Change
Managed Accounts $ 160.4 $ 134.8 19.0%
Fiduciary Services 65.8 56.2 17.1%
Custom Models/CITs 49.7 39.4 26.1%
Morningstar Retirement (total) $ 275.9 $ 230.4 19.7%
Morningstar Retirement adjusted operating income increased $11.5 million, or 21.3%, and adjusted operating margin increased
2.6 percentage points in 2024.
Morningstar Retirement depreciation expense was $10.0 million and $11.0 million for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 91
Corporate and All Other
Corporate and All Other provides a reconciliation between revenue from our Total Reportable Segments and consolidated revenue
amounts. Corporate and All Other includes Morningstar Sustainalytics and Morningstar Indexes as sources of revenues.
Corporate and All Other revenue increased $18.3 million, or 10.0% on a reported basis, in 2024.
Morningstar Indexes revenue increased $19.2 million or 29.3%. Organic revenue increased 29.1% primarily driven by higher investable
product revenue as market performance contributed to an increase in asset value linked to Morningstar Indexes of 19.4% to $210.9 billion.
Morningstar Sustainalytics revenue decreased $0.9 million or 0.8%. Organic revenue decreased 0.9% which was largely driven by lower
revenues for ESG Risk Ratings and SPOs. Revenue was also negatively impacted by the streamlining of the licensed-ratings offering.
Non-operating income (expense), net, Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities, and
Effective tax rate and Income tax expense
Non-operating income (expense), net
The following table presents the components of non-operating income (expense), net:
(in millions) 2024 2023
Interest income $ 12.2 $ 9.0
Interest expense (49.9) (60.7)
Net realized gains (losses) on sale of investments, reclassified from other comprehensive income 3.8 2.9
Gain on sale of business 45.3 —
Expense from equity method transaction, net — (11.8)
Other income (expense), net (4.9) 11.5
Non-operating income (expense), net $ 6.5 $ (49.1)
Interest income reflects interest from our cash, cash equivalents, and investment portfolio. Interest expense mainly relates to the
outstanding principal balance under our Amended 2022 Credit Agreement and the $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of
our 2030 Notes.
Effective September 30, 2024, we sold our Commodity and Energy Data business within the Morningstar Data and Analytics segment
for a purchase price of $52.4 million. In the third quarter of 2024, we recorded a $45.3 million gain on sale of business in the
Consolidated Statements of Income. Refer to Note 10 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Expense from equity method transaction, net for 2023 primarily reflects the impact of the Termination Agreement (the Termination
Agreement) with Morningstar Japan K.K. (now known as SBI Global Asset Management Co., Ltd. (Wealth Advisors)) and the Tender
Offer Agreement (the Tender Offer Agreement) with SBI Global Asset Management Co., Ltd. (now known as SBI Asset Management
Group Co., Ltd. (SBI)). Refer to Note 11 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the
Termination Agreement and the Tender Offer Agreement.
2024 10-K: Part II
92
Other income (expense), net primarily consists of foreign currency exchange gains (losses) and unrealized gains (losses) on investments.
Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities
(in millions) 2024 2023
Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities $ (17.4) $ (7.4)
Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities primarily reflects losses from our unconsolidated entities and impairment. We
recorded a $12.4 million impairment loss in 2024 related to our investment in SmartX Advisory Solutions. We describe our investments
in unconsolidated entities in more detail in Note 11 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Effective tax rate and income tax expense
The following table summarizes the components of our effective tax rate:
(in millions) 2024 2023
Income before income taxes and equity in investments of unconsolidated entities $ 491.3 $ 181.5
Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities (17.4) (7.4)
Income before income taxes $ 473.9 $ 174.1
Income tax expense $ 104.0 $ 33.0
Effective tax rate 21.9% 19.0%
Our effective tax rate in 2024 was 21.9%, an increase of 2.9 percentage points, compared with 19.0% in the prior year. Our 2024
effective rate was favorably impacted by the book gain in excess of taxable gain on the sale of our Commodity and Energy Data
business and was offset by deferred taxes that we recorded with respect to unremitted foreign earnings. Further, our 2023 effective
tax rate was lower primarily due to the recognition of tax benefits related to a retroactive tax election.
In October 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) agreed to a two-pillar approach to global
taxation focusing on global profit allocation (Pillar One) and a global minimum tax rate (Pillar Two). In December 2022, the EU
member states agreed to implement the OECD’s global corporate minimum tax rate of 15% under Pillar Two to be effective in
January 2024. Other countries are also considering changes to their tax laws to adopt certain parts of the OECD’s proposals. This
legislation represents a significant change in the international tax regime and could result in increases to our effective tax rate as a
result of the imposition of minimum taxes. The Pillar Two minimum tax is treated as a period cost beginning in 2024 and did not
have a material impact on our 2024 effective tax rate. We continue to monitor developments and administrative guidance in addition
to evaluating the potential impact on our consolidated financial statements for future periods.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 93
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2024, we had cash, cash equivalents, and investments of $551.0 million, up $162.0 million from the prior year.
Cash provided by operating activities is our main source of cash. In 2024, cash provided by operating activities was $591.6 million,
reflecting $498.8 million of net income adjusted for non-cash items and $92.8 million in positive changes from our net operating
assets and liabilities. Cash provided by operating activities increased $275.2 million, from $316.4 million in 2023 primarily driven by
higher cash earnings.
Cash used for investing activities decreased $60.6 million from $81.9 million in 2023 to $21.3 million in 2024, primarily driven by
$65.0 million proceeds from sale of US TAMP assets in 2024 and $52.4 million proceeds from sale of our Commodity and Energy
Data business in 2024. This was offset by higher capital expenditures in 2024.
Cash used for financing activities increased $106.0 million from $278.4 million in 2023 to $384.4 million in 2024. Financing cash
flows were impacted by $274.4 million and $137.5 million net repayments to our financing arrangements in 2024 and 2023,
respectively. On February 6, 2023, the company made its final $50.0 million contingent payment related to the acquisition of LCD, of
which $4.5 million is reflected in operating cash flows and $45.5 million is reflected in financing cash flows.
We believe our available cash balances and investments, along with cash generated from operations and our credit facility, will be
sufficient to meet our operating and cash needs for at least the next 12 months. We are focused on maintaining a strong balance
sheet and liquidity position. We hold our cash reserves in cash equivalents and investments and maintain a conservative investment
policy. We invest most of our investment balance in stocks, bonds, options, mutual funds, money market funds, or exchange-traded
products that replicate the model portfolios and strategies created by Morningstar. These investment accounts may also include
exchange-traded products where Morningstar is an index provider.
Approximately 76% of our cash, cash equivalents, and investments were held by our operations outside the US as of December 31,
2024 and 2023. We generally consider most of our US directly-owned foreign subsidiary earnings to be permanently reinvested.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Investments ($mil)
Cash and cash equivalents
Investments
422.5
41.7
2020
546.1
337.9
51.1
502.7
48.3
483.8
62.3
389.0
2023
464.2
2021
376.6
38.0
414.6
2022
551.0
2024
2024 10-K: Part II
94
During the fourth quarter of 2024, we determined $142.0 million in earnings of certain of our foreign subsidiaries to be no longer
permanently reinvested. We anticipate a one-time repatriation of these earnings back to the US via distribution later in 2025. We
have recorded a deferred tax liability of $7.1 million that reflects the income tax effects of the repatriation of these earnings, mostly
due to non-US withholding taxes, that would be due at the time of remittance.
We intend to use our cash, cash equivalents, and investments for general corporate purposes, including working capital and funding
future growth.
Credit Agreement
On May 6, 2022, the company entered into a senior credit agreement (the 2022 Credit Agreement), providing the company with a
five-year multi-currency credit facility with an initial borrowing capacity of up to $1.1 billion, including a $650.0 million term loan
and a $450.0 million revolving credit facility. The 2022 Credit Agreement also provided for the issuance of letters of credit and a
swingline facility. The 2022 Credit Agreement was amended twice in September 2022 and again most recently in June 2024 (Amended
2022 Credit Agreement) to, among other items, eliminate the options for a second term loan draw and increase both the term loan
and revolving credit facility to $650.0 million each, raising the total borrowing capacity to $1.3 billion (Amended 2022 Term Facility
and Amended 2022 Revolving Credit Facility, respectively), and to update the reference rate for credit extensions in Canadian dollars.
Aside from the increased borrowing capacity, the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement left the 2022 Credit Agreement terms largely
unchanged. As of December 31, 2024, our total outstanding debt under the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement was $349.8 million,
net of debt issuance costs, with borrowing availability of $650.0 million under the 2022 Revolving Credit Facility.
The interest rate applicable to any loan under the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement is, at the company’s option, either: (i) the
applicable Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) plus an applicable margin for such loans, which ranges between 1.00% and
1.48%, based on the company’s consolidated leverage ratio or (ii) the lender’s base rate plus the applicable margin for such loans,
which ranges between 0.00% and 0.38%, based on our consolidated leverage ratio.
The portions of deferred debt issuance costs related to the Amended 2022 Revolving Credit Facility are included in other current
and non-current assets, and the portion of deferred debt issuance costs related to the Amended 2022 Term Facility is reported as a
reduction to the carrying amount of the Amended 2022 Term Facility. Debt issuance costs related to the Amended 2022 Revolving
Credit Facility are amortized on a straight-line basis to interest expense over the term of the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement. Debt
issuance costs related to the Amended 2022 Term Facility are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over
the term of the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement.
Private Placement Debt Offering
On October 26, 2020, we completed the issuance and sale of $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2.32% senior notes due
October 26, 2030 (the 2030 Notes), in a private placement exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933,
as amended. Proceeds were primarily used to pay off a portion of the company’s outstanding debt under the prior credit agreement.
Interest on the 2030 Notes will be paid semi-annually on each October 30 and April 30 during the term of the 2030 Notes and at
maturity, with the first interest payment date occurring on April 30, 2021. As of December 31, 2024, our total outstanding debt, net
of issuance costs, under the 2030 Notes was $348.8 million.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 95
Compliance with Covenants
Each of the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement and the 2030 Notes include customary representations, warranties, and covenants,
including financial covenants, that require us to maintain specified ratios of consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation,
and amortization (EBITDA) to consolidated interest charges and consolidated funded indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA, which
are evaluated on a quarterly basis. We were in compliance with these financial covenants as of December 31, 2024, with consolidated
funded indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA calculated at approximately 0.9x.
Share Repurchases
On December 6, 2022, the board of directors approved a share repurchase program that authorizes the company to repurchase up
to $500.0 million in shares of the company’s outstanding common stock, effective January 1, 2023. This authorization replaced the
then-existing share repurchase program and expires on December 31, 2025. Under this authorization, we may repurchase shares
from time to time at prevailing market prices on the open market or in private transactions in amounts that we deem appropriate.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased a total of 33,300 shares for $11.6 million. As of December 31, 2024, we have
repurchased a total of 41,784 shares for $13.0 million under this authorization, leaving $487.0 million available for future repurchases.
Dividends
In 2024, we also paid dividends of $69.3 million. While subsequent dividends will be subject to board approval, we expect to make
regular quarterly dividend payments of 45.5 cents per share in 2025. In December 2024, our board of directors approved a regular
quarterly dividend of $0.455 per share, or $19.4 million, payable on January 31, 2025 to shareholders of record as of January 3, 2025.
Wealth Advisors
On January 27, 2023, we entered into the Termination Agreement and the Tender Offer Agreement. Pursuant to the Termination
Agreement, Wealth Advisors agreed to cease use of the Morningstar brand, and Morningstar and Wealth Advisors agreed to terminate
the License Agreement originally entered into in 1998. As consideration for the transaction, Morningstar agreed to pay Wealth
Advisors 8 billion Japanese yen upon the termination of the license agreement and the achievement of certain conditions related
primarily to the termination of the use of the Morningstar brand by Wealth Advisors’ customers. On April 6, 2023, we made the first
Debt ($mil)
449.1
2020
972.4
2023
698.6
2024
1,109.6
2022
359.4
2021
2024 10-K: Part II
96
cash payment of 6 billion Japanese yen ($45.1 million), and on April 19, 2023, we made the second and final cash payment of 2 billion
Japanese yen ($14.8 million), pursuant to the Termination Agreement.
As part of such transaction, pursuant to the Tender Offer Agreement, Morningstar agreed to tender up to 10 million shares in Wealth
Advisors to SBI. The tender offer closed on February 28, 2023, and SBI purchased 8,040,600 shares of Wealth Advisors from
Morningstar, resulting in net proceeds of $26.2 million and a pre-tax gain of $18.4 million. Refer to Note 11 of the Notes to our
Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Termination Agreement and the Tender Offer Agreement.
Other
We expect to continue making capital expenditures in 2025, primarily for computer hardware, software, and leasehold improvements
for new and existing office locations.
We also expect to use a portion of our cash and investments balances in the first quarter of 2025 to make annual bonus payments
of approximately $164.8 million related to the 2024 bonus program compared with $123.9 million paid in the first quarter of 2024
for the 2023 bonus program.
Consolidated Free Cash Flow
As described in more detail above, free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as cash provided by or used for operating
activities less capital expenditures. We present free cash flow solely as a supplemental disclosure to help investors better understand
how much cash is available after making capital expenditures. Our management team uses free cash flow to evaluate the health of
our business. Free cash flow is not a measure of performance. Also, the free cash flow definition we use may not be comparable to
similarly titled measures used by other companies.
(in millions) 2024 2023 Change
Cash provided by operating activities $ 591.6 $ 316.4 87.0%
Capital expenditures (142.7) (119.1) 19.8%
Free cash flow $ 448.9 $ 197.3 127.5%
We generated free cash flow of $448.9 million in 2024, an increase of $251.6 million compared with 2023. The change reflects a
$275.2 million increase in cash provided by operating activities as well as a $23.6 million increase in capital expenditures. The
increase in cash flow from operations and free cash flow was primarily driven by higher cash earnings.
In 2023, free cash flow was impacted by $4.5 million LCD contingent payment within operating cash flow, payments related to the
Termination Agreement of $59.9 million, and $26.4 million of severance and other related costs paid for the China transition, which
together totaled $90.8 million. Excluding these items and $1.8 million in severance related to the sale of US TAMP assets in 2024,
free cash flow would have been $450.7 million and $288.1 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Acquisitions
We paid a total of $647.5 million, net of cash acquired, related to acquisitions over the past three years. We describe these acquisitions
in Note 9 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
We paid a total of $40.4 million related to additional investments in unconsolidated entities over the past three years. We describe
these investments in Note 11 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 97
Divestitures
Over the last three years, we received a total of $52.4 million from the sale of business and $65.0 million from the sale of customer
assets. We describe these divestitures in Note 10 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our Consolidated Financial Statements,
which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. We discuss our significant accounting policies in Note 2 of the Notes to our
Consolidated Financial Statements. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires our management
team to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expense, and related
disclosures included in our Consolidated Financial Statements.
We continually evaluate our estimates. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe
are reasonable. Based on these assumptions and estimates, we make judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities
that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results could vary from these estimates and assumptions. If actual
amounts are different from previous estimates, we include revisions in our results of operations for the period in which the actual
amounts become known.
We believe the following critical accounting policies reflect the significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our
Consolidated Financial Statements:
Revenue Recognition
A majority of our revenue comes from the sale of subscriptions for data, software, and Internet-based products and services. We
recognize this revenue in equal amounts over the noncancellable term of the subscription or license, which generally ranges from
one to three years. Our license-based revenue represents subscription services available to customers and not a license under the
accounting guidance. We also provide research, investment management, retirement advice, and other services. We recognize this
revenue when the service is provided or during the service obligation period defined in the contract.
We make judgments related to revenue recognition, including allocating the transaction price in a contract. For contracts that
combine multiple products and services or other performance obligations, we make judgments regarding the value of each obligation
in the arrangement based on selling prices of the items as if sold separately. We recognize revenue as we satisfy our performance
obligations under the terms of the contracts with our customers.
We make judgments at the beginning of an arrangement regarding whether collection of the consideration to which we are entitled
is probable and assess the likelihood of collection on a customer-by-customer basis. We typically sell to institutional customers with
whom we have a history of successful collections.
Deferred revenue is the amount billed or collected in advance for subscriptions or services that has not yet been recognized as
revenue. Deferred revenue totaled $563.2 million at the end of 2024 (of which $540.8 million was classified as a current liability with
an additional $22.4 million, mainly credit rating surveillance, included in long-term liabilities). We expect to recognize this deferred
revenue in future periods as we fulfill our performance obligations under our subscription and service agreements.
2024 10-K: Part II
98
The amount of deferred revenue may increase or decrease based on the mix of contracted products and services and the volume of
new and renewal subscriptions. The timing of future revenue recognition may change depending on the terms of the applicable
agreements and the timing of fulfilling our service obligations.
Acquisitions, Goodwill, and Other Intangible Assets
We generally acquire businesses which are accounted for as business combinations. Our financial statements reflect the operations
of an acquired business starting from the completion of the transaction. We record the estimated fair value of assets acquired and
liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition.
To account for each business combination, we utilize the acquisition method of accounting which requires the following steps
(1) identifying the acquirer, (2) determining the acquisition date, (3) recognizing and measuring identifiable assets acquired and
liabilities assumed, and (4) recognizing and measuring goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase.
Regardless of whether an acquisition is considered to be a business combination or an asset acquisition, allocating the purchase
price to the acquired assets and liabilities involves management judgment. We base the fair value estimates on available historical
information and on future expectations and assumptions that we believe are reasonable, but these estimates are inherently uncertain.
Determining the fair value of intangible assets requires significant management judgment in the following areas:
F Identify the acquired intangible assets: For each acquisition, we identify the intangible assets acquired. These intangible assets
generally consist of customer relationships, trademarks and trade names, technology-related intangibles (including internally
developed software and databases), and in certain acquisitions, noncompete agreements.
F Estimate the fair value of these intangible assets: We may consider various approaches to value the intangible assets. These
include the cost approach, which measures the value of an asset based on the cost to reproduce it or replace it with another
asset of like utility by applying the reproduction cost method or replacement cost method; the market approach, which values
the asset through an analysis of sales and offerings of comparable assets which can be adjusted to reflect differences between
the investment or asset being valued and the comparable investments or assets, such as historical financial condition and
performance, expected economic benefits, time and terms of sale, utility, and physical characteristics, and the income approach,
which measures the value of an asset based on the present value of the economic benefits it is expected to produce utilizing
inputs such as estimated future cash flows based on forecasted revenue growth rates and margins, estimated attrition rates,
and discount rate assumptions.
F Estimate the remaining useful life of the assets: For each intangible asset, we use judgment and assumptions to establish the
remaining useful life of the asset. For example, for customer relationships, we determine the estimated useful life with reference
to observed customer attrition rates. For technology-related assets such as databases, we make judgments about the demand
for current data and historical metrics in establishing the remaining useful life. For internally developed software, we estimate
an obsolescence factor associated with the software.
We record any excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired as goodwill, which is not amortized.
We recognize the fair value of any contingent payments at the date of acquisition as part of the consideration transferred to acquire
a business. Contingent payments are recognized at fair value at the date of acquisition using either a Monte Carlo simulation, which
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 99
requires the use of management assumptions and inputs, such as projected financial information related to revenue growth and
expected margin percentage, among other valuation related items, or calculating the weighted average of the estimated contingent
payment scenarios. The liability associated with contingent consideration is remeasured to fair value at each reporting period
subsequent to the date of acquisition considering factors that may impact the timing and amount of contingent payments until the
term of the agreement has expired or the contingency is resolved. Any changes in the fair value measurement will be recorded in
our Consolidated Statements of Income. In evaluating the characterization of contingent and deferred payments, we analyze relevant
factors, including the nature of the payment, continuing employment requirements, incremental payments to employees of the
acquired business, and timing and rationale underlying the transaction, to determine whether the payments should be accounted
for as additional purchase consideration or post-combination related services.
We believe the accounting estimates related to purchase price allocations, subsequent goodwill impairment testing, and contingent
payments are critical accounting estimates because changes in these assumptions could materially affect the amounts and
classifications of assets and liabilities presented in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, as well as the amount of amortization and
depreciation expense, if any, recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income. The significance of this policy varies from period
to period depending upon the volume of applicable acquisition transactions occurring.
Recently Adopted and Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Refer to Note 19 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for recently adopted and issued accounting pronouncements
as of December 31, 2024.
2024 10-K: Part II
100
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Our investment portfolio is actively managed and may suffer losses from fluctuating interest rates, market prices, or adverse security
selection. These accounts may consist of stocks, bonds, options, mutual funds, money market funds, or exchange-traded products
that replicate the model portfolios and strategies created by Morningstar. These investment accounts may also include exchange-
traded products where Morningstar is an index provider. As of December 31, 2024, our cash, cash equivalents, and investments
balance was $551.0 million. Based on our estimates, a 100 basis-point change in interest rates would not have a material effect on
the fair value of our investment portfolio.
We are subject to risk from fluctuations in the interest rates related to a portion of our long-term debt. The interest rates are based
upon the applicable Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) rate plus an applicable margin for such loans or the lender’s base rate
plus an applicable margin for such loans. On an annualized basis, we estimate a 100 basis-point change in the SOFR rate would have
a $3.5 million impact on our interest expense based on our outstanding principal balance and SOFR rates around December 31, 2024.
We are subject to risk from fluctuations in foreign currencies from our operations outside of the US. To date, we have not engaged
in currency hedging, and we do not currently have any positions in derivative instruments to hedge our currency risk.
The table below shows our exposure to foreign currency denominated revenue and operating income for the year ended
December 31, 2024:
Australian British Canadian Other Foreign
(in millions, except foreign currency rates) Dollar Pound Dollar Euro Currencies
Foreign currency rate in US dollars as of December 31, 2024 0.6205 1.2537 0.6958 1.0388 n/a
Foreign denominated percentage of revenue 2.7% 7.4% 6.2% 6.4% 5.3%
Foreign denominated percentage of operating income (loss) 4.1% (7.7)% 1.6% 4.7% (14.0)%
Estimated effect of a 10% adverse currency fluctuation on revenue $ (5.7) $ (16.4) $ (13.4) $ (14.1) $ (11.8)
Estimated effect of a 10% adverse currency fluctuation on operating
income (loss) $ (1.8) $ 3.7 $ (0.7) $ (2.1) $ 6.7
The table below shows our net investment exposure in foreign currencies as of December 31, 2024:
Australian British Canadian Other Foreign
(in millions) Dollar Pound Dollar Euro Currencies
Assets, net of unconsolidated entities $ 64.0 $ 294.3 $ 222.8 $ 259.7 $ 251.1
Less: liabilities (33.4) (97.2) (102.2) (113.3) (103.2)
Net currency position $ 30.6 $ 197.1 $ 120.6 $ 146.4 $ 147.9
Estimated effect of a 10% adverse currency fluctuation on equity $ (3.1) $ (19.7) $ (12.1) $ (14.6) $ (14.8)
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 101
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Morningstar, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Morningstar, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of
December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), equity, and cash flows
for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule II
(collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all
material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and
its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted
accounting principles.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB),
the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal
Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and
our report dated February 28, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over
financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an
opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB
and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable
rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the
audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether
due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of the material misstatement of the consolidated
financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included
in examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits
also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as the overall
presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial
statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or
disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or
complex judgements. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial
statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on
the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
2024 10-K: Part II
102
Evaluation of sufficiency of audit evidence over revenue
As discussed in Notes 2 and 5 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has recorded $2,275.1 million in revenues, for
the year ended December 31, 2024, which contain multiple product revenue streams. The Company’s process to account for and
recognize revenue differs between certain revenue streams.
We identified the evaluation of the sufficiency of the audit evidence over revenue as a critical audit matter. Evaluating the sufficiency
of audit evidence obtained required especially subjective auditor judgement due to the multiple product revenue streams and the
use of multiple processes to account for and recognize revenue. This included determining the nature and extent of audit evidence
obtained over revenue.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We used auditor judgement to determine
the nature and extent of procedures to be performed, including the determination of the revenue streams over which those procedures
were performed. For product revenue streams where procedures were performed, we:
F evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s revenue
recognition processes
F evaluated the Company’s revenue recognition accounting policies
F selected certain revenue transactions and assessed recorded amounts by comparing them for consistency with underlying
documentation, including the customer contract
F evaluated certain revenue transactions for consistency with the Company’s accounting policies, as applicable, including timing
of revenue recognition
In addition, we evaluated the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained by assessing the results of the procedures performed, including
the appropriateness of the nature and extent of audit effort over revenue.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2011.
Chicago, Illinois
February 28, 2025
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 103
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Morningstar, Inc.:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Morningstar, Inc. and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024,
based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations
of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial
reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB),
the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income,
comprehensive income (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and
the related notes and financial statement schedule II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated
February 28, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment
of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal
Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting
based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to
the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and
Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the
audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material
respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial
reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of
internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary
in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
2024 10-K: Part II
104
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability
of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for the external purposes in accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain
to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets
of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial
statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are
being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable
assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that
could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections
of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes
in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Chicago, Illinois
February 28, 2025
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 105
2024 10-K: Part II
106
Year ended December 31, (in millions except per share amounts) 2024 2023 2022
Revenue $ 2,275.1 $ 2,038.6 $ 1,870.6
Operating expense:
Cost of revenue 895.7 843.5 779.3
Sales and marketing 441.0 423.8 356.5
General and administrative 327.2 355.8 400.4
Depreciation and amortization 190.4 184.9 166.6
Total operating expense 1,854.3 1,808.0 1,702.8
Gain on sale of customer assets 64.0 — —
Operating income 484.8 230.6 167.8
Non-operating income (expense), net:
Interest expense, net (37.7) (51.7) (28.4)
Net realized gains (losses) on sale of investments, reclassified from other comprehensive income 3.8 2.9 (2.1)
Gain on sale of business 45.3 — —
Expense from equity method transaction, net — (11.8) —
Other income (expense), net (4.9) 11.5 (6.7)
Non-operating income (expense), net 6.5 (49.1) (37.2)
Income before income taxes and equity in investments of unconsolidated entities 491.3 181.5 130.6
Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities (17.4) (7.4) (3.6)
Income tax expense 104.0 33.0 56.5
Consolidated net income $ 369.9 $ 141.1 $ 70.5
Net income per share:
Basic $ 8.64 $ 3.31 $ 1.65
Diluted $ 8.58 $ 3.29 $ 1.64
Dividends per common share:
Dividends declared per common share $ 1.67 $ 1.53 $ 1.46
Dividends paid per common share $ 1.62 $ 1.50 $ 1.44
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic 42.8 42.6 42.6
Diluted 43.1 42.9 42.9
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 107
Year ended December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Consolidated net income $ 369.9 $ 141.1 $ 70.5
Other comprehensive income (loss), net:
Foreign currency translation adjustment (32.9) 12.6 (58.2)
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during period 2.8 2.1 (7.0)
Reclassification of net realized (gains) losses on investments included in net income (2.8) (2.2) 1.5
Other comprehensive income (loss), net (32.9) 12.5 (63.7)
Comprehensive income $ 337.0 $ 153.6 $ 6.8
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
2024 10-K: Part II
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As of December 31 (in millions except share amounts) 2024 2023
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 502.7 $ 337.9
Investments 48.3 51.1
Accounts receivable, less allowance for credit losses of $7.1 million and $5.6 million, respectively 358.1 343.9
Income tax receivable 12.4 0.6
Deferred commissions 39.2 41.9
Prepaid expenses 42.1 34.9
Other current assets 11.3 5.4
Total current assets 1,014.1 815.7
Goodwill 1,562.0 1,578.8
Intangible assets, net 408.8 484.4
Property, equipment, and capitalized software, net 218.9 207.7
Operating lease assets 181.2 163.9
Investments in unconsolidated entities 85.3 100.2
Deferred tax assets, net 43.2 14.6
Deferred commissions 26.6 29.3
Other assets 8.8 8.8
Total assets $ 3,548.9 $ 3,403.4
Liabilities and equity
Current liabilities:
Deferred revenue $ 540.8 $ 517.7
Accrued compensation 272.2 214.4
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 87.3 78.4
Current portion of long-term debt — 32.1
Operating lease liabilities 35.1 36.4
Income tax payable 30.5 —
Other current liabilities 1.4 1.8
Total current liabilities 967.3 880.8
Operating lease liabilities 170.3 151.4
Accrued compensation 21.0 23.7
Deferred tax liabilities, net 27.6 35.6
Long-term debt 698.6 940.3
Deferred revenue 22.4 26.3
Income tax payable 11.7 8.3
Other long-term liabilities 11.4 9.2
Total liabilities $ 1,930.3 $ 2,075.6
Equity:
Morningstar, Inc. shareholders’ equity:
Common stock, no par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, of which 42,869,380 and 42,728,182 shares were
outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively $ — $ —
Treasury stock at cost, 12,010,630 and 11,987,495 shares as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
respectively (993.9) (985.5)
Additional paid-in capital 822.7 789.0
Retained earnings 1,909.2 1,610.8
Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Currency translation adjustment (119.3) (86.4)
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments, net of tax (0.1) (0.1)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss (119.4) (86.5)
Total equity 1,618.6 1,327.8
Total liabilities and equity $ 3,548.9 $ 3,403.4
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 109
Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Equity
Morningstar, Inc. Shareholders’ Equity
Accumulated
Common Stock Additional Other
Shares Par Treasury Paid-in Retained Comprehensive Total
(in millions, except share amounts) Outstanding Value Stock Capital Earnings Income (Loss) Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2021 43,136,273 $ — $ (764.3) $ 689.0 $ 1,526.5 $ (35.3) $ 1,415.9
Net income — — — 70.5 — 70.5
Other comprehensive income (loss), net:
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments,
net of tax — — — — (7.0) (7.0)
Reclassification of adjustments for loss on investments
included in net income, net of tax — — — — 1.5 1.5
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net — — — — (58.2) (58.2)
Other comprehensive loss, net — — — — (63.7) (63.7)
Issuance of common stock related to vesting of stock units,
net of shares withheld for taxes on settlements of
stock units 226,652 — 3.6 (33.6) — — (30.0)
Reclassification of awards previously liability-classified that
were converted to equity — — 19.2 — — 19.2
Stock-based compensation—restricted stock units — — 35.9 — — 35.9
Stock-based compensation—market stock units — — 10.1 — — 10.1
Stock-based compensation—performance stock units — — 37.2 — — 37.2
Common shares repurchased (882,874) — (226.0) — — — (226.0)
Dividends declared ($1.46 per share) — — — (62.0) — (62.0)
Balance as of December 31, 2022 42,480,051 — (986.7) 757.8 1,535.0 (99.0) 1,207.1
Net income — — — 141.1 — 141.1
Other comprehensive income (loss), net:
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments,
net of tax — — — — 2.1 2.1
Reclassification of adjustments for gain on investments
included in net income, net of tax — — — — (2.2) (2.2)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net — — — — 12.6 12.6
Other comprehensive income, net — — — — 12.5 12.5
Morningstar, Inc. Shareholders’ Equity
Accumulated
Common Stock Additional Other
Shares Par Treasury Paid-in Retained Comprehensive Total
(in millions, except share amounts) Outstanding Value Stock Capital Earnings Income (Loss) Equity
Issuance of common stock related to vesting of stock units,
net of shares withheld for taxes on settlements of
stock units 256,615 — 2.6 (32.9) — — (30.3)
Reclassification of awards previously liability-classified
that were converted to equity — — 11.3 — — 11.3
Stock-based compensation—restricted stock units — — 38.8 — — 38.8
Stock-based compensation—market stock units — — 7.5 — — 7.5
Stock-based compensation—performance stock units — — 6.5 — — 6.5
Common shares repurchased (8,484) — (1.4) — — — (1.4)
Dividends declared ($1.53 per share) — — — (65.3) — (65.3)
Balance as of December 31, 2023 42,728,182 — (985.5) 789.0 1,610.8 (86.5) 1,327.8
Net income — — — 369.9 — 369.9
Other comprehensive income (loss), net:
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments,
net of tax — — — — 2.8 2.8
Reclassification of adjustments for gain on investments
included in net income, net of tax — — — — (2.8) (2.8)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net — — — — (32.9) (32.9)
Other comprehensive loss, net — — — — (32.9) (32.9)
Issuance of common stock related to vesting of stock
units, net of shares withheld for taxes on settlements
of stock units 174,498 — 3.2 (32.3) — — (29.1)
Reclassification of awards previously liability-classified that
were converted to equity — 11.3 — — 11.3
Stock-based compensation—restricted stock units — — 38.4 — — 38.4
Stock-based compensation—market stock units — — 16.2 — — 16.2
Stock-based compensation—performance stock units — — 0.1 — — 0.1
Common shares repurchased (33,300) — (11.6) — — — (11.6)
Dividends declared ($1.67 per share) — — — (71.5) — (71.5)
Balance as of December 31, 2024 42,869,380 $ — $ (993.9) $ 822.7 $ 1,909.2 $ (119.4) $ 1,618.6
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
2024 10-K: Part II
110
Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Equity
Year ended December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Operating activities
Consolidated net income $ 369.9 $ 141.1 $ 70.5
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net income to net cash flows from operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 190.4 184.9 166.6
Deferred income taxes (34.8) (32.4) (37.3)
Stock-based compensation expense 54.7 52.8 83.2
Provision for bad debt 8.1 5.3 3.8
Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities 17.4 7.4 3.6
Gain on equity method transaction — (49.6) —
Gain on sale of business (45.3) — —
Gain on sale of customer assets (64.0) — —
Acquisition earn-out accrual — — 4.5
Other, net 2.4 (21.2) 14.9
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable (30.3) (38.2) (38.6)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 9.6 (1.5) (2.0)
Accrued compensation and deferred commissions 76.9 14.9 (37.5)
Income taxes 23.1 (7.8) 18.9
Deferred revenue 30.1 50.9 60.0
Other assets and liabilities (16.6) 9.8 (12.8)
Cash provided by operating activities 591.6 316.4 297.8
Investing activities
Purchases of investment securities (16.0) (15.7) (36.5)
Proceeds from maturities and sales of investment securities 27.1 31.1 43.0
Capital expenditures (142.7) (119.1) (129.5)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired — (0.8) (646.7)
Proceeds from sale of business 52.4 — —
Proceeds from sale of customer assets 65.0 — —
Proceeds from sale of equity method investments, net — 26.2 —
Purchases of investments in unconsolidated entities (7.3) (3.7) (29.4)
Other, net 0.2 0.1 (0.2)
Cash used for investing activities (21.3) (81.9) (799.3)
Financing activities
Common shares repurchased (11.6) (1.4) (226.0)
Dividends paid (69.3) (63.9) (61.5)
Proceeds from revolving credit facility 90.0 260.0 475.0
Repayment of revolving credit facility (105.0) (365.0) (355.0)
Proceeds from term facility — — 650.0
Repayment of term facility (259.4) (32.5) (19.1)
Employee taxes withheld for stock awards (29.1) (30.2) (29.9)
Payment of acquisition-related earn-outs — (45.5) (16.2)
Other, net — 0.1 (2.2)
Cash provided by (used for) financing activities (384.4) (278.4) 415.1
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (21.1) 5.2 (20.8)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 164.8 (38.7) (107.2)
Cash and cash equivalents—beginning of period 337.9 376.6 483.8
Cash and cash equivalents—end of period $ 502.7 $ 337.9 $ 376.6
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes $ 115.6 $ 73.2 $ 75.3
Cash paid for interest $ 47.4 $ 58.4 $ 28.4
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 111
Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Description of Business
Morningstar, Inc. and its subsidiaries (Morningstar, we, our, the company) provide independent investment insights for investors
around the world. We offer an extensive line of products and services for individual and institutional investors in public and private
capital markets, financial advisors, asset managers, retirement plan providers and sponsors, and issuers of securities. We conduct
business operations through wholly-owned subsidiaries in 32 countries.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The acronyms that appear in these Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements refer to the following:
ASC Accounting Standards Codification
ASU Accounting Standards Update
FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board
SEC Securities and Exchange Commission
Principles of Consolidation. We conduct our business operations through wholly-owned operating subsidiaries. The accompanying
consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Morningstar, Inc. and our subsidiaries. We consolidate assets, liabilities,
and results of operations of subsidiaries in which we have a controlling interest and eliminate all significant intercompany accounts
and transactions.
We account for investments in entities in which we exercise significant influence, but do not control, using the equity method.
As part of our investment management operations, we manage certain funds outside of the US that are considered variable interest
entities. For most of these variable interest entities, we do not have a variable interest. In cases where we do have a variable interest,
we are not the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, we do not consolidate any of these variable interest entities.
Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the US
(GAAP) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses
during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and investments with original maturities of three months or
less. We state them at cost, which approximates fair value. We state the portion of our cash equivalents that are invested in money
market funds at fair value, as these funds are actively traded and have quoted market prices.
Investments. We account for our investments in debt securities in accordance with FASB ASC 320, Investments—Debt Securities
(FASB ASC 320). We classify our debt securities into two categories: held-to-maturity and available-for-sale.
F Held-to-maturity: We classify certain investments, primarily certificates of deposit, as held-to-maturity securities, based on our
intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity. We record held-to-maturity investments at amortized cost in our
Consolidated Balance Sheets.
2024 10-K: Part II
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F Available-for-sale: Investments not considered held-to-maturity or trading securities are classified as available-for-sale securities.
Available-for-sale securities primarily consist of marketable debt securities. We report unrealized gains and losses for
available-for-sale securities as other comprehensive income (loss), net of related income taxes. We record these securities at
their fair values in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
We account for our investments in equity securities in accordance with FASB ASC 321, Investments—Equity Securities (FASB ASC 321).
We measure equity investments at fair value with the related realized and unrealized gains and losses recognized in our Consolidated
Statements of Income. For equity investments without a readily determinable fair value, we measure these at cost less impairment
and adjusting for observable price changes in orderly transactions. We will apply this measurement method to the investment until
or if it becomes eligible to be measured at fair value, which is reassessed at each reporting period. Investments in equity securities
that we do not intend to hold for more than a year are presented in “Investments” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Investments
in equity securities that we intend to hold for more than one year are included in “Investments in unconsolidated entities” in our
Consolidated Balance Sheets.
We account for our equity method investments in accordance with FASB ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures
(FASB ASC 323). We account for non-marketable equity investments over which we exercise significant influence, but do not have
control over the investee, under the equity method. We record our estimated share of earnings or losses in the periods they are
reported by the investee and record any dividends as a reduction to the carrying amount of the investment. We evaluate our equity
method investments for other than-temporary declines in value. If the estimated fair value of the investment is less than the carrying
amount and management considers the decline in value to be other than temporary, the excess of the carrying amount over the
estimated fair value is recognized in net income in the period the impairment occurs. Our equity method investments are recorded
within “Investments in unconsolidated entities” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Fair Value Measurements. FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements (FASB ASC 820) defines fair value, establishes a framework for
measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. Under FASB ASC 820, fair value is defined as the
price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as
of the measurement date. The standard applies whenever other standards require (or permit) assets or liabilities to be measured at
fair value.
FASB ASC 820 uses a fair value hierarchy based on three broad levels of valuation inputs:
F Level 1: Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access.
F Level 2: Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either
directly or indirectly.
F Level 3: Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.
We provide additional information about our cash equivalents and investments that are subject to FASB ASC 820 in Note 7.
Business Combinations. When we acquire a business, we account for the business combination in accordance with FASB ASC 805,
Business Combinations (FASB ASC 805). We recognize and measure the fair value of the acquired business and allocate the purchase
price to the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair values at
the date of acquisition. The difference between the purchase price and the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired or the
excess of the aggregate estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. In determining the
estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination, we use various recognized valuation
methods, including discounted cash flow, Monte Carlo simulations, and relief from royalty. For a business combination achieved in
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 113
stages, we remeasure our previously held equity interest immediately before the acquisition to the acquisition date fair value and
recognize any gain in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
We recognize the fair value of any contingent payments at the date of acquisition as part of the consideration transferred to acquire
a business. The liability associated with contingent consideration is remeasured to fair value at each reporting period subsequent
to the date of acquisition considering factors that may impact the timing and amount of contingent payments until the term of the
agreement has expired or the contingency is resolved. Any changes in the fair value measurement will be recorded in our Consolidated
Statements of Income. In evaluating the characterization of contingent and deferred payments, we analyze relevant factors, including
the nature of the payment, continuing employment requirements, incremental payments to employees of the acquired business,
and timing and rationale underlying the transaction, to determine whether the payments should be accounted for as additional
purchase consideration or post-combination related services.
We expense direct costs related to the business combination, such as accounting, legal, valuation, and other professional fees, as
incurred. We recognize restructuring costs, including severance and relocation for employees of the acquired entity, as post-
combination expenses unless the target entity meets the criteria of FASB ASC 420, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations, on the
acquisition date.
As part of the purchase price allocation, we follow the requirements of FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes (FASB ASC 740). This includes
establishing deferred tax assets or liabilities reflecting the difference between the values assigned for financial statement purposes
and income tax purposes. In certain acquisitions, the goodwill resulting from the purchase price allocation may not be deductible
for income tax purposes. FASB ASC 740 prohibits recognition of a deferred tax asset or liability for temporary differences in goodwill
if goodwill is not amortizable and deductible for tax purposes.
Divestitures. We may sell certain portions of our business from time to time for various reasons. In accordance with FASB ASC 360,
Property, Plant, and Equipment (FASB ASC 360), we classify a disposal group to be sold as held for sale in the period in which all of
the following criteria are met: management commits to a plan to sell the disposal group; the disposal group is available for immediate
sale; the sale and transfer of the disposal group is expected within one year; the disposal group is being actively marketed for sale
at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value; and it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or
that the plan will be withdrawn. A disposal group that is classified as held for sale is initially measured at the lower of its carrying
value or fair value less any costs to sell and the assets are not depreciated or amortized.
If the disposal group meets the definition of a business, the goodwill within the reporting unit is allocated to the disposal group
based on its relative fair value. When the disposal group is a component of a reporting unit, the remaining unallocated goodwill is
assessed to determine if any triggering events have occurred in accordance with FASB ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other
(FASB ASC 350). We assess the fair value of a disposal group, less any costs to sell, each reporting period the disposal group remains
classified as held for sale and report any subsequent changes as an adjustment to the carrying value of the disposal group, as long
as the new carrying value does not exceed the initial carrying value of the disposal group.
We recognize a gain or loss on divestiture activity when we transfer control of the disposal group and when it is probable that we
will collect substantially all of the related consideration.
Goodwill. Changes in the carrying amount of our recorded goodwill are mainly the result of business acquisitions and the effect of
foreign currency translations. In accordance with FASB ASC 350, we do not amortize goodwill; instead, goodwill is subject to an
impairment test annually, or whenever indicators of impairment exist. An impairment would occur if the carrying amount of a
reporting unit exceeded the fair value of that reporting unit.
2024 10-K: Part II
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When reviewing goodwill for impairment, we assess a number of qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not
that the fair value of our reporting units is less than their respective carrying values. Examples of qualitative factors that we assess
include macroeconomic conditions affecting our reporting units, financial performance of our reporting units, market and competitive
factors related to our reporting units, and other events specific to our reporting units. If we conclude that it is more likely than not
that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we perform a quantitative impairment test. The quantitative
impairment test compares the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value, and recognizes an impairment loss for
the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, without exceeding the total amount of goodwill
allocated to that reporting unit. We determine the fair value of a reporting unit using a market approach. Determining the fair value
of a reporting unit involves judgment and the use of significant estimates and assumptions, which include assumptions regarding
the revenue growth rates and operating margins used to calculate estimated future cash flows, as well as revenue and earnings
multiples of publicly traded companies whose services and markets are comparable.
We performed our annual impairment review in the fourth quarter and did not record any impairment losses in 2024, 2023, and 2022.
Intangible Assets. We amortize intangible assets using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which range from
one to twenty years. We have no intangible assets with indefinite useful lives. In accordance with FASB ASC 360-10-35, Subsequent
Measurement—Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, we review intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes
in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If the value of future undiscounted cash flows is less than
the carrying amount of an asset group, we record an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value
of the asset group. We did not record any impairment losses in 2024, 2023, and 2022.
Property, Equipment, and Depreciation. We state property and equipment at historical cost, net of accumulated depreciation in
accordance with FASB ASC 360-10, Property, Plant, and Equipment. We depreciate property and equipment using the straight-line
method based on the useful life of the asset, which ranges from three to seven years. We amortize leasehold improvements over the
lease term or their useful lives, whichever is shorter. Long-lived assets that are held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever
events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If the value of future undiscounted
cash flows is less than the carrying amount of an asset group, we record an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying
amount over the fair value of the asset group.
Computer Software and Internal Product Development Costs. We capitalize certain costs in accordance with FASB ASC 350-40,
Internal-Use Software. Internal product development costs mainly consist of employee and third-party resource costs for developing
new web-based products and certain major enhancements of existing products. We amortize these costs on a straight-line basis
over the estimated economic life, which is generally three years. We include capitalized software development costs related to
projects that have not been placed into service in our construction in progress balance.
The table below summarizes our depreciation expense related to capitalized developed software for the past three years:
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Capitalized software depreciation expense $ 94.9 $ 81.2 $ 64.3
The table below summarizes our capitalized software development costs for the past three years:
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Capitalized software development costs $ 106.4 $ 100.0 $ 81.0
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 115
Leases. We account for our right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities in accordance with FASB ASC 842, Leases
(FASB ASC 842). We determine if a contract is or contains a lease at the inception of the contract. For identified operating leases, we
recognize a lease liability and right-of-use asset on the consolidated balance sheet. The right-of-use asset represents our right to
use an underlying asset for the lease term, and the operating lease liability represents the company’s obligation to make
lease payments.
Our lease agreements consist primarily of real estate leases for office space and non-real estate leases for office equipment. In cases
where an agreement contains both a lease and non-lease component, we do not allocate consideration to both components, but
account for each as a single lease component by class of underlying asset. There are few instances of short-term agreements in our
lease portfolio, which are typically arranged as needed and paid on a month-to-month basis. These leases are not recognized on the
Consolidated Balance Sheet, but monthly lease expense is recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are measured using the present value of future lease payments of the lease term
at the commencement date. Right-of-use assets also include initial direct costs incurred by the company, net of prepayments and
lease incentives. In the absence of an explicit rate in the lease agreement, the discount rate used to calculate present value is equal
to the company’s incremental borrowing rate. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease
and is included in general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Revenue Recognition. We recognize revenue in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers
(FASB ASC Topic 606).
Under FASB ASC Topic 606, we recognize revenue by applying the following five-step model to each of our customer arrangements:
1. Identify the customer contract;
2. Identify the performance obligations in the contract;
3. Determine the transaction price;
4. Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations; and
5. Recognize revenue when (or as) performance obligations are satisfied.
Revenues are recognized when (or as) performance obligations are satisfied by transferring a promised product or service to the
customer. Products or services are transferred when (or as) the customer obtains control of the product or service. When a customer’s
license-based contract is signed, the customer’s service is activated immediately. The transaction price for a customer arrangement
is the amount we expect to be entitled to in exchange for transferring the promised product or service. The transaction price may
include fixed amounts, variable amounts, or both. When the right to payment exceeds revenue recognized, the result is an increase
to deferred revenue. Deferred revenue represents the amount billed or collected in advance of the service being provided which we
expect to recognize as revenue in future periods.
Revenue from contracts with customers is derived from license-based arrangements, asset-based arrangements, and transaction-
based arrangements.
License-based revenue, which represents subscription services available to customers and not a license under the accounting
guidance, is generated through subscription contracts. Our performance obligations under these contracts are typically satisfied
over time, as the customer has access to the service during the term of the subscription license and the level of service is consistent
2024 10-K: Part II
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during the contract period. Each individual day within the contract period is viewed to be a service and the entirety of the service
subscription term is determined to be a series combined into a single performance obligation and recognized over-time and on a
straight-line basis, typically over terms of 1 to 3 years.
Our contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. For most of these arrangements, we generally allocate
revenue to each performance obligation based on its estimated standalone selling price. We generally determine standalone selling
prices based on prices charged to customers when the same performance obligation is sold separately.
License-based arrangements, our largest source of revenue from customers, generally are billed quarterly or annually. Customers
are typically given payment terms of zero to 30 days.
Asset-based revenue is generated through contracts with daily asset management, which is determined to be a daily performance
obligation and thus satisfied over time as the customer receives continuous access to a service for the contract term. We recognize
revenue daily over the contract term based on the value of assets under management and a tiered fee agreed to with the customer.
Asset-based arrangements typically have a term of 1 to 3 years. The fees from such arrangements represent variable consideration,
and the customer does not make separate purchasing decisions that result in additional performance obligations. Significant changes
in the underlying fund assets, or significant disruptions in the market, are evaluated to determine if revisions to estimates of earned
asset-based fees for the current quarter are needed. An estimate of the average daily portfolio balance is a key input in determining
revenue for a given period. Estimates are based on the most recently reported quarter, and, as a result, it is unlikely a significant
reversal of revenue would occur.
Transaction-based revenue is generated through contracts with performance obligations that are satisfied when the product or
service is delivered. Some of our performance obligations include the issuance of the rating and may include surveillance services
for a period of time as agreed with the customer. We allocate the transaction price to the deliverables based on their relative selling
price, which is generally determined by the historical pricing allocations. Our performance obligation for the issuance of the rating
is satisfied when the rating is issued, which is when we recognize the related revenue. Our performance obligations for surveillance
services are satisfied over time, as the customer has access to the service during the surveillance period and the level of service is
consistent during the contract period. Therefore, we recognize revenue for this performance obligation on a straight-line basis.
Accounts Receivables and Allowance for Credit Losses. We account for accounts receivable in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 310,
Receivables (FASB ASC 310) and FASB ASC Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (FASB ASC 326). We record a receivable
when a customer is billed or when revenue is recognized prior to billing a customer. Accounts receivables are measured at amortized
cost basis. We evaluate our allowance to include expected credit losses based on a variety of factors, including customer specific
information, the current economic environment, and forecasted macroeconomic conditions.
Sales Commissions. We capitalize sales commissions, which are considered directly attributable to obtaining a customer contract
under FASB ASC Topic 606 and FASB ASC 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs—Contracts with Customers. Estimates of these
capitalized costs are developed by using a portfolio approach that aggregates these costs by legal entity within their geographical
regions. Capitalized sales commissions are amortized using the straight-line method over a period that is consistent with the transfer
of the products or services to the customer to which the sales commission relates. The period of transfer for each portfolio is the
shorter of the weighted-average customer life, or the economic life of the underlying technology that delivers the products or services.
As of December 31, 2024, the period of transfer was determined to be approximately three years. Discretionary amounts which are
added to sales commission payments are expensed as incurred, as they are not considered to be directly attributable to obtaining
a customer contract.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 117
The table below summarizes the amortization of deferred commissions for the past three years:
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Amortization of deferred commissions $ 50.6 $ 48.6 $ 40.4
Stock-Based Compensation Expense. We account for our stock-based compensation expense in accordance with FASB ASC 718,
Compensation—Stock Compensation (FASB ASC 718). Our stock-based compensation expense reflects grants of restricted stock
units, market stock units, and performance stock units. We measure the fair value of our restricted stock units and performance
stock units on the grant date based on the closing market price of Morningstar’s common stock on the day prior to the grant. For
market stock units, we estimate the fair value of the awards using a Monte Carlo valuation model. We amortize the fair values to
stock-based compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, ratably over the vesting period. For performance stock units, we
estimate the probability of award achievement and adjust our stock-based compensation expense accordingly.
We estimate expected forfeitures on employee stock-based awards and recognize compensation cost only for those awards expected
to vest. We determine forfeiture rates based on historical experience and adjust the estimated forfeitures to actual forfeiture
experience, as needed.
Income Taxes. We record deferred income taxes for the temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities
for financial statement purposes and tax purposes in accordance with FASB ASC 740, which prescribes the minimum recognition
threshold a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements. It also provides guidance on
derecognition, measurement, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, and disclosure for uncertain
tax positions.
We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as part of income tax expense in our Consolidated Statements
of Income. We classify liabilities related to unrecognized tax benefits as either current or long-term liabilities in our Consolidated
Balance Sheet, depending on when we expect to make payment.
Segment Reporting. Under FASB ASC 280, Segment Reporting (FASB ASC 280), operating segments are defined as components of
a company that engage in business activities from which they may earn revenues and incur expenses, and for which discrete financial
information is available and is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (CODM) in deciding how to allocate resources
and in assessing performance. Aggregation of similar operating segments into a single reportable operating segment is permitted
if the businesses have similar economic characteristics and meet established qualitative criteria.
Effective as of December 31, 2023, we revised our presentation of our seven operating segments to the following five reportable
segments: Morningstar Data and Analytics, PitchBook, Morningstar Credit, Morningstar Wealth, and Morningstar Retirement. The
operating segments of Morningstar Sustainalytics and Morningstar Indexes do not individually meet the quantitative segment
reporting thresholds and have been combined and presented as part of Corporate and All Other, which is not a reportable segment.
Corporate and All Other provides a reconciliation between revenue from our reportable segments and consolidated revenue amounts.
Refer to Note 6 for detailed segment information.
Severance. We account for post-employment benefits in accordance with FASB ASC 712, Compensation—Non-retirement Post-
employment Benefits (FASB ASC 712). Under FASB ASC 712, we recognize compensation expense associated with these benefits as
a liability when probable and estimable.
In July 2022, the company began to significantly reduce its operations in Shenzhen, China and to shift the work related to its global
business functions, including global product and software development, managed investment data collection and analysis, and
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118
equity data collection and analysis, to other Morningstar locations. During the third quarter of 2023, the company substantially
completed these activities.
As a result of these activities, the company incurred $25.9 million of severance expense in 2022. These amounts were recorded within
“General and administrative” on our Consolidated Statements of Income. The liability was recorded within “Accrued compensation—
current” on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. The company has substantially paid all of the accrued severance amounts as of
December 31, 2023.
In 2023, the company incurred $15.4 million of severance expense of which $9.0 million was related to targeted reorganizations and
headcount reductions in certain parts of the business and $2.4 million was related to the company’s China operations transition
during 2023.
3. Credit Arrangements
Debt
The following table summarizes our debt as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
As of As of
December 31, December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023
Term Facility, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively $ 349.8 $ 608.9
Revolving Credit Facility — 15.0
2.32% Senior Notes due October 26, 2030, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $1.2 million and
$1.5 million, respectively 348.8 348.5
Total debt $ 698.6 $ 972.4
Maturities of the company’s principal debt payments as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
(in millions) As of December 31, 2024
2025 $ —
2026 —
2027 350.0
2028 —
2029 —
Thereafter 350.0
Total $ 700.0
Credit Agreement
On May 6, 2022, the company entered into a senior credit agreement (the 2022 Credit Agreement), providing the company with a
five-year multi-currency credit facility with an initial borrowing capacity of up to $1.1 billion, including a $650.0 million term loan
and a $450.0 million revolving credit facility. The 2022 Credit Agreement also provided for the issuance of letters of credit and a
swingline facility. The 2022 Credit Agreement was amended twice in September 2022 and again most recently in June 2024
(Amended 2022 Credit Agreement) to, among other items, eliminate the options for a second term loan draw and increase both the
term loan and revolving credit facility to $650.0 million each, raising the total borrowing capacity to $1.3 billion (Amended 2022
Term Facility and Amended 2022 Revolving Credit Facility, respectively), and to update the reference rate for credit extensions in
Canadian dollars. Aside from the increased borrowing capacity, the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement left the 2022 Credit Agreement
terms largely unchanged. As of December 31, 2024, our total outstanding debt under the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement was
$349.8 million, net of debt issuance costs, with borrowing availability of $650.0 million under the 2022 Revolving Credit Facility.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 119
The interest rate applicable to any loan under the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement is, at the company’s option, either: (i) the
applicable Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) plus an applicable margin for such loans, which ranges between 1.00% and
1.48%, based on the company’s consolidated leverage ratio or (ii) the lender’s base rate plus the applicable margin for such loans,
which ranges between 0.00% and 0.38%, based on our consolidated leverage ratio.
The portions of deferred debt issuance costs related to the Amended 2022 Revolving Credit Facility are included in other current
and non-current assets, and the portion of deferred debt issuance costs related to the Amended 2022 Term Facility is reported as a
reduction to the carrying amount of the Amended 2022 Term Facility. Debt issuance costs related to the Amended 2022 Revolving
Credit Facility are amortized on a straight-line basis to interest expense over the term of the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement. Debt
issuance costs related to the Amended 2022 Term Facility are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over
the term of the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement.
Private Placement Debt Offering
On October 26, 2020, we completed the issuance and sale of $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2.32% senior notes due
October 26, 2030 (the 2030 Notes), in a private placement exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933,
as amended. Proceeds were primarily used to pay off a portion of the company’s outstanding debt under the prior credit agreement.
Interest on the 2030 Notes will be paid semi-annually on each October 30 and April 30 during the term of the 2030 Notes and at
maturity, with the first interest payment date occurring on April 30, 2021. As of December 31, 2024, our total outstanding debt, net
of issuance costs, under the 2030 Notes was $348.8 million.
Compliance with Covenants
Each of the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement and the 2030 Notes include customary representations, warranties, and covenants,
including financial covenants, that require us to maintain specified ratios of consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation,
and amortization (EBITDA) to consolidated interest charges and consolidated funded indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA, which
are evaluated on a quarterly basis. We were in compliance with these financial covenants as of December 31, 2024.
4. Income Per Share
The following table shows how we reconcile our net income and the number of shares used in computing basic and diluted net
income per share:
(in millions, except per share amounts) 2024 2023 2022
Basic net income per share:
Consolidated net income $ 369.9 $ 141.1 $ 70.5
Weighted average common shares outstanding 42.8 42.6 42.6
Basic net income per share $ 8.64 $ 3.31 $ 1.65
Diluted net income per share:
Consolidated net income $ 369.9 $ 141.1 $ 70.5
Weighted average common shares outstanding 42.8 42.6 42.6
Net effect of dilutive stock awards 0.3 0.3 0.3
Weighted average common shares outstanding for computing diluted income per share 43.1 42.9 42.9
Diluted net income per share $ 8.58 $ 3.29 $ 1.64
During the periods presented, we have outstanding restricted stock units (RSUs), market stock units (MSUs), and performance stock
units (PSUs) that are excluded from our calculation of diluted earnings per share as their effect is antidilutive. The amount of these
potential antidilutive shares was immaterial.
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120
5. Revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue
The following table presents our revenue disaggregated by revenue type. Sales and usage-based taxes are excluded from revenue.
Year ended December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Revenue by type: (1)
License-based $ 1,625.1 $ 1,517.5 $ 1,331.7
Asset-based 333.2 279.6 269.4
Transaction-based 316.8 241.5 269.5
Consolidated revenue $ 2,275.1 $ 2,038.6 $ 1,870.6
(1) Starting with the quarter ended March 31, 2024, revenue from PitchBook media sales product was reclassified from license-based to transaction-based. Starting with the quarter
ended March 31, 2023, revenue from Morningstar Credit data products was reclassified from transaction-based to license-based. Prior periods have not been restated to reflect the
updated classifications.
Contract liabilities
Our contract liabilities represent deferred revenue. We record contract liabilities when cash payments are received or due in advance
of our performance, including amounts which may be refundable. The contract liabilities balance as of December 31, 2024 had a
net increase of $19.2 million, primarily driven by cash payments received or payable in advance of satisfying our performance
obligations. We recognized $480.5 million of revenue in 2024 that was included in the contract liabilities balance as of
December 31, 2023.
We expect to recognize revenue related to our contract liabilities, including future billings, for 2025 and subsequent years as follows:
(in millions) As of December 31, 2024
2025 $ 1,068.0
2026 277.2
2027 75.3
2028 17.4
2029 4.6
Thereafter 19.0
Total $ 1,461.5
The aggregate amount of revenue we expect to recognize for 2025 and subsequent years is higher than our contract liability balance
of $563.2 million as of December 31, 2024. The difference represents the value of future obligations for signed contracts that have
yet to be billed.
The table above does not include variable consideration for unsatisfied performance obligations related to certain of our license-
based, asset-based, and transaction-based contracts as of December 31, 2024. We are applying the optional exemption available
under FASB ASC Topic 606, as the variable consideration relates to these unsatisfied performance obligations being fulfilled as a
series. The performance obligations related to these contracts are expected to be satisfied over the next 1 to 3 years as services are
provided to the client. For certain license-based contracts, variable consideration is received for services performed is based on the
number of future users, which is not known until the services are performed. The variable consideration for this revenue can be
affected by the number of user licenses, which cannot be reasonably estimated. For asset-based contracts, all the consideration
received for services performed is based on future asset values, which are not known until the services are performed. The variable
consideration for this revenue can be affected by changes in the underlying value of fund assets due to client redemptions, additional
investments, or movements in the market. For transaction-based contracts, the consideration received for most Internet advertising
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 121
services performed is based on the number of impressions, which is not known until the impressions are created. The variable
consideration for this revenue can be affected by the timing and quantity of impressions in any given period and cannot be
reasonably estimated.
As of December 31, 2024, the table above also does not include revenue for unsatisfied performance obligations related to certain
of our license-based and transaction-based contracts with durations of one year or less since we are applying the optional exemption
under FASB ASC Topic 606. For certain license-based contracts, the remaining performance obligation is expected to be less than
one year based on the corresponding subscription terms or the existence of cancellation terms that may be exercised causing the
contract term to be less than one year from December 31, 2024. For transaction-based contracts, such as new credit rating issuances
and Morningstar-sponsored conferences, the related performance obligations are expected to be satisfied within the next 12 months.
Contract Assets
Our contract assets represent accounts receivable, less allowance for credit losses, and deferred commissions.
The following table summarizes our contract assets balance:
As of December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023
Accounts receivable, less allowance for credit losses $ 358.1 $ 343.9
Deferred commissions 65.8 71.2
Total contract assets $ 423.9 $ 415.1
6. Segment and Geographical Area Information
Segment Information
Our segments are generally organized around the company’s product offerings. The company concluded that it has seven operating
segments which are presented as the following five reportable segments:
F Morningstar Data and Analytics
F PitchBook
F Morningstar Credit
F Morningstar Wealth
F Morningstar Retirement
The operating segments of Morningstar Sustainalytics and Morningstar Indexes do not individually meet the quantitative segment
reporting thresholds and have been combined and presented as part of Corporate and All Other, which is not a reportable segment.
Corporate and All Other provides a reconciliation between revenue from our total reportable segments and consolidated
revenue amounts.
Morningstar Data and Analytics provides investors comprehensive data, research and insights, and investment analysis to empower
investment decision-making. Morningstar Data and Analytics includes product areas such as Morningstar Data, Morningstar Direct,
and Morningstar Advisor Workstation.
PitchBook provides investors with access to a broad collection of data and research covering the private capital markets, including
venture capital, private equity, private credit and bank loans, and merger and acquisition (M&A) activities. Investors can also access
Morningstar’s data and research on public equities.
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Morningstar Credit provides investors with credit ratings, research, data, and credit analytics solutions that contribute to the
transparency of international and domestic credit markets. Morningstar Credit includes the Morningstar DBRS product area and
the Morningstar Credit data and credit analytics product areas.
Morningstar Wealth brings together our model portfolios and wealth platform; practice and portfolio management software for
registered investment advisers; data aggregation and enrichment capabilities; and our individual investor platform. Morningstar
Wealth includes the Investment Management product area.
Morningstar Retirement offers products designed to help individuals reach their retirement goals. Its offerings include managed
retirement accounts, fiduciary services, Morningstar Lifetime Allocation funds, and custom models.
FASB ASC 280 establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments. Operating segments are defined as
components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the CODM, in
deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The company’s chief executive officer, who is considered to be its CODM,
reviews segment revenue and Segment Adjusted Operating Income presented on an operating segment basis for purposes of making
operating decisions and assessing financial performance. For each segment, the CODM uses segment revenue and Segment Adjusted
Operating Income in the annual budget and forecasting process. The CODM considers budget-to-actual variance when making
decisions about allocating capital and personnel.
We define Segment Adjusted Operating Income as operating income excluding all mergers and acquisitions (M&A)-related expenses
and gains (related to merger, acquisition, and divestiture activity including earn-outs), intangible amortization, and expenses related
to the significant reduction and shift of the company’s operations in China. The CODM does not consider these adjustments for the
purposes of making decisions to allocate resources among segments or to assess segment performance. Although the amounts are
excluded from segment Adjusted Operating Income, they are included in reported consolidated operating income and are included
in the reconciliation to consolidated results. Expenses presented as part of the company’s segments include allocations of shared
costs. Shared costs include technology, investment research, sales, facilities, and marketing. These allocations are based on expected
utilization of shared resources. Adjusted Operating Income is the reported measure that the company believes is most consistent
with those used in measuring the corresponding amount in the consolidated financial statements.
The CODM does not review any information regarding total assets on a segment basis. Operating segments do not record
intersegment revenues; therefore, there is none to be reported.
The following tables present information about the company’s reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023,
and 2022 along with the items necessary to reconcile the segment information to the totals reported in the accompanying
consolidated financial statements. Prior period segment information is presented on a comparable basis to the basis on which
current period segment information is presented and reviewed by the CODM.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 123
Year ended December 31, 2024
Morningstar Total
Data and Morningstar Morningstar Morningstar Reportable
(in millions) Analytics PitchBook Credit Wealth Retirement Segments
Revenue by type (1):
License-based $ 786.7 $ 611.6 $ 16.4 $ 80.4 $ 1.8 $ 1,496.9
Asset-based — — — 142.3 125.3 267.6
Transaction-based 1.4 6.8 274.7 25.7 — 308.6
Total segment revenue 788.1 618.4 291.1 248.4 127.1 2,073.1
Less:
Compensation expense (2) 216.1 289.5 162.5 124.6 43.9
Other segment items (3) 216.6 142.5 53.0 133.1 17.6
Adjusted operating income (loss) $ 355.4 $ 186.4 $ 75.6 $ (9.3) $ 65.6 $ 673.7
Year ended December 31, 2023
Morningstar Total
Data and Morningstar Morningstar Morningstar Reportable
(in millions) Analytics PitchBook Credit Wealth Retirement Segments
Revenue by type (1):
License-based $ 745.5 $ 551.9 $ 11.7 $ 80.8 $ 1.7 $ 1,391.6
Asset-based — — — 122.6 108.5 231.1
Transaction-based 1.7 — 203.7 26.5 0.3 232.2
Total segment revenue 747.2 551.9 215.4 229.9 110.5 1,854.9
Less:
Compensation expense (2) 173.8 281.0 128.2 151.5 41.0
Other segment items (3) 233.6 122.8 65.5 118.8 15.4
Adjusted operating income (loss) $ 339.8 $ 148.1 $ 21.7 $ (40.4) $ 54.1 $ 523.3
Year ended December 31, 2022
Morningstar Total
Data and Morningstar Morningstar Morningstar Reportable
(in millions) Analytics PitchBook Credit Wealth Retirement Segments
Revenue by type (1):
License-based $ 695.1 $ 450.7 $ — $ 80.9 $ 2.0 $ 1,228.7
Asset-based — — — 117.6 101.8 219.4
Transaction-based 1.5 — 236.9 30.4 0.2 269.0
Total segment revenue 696.6 450.7 236.9 228.9 104.0 1,717.1
Less:
Compensation expense (2) 161.9 263.3 124.2 129.2 37.0
Other segment items (3) 221.4 115.9 53.6 114.0 15.6
Adjusted operating income (loss) $ 313.3 $ 71.5 $ 59.1 $ (14.3) $ 51.4 $ 481.0
(1) Starting with the quarter ended March 31, 2024, revenue from PitchBook media sales product was reclassified from license-based to transaction-based. Starting with the quarter
ended March 31, 2023, revenue from Morningstar Credit data products was reclassified from transaction-based to license-based. Prior periods have not been restated to reflect the
updated classifications.
(2) Compensation expense includes salaries, bonus, commissions, employee benefits, payroll taxes, and stock-based compensation incurred for employees directly associated with each
reportable segment. Allocated compensation expense related to corporate and centralized functions is reported within Other segment items.
(3) Other segment items for each reportable segment includes:
Morningstar Data and Analytics—allocated expenses, infrastructure costs, and other overhead costs.
PitchBook—allocated expenses, infrastructure costs, professional fees, and other overhead costs.
Morningstar Credit—allocated expenses, infrastructure costs, professional fees, and other overhead costs.
Morningstar Wealth—allocated expenses, infrastructure costs, and other overhead costs.
Morningstar Retirement—allocated expenses, infrastructure costs, professional fees, and other overhead costs.
2024 10-K: Part II
124
Year ended December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Reconciliation of reportable segment revenue to consolidated revenue:
Total reportable segment revenue $ 2,073.1 $ 1,854.9 $ 1,717.1
Corporate and All Other (4) 202.0 183.7 153.5
Total consolidated revenue $ 2,275.1 $ 2,038.6 $ 1,870.6
Reconciliation of reportable segment adjusted operating income to income before income taxes:
Total reportable segment adjusted operating income $ 673.7 $ 523.3 $ 481.0
Corporate and All Other (5) (179.9) (196.8) (182.1)
Intangible amortization expense (6) (64.5) (70.5) (66.7)
M&A-related expenses (7) (8.5) (9.8) (17.1)
M&A-related gains (8) 64.0 — —
M&A-related earn-outs (9) — — (11.6)
Severance and personnel expenses (10) — (5.5) (27.5)
Transformation costs (10) — (7.0) (8.2)
Asset impairment costs (10) — (3.1) —
Operating Income 484.8 230.6 167.8
Non-operating expense, net 6.5 (49.1) (37.2)
Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities (17.4) (7.4) (3.6)
Income before income taxes $ 473.9 $ 174.1 $ 127.0
(4) Corporate and All Other provides a reconciliation between revenue from our Total Reportable Segments and consolidated revenue amounts. Corporate and All Other includes
Morningstar Sustainalytics and Morningstar Indexes as sources of revenues. Revenue from Morningstar Sustainalytics was $117.3 million in 2024, $118.2 million in 2023, and $103.3 million
in 2022. Revenue from Morningstar Indexes was $84.7 million in 2024, $65.5 million in 2023, and $50.2 million in 2022.
(5) Corporate and All Other includes unallocated corporate expenses of $181.4 million in 2024, $153.5 million in 2023, $135.8 million in 2022, as well as adjusted operating income/loss
from Morningstar Sustainalytics and Morningstar Indexes. Unallocated corporate expenses include finance, human resources, legal, and other management-related costs that are not
considered when segment performance is evaluated.
(6) Excludes finance lease amortization expense of $0.5 million in 2024, $1.2 million in 2023, $2.1 million in 2022.
(7) Reflects non-recurring expenses related to merger, acquisition, and divestiture activity such as pre-deal due diligence, transaction costs, severance, and post-close integration costs.
(8) Reflects the gain on sale of customer assets from the US Morningstar Wealth Turnkey Asset Management Platform (TAMP) to AssetMark.
(9) Reflects the impact of M&A-related earn-outs included in operating expense.
(10) Reflects costs associated with the significant reduction of the company’s operations in Shenzhen, China and the shift of work related to its global business functions to other
Morningstar locations.
Severance and personnel expenses include severance charges, incentive payments related to early signing of severance agreements, transition bonuses, and stock-based compensation
related to the accelerated vesting of RSU and MSU awards. In addition, the reversal of accrued sabbatical liabilities is included in this category.
Transformation costs include professional fees and the temporary duplication of headcount. As the company hired replacement roles in other markets and shifted capabilities, it employed
certain Shenzhen-based staff through the transition period, which resulted in elevated compensation costs on a temporary basis.
Asset impairment costs include the write-off or accelerated depreciation of fixed assets in the Shenzhen, China office that were not redeployed, in addition to lease abandonment costs as
the company downsized its office space prior to the lease termination date.
The following table presents depreciation expense and stock-based compensation expense by reportable segment:
Depreciation Expense Stock-Based Compensation Expense
Year ended December 31, Year ended December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022
Morningstar Data and Analytics $ 37.9 $ 31.0 $ 23.4 $ 5.7 $ 10.6 $ 10.5
PitchBook 31.8 26.8 23.8 4.4 10.3 40.2
Morningstar Credit 8.9 9.1 8.9 6.7 7.0 6.3
Morningstar Wealth 18.5 15.8 18.1 3.9 6.4 5.7
Morningstar Retirement 10.0 11.0 7.9 1.5 1.6 1.6
Total Reportable Segments 107.1 93.7 82.1 22.2 35.9 64.3
Corporate and All Other (10) 18.3 19.5 15.7 32.5 16.9 18.9
Total $ 125.4 $ 113.2 $ 97.8 $ 54.7 $ 52.8 $ 83.2
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 125
(10) Corporate and All Other provides a reconciliation between depreciation expense and stock-based compensation expense from our Total Reportable Segments and consolidated
depreciation expense and stock-based compensation expense. Corporate and All Other includes unallocated corporate expenses of depreciation expense and stock-based compensation
expense related to finance, human resources, legal, and other management-related costs that are not considered when segment performance is evaluated as well as depreciation expense
and stock-based compensation expense from Morningstar Sustainalytics and Morningstar Indexes.
Geographical Area Information
The tables below summarize our revenue, long-lived assets, which includes property, equipment, and capitalized software, net, and
operating lease assets, by geographical area. Revenue is attributed to geographical area based on country in which the sale
was contracted.
Revenue by geographical area
Year ended December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022
United States $ 1,638.8 $ 1,470.6 $ 1,353.9
Asia 49.6 49.3 44.8
Australia 62.4 58.4 55.8
Canada 140.4 116.3 109.8
Continental Europe 203.8 185.5 162.9
United Kingdom 167.4 148.0 133.6
Other 12.7 10.5 9.8
Total International 636.3 568.0 516.7
Consolidated revenue $ 2,275.1 $ 2,038.6 $ 1,870.6
Property, equipment, and capitalized software, net by geographical area
As of December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023
United States $ 189.5 $ 178.5
Asia 9.6 9.9
Australia 1.6 1.9
Canada 6.6 3.6
Continental Europe 5.3 6.5
United Kingdom 6.1 7.2
Other 0.2 0.1
Total International 29.4 29.2
Consolidated property, equipment, and capitalized software, net $ 218.9 $ 207.7
Operating lease assets by geographical area
As of December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023
United States $ 92.9 $ 100.7
Asia 44.2 16.5
Australia 2.4 3.2
Canada 7.7 8.2
Continental Europe 19.1 18.1
United Kingdom 14.7 16.9
Other 0.2 0.3
Total International 88.3 63.2
Consolidated operating lease assets $ 181.2 $ 163.9
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126
7. Investments
We classify our investments into two categories: equity investments and debt securities. We further classify our debt securities into
available-for-sale and held-to-maturity. Our investment portfolio consists of stocks, bonds, options, mutual funds, money market
funds, or exchange-traded products that replicate the model portfolios and strategies created by Morningstar. These investment
accounts may also include exchange-traded products where Morningstar is an index provider. All investments in our investment
portfolio have valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access,
and, therefore, are classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy. We classify our investment portfolio as shown below:
As of December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023
Equity investments $ 42.3 $ 44.9
Available-for-sale 2.4 2.2
Held-to-maturity 3.6 4.0
Total $ 48.3 $ 51.1
The following table shows the cost, unrealized gains, and fair values related to investments classified as equity investments,
available-for-sale, and held-to-maturity:
As of December 31, 2024 As of December 31, 2023
Unrealized Unrealized Fair Unrealized Unrealized Fair
(in millions) Cost Gain Loss Value Cost Gain Loss Value
Equity investments:
Marketable equity investments, exchange
traded funds, and mutual funds $ 29.1 $ 13.2 $ — $ 42.3 $ 37.7 $ 7.2 $ — $ 44.9
Available-for-sale:
Marketable debt securities 2.6 — (0.2) 2.4 2.3 — (0.1) 2.2
Held-to-maturity:
Certificates of deposit 3.6 — — 3.6 4.0 — — 4.0
Total $ 35.3 $ 13.2 $ (0.2) $ 48.3 $ 44.0 $ 7.2 $ (0.1) $ 51.1
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, debt securities with unrealized losses for greater than a 12-month period were not material to
the Consolidated Balance Sheets and were not deemed to have other than temporary declines in value.
The table below shows the cost and fair value of investments classified as held-to-maturity based on their contractual maturities as
of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
As of December 31, 2024 As of December 31, 2023
Fair Fair
(in millions) Cost Value Cost Value
Held-to-maturity:
Due in one year or less $ 3.6 $ 3.6 $ 4.0 $ 4.0
Due in one to three years — — — —
Total $ 3.6 $ 3.6 $ 4.0 $ 4.0
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 127
The following table shows the realized gains and losses arising from sales of our investments classified as equity investments and
available-for-sale recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income:
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Realized gains $ 3.8 $ 2.9 $ 1.0
Realized losses — — (3.1)
Realized gains (losses), net $ 3.8 $ 2.9 $ (2.1)
We determine realized gains and losses using the specific identification method.
The following table shows the net unrealized gains on the equity securities as recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income:
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Unrealized gains, net $ 0.9 $ 4.2 $ 5.4
8. Fair Value Measurements
The tables below show the fair value of items that are measured at fair value using the fair value hierarchy:
Level Within the Fair Value Hierarchy as of
Fair Value as of December 31, 2024
(in millions) December 31, 2024 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Cash equivalents $ 43.5 $ 43.5 $ — $ —
Investments:
Marketable equity investments, exchange-traded funds, and mutual funds 42.3 42.3 — —
Marketable debt securities 2.4 2.4 — —
Investments in unconsolidated entities:
Investment in SmartX Advisory Solutions 24.7 — — 24.7
Non-current investment in Wealth Advisors 24.9 24.9 — —
Total $ 137.8 $ 113.1 $ — $ 24.7
Level Within the Fair Value Hierarchy as of
Fair Value as of December 31, 2023
(in millions) December 31, 2023 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Cash equivalents $ — $ — $ — $ —
Investments:
Marketable equity investments, exchange-traded funds, and mutual funds 44.9 44.9 — —
Marketable debt securities 2.2 2.2 — —
Investments in unconsolidated entities:
Non-current investment in Wealth Advisors 27.7 27.7 — —
Total $ 74.8 $ 74.8 $ — $ —
In 2024, our investment in SmartX Advisory Solutions was measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis due to the identification
of an impairment trigger, leading to $12.4 million of impairment losses. The fair value was estimated using an income approach
with significant, unobservable inputs which include the extent and timing of future cash flows, revenue growth rates, and discount
rates. Refer to Note 11 for more information about SmartX Advisory Solutions.
9. Acquisitions, Goodwill, and Other Intangible Assets
2024 Acquisitions
We did not make any acquisitions during 2024.
2024 10-K: Part II
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2023 Acquisitions
We did not make any significant acquisitions during 2023.
2022 Acquisitions
Leveraged Commentary & Data (LCD)
On June 1, 2022, we completed our acquisition of LCD, a market leader in news, research, data, insights, and indexes for the leveraged
finance market, from S&P for an initial cash payment of $600.0 million plus a contingent payment of up to $50.0 million. We began
consolidating the financial results of LCD in our consolidated financial statements as of June 1, 2022.
The total consideration transferred was recorded as $645.5 million, comprised of a $600.0 million cash payment plus contingent
consideration with an acquisition date fair value of $45.5 million.
The transaction was accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method of accounting pursuant to FASB ASC 805,
which requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized at fair value as of the acquisition date. We finalized the
purchase price allocation related to our acquisition of LCD during the second quarter of 2023 and did not record any significant
adjustments compared to the preliminary estimates at the date of acquisition.
The final contingent consideration was determined based upon the achievement of certain conditions related to the separation of
LCD’s contractual relationships from S&P contracts that include other S&P products and services during the six-month period following
closing. To estimate the fair value of the contingent consideration at the acquisition date, we calculated the weighted average of the
estimated contingent payment scenarios. At subsequent balance sheet dates, the contingent consideration was measured at fair
value and any changes in the estimate were recorded in earnings unless the change in fair value was the result of facts and
circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date. During the third and fourth quarters of 2022, the contingent consideration
was remeasured and increased by $0.9 million and $3.6 million, respectively, for total consideration of $50.0 million as of December 31,
2022. The contingent consideration is classified as “Contingent consideration liabilities” on our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of
December 31, 2022. On February 6, 2023, we made a cash payment of $50.0 million, resolving our contingent consideration liability
related to our acquisition of LCD.
The following table summarizes our allocation of the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the
acquisition date:
(in millions)
Fair value of consideration $ 645.5
Accounts receivable and other current assets $ 9.7
Intangible assets, net 275.6
Deferred revenue (25.8)
Total fair value of net assets acquired $ 259.5
Goodwill $ 386.0
Acquired accounts receivable were recorded at gross contractual amounts receivable, which approximates fair value. We collected
substantially all of the gross contractual amounts receivable within a reasonable period of time after the acquisition date.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 129
The allocation of the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed includes $275.6 million of acquired intangible
assets, as follows:
Weighted
average
useful life
(in millions) (years)
Customer-related assets $ 197.3 20
Technology-based assets 65.7 10
Intellectual property 12.6 10
Total intangible assets $ 275.6
Goodwill of $386.0 million represents the excess over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. Since LCD
was an asset acquisition, goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes for that transaction.
Praemium Portfolio Services Limited (Praemium)
On June 30, 2022, we completed our acquisition of Praemium, a UK-based global provider of digital-first financial services, with
$44.9 million in cash paid at closing, subject to post-closing adjustments. Praemium and its subsidiaries offer several investment
platforms and customer relationship management services to their financial planning and wealth management clients across the
UK and international markets. We began consolidating the financial results of Praemium in our consolidated financial statements
as of June 30, 2022.
The transaction was accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method of accounting pursuant to FASB ASC 805,
which requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized at fair value as of the acquisition date. We finalized the
purchase price allocation related to our acquisition of Praemium during the second quarter of 2023 and did not record any significant
adjustments compared to the preliminary estimates at the date of acquisition.
The following table summarizes our allocation of the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the
acquisition date:
(in millions)
Fair value of consideration transferred $ 44.9
Cash and cash equivalents $ 5.5
Accounts receivable and other current and non-current assets 3.3
Intangible assets, net 22.1
Deferred revenue (0.3)
Deferred tax liability, net (5.4)
Other current and non-current liabilities (2.2)
Total fair value of net assets acquired $ 23.0
Goodwill $ 21.9
Acquired accounts receivable were recorded at gross contractual amounts receivable, which approximates fair value. We collected
substantially all of the gross contractual amounts receivable within a reasonable period of time after the acquisition date.
2024 10-K: Part II
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The allocation of the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed includes $22.1 million of acquired intangible
assets, as follows:
Weighted
average
useful life
(in millions) (years)
Customer-related assets $ 2.9 10
Technology-based assets 19.2 10
Total intangible assets $ 22.1
Goodwill of $21.9 million represents the excess over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is not
deductible for income tax purposes for that transaction.
We recognized a net deferred tax liability of $5.4 million primarily because the amortization expense related to certain intangible
assets is not deductible for income tax purposes.
Goodwill
The company has seven operating segments, which are presented as the following five reportable segments: Morningstar Data and
Analytics, PitchBook, Morningstar Wealth, Morningstar Credit, and Morningstar Retirement. The company’s operating segments
also represent the company’s reporting units to which goodwill is assigned. The company allocated goodwill by reporting unit in
accordance with FASB ASC 350 Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (FASB ASC 350). Under this reporting unit structure, the consolidated
goodwill balance was allocated based on each reporting unit’s relative fair value at January 1, 2021. The company used a market
approach and assigned goodwill to the reporting units. The following table shows the changes in our goodwill balances from
January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2024:
Morningstar Total Corporate
Data and Morningstar Morningstar Morningstar Reportable and All
(in millions) Analytics PitchBook Credit Wealth Retirement Segments Other Total
Balance as of January 1, 2023 $ 600.3 $ 607.4 $ 106.9 $ 93.0 $ 93.5 $ 1,501.1 $ 70.6 $ 1,571.7
Foreign currency translation 5.2 — 1.7 1.2 — 8.1 (1.0) 7.1
Balance as of December 31, 2023 605.5 607.4 108.6 94.2 93.5 1,509.2 69.6 1,578.8
Divestiture of Commodity and Energy Data
business (See Note 10) (3.9) — — — — (3.9) — (3.9)
Foreign currency translation (7.6) — (3.4) (1.5) — (12.5) (0.4) (12.9)
Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ 594.0 $ 607.4 $ 105.2 $ 92.7 $ 93.5 $ 1,492.8 $ 69.2 $ 1,562.0
We did not record any impairment losses in 2024, 2023, or 2022 as the estimated fair value of our reporting unit exceeded its carrying
value and we did not note any indicators of impairment. We perform our annual impairment testing during the fourth quarter of
each year. Refer to Note 6 for detailed segment information.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 131
Intangible Assets
The following table summarizes our intangible assets:
As of December 31, 2024 As of December 31, 2023
Weighted Weighted
Average Average
Accumulated Useful Life Accumulated Useful Life
(in millions) Gross Amortization Net (years) Gross Amortization Net (years)
Customer-related assets $ 572.4 $ (281.1) $ 291.3 14 $ 601.7 $ (263.8) $ 337.9 14
Technology-based assets 301.9 (205.5) 96.4 8 315.3 (197.0) 118.3 8
Intellectual property & other 88.6 (67.5) 21.1 8 93.2 (65.0) 28.2 8
Total intangible assets $ 962.9 $ (554.1) $ 408.8 12 $ 1,010.2 $ (525.8) $ 484.4 12
The following table summarizes our amortization expense related to intangible assets:
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Amortization expense $ 64.5 $ 70.5 $ 66.7
We did not record any impairment losses involving intangible assets in 2024, 2023, or 2022. We amortize intangible assets using the
straight-line method over their expected economic useful lives.
Based on acquisitions completed through December 31, 2024, we expect intangible amortization expense for 2025 and subsequent
years to be as follows:
(in millions) As of December 31, 2024
2025 $ 55.1
2026 51.3
2027 44.7
2028 40.9
2029 37.9
Thereafter 178.9
Total $ 408.8
Our estimates of future amortization expense for intangible assets may be affected by future acquisitions, divestitures, changes in
the estimated useful lives, impairments, and foreign currency translation.
10. Divestitures
2024 Divestitures
Effective September 30, 2024, we sold our Commodity and Energy Data business within the Morningstar Data and Analytics segment
for a purchase price of $52.4 million. In the third quarter of 2024, we recorded a $45.3 million gain on sale of business in the
Consolidated Statements of Income.
Effective December 1, 2024, we sold customer assets from the US Morningstar Wealth TAMP to AssetMark, Inc. for closing
consideration of approximately $65.0 million. Morningstar may be entitled to contingent consideration which will be determined
based on the net flows of transitioned customers through December 1, 2025. The contingent consideration is accounted for as a
gain contingency and will be recorded when it is determined to be realizable. We recorded a $64.0 million gain on sale of customer
assets in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2024.
2024 10-K: Part II
132
2023 Divestitures
We did not make any divestitures during 2023.
2022 Divestitures
We did not make any divestitures during 2022.
11. Investments in Unconsolidated Entities
Our investments in unconsolidated entities consist primarily of the following:
As of December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023
Investment in SmartX Advisory Solutions $ 24.7 $ 35.0
Non-current investment in Wealth Advisors 24.9 27.7
Equity method investments 19.3 22.6
Other investments in unconsolidated entities 16.4 14.9
Total investments in unconsolidated entities $ 85.3 $ 100.2
On January 27, 2023, we entered into a Termination Agreement (the Termination Agreement) with Morningstar Japan K.K. (now known
as SBI Global Asset Management Co., Ltd. (Wealth Advisors)), and a Tender Offer Agreement (the Tender Offer Agreement) with
SBI Global Asset Management Co., Ltd. (now known as SBI Asset Management Group Co., Ltd. (SBI)).
Pursuant to the Termination Agreement, Wealth Advisors agreed to cease use of the Morningstar brand, and Morningstar and Wealth
Advisors agreed to terminate the License Agreement originally entered into in 1998. As consideration for the transaction, Morningstar
agreed to pay Wealth Advisors 8 billion Japanese yen upon the termination of the license agreement and the achievement of certain
conditions related primarily to the termination of the use of the Morningstar brand by Wealth Advisors’ customers.
On April 6, 2023, we made the first cash payment of 6 billion Japanese yen ($45.1 million), and on April 19, 2023, we made the second
and final cash payment of 2 billion Japanese yen ($14.8 million), pursuant to the Termination Agreement. The expense related to the
Termination Agreement is recorded within “Expense from equity method transaction, net” in our Consolidated Statements of Income
for the year ended December 31, 2023.
As part of this transaction, pursuant to the Tender Offer Agreement, Morningstar agreed to tender up to 10 million shares in Wealth
Advisors to SBI. The tender offer closed on February 28, 2023, and SBI purchased 8,040,600 shares of Wealth Advisors from
Morningstar, resulting in net proceeds of $26.2 million and a pre-tax gain of $18.4 million. The pre-tax gain is recorded within
“Expense from equity method transaction, net” in our Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Immediately following the tender offer, the company’s ownership percentage in Wealth Advisors decreased to 13.2% from 22.1%,
and as a result, we no longer account for our investment in Wealth Advisors as an equity method investment. Each reporting period,
we remeasure our remaining investment in Wealth Advisors, an equity security with a readily determinable value, at fair value and
recognize unrealized holding gains or losses within “Other income (expense), net” on our Consolidated Statements of Income. During
the first quarter of 2023, we recognized an unrealized holding gain of $31.2 million, which is recorded within “Expense from equity
method transaction, net” in our Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2023.
As of December 31, 2024, $12.8 million of our investment in Wealth Advisors is included in “Investments” on our Consolidated
Balance Sheets.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 133
The carrying amount of other investments in unconsolidated entities without a readily determinable fair value, including our
investment in SmartX Advisory Solutions, was $41.1 million and $49.9 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023,
respectively. We recorded a $12.4 million impairment loss in 2024 related to our investment in SmartX Advisory Solutions. We did
not record any material impairment losses in 2023 or 2022.
12. Property, Equipment, and Capitalized Software, Net
The following table shows our property, equipment, and capitalized software, net summarized by major category:
As of December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023
Capitalized software $ 745.1 $ 642.0
Computer equipment 96.9 108.6
Furniture and fixtures 40.0 41.7
Leasehold improvements 113.9 113.3
Telephone equipment 1.2 2.3
Construction in progress 12.2 13.8
Property, equipment, and capitalized software, at cost 1,009.3 921.7
Less: accumulated depreciation (790.4) (714.0)
Property, equipment, and capitalized software, net $ 218.9 $ 207.7
The following table summarizes our depreciation expense:
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Depreciation expense $ 125.4 $ 113.2 $ 97.8
13. Leases
We lease office space and certain equipment under various operating and finance leases, with most of our lease portfolio consisting
of operating leases for office space.
We determine whether an arrangement is, or includes, an embedded lease at contract inception. Operating lease assets and lease
liabilities are recognized at the commencement date and initially measured using the present value of lease payments over the
defined lease term. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For finance leases, we also recognize a
finance lease asset and finance lease liability at inception, with lease expense recognized as interest expense and amortization.
A contract is or contains an embedded lease if the contract meets all of the below criteria:
F there is an identified asset;
F we obtain substantially all the economic benefits of the asset; and
F we have the right to direct the use of the asset.
For initial measurement of the present value of lease payments and for subsequent measurement of lease modifications, we are
required to use the rate implicit in the lease, if available. However, as most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our
incremental borrowing rate, which is a collateralized rate. To apply the incremental borrowing rate, we used a portfolio approach
and grouped leases based on similar lease terms in a manner whereby we reasonably expect that the application does not differ
materially from a lease-by-lease approach.
2024 10-K: Part II
134
Our leases have remaining lease terms of approximately 1 year to 11 years, which may include the option to extend the lease when
it is reasonably certain we will exercise that option. We do not have lease agreements with residual value guarantees, sale leaseback
terms, or material restrictive covenants.
Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recognized on the balance sheet. We recognize lease expense for these leases
on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Our operating lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $44.1 million, $47.6 million, and $41.6 million,
respectively. Charges related to our operating leases that are variable and, therefore, not included in the measurement of the lease
liabilities were $14.9 million and $18.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We made lease payments
of $43.9 million and $45.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The following table shows our minimum future lease commitments due in each of the next five years and thereafter for
operating leases:
(in millions) As of December 31, 2024
2025 $ 43.3
2026 44.5
2027 38.3
2028 32.3
2029 21.1
Thereafter 60.1
Total minimum lease commitments 239.6
Adjustment for discount to present value 34.2
Present value of lease liabilities $ 205.4
The following table summarizes the weighted-average remaining lease terms and weighted-average discount rates for our
operating leases:
As of December 31, 2024
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) 6.3
Weighted-average discount rate 4.5%
14. Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-Based Compensation Plans
Our shareholders approved the Morningstar, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan (the 2021 Plan) on May 14, 2021
and authorized an additional 1,050,000 shares for issuance under the 2021 Plan. The 2021 Plan amended and restated the
Morningstar, Inc. 2011 Stock Incentive Plan (the 2011 Plan), which itself had amended and restated the Morningstar, Inc. 2004 Stock
Incentive Plan.
The 2021 Plan provides for a variety of equity-based awards, including restricted stock units, restricted stock, performance stock
units, market stock units, and stock options. Under the 2021 Plan, we primarily grant restricted stock units, market stock units, and
performance stock units. Under the 2011 Plan, we primarily granted restricted stock units, stock options, and market stock units.
All officers, other employees, non-employee directors, and consultants or other independent contractors of the company and its
subsidiaries and persons expected to become the same are eligible to receive awards under the 2021 Plan.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 135
Shares delivered under the 2021 Plan may be authorized but unissued shares, or authorized but issued shares that we reacquired
and held as treasury shares or otherwise, or any combination of the foregoing. The 2021 Plan does not permit the replenishment of
its share reserve with shares withheld by the company to pay the exercise price of an option or to pay tax withholdings on any award.
Further, the 2021 Plan prohibits the replenishment of the share reserve with shares that are not issued as a result of the net settlement
of a stock option or stock appreciation right (SAR) or shares that are repurchased on the open market using proceeds from the
exercise of a stock option.
The following table summarizes the number of shares available for future grants under our 2021 Plan:
(in millions) As of December 31, 2024
Shares available for future grants 2.0
Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation Awards
The following table summarizes our stock-based compensation expense and the related income tax benefit we recorded in the past
three years:
Year ended December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Restricted stock units $ 38.4 $ 38.8 $ 35.9
Market stock units 16.2 7.5 10.1
Performance stock units 0.1 6.5 37.2
Total stock-based compensation expense $ 54.7 $ 52.8 $ 83.2
Income tax benefit related to the stock-based compensation expense $ 11.2 $ 10.3 $ 18.3
The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense included in each of our operating expense categories for
the past three years:
Year ended December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Cost of revenue $ 23.3 $ 23.8 $ 21.6
Sales and marketing 9.0 8.3 8.5
General and administrative 22.4 20.7 53.1
Total stock-based compensation expense $ 54.7 $ 52.8 $ 83.2
The following table summarizes the amount of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense as of December 31, 2024 and the
expected number of months over which the expense will be recognized:
Unrecognized
stock-based Weighted average
compensation expected
expense amortization
(in millions) period (months)
Restricted stock units $ 50.2 30
Market stock units 24.3 26
Performance stock units 0.1 17
Total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense $ 74.6 29
In accordance with FASB ASC 718, we estimate forfeitures of employee stock-based awards and recognize compensation cost only
for those awards expected to vest.
2024 10-K: Part II
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Restricted Stock Units
RSUs represent the right to receive a share of Morningstar common stock when that unit vests. RSUs granted to employees typically
vest within a four-year period. RSUs granted to non-employee directors vest ratably over a three-year period.
We measure the fair value of our RSUs on the grant date based on the closing market price of the underlying common stock on the
day prior to grant. We amortize that value to stock-based compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, ratably over the
vesting period.
The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity during the year:
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) Total Fair Value
RSUs Outstanding—December 31, 2023 352,340 $ 218.96
Granted 166,380 301.20
Vested (214,355) 233.70
Forfeited (23,506) 239.01
RSUs Outstanding—December 31, 2024 280,859 $ 254.75
The total fair value of RSUs that vested in 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $50.1 million, $47.4 million, and $48.3 million, respectively.
Market Stock Units
MSUs represent the right to receive a target number of shares that will vest at the end of a three-year performance period depending
on the company’s total shareholder return over that three-year period. The MSUs granted to the executive officers and certain other
employees in 2021, 2022, and 2023 also had a feature to provide an increased number of shares to be earned at the vesting date, if
certain revenue metrics were exceeded.
We measure the fair value of our MSUs on the grant date using a Monte Carlo valuation model. We amortize that value to stock-
based compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, ratably over the vesting period.
We used the following assumptions to estimate the fair value of our MSUs:
Assumptions for Monte Carlo Valuation Model
Expected Dividend Risk-free
Grant Date volatility yield interest rate
May 15, 2022 29.6% 0.59% 2.79%
November 15, 2022 31.8% 0.60% 4.24%
May 15, 2023 31.7% 0.79% 3.65%
November 15, 2023 31.9% 0.56% 4.56%
May 15, 2024 31.1% 0.54% 4.62%
November 15, 2024 31.1% 0.47% 4.30%
The risk-free interest rate was determined based on the US Constant Maturity Treasury yield curve on the measurement date with a
maturity commensurate with the terms. The expected volatility was determined using our historical stock price volatility over the
three years preceding the measurement date.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 137
The following table summarizes market stock unit activity during the year:
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Market Stock Units (MSUs) Total Fair Value
MSUs Outstanding—December 31, 2023 148,799 $ 241.97
Granted 53,241 344.98
Vested (26,076) 215.47
Forfeited (6,105) 268.53
MSUs Outstanding—December 31, 2024 169,859 $ 277.37
The total fair value of MSUs that vested in 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $5.6 million, $6.5 million, and $6.8 million, respectively.
Performance Stock Units
PSUs represent the right to receive a target number of shares that will vest at the end of a three-year performance period depending
on the company’s financial results over that three-year period. In 2024, the company awarded PSU opportunities to certain members
of management (stretch PSUs). The number of PSUs that shall be eligible to be earned is based on adjusted operating income as of
the end of the performance period. However, no PSUs will be earned unless performance exceeds the target performance level set
by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the company.
We measure the fair value of our PSUs on the grant date based on the closing market price of the underlying common stock on the
day prior to grant. We amortize that value to stock-based compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, ratably over the
vesting period.
In 2023, we renewed the PitchBook management bonus plan, a compensation vehicle designed to incentivize PitchBook leadership
(the PitchBook Plan) for the 2023-2025 period. Pursuant to the terms of this renewal, awards having an aggregate target value equal
to $28.6 million would have been available for issuance with annual grants of $7.15 million for 2023, $7.15 million in 2024, and
$14.3 million in 2025. In July 2024, we terminated the PitchBook Plan and all outstanding awards were forfeited.
The following table summarizes performance stock unit activity during the year:
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Performance Stock Units (PSUs) Total Fair Value
PSUs Outstanding—December 31, 2023 31,268 $ 218.94
Granted (1) 68,265 293.17
Vested (29,355) 217.38
Forfeited (25,534) 285.95
PSUs Outstanding—December 31, 2024 44,644 $ 295.14
(1) Includes (i) 25,364 PSUs granted pursuant to the PitchBook Plan, which was terminated in July 2024 and resulted in the forfeiture of those shares and (ii) 42,901 stretch PSUs granted
at the base amount of shares issuable under the agreement; for these awards, zero percent is earned for target performance and up to 200% of the base amount can be earned for performance
exceeding target. The number of shares issuable under the stretch PSUs can range from zero to 85,802.
The total fair value of PSUs that vested in 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $6.4 million, $37.1 million, and $10.3 million, respectively.
2024 10-K: Part II
138
15. Defined-Contribution Plan
We sponsor a defined-contribution 401(k) plan, which allows our US-based employees to voluntarily contribute pretax dollars up to
a maximum amount allowable by the US Internal Revenue Service. In 2024, 2023, and 2022, we made matching contributions to our
401(k) plan in an amount equal to 75 cents for every dollar of an employee’s contribution, up to a maximum of 7% of the employee’s
compensation in the pay period.
The following table summarizes our matching contributions:
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022
401(k) matching contributions $ 22.9 $ 22.1 $ 19.7
16. Income Taxes
Income Tax Expense and Effective Tax Rate
The following table shows our income tax expense and our effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Income before income taxes and equity in investments of unconsolidated entities $ 491.3 $ 181.5 $ 130.6
Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities (17.4) (7.4) (3.6)
Income before income taxes $ 473.9 $ 174.1 $ 127.0
Income tax expense $ 104.0 $ 33.0 $ 56.5
Effective tax rate 21.9% 19.0% 44.5%
Our effective tax rate in 2024 was 21.9%, an increase of 2.9 percentage points, compared with 19.0% in the prior year. The company’s
effective tax rate was favorably impacted by the book gain in excess of taxable gain on the sale of its Commodity and Energy Data
business and was offset by deferred taxes that we recorded with respect to unremitted foreign earnings. Further, our 2023 effective
tax rate was lower primarily due to the recognition of tax benefits related to a retroactive tax election.
Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 was 19.0%, a decrease of 25.5 percentage points, compared with 44.5%
in 2022. The decrease is primarily attributable to the recognition of $13.7 million of tax benefits related to a retroactive tax election
with respect to our 2021 and 2022 tax periods that was made in 2022 but not approved until 2023. We received confirmation of the
approval of the tax election in the second quarter of 2023, which allowed us to recognize the tax benefits in that period.
In October 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) agreed to a two-pillar approach to global
taxation focusing on global profit allocation (Pillar One) and a global minimum tax rate (Pillar Two). In December 2022, the EU member
states agreed to implement the OECD’s global corporate minimum tax rate of 15% under Pillar Two to be effective in January 2024.
Other countries are also considering changes to their tax laws to adopt certain parts of the OECD’s proposals. This legislation
represents a significant change in the international tax regime and could result in increases to our effective tax rate as a result of
the imposition of minimum taxes. The Pillar Two minimum tax is treated as a period cost beginning in 2024 and did not have a
material impact on our 2024 effective tax rate. We continue to monitor developments and administrative guidance in addition to
evaluating the potential impact on our consolidated financial statements for future periods.
The amount of accumulated undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries was $304.0 million as of December 31, 2024. We
generally consider most of our US directly-owned foreign subsidiary earnings to be permanently reinvested. During the fourth quarter
of 2024, we determined $142.0 million in earnings of certain of our foreign subsidiaries to be no longer permanently reinvested. We
anticipate a one-time repatriation of these earnings back the US via distribution later in 2025. We have recorded a deferred tax
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 139
liability of $7.1 million that reflects the income tax effects of the repatriation of these earnings, mostly due to non-US withholding
taxes, that would be due at the time of remittance. We have not recorded deferred income taxes on the remaining balance of
accumulated undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries because we consider those earnings to be permanently reinvested,
and we do not anticipate dividends in the foreseeable future.
The following table reconciles our income tax expense at the US federal income tax rate to income tax expense as recorded:
2024 2023 2022
(in millions, except percentages) Amount % Amount % Amount %
Income tax expense at US federal rate $ 99.5 21.0% $ 36.6 21.0% $ 26.7 21.0%
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit 18.4 3.9 7.3 4.2 6.4 5.0
Stock-based compensation activity (2.3) (0.5) 1.6 0.9 (1.5) (1.2)
Equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries (including holding
gains upon acquisition) 3.4 0.7 1.1 0.6 1.0 0.8
Gain on Sale of Business (9.7) (2.0) — — — —
Acquisition earn-out — — — — 1.8 1.4
Net change in valuation allowance related to deferred tax assets,
including net operating losses 0.5 0.1 (3.2) (1.8) 7.7 6.1
Difference between US federal statutory and foreign tax rates and other
impacts of foreign operations 0.4 0.1 1.7 1.0 (1.9) (1.5)
Change in unrecognized tax benefits 2.9 0.6 (9.8) (5.6) 14.1 11.1
Credits and incentives (5.9) (1.2) (4.1) (2.4) (3.8) (3.0)
Foreign tax provisions (GILTI, FDII, and BEAT) (1) (16.1) (3.4) (0.2) (0.1) (4.6) (3.6)
Change in deferred taxes with respect to unremitted foreign earnings 6.8 1.4 — — — —
Non-deductible expenses and other, net 6.1 1.2 2.0 1.2 10.6 8.4
Total income tax expense $ 104.0 21.9% $ 33.0 19.0% $ 56.5 44.5%
(1) The Tax Reform Act established the Global Intangible Low-Tax Income (GILTI) provision, which taxes US allocated expenses and certain income from foreign operations; the Foreign-
Derived Intangible Income (FDII) provision, which allows a deduction against certain types of US taxable income resulting in a lower effective US tax rate on such income; and the Base
Erosion Anti-Abuse Tax (BEAT), which is a minimum tax based on cross-border service payments by US entities.
The following table shows the components of our income tax expense:
Year ended December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Current tax expense:
US
Federal $ 74.3 $ 27.7 $ 49.1
State 30.0 13.4 14.9
Non-US 34.3 24.3 30.1
Current tax expense 138.6 65.4 94.1
Deferred tax expense (benefit):
US
Federal (17.6) (15.6) (20.8)
State (6.5) (4.2) (6.8)
Non-US (10.5) (12.6) (10.0)
Deferred tax expense, net (34.6) (32.4) (37.6)
Income tax expense $ 104.0 $ 33.0 $ 56.5
2024 10-K: Part II
140
The following table provides our income before income taxes and equity in investments of unconsolidated entities, generated by
our US and non-US operations:
Year ended December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023 2022
US $ 400.8 $ 101.4 $ 82.4
Non-US 90.5 80.1 48.2
Income before income taxes and equity in investments of unconsolidated entities $ 491.3 $ 181.5 $ 130.6
Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
We recognize deferred income taxes for the temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial
statement purposes and their tax basis. The tax effects of the temporary differences that give rise to the deferred income tax assets
and liabilities are as follows:
As of December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023
Deferred tax assets:
Stock-based compensation $ 7.8 $ 7.1
Accrued liabilities 33.5 27.5
Deferred revenue 6.7 8.5
Net operating loss carryforwards—Non-US 18.9 18.1
Capitalized expenses 102.7 69.2
Allowance for doubtful accounts 2.4 1.8
Lease liabilities 35.9 35.0
Capital loss and other carryforwards 12.9 16.7
Other — 0.1
Total deferred tax assets 220.8 184.0
Deferred tax liabilities:
Acquired intangible assets (68.5) (73.2)
Property, equipment, and capitalized software (39.6) (39.2)
Lease right-of-use assets (31.4) (30.2)
Unrealized exchange gains, net (1.7) (1.0)
Prepaid expenses (19.3) (19.2)
Investments in unconsolidated entities (11.4) (14.6)
Withholding tax—foreign dividends (7.1) (1.3)
Total deferred tax liabilities (179.0) (178.7)
Net deferred tax asset before valuation allowance 41.8 5.3
Valuation allowance (26.2) (26.3)
Deferred tax asset (liability) $ 15.6 $ (21.0)
The net decrease in our valuation allowance, from $26.3 million at December 31, 2023 to $26.2 million at December 31, 2024, is
primarily attributable to current year movements in net operating losses, capital losses and foreign tax credit carryforwards for
which amounts are able to realized or for which full realization is uncertain. Included in the valuation allowance of $26.2 million are
$9.7 million of foreign tax credits that will expire in 2031 through 2034. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, many factors
are considered, including the specific taxing jurisdiction, the carryforward period, income tax strategies and forecasted earnings
for the entities in each jurisdiction. A valuation allowance is recognized if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely
than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 141
The deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows:
As of December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023
Deferred tax asset, net $ 43.2 $ 14.6
Deferred tax liability, net (27.6) (35.6)
Deferred tax asset (liability), net $ 15.6 $ (21.0)
The following table summarizes our NOL carryforwards for our non-US operations:
As of December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023
Non-US NOLs subject to expiration dates from 2027 through 2044 $ 22.8 $ 17.8
Non-US NOLs with no expiration date 51.9 54.1
Total $ 74.7 $ 71.9
Non-US NOLs not subject to valuation allowances $ 15.3 $ 12.3
In assessing the realizability of our deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the
deferred tax assets will not be realized. We recorded a valuation allowance against approximately $59.4 million of the non-US NOLs,
reflecting the likelihood that the benefit of these NOLs will not be realized.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
We conduct business globally and, as a result, we file income tax returns in US federal, state, local, and foreign jurisdictions. In the
normal course of business, we are subject to examination by tax authorities throughout the world. The open tax years for our US
Federal tax returns and most state tax returns include the years 2020 to the present.
We are currently under audit by state and local tax authorities in the US as well as tax authorities in certain non-US jurisdictions. It
is likely that the examination phase of some of these state, local, and non-US audits will conclude in 2025. It is not possible to
estimate the effect of current audits on previously recorded unrecognized tax benefits.
As of December 31, 2024, our Consolidated Balance Sheet included a current liability of $0.1 million and a non-current liability of
$11.7 million for unrecognized tax benefits. As of December 31, 2023, our Consolidated Balance Sheet included a current liability of
$6.2 million and a non-current liability of $8.3 million for unrecognized tax benefits. These amounts include interest and penalties,
less any associated tax benefits.
The table below reconciles the beginning and ending amount of the gross unrecognized tax benefits as follows:
(in millions) 2024 2023
Gross unrecognized tax benefits—beginning of the year $ 13.0 $ 26.5
Increases as a result of tax positions taken during a prior-year period 0.9 0.6
Decreases as a result of tax positions taken during a prior-year period (0.1) (14.3)
Increases as a result of tax positions taken during the current period 2.1 1.9
Decreases relating to settlements with tax authorities (4.7) (0.4)
Decreases as a result of lapse of the applicable statute of limitations (0.1) (1.3)
Gross unrecognized tax benefits—end of the year $ 11.1 $ 13.0
In 2024, we recorded a net increase of $2.9 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits before settlements and lapses of statutes of
limitations, of which $2.9 million increased our income tax expense by $2.9 million.
2024 10-K: Part II
142
In addition, we reduced our gross unrecognized tax benefits by $4.8 million for settlements and lapses of statutes of limitations, of
which $0.7 million decreased our income tax expense by $0.7 million.
As of December 31, 2024, we had $11.1 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits, which if recognized, would decrease our income
tax expense by $10.9 million and reduce our effective income tax rate.
We record interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of our income tax expense. The following table summarizes
our gross liability for interest and penalties:
As of December 31,
(in millions) 2024 2023
Liabilities for interest and penalties $ 1.3 $ 2.3
We recorded the increase in the liabilities for penalties and interest, net of any tax benefits, to income tax expense in our Consolidated
Statements of Income in 2024.
17. Contingencies
We record accrued liabilities for litigation, regulatory, and other business matters when those matters represent loss contingencies
that are both probable and estimable. In these cases, there may be an exposure to loss in excess of any amounts accrued. Unless a
loss contingency is both probable and estimable, we do not establish an accrued liability. As litigation, regulatory, or other business
matters develop, we evaluate on an ongoing basis whether such matters present a loss contingency that is probable and estimable.
Data Audits and Reviews
In our global data business, we include in our products, or directly redistribute to our customers, data and information licensed from
third-party vendors. Our compliance with the terms of these licenses is reviewed internally and is also subject to audit by the third-
party vendors. At any given time, we may be undergoing several such internal reviews and third-party vendor audits, and the results
and findings may indicate that we may be required to make a payment for prior data usage. Due to a lack of available information
and data, as well as potential variations of any audit or internal review findings, we generally are not able to reasonably estimate a
possible loss, or range of losses, for these matters. In situations where more information or specific areas subject to audit are
available, we may be able to estimate a potential range of losses. While we cannot predict the outcome of these processes, we do
not anticipate they will have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial position.
Ratings and Regulatory Matters
Our ratings and related research activities, including credit ratings, ESG risk ratings, managed investment, and equity ratings, are
or may in the future become subject to regulation or increased scrutiny from executive, legislative, regulatory, and private parties.
As a result, those activities may be subject to governmental, regulatory, and legislative investigations, regulatory examinations in
the ordinary course of business, subpoenas, and other forms of legal process, which may lead to claims and litigation that are based
on these ratings and related research activities. Our regulated businesses are generally subject to periodic reviews, inspections,
examinations, and investigations by regulators in the jurisdictions in which they operate, any of which may result in claims, legal
proceedings, assessments, fines, penalties, disgorgement, or restrictions on business activities. While it is difficult to predict the
outcome of any particular investigation or proceeding, we do not believe the result of any of these matters will have a material
adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial position.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 143
Other Matters
We are involved from time to time in commercial disputes and legal proceedings that arise in the normal course of our business.
While it is difficult to predict the outcome of any particular dispute or proceeding, we do not believe the result of any of these matters
will have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial position.
18. Share Repurchase Program
On December 6, 2022, the board of directors approved a share repurchase program that authorizes the company to repurchase up
to $500.0 million in shares of the company’s outstanding common stock, effective January 1, 2023. This authorization replaced the
then-existing share repurchase program and expires on December 31, 2025. Under this authorization, we may repurchase shares
from time to time at prevailing market prices on the open market or in private transactions in amounts that we deem appropriate.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased a total of 33,300 shares for $11.6 million. As of December 31, 2024, we have
repurchased a total of 41,784 shares for $13.0 million under this authorization, leaving $487.0 million available for future repurchases.
19. Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recently adopted accounting pronouncements
Reference Rate Reform: In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04: Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on
Financial Reporting (Topic 848) (ASU No. 2020-04), which provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions for applying
generally accepted accounting principles to contract modifications resulting from reference rate reform initiatives. The intention of
the standard is to ease the potential accounting and financial reporting burden associated with transitioning away from the expiring
London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and other interbank offered rates to alternative benchmark rates. The amendments in this
update are applicable to contract modifications that replace a reference LIBOR rate beginning on March 12, 2020 through
December 31, 2022. On May 6, 2022, we terminated our 2019 Credit Agreement and entered into the 2022 Credit Agreement in
connection with the acquisition of LCD. As we entered into the 2022 Credit Agreement for reasons unrelated to reference rate reform,
ASU No. 2020-04 is not applicable. See Note 3 for additional information on our 2022 Credit Agreement and Note 9 for additional
information on our acquisition of LCD.
Business Combinations: In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08: Business Combinations: Accounting for Contract Assets
and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers (Topic 805) (ASU No. 2021-08), which requires contract assets and contract
liabilities (i.e., deferred revenue) acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured by the acquirer on the acquisition
date in accordance with FASB ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The new standard was effective for us on January 1,
2023. We elected to early adopt ASU No. 2021-08 during 2022 and the adoption did not have a material effect on our consolidated
financial statements, related disclosures, and results of operations.
Segment reporting: In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07: Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures
(Topic 280) (ASU No. 2023-07), which requires improved reportable segment disclosures, primarily through enhanced disclosures
about significant segment expenses. The new standard was effective for our fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2024, and interim
periods beginning on January 1, 2025. We applied the new guidance retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial
statements. The standard did not impact our consolidated operating results, financial condition, or cash flows. See Note 6 for our
segment disclosures.
Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted
Income Taxes: In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09: Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740)
(ASU No. 2023-09), which requires additional disclosures primarily related to the income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes
2024 10-K: Part II
144
paid. This standard is effective for our fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2025. Entities should apply the guidance prospectively. We
are evaluating the effect that ASU No. 2023-09 will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Income Statement: In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03: Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (DISE)
(ASU No. 2024-03), which requires additional disclosure of the nature of expenses included in the income statement. The standard
requires disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented on the face of the income statement
as well as disclosures about selling expenses. This standard is effective for our fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2027 and interim
periods beginning on January 1, 2028. Early adoption is permitted. Entities should apply the guidance prospectively although
retrospective application is permitted. We have not made a decision on early adoption and are evaluating the effect that
ASU No. 2024-03 will have on our disclosures.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Not applicable.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed in the reports filed
or submitted under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act) is recorded, processed, summarized,
and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without
limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports filed under the
Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the chief executive officer and chief financial officer,
as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
We completed an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined
in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2024. Management, including our chief executive officer
and chief financial officer, participated in and supervised this evaluation. Based on that evaluation, our chief executive officer and
chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024 to provide
reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act meets the
requirements listed above.
Our chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that the consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report
on Form 10-K (this Report) fairly present, in all material respects, the company’s financial position and results of operations and
cash flows as of and for the periods presented, in conformity with US generally accepted accounting principles.
(b) Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined
under Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act).
We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive
officer and chief financial officer, and under the oversight of our board of directors, of the effectiveness of our internal control over
financial reporting based on the framework set forth in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 145
Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that our internal
control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.
KPMG LLP, the company’s independent registered public accounting firm, who audited our consolidated financial statements included
in this Report, issued its report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting, which is included in Part II,
Item 8 of this report under the caption “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”.
(c) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2024, that have
materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information
Trading Arrangements
During the three months ended December 31, 2024, the company’s executive officers and directors adopted or terminated contracts,
instructions, or written plans for the purchase or sale of the company’s securities as noted below:
Scheduled
Date of Adoption of Expiration Date of
Name and Title Trading Plan (2) Trading Plan (1) Aggregate Number of Securities to Be Purchased or Sold
Joe Mansueto 11/15/2024 4/30/2026 Sale of up to 400,000 shares of common stock
Executive Chairman
Michael Holt 12/18/2024 12/31/2025 Sale of up to 648 shares of common stock
Chief Financial Officer
(1) The trading plan may also expire on such earlier date as all transactions under the trading plan are completed.
(2) Each plan listed below is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c).
Other 10b5-1 Plan Information
The following table, which we are providing on a voluntary basis, shows the Rule 10b5-1 sales plans entered into by our directors
and officers (as defined in Section 16 of the Exchange Act) that were in effect as of December 31, 2024:
Number of
Number of Shares Sold
Shares under the
Plan to be Plan through Projected
Date of Termination Plan Sold under December 31, Beneficial
Name and Position Plan Date Duration the Plan Timing of Sales under the Plan 2024 Ownership (1)
Joe Mansueto 11/17/2023 4/30/2025 05/01/2024 to 500,000 Shares to be sold under the plan if 125,000 15,237,534
Executive Chairman 04/30/2025 the stock reaches specified prices
Steven Kaplan 8/3/2023 11/11/2024 03/11/2024 to 5,000 Shares to be sold under the plan at 5,000 39,871
Director 11/11/2024 market price
William Lyons 3/5/2024 11/30/2024 6/04/2024 to 4,500 Shares to be sold under the plan if 4,500 11,395
Director 11/30/2024 the stock reaches specified prices
Michael Holt Chief 12/18/2024 12/31/2025 03/19/2025 to Up to 648 Shares to be sold under the plan if — 4,096
Financial Officer 12/31/2025 the stock reaches specified prices
2024 10-K: Part II
146
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the previously disclosed Rule 10b5-1 plan dated February 28, 2023 for Joe Mansueto and
the Rule 10b5-1 plan dated March 15, 2024 for Jason Dubinsky, terminated in accordance with their respective terms.
(1) This column reflects an estimate of the number of shares each identified director and executive officer will beneficially own following the sale of all shares under the Rule 10b5-1
sales plan. This information reflects the beneficial ownership of our common stock on December 31, 2024 and includes restricted stock units that will vest by March 1, 2025. The estimates
do not reflect any changes to beneficial ownership that may have occurred since December 31, 2024. Each director and executive officer identified in the table may amend or terminate his
or her Rule 10b5-1 sales plan and may adopt additional Rule 10b5-1 plans in the future.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 147
Part III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance
The information contained under the headings Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Director Independence,—Board
Committees and Charters, and—Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports in the company’s Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual
Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31,
2024, (the Proxy Statement) and the information contained under the heading Executive Officers in Part I of this Report is incorporated
herein by reference in response to this item.
We have adopted an insider trading policy, which is posted in the Investor Relations area of our corporate website at
https://shareholders.morningstar.com in the Governance section, governing the purchase, sale and other dispositions of our securities that
applies to the board of directors, employees (including executive officers and temporary workers) and consultants and contractors of
Morningstar and its subsidiaries and their immediate family members. We believe the that the insider trading policy is reasonably designed
to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards applicable to us. From time to time, the
company engages in transactions in its own securities. It is the company’s policy to comply with all applicable federal and state securities
laws when engaging in transactions in its own securities. A copy of our insider trading policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Report.
We have adopted a code of ethics, which is posted in the Investor Relations area of our corporate website at
https://shareholders.morningstar.com in the Governance section. We intend to include on our website any amendments to, or waivers
from, a provision of the code of ethics that apply to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting
officer, or controller that relates to any element of the code of ethics definition contained in Item 406(b) of SEC Regulation S-K.
Shareholders may request a free copy of these documents by sending an e-mail to investors@morningstar.com.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information contained under the headings Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Director Compensation, and
Compensation Discussion and Analysis—Compensation Committee Report and—Executive Compensation Tables in the Proxy
Statement is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related
Stockholder Matters
The information contained under the headings Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Compensation Discussion and
Analysis—Equity Compensation Plan Information in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information contained under the headings Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions and Board of Directors and
Corporate Governance—Director Independence in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information contained under the headings Proposal 3: Ratification of the Appointment of Independent Registered Public
Accounting Firm—Audit Committee Report and—Principal Accounting Firm Fees in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by
reference in response to this item.
2024 10-K: Part III
148
Part IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a)
1. Consolidated Financial Statements
The following documents are filed as part of this Report under Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data:
Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
KPMG LLP Chicago, IL Auditor Firm ID: 185
Financial Statements:
Consolidated Statements of Income—Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income—Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
Consolidated Balance Sheets—December 31, 2024 and 2023
Consolidated Statements of Equity—Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
2. Financial Statement Schedules
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The report of KPMG LLP dated February 28, 2025 concerning the Financial Statement Schedule II, Morningstar, Inc., and subsidiaries
Valuation and Qualifying Accounts, is included at the beginning of Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the years
ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022.
The following financial statement schedule is filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
Schedule II: Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
All other schedules have been omitted as they are not required, not applicable, or the required information is otherwise included.
Additions
Charged (Deductions)
Balance at (Credited) to Including
Beginning of Costs & Currency Balance at End
(in millions) Year Expenses Translations of Year
Allowance for doubtful accounts:
2024 $ 5.6 $ 8.1 $ (6.6) $ 7.1
2023 6.6 5.3 (6.3) 5.6
2022 4.5 3.8 (1.7) 6.6
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 149
3. Exhibits
Exhibit Description
2.1 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated May 28, 2019, by and among Morningstar, Alpine Merger Co., Ratings Acquisition Corp and
Shareholder Representative Services LLC is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K that we
filed with the SEC on June 3, 2019.
2.2 Asset Purchase Agreement, by and between S&P Global Inc. and Morningstar, Inc., dated as of April 3, 2022, is incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 2.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022.
2.3 Amendment to the Asset Purchase Agreement, by and between S&P Global Inc. and Morningstar, Inc., dated as of June 1, 2022, is
incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022.
3.1 Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Morningstar are incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Registration
Statement on Form S-1, as amended, Registration No. 333-115209 (the Registration Statement).
3.2 By-laws of Morningstar, as in effect on February 27, 2018, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on
Form 8-K that we filed with the SEC on February 28, 2018.
4.1 Specimen Common Stock Certificate is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registration Statement.
4.2 Description of Morningstar’s Securities is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year
ended December 31, 2019.
10.1* Form of Indemnification Agreement is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registration Statement.
10.2* Morningstar Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2014, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our
Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013.
10.3* Morningstar 2011 Stock Incentive Plan is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K that we filed
with the SEC on May 18, 2011.
10.4* Morningstar Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report
on Form 8-K that we filed with the SEC on May 20, 2021.
10.5* Form of Morningstar 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, for awards made on and after May 15,
2019 and prior to May 15, 2020, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter
ended June 30, 2019.
10.6* Form of Morningstar 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Market Stock Unit Award Agreement, for awards made on and after May 15, 2019
and prior to May 15, 2020, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
June 30, 2019.
10.7* Form of Morningstar 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Market Stock Unit with Revenue Kicker Award Agreement, for awards made on
and after May 15, 2019 and prior to May 15, 2020, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
for the quarter ended June 30, 2019.
10.8* Form of Morningstar 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Market Stock Unit Award Agreement, for awards made on and after May 15, 2020
and prior to May 15, 2021, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
June 30, 2020.
10.9* Form of Morningstar 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Market Stock Unit with Performance Kicker Award Agreement for awards made
on and after May 15, 2020 and prior to May 15, 2021 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Quarterly Report on
Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020.
10.10* Form of Morningstar Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, for awards made
on and after May 15, 2021, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
June 30, 2021.
10.11* Form of Morningstar Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, for
awards made on and after May 15, 2021, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the
quarter ended June 30, 2021.
10.12* Form of Morningstar Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Market Stock Unit Award Agreement, for awards made on
and after May 15, 2021, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
June 30, 2021.
10.13* Form of Morningstar Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Market Stock Unit with Performance Kicker Award
Agreement, for awards made on and after May 15, 2021 and prior to May 15, 2022, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to
our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021.
10.14* Form of Morningstar Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan CEO Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, for awards
made on and after May 15, 2021, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter
ended June 30, 2021.
2024 10-K: Part IV
150
Exhibit Description
10.15* Form of Morningstar Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Bonus Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, for awards
made on and after May 15, 2022, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter
ended June 30, 2022.
10.16* Form of Morningstar Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Market Stock Unit with Revenue Kicker Award Agreement,
for awards made on and after May 15, 2022, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for
the quarter ended June 30, 2022.
10.17* Form of Morningstar Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Bonus Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, for awards made
on or after March 1, 2023, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
March 31, 2023.
10.18* Form of Morningstar Amended and Restated 2011Stock Incentive Plan Stretch Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement, for
awards on or after May 15, 2024, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter
ended June 30. 2024.
10.19* Form of Morningstar Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Market Stock Unit Award Agreement, for awards on or
after May 15, 2024, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
June 30, 2024.
10.20* Form of Morningstar Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, for awards on or
after May 15, 2024, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
June 30, 2024.
10.21* Morningstar, Inc. ELT Policy on Recoupment of Compensation, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report
on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024.
10.22* Separation Agreement and General Release dated as of December 3, 2024, between Morningstar, Inc. and Jason Dubinsky, is
incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K that we filed with the SEC on December 6, 2024.
10.23* Contract Services Agreement dated as of December 3, 2024, between Morningstar, Inc. and Jason Dubinsky, is incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K that we filed with the SEC on December 6, 2024.
10.24* Offer Letter between Morningstar, Inc. and Michael Holt dated December 6, 2024, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to
our Current Report on Form 8-K that we filed with the SEC on December 10, 2024.
10.25 Credit Agreement dated as of May 6, 2022, among Morningstar, Inc., certain subsidiaries of Morningstar, Inc., and Bank of America,
N.A., is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022.
10.26 Amendment No. 1 to the Credit Agreement dated as of September 13, 2022, among Morningstar, Inc., certain subsidiaries of
Morningstar, Inc., Bank of America, N.A. and the other lenders party thereto, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022.
10.27 Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement dated as of September 30, 2022, among Morningstar, Inc., certain subsidiaries of
Morningstar, Inc., Bank of America, N.A. and the other lenders party thereto, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022.
10.28 Amendment No.3 to the Credit Agreement dated as of June 27, 2024, among Morningstar, Inc. and certain subsidiaries of
Morningstar, Inc., Bank of America, N.A. and the other lenders party thereto, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to our
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024.
10.29 Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of October 26, 2020, among Morningstar and each of the purchasers signatory thereto, is
incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 26, 2020.
19.1† Morningstar, Inc. Insider Trading Policy, as amended and in effect on January 1, 2025
21.1† Subsidiaries of Morningstar.
23.1† Consent of KPMG LLP.
31.1† Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
as amended.
31.2† Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32.1† Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
of 2002.
32.2† Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
of 2002.
97* Morningstar, Inc. Incentive Compensation Recoupment Policy is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97 to our Annual Report on
Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 151
Exhibit Description
101† The following financial information from Morningstar’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed
with the SEC on February 28, 2025, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Cover Page, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income,
(iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (v) Consolidated Statements of Equity,
(vi) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vii) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
104† Cover Page Interactive Data File (the cover page XBRL tags are embedded in the Inline XBRL document).
* Management contract with a director or executive officer or a compensatory plan or arrangement in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate.
† Filed or furnished herewith.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report
to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized on February 28, 2025.
Morningstar, Inc.
By: /s/ Kunal Kapoor
Kunal Kapoor
Title: Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on
behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature Title Date
/s/ Kunal Kapoor Chief Executive Officer February 28, 2025
Kunal Kapoor (principal executive officer) and Director
/s/ Michael Holt Chief Financial Officer (principal February 28, 2025
Michael Holt financial officer)
/s/ Conan Wiersema Chief Accounting Officer (principal February 28, 2025
Conan Wiersema accounting officer)
/s/ Joe Mansueto Executive Chairman and Chairman February 28, 2025
Joe Mansueto of the Board
/s/ Robin Diamonte Director February 28, 2025
Robin Diamonte
/s/ Cheryl Francis Director February 28, 2025
Cheryl Francis
/s/ Stephen Joynt Director February 28, 2025
Stephen Joynt
2024 10-K: Part IV
152
Signature Title Date
/s/ Steven Kaplan Director February 28, 2025
Steven Kaplan
/s/ Gail Landis Director February 28, 2025
Gail Landis
/s/ Bill Lyons Director February 28, 2025
Bill Lyons
/s/ Doniel Sutton Director February 28, 2025
Doniel Sutton
/s/ Caroline Tsay Director February 28, 2025
Caroline Tsay
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 153
Stock Price Performance Graph
The graph below shows a comparison of cumulative total return for our common stock, the Morningstar U.S. Market Index, and a
group of peer companies, which are listed below the graph. The graph assumes an investment of $100 beginning on December 31,
2019 in our common stock, the Morningstar U.S. Market Index, and the peer group, including reinvestment of dividends. The returns
shown are based on historical results and are not intended to suggest future performance.
(1) Our peer group consists of the following companies: FactSet Research Systems, Moody’s Corporation, MSCI Inc., SEI Investments Company, and S&P Global Inc. In our 2023 annual
report, the peer group included Envestnet, Inc. which is no longer public. The peer group is rebalanced monthly.
Additional Information
154
2019
$100.00
$100.00
$100.00
2020
$154.53
$120.90
$125.16
2024
$229.69
$192.24
$197.86
2023
$194.18
$154.92
$170.99
2021
$229.07
$152.07
$168.69
2022
$145.88
$122.53
$135.32
150
100
250
200
400
Morningstar, Inc.
Morningstar U.S. Market Index
Peer Group (1)
Reconciliation from Operating Margin to Adjusted Operating Margin (Annual)
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Operating Margin 15.5% 15.1% 9.0% 11.3% 21.3%
Add: Intangible amortization and M&A-related expenses
(including M&A-related earn-outs), M&A-related gains,
and items related to the significant reduction and shift
in the Company’s operations in China 7.3% 6.2% 7.0% 4.7% 0.4%
Adjusted Operating Margin 22.8% 21.3% 16.0% 16.0% 21.7%
Adjusted operating margin is a non-GAAP measure.
Reconciliation from Consolidated Revenue to Organic Revenue
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Consolidated Revenue 17.9% 22.3% 10.1% 9.0% 11.6%
Less: acquisitions, divestitures, and adoption of account changes 9.5% 2.8% 2.0% 1.7% (0.2%)
Less: effect of foreign curreny translations 0.2% 1.9% (2.7%) (0.2%) 0.0%
Organic revenue 8.2% 17.6% 10.8% 7.5% 11.8%
Organic revenue is a non-GAAP measure.
Morningstar, Inc. 2024 Annual Report 155
Corporate Headquarters
Morningstar, Inc., 22 West Washington Street, Chicago, Illinois 60602,
+1 312 696-6000
Transfer Agent and Registrar
Computershare Investor Services LLC, 2 North LaSalle Street, Chicago,
Illinois 60602, +1 866 303-0659 (toll free)
Ethics Hotline
Morningstar has established a confidential Ethics Hotline that anyone may
use to report complaints or concerns about ethics violations, including
accounting irregularities, financial misstatements, problems with internal
accounting controls, or noncompliance with external rules and regulations.
The Morningstar Ethics Hotline is operated by NAVEX Global, an independent
company that is not affiliated with Morningstar. The hotline is available
24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Anyone may make a confidential, anonymous report by calling the hotline toll
free at: +1 800 555-8316.
Annual Meeting
Morningstar’s annual meeting of shareholders will be held at 9 a.m. Central
Time on Friday May 9, 2025.
Investor Questions
We encourage all interested parties—including securities analysts, potential
shareholders, and others—to submit questions to us in writing. We publish
responses to selected questions on our website and in Form 8-Ks furnished
to the SEC on a regular basis. If you have a question about our business,
please send it to investors@morningstar.com.
Additional Information
156
Board of Directors
Robin Diamonte
Chief Investment Officer of
RTX Corp.
Cheryl Francis
Co-Chair, Corporate
Leadership Center
Steve Joynt
Former Chief Executive Officer,
DBRS, Inc.
Steve Kaplan
Neubauer Family Distinguished
Service Professor of
Entrepreneurship and Finance,
University of Chicago Booth
School of Business
Kunal Kapoor
Chief Executive Officer,
Morningstar, Inc.
Gail Landis
Founding Partner of Evercore
Asset Management, LLC
William Lyons
Former President and Chief
Executive Officer, American
Century Companies, Inc.
Joe Mansueto
Executive Chairman and Chairman
of the Board, Morningstar, Inc.
Doniel Sutton
Chief People Officer, Pinterest, Inc.
Caroline Tsay
Former Chief Executive Officer of
Compute Software, Inc.
Executive Officers
Michael Holt
Chief Financial Officer
Danny Dunn
Chief Revenue Officer
Kunal Kapoor
Chief Executive Officer
Joe Mansueto
Executive Chairman and
Chairman of the Board
Member of audit committee
Member of compensation committee
Member of nominating and corporate governance
committee
Canada
Brazil
Cayman Islands
Chile
United States
Mexico
Cyprus
Denmark
France
Germany
Italy
Jersey
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Romania
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Australia
China
Hong Kong
India
Japan
New Zealand
Singapore
South Korea
Taiwan
Thailand
United Arab
Emirates